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3990635
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.%20Rowe%20Price
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T. Rowe Price
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T. Rowe Price Group, Inc. is an American publicly owned global investment management firm that offers funds, advisory services, account management, and retirement plans and services for individuals, institutions, and financial intermediaries. The firm has assets under management of more than $1.6 trillion and annual revenues of $6.2 billion as of 2020, placing it 447 on the Fortune 500 list of the largest U.S. companies. Headquartered at 100 East Pratt Street in Baltimore, Maryland, it has 5,000 employees in Baltimore and 16 international offices serve clients in 47 countries around the world.
The firm was founded in 1937 by Thomas Rowe Price, Jr. who is best known for developing the growth stock philosophy of investing. As of 2019, the company is focused on active management after strategically deciding against a major initiative in passive investment.
Consistently ranked among the world's top asset managers, T. Rowe Price was named one of the best places to work in money management by Pensions&Investments and was one of Fortune's most admired companies in 2020.
Business philosophy
Thomas Rowe Price Jr. started in finance in the 1920s as an entry-level researcher and account manager at Baltimore-area brokerages, but disliked the operating models of sales-oriented firms at the time. When he founded T. Rowe Price & Associates in 1937, his firm diverged from the norm in three major ways: charging fees based on assets under management rather than sales volume, actively managing his clients' accounts strictly as a fiduciary, and investing in growth stocks instead of value stocks. He became well known as the "father of growth investing" and was nicknamed the "Sage of Baltimore" by Forbes.
History
1937–1986
Thomas Rowe Price, Jr. founded T. Rowe Price & Associates in Baltimore in 1937. The firm was originally headquartered at 10 Light Street and staffed by a small pool of associates, many of whom left Legg Mason's precursor, MacKubin, Legg and Co., along with Price. Initially a very small firm focused on wealth management, and private investment accounts for Baltimore-area families, the company struggled during the Great Depression and World War II before gaining solid footing at the end of the 1940s. By 1950, its clientele grew too large for the staff to manage accounts individually, so the firm incorporated and launched its first mutual fund, the T. Rowe Price Growth Stock Fund.
Gaining traction in Baltimore and along the U.S. eastern seaboard, the firm continued a steady expansion of clientele, staff, and geographic reach. By 1960, Price opened a second fund, named the New Horizons Fund, focused on growth investment opportunities, and especially technology firms like Xerox, IBM, and Boeing. In need of more room, the headquarters were moved in 1962 to the new One Charles Center building designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe nearby in downtown Baltimore. At the same time, Price began to prepare for retirement, resigning as president of the firm in 1963, delegating some responsibilities, and selling his shares in the company. Despite this, Price maintained an active presence in the firm for several years and urged the opening of the New Era Fund in 1969 as a response to the rapid inflation he predicted would dominate the 1970s. In 1971, the year Price completely retired, T. Rowe Price opened its Fixed Income Division, and began to modernize and diversify its operations.
In the 1970s and early 1980s, T. Rowe Price kicked off more assertive growth than before, moving to its current location at 100 East Pratt Street and opening its first international office. In 1979, T. Rowe Price launched a joint venture with British asset manager Robert Fleming & Co. named Rowe Price-Fleming International. The venture, which managed $39 billion at its height in 2000, allowed T. Rowe Price to offer a broader range of services and expertise internationally.
1986–2010
T. Rowe Price held its initial public offering, valued at nearly $200 million, in 1986. Shortly thereafter, the firm began establishing larger office complexes in the U.S. and research offices around the world, beginning with a Hong Kong office in 1987. Retirement Plan Services were launched in the 1990s alongside additional new services and funds, including mutual funds acquired from other companies such as USF&G. This momentum, and the firm reaching $100 billion assets under management, pushed T. Rowe Price to create an asset management partnership with Sumitomo Bank and Daiwa Securities in Tokyo in 1999, and to purchase 100% interest of the London-based Rowe Price-Fleming International, which was renamed T. Rowe Price International. Also in 1999, T. Rowe Price was added to the S&P 500 Index.
T. Rowe Price largely avoided the dot-com bubble of 2000. The Wall Street Journal expressed surprise at the firm's moderation with then-profitable technology stocks just a week before the markets began to crash in March 2000. In 2001, the company launched T. Rowe Price Funds SICAV, domiciled in Luxembourg, for non-U.S. institutional investors and financial intermediaries. Two years later it created target-date retirement funds. In 2010, T. Rowe Price bought a significant interest in Unit Trust of India, India's oldest mutual fund company and one of its five largest. Since 2000, T. Rowe Price has opened global offices in locations ranging from Madrid and Dubai to Stockholm and Sydney.
2010–present
As of 2019, T. Rowe Price has continued to focus on active management rather than passive management. In the decade from 2010 to 2020, T. Rowe Price increased its assets under management from $400 billion to $1.6 trillion and annual revenues increased 10.2 percent to $6.2 billion over 2019, placing it 447 on the Fortune 500 list of the largest U.S. companies.
Awards and recognition
2017 Ranked one of the World's Most Admired Companies by Fortune
2016 Top Companies for Women Technologists by the Anita Borg Institute Leadership Index
2015 P&I Best Places to Work in Money Management by Pension and Investments
2015 Best Employers for Healthy Lifestyle by the National Business Group on Health
Notable people
Board of directors
Mark S. Bartlett, Former Managing Partner of Ernst & Young
Mary K. Bush, Founder, and President of Bush International LLC
Dina Dublon, Former Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Dr. Freeman Hrabowski III, President of University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Robert F. MacLellan, Chairman of Northleaf Capital Partners
Rob Sharps, President, and CEO of T. Rowe Price
Olympia Snowe, Former American Senator, founder of Olympia Snowe LLC
Robert J. Stevens, Former Chairman and CEO of Lockheed Martin
William Stromberg, non-executive Chairman
Richard Verma, Former U.S. Ambassador to India, Vice Chairman and Partner of The Asia Group
Sandra S. Wijnberg, Executive Adviser at Aquiline Capital Partners LLC
Alan D. Wilson, Former President of McCormick & Company
Others
Eddie C. Brown, former portfolio manager at T. Rowe Price, Founder and President of Brown Capital Management, and noted philanthropist
Abby Joseph Cohen, former research director at T. Rowe Price, named Institutional Investor's top strategist in the late 1990s.
Roger McNamee, former manager of the T. Rowe Price Science & Technology Fund who since founded the venture capital firm Elevation Partners
Mary J. Miller, former director of the firm's Fixed Income Division who left to work for the U.S. Department of the Treasury, becoming Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets, then Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance, and finally the Deputy Secretary of the Treasury.
Alfred Sommer, former board member of T. Rowe Price and noted epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
References
External links
Investment management companies of the United States
American companies established in 1937
Financial services companies established in 1937
Financial services companies of the United States
Companies based in Baltimore
Financial services companies based in Maryland
Mutual funds of the United States
1937 establishments in Maryland
1980s initial public offerings
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3990655
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Parobeck
|
Mike Parobeck
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Michael J. Parobeck (7 July 1965 – 2 July 1996), was an American comics artist best known for his work on the Batman Adventures comic book. His artwork featured a fluid animation-inspired drawing style coupled with clear, clean layouts well-suited to the book.
Early life
Mike Parobeck, one of six siblings, grew up in Lancaster, Ohio. He studied at the Central Academy of Commercial Art in Cincinnati.
Career
Parobeck got to know DC Comics editor Brian Augustyn, to whom he repeatedly sent photocopies of his sample artwork. Augustyn eventually contacted Parobeck to give him a job penciling a few pages of a Doctor Light story in Secret Origins #37. This led to his first regular series work on El Diablo, with writer Gerard Jones, which lasted sixteen issues. Other important series on which he worked were The Fly for DC's short-lived Impact Comics imprint, as well as the 1992 Justice Society of America series, on both of which he worked together with writer Len Strazewski, and the Elongated Man mini-series, also from 1992.
His big breakthrough toward both critical and commercial success came with his work on Batman Adventures, a comic book tie-in to the animated TV series Batman: The Animated Series, on which he took over from Ty Templeton with issue 7. Parobeck and was the regular artist until his death. Parobeck named issue 14 as his favorite issue to have drawn, as that issue focused on Robin, who was Parobeck's favorite character to draw.
Personal life
By 1995, Parobeck was living in Chicago. Halfway through his run on Batman Adventures, Parobeck was diagnosed with Type one diabetes, which can be controlled by taking insulin. According to his friends, however, he was somewhat lackadaisical in this regimen, which ultimately led to his death.
Notes
References
Mike Parobeck at Lambiek's Comiclopedia
External links
Deaths from diabetes
1965 births
1996 deaths
American comics artists
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3990659
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Abercrombie
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Gordon Abercrombie
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Gordon Abercrombie is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s. He played for the Cronulla-Sutherland of the New South Wales Rugby League premiership competition. His usual position was at .
Playing career
Born in Sydney, New South Wales, Abercrombie originally signed to the Cronulla-Sutherland club in the mid-sixties as a quick and agile . Making his debut in the 1967 season it took him a year to cement himself as a regular first grader playing at fullback as opposed to being on the wings.
References
Rugby league players from Sydney
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players
Rugby league fullbacks
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
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3990675
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris%20Uspenskij
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Boris Uspenskij
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Boris Andreevich Uspenskij () (born 1 March 1937, in Moscow) is a Russian linguist, philologist, semiotician, historian of culture.
Biography
Uspenskij graduated from Moscow University in 1960. He delivered lectures in Moscow until 1982, but later moved on to work in Harvard University, Cornell University, Vienna University, and the University of Graz. Full professor of Russian literature at the Naples Eastern University, he was elected to many scholarly societies and academies of Europe.
Uspenskij worked with Juri Lotman and was influenced by his ideas as a member of Tartu-Moscow semiotics school. His major works include Linguistic Situation in Kievan Rus and Its Importance for the Study of the Russian Literary Language, Philological Studies in the Sphere of Slavonic Antiquities, and The Principles of Structural Typology.
Uspenskij is well known in the study of icons for his work The Semiotics of the Russian Icon (Lisse, 1976), among others.
Uspenskij is the member of the editorial boards of the following academic journals: Sign Systems Studies, Arbor Mundi (Moscow), Zbornik Matice srpske za slavistiku (Novi Sad), and Slověne. International Journal of Slavic Studies.
Fellowships, grants, awards
1989 British Academy (London)
1992-1993 Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin (Institute for Advanced Studies, Berlin)
1993 The Warburg Institute (London)
1999 The Swedish Collegium for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (Uppsala)
2007 Early Slavic Studies Association Annual Distinguished Scholarship Award
Memberships of associations, honorary titles
Doctor honoris causa, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow (2001)
Doctor honoris causa, Konstantin Preslavsky University, Shumen (2003)
Doctor honoris causa, Belgrade University (2010)
Doctor honoris causa, Tallinn University (2016)
Member, Academia Europaea (London) since 1990
Foreign Member, Austrian Academy of Sciences (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften) (Vienna) since 1987
Foreign Member, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (Oslo) since 1999
Foreign Member, Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (Polska Akademia Umiejętności) (Kraków) since 2011
Honorary Member, Slavonic and East European Medieval Studies Group (Oxford - Cambridge) since 1987
Honorary Member, Early Slavic Studies Association (U.S.A.)
Honorary Member, Association internationale de sémiologie de l’image (Paris) since 1991
Member, Honorary Committee of the American Friends of the Warburg Institute (London) since 1993
Member, International Association for Semiotic Studies (Bloomington) since 1976
Member, Russian Pen-Center (Moscow) since 1994
Member, Kungl. Humanistiska Vetenskapssamfundet i Lund (Société Royale des Lettres de Lund) since 1996
Member ("Socio ordinario"), Società Filologica Romana (Rome) since 2001
Member of Comitato scientifico of the journal Russica Romana
Publications
Author of 550 publications in the fields of general linguistics, philology, semiotics, slavistics, history. Author of the following books:
Principles of Structural Typology. Moscow 1962 (in Russian). English translation: The Hague - Paris 1968.
Structural Typology of Languages. Moscow 1965 (in Russian).
The Archaic System of Church-Slavonic Pronunciation. Moscow 1968 (in Russian).
Towards a History of Church-Slavonic Proper Names in Russia. Moscow 1969 (in Russian).
Poetics of Composition. Moscow 1970; St. Petersburg 2002 (in Russian). English translation: Berkeley - Los Angeles - London 1973 (paper-back edition 1982). German translation: Frankfurt 1976. Also translated into Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Polish, Czech, Serbian, Slovenian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Finnish, Hebrew.
The First Russian Grammar in the Native Language. Moscow 1975 (in Russian).
Tipologia della cultura. Milano 19751, 1987 (paper-back edition, 1995). Joint publication with J. M. Lotman.
Semiotica della cultura. Milano-Napoli 1975. Joint publication with Yu.M. Lotman.
The Semiotics of the Russian Icon. Lisse/The Netherlands 1976. Also translated into Japanese, Italian, Serbian, Slovenian, Bulgarian.
Philological Investigation of Slavic Antiquities. Moscow 1982 (in Russian). Also translated into Polish.
The Linguistic Situation in Kievan Rus´ and its Significance for the History of the Russian Literary Language. Moscow 1983 (in Russian). Also translated into Italian.
The Semiotics of Russian Culture. Ann Arbor 1984. Joint publication with J. M. Lotman.
The Semiotics of Russian Cultural History. Ithaca 1985. Joint publication with Yu. M. Lotman and L. Ja. Ginsburg.
Towards a History of the Russian Literary Language of XVIII - early XIX centuries. Moscow 1985 (in Russian).
The History of the Russian Literary Language (XI - XVII centuries). München 1987, Budapest 1982, Moscow 2002 (in Russian).
Jean Sohier. Grammaire et Methode Russes et Françoises 1724. Bd. I-II. München 1987.
Storia e semiotica. Milano 1988.
Sémiotique de la culture russe. Lausanne 1990. Joint publication with J. M. Lotman.
Semiotik der Geschichte. Wien, 1991.
Tsar and God. Warszawa 1992 (in Polish). Joint publication with V. M. Živov.
Selected Works, vol. I-II. Sofia 1992-2000 (in Bulgarian).
Storia della lingua letteraria russa: Dall’antica Rus’ a Puškin. Bologna 1993.
Johann Ernst Glück. Grammatik der russischen Sprache (1704). Köln - Weimar - Wien 1994. Joint publication with Helmut Keipert and Viktor Zhivov.
Semiotics of Art. Moscow 1995 (in Russian).
Linguistica, semiotica, storia della cultura. Bologna 1996.
Selected Works, vol. I-III. 2d edition, revised and expanded. Moscow 1996-1997 (in Russian).
Tsar and Patriarch. Moscow, 1998 (in Russian). Also translated into Polish.
Historia i semiotyka. Gdańsk 1998 (in Polish).
Tsar and Emperor. Moscow, 2000 (in Russian). Italian version: "In regem unxit": Unzione al trono e semantica dei titoli del sovrano. Napoli 2001. Also translated into Polish.
Boris and Gleb: The Perception of History in Old Rus’. Moscow 1998 (in Russian).
Religia i semiotyka. Gdańsk, 2001 (in Polish).
Studies in Russian History. Saint Petersburg, 2002 (in Russian).
The Sign of the Cross and Sacred Space. Moscow, 2004 (in Russian). Also translated into Italian.
Part and Whole in Russian Grammar. Moscow, 2004 (in Russian).
Essays in History and Philology. Moscow, 2004 (in Russian).
Cross and Circle: From the History of the Christian Symbolism. Moscow, 2006 (in Russian). Also translated into Polish.
Ego loquens: Language and Communicational Space. Moscow, 2007; Moscow, 2012 (in Russian). Also translated into Serbian.
Works on Trediakovskij. Moscow, 2008 (in Russian).
The Ghent Altarpiece of Jan van Eyck: the composition (Divine and Homan Perspective). Moscow, 2009; Moscow, 2013 (in Russian). Italian version: Prospettiva divina e prospettiva umana: La pala di van Eyck a Gand. Milano, 2010.
“Tsar and God” and Other Essays in Russian Cultural Semiotics. Boston, 2012. Joint publication with V. M. Živov.
Veni kultuuri jõujooni: Valik artikleid. Tartu, 2013.
External links
Russian text of the Philological Studies in the Sphere of Slavonic Antiquities
1937 births
Living people
People from Moscow
Moscow State University alumni
Moscow State University faculty
Russian philologists
Historians of Russia
Researchers of Slavic religion
Russian medievalists
Russian professors
Soviet professors
Linguists from the Soviet Union
20th-century linguists
Linguists from Russia
21st-century linguists
Slavists
Linguists of Russian
20th-century Russian scientists
Harvard University faculty
Cornell University faculty
Russian semioticians
Higher School of Economics faculty
Russian State University for the Humanities
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
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3990688
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%20boat%20racing
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Drag boat racing
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Drag boat racing is a form of drag racing which takes place on water rather than land. As with land-based drag racing, competitors race their vehicles for the lowest elapsed time (low ET) over a straight race course of a defined length. There are three standard drag race course lengths, 660 feet (1/8 mile), 1,320 foot (1/4 mile), and the most common length, used in professional drag boat racing, 1,000 feet (3/16 mile plus 10 feet). Unlike drag racing on land, which begins from a standing start, drag boat racing begins from a short rolling start to a point that cannot be passed until the green "start" light illuminates. There are numerous categories of professional and sportsmen classes based on various engine configuration, fuel type, hull design and propulsion types. The premier category of drag boat racing being the Top Fuel Hydroplane class which is the water based equivalent to Top Fuel Dragsters capable of covering the liquid quarter mile in less than three seconds with a top speed of around 270 mph (400 km/h). The biggest event on the drag boat calendar is the LODBRS World Finals which takes place at Firebird Raceway Phoenix, Arizona.
Lake Lucas was the world's first purpose-built drag boat racing lake when built in 2011. The facility played host to drag boat races for eight straight years until the Lucas Oil Drag Boat Series was discontinued at the conclusion of the 2018 season. Citing a need for the company to move in a new direction, then everything changed in 2020.
Drag Boats then returned to Lake Lucas in 2020 for events under SDBA, KDBA sanctions and then in 2021 for a three-day summer event Diamond Nartionals for drag boats with top fuel.
Notable drag boat racers
Eddie Hill
Marty Logan
Casey McClellan
See also
List of fatal accidents in motorboat racing
Austin Aqua Festival
Hydroplane (boat)
Lucas Oil
References
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3990722
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalungas
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Kalungas
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The Kalungas are Brazilians that descend from people who escaped from slavery, and lived in remote settlements in Goiás state, Brazil. The Kalungas are one group of Quilombola, or people of African origin who live in hinterland settlements founded during the period of escaped slaves. The Kalunga communities of Goiás have existed for approximately 250 years, and first came back into contact with researchers and the federal government in the 1960s. Most of the approximately 5,000 Kalungas, who are of mixed African and indigenous ancestry, live in very poor conditions. In Zambia, the name Kalunga is of Bantu origin and means "Hunter or accurate hunter".
All of the area occupied by the Kalungas was officially recognized by the state government in 1991 as a Historical Site and the Kalunga are preserved as Patrimônio Cultural Kalunga. The Kalungas settled in the mountains on both sides of the Paraná River, on slopes and in valleys, called Vãos. Today they occupy the territory of Cavalcante, Monte Alegre e Teresina de Goiás. The four main settlements are in the region of Contenda, the Vão do Calunga, the Vão de Almas, the Vão do Moleque and the Ribeirão dos Bois. Other Kalungas remain in unrecognized communities or in isolation.
History
There is confusion about the meaning of the word Kalunga or Calunga, which, despite the same sound, have totally different meanings: Kalunga – connected to religious beliefs, world of the ancestors, cult of the forefathers, from them came the force; Calunga – small or insignificant thing; a way to call Negros, a famous or important person.
In the land of the Kalunga people, calunga is the name of a plant – Simaba ferruginea – and the place where it grows, near a stream of the same name. It makes the land where it grows sacred, a land that never dries, good for planting food for all of life.
They chose the chapada region because of its inaccessibility, since their former owners would not risk searching for them in that place. It is a sea of mountains and hills full of buriti palms extending to the horizon. They are steep slopes, full of stones. The narrow trails wind and climb, almost lost in the dense vegetation and stone walls fall abruptly into the low valleys.
These descendants of slaves lived isolated from the towns of Goiás. They learned to live with what the cerrado gave them, in food as well in building materials and tools. Even living isolated from each other they considered themselves relatives. Periodically, they would make their way out of the wasteland to venture down to the towns to buy kitchen utensils or certain foods. Their means of transport was primitive boats or troops of donkeys.
References
See also
Kalunga Line
Goiás
Multiracial affairs in Brazil
Ethnic groups in Brazil
African–Native American relations
Maroons (people)
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3990752
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste-Rosalie%20Bisson
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Auguste-Rosalie Bisson
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Auguste-Rosalie Bisson (01/05/1826 – 22/04/1900) was a French photographer, active from 1841 to the year of his death, 1900. He was born and died in Paris and was the son of the heraldic painter, Louis-François Bisson and the brother of Louis-Auguste Bisson.
He was the first person to take pictures from the summit of Mont Blanc, in the summer of 1861. While making this expedition, he took 25 porters to carry his equipment.
References
Anglo-American Name Authority File, s.v. "Bisson, Auguste-Rosalie", LC Control Number no 99059153, cited 7 February 2006
Union List of Artists Names, s.v. "Bisson, Auguste-Rosalie", cited 7 February 2006
See also
1826 births
1900 deaths
19th-century French photographers
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3990760
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation%20%28disambiguation%29
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Evaluation (disambiguation)
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Evaluation is the process of judging something or someone based on a set of standards.
Evaluation may also refer to:
Measurement or appraisal
Education:
Competency evaluation (language), a means for teachers to determine the ability of their students
Narrative evaluation, a form of performance measurement and feedback which can be used instead of grading
Competency evaluation (law), an assessment of the ability of a defendant to understand and rationally participate in a court process
Formation evaluation in petroleum exploration, used to determine the commercial-viability of a potential oil or gas field
Human resources:
Evaluation (workplace), a tool employers use to review the performance of an employee
Performance evaluation, a method by which the job performance of an employee is evaluate
Evaluation (basketball), a statistical formula used to rank basketball players in some European leagues
Evaluation camp, a program in which athletes from Canadian universities are scouted by the Canadian Football League
Monitoring and evaluation, a process that helps governments, international organizations and NGOs improve performance and achieve results
Project management:
Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT), a network analysis technique used in project management
Program evaluation, a set of project management philosophies and techniques to determine if a program 'works'
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), a model for project management invented by US Department of Defense's US Navy Special Projects Office
Computer science
Computer process to compute values of an expression or subroutine argument:
Eager evaluation or strict evaluation, the model in which an expression is evaluated as soon as it gets bound to a variable
eval, a function which evaluates a string as though it were an expression, or executes multiple lines of code
Evaluation strategy or reduction strategy, a set of rules for defining the evaluation of expressions under β-reduction
Lazy evaluation, a technique of delaying computation of expressions until the results of the computation are needed
Minimal evaluation or short circuit evaluation, an evaluation strategy in which an expression is only evaluated until the point where its final value is known
Partial evaluation, a technique for program optimization by specialization
Remote evaluation, the transmission of executable software programs from a client computer to a server computer for execution
Evaluation function, used by game-playing programs to estimate the advantage of a position, also known as heuristic evaluation function or static evaluation function
Appraisal of the quality of a project or product:
Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) of an IT product or system, a numerical grade assigned following the completion of a Common Criteria security evaluation
Heuristic evaluation, a usability testing method to identify usability problems in a user interface (UI) design
Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC), a non-profit organization that aims to produce fair, impartial and meaningful benchmarks for computers
Groups or organizations
337th Test and Evaluation Squadron, the USAF's only B-1 operational test unit
Australian Drug Evaluation Committee or ADEC, is a committee that provides independent scientific advice to the Australian Government regarding therapeutic drugs
Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA), a former part of the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) up until 2001
International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), an association of national research institutions and government research agencies related to education
Operations Evaluation Department (OED), an independent unit within the World Bank
Other uses
Evaluation (journal), a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers in the field of evaluation
Emergy evaluation, an accounting system in ecological economics, developed by Howard T. Odum and colleagues
Immanent evaluation, a concept used by Gilles Deleuze in Nietzsche and Philosophy (1962)
Realist Evaluation, a type of theory-driven evaluation method used in evaluating social programmes
Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH), a legislation on chemical safety in the European Union
See also
Appraisal (disambiguation)
fr:Évaluation
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3990770
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoul%20Trouble
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Ghoul Trouble
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Ghoul Trouble is a novel by John Passarella set in the fictional universe of the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
Summary
A new vampire arrives in town who walks outside during the day and yet does not seem to be affected by the sun's rays. The vampire, called Solitaire, is here to challenge the Slayer. He wants to reassure himself that he can beat a Slayer in physical combat. He is an old vampire and Giles struggles with his research. At the same time a band called Vyxn arrives at the Bronze and plays for four nights straight. Vyxn is made up of four girls who appear to be not quite human, especially when they seem to be turning all the males at the Bronze into slobbering idiots and bending them to their will. Xander is especially taken by them and would do anything to help them out. Buffy and the gang need to figure out what Vyxn is in town for, and why Solitaire can walk in the sun.
It is later discovered that Vyxn are a group of ghouls that lure men to their deaths (and it is hinted vampires) at will through their voice. Giles and the others rescue Xander from them just prior to Buffy's final fight with Solitaire.
Solitaire it is discovered is immune to sunlight because he is not actually a vampire, he is a full-blooded demon, that can shift forms between human and demon, and the halfway mark looks remarkably like a vampire. Buffy decapitates him with an axe.
Continuity
Supposed to be set during third season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
Canonical issues
Buffy novels, such as this one are not considered by most fans as part of canon. They are usually not considered as official Buffyverse reality, but are novels from the authors' imaginations. However unlike fanfic, 'overviews' summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy merchandise.
External links
Reviews
Litefoot1969.bravepages.com - Review of this book by Litefoot
Nika-summers.com - Review of this book by Nika Summers
Shadowcat.name - Review of this book
2000 American novels
Books based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer
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3990777
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Standard%20of%20Norway
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Royal Standard of Norway
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The Royal Standard of Norway () is used by the King of Norway. Of historical origin, it was introduced by Cabinet Decision of 15 November 1905, following the plebiscite confirming the election of Prince Carl of Denmark to the vacant throne after the dissolution of the union between Sweden and Norway. Under his chosen name of Haakon VII, the new king arrived in the capital Kristiania on 25 November 1905 on a ship flying the royal standard for the first time.
The flag of the King is also used by the Queen.
Background and history
The flag was referred to as the "ancient royal standard" of Norway when it was re-introduced in 1905. It is the earliest known flag of Norway, originally only a flag for the king, as it is today. During the early period of the union with Denmark, it was occasionally flown from castles and naval vessels until it was gradually phased out during the 17th and 18th centuries. Its earliest certain depiction is on the seal of Duchess Ingebjørg in 1318. In 1748 a decree stated that the Dannebrog should be the only legal merchant flag for ships of the united kingdoms of Denmark-Norway.
Union between Sweden and Norway (1814–1905)
From 1814 to 1905, Norway entered a personal union with Sweden. As a result, the two nations would share the same monarch (and a common foreign policy) but remain separate kingdoms with their own laws and legislative bodies. In 1844, new flags with common features reflecting the union were introduced for the two kingdoms.
From 1844 until 1905, the kings of Norway (i.e. also the King of Sweden) used a royal standard on the same pattern as Denmark and Sweden. It was Norway's war flag with the union mark in the canton and the addition of the royal union arms in the centre of the cross. In Norway, growing discontent with the union would lead to the union mark being removed from the merchant (i.e. today's national flag) and the state flag, but the mark remained in the war flag (naval ensign) and the royal flag as they were under jurisdiction of the king.
The flag introduced in 1844 would be made redundant after the dissolution of the union with Sweden in 1905 and the adoption of the current flag.
Description
The flag is the coat of arms of Norway in banner form and features a golden lion over a red field. With the dissolution of the Union in 1905 and election of a new king, the Norwegian Lion coat of arms were subsequently adopted for use by the King as was the old royal flag.
Graphically, that first royal standard was charged with a lion designed by the Danish expert on heraldry Anders Thiset, complying with the blazon decided by the Cabinet. It differed from the definitive version of the royal standard, which was charged with the lion designed by the painter Eilif Peterssen The Peterssen designed lion was changed on the coat of arms for government use in 1937 to fit a medieval style, but the king kept the 1905 Peterssen design for the royal arms and standard.
Crown Prince’s version
The flag of the Crown Prince (Kronprinsflagget) is similar to the royal standard, except that the field is swallowtailed. It was introduced by Royal Resolution of 26 September 1924. The Crown Prince's flag may also be used by the Crown Princess.
There are no flags for the rest of the royal family.
Pennant
See also
Flag of Norway
Line of succession to the Norwegian Throne
References
Sources
Flags of the World
Royal standards in NRK website
Royal standards in encyclopedia Skikk og bruk
The Royal Standard flown from the Royal palace
National Archive flag history With a picture of the seal of duchess Ingebjørg.
Hans Cappelen: Norge i 1905: Gammelt riksvåpen og nytt kongevåpen, (Norway in 1905: Old national arms and new royal arms) Heraldisk Tidsskrift, Vol. 10 No. 94, Copenhagen October 2006
External links
Flags of Norway
Norway
Flags of Norway
Norwegian monarchy
Flags displaying animals
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3990809
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamboyant%20%28Pet%20Shop%20Boys%20song%29
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Flamboyant (Pet Shop Boys song)
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"Flamboyant" is a song by English synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys from their greatest hits album, PopArt: The Hits (2003). It was released on 29 March 2004 as the album's second and final single, reaching number nine in Spain, number 12 in the United Kingdom, and number 13 in Denmark.
The song was remixed for single release, and an extended mix of the original album version—dubbed the "Tomcraft Extended Mix"—was issued as one of the single's B-sides. The other B-side, "I Didn't Get Where I Am Today", features Johnny Marr on guitars. The single cover art contains the song title and the duo's name in katakana: . The single cover features Chris Lowe with long hair, which he sported for a short time.
Music video
The music video for "Flamboyant" was directed by Nico Beyer. Heavily based on aspects of Japanese popular culture, it tells the story of a Japanese office worker who aspires to appear on the television variety show Kasou Taishou, where guests perform silly stunts. He envisions a billiards-based routine, where he and others portray living balls on an enormous pool table. In the beginning of the video, scenes are of his unsupportive environment; his wife is annoyed at him, his manager scolds him for reading a billiards magazine at work, and his coworkers tease him at lunch. At the end of the video, however, he and his team perform their routine successfully on the show and win top ranking. The story footage is intercut with fake Japanese-style television commercials where the Pet Shop Boys offer various products such as an automatic ironing machine and a car called Boxy (Nissan Micra).
The video was finally released on DVD on the documentary A Life in Pop, although the disc does not mention the video's inclusion. Some territories, like Canada, do not feature the video.
Track listings
2-track CD
"Flamboyant" (single mix)
"I Didn't Get Where I Am Today"
Enhanced CD
"Flamboyant" (Tomcraft extended mix)
"Flamboyant" (Scissor Sisters silhouettes & shadows mix)
"Flamboyant" (DJ Hell remix)
"Flamboyant" (demo version)
"Flamboyant" (Enhanced video)
Charts
References
2003 songs
2004 singles
Parlophone singles
Pet Shop Boys songs
Songs written by Chris Lowe
Songs written by Neil Tennant
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3990817
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20technological%20development
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Differential technological development
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Differential technological development is a strategy of technology governance aiming to decrease risks from emerging technologies by influencing the sequence in which they are developed. On this strategy, societies would strive to delay the development of harmful technologies and their applications, while accelerating the development of beneficial technologies, especially those that offer protection against the harmful ones.
History of the idea
Differential technological development was initially proposed by philosopher Nick Bostrom in 2002 and he applied the idea to the governance of artificial intelligence in his 2014 book Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. The strategy was also endorsed by philosopher Toby Ord in his 2020 book The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, who writes that "While it may be too difficult to prevent the development of a risky technology, we may be able to reduce existential risk by speeding up the development of protective technologies relative to dangerous ones."
Informal discussion
Paul Christiano believes that while accelerating technological progress appears to be one of the best ways to improve human welfare in the next few decades, a faster rate of growth cannot be equally important for the far future because growth must eventually saturate due to physical limits. Hence, from the perspective of the far future, differential technological development appears more crucial.
Inspired by Bostrom's proposal, Luke Muehlhauser and Anna Salamon suggested a more general project of "differential intellectual progress", in which society advances its wisdom, philosophical sophistication, and understanding of risks faster than its technological power. Brian Tomasik has expanded on this notion.
See also
Existential risk
References
Technology forecasting
Transhumanism
Technological change
Existential risk
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3990824
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Major%20and%20the%20Minor
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The Major and the Minor
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The Major and the Minor is a 1942 American comedy film starring Ginger Rogers and Ray Milland. It was the first American film directed by Billy Wilder. The screenplay is credited to Wilder and Charles Brackett is "suggested by" the 1923 play Connie Goes Home by Edward Childs Carpenter, based on the 1921 Saturday Evening Post story "Sunny Goes Home" by Fannie Kilbourne.
Plot
After her first client, Albert Osborne (Robert Benchley), makes a heavy pass and refuses to take “No” for an answer, Susan Applegate (Ginger Rogers) quits her job as a Revigorous System scalp massager and decides to leave New York City and return home to Stevenson, Iowa. At the train station, she discovers she has only enough money to cover a half fare, so she disguises herself as a twelve-year-old girl named Su-Su. When two suspicious conductors catch her smoking, Su-Su takes refuge in the compartment of Major Philip Kirby (Ray Milland) who, believing she is a frightened child, agrees to let her stay in his compartment until they reach his stop.
When the train is detained by flooding, Philip's fiancée, Pamela Hill (Rita Johnson) and her father, his commanding officer at the military academy where he teaches, drive to meet him. Pamela boards the train and finds Su-Su sleeping in the lower berth. Imagining the worst, she accuses Philip of being unfaithful and reports his transgression to her father and the board. Amused, Philip introduces Su-Su to the assembled authorities. Pamela insists that she stay with them.
Pamela's teenaged sister Lucy (Diana Lynn), a student of biology, immediately sees through Susan's disguise. She promises to keep her secret if Susan will help her sabotage Pamela's efforts to keep Philip at the academy instead of allowing him to be assigned to active duty. Pretending to be Pamela, Susan calls one of Pamela's Washington, D.C., connections and arranges to have Philip's status changed.
Susan becomes popular with the cadets, most of whom have refined a technique for stealing kisses using a description of the fall of the Maginot Line. Philip tries to explain to Susan why she should not encourage them, losing himself in a metaphor of lightbulbs and moths. At one point, he looks at her through his bad eye and tells her she will be a “knockout” one day.
At the big school dance, Philip thanks Pamela: He reports for active duty in a week. She does not deny her role but refuses to marry him at such short notice. Cadet Clifford Osborne introduces Susan to his parents: His father is the client whose behavior prompted her to quit her job. It takes a while for Osborne senior to recall, but he eventually recognizes Susan and reveals her identity to Pamela.
Susan arranges to meet Philip after the dance. She rushes back to Lucy's room to change. Pamela tells Philip that Su-Su is sick, and Susan finds Pamela waiting instead. Pamela threatens to create a public scandal that will destroy Philip's career, unless Susan leaves immediately. Susan makes Lucy promise never to tell Philip about her.
Susan returns home, but continues to daydream about Philip, staring for hours at the moths fluttering around the porch light, much to the frustration of her fiancé, Will Duffy (Richard Fiske), and the mystification of her mother (Lela E. Rogers). When Philip phones from the train station, Susan identifies herself as Su-Su's mother; Su-Su is at a school play. He is on his way to San Diego to report for active duty; he has a frog from Lucy. At the house, he is astonished by Mrs. Applegate's resemblance to her daughter. He delivers best wishes from everyone at the school and tells her that Pamela married someone else. Pamela was right about one thing: A man heading into war has no right to marry. He tells her about an officer on his train who is traveling with his girl. They will stop in Nevada to be married, she will see him off, and he will be gone. Mrs Applegate tells him that he underestimates women.
At the station, the train draws near. Susan is standing at the far end of the platform. He approaches her, cautiously, starting to smile as the pieces fall into place. Her name? Susan Kathleen Applegate. She is going to marry a soldier—if he'll have her. She has a theory about the Fall of France... As she draws nearer, he looks at her with his bad eye. They kiss. “Su-Su!” he cries. “Come Philip!” she replies, and they run for the train.
Cast
Production
Billy Wilder had arrived in Hollywood in 1934 shortly after directing his first film, the French language Mauvaise Graine. During the ensuing years, he and Charles Brackett had collaborated on eight screenplays, including Ninotchka and Ball of Fire, but Wilder was anxious to direct again and producer Arthur Hornblow Jr. agreed to give him a chance. Wilder was determined to make a mainstream film that would be a box-office success so he would not be relegated to a typewriter for the rest of his career. Paramount Pictures owned the screen rights to the play Connie Goes Home, which Wilder thought was the perfect vehicle for Ginger Rogers, and he and Brackett wrote the role of Philip Kirby with Cary Grant in mind. Their dialogue includes the oft-quoted line "Why don't you get out of that wet coat and into a dry martini?"
Rogers recently had won the Academy Award for Best Actress for Kitty Foyle and now was in a position to select her own director. Agent Leland Hayward represented both Rogers and Wilder, who asked him to intercede with her on his behalf, and Brackett also urged her to meet the neophyte director. She agreed, and she and the screenwriters met during the filming of Roxie Hart. They pitched the film during lunch at an Italian restaurant, and Rogers later recalled Wilder "was charming, a European gentleman ... I've always been a good judge of character. I decided then and there that we would get along and that he had the qualities to become a good director ... I felt he would be strong, and that he would listen. He certainly understood how to pay attention to a woman." What also appealed to Rogers was the basic concept of the film. As a younger woman, she had pretended to be eligible for a child's fare when traveling by train with her cash-strapped mother on more than one occasion, so she easily identified with the plot and agreed to make the film. Wilder also agreed to her suggestion that he cast her own mother as her mother in the film.
Wilder was driving home from the studio one evening and pulled up at a red light next to Ray Milland. Impulsively, he called out, "I'm doing a picture. Would you like to be in it?," and the actor responded, "Sure." Wilder sent him the script, which Milland liked. Three years later the two men would collaborate on The Lost Weekend, which would win Oscars for both of them.
As a neophyte director, Wilder heavily relied on editor Doane Harrison for guidance. Harrison had edited Hold Back the Dawn (1941), which Brackett and Wilder had written. Unusually for an editor, Harrison was on the set for filming as well as working in the cutting room. Wilder later said, "I worked with a very good cutter, Doane Harrison, from whom I learned a great deal. He was much more of a help to me than the cameraman. When I became a director from a writer, my technical knowledge was very meagre." Harrison taught him how to "cut in the camera", a form of spontaneous editing that results in a minimal amount of film being shot and eliminates the possibility of studio heads later adding footage the director deemed unnecessary. In later years, Wilder commented, "When I finish a film, there is nothing on the cutting room floor but chewing gum wrappers and tears." Wilder's and Harrison's unusually close and important collaboration continued for every subsequent film directed by Wilder through The Fortune Cookie (1966).
Leo Tover was the cinematographer for the film; Tover had also worked on Hold Back the Dawn. The campus of St. John's Military Academy in Delafield, Wisconsin was used for exterior location shots. Principal photography was completed quickly and efficiently. Rogers later recalled, "We had a lot of fun making the picture. It was that kind of story. And even though it was his first film, from day one, I saw that Billy knew what to do. He was very sure of himself. He had perfect confidence ... I've never been sorry I made the film. The Major and the Minor really holds up. It's as good now as it was then."
The film was remade as You're Never Too Young in 1955. The gender-reversal version starred Jerry Lewis as the adult disguised as a child and Diana Lynn, who portrayed teenager Lucy Hill in the original.
Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack includes "Blues in the Night" by Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer; "Sweet Sue Just You" by Victor Young and Will J. Harris; "Dream Lover" by Victor Schertzinger and Clifford Grey; "Isn't It Romantic" and "Lover" by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart.
Critical reception
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said the Wilder-Brackett script "effervesces with neat situations and bright lines" and added, "The gentlemen have written – and Mr. Wilder has directed – a bountiful comedy-romance. And Miss Rogers and Mr. Milland have played it with spirit and taste. Never once does either permit the suggestion of a leer to creep in ... Miss Rogers gives a beautiful imitation of a Quiz Kid imitating Baby Snooks. And in those moments when romance brightly kindles, she is a soft and altogether winning miss. Put this down as one of the best characterizations of her career. Credit Mr. Milland, too, with making a warm and nimble fellow of the major, and all the rest of the cast for doing very well with lively roles."
Variety called the film a "sparkling and effervescing piece of farce-comedy" with a story that is "light, fluffy, and frolicsome ... Both script and direction swing the yarn along at a consistent pace, with the laughs developing naturally and without strain."
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"Why don't you get out of that wet coat and into a dry martini?" – Nominated
See also
List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a film review aggregator website
References
External links
The Major and the Minor on Lux Radio Theater: May 31, 1943
1942 films
1942 comedy films
American black-and-white films
American comedy films
American films based on plays
English-language films
Films about con artists
Films directed by Billy Wilder
Films scored by Robert Emmett Dolan
Films set on the home front during World War II
Military humor in film
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Billy Wilder
Films with screenplays by Charles Brackett
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3990832
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus%20Pollock
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Fergus Pollock
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Fergus Pollock is a British car designer. He is a Vehicle Design graduate of the British Royal College of Art, London. In 1975, he joined Rootes, which was Chrysler UK from 1971 to 1978, in Coventry, later working at Chrysler in the United States (Highland Park, 1976), followed by Simca (Carrieres Sous Poissy, 1979), and Citroën (Velizy, 1981). In 1983, he moved to Jaguar, and under Geoff Lawson, he became Senior Design Manager in 1995.
During his thirty year career, he has been actively involved in the design of over thirty cars, including rally and race cars, as well as trucks and aeroplanes. He pioneered the European MPV with the design of the "Supervan" project, while at Chrysler Europe, which would later be developed by Matra, and would eventually reach production as the Renault Espace.
Two of his designs have won the award for "The Most Beautiful Car In The World".
Some of his cars
Renault Espace
Jaguar XJS
Jaguar XJ6
Jaguar XK8
Jaguar XJ8
Notes
British automobile designers
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Chrysler designers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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3990842
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenuig
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Glenuig
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Glenuig ( , ) is a small village in Moidart, Lochaber, Highland, on the west coast of Scotland. It is around west of Fort William and from Ardnamurchan Point.
Geography
Glenuig is a tiny community of just over thirty folk located in the parish of Moidart in remote west Lochaber. Nowadays it is taken to include the neighbouring settlements of Samalaman and Alt Ruadh, and contains 21 houses in permanent occupation plus four holiday homes. In a wider sense it includes the nearby hamlets of Roshven and Lochailort, bringing the population over a distance of to just over fifty.
Access to Glenuig by public road was only made possible in 1966, and mains electricity arrived in 1983. A growing population of young people saw the revival of Glenuig Village Hall Committee in 1982, running the village hall situated in the old School Room. In 1993 the Hall Committee changed to become Glenuig Community Association.
History
The area has been inhabited for thousands of years and the traces of these earlier residents are everywhere around. The coastal regions here are wild and rocky, but because of the warmer climate within the last two thousand years the inland areas were productive and heavily populated. In the last two hundred years, the population declined through enforced clearances of the glens for sheep and voluntary emigration from the harsher coastal regions to the new colonies, particularly Cape Breton and America.
From 1783 to 1803, Samalaman House, on the outskirts of Glenuig, was the location of a Roman Catholic seminary
Prior to 1966 access was by foot or horseback (from either Lochailort or Kinlochmoidart) or by boat. Since that year the area has been accessible by good modern roads, train or bus.
Facilities
Nowadays Glenuig is a thriving and friendly community. Occupations include fishing, crofting, building, craftwork and IT, and of course catering for the many visitors to the area. The community has a tiny but busy shop and post office and a variety of accommodation choices in Glenuig, Kinlochmoidart, Roshven and Lochailort.
The village hall is one of the most splendid on the west coast and a very popular venue for entertainment. There is regular traditional folk music, fiddlers, blues bands, opera and dance and a range of community activities ranging from yoga, playgroups and youth nights to the meetings of the Moidart Local History Group.
Glenuig Community Association (GCA) has been responsible for several initiatives in the area. Through determined fundraising, notably through the Glenuig Music Festival (1983–1993) the local community built the magnificent Glenuig Hall.
Glenuig Hall is owned and managed by the GCA, and the Association is currently looking into the future of the village shop, hoping to build new premises and re-open the shop to be run as a Community Enterprise.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Lochaber
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3990854
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufford%20Old%20Hall
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Rufford Old Hall
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Rufford Old Hall is a National Trust property in Rufford, Lancashire, England. Built in about 1530 for Sir Robert Hesketh, only the Great Hall survives from the original structure. A brick-built wing in the Jacobean style was added in 1661, at right angles to the Great Hall, and a third wing was added in the 1820s.
Rufford Old Hall is designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building, The hall's cottage, coach house and stables, about to the east, are designated Grade II.
History
Until 1936, Rufford Old Hall was in the continuous ownership of the Hesketh family who were lords of the manor of Rufford from the 15th century. The Heskeths moved to Rufford New Hall in 1798. In 1846 Sir Thomas George Hesketh, 5th Baronet married Lady Anna Maria Arabella Fermor, sister and heiress of George Richard William Fermor, 5th and last Earl of Pomfret. In 1936 Rufford Old Hall, with its collection of arms and armour and 17th-century oak furniture, was donated to the National Trust by Thomas Fermor-Hesketh, 1st Baron Hesketh.
Shakespeare connection
There is some evidence to suggest that Shakespeare may have performed in the Great Hall. In about 1580 Shakespeare had been sent, by his Stratford schoolmaster, to be an assistant teacher in the household of Alexander Hoghton at Lea Hall near Preston, and the "wilim Shakeshaft nowe dwellynge with me", referred to by Hoghton in his will, is almost certainly Shakespeare. In his will Hoghton, who died in 1581, had bequeathed to Sir Thomas Hesketh his musical instruments and "playe clothes". By about 1585 Shakespeare had joined a company of players kept by Lord Strange, son of Lord Derby, probably having been recommended by Sir Thomas. In her 1974 book, Lancashire Legends, Kathleen Eyre claims that although "it may be no more than a fond hope" there is evidence that a "William Shakeshaft" (a common version of Shakespeare's name) was a youthful member of the "Hesketh Company of Players" who visited in about 1585. The date coincides with Shakespeare's absence from Stratford-on-Avon following a bout of deer-stealing from neighbouring parks, particularly that of Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote.
Architecture
The timber-framed hall house with great hall, in a late medieval pattern which continued in use in Tudor times, was built for Sir Robert Hesketh in about 1530. The hall, which formed the south wing, is substantially as built, long and wide, with the timbers sitting on a low stone wall. The hall has a flagged floor. It has a stone chimney, five bays, and a hammerbeam roof. The five hammerbeams each terminate, at both ends, in a carved wooden angel. The hall is overlooked by a quatrefoil squint in an arched doorway in the second-floor drawing room.
In 1661 a Jacobean style rustic brick wing was built at right angles to the great hall which contrasts with the medieval black and white timbering. This wing was built from small two-inch bricks similar to Bank Hall, and Carr House and St Michael's Church in Much Hoole. The west wing, which housed the family apartments was possibly destroyed in a fire.
In the 1820s a third wing was constructed, formed out of the medieval domestic offices, and a castellated tower was built to join the Great Hall to the Charles II wing. In 1949 a secret chamber, used as a priest hole in the 16th century, was discovered above the Great Hall.
Fixtures and fittings
A free-standing, carved wooden screen made of bog oak in the Great Hall probably dates from between 1530 and 1540. It is described by Pevsner as being "of an exuberance of decoration matched nowhere else in England" and is the only known surviving example from the first half of the 16th century. It stands at the north end of the great hall, covering the entrance to the original kitchens. It has three spiral finials, two outer ones carved from single lengths of timber at the sides of the screen framing eight traceried panels. On the top-rail are two angels, a male and female bearing shields with the arms of Fitton and Banastre families. Two horizontal rails are morticed into the uprights. Three errors were possibly incorporated by its makers to avoid a charge of heresy, as a contemporary belief was that God alone could create perfection. One panel on the hall side is upside down, on the opposite side one panel has a different pattern and an angel has an extra finger.
On the staircase is a painting by Godfrey Kneller of Thomas Hesketh, who was Second MP for Preston in 1722 and who rebuilt the east wing in the 1720s, with his wife Martha and son in 1723. The sitting room displays a copy of the 1577 map of Lancashire by Christopher Saxton.
Gardens
The cottage, coach house and stables east of the house are Grade II listed buildings. There are gardens and pasture to the rear and side of the hall and woodland at the front. The Rufford Branch of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, completed in 1781, passes very close to the site on the east side. A feature of the gardens is a pair of topiary squirrels.
Ghosts
The hall is reputedly haunted by a grey lady, Queen Elizabeth I and a man in Elizabethan clothing. The figure of a man floating above the canal at the rear of the building has also been reported.
See also
Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire
Listed buildings in Rufford, Lancashire
References
External links
Shakespeare at Rufford BBC
Rufford Old Hall information at the National Trust
RUFFORD and the HESKETHS at heskethbank.com
"Rufford Old Hall" at nationaltrustimages.org.uk
Grade I listed buildings in Lancashire
Country houses in Lancashire
National Trust properties in Lancashire
Historic house museums in Lancashire
Gardens in Lancashire
Reportedly haunted locations in North West England
Timber framed buildings in England
Buildings and structures in the Borough of West Lancashire
1530 establishments in England
Rufford, Lancashire
Hall houses
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5382130
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%C3%A1rio%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201975%29
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Hilário (footballer, born 1975)
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Henrique Hilário Meireles Alves Sampaio (born 21 October 1975), known as Hilário, is a Portuguese football coach and former player who played as a goalkeeper. He is a goalkeeping coach at Premier League club Chelsea.
Hilário spent most of his professional career with Porto and Chelsea, mainly as a backup. He appeared in 160 Primeira Liga matches, over nine seasons.
Club career
Early life and career
Hilário was born in Porto, Porto District. After emerging through FC Porto's youth system, he left and began playing professionally with lowly Naval 1º Maio and Académica de Coimbra – respectively in the Segunda Divisão B and Segunda Divisão de Honra.
Hilário returned to Porto for the 1996–97 season, after Vítor Baía's departure to Barcelona, appearing in 18 matches as the club won the Primeira Divisão championship for the third successive season. He soon would be deemed surplus to requirements however (Baía also returned from Spain in January 1999), being loaned four times during his spell while also being demoted to the reserves.
Released by Porto in 2004, Hilário signed with Nacional on a permanent basis, playing 29 matches in the 2004–05 season but losing his importance after the arrival of Swiss Diego Benaglio.
Chelsea
Hilário signed for English club Chelsea on 1 June 2006, joining former Porto boss José Mourinho, the two having coincided there for a brief period in the 2003–04 pre-season. He was originally signed as third-choice behind Petr Čech and Carlo Cudicini, but was handed a run in the first team after they both sustained injuries in a game against Reading on 14 October 2006. He made his debut on 18 October against Barcelona at Stamford Bridge, keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 win. His Premier League debut came three days later, in a 2–1 home victory over Portsmouth.
Hilário's run in the side saw him make a total of 18 appearances during the 2006–07 season, not conceding any goals in eight of those – he also saved a penalty in a game away to Sheffield United. Čech's return to fitness in February 2007 saw Hilário lose his place in the team, and was an unused substitute in the Football League Cup final win over Arsenal.
At the start of the 2007–08 season, Hilário found himself again third choice to both Čech and Cudicini, but made a substitute appearance against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park after Čech suffered a hip injury. He went on to start against Newcastle United and Fulham as his team won both matches 2–1. On 8 April 2008, he came from the bench against Fenerbahce SK (due to an injury to Cudicini) in the second leg of the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League (2–0 home win, 3–2 on aggregate).
Cudicini left for Tottenham Hotspur in January 2009, leaving Hilário as second-choice and promoting Rhys Taylor to the first team. Hilário made his first start of the 2008–09 season on 7 February after an injury to Čech, in a 0–0 draw at home to Hull City. He was also an unused substitute during Chelsea's 2009 FA Cup Final win over Everton.
On 26 September 2009, when Čech was red carded against Wigan Athletic after a tackle on Hugo Rodallega, Hilário came on for Florent Malouda and conceded two goals in a 3–1 away loss. Due to Čech's suspension, Hilário was in the starting line-up for the game against Liverpool at home on 4 October, and performed well, keeping a clean sheet.
Hilário made his first appearance of 2010 after coming off the bench for an injured Čech in the second half of Chelsea's 1–1 loss away to Inter Milan in the first leg of the Champions League round of 16, conceding no goals in about 30 minutes. He added another in the Premier League, this time against Manchester City, conceding braces from Craig Bellamy and Carlos Tevez in their first home defeat of the 2009–10 season (4–2), although Chelsea eventually won the championship.
In June 2011, Hilário signed a new one-year contract with Chelsea. Following the appointment of countryman André Villas-Boas as manager and the knee injury suffered by Čech in pre-season, Hilário was propelled to the starting line-up over Ross Turnbull, appearing in two games and conceding twice in as many home wins.
Hilário was due to be released at the end of the 2012–13 season as his contract expired. On 1 August, however, following the return of his compatriot Mourinho as manager, Hilário agreed to a new one-year contract with the club. He was eventually released by Chelsea after the 2013–14 season, before retiring from playing in August at the age of 38.
International career
Hilário received his first call-up for Portugal in November 2009, at the age of 34, as backup to Eduardo for the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA second round matches against Bosnia and Herzegovina, a role for which Beto, Daniel Fernandes, José Moreira and Rui Patrício were also tried. After being an unused substitute on that match he made his debut in the next game, coming on for Eduardo at half-time of the 2–0 friendly win over China on 3 March 2010.
Coaching career
Hilário returned to Chelsea on 22 July 2016, being appointed assistant goalkeeping coach by the newly appointed manager Antonio Conte. He was promoted to the position of goalkeeping coach under new manager Maurizio Sarri in August 2018.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Porto
Primeira Divisão: 1996–97, 1997–98
Taça de Portugal: 1999–2000
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 1999
Chelsea
FA Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10
Football League Cup: 2006–07
FA Community Shield: 2009
References
External links
Profile at the Chelsea F.C. website
Profile at the Portuguese Football Federation website
1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Porto
Portuguese footballers
Association football goalkeepers
FC Porto players
Associação Naval 1º de Maio players
Associação Académica de Coimbra – O.A.F. players
C.F. Estrela da Amadora players
FC Porto B players
Varzim S.C. players
C.D. Nacional players
Chelsea F.C. players
Segunda Divisão players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Primeira Liga players
Premier League players
Portugal youth international footballers
Portugal under-21 international footballers
Portugal B international footballers
Portugal international footballers
Portuguese expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in England
Association football goalkeeping coaches
Chelsea F.C. non-playing staff
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3990869
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20A.%20Frank%20Lever
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SS A. Frank Lever
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SS A. Frank Lever was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. Her namesake was A. Francis "Frank" Lever. Her sponsor was Mrs. A. Frank Lever.
History
A. Frank Lever was a Liberty ship, Maritime Commission hull number 1072, built during World War II and named for United States Senator and Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina Life Trustee, Asbury Francis Lever, who died 28 April 1940.
Liberty ships were a mass-produced wartime design. Eighteen American shipyards built 2,751 Libertys between 1941 and 1945, easily the largest number of ships produced to a single design. Originally a British design, the U.S. version was designated 'EC2-S-C1': 'EC' for Emergency Cargo, '2' for a ship between 400 and 450 feet (120 and 140 m) long (Load Waterline Length), 'S' for steam engines, and 'C1' for design C1. The new design replaced much riveting, which accounted for one-third of the labor costs, with welding, and featured oil-fired boilers.
The first of these new ships was launched on 27 September 1941. She was named Patrick Henry after the American Revolutionary War patriot who had famously declared, "Give me liberty, or give me death." Consequently, all the EC2 type of emergency cargo ships came to be known as Liberty ships.
The cargo vessel A. Frank Lever, was constructed at the yards of the Southeastern Shipbuilding Corporation, Savannah, Georgia, one of 88 Libertys the yard built. Laid down on Way number 2 with Yard number 34, on 29 October 1943, she was launched on 7 December 1943. Mrs. A. Frank Lever was sponsor for the new ship. The new vessel was delivered on 21 December 1943.
Designed to be turned out at utmost speed, the Kaiser Permanente Metals Corp. No. 2 Yard in Richmond, California, set the record for constructing a Liberty ship when it built Robert E. Peary, from keel laying to launching, in 4 days 15 hours and 30 minutes, 8–12 November 1942. Robert E. Peary' was then outfitted, painted, taken on sea trials, and the vessel fully loaded with 10,000 tons of cargo. Robert E. Peary sailed seven days after her keel was laid.
More than 2,400 Liberty ships survived the war, only 196 having been lost in combat. Of these, 835 made up the postwar cargo fleet. Greek entrepreneurs bought 526 ships and Italian ones bought 98.
In 1943, the new vessel operated with the War Shipping Administration (States Marine Corp., New York). She was one of 51 ships in "Convoy HX 278" that departed New York, on 5 February 1944, arriving in Liverpool on 20 February 1944. Her cargo was listed as "General". In May–June 1944, she was part of the vast fleet of vessels assembled (6,939 ships, boats and amphibious craft) for "Operation Neptune", the maritime portion of "Operation Overlord", the 6 June 1944, D-Day invasion of Occupied France. This will likely remain the greatest number of vessels ever assembled.
Post-war, A. Frank Lever was sold abroad in 1947, being renamed Brott, Skibs A/S Vard (Jacobsen & Salvesen, Oslo), and reflagged for Norway. She went to Henriksens Rederi A/S (Dagfin Hendriksen, Oslo) in 1948. She was renamed Finnborg, operated by A/S Norfinn (Jorgen Krag, Oslo) in 1951. Sold to Liberian interests in 1954, she was renamed Archanax, by Liberian Sea Transport Corp, Liberia (G.M.Livanos, New York). In 1967 she became the Mistral with Delta Marine Corp, Liberia (Scio Shipping Inc, New York). The former SS A. Frank Lever'' was scrapped at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in 1968.
Chronology
1943 WSA (States Marine Corp., New York)
1947 BROTT, Skibs A/S Vard (Jacobsen & Salvesen, Oslo)- Norwegian flag.
1948 Henriksens Rederi A/S (Dagfin Hendriksen, Oslo)
1951 FINNBORG, A/S Norfinn (Jorgen Krag, Oslo)
1954 ARCHANAX, Liberian Sea Transport Corp, Liberia (G.M.Livanos, New York).
1967 MISTRAL, Delta Marine Corp, Liberia (Scio Shipping Inc, New York)
1968 Scrapped Taiwan.
References
Liberty ships
1943 ships
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5382136
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ood
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Ood
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The Ood are an alien species with telepathic abilities from the long-running science fiction series Doctor Who. In the series' narrative, they live in the distant future (circa 42nd century).
The Ood are portrayed as a slave race, naturally gentle and kind but readily susceptible to corrupting external influence. They are later emancipated from their slavery and by "The End of Time" have progressed into an advanced civilization.
Physical characteristics
The Ood are humanoid in appearance with tentacles on the lower portions of their faces. The Ood are a telepathic race; as such, they require a "translation sphere" to communicate with non-telepathic creatures. The sphere is connected to the Ood via a tube that originally connected their external brains to their body. Humans in the future would physically remove their hind brains and fix the translator sphere where the brain used to be. There appears to be no sexual differentiation among the Ood, though the Doctor seems to be able to determine their sex. When Donna refers to a dying Ood as an "it", the Doctor replies that the Ood is "a 'he', not an 'it'". The Ood say they require no names or titles as they are connected to a hive mind and function as one unit, but they do have designations given to them by humans such as "Ood 1 Alpha 1" or "Ood Sigma" to differentiate them. The Doctor suggests in "Planet of the Ood" that Ood individuality is a result of the Ood Hive Mind expressing itself differently within each Ood, saying "Funny thing, the subconscious. Takes all sorts of shapes. Came out in the Red-Eye as revenge, came out in the Rabid Ood as anger, and then there was patience. All that intelligence and mercy focused on Ood Sigma." The Ood are empaths, sharing among themselves a low-level telepathic communication field. When reaching out with their telepathic fields, it can be heard as singing. This ability has made them susceptible to telepathic control, and in several episodes they are shown to be controlled by a stronger telepathic force. Oods are a part of the Silence's religious order. They also know the Doctor's name as they had sung it to him in "Planet of the Ood".
The Ood have purple blood.
History within Doctor Who
The Ood debut in the Series 2 episode "The Impossible Planet". They are used by humans as a slave race, performing all manner of menial tasks for the humans in the episode. They are described as offering themselves for servitude willingly, having no goals of their own except to be given orders and to serve. It is also claimed that they cannot look after themselves and that, if they do not receive orders, they pine away and die. The episode also alludes to a protest group called "Friends of the Ood" who oppose Ood slavery and seek to have them freed.
According to the Official Doctor Who Annual 2007, the Ood live on a planet in the Horsehead Nebula, where they were governed by a Hive Mind that was destroyed by human colonists. The BBC-authorised book Doctor Who: Creatures and Demons elaborates that the Ood came from the Ood Sphere. The Ood Sphere is close to the Sense Sphere planet, home to the Sensorites, who share a mental and physical similarity with the Ood. Without a hive mind, the Ood offered themselves to the human colonists and became a slave race.
The Tenth Doctor and Rose Tyler encounter fifty Ood accompanying a human-led expeditionary force in "The Impossible Planet". The empathic nature of the Ood made them susceptible to psychic possession by the Beast, who formed the Ood on the base into his "Legion". While possessed, the Ood's eyes changed color to red and they killed several humans by throwing their translation spheres at them and electrocuting them. At the end of the episode, the Doctor was forced to sacrifice all the surviving Ood to the black hole around the planet because he did not have time to save both them and the human crew.
The Ood return in the Series 4 episode "Planet of the Ood", where it is revealed that they are not born to serve but are an enslaved race. The Ood translation spheres actually replaced their hind brain which had contained their individual personalities. The Doctor successfully frees the Ood by releasing the Ood hive mind, which connects all the Ood with a telepathic link. The hive mind had been sequestered from the Ood for 200 years by Ood Operations, the corporation that processed the Ood slaves; however, the Ood known as Sigma, who appears as the personal servant of Ood Operations leader Halpen, has been advancing the Ood freedom, by slowly turning him into an Ood and lowering the barrier around the giant brain that links all Ood together. The possessed "red eyed" Ood reappear in this episode, running amok at the behest of the hive mind. After being freed, all Ood across the universe are returned to the Ood Sphere. While there, Ood Sigma refers to Donna Noble as "Doctor-Donna" and prophesizes that the Doctor's "song" will soon come to an end.
Ood Sigma returns as part of the 2008–10 specials in the episode "The Waters of Mars", where he appears at the end of the episode in an attempt to contact the Doctor.
The Ood also appear in the following episode, the two-part story "The End of Time". In this episode, the Doctor finally accepts Ood Sigma's message and returns to the Ood Sphere 100 years (in their time line) after having freed them in "Planet of the Ood". The Doctor discovers that the Ood's civilisation has advanced too rapidly, and that the Ood have developed the ability to see and project themselves through time itself. The Ood reveal that this is a consequence of time "bleeding", and the elders of the Ood show the Doctor the dreams and prophesies they have been seeing. At the end of part two, Ood Sigma appears again to the Doctor and gives him the encouragement to return to his TARDIS to complete his regeneration into the Eleventh Doctor. The End of Time also introduces an Ood Elder, who has an exposed brain, crescent-shaped ears and yellowish tentacles.
A single Ood referred to as Nephew appeared in the series six episode "The Doctor's Wife". Nephew is under the influence of an alien entity called House. Nephew is killed when the Doctor and Idris land a TARDIS console in the exact spot he was standing, vaporising him instantly. The Doctor remarks that Nephew was "another Ood I failed to save", a reference to his previous encounters. Nephew's eyes glow green when possessed, a change from the red in previous episodes.
In the mini episode "Death is the Only Answer", the scientist Albert Einstein is transformed into a red-eyed Ood after ingesting a mysterious liquid. The possessed Ood repeats the phrase "Death is the only answer" before being transformed back into Einstein.
A scene cut from "A Good Man Goes to War" would have seen the Doctor meeting up with Ood Sigma again. Russell T Davies is still credited at the end for the scene despite it being cut.
In the Pond Life series, a single Ood who had become lost in the TARDIS wanders out into Amy and Rory's house. The Ood acts as their butler for several days until the Doctor can pick it up and return it to the Ood Sphere.
An Ood appears in Survivors of the Flux, serving as Tecteun's assistant who is powering the next wave of the Flux to destroy the remaining universe. After Tecteun is killed by Swarm and Azure, he assists the Doctor in trying to alter the course of the Flux wave.
The Ood were physically portrayed by actor Paul Kasey. The Ood Elder in The End of Time is voiced by Brian Cox, whilst all other Ood are voiced by Silas Carson.
Appearances
Television
"The Impossible Planet" / "The Satan Pit" (2006)
"Planet of the Ood" (2008)
"The End of Time" (2009–10)
"The Doctor's Wife" (2011)
Flux
"Survivors of the Flux" (2021)
”The Vanquishers” (2021)
Cameos
"The Waters of Mars" (2009)
"The Magician's Apprentice" (2015)
"Face the Raven" (2015)
"Revolution of the Daleks" (2021)
Minisodes
"Death is the Only Answer" (2011)
Pond Life (2012)
References
External links
Doctor Who races
Fictional extraterrestrial life forms
Fictional telepaths
Fiction about the Horsehead Nebula
Television characters introduced in 2006
he:דוקטור הו - דמויות#אוד
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3990873
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg%20sandwich
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Egg sandwich
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An egg sandwich is a sandwich with some kind of cooked egg filling. Fried eggs, scrambled eggs, sliced boiled eggs and egg salad (a mix of chopped cooked egg and mustard and mayonnaise) are popular options. In the fourth case, it may be called an egg salad sandwich.
History of egg sandwiches
Fried egg sandwich
Beyond the basic model of fried egg between slices of bread, many common sandwiches have variations that include a fried egg in addition to bacon, sausage, cheese, black pudding, cold cuts, or as another topping to a hamburger. A popular breakfast sandwich in New Jersey consists of a fried egg, pork roll, and American cheese on a roll. The Southern egg sandwich is an egg and cheese sandwich, with bacon and avocado as additions.
A popular filling snack with British troops since at least World War I, the "egg banjo" is a sandwich of a runny fried egg between two thick slices of bread (if possible, buttered or with margarine), often accompanied by a mug of "gunfire" (a drink of tea and rum). A popular account of the term's origins is the act of cleaning spilt egg off one's body, the sandwich held out to the side with one hand whilst the other wipes at the drips, giving the impression of playing an invisible banjo.
Boiled egg sandwich
A 1905 British cookbook describes an "egg sandwich" made with sliced hard-boiled eggs, marinated in oil, vinegar, salt, and pepper, and garnished with minced watercress. An "egg and chutney sandwich" is made from chutney and minced hard-boiled eggs; an "egg cream" sandwich from hard-boiled eggs pounded into a smooth paste and seasoned with anchovies and mustard. A common alternative is to mash the hard-boiled egg together with mayonnaise, salt and black pepper, usually called simply egg spread, or an egg mayonnaise or egg mayo. Cress is often seen as the typical accompaniment to an egg sandwich. Salad cream is also a common alternative to mayonnaise, mainly within the UK. In Scandinavia and Finland, boiled egg and kaviar is a common topping on sandwiches.
Egg salad sandwich
It is also common, in the United States, to use egg salad as a sandwich filling.
History as fast food
Prompted by meat rationing during World War II, manager Bruce LaPlante introduced the first fast food egg dish with a fried egg sandwich at a St. Louis White Castle. However, the dish was unpopular, and was abandoned as soon as wartime meat rationing was lifted. Fast food restaurants did not begin serving egg dishes again until the 1970s, starting with the McDonald's Egg McMuffin, invented in 1971 by a McDonald's franchisee in Santa Barbara, California.
See also
Eggs Benedict, a form of open-faced egg sandwich
Creamed eggs on toast
McMuffin, a popular fast-food breakfast egg sandwich
Breakfast sandwich, a general article about sandwiches served at breakfast, including the egg sandwich
List of egg dishes
List of sandwiches
References
External links
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3990882
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Appanoose
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USS Appanoose
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USS Appanoose (AK-226) was a in the United States Navy named for Appanoose County, Iowa.
A. J. Cassatt was laid down on 20 June 1944 under a Maritime Commission contract (MCE hull 2662) by the Bethlehem Fairfield Shipyard Inc., Baltimore, Maryland; launched on 27 July 1944; sponsored by Mrs. A. J. Cassatt. She was acquired by the Navy on 10 August 1944, renamed Appanoose (AK-226) and commissioned on 26 September 1944, Lieutenant Commander Volmer H. S. G. Holm in command .
On 1 October, Appanoose proceeded to the Chesapeake Bay for shakedown. After loading cargo at Davisville, Rhode Island, the ship got underway for the Philippine Islands. Appanoose transited the Panama Canal; made intermediate stops at Eniwetok and Ulithi; and anchored at Tacloban, Leyte Island, on 21 December. Three days later, the ship moved to Samar to begin assembling pontoons. Despite enemy torpedo attacks, she successfully completed the task and withdrew to Tacloban on 21 January 1945.
Appanoose sailed on 23 January, bound for the west coast. After a brief stop at Manus, the ship continued on to the California coast and arrived at San Pedro, Los Angeles on 23 February. Appanoose departed the west coast on 9 March and sailed for the Ryukyus.
After stops at Eniwetok and Ulithi, Appanoose reached Okinawa on 28 April and began discharging her cargo at Buckner Bay on 3 May. During the three months Appanoose was stationed at Okinawa, she endured numerous Japanese air attacks. The ship claimed to have downed one Japanese plane and assisted in downing four more.
On 5 August, Appanoose departed the Okinawa area and sailed in a convoy to Saipan, her first port of call on a voyage that took her by way of Pearl Harbor, to San Francisco, California. Appanoose made San Francisco on 5 September and, shortly thereafter, began a period of drydocking and availability.
Upon completion of the repair work on 8 October, Appanoose headed for the Panama Canal Zone. Having transited the Panama Canal, the ship reported to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia, on 30 October.
Appanoose was decommissioned there on 26 November 1945 and turned over to the War Shipping Administration. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 5 December 1945.
Appanoose earned one battle star for her World War II service
Civilian service
sold to Fordom Trading Co, N.Y., November 1947, for Cia de Operaciones Maritimas SA, Panama RP - renamed SS Santa Ana - reflagged Panamanian
sold to Cia Nav San Maritime SA, Panama RP in 1951, - name retained - Panamanian flagged
sold to San Martin Cia de Nav SA, 1952, - name retained - Panamanian flagged
1958 managed by Cargo & Tankship Management Corp, N.Y.
1961 managed by Santa Maria Shipowning & Trading Co (Bermuda) Ltd - name retained
arrived Yokohama, 4 November 1964, in tow after losing propeller while bound from Osaka to Portland, OR.
References
External links
Crater-class cargo ships
Appanoose County, Iowa
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships built in Baltimore
1944 ships
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3990884
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Motors%20G%20platform%20%281969%29
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General Motors G platform (1969)
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The General Motors G platform (also called G-body) was an automobile platform designation used for mid-sized rear-wheel drive cars. It made its first appearance from the 1969 to 1972 model years, adapted from GM's A-body, and reappeared from 1982 to 1988. The second series of G-bodies began production designated as A-body cars in 1978, but were redesignated as G-body when the new front-wheel drive A-body platform was introduced in 1982.
Use
The G-body designation was originally used for the 1969–1972 Pontiac Grand Prix and 1970–1972 Chevrolet Monte Carlo personal luxury cars, which rode on longer wheelbases than A-body coupes.
For 1973, the Grand Prix and Monte Carlo were folded into the A-body line, with all formal-roof A-body coupes designated as A-Special (and, after 1982, G-Special). These special coupes included the Monte Carlo, Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, and Buick Regal.
For the 1982 model year, GM introduced a new front-wheel drive A platform for its mid-size car lines. The rear-wheel drive platform that had been in use since 1978 was re-designated as the G platform, and select models remained in production. The Chevrolet Malibu and Pontiac LeMans coupes were dropped; on sedans and wagons the LeMans nameplate continued only in Canada while the formerly full-size Bonneville replaced it in the U.S. 1983 was the last year for the Malibu sedan and all station wagons, leaving the G-Special coupes; Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac formal-roof sedans; and the Chevrolet El Camino/GMC Caballero. For 1988, most remaining G-body models were moved to the new front-wheel drive W platform. The Pontiac Bonneville had been moved to the H platform for 1987, the El Camino was dropped without a replacement, and there would be a one-year gap before the W-body Chevrolet Lumina coupe replaced the Monte Carlo. GM later used the G-body designation for unrelated full-sized front-wheel drive cars.
The G-bodies were some of the last cars to follow the front-engine, large V8 and rear-wheel drive muscle car formula, remaining popular while most mid-sized cars moved to front-wheel drive. They were also among the last production-based vehicles raced in NASCAR (and competitively, with the Buick Regal in particular dominating many races in its time). NASCAR regulations continued to stipulate production body parts until 2003 (namely, the hood, roof, and deck lid), but since most of the vehicles that bodies were derived from during this period had a transverse front-wheel drive layout (many even lacking a V8 as an option), the drivetrain and all running gear were either custom-built or sourced from other (usually, older) models.
Vehicles
This family consisted of:
Buick Regal (1982–1987)
Chevrolet El Camino (1982–1987)
Chevrolet Malibu (1982–1983)
Chevrolet Monte Carlo (1982–1988)
GMC Caballero (1982–1987)
Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme (1982–1987)
Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Classic (1988)
Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser (1982–1983)
Pontiac Grand LeMans (1982–1983) (Canada only)
Pontiac Bonneville (1982–1986)
Pontiac Grand Prix (1982–1987)
Performance variants
Performance applications included:
1982 Buick Regal Sport Coupe 3.8 L (231 in³) V6 Turbo
1982–1987 Chevrolet El Camino SS 5.0 L (305 in³)
1983–1984 Oldsmobile Hurst/Olds 5.0 L (307 in³) HO V8
1983–1988 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS 5.0 L (305 in³) HO V8
1983–1986 Buick Regal T-Type 3.8 L (231 in³) V6 Turbo
1982, 1984–1987 Buick Grand National 3.8 L (231 in³) V6 Turbo
1985–1987 Oldsmobile 442 5.0 L (307 in³) HO V8
1986–1987 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS Aerocoupe 5.0 L (305 in³) HO V8
1986.5 Pontiac Grand Prix 2+2 5.0 L (305 in³) V8
The 1986.5 Grand Prix 2+2 had cosmetic changes which included a NASCAR-qualifying nose cone (also available through GM for installation on any 1981–1987 Grand Prix). There were 17 Grand Prix GTs offered by Myrtle Motors in New York which offered a slightly different look and had some performance tuning in 1986.
1987 Buick Regal T Turbo 3.8 L (231 in³) V6 Turbo
1987 Buick Regal T (307 in³)
1987 Buick Regal: many base and Limited models featured the 3.8 L turbocharged (231 in³) V6
1987 Buick GNX 3.8 L (231 in³) V6 Turbo
The 1987 GNX was made in conjunction with ASC/McLaren and 547 were made, which included a unique suspension system, fender flares, Stewart-Warner gauges, larger Garret turbocharger and intercooler, and a net power of 276 hp (206 kW), above the 245 hp (183 kW) of the regular Grand National.
References
External links
G-Body forum and information
The Original G-Body central information hub
GBodyForum.com -- '78-'88 GM A/G Body Community
OldsGmail.com - Home of the Oldsmobile G-Body Mailing List
GBodies.com - Devoted to the GM G Bodies
List of GM VIN codes
G 1
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3990891
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Motors%20G%20platform%20%281995%29
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General Motors G platform (1995)
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The General Motors G platform (also called G-Body) automobile platform designation was used for front-wheel drive full-sized and luxury cars between 1995 and 2011.
Previously, General Motors used the G-body designation for unrelated mid-sized cars.
The G-body (the GMX690) was based on Cadillac's K-body architecture. The platform was introduced in 1995 with Buick Riviera 2-door coupe (which moved up from the GM E platform) and the Oldsmobile Aurora 4-door sedan (a new model that replaced the Riviera-derived Toronado). By the turn of the millennium, full-sized cars from four different GM makes were using some derivative of the platform.
Platform consolidation
Starting with the 1997 Buick Park Avenue, GM consolidated its four large-car platforms; C platform, K platform, H platform, and G platform; all to the G platform. However, GM decided to retain their previous platform designations. These legacy platform designations were used in the VIN number and official GM publications. Models designated as "G" went out of production for MY (Model Year) 1999, but successor models were sold until MY 2011.
The G-body had an extremely resilient structure. For its time, the G-body was one of the strongest unibody car frames in production (25 Hz). This fact did not go untouted as GM literature made much of the need to use a 'frame crusher' designed to test heavy-duty truck frames to finally break the G-body structure in their crush-to-failure procedures. Vehicles built on the G platform are also noted for having belt-in-seat style seat belts like the mid-size GMT360 SUVs. The G-body also featured four-wheel independent suspension with a MacPherson strut style front suspension and a semi-trailing arm style rear suspension that utilized aluminum control arms. All-new aluminum control arms were introduced for the front suspension for 1998. The handling was further enhanced with standard front and rear stabilizer bars and lateral links in the rear suspension to further control wheel toe.
Vehicles 1995-2005
* Official designation given by GM, despite using a G platform-derivative. This name also corresponds to the 4th letter in the VIN of the vehicle.
2006 Revision
The G platform was updated for the 2006 model year. The final car using this platform was the Buick Lucerne, which ended production in June 2011.
Vehicles
* Official designation given by GM, despite using a G platform-derivative. This name also corresponds to the 4th letter in the VIN of the vehicle.
References
List of GM VIN codes
G 2
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3990894
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Skalbania
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Nelson Skalbania
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Nelson Mathew Skalbania (born February 12, 1938) is an engineer and businessman from Vancouver, British Columbia who is best known for signing a then 17-year-old Wayne Gretzky to the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association, and for his high-profile real estate flipping.
Early life and education
In 1961, Skalbania earned his Bachelor of Applied Science degree from the University of British Columbia, then received a Professional Engineer (P.Eng.) designation in 1962, followed by a Master of Science in Chemical Engineering, in 1964, from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
Career
During his career, Skalbania earned notoriety for flipping properties, both real and franchised.
Consulting
Beginning with the company as a one-third owner in 1964; by 1971, Skalbania attained the position of president and majority owner of McKenzie Snowball & Skalbania, structural, electrical, and mechanical consulting engineers, with over 100 staff in four locations, later dissolving the company, in 1981.
1982 bankruptcy filing and aftermath
On December 8, 1982, news agency UPI reported that Skalbania, who had publicly vowed, during the previous month, to never file for bankruptcy, had announced, on Vancouver radio station CKNW, that he had in fact filed for personal bankruptcy. A week later, he submitted an unprecedented proposal "under the Bankruptcy Act that called for his 125 unsecured creditors to allow him five years to repay $30.3 million in debts." On January 13, 1983, 120 of Skalbania's 125 creditors accepted his proposal; however, in April 1989, Maclean's magazine reported that "most received nothing and now Skalbania has no further legal obligation to repay the debt," while in 1989, he had "earned millions on prime Vancouver real estate and he says that he plans to close deals totalling at least $200 million in April."
Real estate
Skalbania's 1970s real estate flipping activities were reflected by more than 1000 transactions yearly, valued at close to US$500 million annually; in example:
31 Eaton's stores across Canada, purchased across the 1970s
Bought and resold multiple properties from Genstar Development Company, over three years
Omni Complex (now CNN Center) in Atlanta, Georgia, then resold to Ted Turner
Purchased Circus World in Orlando, Florida from Mattel, then quickly sold it to the owners of SeaWorld
Opera Square in San Francisco
Watergate Apartments, Oakland, California.
Sports
In the latter 20th century, Skalbania bought and subsequently sold, or folded, several sports teams, including:
Bought and sold the Edmonton Oilers and Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association.
Bought the Atlanta Flames of the National Hockey League, and moved them to Calgary.
Bought and folded the original Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League, a team related to the current one only by name. Fans were infuriated by his remark, "It's not like I raped a nun."
Bought and sold (after also moving this team to Calgary) the Memphis Rogues of the North American Soccer League.
Bought and sold the Vancouver Canadians Class AAA baseball team.
Bought the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League in 1996, but was forced into receivership.
Skalbania also made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball; the team was eventually sold to George Argyros.
1990s to present
In 1994, Skalbania incorporated Taurus Enterprises, Inc., on January 5, 1994, and re-incorporated in Nevada on August 20, 1996, as Salvage World, Inc. On December 17, 1997, then effecting a plan of reorganization and merger of Salvage World, Inc., into Solar
Energy Limited, a private Delaware corporation, changing the company name and moving its headquarters from Nevada to Delaware, while also acquiring Hydro-Air Technologies, Inc., initially as a wholly owned subsidiary.
On August 10, 2005, the Company acquired Planktos, Inc. from Russ George. On August 18, 2005, the Company also acquired D2Fusion, Inc. from Russ George; each operated as a wholly owned subsidiary.
In 2007, Skalbania was CEO of Regal RV Resorts, Inc., a major shareholder in Planktos, Inc. and D2Fusion, Inc., subsidiaries focused on renewable energy sources, including cold fusion, with a facility in Los Alamos, New Mexico.
1997 arrest and conviction
In 1995, Skalbania was arrested, acquitted, then, in 1997, convicted on appeal of appropriating $100,000 from a prospective real estate partner, Richmond, B.C. businessman Gordon Gooch, for having assigned the investment to his then-overdrawn company account, rather than having placed it into a Prime Realty Ltd. trust, as prescribed. Funds were also deposited into N. M. Skalbania Ltd. Nelson returned Gooch's money three months later, with $4,000 in interest.
The intervention of prominent friends who testified on his behalf enabled Skalbania to avoid a jail term and, instead, spent nearly a year on parole wearing an ankle monitor, which was removed in December 1999.
Personal life
Skalbania has married twice, first, to Audrey Anna Lynn Leschynsky (1938-2018), with whom he had two daughters, Rozanda Lyn and Taryn Gae Taylor, and, later, to Eleni (1943 - 2013), a native of Santorini, Greece, who later founded Vancouver's Wedgewood Hotel & Spa.
References
1938 births
Living people
Atlanta Flames
BC Lions owners
Businesspeople from Vancouver
Calgary Flames owners
Canadian people of Polish descent
Edmonton Oilers executives
Montreal Alouettes owners
National Hockey League executives
National Hockey League owners
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) executives
University of British Columbia Faculty of Applied Science alumni
World Hockey Association executives
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3990902
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20A.%20Mitchell%20Palmer
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SS A. Mitchell Palmer
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SS A. Mitchell Palmer (MCE-2436) was an EC2-S-C1 Type Liberty ship design cargo ship, named after U.S. Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer. The ship's keel was laid by Southeastern Shipbuilding Corporation of Savannah, Georgia, on 17 December 1943, commissioned as part of the Second World War effort by the War Shipping Administration (WSA). It was launched 12 February 1944. It was scrapped in 1968 in Taiwan.
Important Events
1944 WSA (operated by the Isbrandtsen Steamship Company, New York); one of 200 American Merchant Marine ships at Normandy in June 1944
1947 SuwaneeFruit & SS Corp, Jacksonville, USA.
1951 Honduras Shipping Co, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
1951 Renamed as the M/S Waimea, Compañía de Navegación Las Cruces, Panama – Honduras flag. (Carras Ltd, London)
1954 Renamed as the M/S Annitsa a, Santa Anna Corp, Honduras flag (same managers).
1956 (Angelos, Leitch & Co, London)
1957 (Angelos & Co, London)
1964 Renamed as the M/S Justice, Compañía de Navegación Pearl, Panama – Liberian flag (Ten Hu SS Co, Hong Kong).
1966 Ideal United SS Corp, Liberia (Tai An SS Co, Taipei).
1968 Scrapped Taiwan.
References
Liberty ships
Ships of American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines
1944 ships
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5382148
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekka%20Rautakallio
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Pekka Rautakallio
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Pekka Rautakallio (born July 25, 1953) is a Finnish former professional ice hockey defenceman and coach. He played 14 seasons of elite hockey in the SM-sarja and SM-liiga between 1968 and 1987 for Ässät and HIFK Helsinki, during which he was a five-time Finnish All-Star. Rautakallio was a member of Ässät's championship team that won the Kanada-malja in 1978. He was named the best defenceman of the SM-liiga in 1978, 1979 and 1986; the league later named the award the Pekka Rautakallio trophy in his honour. Internationally, Rautakallio played with the Finnish national team in seven World Championships and two Canada Cup tournaments.
Rautakallio played North American professional hockey on two occasions. He spent two years with the Phoenix Roadrunners of the World Hockey Association (WHA) between 1975 and 1977. He returned in 1979 to join the Atlanta Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL) for one season before relocating to Canada with the franchise and playing two more with the Calgary Flames. Rautakallio played in the 1982 NHL All-Star Game, making him the first Finnish player in league history to appear in the game. He retired in 1989 after playing the final two seasons of his career with SC Rapperswil-Jona of the Swiss second division, after which he turned to coaching. Rautakallio has coached in Switzerland, Finland, and most recently Latvia with Dinamo Riga of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
Playing career
Pekka Rautakallio started his ice hockey career in local club of his hometown, Ässät in 1970. He also represented the club's football team. As a skilled and mobile defenceman, Rautakallio was soon noticed and he played on his first International tournament in 1972.
Rautakallio gained the attention of World Hockey Association (WHA) officials when the 1974 Summit Series team played an exhibition against the Finnish national team. The Phoenix Roadrunners thought to sign him to a contract that year, but hesitated out of fear that the challenge of a Finn adapting to life in Arizona on his own would be too great. They brought him over one year later, along with his countryman Lauri Mononen, and signed both to two-year contracts. Rautakallio recorded 50 points, including 11 goals, in 1975–76. He finished as the leading scorer among rookie defencemen, and fifth overall for all defencemen. He then fell to 35 points in 1976–77. The Roadrunners ceased operations following the season, and lacking other options in North America, Rautakallio returned to Finland.
Rautakallio returned to Ässät, which had joined the recently formed SM-liiga, and established himself as a top defenceman in the league. He was named defenceman of the year in both 1977–78 and 1978–79; the SM-liiga ultimately named the award the Pekka Rautakallio trophy in his honour. He recorded 37 points in 36 games in 1977–78, then improved to 25 goals and 53 points the following year. Ässät established its place as the SM-liiga's dominant team by winning the Kanada-malja as league champions in 1978 and reaching the final in 1979.
The Atlanta Flames brought Rautakallio back to North America in 1979 as general manager Cliff Fletcher signed him to a National Hockey League (NHL) contract. The Flames were impressed with the power of his shot and his speed; he finished his first NHL season with 30 points. Rautakallio relocated with the franchise when it moved to Canada and became the Calgary Flames in 1980–81. He led the team in scoring by a defenceman with 56 points.
The 1981–82 season was Rautakallio's best in the NHL. He again led the team's defencemen in scoring, and was fourth overall, with 68 points in 80 games. He played for the Campbell Conference team at the 1982 All-Star Game, and in doing so became the first Finn in NHL history to appear in the mid-season contest. However, he opted to return to Finland after the season as his sons were beginning school. He feared they were becoming too Canadian and wanted them to grow up in his homeland.
Rautakallio returned to play for HIFK, instead of Ässät, and served for a while as the captain of HIFK. Rautakallio retired from playing in 1989 after two seasons with SC Rapperswil-Jona in Switzerland.
Coaching career
Rautakallio remained with SC Rapperswil-Jona and joined the team as its coach. He later coached in Bern and Zurich. Returning to Finland, Rautakallio twice served in Espoo as head coach of Blues. His first term came during the 1998–99 SM-liiga season, when he was replaced mid-season by Hannu Saintula. Rautakallio's second term came when he was the replacement for Hannu Virta, who was sacked during the 2004–05 SM-liiga season. Most recently, he served as head coach of Dynamo Riga in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Rautakallion joined the squad in 2011, but was dismissed midway through the 2012–13 season as Riga struggled.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honours
References
Career statistics:
External links
1953 births
Ässät players
Atlanta Flames players
Calgary Flames players
Finnish ice hockey defencemen
HIFK (ice hockey) players
Living people
National Hockey League All-Stars
Phoenix Roadrunners (WHA) players
SC Bern coaches
Dinamo Riga coaches
Finnish ice hockey coaches
SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers players
Finnish expatriates in Switzerland
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Ässät football players
Ässät coaches
Sportspeople from Pori
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3990912
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas%20Heinsius%20the%20Elder
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Nicolaas Heinsius the Elder
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Nicolaas Heinsius the Elder (; 20 July 1620 – 7 October 1681) was a Dutch classical scholar, poet and diplomat. He travelled all over Europe to visit the major libraries and over time collected Europe's largest private library in the field of classical literature. He is regarded as a brilliant text critic in his critical publications of Claudian, Ovid (his most important work), Vergil, Prudentius, Velleius and Valerius Flaccus.
Life
Heinsius was born in Leiden, the Netherlands as the son of Daniel Heinsius, one of the most famous scholars of the Dutch Renaissance. His boyish Latin poem Breda expugnata was printed in 1637, and attracted much attention. In 1642 he began his wanderings with a visit to England in search of manuscripts of the classics but met with little courtesy from the English scholars. In ill health, he went to Spa in 1644 to seek a cure by drinking the local mineral water. His health restored, he set out once more in search of codices, passing through Leuven, Brussels, Mechelen, Antwerp and so back to Leiden, everywhere collating manuscripts and taking philological and textual notes.
Almost immediately he set out again, and arriving in Paris was welcomed with open arms by the French scholars. After studying the classical texts he could obtain, he traveled in 1646 southwards visited on the way Lyon, Marseille, Pisa, Florence (where he paused to publish a new edition of Ovid) and Rome. The next year, he was in Naples, which he left during the reign of Masaniello. He pursued his studies in Livorno, Bologna, Venice, where he received assistance from Jan Reynst and Padua. In Padua he published in 1648 his volume of original Latin verse entitled Italica.
He proceeded to Milan and worked for a considerable time in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana. While preparing to explore Switzerland the news of his father's illness recalled him hurriedly to Leiden. Soon after he was invited to Stockholm by Christina of Sweden. At the Swedish court he became embroiled in a heated dispute with Claudius Salmasius over the Greek of the New Testament. The quarrel became both highly personal and widely known, and Heinsius as university librarian refused him access to the books he wished to consult. Heinsius paid a brief visit to Leiden in 1650 and immediately returned to Stockholm. In 1651 he visited France and Italy with Isaac Vossius to buy books and coins for Christina. In 1654 Christina stepped down. Two years later Heinsius became a diplomat for the States General of the Netherlands of at the invitation of Coenraad van Beuningen. In 1665 he was appointed by the city of Amsterdam as the official historian. In 1669 he visited Moscow and in 1672 Bremen. In 1675 he settled down in his country house near Vianen, but moved to the Hague later.
Heinsius had two illegitimate children by Margareta Wullen, daughter of a Lutheran minister from Stockholm, who was a nude model in Amsterdam. He married her only after a lawsuit, but did not want to recognise his sons, Daniel and Nicolaas Heinsius the Younger (1655–1718) but was eventually forced to do so. Nicolaas the Younger became a physician, He had to flee the Dutch Republic in 1677 for committing manslaughter in the streets of the Hague. In 1679 he was appointed Queen Christina of Sweden's private physician in Rome. He later returned to Holland and was the author of the Den vermakelyken avanturier, ofte De Wispelturige, en niet min Wonderlyke Levens-Loop van Mirandor (The Jolly Adventurer or the Unpredictable and not less Wonderful Life of Mirandor) (1695), the only Dutch-language romance novel of the 17th century.
Heinsius collected one of the biggest private libraries in Europe. He was visited by Lorenzo Magalotti in 1668 when visiting the United Provinces. After his death about 13.000 books were sold in 1683. The famous catalogue was used by many scholars as a reference. He maintained an extensive correspondence with other scholars of his time such as Christiaan Huygens, Gaspar Gevartius and Albert Rubens, the son of Peter Paul Rubens.
In 1653 Heinsius collected his Latin poems into a volume. His latest labours were the editing of Velleius Paterculus in 1678 and of Valerius Flaccus in 1680. He died at The Hague on 7 October 1681.
Source
References
External links
1620 births
1681 deaths
17th-century Dutch poets
17th-century Latin-language writers
Dutch classical scholars
Dutch male poets
People from Leiden
New Latin-language poets
17th-century male writers
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5382150
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaghetti%20and%20meatballs
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Spaghetti and meatballs
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Spaghetti and meatballs is an Italian and Italian-American dish consisting of spaghetti, tomato sauce and meatballs.
Although it is often mostly erroneously claimed that this dish is not found in Italy, combinations of pasta with meat date back at least to the Middle Ages, and pasta (including long pasta) dishes with tomato sauce and meatballs are documented in certain Italian regions and in modern Italian cookbooks as maccheroni alle polpette (translated as "spaghetti with meatballs") and maccheroni alla chitarra con polpette, though these dishes are often found only in particular regions and towns. They are especially popular in certain areas of Southern Italy, from where most Italian immigrants to the United States emigrated, though generally the version served in Southern Italy features smaller meatballs than the current Italian-American and Italian immigrant version.
History
Spaghetti and meatballs was popular among Italian immigrants in New York City, who had access to a more plentiful meat supply than in Italy.
In 1888, Juliet Corson of New York published a recipe for pasta with meatballs and tomato sauce.
In 1909 a recipe for "Beef Balls with Spaghetti" appeared in American Cookery, Volume 13.
The National Pasta Association (originally named the National Macaroni Manufacturers Association) published a recipe for spaghetti with meatballs in the 1920s.
In 1931 Venice Maid in New Jersey was selling canned "spaghetti with meatballs in sauce".
In 1938 the exact phrase "spaghetti and meatballs" appeared in a list of canned foods produced by Ettore Boiardi, later known as Chef Boyardee, in Milton, Pa.
Italian writers and chefs often mock the dish as pseudo-Italian or non-Italian, because in Italy meatballs are smaller and are only served with egg-based, baked pasta. However, various kinds of pasta with meat are part of the culinary tradition of Abruzzo, Apulia, Sicily, and other parts of southern Italy. A recipe for rigatoni with meatballs is in Il cucchiaio d'argento (The Silver Spoon), a comprehensive Italian cookbook.
In Abruzzo, chitarra alla teramana is a standard first course made with spaghetti alla chitarra, small meatballs (polpettine or pallottine), and a meat or vegetable ragù.
Other dishes that have similarities to spaghetti and meatballs include pasta seduta 'seated pasta' and maccaroni azzese in Apulia.
Some baked pasta dishes from Apulia combine pasta and meat where meatballs, mortadella, or salami are baked with rigatoni, tomato sauce, and mozzarella, then covered with a pastry top.
Other pasta recipes include slices of meat rolled up with cheese, cured meats and herbs (involtini in Italian) and braciole ("bra'zhul" in Italian-American and Italian-Australian slang) that are cooked within sauce but pulled out to be served as a second course.
See also
Bolognese sauce
Italian-American cuisine
List of meatball dishes
List of pasta dishes
Meatball sandwich
Spaghetti alla chitarra
References
Further reading
Origins of spaghetti and meatballs in the Atlantic
External links
Spaghetti and meatballs recipe on All Recipes.com
Spaghetti dishes
Meatballs
Italian-American cuisine
Cuisine of New York City
Italian-American culture in New York City
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3990916
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Shapiro%20%28sports%20executive%29
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Mark Shapiro (sports executive)
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Mark Shapiro (; born April 3, 1967) is an American professional baseball executive, currently working as the president and CEO of the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He worked with the Cleveland Indians from 1991 to 2015, beginning in player development and ending as team president.
Early and personal life
Shapiro was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on April 3, 1967. He is the son Ronald M. Shapiro, an attorney and sports agent in Baltimore, and the brother-in-law of former Cleveland Browns coach Eric Mangini. He graduated from the Gilman School in 1985, after playing first base for the baseball team, and Princeton University in 1989 with a degree in history, after playing center and offensive tackle for the Princeton Tigers football team.
Shapiro has one son, Caden, and one daughter, Sierra. They lived in Bentleyville, Ohio while Shapiro worked for the Indians.
Shapiro was played by actor Reed Diamond in the 2011 film Moneyball.
Baseball career
Shapiro joined the Cleveland Indians organization in 1991, when he was recommended by former Tribe GM Hank Peters. He had worked his way up from player development director to Assistant General Manager, and in 2001 became General Manager.
Shapiro was named Executive of the Year by the Sporting News in 2005 and 2007, following 90+ wins seasons by the Indians, including an American League Central Division Championship in 2007. At the end of the 2010 season, he became the Cleveland Indians team president, with Chris Antonetti succeeding Shapiro as general manager.
On August 31, 2015, The Toronto Blue Jays announced that Shapiro would become their new president and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) at the end of the 2015 season, succeeding Paul Beeston. Shapiro did not formally begin working in the new role until October 31, 2015, the same day that Beeston retired. In a press conference on November 2, Shapiro named Tony LaCava the interim general manager, to replace Alex Anthopoulos. Subsequently, on December 3, 2015, Ross Atkins was named as the team's sixth general manager, under him.
Awards
Two-time Sporting News Executive of the Year (2005, 2007)
Honorary Doctor of Letters from Baldwin Wallace University (2014)
2007 American League Central Division Champion (as Indians Executive VP/GM)
References
Further reading
1967 births
American expatriate baseball people in Canada
Businesspeople from Baltimore
Cleveland Indians executives
Gilman School alumni
Jewish American baseball people
Living people
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball team presidents
Princeton University alumni
Princeton Tigers football players
Toronto Blue Jays executives
People from Cuyahoga County, Ohio
21st-century American Jews
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3990925
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Abercrombie
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Jim Abercrombie
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James Maskell Abercrombie (born James Maskell; 31 December 1880 – 29 October 1948) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played for Western Suburbs in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership competition. He also played rugby union for North Sydney and Glebe. His position of choice was at though his versatility meant he could play anywhere in the forwards and he often goal kicked.
Family
Abercrombie was born as James Maskell on New Year's Eve 1880 in Curramulka, South Australia. His parents were Thomas Meskel and Lucy Hickman. The family changed their name to Maskell Abercrombie before Jim's marriage in 1906 to Grace Johnson, and his son was baptised in 1907 as William Joseph Maskell Abercrombie.
Career
Abercrombie originally played rugby union prior to the formation of the New South Wales Rugby League premiership in 1908 and was one of the original players to make the switch to the newly formed code. He attended the founding meeting of the Western Suburbs rugby league club and was elected to the inaugural committee. Abercrombie played in Wests' very first match against Balmain and scored Wests' very first goals in 1st grade in the following match against Souths. He played all nine matches of the inaugural season and was selected the first national representative side that played against the visiting New Zealand All Golds. He was also controversially a member of the 1908–09 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain after he was originally left out of the squad though after a public outcry over his omission he was called in, thus making him the first international player to come from the Western Suburbs club. He played in two Tests and 30 tour matches of the long campaign.
Abercrombie was awarded Life Membership of the New South Wales Rugby League in 1914.
In 2008, the Western Suburbs Magpies celebrated their centenary by inducting six inaugural members into the club's Hall of Fame. These six included Jim Abercrombie.
References
External links
Wests Tigers Team of the Century Nominations
1880 births
1948 deaths
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian rugby league players
Australian rugby union players
New South Wales rugby league team players
Rugby league locks
Rugby league players from South Australia
Western Suburbs Magpies players
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5382154
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ownerz
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The Ownerz
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The Ownerz is the sixth studio album by the hip-hop duo Gang Starr, and the last released during Guru’s lifetime. It was released in June 24, 2003, by Virgin. It was well-received critically and boasts four singles, "Skills", "Rite Where U Stand", "Nice Girl, Wrong Place", and "Same Team, No Games".
Track listing
"Intro (HQ, Goo, Panch)" – 0:46
"Put Up or Shut Up" (featuring Krumb Snatcha) – 3:15
"Werdz from the Ghetto Child" (featuring Smiley the Ghetto Child) – 1:09
"Sabotage" – 2:22
"Rite Where U Stand" (featuring Jadakiss) – 3:37
"Skills" – 3:17
"Deadly Habitz" – 4:12
"Nice Girl, Wrong Place" (featuring Boy Big) – 3:32
"Peace of Mine" – 3:01
"Who Got Gunz" (featuring Fat Joe & M.O.P.) – 3:36
"Capture (Militia Pt. 3)" (featuring Big Shug & Freddie Foxxx) – 3:23
"PLAYTAWIN" – 3:11
"Riot Akt" – 4:04
"(Hiney)" – 1:31
"Same Team, No Games" (featuring NYG'z & Hannibal Stax) – 3:44
"In This Life..." (featuring Snoop Dogg & Uncle Reo) – 3:03
"The Ownerz" – 2:57
"Zonin'" – 2:54
"Eulogy" – 2:54
"Natural" [Japan Bonus Track] – 2:46
"Tha Squeeze" [Japan Bonus Track] – 3:29
In other media
The track "Same Team, No Games" is featured in DJ Premier's playlist for the 2015 video game NBA 2K16.
The Track "The Squeeze" is previously featured on the Training Day Soundtrack.
Charts
References
2003 albums
Gang Starr albums
Albums produced by DJ Premier
Albums produced by Guru
Virgin Records albums
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5382158
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaraswamy%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Kumaraswamy (disambiguation)
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Kumaraswamy or Kumaraswami is a given name for a male South Indians. It may also refer to:
Kumaraswamy distribution, a distribution form related to probability theory and statistics
Murugan, also called Kumaraswami, most popular Hindu deity amongst Tamils of Tamil Nadu state in India
Kumaraswamy Layout, a residential locality in southern Bangalore, India
See also
Coomaraswamy (disambiguation)
Kumarasamy (disambiguation)
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3990929
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keavy%20Lynch
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Keavy Lynch
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Keavy-Jane Elizabeth Annie Lynch (born 15 December 1979) is an Irish singer. She is best known for being a member of the girl group B*Witched, of which her twin sister Edele is also a member.
Early life and education
Keavy was born to Brendan and Noeleen Lynch, a mechanic and housewife, respectively, and raised in Donaghmede, North-east Dublin. Keavy is one of six children and her brother Shane is also a member of boy band Boyzone.
Before B*Witched, Keavy worked as a part-time trainee car mechanic at her father's garage.
In an interview, Edele talked about her bond with her twin: "She's the greatest gift I've ever been given, and I think a lot of identical twins would say that. She really is my other half, and I'm not the same without her. We've worked together most of our lives and when we looked back on when B*Witched split and we went our separate ways for the first time, that was like our first day at school. I missed her."
Music career
In 1997, Keavy and Edele formed the girl group Butterfly Farm with their friend Sinéad O'Carroll. They began writing and recording together, but soon realised that there was "someone missing". Upon Keavy's suggestion, they asked Lindsay Armaou to audition and she played a tape recording of a song she had written. The other girls liked it and Lindsay became the fourth member of the band, who later changed their name to B*Witched.
After B*Witched split in 2002, Keavy remained somewhat active in the music industry, forming Ziiiing!, a production and songwriting company, with musical partner Alex Toms. In 2011, she and Edele formed a new group, Barbarellas. Keavy is also a party and function singer with The Collection/The Monaco Band.
In 2012, B*Witched, 911, Five, Atomic Kitten, Honeyz and Liberty X reunited for the ITV2 reality-documentary series The Big Reunion.
Stage career
Keavy took the lead role in a pantomime performance of Snow White in December 2005 at the Theatre Royal in Nottingham. Keavy returned to the stage in 2015, appearing as a forest sprite in Robin Hood And The Babes In The Wood at Woodville Halls Theatre, Gravesend.
Counselling career
In 2014, Keavy completed a degree, BSc Reflective Therapeutic Practice to become a qualified humanistic counsellor. Her practice is located in Kingston upon Thames.
Keavy is patron of a mental health charity, Stand Down which offers counselling to those who suffer mental trauma as a result of military service. Keavy said "I am very excited and feel honoured to be a patron for Stand Down. I think it is a service that is very much needed and a service that these men and women deserve. I may not agree with war but these men and woman are risking their lives everyday fighting for the country I live in and I am grateful for that."
Personal life
In 2007, Keavy admitted that when B*Witched split up after the group was dropped by their record company, she suffered from depression and contemplated suicide. In 2011, Keavy said "I don't suffer from depression now. It was that one time, but it lasted for way too many years. I should have got help." In May 2017, Keavy married her partner of two years Nathaniel Comer. In September 2017, the couple were expecting their first child. On January 31, 2018, Keavy gave birth to their daughter, Freya. On 29 October 2020, Keavy gave birth to twins Felix and Elàna.
References
External links
Keavy Lynch Counselling
Irish pop singers
People from Donaghmede
1979 births
Living people
Twin people from Ireland
21st-century Irish singers
21st-century Irish women singers
B*Witched members
Twin musicians
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3990930
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Toporov
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Vladimir Toporov
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Vladimir Nikolayevich Toporov (; 5 July 1928 in Moscow5 December 2005 in Moscow) was a leading Russian philologist associated with the Tartu-Moscow semiotic school. His wife was Tatyana Elizarenkova.
Toporov authored more than 1500 works, including Akhmatova and Dante (1972), Towards the Reconstruction of the Indo-European Rite (1982), Aeneas: a Man of Destiny (1993), Myth. Rite. Symbol. Image (1995), Holiness and Saints in the Russian Spiritual Culture (1998), and Petersburg Text of Russian Literature (2003). He translated the Dhammapada into Russian and supervised the ongoing edition of the most complete vocabulary of the Prussian language to date (5 volumes).
Among Toporov's many honours were the USSR State Prize (1990), which he turned down to voice his protest against the repressive January Events of the Soviet administration in Lithuania; the first ever Solzhenitsyn Prize (1998), and the Andrei Bely Prize for 2004. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and many other scholarly societies.
External links
Obituary by the Russian Ministry of Culture
Balticists
Toporov
Toporov
Toporov
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Toporov
Toporov
Toporov
Moscow State University alumni
Russian scholars of Buddhism
Researchers of Slavic religion
Solzhenitsyn Prize winners
Paleolinguists
20th-century philologists
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5382170
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD%20Crha
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Jiří Crha
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Jiří Crha (born April 13, 1950) is a Czech former professional ice hockey goaltender who played two seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs.
Playing career
Born in Pardubice, Czechoslovakia, now the Czech Republic, Crha played for nine seasons in the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League and for his country at the international level, including the 1976 Winter Olympics. He was signed by the Toronto Maple Leafs as a free agent on February 4, 1980. He remained with the team until 1983, when he went to Germany, where he played until his retirement in 1991. He then served as a player agent to players in the Czech Republic.
Career statistics
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, SO = Shutouts, GAA =Goals Against Average
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Czechoslovak ice hockey goaltenders
Olympic ice hockey players of Czechoslovakia
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Czechoslovakia
Ice hockey players at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Cincinnati Tigers players
HC Dukla Jihlava players
New Brunswick Hawks players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
St. Catharines Saints players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Sportspeople from Pardubice
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5382184
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmadynamics%20and%20Electric%20Propulsion%20Laboratory
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Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory
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Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory (PEPL) is a University of Michigan laboratory facility for electric propulsion and plasma application research. The primary goals of PEPL is to increase efficiency of electric propulsion systems, understand integration issues of plasma thrusters with spacecraft, and to identify non-propulsion applications of electric propulsion technology. The current director and founder is Professor Alec D. Gallimore.
PEPL currently houses the Large Vacuum Test Facility (LVTF). The chamber was constructed in the 1960s by Bendix Corporation for testing of the Lunar rover and was later donated to the University of Michigan in 1982. The cylindrical 9 m long by 6 m diameter long stainless-steel clad tank is utilized for Hall effect thruster, electrostatic ion thruster, magnetoplasmadynamic thruster, and arcjet testing as well as space tether and plasma diagnostics research.
See also
Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Dynamics Group
External links
Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory Official Website
University of Michigan
Plasma physics facilities
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3990931
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatara%20%28band%29
|
Tuatara (band)
|
Tuatara is an American, Seattle-based instrumental music group, featuring members of R.E.M., The Minus 5, Critters Buggin, The Chills and the Screaming Trees.
History
The band was formed in 1996 by R.E.M.'s Peter Buck (guitar), Barrett Martin of the Screaming Trees (drums and percussion), Justin Harwood of Luna and The Chills (bass guitar, double bass), and Skerik of Critters Buggin (saxophones). The band was named, at Harwood's suggestion, after a reptile from his native New Zealand.
Originally a project to get musician friends some soundtrack work, the project evolved into an active band, doing occasional live shows, and recording their first album Breaking the Ethers, encompassing a sound influenced by various styles of music, from Lebanese and Asian music to more traditional Western folk music.
The band expanded in 1998, adding guitarist Scott McCaughey on guitar, Steve Berlin on saxophone and flute, Craig Flory on clarinets and saxophones, Elizabeth Pupo-Walker on congas and other percussion, and Mike Stone on drum kit; with Stone now on drums, Barrett Martin focused more on vibes and marimba. This expanded line-up released Trading With the Enemy, which added more exotic instrumentation while sticking to the familiar formula of borrowing from a variety of styles.
The band had eleven members at the time of 2001's Cinemathique, which was intended to fulfill the original desire of creating music for soundtracks. A remix album, The Loading Program, was released in 2003.
McCaughey and Buck are also permanent members of The Minus 5, and Martin has contributed to their performances and recordings as well.
Tuatara released a new double album on August 15, 2014, called Underworld which featured Mike McCready of Pearl Jam.
Discography
Breaking the Ethers – Epic Records – April 1997
Trading with the Enemy – Epic Records – June 1998
Cinemathique – Fast Horse Recordings – April 2001
The Loading Program – Fast Horse Recordings – September 2003
East of the Sun – Fast Horse Recordings – June 2007
West of the Moon – Fast Horse Recordings – October 2007
The Here and the Gone with Coleman Barks – Fast Horse Recordings – November 2008
Underworld, August 2014
Shamanic Nights: Live in the City, 2016
References
External links
Official site.
Interview with UCLA's Daily Bruin.
American instrumental musical groups
American world music groups
Supergroups (music)
R.E.M.
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical collectives
Musical groups from Seattle
Epic Records artists
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3990932
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Eppinger
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Jeff Eppinger
|
Jeffrey Lee Eppinger (born ca 1960) is an American computer scientist, entrepreneur and Professor of the Practice at the Carnegie Mellon University, School of Computer Science, Institute for Software Research.
Eppinger was a student at Carnegie Mellon University where he earned a Bachelor of Science in 1982, a Master of Science in 1987, and a PhD in Computer Science in 1988. His advisors were Alfred Spector and Richard Rashid.
Eppinger was a co-founder of Transarc Corporation, which was bought by IBM in 1994.
At Carnegie Mellon, Eppinger's dissertation demonstrated the integration of the Mach Operating System's virtual memory with the Camelot Transaction System. This recoverable virtual memory concept was subsequently used to implement the Coda File System.
In 1983, Eppinger won the George E. Forsythe Award for his research in binary search trees. Eppinger had made empirical studies of their behaviour under random deletions and insertions.
References
External links
Jeff Eppinger's Home
1960s births
Living people
American computer scientists
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
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5382197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Cora%C8%99
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Marcel Coraș
|
Marcel Coraș (born 14 May 1959) is a retired Romanian football striker.
Career
He was born in Arad and debuted in Divizia A with hometown side UTA Arad in 1977. His most successful period was between 1983 and 1988, when he played for Sportul Studenţesc, with whom he won the league's silver medal in 1986. He became top goalscorer of the Divizia A in 1984 with 20 goals. He retired in 1995, having finished his fourth spell with FC UTA Arad.
Coraș got 36 caps and 6 goals for Romania, and represented his country at Euro 1984.
Honours
Club
Sportul Studenţesc
Romanian League Runner-up: 1985–86
Individual
Divizia A Top Scorer: 1983–84
European Silver Boot: 1988–89
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Arad, Romania
Romanian footballers
Association football forwards
Romania international footballers
UEFA Euro 1984 players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Super League Greece players
FC UTA Arad players
FC Politehnica Iași (1945) players
FC Sportul Studențesc București players
Panionios F.C. players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
Romanian expatriate footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in France
Romanian football managers
FC UTA Arad managers
CS Minaur Baia Mare (football) managers
FC Bihor Oradea managers
CS ACU Arad managers
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3990940
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin%20Blumenfeld
|
Erwin Blumenfeld
|
Erwin Blumenfeld (26 January 1897 – 4 July 1969) was an American photographer of German origin. He was born in Berlin, and in 1941 emigrated to the United States, where he soon became a successful and well-paid fashion photographer, working as a free-lancer for Harper's Bazaar, Life and American Vogue. His personal photographic work showed the influence of Dadaism and Surrealism; his two main areas of interest were death and women. He was expert in laboratory work, and experimented with photographic techniques such as distortion, multiple exposure, photo-montage and solarisation.
History
Blumenfeld was born in Berlin on 26 January 1897. As a young man he worked in the clothes trade and wrote poetry. In 1918 he went to Amsterdam, where he came into contact with Paul Citroen and Georg Grosz. In 1933 he made a photomontage showing Hitler as a skull with a swastika on its forehead; this image was later used in Allied propaganda material in 1943.
He married Lena Citroen, with whom he had three children, in 1921. In 1922 he started a leather goods shop, which failed in 1935. He moved to Paris, where in 1936 he set up as a photographer and did free-lance work for French Vogue. After the outbreak of the Second World War he was placed in an internment camp; in 1941 he was able to emigrate to the United States. There he soon became a successful and well-paid fashion photographer, and worked as a free-lancer for Harper's Bazaar, Life and American Vogue.
Blumenfeld died in Rome on 4 July 1969.
Publications
Blumenfeld started working on Blumenfeld: Meine 100 Besten Fotos in 1955; it was eventually published in 1979; an English translation, Blumenfeld: My One Hundred Best Photos, was published in New York in 1981. Another autobiographical work was published in German as Einbildungsroman by in 1998, and in English as Eye to I: The Autobiography of a Photographer by Thames and Hudson in 1999.
References
Further reading
Colin Naylor (1988). Contemporary Photographers. Chicago; London: St. James Press.
Ute Eskildsen (2014). Erwin Blumenfeld. Photos, Drawings, and Montages. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
The Man Who Shot Beautiful Women, film directed by Nick Watson. Broadcast on SBSONE on 22 February 2014.
Commercial photographers
Fashion photographers
1897 births
1969 deaths
Dutch photographers
French photographers
Photographers from Berlin
German military personnel of World War I
20th-century American photographers
German emigrants to the United States
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3990941
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas%20Heinsius%20the%20Younger
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Nicolaas Heinsius the Younger
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Nicolaas Heinsius the Younger (1656, The Hague – buried 12 January 1718, Culemborg) was a Dutch physician and writer.
Life
Heinsius was an illegitimate son of Nicolaas Heinsius the Elder and his long term Swedish-born partner, Margaretha Wullen. With little help of his father, he became a medical doctor at the age of 20, but had to flee the country in 1677 after he and several drunk friends had committed manslaughter in the streets of The Hague. Traveling as a physician through France, Italy and Germany, he arrived in Rome in 1679, where he became personal physician of Christina of Sweden until about 1687. Later he became personal physician of the elector of Brandenburg in Kleve.
In 1695 he returned to the Netherlands, settling in Culemborg, at the time a free city and exempt from the Dutch ban imposed on him. That same year he published Den vermakelyken avanturier, ofte De Wispelturige, en niet min Wonderlyke Levens-Loop van Mirandor (The Jolly Adventurer or the Unpredictable and not less Wonderful Life of Mirandor) (1695). This was the only Dutch-language romance novel of the 17th century. It contained much autobiographical material and was the first picaresque "schelmenroman" in Dutch. It had been reprinted 10 times by 1756, and was translated into German, English, French and Italian. He further wrote five works on medicine, which were published in Cleves, and one other novel, Don Clarazel de Contarnos (1697). An official request in 1707 to the States-General of the Netherlands to lift his ban apparently was refused.
Sources
Nicolaas Heinsius Jr. at www.schrijversinfo.nl (Dutch)
External links
1656 births
1718 deaths
17th-century Dutch physicians
17th-century Dutch novelists
Dutch male novelists
Physicians from The Hague
17th-century male writers
Writers from The Hague
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3990943
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toporov
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Toporov
|
The Russian-language surname Toporov (feminine: Toporova) is derived from the word topor, "axe". The surname may refer to:
Vladimir Toporov, Russian philologist
Sergei Toporov, Russian football player and coach
See also
Topor (surname)
Russian-language surnames
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3990947
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Have%20Dreamed
|
I Have Dreamed
|
I Have Dreamed may refer to:
"I Have Dreamed" (song), a song by Rodgers and Hammerstein from the musical The King and I
I Have Dreamed (Doris Day album), an album by Doris Day
I Have Dreamed (The Lettermen album), an album by The Lettermen
See also
I Have a Dream (disambiguation)
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3990950
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelfranco%20Emilia
|
Castelfranco Emilia
|
Castelfranco Emilia (Western Bolognese: ; Modenese: ) is a town and comune in Modena, Emilia-Romagna, north-central Italy. The town lies about northwest of Bologna.
Castelfranco either occupies or lies near the site of the ancient Forum Gallorum, a place on the Via Aemilia between Modena and Bologna, where in 43 BC Octavian and Hirtius defeated Mark Antony. In 1861 it was joined with the former comune of Piumazzo.
This town is home of the tortellini, a typical Italian food. In this region lambrusco wine is also produced. The church of Santa Maria Assunta houses a picture of the Assumption of Mary by Guido Reni. Castelfranco has also a fortress built in 1628–34 by Urban VIII as a northern defensive bastion for the Papal States.
People
Alfonsina Strada, the only woman ever to compete in the male Giro d'Italia (1924)
Valerio Massimo Manfredi, historian, archaeologist and journalist (1943)
Cécile Kyenge, Italian-Congolese politician and current Member of the European Parliament (1983)
Twin towns
Marktredwitz, Germany, since 1997
Sources
Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna
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3990952
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scam%20genealogical%20book
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Scam genealogical book
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The popularity of genealogy, encouraged by the increasing use of the Internet is encouraging a number of people to mass-market what authorities regard as scam "genealogical books" which are sometimes promoted by affiliated websites. They tend to contain a general introduction, a section about the origin of surnames in general, a section about heraldry, a couple of blank charts for the purchaser to copy and complete once he has done his own research, a few recipes and (sometimes) a list of names, addresses and telephone numbers culled from the publicly available telephone directories. The books are not unique to a particular surname, are not published annually and contain no pictures of the buyer's family members. In a recent case, Jeffery Scism, a San Bernardino, California genealogist, said the fines for such practises are puny when compared with the hundreds of thousands of dollars he believes such vendors rake in.
Those who have sold such books so far include:
Burke's Peerage World Book of [Surname]s - not to be confused with Burke's Peerage
Halberts Family Heritage - World Book of [Surname]s
William Pince Publishers - SGN Genealogical Foundation
Maxwell MacMaster
The [Surname] Name in History.
References
Book publishing
Deception
Genealogical fraud
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5382200
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%20%C3%85str%C3%B6m
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Hardy Åström
|
Ray Hardy Åström (born 29 March 1951 in Luleå, Sweden) is a retired Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender who played three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers and Colorado Rockies.
Åström was the first European goaltender to start an NHL game, when he played for the Rangers against the Montreal Canadiens on February 25, 1978. Åström played brilliantly in the Rangers' 6-3 win, which also stopped Montreal's 28-game unbeaten streak.
Hardy Astrom also represented Sweden in the 1976 Canada Cup as one of Swedens top goalies.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1951 births
Colorado Rockies (NHL) players
Fort Worth Texans players
Living people
Modo Hockey players
New Haven Nighthawks players
New York Rangers players
Oklahoma City Stars players
People from Luleå
Skellefteå AIK players
Södertälje SK players
Swedish ice hockey goaltenders
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Sportspeople from Norrbotten County
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5382218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal%20Quebec%20Temple
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Montreal Quebec Temple
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The Montreal Quebec Temple is the 86th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
History
The temple was announced on August 6, 1998, and was the sixth temple to be built in Canada. It was also one of the temples announced with a long list of others, which LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley hoped to have completed by the end of 2000 in order to have 100 operating temples throughout the world.
Gary J. Coleman, of the Seventy, presided at a site dedication and groundbreaking ceremony held on April 9, 1999. The temple sits on a plot in the city of Longueuil. The temple was open to the public for tours of the interior May 20–27, 2000. Despite the short duration of the open house, more than 10,000 people toured the temple.
Hinckley dedicated the Montreal Quebec Temple on June 4, 2000. Before the dedication began, a cornerstone ceremony was held to officially complete the construction of the temple. Hinckley placed the cornerstone and had help from local children in placing the mortar. Around 6,000 members attended the four dedicatory sessions of the temple. The temple serves more than 12,200 church members from the Montréal; Ottawa, Ontario; Montpelier, Vermont; and upstate New York areas.
The temple has a total of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms. The exterior finish is made of Bethel white granite from northern Vermont.
The temple closed for renovations in 2014. A public open house was held from Thursday, 5 November 2015, through Saturday, 14 November 2015, excluding Sunday. The temple was rededicated on Sunday, November 22, 2015 by Henry B. Eyring.
In 2020, the Montreal Quebec Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
Gallery
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada
References
Additional reading
External links
Montreal Quebec Temple Official site
Montreal Quebec Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Buildings and structures in Longueuil
Religious buildings and structures in Quebec
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2000
Temples (LDS Church) in Canada
2000 establishments in Quebec
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5382220
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotbusters
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Dotbusters
|
The Dotbusters was a Hinduphobic hate group active in Jersey City, New Jersey from 1975 to 1993 that attacked and threatened South Asians, particularly Indians in the fall of 1975. The name originated from the fact that traditional Hindu women and girls wear bindis on their foreheads.
Background
A Bindi is a coloured dot or a sticker worn in the center of the forehead, mostly by South Asian communities like Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains.
In July 1987, they had a letter published in The Jersey Journal stating that they would take any means necessary to drive the Indians out of Jersey City:
"I'm writing about your article during July about the abuse of Indian People. Well I'm here to state the other side. I hate them, if you had to live near them you would also. We are an organization called the Dotbusters. We have been around for 2 years. We will go to any extreme to get Indians to move out of Jersey City. If I'm walking down the street and I see a Hindu and the setting is right, I will hit him or her. We plan some of our most extreme attacks such as breaking windows, breaking car windows, and crashing family parties. We use the phone books and look up the name Patel. Have you seen how many of them there are? Do you even live in Jersey City? Do you walk down Central avenue and experience what like to be near them: we have and we just don't want it anymore. You said that they will have to start protecting themselves because the police cannot always be there. They will never do anything. They are a race and mentally. We are going to continue our way. We will never be stopped."
Numerous racial incidents from vandalism to assault followed. Later that month, a group of youths attacked Navroze Mody, an Indian man of Parsi (Zoroastrian) origin, into a coma, after he had left the Gold Coast Café with his friend. Mody died four days later. The four convicted of the attack were Luis Acevedo, Ralph Gonzalez and Luis Padilla, who were convicted of aggravated assault; and William Acevedo, who was convicted of simple assault. The attack was with fists and feet and with an unknown object that was described as either a baseball bat or a brick, and occurred after members of the group, which was estimated as being between ten and twelve youths, had surrounded Mody and taunted him for his baldness as either "Kojak" or "Baldie". Mody's father, Jamshid Mody, later brought charges against the city and police force of Hoboken, New Jersey, claiming that "the Hoboken police's indifference to acts of violence perpetrated against Indian Americans violated Navroze Mody's equal protection rights" under the Fourteenth Amendment. Mody lost the case; the court ruled that the attack had not been proven a hate crime, nor had there been proven any malfeasance by the police or prosecutors of the city.
A few days after the attack on Mody, another Indian was beaten into a coma; this time on a busy street corner in Jersey City Heights. The victim, Kaushal Saran, was found unconscious at Central and Ferry Avenues, near a city park and firehouse, according to police reports. Saran, a licensed physician in India who was awaiting licensing in the United States, was discharged later from University Hospital in Newark. The unprovoked attack left Saran in a partial coma for over a week with severe damage to his skull and brain. In September 1992, Thomas Kozak, Martin Ricciardi, and Mark Evangelista were brought to trial on federal civil rights charges in connection with the attack on Saran. However, the three were acquitted of the charges in two separate trials in 1993. Saran testified at both trials that he could not remember the incident.
The Dotbusters were primarily based in New York and New Jersey and committed most of their crimes in Jersey City. Numerous young men and women were attacked and harassed near Central Avenue in the Jersey City Heights, area during the period of 1975–1993 by the group whom many say was based out of a Hopkins Avenue, Jersey City, home. Details are somewhat clouded on whom and what the gang actually went after, but numerous accounts of homes being burglarized and men being attacked in the middle of night have been recorded. Up until 1989, it seemed like a one-way battle until small groups of Patels began to fight back physically all over the state and outlying boroughs of New York. A number of perpetrators have been brought to trial for these assaults. Although tougher anti-hate crime laws were passed by the New Jersey Legislature in 1990, the attacks continued, with 58 cases of hate crimes against Indians in New Jersey reported in 1991.
These incidents were a severe blow to the Indian immigrant community and jarred it into taking serious political action. While the violence seemed to be aimed at the Hindu community, where the wearing of the Bindi is most common, it is believed that the Dotbusters' actions were based on racial grounds, aimed indiscriminately at South Asian immigrants. A Columbia University–based group called Indian Youth Against Racism (later simply Youth Against Racism) documented instances of violence against Indians in New Jersey and helped implement a series of educational programs on South Asian cultures for students and faculty at a Jersey City high school. The group also helped get a bill passed in the New Jersey Legislature that raised the mandatory penalties for "bias crimes."
The gang's activities were spotlighted again in June 2010, when a column by Time magazine contributor Joel Stein titled "My Own Private India" made light of the use of a related epithet, "dot heads", in nearby Edison in the 1980s. (See Joel Stein#Controversial columns)
The New Jersey-raised philosopher Falguni A. Sheth mentioned her mother's harassment by "Dotbusters", and subsequent indifference of the New Jersey State Police, in an interview with The New York Times.
See also
Anti-Hindu sentiment
Anti-Indian sentiment
References
Hinduism Today article, Jan. 1989
Asian Law Journal article, 2000
External links
Jersey City Dot-Buster, The Pluralism Project
Supreme Court to Mull New Jersey Hate Crime Law (reprint of a The Washington Post article on the Dotbusters gang's activities and a similar series of subsequent attacks in the Edison–Iselin area of New Jersey)
Jersey Murder Trial Is Bias Issue for Indians
Wall Street Journal More Furor Over Time's 'Edison, N.J.'
1987 crimes in the United States
1987 in New Jersey
Anti-Indian sentiment in the United States
Anti-Hindu sentiment
Asian-American history
Gangs in New Jersey
History of Jersey City, New Jersey
Indian-American history
Racially motivated violence against Asian-Americans
Street gangs
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5382223
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Kozlowski
|
Ben Kozlowski
|
Benjamin Anthony Kozlowski (born August 16, 1980) is a former professional baseball left-handed pitcher. He previously played in Major League Baseball for the Texas Rangers and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp.
Drafted by the Atlanta Braves in the 12th round of the 1999 MLB amateur draft, Kozlowski made his Major League Baseball debut with the Texas Rangers on September 19, 2002. He struck out John Olerud looking for his first Major League Strikeout.
His 2003 season was cut short when he suffered a torn elbow ligament, necessitating Tommy John surgery.
Kozlowski returned to action in the middle of the 2004 season, but struggled, and was placed on waivers by the Rangers after the season.
Kozlowski was claimed off of waivers by the Cincinnati Reds.
He was traded from the Reds to the Los Angeles Dodgers for outfielder Cody Ross in May .
External links
Ben Kozlowski - mlb.com
1980 births
Living people
Texas Rangers players
Hiroshima Toyo Carp players
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Baseball players from Florida
Major League Baseball pitchers
Gulf Coast Braves players
Macon Braves players
Myrtle Beach Pelicans players
Charlotte Rangers players
Tulsa Drillers players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Stockton Ports players
Louisville Bats players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Las Vegas 51s players
Jacksonville Suns players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Somerset Patriots players
Sugar Land Skeeters players
American people of Polish descent
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5382229
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Charm%20Beneath
|
The Charm Beneath
|
The Charm Beneath (Traditional Chinese: 胭脂水粉) is a TVB period drama series broadcast in October 2005. The series is shown to celebrate TVB's 38th Anniversary.
Sheren Tang and Bobby Au-Yeung were originally cast in this series instead of Gigi Lai and Moses Chan when the teaser trailer premiered in the TVB sales presentation in 2005.
Synopsis
They hide a dagger in a smile,
Are they driven by desire for power,
Or is it their only way to survive?
Cast
The Chuk family
The Ng family
The Wang family
Reception
With the grand production title and boasted a very impressive casts, TVB Had spent the amount of money and highly promotion into the production, likely to granted out Anniversary Series as well as set out to create a 1930s version of successful's War and Beauty but returned the disappoint rating then they been expected due to the various of reason about viewers' taste and the way the drama portray different so far from War's Darken plot, making the grand production which failed. Began with 27 average point and minor growth in the following, praised the cast and producer an unhopeful high rating already. The Drama ended up with a bit better result with 32 average point with highest peak at 36 although it still couldn't compare to War and Beauty's final rating.
Despite the loss in the terms of rating, The Charm Beneath pressed out with a majority of positive reviews, began critical acclaims. one of the Outstanding drama of 2005 already considered in some reviews, deemed it classics. The Drama had memorable with Anne Heung's villain. Other began with cast's Disturbing acting and well script. Its theme song also recognized well into its story line with the quiet but breathtaking sound. After all, The Drama garner enough for two female nomination at TVB's 38th Anniversary award with Gigi Lai for Best Actress and Kiki Sheung for Best Supporting actress.
Viewership ratings
References
External links
TVB.com The Charm Beneath - Official Website
TVB dramas
2005 Hong Kong television series debuts
2005 Hong Kong television series endings
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5382242
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadmen
|
Gadmen
|
Gadmen is a former municipality in the Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Gadmen merged into the municipality of Innertkirchen.
The name Gadmen comes from the Old High German "gadum," meaning barn or small house, and was first mentioned in 1382.
The municipality is in a municipal partnership with Volketswil in the Canton of Zürich.
History
Gadmen is first mentioned in 1382 as im Gadmen.
During the Middle Ages, the Gadmen area was part of the Vogtei of Hasli and part of the Meiringen parish. In 1334 the entire Vogtei was acquired by Bern. During the Middle Ages a chapel was built in the village. In 1713 Gadmen became part of the parish of Innertkirchen and in 1722 the chapel expanded into a filial church. In 1816 the church became a parish church and Gadmen became an independent parish.
The residents of the village generally lived on farming, seasonal alpine herding and from traffic over the Susten Pass. During the 19th century, the farms became increasing mechanized and many residents were forced to emigrate to North America for jobs. The construction of the Susten Road in 1939-45 opened up the village to tourism and provided additional jobs. During construction and after its completion, the Oberhasli AG power plant became the largest employer in the municipality.
Geography
Before the merger, Gadmen had a total area of . As of 2012, a total of or 8.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 16.7% is forested. The rest of the municipality is or 0.6% is settled (buildings or roads), or 1.3% is either rivers or lakes and or 73.1% is unproductive land.
During the same year, housing and buildings made up 0.1% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.4%. All of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 1.7% is pasturage and 6.5% is used for alpine pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.4% is in lakes and 0.9% is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 13.3% is unproductive vegetation, 33.0% is too rocky for vegetation and 26.8% of the land is covered by glaciers.
On 31 December 2009, Amtsbezirk Oberhasli, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Interlaken-Oberhasli.
Gadmen lies in the Bernese Oberland, and the Susten Pass lies on the eastern border of the municipality. It lies in the Gadmer watershed. The municipal borders stretch from the valley floor, with an elevation of , up to the nearby mountain peaks at about . It is located on the border of the Canton of Bern with the Cantons of Obwalden, Nidwalden, Uri and Valais. The neighboring municipalities are Engelberg, Wassen, Göschenen, Guttannen, Innertkirchen and Kerns.
There are three glaciers in Gadmen, the Stein Glacier, the Trift Glacier and the Wenden Glacier. Beneath the Stein Glacier is Lake Stein. The most famous mountain in Gadmen is the Titlis.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Bar Gules in chief an Eagle displayed Sable crowned, beaked, langued and membered of the first and in base an Alpine Hut of the third.
Demographics
Gadmen had a population (as of 2011) of 228. , 3.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last year (2010-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -1.7%. Migration accounted for 1.7%, while births and deaths accounted for -3.0%.
Most of the population () speaks German (268 or 98.5%) as their first language, while one person each speaks French and Spanish.
, the population was 53.4% male and 46.6% female. The population was made up of 123 Swiss men (53.0% of the population) and 1 (0.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 102 Swiss women (44.0%) and 6 (2.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 162 or about 59.6% were born in Gadmen and lived there in 2000. There were 42 or 15.4% who were born in the same canton, while 32 or 11.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 28 or 10.3% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 14.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 24.6%.
, there were 102 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 144 married individuals, 22 widows or widowers and 4 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 43 households that consist of only one person and 7 households with five or more people. , a total of 100 apartments (67.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 35 apartments (23.5%) were seasonally occupied and 14 apartments (9.4%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 4.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 3.39%. In 2011, single family homes made up 70.8% of the total housing in the municipality.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 35.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (29.4%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (13.2%) and the FDP.The Liberals (7.4%). In the federal election, a total of 72 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 34.0%.
Economy
The largest industries are tourism and agriculture.
, Gadmen had an unemployment rate of 0.37%. , there were a total of 100 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 37 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 17 businesses involved in this sector. 14 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 4 businesses in this sector. 49 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 11 businesses in this sector. There were 107 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 37.4% of the workforce.
there were a total of 70 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 20, all in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 13 of which 5 or (38.5%) were in manufacturing. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 37. In the tertiary sector; 2 or 5.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 5.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 29 or 78.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in education and 2 or 5.4% were in health care.
, there were 7 workers who commuted into the municipality and 47 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 6.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 60 workers (89.6% of the 67 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Gadmen. Of the working population, 11.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 52.3% used a private car.
In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Gadmen making 150,000 CHF was 13.3%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 19.6%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively.
In 2009 there were a total of 97 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 13 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 3 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The greatest number of workers, 25, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Gadmen was 89,592 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.
In 2011 a total of 0.9% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.
Religion
From the , 226 or 83.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 34 or 12.5% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 2 individuals (or about 0.74% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Muslim. 5 (or about 1.84% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 3 individuals (or about 1.10% of the population) did not answer the question.
Climate
Between 1981 and 2010 Gadmen had an average of 152.6 days of rain or snow per year and on average received of precipitation. The wettest month was July during which time Gadmen received an average of of rain or snow. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 14.6 days. The month with the most days of precipitation was June, with an average of 15.6, but with only of rain or snow. The driest month of the year was October with an average of of precipitation over 10 days.
Education
In Gadmen about 46.2% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 4.9% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 7 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 57.1% were Swiss men, 42.9% were Swiss women.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2011–12 school year, there were a total of 10 students attending classes in Gadmen. There were no kindergarten classes and only one primary class with all 10 students.
, there were a total of 28 students attending any school in the municipality. During the same year, 5 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Former municipalities of the canton of Bern
Oberhasli
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3990953
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Mio
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Eddie Mio
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Edward Dario Mio (born January 31, 1954) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) for the Indianapolis Racers and Edmonton Oilers, and in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Oilers, New York Rangers, and Detroit Red Wings.
Playing career
Mio attended Colorado College from 1972 to 76. During that time, he established himself as a standout, winning first- and second-team all-star awards and making the NCAA West first all-American team two years in a row.
In 1974, the National Hockey League's (NHL) Chicago Black Hawks and the World Hockey Association's (WHA) Vancouver Blazers both drafted him. He played for neither club, wending his way instead through the minor leagues with the Tidewater Sharks, Erie Blades, and Hampton Gulls until he surfaced with the Indianapolis Racers of the WHA.
With the Racers, Mio's goaltending was rough, but the most meaningful event of his career occurred when he met his lifelong friend, Wayne Gretzky. Shortly after their meeting, Mio was part of the trade that sent Gretzky (along with Peter Driscoll) to the Edmonton Oilers on November 2, 1978.
When the Oilers moved to the NHL for the 1979–80 season, Mio got his first NHL action, part of the young, highly talented lineup that included Gretzky, Mark Messier, Kevin Lowe, Glenn Anderson and Paul Coffey. Mio had his first winning season in 1980–81 before being traded to the New York Rangers.
In New York, Mio backstopped the Rangers for two seasons before rounding out his career with the Detroit Red Wings in 1985–86.
Post-hockey
Mio was Wayne Gretzky's best man at his wedding to Janet Jones. Mio was a player agent with International Management Group, representing Sergei Fedorov, Joe Thornton and Brent Johnson. In 2005, Mio became the director of player development for the Phoenix Coyotes. In 2010, having left the NHL, Mio considered running for mayor in his hometown of Windsor, Ontario. At the 2014 NHL Winter Classic, Mio played an exhibition game with the Detroit Red Wings alumni team, splitting time with Kevin Hodson in a winning effort against the Toronto Maple Leafs alumni team.
Mio has a daughter named Katya who was born April 30, 1988. He also has twin sons Grant and Edward Riordon who were born in 2000.
Awards and honors
Career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
References
External links
Eddie Mio @ hockeygoalies.org
1954 births
Living people
Adirondack Red Wings players
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans
Arizona Coyotes executives
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian people of Italian descent
Chicago Blackhawks draft picks
Colorado College Tigers men's ice hockey players
Dallas Black Hawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players
Edmonton Oilers players
Hampton Gulls (AHL) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Indianapolis Racers players
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Windsor, Ontario
Tidewater Sharks players
Vancouver Blazers draft picks
Wichita Wind players
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3990956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia%20Federal%20Route%2050
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Malaysia Federal Route 50
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Federal Route 50, or Jalan Batu Pahat–Kluang–Mersing, is a main federal road in Johor, Malaysia. The road connects Batu Pahat in the west to Jemaluang in the east. It is also a main route to North-South Expressway Southern Route via Ayer Hitam Interchange.
Route background
The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 50 is located at Batu Pahat near Mount Soga, at its interchange with the Federal Route 5, the main trunk road of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
History
In 1911, the state government of Johor collaborated with the British colonial government to develop a road network from Johor Bahru to Batu Pahat and Muar. As a result, the Batu Pahat–Kluang–Mersing Road was completed in 1919, where the section of the Banang Roundabout to Mount Soga Intersection formed a part of the present-day Federal Route 5.
The road was partially upgraded on 2002 with four-lane carriageway from Batu Pahat to Kluang. The rest of the road remains two lanes.
On 13 January 2007, the Sungai Semberong bridge at Batu 5, Jalan Kluang–Mersing, collapsed during flash floods.
Features
At most sections, the Federal Route 50 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.
There are signposts of monkeys and elephants in the Kahang–Kangkar Lenggor–Jemaluang section.
There is an alternative road connecting Kahang and Mersing which runs through Felda Nitar.
List of junctions and towns
References
050
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3990980
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Have%20Dreamed%20%28The%20Lettermen%20album%29
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I Have Dreamed (The Lettermen album)
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I Have Dreamed is an album recorded by The Lettermen.
Track listing
"I Have Dreamed" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II)
"Traces" (Buddy Buie, James Cobb, Emory Gordy)
"Me About You" (Garry Bonner, Alan Gordon)
"I Love How You Love Me" (Barry Mann, Larry Kolber)
"California Dreamin'" (John Phillips, Michelle Phillips)
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" (Kenny Gamble, Jerry Ross, Jerry Williams, Jr.)
"You Showed Me" (Roger McGuinn, Gene Clark)
"Wichita Lineman" (Jimmy Webb)
"The Worst That Could Happen" (Webb)
"No Other Love" (Bob Russell, Paul Weston)
"T.K.E. Sweetheart Song (Of All The Girls That I Have Known)" (Albert M. Rockwell)
The Lettermen albums
1969 albums
Capitol Records albums
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3990993
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayer%20Hitam
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Ayer Hitam
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Ayer Hitam, nicknamed Bandar Seramik ("Ceramic town"), is a town in Batu Pahat District, Johor, Malaysia. Located just at the junction of Federal Route and Federal Route , it is known for its many outlets selling pottery and other crafts. It also is one of the interchange for North–South Expressway.
History
Ayer Hitam simply means Black Water. A lively town, Ayer Hitam is always bustling with passing vehicles and people who travels north and south. This place is well known for its ceramic items such as flower vases in an assortment of colours, photo frames, jars, ashtrays, and other home decorative items. For a closer look, you can also watch the potters at work. Aside from quality souvenirs, Ayer Hitam is also dotted with many stalls selling local tidbits known as 'kerepek' among the locals. Amongst the famous ones are prawn crackers, steamed corn, tapioca chips, and the all-time must-try "otak-otak". These food items are fresh and prepacked for you, and sold at reasonable prices.
Located in the district of Batu Pahat. Before the advent of the North–South Expressway, Ayer Hitam was a major route intersection leading to Melaka and Kuala Lumpur going northbound, Johor Bahru going southbound, Kluang and Mersing going eastbound, and Batu Pahat going westbound. It was a popular rest stop for many tour buses and travellers between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. Visitors could find souvenir shops, restaurants and locals peddling to sell their vegetables.
Place of interest
Masjid Sultan Ibrahim, Ayer Hitam
Klinik Kesihatan Ayer Hitam
Pusat Pertanian Ayer Hitam
UK Farm, Jalan Batu Pahat-Kluang
Pu Zhao Buddhist Vihara
Education
Primary school
Sekolah Kebangsaan Seri Bandan
Sekolah Kebangsaan Kota Dalam
Sekolah Kebangsaan Air Hitam
Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina) Malayan
Transportation
Road
Ayer Hitam has a PLUS Interchange located at the northern part of the town. The town is accessible by bus from Larkin Sentral in Johor Bahru.
References
Batu Pahat District
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3991004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struck%20by%20the%20Ree
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Struck by the Ree
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Struck by the Ree, also known as Strikes the Ree (c. 1804–1888) was a chief of the Native American Yankton Sioux tribe.
Birth
In 1804, a great pow-wow was held for the Lewis and Clark Expedition at Calumet Bluff/Gavins Point (near present-day Yankton, South Dakota) that included the "Shunka" sacred dog feast ceremony. During the festivities, the explorers learned that a boy had just been born, and they asked to see the infant. They wrapped the baby in an American flag, held him up, and proclaimed him as destined to be a great "American". According to the traditions of the Yankton people, that baby boy was Struck by the Ree, who in manhood became a leader among the Yankton, and traveled to Washington, D.C. For his efforts in promoting peace between whites and Native Americans, he received medals from U.S. Presidents Franklin Pierce, Ulysses S. Grant and James Garfield.
Dakota War of 1862
In 1862, during the Dakota–U.S. War in Minnesota, Struck by the Ree deployed his warriors to protect them from the unmerciful whites. In spite of this, his people were expelled from Minnesota after the uprising. In 1865, Struck by the Ree testified at hearings of the Doolittle Commission, which investigated fraud among Indian agents. He reported that agents routinely skimmed goods from stores purchased with Indian annuity money and that Native people were illegally forced to pay for food out of their treaty money, while the agents ate for free. Agents routinely padded their pockets with money that, under treaty agreement, was supposed to purchase supplies for Indians. Struck by the Ree also reported that frontier soldiers routinely coerced sexual favors from Native women. He said, "Before the soldiers came along, we had good health, but, the soldiers go to my women, and they want to sleep with them, and the women being hungry will sleep with them in order to get something to eat, and will get a bad disease, and then the women go to their husbands and give them the bad disease."
Grant peace policy of 1871–1881
Struck by the Ree was a devout Christian. Under the Grant peace policy of 1871–1881, the federal government assigned Indian reservations to certain Christian denominations, regardless of the Indian people's wishes. Struck by the Ree opposed this policy and responded to the government with these words: "My opposition to your plans is a sincere and conscientious duty to the Great Spirit, which I desire to discharge. I made up my mind on this subject twenty-two years ago. I wish to put the instruction of the youth of my tribe into the hands of the Blackrobes; I consider them alone the depositories of the ancient and true faith of Jesus Christ, and we are free to hear and follow them...Since my first talk with the Blackrobes I have no other thought but to embrace the ancient religion of Jesus Christ, if I can make myself worthy. My mind is made up."
Old age and death
As an elder, he walked with a cane, and the congregation would respectfully wait for the old chief to enter the church and take his place in the "bishop's chair" before commencing with services. He died in 1888.
External links
Wisdom of the elders
Leadership of Struck by the Ree
Photo: Struck-by-the-Ree
Yankton leaders of note
1800s births
1888 deaths
Pre-statehood history of South Dakota
Native American leaders
Sioux people
Dakota War of 1862
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3991018
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Motors%20H%20platform%20%281971%29
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General Motors H platform (1971)
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The General Motors H platform (or H-body) is an automobile platform used by subcompact cars from the 1971 to 1980 model years. The first subcompact car design developed by GM, the rear-wheel drive H platform initially underpinned the Chevrolet Vega and its Pontiac Astre counterpart. For 1975, the H platform was expanded from entry-level vehicles to sport compacts, adding the Chevrolet Monza, Buick Skyhawk, Oldsmobile Starfire, and Pontiac Sunbird.
In contrast to the globally-developed T platform (later sold alongside it), the H-platform was sold nearly exclusively in North America.
Following the downsizing of its larger car lines (the B-body full-size, A-body intermediate, E-body personal luxury), GM moved to redesign the rest of its major model lines. Following the 1980 shift of the X-body compacts to front-wheel drive, the H platform ended production for the 1980 model year. For 1982, the H-body vehicles were replaced by the front-wheel drive J-body; while again shrinking in length, the interiors of the J-body vehicles grew in size, becoming compact-segment vehicles.
From 1986 to 1999, the H platform designation was revived for front-wheel drive full-size sedans of the Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac divisions.
Development
While primarily intended for the Chevrolet Vega, the H platform was not developed by the Chevrolet Division itself, but became the first vehicle architecture developed by a centralized GM design and engineering team. Replacing two subcompact cars separately in development by Chevrolet and Pontiac, development of the H-body began in 1968. In slightly over two years, GM sought to develop its first subcompact with a sub-2000 pound curb weight, an all-aluminum engine, and priced at or less than the Volkswagen Beetle; assembly of the vehicle was to be primarily automated.
Design overview
The unibody H-platform is rear-wheel drive, using a 97-inch wheelbase. Scaling down the design of larger GM platforms, the H platform uses unequal-length A-arm front suspension; the rear suspension is a coil-spring solid rear axle.
The fourth character in the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) for an H-body car is "H".
Body design
For 1971, the Chevrolet Vega was introduced in four body styles, including a two-door fastback sedan and three-door hatchback (sharing a nearly identical roofline) and a three-door station wagon and panel delivery. For 1973, the front bumper was relocated forward; for 1974, both front bumpers were redesigned.
The Pontiac Astre was introduced for 1973, styled with a different front grille from the Vega. Initially exclusive to Canada, Pontiac released the Astre in the United States for 1975.
For 1975, the Chevrolet Monza was introduced as a three-door hatchback, alongside the Buick Skyhawk, and Oldsmobile Starfire; a two-door notchback coupe was introduced during the model year. For 1976, the Pontiac Sunbird was introduced, sharing the body of the Monza notchback coupe; a Sunbird hatchback was introduced during 1976 (the Skyhawk and Starfire were only offered as hatchbacks).
For 1978, the Vega and Astre were discontinued, with the station wagon body style rebadged as a Monza/Sunbird wagon; the station wagon was dropped for 1980.
Powertrain details
The Chevrolet Vega was introduced with a Chevrolet-designed 140 cubic-inch inline-4 engine; while using an aluminum engine block, the cylinder head was of cast-iron construction. The later Chevrolet Cosworth Vega was fitted with a 122 cubic-inch all-aluminum inline-4. An advanced design for the time, the Cosworth Vega engine used dual overhead camshafts, 4 valves per cylinder, and electronic fuel injection; in total, 5000 engines were assembled for 1975.
For 1975, the introduction of the Chevrolet Monza saw the introduction of V8 engines to H platform (not offered in the Vega and Astre). In 1975, the H-platform also adopted a Buick-designed 231 cubic-inch V6. For 1978, the 140 cubic-inch inline-4 was replaced by a Pontiac-designed 151 cubic-inch inline-4 (later known as the "Iron Duke" engine).
In addition to the Cosworth Vega engine, the H platform served in the development of several advanced GM engine designs. In 1972, a prototype Vega powered by a 302 cubic-inch aluminum-block V8 (derived from CERV I) was tested, but did not progress to production. While the Vega served in its development, the GM-rotary Wankel engine (GMRCA) was intended to be a key feature of the Chevrolet Monza hatchback and its counterparts; following its 1974 cancellation, the GMRCA was replaced by 262 and 305 cubic-inch Chevrolet V8s.
Models
See also
Chevrolet Vega
Chevrolet Cosworth Vega
Pontiac Astre
Chevrolet Monza
Pontiac Sunbird
Buick Skyhawk
Oldsmobile Starfire
References
External links
H-Body.Org
H-body.se - Swedish H-Body registry
H 1
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3991019
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Motors%20H%20platform%20%281986%29
|
General Motors H platform (1986)
|
The H platform, or H-body designates a General Motors front-wheel-drive full-sized automobile platform beginning in 1986. It is related to the C, G and K platforms. Many H-bodies used GM's Buick 3800 V6, and supercharged versions of this engine were available from 1991 to 1999. They originally came in both 2-door and 4-door versions, but the four-door sedans were dramatically more popular, and two-door models were dropped by 1992. Previously, the H platform designation was used for unrelated rear-wheel-drive compact cars.
According to one source, the H-body sedans were the next "big thing" for GM, and development cost more than $3 billion, which is on par with roughly how much Ford invested in the Ford Taurus. Both the H-body sedans and the Taurus (based on the D186 platform) were launched fully in 1986. Starting in 2000, all H-body vehicles moved to the G platform, however GM continued to call it the H platform. Most H-body cars had Buick's 3.8 liter (231 cubic-inch) V6 engine standard.
1986-1999 Buick LeSabre
The 1986 LeSabre was introduced on the new front wheel drive H platform, after departing from rear wheel drive on the GM B platform. Joining the LeSabre on the H-body included the Oldsmobile Delta 88 and the 1987 Pontiac Bonneville, which returned to full-size after a short-lived run as a mid-size on the G platform. One of the features of the LeSabre version of the H-body was a reverse clamshell hood - one that is hinged at the front (in the same fashion as that of the Buick Electra and Chevrolet Corvette of that era) instead of at the back near the cowl and windshield. The all new styling and implementation of front wheel drive ushered in a new era for the LeSabre, being of a flush aerodynamic design. The most radical change may have been the removal of Buick's long standing Ventiports from the front fenders. Most Buick LeSabre models from 1986 until 2005 were powered by Buick's 3.8 liter (231 cubic-inch) V6 engine. It started out with . It added balance shafts to become the famous "3800" V6 for 1988, with . This engine increased to in 1991 with the addition of Tuned Port Injection. The 1986 model, however, featured the 3.0 liter (181 cubic-inch) V6 as standard.
This LeSabre was introduced in 1991 for the 1992 model year, and was redesigned along the same lines as the previous year's Park Avenue. The LeSabre was available only as a four-door ("family-style") sedan from this point forward until the car was discontinued in 2005. The headlights were streamlined with a separated amber turn signal strip wrapping around the lower front fascia. The rear fascia featured a wider trunk mouth and lower lift over height to ease loading baggage while the front was smoothed with simplified chrome molding and absent bumperettes. The LeSabre also featured GM's plastic body technologies, with high-stress plastic replacing traditional steel in the front fenders. The LeSabre's engine from 1992 to 1995 was the 3800 V6 (L27), which produced and 225 lb·ft (305 N·m) The 3513 lb (1593 kg) car got 18 mpg (13.1 L/100 km) in the city and 28 mpg (8.4 L/100 km) on the highway, which was slightly better than the 1991 model. The car accelerated to 60 mph (97 km/h) in 8.9 seconds and could cover the quarter mile in 16.9 seconds at 80 mph (129 km/h). Top speed was electronically limited to 108 mph (173 km/h).
1986-1999 Oldsmobile 88
For 1986, the Oldsmobile Delta 88 switched platforms from the GM B platform to the smaller front-wheel drive H platform, with a wheelbase of only . The headlights changed from square sealed beam quads to integrated regular/high beam composite lamps in 1987. The Oldsmobile Eighty Eight was redesigned for 1992, following the redesign of the Ninety Eight the previous year. This was the last Eighty Eight or 88 model from Oldsmobile (along with its performance LSS and Regency models) before being discontinued in 1999 and being replaced in 2001 with the Aurora. The 3.8 L Buick V6 was still the only engine, but output increased to and of torque.
1987-1999 Pontiac Bonneville
For 1987, Pontiac decided to change the Bonneville from the rear wheel drive G-body with the V8 to the more economical front wheel drive one-year-old H Body platform with the Buick LeSabre and Oldsmobile 88. Initially, a 3.8 L V6 was the sole engine, mated to a four-speed Hydramatic 4T60 automatic and performance was adequate from this pairing. The new Bonneville was placed on Car & Driver's “10 Best” list for 1987, offering both a base model and LE model. For LE models, an SSE sport package was also available that featured a quicker gear ratio, sportier suspension and more standard features, as the Bonneville was intended to have a more sporty, European flavor than the LeSabre and 88.
The ninth-generation Pontiac Bonneville was unveiled on February 8, 1991, at the 1991 Chicago International Auto Show and launched in July 1991 for the 1992 model year; the interior and exterior of the car were completely redesigned. Developed over a -year period from 1986 to early 1991 under program director Dave Mitchell, styling work took place from 1987 to 1988, with a final design by John Folden being chosen in 1988 and frozen for production that same year. The first prototypes were built in 1989 and went into testing in mid-1989. In August 1990, production preparation began, with early production "builds" being constructed during late 1990. The first series production models were assembled in May 1991, with SE variants being launched in July 1991. This generation hosted quite a few Bonneville firsts, becoming quicker and considerably safer. One of the most notable improvements over the previous generation was that the Bonneville SE now came standard with a driver airbag and was the first General Motors product equipped with a passenger airbag, while ABS was available as part of the sport appearance package. The SSE models came with standard ABS and traction control.
Vehicles
Year-to-Year Changes
1986: Ninety-Eight switched to contemporary front-drive in 1985. Now it was Delta 88's turn. The new H-body version, sharing the same platform as the Buick LeSabre. The all-new B-body version, similar to the new Chevrolet Caprice and Pontiac Parisienne. The all-new D-body version, similar to the new Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham and Cadillac Fleetwood Hearse.
1987: After a complete redesign in 1986, Delta 88 was Oldsmobile's best-selling automobile. Power steering and door mounted seatbelts are added to the options list for 1987. Delta 88 was similar to the new Pontiac Bonneville and Buick LeSabre. The all-new B-body version, similar to the new Chevrolet Caprice. The all-new D-body version, similar to the new Cadillac Brougham, Cadillac Brougham Limousine and Cadillac Brougham Hearse.
1988: The Delta 88 lineup continued unchanged from the year before. Only four models are available the Royale coupe and sedan and Royale Brougham coupe and sedan. Standard powertrain for the Delta 88 was the Buick-built 3.8-liter 231 V6 engine. Delta 88 was similar to the new Pontiac Bonneville and Buick LeSabre. The all-new B-body version, similar to the new Chevrolet Caprice. The all-new D-body version, similar to the new Cadillac Brougham, Cadillac Brougham Limousine and Cadillac Brougham Hearse. Delta 88 ended production on Friday, August 26th, 1988.
1989: As of 1989, the former Delta 88 Royale was renamed the Eighty-Eight Royale. Only four models are available the Royale Brougham coupe and sedan and Royale coupe and sedan. Power sunroof was dropped from the options list. Sunroof, air conditioning, tilt steering wheel and AM-FM cassette/CD (Compact Disc) audio system was added to the options list. Eighty-Eight was similar to the new Pontiac Bonneville and Buick LeSabre. The all-new B-body version, similar to the new Chevrolet Caprice. The all-new D-body version, similar to the new Cadillac Brougham, Cadillac Brougham Limousine and Cadillac Brougham Hearse.
1990: As of 1990, the Eighty-Eight was offered in four models: the Royale Brougham coupe and sedan and Royale coupe and sedan. Reflectors fill the voids by moving the backup lamps. Level III (FE3) suspension comes with aluminum wheels. A new tilt steering wheel is available. Eighty-Eight was similar to the new Pontiac Bonneville and Buick LeSabre. The all-new B-body version, similar to the new Chevrolet Caprice. The all-new D-body version, similar to the new Cadillac Brougham, Cadillac Brougham Limousine and Cadillac Brougham Hearse.
1991: As of 1991, the Eighty-Eight was offered in four models: the Royale Brougham coupe and sedan and Royale coupe and sedan. Windshield wipers and tilt steering wheel are added to the options list. Eighty-Eight was similar to the new Pontiac Bonneville and Buick LeSabre. The all-new B-body version, similar to the new Chevrolet Caprice. The all-new D-body version, similar to the new Cadillac Brougham, Cadillac Brougham Limousine and Cadillac Brougham Hearse. The Eighty-Eight Royale Brougham coupe and sedan and Eighty-Eight Royale coupe ended production on Friday, March 15th, 1991. It was replaced by the Oldsmobile Eighty-Eight LS in 1992.
References
List of GM VIN codes
H 2
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3991021
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola%20%C3%81lvarez%20Bravo
|
Lola Álvarez Bravo
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Lola Álvarez Bravo (3 April 1903 – 31 July 1993) was the first Mexican female photographer and a key figure in the post-revolution Mexican renaissance. Known for her high level of skill in composition, her works were seen by her peers as fine art. She was recognized in 1964 with the Premio José Clemente Orozco (José Clemente Orozco Prize), by the State of Jalisco, for her contributions to photography and her efforts to preserve the culture of Mexico. Her works are included in the permanent collections of international museums, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
Álvarez was born in a small town in Jalisco, but moved to Mexico City with her father when her parents separated around 1906. For a decade, she lived with her father in a large mansion, but upon his death was taken in by her older half-brother, who sent her to boarding school. After completing a traditional education, in 1922 she enrolled in the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, where she met her lifelong friend, Frida Kahlo. A friendship with another of her childhood friends, Manuel Álvarez Bravo, blossomed into romance around the same time and the two married in 1925. Her husband taught her photography, as well as development techniques, and for nearly a decade, she acted as his assistant. As she sought to explore her own creativity and was unhappy in the marriage, the couple separated in 1934.
Beginning her career as a teacher, Álvarez took photographic assignments for magazines and newspapers, developing a reputation as one of the only women photojournalists working in Mexico City. She chose to portray subjects candidly, revealing the deeper meaning of culture and social significance, rather than seeking newsworthy work. In 1935, she began cataloging photographs in the Department of Education and two years later was hired to run the photography workshops of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where she remained until her retirement in 1971.
In addition to her contributions to advertising and photojournalism, Álvarez took many photographs of her artistic friends, and in 1951 opened the Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo (Gallery of Contemporary Art) to promote their work. In 1953 at the Galeria, she hosted the only exhibition of Frida Kahlo's works held in Mexico during the artist's life. From the late 1970s until her death in 1993, she gained international recognition for her body of work. Her photo archive is located at the Center for Creative Photography in Tucson, Arizona, United States.
Early life (1903–1927)
Dolores Concepción Martínez de Anda, known as Lola from a young age, was born on 3 April 1903 in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, to Sara de Anda and Gonzalo Martínez, a dealer who imported art and furniture. Her parents appear to have separated when she was very young. When she was around three years old, her father took Martínez and her older half-brother, Miguel, to live in Mexico City in a large 28-room mansion. One of her brother's friends who lived nearby, Manuel Álvarez Bravo, was a frequent visitor at their home on Calle de Factor (now Calle de Allende).
Gonzalo Martínez died of a heart attack in 1916, while traveling on a train with his daughter. With his death, Martínez moved from their home to live with her brother and his wife in an apartment on Calle de Santa Teresa (now Calle Guatemala). Keen to ensure she would become a responsible wife and homemaker, Miguel's wife sent Martínez to complete a traditional education at the Colegio del Sagrado Corazón. Unhappy with her options, Martínez wanted more, saying, "I don't know why since childhood, I had the idea that I wanted to do something not everybody did. What I've hated most about my life is that they order me around and they limit my freedom". She went on to further her education at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, meeting Frida Kahlo there in 1922. The two women formed a close, lifelong friendship. In parallel, her relationship with her childhood friend Manuel Álvarez, burgeoned into romance. The couple often roamed the streets together observing the beauty beneath the city's grime and poverty.
In 1925, Martínez and Álvarez married and she took his name. They moved to Oaxaca, where Manuel found work as an accountant for the National Accounting Office, engaging in the local artists' community. In their free time, Manuel, who had learned photography as a teenager, taught Álvarez how to use a camera and develop film. As they had in Mexico City, the couple would wander the streets, but now began documenting their walks in photographs. Álvarez produced her first photographs in Oaxaca, which mirrored the allegoric style preferred by her husband. When she became pregnant, the couple decided to move back to Mexico City in 1927 to be near medical facilities and family. It was there their only child, Manuel Álvarez Bravo Martínez was born. Though Manuel was still working for the National Accounting Office, soon after his son, Manuelito's birth, he resigned to pursue a career as a professional photographer. As she developed her own vision and became discontented with simply processing her husband's film, tensions in the marriage began to surface.
Early career (1927–1934)
In 1927, opening an art gallery in their home, the couple exhibited photographs and paintings created by their artistic friends, including David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and Rufino Tamayo. Manuel began by taking commissions for portraits and Álvarez assisted him while raising their son. Relegating her to minor tasks, like mixing chemicals and printing, Manuel was reluctant to allow Álvarez time with the camera, but she did recommend thematic ideas to him and learned the craft. At a time when most newspaper photographers were interested in producing sensational images, Manuel taught Álvarez to distance herself from her subjects to capture their underlying essence. She also studied the paintings their artist friends presented in the gallery, learning about composition. In 1930, she obtained her own camera, when Tina Modotti sold Álvarez her Graflex, to raise money for her departure from the country after Modotti's lover Julio Antonio Mella was murdered. When in 1931, Manuel became seriously ill, she completed his commissions and managed the gallery to sustain their livelihood.
In 1933, Álvarez met Paul Strand, an American photographer, and recognized in his style a photo-documentary aspect that appealed to her more than her husband's stylized photographs. She realized that photography was a chronicle of history, documenting the transformation of society. She called the camera a "third eye", which elicited the truth of the photographer's experience. One of her early works from this period is titled La Visitación (The Visitation) and was taken on an excursion with Manuel and the French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson. The trio had traveled to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Álvarez's image of two women standing in a doorway, captured the solace offered by the subjects to each other. Rather than the posed compositions favored by her husband, or the ideologically motivated portraits taken by Modotti, Álvarez's image focuses on the subtle meanings of everyday life captured by the camera. In 1934, she joined the newly formed Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios (League of Revolutionary Writers and Artists) and, along with Manuel and Emilio Amero, formed one of the earliest cinema screening clubs in Mexico. As her own style and desire to have her own voice emerged, tensions between the couple worsened and in 1934, Álvarez took her son and separated from Manuel, though they would not divorce until 1948. At the time of their separation, she had established herself as a professional photographer. Having secured work with several local magazines, she retained the Álvarez Bravo name professionally.
Middle career (1935–1971)
Moving into the home of María Izquierdo in 1935, near the National Institute of Fine Arts, Álvarez began working as an elementary school art teacher. Maria's house became a haven for intellectuals, artists, and politicians to meet and participate in the formation of the Mexican cultural identity that defined the post revolutionary era. She also took assignments from magazines like Avance, Espacio, Futuro, Vea, and Voz, quickly earning a reputation as a skilled photojournalist. She participated in her first group exhibition in 1935, displaying two Surrealist collages at the Department of Fine Arts in Guadalajara. That year, she took a position at the Department of Education cataloging photographs. She met Lázaro Cárdenas, at the time the Minister of Education (and later President of Mexico), by chance and was asked to photograph him. Appreciating her work, Cárdenas showed her photographs to other influential people, which landed her an offer to contribute to the El Maestro Rural (The Rural Teacher), an influential pedagogical magazine for young teachers. Working her way up the ladder, she became a staff photographer at El Maestro Rural and eventually became the journal's chief photographer. Her first major commission was in 1936 from the San Agustin church to record biblical scenes.
In 1937 Álvarez began working as a photographer at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) in the Institute of Aesthetic Research. She took photographs to document archaeological sites, visiting various regions of the country. Five years later she was appointed head of the photography department of the Dirección General de Educación Extraescolar y Estética, where she remained for the next 30 years. She taught photography classes, led workshops and curated traveling presentations. Simultaneously, Álvarez continued her work as a photojournalist, becoming the only woman to work in the field throughout the 1950s. She photographed factories, farms, fire stations, schools, hospitals, and orphanages throughout Mexico to accompany magazine articles and undertook assignments in advertising and fashion photography. In her spare time, she made portraits of friends and colleagues, as well as their works.
Álvarez is represented in the work of the Mexican Surrealist artist, Juan Soriano in his Retrato de Lola Álvarez con Juan Soriano Niño Soriano. Considered one of Soriano's best works, Álvarez is depicted as both the photographer and the protective figure watching over the young Soriano against the large window overlooking a dreamlike sky dominated by a whirlwind of reds and blues. She also experimented with techniques such as photomontage, when a single photograph could not adequately depict her message. In one such image, "Anarquía arquitectónica de la ciudad de México" (Architectural Anarchy of Mexico City), she overlapped photographs of skyscrapers to show the overcrowding caused by urbanization. In another piece titled, El sueño de los pobres (The Dream of the Poor), a sleeping child lies unaware under a money-making machine as a political statement concerning the impact of capitalism on the poor. The original photograph would later be displayed in El sueño de los pobres 2 (The Dream of the Poor 2). Álvarez would come back to this medium the late forties and fifties in the form of large posters commissioned by several business and institutions that began with various covers for El Maestro Rural in the thirties. In 1939 she moved into her own apartment in an Art Deco Building on Avenida Juarez but at the time she did not think of herself as an artist even with all her past accomplishments.
In 1940, she addressed the limitations of women and feelings of confinement among women in her work En su propia carcel (In Her Own Jail), with shadows creating lines on a woman's body, visually alluding to jail bars. Other women Surrealists similarly commented on these confined conditions of the traditional roles of women, such Leonora Carrington, in her work Green Tea (La Dame Ovale), from 1942, in which the central female form seems to be restrained in a straitjacket.
In 1941, Álvarez started her 30 year long position as chief of photography for the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura (INBA). Álvarez held her first solo art exhibition in 1944, at the Palacio de Bellas Artes and simultaneously curated Pintores Jaliscienses (Painters of Jalisco), also shown at the Palacio to promote the work of artists from that state. This initial show was followed by many solo and group presentations. In 1950, she rented a garage and converted it into a gallery with a sculpture garden. It officially opened the following October, as the Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo (Gallery of Contemporary Art). It was in this gallery in 1953, that Álvarez presented the only solo showing of Frida Kahlo's work in Mexico held while the artist was living. It was also in 1953 that Álvarez became the first woman photographer to present her work at the Salón de la Plástica Mexicana with the exhibit México en la Vida, en la Danza, en la Muerte (Mexico in Life, Dance, Death) and was accepted as a member of the salon. She also featured the works of Isabel Villaseñor in the Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo in 1954 in memory of the artist's death the previous year. Álvarez helped attend one of her closest friend's, Frida Kahlo, body after her death in the summer of 1954. In 1955, her "Entierro de Yalalag" (Burial in Yalalag), taken in 1946, was included in Museum of Modern Art's The Family of Man presentation in Manhattan. The exhibition subsequently toured 37 countries over the next eight years.
Because of financial constraints, Álvarez closed the Galeria de Arte Contemporáneo in 1958. Then for a while, she stopped taking photographs after a 1961 heart attack. In 1964, she received the Premio José Clemente Orozco (José Clemente Orozco Prize), a commemorative plaque given by the State of Jalisco, for her contributions to photography and her interest in cultural preservation. She sold to the federal government over 2,500 negatives of her work and organized a presentation of her portraits at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City in 1965. This exhibit at the Palacio de Bellas Artes was her first individual exhibition, which was entitled "Galería de mexicanos. 100 photos by Lola Álvarez Bravo". For a majority of her career she had a passion for film and was influenced by cinematic techniques. Álvarez dreamed of making films but ultimately had limited success in the field.
Later career (1971–1992)
After her retirement in 1971 from the National Institute for Fine Arts, Álvarez continued to take photographs until she became blind at age 79 in 1986. The 1965 exhibition was the last showing of Álvarez's work until the mid-1970s, when the Ministry of Education approached her to create an exhibition, sending her back to the darkroom, where she began organizing her archives. In 1979, the first retrospective of her work was held in Mexico City at the Alianza Francesa de Polanco. From the 1980s, she began to be recognized internationally with many exhibitions showing renewed interest in her work. In 1982, she published two compilations of her photographs, Escritores y Artistas de Mexico, focused upon her portraiture and Recuento fotográfico, an anthology.
Álvarez's apartment in Colonia Tabacalera, where she had lived since 1939, was destroyed in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake and she was forced to evacuate with few belongings. In declining health, she left her apartment in the care of a neighbor, Clementina Rivera Vallejo, and moved in with her son. In 1991, an exhibition organized in Dallas, Texas, by the Society of Friends of Mexican Culture, highlighted Álvarez's intimate portraits of Kahlo, expanding her international acclaim as it traveled to other cities such as Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Washington, D.C. The Fundación Cultural Televisa celebrated her 50-year career in photography in 1992, hosting a show in Mexico City spanning her trajectory. She made a statement late in life of her perception of her legacy: "If my photographs have any meaning, it's that they stand for a Mexico that once existed". Although separated from her husband, she praised him for his work and called him "the founder of modern photography in Mexico." She also felt as though she owed her ex-husband "a creative debt".
Death and legacy
Álvarez died on 31 July 1993 in Mexico City. She bequeathed her archive to the Center for Creative Photography (CCP) at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. A hundred photographs were received by the Center in 1994 and organised by Olivier Debroise. A traveling exhibition, Lola Alvarez Bravo: In Her Own Light and a publication of the same name was launched. Álvarez's son Manuel continued to add to the collection and in 1996 around 200 gelatin silver photographs and negatives were added. In 2007, additional photographs were discovered in Mexico City, when a friend who had purchased Álvarez's old apartment discovered boxes full of images of Álvarez, her husband, and also of her students' work. According to James Oles, a specialist in Latin American art and a lecturer at Wellesley College, the new material gave "us original titles and dates that radically change the meaning and interpretation" of some of Álvarez's works. The images were added to the Center's archive and several shows followed, including the exhibition Lola Álvarez Bravo and the Photography of an Era, which featured the additions in 2013.
In 1953, when asked by a journalist from Excélsior to identify Mexico's most important painter, Mexican painter Alfonso Michel replied, "Lola Álvarez Bravo", because "her compositions are those of a woman who knows how to see the thing itself". By ignoring icons like David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, and Diego Rivera, Michel placed Álvarez's skill with composition and imagery firmly in the context of fine art, raised her photography to the same level as painting, and praised her skill with no regard to her gender. Álvarez has images in the permanent collections of several museums including the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, and the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.
Selected works
Álvarez exclusively employed black and white film for her pictures, rather than color photography, as a means of allowing fuller development between monochrome contrasts. Color did not suit her documentary style of composition. As a photojournalist, Álvarez focused on candid revelations, seeking to impart the social meaning, without duplicating other photographers' work. For example, in one assignment where she went to Papantla, in Veracruz, to shoot the Danza de los Voladores, she ignored the dancers photographed by others, instead taking pictures of pilgrims coming to attend the ritual, the processional entrance of the sacred pole, and an animal sacrifice. The distance between herself and the subject candidly captures them in a manner that intimately captures their experience without judgment. Her preference was to avoid "the news", instead documenting her surroundings in their historical context. In her advertising work, Álvarez used chiaroscuro techniques to highlight aspects of the products, as if they were still life paintings. From 1936, she produced photomontages, always using her own photographs to make the composite, rather than images from the published work of others. Many of the photomontages from her later career were posters. During this time she created the photo-collage, Sirenas del aire (Mermaids of the Air), in which two mermaids float in the air, connected by a typewriter, which they both touch.
Many of Álvarez's works were grouped into specific themes, which she returned to time and again. They included representations of indigenous and peasant women, mothers, children, women of varying social classes as well as the women involved as avant-garde participants in the Mexican muralism and intellectual renaissance movement of the interwar period. Besides the images of her friend Frida Kahlo, for whom she was known internationally later in her career, are portraits of artists, such as Lilia Carrillo, Olga Costa, Marion Greenwood, María Izquierdo, Alice Rahon, and Cordelia Urueta; cultural preservationists, including Pita Amor, Anita Brenner, and Judith Martínez Ortega; and writers, such as Rosario Castellanos, and Elena Poniatowska. She also created a series of nude portraits, which were unique in their depiction of women as "alegorías de la condición femenina en el contexto de la sociedad patriarchal mexicana (allegories of the female condition in the context of Mexican patriarchal society)". These included her nude image of the dancer Maudelle Bass, and the heavily pregnant artist Julia López. Her contemporary male photographers, when depicting motherhood, captured more traditionally domestic images. Her street photography focused on people's daily lives as she strove to expose beauty, as well as the misery, and the irony of the human condition. Her work displayed an instant in time and did not have any symbolic or underlying meaning but instead was a way of preserving a moment in life.
Álvarez's photography focused on documenting Mexico and its people during her lifetime, with a humanistic perspective. Her images document the industrialization of the country which occurred after the Mexican Revolution as well as the effects of 20th century technology. She did not like stylized studio shots, but wandered with her camera, searching for poignant moments and arresting compositions, which depicted the landscape, people and customs of Mexico. Typical are her photographs of indigenous women, like Un descanso, llanto e indiferencia (A Rest, Weeping and Indifference), from 1940, which portrays the exploitation and lonely suffering of its subject, or El sueño de los pobres 2 (The Dream of the Poor, 2), in which a young boy lies sleeping amidst a collection of sandals. Álvarez noted that only the wealthy could dream of sweets, as young, poor Mexicans dreamed only of having shoes. Many of her works explore the intersections of light and shade, which she employed repeatedly as a metaphor in her works. In "Unos suben y otros bajan" (Some Go Up and Others Go Down), she used contrast to demonstrate mechanical patterns. In her 1950 work "En su propia cárcel" (In Her Own Prison), she used the cross-hatched shadows as an allegory for prison bars, trapping the young woman who leaned on a windowsill. In both "Tríptico del martirio" (Triptych of Martyrdom, 1949), a series of photographs of prostitutes, and an untitled photograph of a masked gay rights activist (1982), Álvarez used the play of light and shadow to suggest erotic tension, as well as a social critique by obscuring the faces in darkness.
Lola Alvarez Bravo is responsible for capturing the photograph titled La Visitacion in 1954. The photograph shows two women holding each other in the corridor of a home. It represents a metaphor for unity connecting two Indigenous women of different eras who have shared common struggles. The title La Visitacion translates to "The Visit" and alludes to a religious implication. The image shows a contrast of lighting, shadows, and the shapes of the women in front of the house. The medium present in the photo is a gelatin silver print.
One of Lola Álvarez Bravo's photographs that encapsulates her recurring theme of motherhood in Mexico is her striking photo De Generación en generación (Generation to Generation, ca. 1950), a gelatin silver print. The photograph features an indigenous woman who is holding her stoic daughter while her back faces the camera, revealing the intricate details of her braid, and Álvarez Bravo's signature way of capturing the light that plays on the body of the mother. The unsmiling face of the baby along with the traditional garb that the mother is wearing, depict the unique niche of Álvarez Bravo's work that focused on the hard lives of the indigenous people of Mexico, and attempted to relay the raw reality of their lives to the viewers. This documentation of the indigenous and cultural traditions of Mexico is something that tied in with the larger art movement that swept throughout the country during the post-revolutionary period, emphasizing identities of Mexicans, and in essence what it means to be Mexican.
Because of her enduring friendship with Frida Kahlo, Álvarez took some of the most revealing photographs of the artist. Álvarez enjoyed photographing Kahlo and found Kahlo aesthetic. Álvarez herself stated, "...she always looked very natural. I never saw Frida too made up or ridiculous." She believed Kahlo was a special being and became very close to her personally and through her work.
During Kahlo's final years when she was plagued by illness, Álvarez and her camera provided respite from Kahlo's pain and the two women collaborated on both still images and a Surrealistic film. The film was not completed because of Kahlo's death, but a series of photographs evoke the dual and dueling aspects of Kahlo's exterior façade and interior turmoil. Frida looking at herself in the mirror in the patio of Casa Azul and Frida leaning against a tree, both taken in 1942, encapsulate Kahlo's tentative hold on tranquillity. In Álvarez's 1944 image The Two Fridas, Kahlo approached a mirror and Álvarez captured the beautiful, elegantly-clad artist, and her reflection, riddled with interior pain from her accident as well as unhappiness from her troubled marriage. Álvarez stated (about her pieces of Kahlo) "I wanted to show something of her internal life." "Frida Kahlo Following Amputation of Her Right Leg", taken in 1953, and the interaction Kahlo and Álvarez had before taking it displays the relationship the two female artists had with each other. Kahlo would call Álvarez "manita", meaning little sister. The last photograph taken of Kahlo, Frida Kahlo on her deathbed, was taken by Álvarez in 1954. According to Kahlo's wishes, she was dressed in an outfit she had selected, her nails were painted and hair braided and her favorite jewelry adorned her neck and fingers.
One of her most iconic images, and a personal favorite of Álvarez's, was Entierro de Yalalag (Burial at Yalalag), created in 1946. The photograph captures a funeral procession in which Zapotec women in traditional dress somberly accompany a coffin. Their faces are obscured, their heads are covered with scarves, and they humbly gaze toward their feet, separated from the queue of male mourners, bordering the group of women. The care with which the composition was made, contrasting the white flowing garments against the dark landscape and coffin, establishes a "rhythmic, lyrical pattern, creating an otherworldly effect". Demonstrating both her respect for indigenous culture and desire to document Mexican rituals, Álvarez also captured a deeper social meaning in the photograph. The lack of individual identity for the women and their seeming anonymity, represents the societal constraints upon them and their perceived interchangeability.
Publications
Exhibitions
1935 (Group) Carteles revolucionarios de las pintoras del sector femenino de la sección de Artes Plásticas, Department of Fine Arts, Guadalajara
1940 (Group) Exposición de pintura, escultura, grabado y fotografía, National Educational Workers Sindicate, Mexico City
1943 (Group) Mexico: Art Today, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1944 (Solo) Exposición de fotografías de Lola Álvarez Bravo, Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City
1953 (Solo) México en la vida, en la danza, en la muerte, Salón de la Plástica Mexicana, Mexico City
1965 (Solo) Galería de mexicanos: 100 photos of Lola Álvarez Bravo, National Institute of Fine Arts (INBA), Mexico City
1977 (Group) Exposición nacional de homenaje a Frida Kahlo, Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City
1979 (Solo) Fotografías de Lola Álvarez Bravo, Exposición retrospectiva 1938–1979, Alianza Francesa de Polanco, Mexico City
1982 (Solo) Lola Álvarez Bravo, Osuna Gallery, Washington, D.C.
1982 (Solo) Exposicion-Homenaje a Lola Álvarez Bravo, Centro Cultural El Nigromante, San Miguel de Allende, Mexico
1982 (Solo) Lola Álvarez Bravo, recuento fotográfico, Editorial Penélope, Mexico City
1983 (Group) La fotografía como fotografía, México 1950–1980, Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City
1984 (Solo) De las cosas humildes, Museo de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas, Guanajuato, Mexico
1985 (Solo) Elogio de la fotografía: Lola Álvarez Bravo, Centro Cultural de Las Fronteras, Tijuana, Mexico
1987–1988 (Group) La femme et le surrealisme, Musée Cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne, Switzerland
1989 (Solo) Reencuentros, , Mexico City
1990 (Group) La Mujer en México, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, Mexico City
1991 (Solo) Lola Álvarez Bravo: Photographs, Carla Stellweg Gallery, New York City
1991 (Solo, traveling exhibit) Lola Álvarez Bravo, Photographs of Frida Kahlo, Barry Whistler Gallery, Dallas, Texas
1991 (Solo) Frida y su mundo: Fotografías de Lola Álvarez Bravo, Galería Juan Martín de México, Mexico City
1992 (Solo) Frida-Lola, Galería Quetzalli, Oaxaca, México
1992 (Solo) Lola Álvarez Bravo: Fotografías Selectas 1934–1985, Fundación Cultural Televisa, Mexico City
1996 (Solo, posthumous) Lola Álvarez Bravo: In Her Own Light, Aperture Gallery, New York City
2005 (Group, posthumous) Frida Kahlo: Portrait of an Icon, National Portrait Gallery, London
2006 (Group, posthumous) Frida Kahlo y Diego Rivera, Centro Cultural Borges, Buenos Aires, Argentina
2008 (Solo, posthumous) Lola Alvarez Bravo 1903–1993, Portland Museum of Art, Portland, Maine
2010 (Group, posthumous) Angels of Anarchy: Woman Artists and Surrealism, Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester, UK
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Lola Álvarez Bravo Images Online Center for Creative Photography (CCP), CCP at the University of Arizona has released a digital catalog of all Álvarez's images. (note: search must include "Á" rather than "A" for her archive)
Fondo Fundación Televisa, collection of Álvarez Bravo's works.
1903 births
1993 deaths
Mexican women photographers
Artists from Jalisco
People from Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco
20th-century Mexican artists
20th-century Mexican photographers
20th-century Mexican women artists
20th-century women photographers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Mills%20%28poet%29
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Billy Mills (poet)
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Billy Mills (born 1954) is an Irish experimental poet. He was born in Dublin, and lived in Barcelona from 1986 to 1989, after which he taught English in Eastbourne. He lives in Limerick.
Mills is the founder and co-editor (with poet Catherine Walsh) of the hardPressed poetry imprint and the Journal. The goal of hardPressed poetry is to publish and distribute mainly Irish poetry "that you won't often find in your local bookshop".
He is a regular contributor of articles on The Guardian newspaper's book blog.
Works
Genesis and Home (hardPressed poetry, 1985)
On First Looking into Lorine Niedecker (hardPressed poetry, 1986)
A Small Love Song (Red Wheelbarrow Press, 1986 - folded broadsheet)
Triple Helix (hardPressed poetry, 1987)
Letters from Barcelona (Dedalus, 1990)
Properties Of Stone (Writers Forum, London, 1996)
5 Easy Pieces (Shearsman, Plymouth, 1997)
Horace: 5 Traductions (Form Books, London, 1997)
Tiny Pieces (Wild Honey, Dublin, 1998)
A Small Book of Songs (Wild Honey, 1999)
What is a Mountain? (hardPressed poetry, 2000)
Lares/Manes: Collected Poems (Shearsman, 2009)
Imaginary Gardens (hardPressed poetry, 2012)
The City Itself (Hesterglock Press, 2017)
References
External links
Billy Mills' blog
Living people
1954 births
Irish poets
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3991028
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruboid%20languages
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Yoruboid languages
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Yoruboid is a 'megagroup' of 14 related language clades, composed of the Igala group of dialects spoken in south central Nigeria, and the Edekiri group spoken in a band across Togo, Ghana, Benin and southern Nigeria, including the Itsekiri of Warri Kingdom.
Name
The name Yoruboid derives from its most widely spoken member, Yoruba, which has around 47 million primary and secondary speakers. Another well-known Yoruboid language is Itsekiri (about 1,000,000 speakers). The Yoruboid group is a branch of Defoid which also includes the Akoko and Ayere-Ahan languages.
The term Defoid itself is a derivative combination using the individual terms; "Ede" (meaning 'language' in most lects within the grouping), "Ife" - A city of profound cultural significance to speakers of the diverse lects, and oid, a suffix meaning "to be like" or "In the same manner as". The Defoid group itself is a branch of the Benue–Congo subfamily of the wider Niger–Congo family of languages.
All Yoruboid languages are tonal, with most of them having three level tones. Grammatically, they are isolating with a subject–verb–object basic word order and share significant degrees of both structural and lexical similarities.
Languages
Igala is a key Yoruboid language, spoken by 1.8 million people in the Niger-Benue confluence of central Nigeria; it is excised from the main body of Yoruboid languages to the west by Ebira and the northern Edoid languages. Igala is closely related to both Yoruba and Itsekiri languages.
The Itsekiris are a riverine Yoruboid people who live in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. They maintain a distinct identity separate from other Yoruboid people but speak a very closely related language. Their neighbouring languages are the Urhobo, the Okpe, the Edo, the Ijo, and the Mahin / Ugbo, Yoruba dialects spoken in neighbouring Ondo State.
Subdivisions
- All dialects in the Ede cluster share between 85-95% lexical similarity and are thus all mutually intelligible without needing different specialized literature to achieve universal understanding.
- Itsekiri is actually most closely related to SEY (South-Eastern Yoruba), and is a divergent branch thereof, but has a different standard writing orthography.
- Some scholars classify Olukumi as separate variant of Nuclear Yoruba, and others as a dialect of SEY.
Names and locations
Below is a list of selected Yoruboid language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).
See also
List of Proto-Yoruboid reconstructions (Wiktionary)
References
External links
Proto-Yoruba-Igala Swadesh list (N. Aubry, H. Friedman & K. Pozdniakov 2004)
Volta–Niger languages
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3991042
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Remaining%20Sunlight
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The Remaining Sunlight
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Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Remaining Sunlight is a trade paperback collecting comic stories based on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television series.
Story description
Buffy the Vampire Slayer #1
Comic title: Wu-tang Fang
Buffy Summers and her friends come face to face with some kung fu vampires on their way from the Bronze and are threatened by a figure in a straw hat. They soon discover that the black belts of Sunnydale are being eaten.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer #2
Comic title: Halloween
Willow runs away from home when her parents want her to stop seeing her boyfriend, Oz. Walking after sunset, she is grabbed by vampires for a Halloween snack. Buffy comes to the rescue.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer #3
Comic title: Cold Turkey
Buffy Summers' holidays continue with Thanksgiving approaching. The day soon gathers pace whilst there are some bizarre things happening around Buffy's house. Buffy wants answers: What happened a vampire-opponent who survived the fateful Halloween massacre? Why is someone searching through her garbage? Why do so many people go grocery shopping at the last minute?
DHP Annual 1998
Comic title: MacGuffins
Buffy Summers gets a present from Giles – a test in the shape of two troublemaking green critters. How to get rid of them?
The story was printed black and white in DHP Annual 1998 and colored for this reprint.
Continuity
Supposed to be set in Buffy season 3.
Canonical issues
Buffy comics such as this one are not usually considered by fans as canonical. However, unlike fan fiction, overviews summarizing their story, written early in the writing process, were approved by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy merchandise.
Collected editions
Trade paperback collections include:
Remaining Sunlight (88 pages, April 2002, Titan Books, , Dark Horse, )
Omnibus Volume 3 ()
Notes
Comics based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer
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3991043
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff%20Lawson
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Geoff Lawson
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Geoff Lawson may refer to:
Geoff Lawson (cricketer) (born 1957), Australian cricketer
Geoff Lawson (designer) (1944–1999), British car designer
See also
Jeff Lawson (disambiguation)
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3991049
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20Blood%20%28Buffy%20comic%29
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Bad Blood (Buffy comic)
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"Bad Blood" is a story arc that ran through Buffy the Vampire Slayer #9–11, 13–15, and 17–19, based on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer television series. The arc was later collected into trade paperback editions, three issues to a volume.
Story description
General synopsis
In the first three issues, Buffy thinks about pursuing a career in modeling whilst Selke, a vampire who Buffy hoped had been killed at a mausoleum fire, comes back and recruits a plastic surgeon to solve her cosmetic problems.
Over the next three, Sunnydale is becoming an increasingly dangerous place to dust the undead. Buffy must once again face her old enemy Selke. Selke has returned with 'bad blood', a supernatural ingredient that may massively increase her powers.
Over the lat three, Selke gets closer and closer to destroying the Slayer. Buffy must literally face her dark side.
"Hey, Good Lookin', part 1"
Selke comes back for revenge against those who wronged her.
"Hey, Good Lookin', part 2"
As Buffy is looking into a modeling career, Selke is getting back her strength at the local vampire coven.
"A Boy Named Sue"
Selke and her Doctor continue their evil scheming and come up with a solution to Selke's 'cosmetic' issues. Meanwhile, a dumped student at Sunnydale High learns an important lesson about relations between genders.
"Delia's Gone"
Cordelia Chase has always been proud of her beauty, popularity, and perfect fashion sense, and considers such qualities as natural to her. However, an unknown beauty is beginning to challenge Cordelia's spotlight from the men of Sunnydale. Cordelia hopes that an upcoming quiz-show contest can put her back in the spotlight.
"Love Sick Blues"
Sunnydale is becoming an increasingly dangerous place to dust the undead. Buffy begins to suspect something is wrong. Spike and Dru, having just returned to Sunnydale, are not happy to find Selke set up as the local 'big bad'. Meanwhile, Buffy starts to question her relationship with Angel. Also Selke and her Doctor have plans for an ancient Slayer relic.
"Lost Highway"
Whilst Buffy is doing her best to try to obtain her Driver's License, Selke and the Doctor are planning disaster for the town. Meanwhile, it seems the super-vampires that have been plaguing the town have not yet gone. Buffy does her best to balance driving and slaying.
"She's No Lady, part 1"
Puzzlingly, it appears that Buffy and Xander kiss. Sunnydale must try to comprehend such an event and its connection with the super vampires. Meanwhile, Selke walks the sewers of the town.
"She's No Lady, part 2"
Mardi Gras is approaching. Strangely, Buffy seems to be becoming obsessive about her looks, and her friends investigate. Meanwhile, as Angel is trying to discover the origins of Sunnydale's new super vampires, his life maybe in danger.
"Old Friend"
Buffy and the gang have now been trying to eradicate the super-powered vampires and slayer copies for months. Selke finally comes out of her hiding place, but Buffy's not as fast as she should be.
Collected editions
The story arc was reprinted over three trade paperbacks, each containing three of the issues:
Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Bad Blood (2000) 88 pages
Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Crash Test Demons (2000) 80 pages
Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Pale Reflections (2001) 88 pages
Continuity
Supposed to be set in Buffy season 3. Takes place immediately after "The Final Cut", and immediately before Angel: The Hollower.
Canonical issues
Buffy comics such as this one are not usually considered by fans as canonical. Some fans consider them stories from the imaginations of authors and artists, while other fans consider them as taking place in an alternative fictional reality. However unlike fan fiction, overviews summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy merchandise.
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3991051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians%20of%20the%20Globe
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Guardians of the Globe
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Guardians of the Globe are a fictional superhero team in the Image Universe, appearing primarily in the comic Invincible. The original team was based on DC Comics' Justice League of America.
Fictional team history
Guardians of the Globe I
The original Guardians of the Globe was a private organization funded by War Woman and Darkwing. This version of the Guardians was a pastiche of DC Comics' Justice League of America (JLA), with each of the Guardians (except Black Samson) having an obvious JLA analog. Robert Kirkman, in his author notes for Invincible: The Ultimate Collection, Volume 1, explains that he went with these archetypes because he had only 18 pages to get the reader to care for the characters before their brutal deaths.
Along with Black Samson (who is in part based on Doc Samson, but mostly on Iron Man), the team included: Darkwing (based on Batman); the Immortal (based on Superman along with elements of Vandal Savage); War Woman (based on Wonder Woman); a Russian named Red Rush (based on the Flash); Aquarus, the King of Atlantis (based on Aquaman); Martian Man (based on the Martian Manhunter); and the Green Ghost (based on Green Lantern). Omni-Man (who is also based on Superman), although he was never an official member of the team (unlike Superman), was a trusted associate of the Guardians, and knew the location and password of the Guardians secret headquarters in Utah. This trust let Omni-Man betray and murder the Guardians, after calling them to their headquarters on an emergency. He smashed Aquarius and Red Rush's faces together, beheads Green Ghost, snap's War Woman's neck, disembowels Martian Man, and impales Darkwing. Before getting beheaded, Immortal noted to Omni-Man that he never liked him. After beheading Immortal, Omni-Man quoted "the feeling was mutual".
The only member of the Guardians to survive the massacre was Black Samson, who was not actively a member at that time (due to the loss of his powers). The Immortal subsequently returns to life due to the nature of his power.
Guardians of the Globe II
After the murder of the original team, the United States government re-established the Guardians of the Globe as a state-funded agency. This new team was led by former Teen Team leader Robot, under the direct supervision of Donald, the government's superhuman liaison. Donald was ultimately responsible to Cecil Stedman. Along with Robot, the initial lineup for the new team included Dupli-Kate and Rex Splode from the Teen Team, Monster Girl, Shrinking Ray, and Black Samson, the only surviving member of the old team.
The new team's performance in its first few months did not live up to expectations of its superiors, leading Donald and Cecil to make some changes. Bulletproof was added to the team's roster, and the newly resurrected Immortal was brought in as a consultant to improve standards. After the team continued to under-perform, the Immortal replaced Robot as team leader.
Although not a member (Robot said he was always welcome if he becomes interested), Invincible reports to the same agency and often helps the team in dire circumstances.
When most of the Guardians' most powerful members were sent into space to thwart a Martian invasion, they were successful, but while they were away, the team's weaker members were required to stop the Lizard League's plot to take command of nuclear warheads. Dupli-Kate and Shrinking Ray were killed by the villain Komodo Dragon; Rex Splode was badly injured in the fight, but survived.
After lashing out at Allen the Alien (who was only looking for Invincible), the Immortal realized just how deeply he had been affected by Dupli-Kate's death and resigned from the Guardians. However, it was revealed that Dupli-Kate was still alive, as she had always left her "Zero" behind on missions.
Parody team and miniseries
Image began in March 2010 releasing teaser posters, announcing members of a new Guardians of the Globe team as a parody of Marvel's advertisements for the line-ups of their revamped Avengers, New Avengers, Secret Avengers and Avengers Academy books. The released posters, in order of appearance, were:
Invincible from Invincible
Spawn from Spawn
Rick Grimes from The Walking Dead
U.S. President Barack Obama
Gary Potter, a parody of Harry Potter
In an interview with Comic Book Resources, Kirkman explained that although the later images were deliberately farcical, the campaign was intended to announce a six-issue miniseries spinning out of Invincible. The miniseries, he said, would deal with the earthbound characters of the Invincible universe, while that title focused on "The Viltrumite War", an eight-issue storyline that would be set solely in space. The six-issue series, named Guarding the Globe, was launched on August 25, 2010. The Parody Team was featured in a one-page backup in the first issue.
Image released teaser images of the team's real members done in the same style as the parody images. This set of posters, in order appearance, were:
Brit from Brit
Outrun
Kaboomerang
Yeti
Bulletproof
Outrun, Kaboomerang, and Yeti are all new characters created for the series. Issue three of the new bimonthly miniseries also introduced El Chupacabra from Mexico, a washed up superhero who is an alcoholic with razor-sharp claws and other abilities. In issue four, seven additional new characters are added.
Japandroid
A little android girl from Japan.
Cast Iron
A metal-skinned man from Yugoslavia.
Knockout
A boxing heroine from the United States of America. Formerly a Capes, Inc. character.
Best Tiger
A blindfolded gunman from the People's Republic of China.
Le Brusier
A French bulldog from France.
Kid Thor
A mallet-wielding strongman from Canada, also formerly from Capes Inc.
Pegasus
A winged woman from Russia.
Currently most of the surviving members of the Guardians of the Globe are the prisoners of Robot who has established a secret world dictatorship with himself as the head.
In Robot's initial attack, Black Samson was killed in his barbershop. Knockout was killed by a Robot drone after attempting to revive her husband Kid Thor who had been reduced to a desiccated corpse due to a Robot Drone blasting his hammer free of his grasp. Kid Thor had previously been shown to need to hold his hammer at all times to allow it to keep him alive. Knockout retrieved Kid Thor's hammer and placed it in his remaining hand. Kid Thor reanimated just in time to see Knockout decapitated by a Robot Drone. Kid Thor attacked the drone but his hammer was swiftly destroyed by the drone implying that Kid Thor died as well. Pegasus managed to escape the initial attack while flying a wounded Yeti to safety.
However Brit, Outrun, Kaboomarang, Le Brusier, Pegasus and Yeti were all later captured by Robot's drones following Bulletproof's betrayal of the remaining Guardians in exchange for his freedom.
Of the Guardians present, only Best Tiger escaped. The Immortal and Dupli-Kate remain free and in hiding-attempting to foster a rebellion against Robot.
In other media
Both incarnations for the Guardians of the Globe appear in the steaming television series Invincible, with Immortal, Aquarius and Rudy voiced by Ross Marquand, War Woman voiced by Lauren Cohan, a genderbent Green Ghost voiced by Sonequa Martin-Green, Martian Man voiced by Chad Coleman, Red Rush voiced by Michael Cudlitz, Darkwing voiced by Lennie James, Robot voiced by Zachary Quinto, Rex Splode voiced by Jason Mantzoukas, Dupli-Kate voiced by Males Jowe, a genderbent Shrinking Rae and Monster Girl's human form voiced by Grey DeLisle, Monster Girl's ogre form voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson, and Black Samson voiced by Khary Payton. Just like the comics, the original incarnation of the Guardians of the Globe minus Black Samsons were slaughtered by Omni-Man with Immortal later being revived. While the part with Omni-Man killing Immortal and snapping War Woman's neck remains intact, he did different death moves to the other members like crushing Red Rush's skull, sending his fist through Green Ghost's head, beheads Martian Man, slamming Darkwing's head into the ground, and using War Woman's mace on Aquarius. After their deaths, a second incarnation of the Guardians of the Globe was formed with Invincible, Rudy and Robot, Rex Splode, Dupli-Kate, Shrinking Rae, Monster Girl, and Black Samson.
References
Image Comics superhero teams
Invincible (comic)
Characters created by Robert Kirkman
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3991053
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMD
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LMD
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LMD may stand for:
Laser capture microdissection
Leptomeningeal disease
Life Model Decoy, a fictional android in Marvel Comics
Linux Malware Detect
Le Monde Diplomatique a periodical of international current affairs publishing in multiple languages.
LMD (magazine), a Sri Lankan business magazine
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3991055
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril%20Abotomey
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Cyril Abotomey
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Cecil "Cyril" Abotomey (1902 – 20 December 1980) was an Australian rugby league footballer for the Eastern Suburbs club of the New South Wales Rugby League competition.
Playing career
Abotomey was a Paddington junior in Rugby League and Cricket and also played junior Australian rules football for the Double Bay side. In rugby league he played in both the centre and wing positions and was a member of Eastern Suburbs 1923 premiership winning side. Abotomey was also a member of the Eastern Suburbs side that won the President's Cup in 1922, and is officially recognised as Eastern Suburbs' 138th player. He eventually moved to Brisbane and continued his career there.
Death
He died in Brisbane in 1980 and was buried at the Toowong Cemetery on 22 December 1980.
References
The Encyclopedia Of Rugby League, Alan Whiticker and Glen Hudson
History of the New South Wales Rugby League Finals, Steve Hadden
From Where The Sun Rises, 100 Years Of The Sydney Roosters, Ian Heads,
Rugby league players from New South Wales
Sydney Roosters players
1902 births
1980 deaths
Rugby league centres
Date of birth missing
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3991062
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroshima
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Neuroshima
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Neuroshima is a Polish tabletop roleplaying system inspired by such films and games as Mad Max, Fallout, The Matrix, Terminator and Deadlands: Hell on Earth. It is currently available only in Polish. The game's motto is "never trust the machines". Its designers include and .
Setting
The game describes the United States in the mid-21st century, after a nuclear war started by a cybernetic revolt, which molded the continent into a barren wasteland. It seems that the reason for the war to break out was a sentient Artificial Intelligence commonly referred to as Moloch and made up of interconnected net of military computers: automated factories, military facilities, power plants and alike, that now cover the whole north of the U.S., from Oregon to the Great Lakes. On the south, there is another creation, called the Neojungle, that poses a threat to those who survived the war. It is a semi-intelligent carnivorous vegetation that grows very quickly, advancing north from Latin America. Right in the middle, there are humans. They are surrounded by mutant creatures, some bred by Moloch and hostile towards humans, and some simply animals and humans misshapen by nuclear fallout. On top of that there are Moloch's deadly machines lurking to complete the picture. But what is stressed in the book is that the worst enemy of humans is within them: hatred, indifference, greed.
Landscapes of Neuroshima
Car wrecks, ruined towns and villages, collapsed roofs on deserted houses, broken glass in the windows of abandoned gas stations fill the landscape of the United States of the middle of the 21st century. Technology is history - cars will not start, radios are jammed, no electricity whatsoever almost everywhere the characters go. Shops and malls are looted, prosperous villages are burned by gangers, and safe places are very sparse.
People in Neuroshima
No one knows how many people survived the war with machines, but it is estimated that their number oscillates around 2-3 million. Some people reverted to nomadic lifestyles and live in the deserts, some of them try to build the civilisation anew in devastated cities, some of them form gangs of highwaymen (called gangers), some of them just try to make a living by growing crops, and finally, there are those who just wander around the wasteland; the adventuring sort here is mostly represented by player characters. Each village they visit in this world is a discrete microcosm and nothing is certain as whether the inhabitants are welcoming or shoot strangers on sight. The continent is full of small, anonymous settlements, but there are places which aspire to become post-nuclear states.
Places in Neuroshima
In this world it is very important where you come from, and that is because people are prejudiced and afraid of strangers. Different places produce different kinds of people, and who you are is determined by where you are from.
Examples:
The Southern Hegemony - (commonly referred to as 'the Hegemony') - located in what was once Arizona, New Mexico and partially Texas. A place where brute force determines one's place in the society. Dominated by gangs and unhampered by Moloch, the Hegemony is a threat to neighbouring lands.
Vegas - the only well-lit city in the post-apocalyptic world. Home to many playhouses and casinos, it attracts people from every part of the country.
Mother Desert - if you were born in the desert, whenever you go away from civilisation, you feel at home. Many Native Americans still live out there and are doing fine - after all the warheads did not hit the deserts.
Detroit - known for some of the best drivers and racers in the post-nuclear US. Home of many gangs, such as The Shultz (mafia styled), Hurons (punkers), The League (racers), Parker Lots (gothic assassins) and the Gas Drinkers (mutant barbarians).
New York - a place which has established a strong government and would like to rebuild America. They maintain schools, factories and railways and send soldiers to fight Moloch. Surprisingly enough, they sometimes succeed.
Texas - the healthiest place in America. Actually, the only place where one can find green vegetation. Modern Texans still grow crops, breed horses and herd cattle, like their ancestors in the 19th century did.
The Appalachian Federation - a place ruled by feudal lords. They have a social class system, in which people are divided into nobility and peasantry. Thanks to its iron and coal deposits, it's one of the richest places in the post-nuclear U.S.
The Outpost - A mobile settlement run by scientists who aim to destroy Moloch. In coalition with New York, they manage an army, which is yet to stop Moloch's advance south. They steal technology from the machines they destroy and apply it to their own advantage.
System
The game uses its own, custom system of rules. The dice you use is d20. This system does not have an official name, but it is unconnected to the d20 system, as it typically uses three twenty-sided dice.
Four colours
Neuroshima relies on the division of the gameplay into something the authors called Four Colours, namely steel, chrome, rust and mercury. The choice of a particular colour is made by the gamemaster (the decision can be consulted with the players in order to enhance the game experience) and determines the mood, atmosphere and the type of events/characters present in the story. The name of the colour itself implies the kind of gameplay it will symbolise. These colours are:
Steel - this kind of gameplay is characterised by a slightly optimistic attitude towards the world. The aim is to raise the spirit of the characters by showing them that the war with the machines that is going on may be a difficult one, but it is not unwinnable, and that humans, when strong and united, can build the world anew. Example of a story: a unit of soldiers dispatched from the Outpost is sent to build a bunker and establish a relay base far in the north in order to plan a counter-tactic against Moloch's advance south.
Chromium - is characterised by a hedonistic attitude. The characters are supposed to enjoy anything that is left from the world after the war and the story is supposed to allow them to do that. Example: the characters are offered a well-paid job by a local ganger boss who extorts wares from local tradesmen. Their job is to drive around the county and pick up the extorted items and trade it for drugs.
Rust - a depressing, pessimistic mood. The characters will encounter rust, dilapidation and ruin everywhere they go. All the elements and NPCs of a story played in this mood are supposed to put the characters down and destroy their spirit. Example: the characters, badly wounded after a gunfight and robbed of all their possession find refuge in a village which is constantly raided by gangers. The characters' quest is to repel those attacks, but the enemies outnumber them and are well equipped, whereas the characters have nothing to fight with.
Mercury (Quicksilver) - the most depressing side of the game; usually stories played in this mood end with the death of all the characters. The aim of this mood is to show that any kind of action undertaken is futile and that the war is already over, hence all the people are already dead, which is a fact they just need to realise. Example: a group of soldiers stationed in a bunker is awaiting an attack by mutants. They are well-armed and trained, but there is a mistake in the intelligence they were given and they do not know yet that they are seriously outnumbered. The attack commences at dusk and it is already too late to retreat, so the characters decide to seal off the bunker, hopeful that the mutants will not be able to get inside and simply go away. The mutants attack the bunker with chemical weapons instead. The characters do not have enough gas masks to go around. As an effect, those strong enough will kill the weaker ones to get their masks, not knowing that the mutants will blow up the sealed entrance the following morning.
Official rulebooks and sourcebooks
The current edition is 1.5 . Since the release of the game in 2003, sourcebooks have been appearing. The game keeps growing bigger with every add-on, as well as the storyline, which is updated in those sourcebooks and in Space Pirate (pl. Gwiezdny Pirat) magazine, also published by Portal.
List of released rulebooks and sourcebooks
Neuroshima 1.0 - the original edition of the core rulebook (out of print).
Neuroshima 1.5 - enhanced and revised core rulebook, with new material added and some material cut out.
Wyścig (The Race) - sourcebook dedicated to cars and racing; contains rules concerning building your own vehicle and new character classes connected with driving.
Gladiator - sourcebook describing in detail the "Gladiator" character class.
Suplement (Supplement) - sourcebook revising the core rulebook.
Detroit - sourcebook describing the city of Detroit, its inhabitants and its customs in 2050.
Krew i rdza (Blood and Rust) - a set of concepts and sketches of adventures.
Zabić szczura (Kill the Rat) - the first mini-campaign.
Bohater2 (Hero2) - sourcebook adding new rules and options for character creation.
Miami - sourcebook describing the city of Miami, its inhabitants and customs in detail.
Zaginione Miasto (The Lost City) - the second mini-campaign.
Piraci (Pirates) - sourcebook about ships and marine combat; it also describes the Caribbean Islands of 2050.
Bohater3 (Hero3) - another sourcebook adding yet new rules and options for character creation.
Łowca Mutantów / Zabójca Maszyn (Mutant Hunter / Bot Slayer) - double sourcebook describing in detail the Mutant Hunter and Bot Slayer classes.
Bestiariusz: Maszyny (Bestiary: Machines) - sourcebook describing more than 60 machines in detail.
Mistrz Gry2 (Gamemaster2) - sourcebook filled with descriptions of NPCs, villages, new enemies (Dead-Breath zombies, and the IV generation Mutants) and a "hit your players" guide, showing possible actions a gamemaster can do when the players become overconfident or "too" powerful.
Bestiariusz: Bestie (Bestiary: Beasts) - sourcebook describing 53 creatures that can be met in various environments in detail.
Ruiny (Ruins) - sourcebook about scavenging though ruins and loot that can be found.
Krew i rdza 2 (Blood and Rust 2) - Another set of concepts and sketches of adventures including new character classes, mechanics and adventures.
Prawo i sprawiedliwość (Law and justice) - sourcebook resolving about concept of playing a various types of law enforces with special rules of character creation and examples of post-war law forms.
Nowy Jork (New York) - sourcebook describing the city of New York, its inhabitants and its customs in 2050.
Skażenia (Contaminations) - sourcebook describing various poisons and toxins appearing in the game and ways of protecting against them.
Bohater: Maxx (Hero: Maxx) - another sourcebook adding yet new rules and options for character creation.
See also
Neuroshima Hex!
Neuroshima Tactics
Monastyr
External links
Review of Neuroshima
Another review
Official homepage
Official portal
French translation
Polish role-playing games
Post-apocalyptic role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 2003
Artificial intelligence in fiction
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5382243
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassodromeus
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Thalassodromeus
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Thalassodromeus is a genus of pterosaur that lived in what is now Brazil during the Early Cretaceous period, about a hundred million years ago. The original skull, discovered in 1983 in the Araripe Basin of northeastern Brazil, was collected in several pieces. In 2002, the skull was made the holotype specimen of Thalassodromeus sethi by palaeontologists Alexander Kellner and Diogenes de Almeida Campos. The generic name means "sea runner" (in reference to its supposed mode of feeding), and the specific name refers to the Egyptian god Seth due to its crest being supposedly reminiscent of Seth's crown. Other scholars have pointed out that the crest was instead similar to the crown of Amon. A jaw tip was assigned to T. sethi in 2005, became the basis of the new genus Banguela in 2014, and assigned back to Thalassodromeus as the species T. oberlii in 2018. Another species (T. sebesensis) was named in 2015 based on a supposed crest fragment, but this was later shown to be part of a turtle shell.
Thalassodromeus had one of the largest known skulls among pterosaurs, around long, with one of the proportionally largest cranial crests of any vertebrate. Though only the skull is known, the animal is estimated to have had a wingspan of . The crest was lightly built and ran from the tip of the upper jaw to beyond the back of the skull, ending in a unique V-shaped notch. The jaws were toothless, and had sharp upper and lower edges. Its skull had large nasoantorbital fenestrae (opening that combined the antorbital fenestra in front of the eye with the bony nostril), and part of its palate was concave. The lower jaw was blade-like, and may have turned slightly upwards. The closest relative of Thalassodromeus was Tupuxuara; both are grouped in a clade that has been placed within either Tapejaridae (as the subfamily Thalassodrominae) or within Neoazhdarchia (as the family Thalassodromidae).
Several theories have been suggested to explain the function of Thalassodromeus'''s crest, including thermoregulation and display, but it likely had more than one function. The crests of thalassodromids appear to have developed late in growth (probably correlated with sexual maturity) and they may have been sexually dimorphic (differing according to sex). As the genus name implies, Thalassodromeus was originally proposed to have fed like a modern skimmer bird, by skimming over the water's surface and dipping its lower jaws to catch prey. This idea was later criticised for lack of evidence; Thalassodromeus has since been found to have had strong jaw musculature, and may have been able to kill and eat relatively large prey on the ground. The limb proportions of related species indicate that it may have adapted to fly in inland settings, and would have been efficient at moving on the ground. Thalassodromeus is known from the Romualdo Formation, where it coexisted with many other types of pterosaurs, dinosaurs and other animals.
History of discovery
The first known specimen of this pterosaur (an extinct order of flying reptiles) was collected in 1983 near the town of Santana do Cariri in the Araripe Basin of northeastern Brazil. Found in outcrops of the Romualdo Formation, it was collected over a long period in several pieces. The specimen (catalogued as DGM 1476-R at the Museu de Ciências da Terra) was preserved in a calcareous nodule, and consists of an almost-complete, three-dimensional skull (pterosaur bones are often flattened compression fossils), missing two segments of the bottom of the skull and mandible and the front of the lower jaw. The left jugal region and right mandibular ramus (half of the mandible) are pushed slightly inward. The skull was first reported in a 1984 Italian book, and preliminarily described and figured in 1990 by palaeontologists Alexander Kellner and Diogenes de Almeida Campos. Although the pieces of skull had been divided between museums in South and North America, they were assembled before 2002.
In 2002, Kellner and Campos described and named the new genus and species Thalassodromeus sethi, skull DGM 1476-R being the holotype specimen. The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words θάλασσα (thálassa, "sea") and δρομεύς (dromeús, "runner"), meaning "sea runner" in reference to the animal's supposed skim-feeding behaviour. The specific name refers to the Egyptin god Seth. The specimen was not fully prepared at the time of this preliminary description. The original describers chose the name sethi because the crest of this pterosaur was supposedly reminiscent of the crown worn by Seth, but the palaeontologists André Jacques Veldmeijer, Marco Signore, and Hanneke J. M. Meijer pointed out in 2005 that the crown (with its two tall plumes) was typically worn by the god Amon (or Amon-Ra) and his manifestationsnot by Seth.
In 2006, palaeontologists David M. Martill and Darren Naish suggested that Thalassodromeus was a junior synonym of the related genus Tupuxuara, which was named by Kellner and Campos in 1988 based on fossils from the same formation. In the view of Martill and Naish, the differences between these genera (including two species of Tupuxuara, T. longicristatus and T. leonardii) were due to ontogeny (changes during growth) and compression of the fossils; Thalassodromeus was simply an older, larger, and better-preserved individual. This idea was rejected by Kellner and Campos in 2007, who pointed out these species had differences in features other than their crests. They also noted that one specimen of Tupuxuara had a larger skull than Thalassodromeus (measured from the tip of the premaxilla to the back of the squamosal bone), despite Martill and Naish's contention that the latter was an older individual. Kellner and Campos' view has since been accepted by other researchers, including Martill and Naish.
Veldmeijer and colleagues assigned the front part of a mandible collected from the same formation to T. sethi in 2005. They concluded that although the two specimens differed in several details, the differences were not significant enough to base a new species on the mandible, and that the new specimen filled in the gap of Kellner and Campos' T. sethi skull reconstruction. Palaeontologists Jaime A. Headden and Herbert B. N. Campos coined the new binomial Banguela oberlii, based on their reinterpretation of the jaw tip as belonging to a toothless member of the family Dsungaripteridae, in 2014. The generic name is Portuguese for "toothless" and the specific name honours private collector Urs Oberli, who had donated the specimen to the Naturmuseum St. Gallen (where it is catalogued as NMSG SAO 25109). Headden and Campos interpreted the tip of T. sethi lower jaw as downturned; this and other features distinguished it from Banguela. In their 2018 re-description of the further-prepared T. sethi holotype skull, palaeontologists Rodrigo V. Pêgas, Fabiana R. Costa, and Kellner assigned B. oberlii back to Thalassodromeus while recognising it as a distinct species, and thereby created the new combination T. oberlii. Pêgas and colleagues also rejected the theory that the lower jaw of T. sethi was downturned, and reinterpreted the frontmost piece of the lower jaw to have connected directly with the subsequent piece (with no gap).
In 2015 palaeontologists Gerald Grellet Tinner and Vlad A. Codrea named a new species, T. sebesensis, based on what they interpreted as part of a cranial crest in a concretion found near the Sebeș River in Romania. The authors said that this would extend the range in time and space for the genus Thalassodromeus considerably, creating a 42-million-year gap between the older South American species and the younger European species. Palaeontologist Gareth J. Dyke and a large team of colleagues immediately rejected the pterosaurian identification of the T. sebesensis fossil, instead arguing that it was a misidentified part of a plastron (lower shell) of the prehistoric turtle Kallokibotion bajazidi (named in 1923). The idea that the fragment belonged to a turtle had been considered and rejected by Grellet-Tinnera and Codrea in their original description. Grellet-Tinnera and Codrea denied the turtle identity suggested by Dyke and colleagues, noting that those researchers had not directly examined the fossil.
Description
The holotype (and only known skull) of Thalassodromeus sethi is one of the largest pterosaur skulls ever discovered. The entire skull is estimated to have been long; the bones were fused together, indicating adulthood. Based on related pterosaurs, its wingspan was , making Thalassodromeus the largest known member of its clade, Thalassodromidae. Of similar proportions, its skull was more heavily built than that of its relative Tupuxuara. Although the postcranial skeleton of Thalassodromeus is unknown, relatives had unusually short and blocky neck vertebrae, with well-developed front and hind-limbs that were almost equal in length (excluding the long wing-finger). The hindlimbs were eighty percent that of the forelimb length, a unique ratio among pterodactyloids (short-tailed pterosaurs). As a pterosaur, Thalassodromeus was covered with hair-like pycnofibres and had extensive wing membranes (which were extended by the wing finger).
The skull of T. sethi had a streamlined profile, especially from the tip of the snout to the front edge of the nasoantorbital fenestra (opening which combined the antorbital fenestra in front of the eye with the bony nostril). The most conspicuous feature of the skull was the large crest, which ran along the upper edge from the tip of the snout and beyond the occiput at the back of the skull, almost doubling the length and height of the skull. With the exception of the pterosaur Tupandactylus imperator (whose crest consisted mainly of soft tissue), T. sethi had the proportionally largest cranial crest of any known vertebrate (75 percent of the skull's side surface). The crest was mainly formed by the premaxillae (the frontmost snout bones), frontal bones, parietal bones, and part of the supraoccipital bone. The premaxillae formed most of the crest, extending to its back, and contacted the frontoparietal part of the crest by a straight suture (a distinct feature of this species). The crest varied from in thickness; it thickened at the contact between the premaxillae and the frontoparietal part, and became gradually thinner toward the top and back (except for the lower part behind the occiput, where it had a thick base).
Despite its size, the crest was lightly built and essentially hollow; some areas indicate signs of skeletal pneumatisation and a well-developed trabecular system uniting the bones. The crest's surface had a system of channels of varying size and thickness, probably the impressions of extensive blood vessels. A small, opening was present above the orbit (eye socket), piercing the basal part of the crest; such a feature is unknown in other pterosaurs, and does not appear to be due to damage. The margins of the opening are smooth, and the inner border has fenestration connecting it to the inner structure of the crest. The back of the crest ended in a prominent V-shaped notch, a unique feature of this species. Although other parts of the crest have V-shaped breaks, the V shape at the end does not appear to have been due to breakage; the margins of the bone can be seen there, still encased by matrix. The crest probably had a keratinous (horny) covering and may have been extended by soft tissue in some areas, but the extent of this is unknown.
The upper jaw of T. sethi was primarily composed of premaxillae and maxillae; the suture which formed the border between these bones is not visible. As in all members of its clade, the jaws were edentulous (toothless). The rostrum (snout) was long from the tip of the premaxilla to the joint where the quadrate bone of the skull connected with the articular bone of the lower jaw. The front of the premaxillae had sharp upper and lower edges, unique to this species. As in related genera, the nasoantorbital fenestra was comparatively large; it was long and high, which was 71 percent of the skull length (excluding the crest). The lacrimal bone, which separated the orbit from the nasoantorbital fenestra, was vertically elongated and higher than the upper surface of the orbit (in contrast to the condition seen in pterodactyloids with smaller nasoantorbital fenestrae). The orbit was slender and compressed from front to back compared to Tupuxuara and tapejarids, but similar to some of them in being more than half the height of the nasoantorbital fenestra. The orbit was positioned lower than the upper margin of the nasoantorbital fenestra, and therefore very low on the skull. Although the bones bordering the lower temporal fenestra (an opening behind the orbit) were incomplete, it appears to have been elongated and slit-like (as in Tupuxuara and Tapejara).
The palatal area at the tip of T. sethi's snout was a sharp ridge, similar to the keel seen on the upper surface of the mandibular symphysis where the two halves of the lower jaw connected. Small slit-like foramina (openings) on the lower side edges of the ridge indicate that it had a horny covering in life, similar to Tupandactylus. The lower edge of the area was somewhat curved, which probably created a small gap when the jaws were closed. Further back, immediately in front of the nasoantorbital fenestra, the palatal ridge became a strong, blunt, convex keel. This convexity fit into the symphyseal shelf at the front end of the lower jaw, and they would have tightly interlocked when the jaws were closed. The palatal ridge ended in a strongly concave area unique to this species. The postpalatine fenestrae (openings behind the palatine bone) were oval and very small, differing from those of related species. The ectopterygoid (bone on the side of the palate) had large, plate-like sides, and was well-developed compared to related species. The supraoccipital bone, which formed the hindmost base of the cranial crest, had muscle scars at its upper end (probably corresponding to the attachment of neck muscles).
Although the lower jaw of T. sethi is incomplete, its total length is estimated at 47 percent of which was occupied by the mandibular symphysis. The tip of the mandible is missing, but its front surface indicates that it might have been turned slightly upwards as in T. oberlii (the possible second species of Thalassodromeus, or possibly a different genus (Banguela) which is known only from a jaw tip). The symphyseal shelf, the upper surface of the symphysis, extended for and had a flat surface. Seen from above, the side edges of this area were tall and formed a sharp margin. Near the front end of the symphysis, the edges which formed the margins became broader towards the front of the shelf until they met and fused. The upper and lower surfaces of the jaw at the front of the shelf were keeled (the upper keel more robust and starting before the lower), which gave the symphysis a blade-like shape. The lower keel became deeper towards the front of the jaw, giving the impression that the jaw deflected downwards; it was actually straight, except for the (perhaps) upturned tip. The mandibular fossae (depressions) at the back of the upper jaw were deeper and broader than usual in pterodactyloids, creating large surfaces for the lower jaw to articulate with. The possible species T. oberlii differed from T. sethi and other relatives by the upper surface of its mandibular symphysis being slightly shorter than the lower surface, and was further distinguished from T. sethi by the upper edge of the symphysis being much sharper than the lower. The two species shared features such as the compression of the symphysis sideways and from top to bottom, the sharp keel at the upper front of the symphysis, and the small groove running along the upper surface of the shelf.
Classification
The classification of Thalassodromeus and its closest relatives is one of the most contentious issues regarding their group. Kellner and Campos originally assigned Thalassodromeus to the family Tapejaridae, based on its large crest and large nasoantorbital fenestra. Within this clade, they found that it differed from the short-faced genus Tapejara but shared a keel on the palate with Tupuxuara. Kellner elaborated on the relationships within Tapejaridae in 2004, and pointed out that Thalassodromeus and Tupuxuara also shared a crest consisting primarily of bone; the crest had a large component of soft tissue in other members of the group.
Martill and Naish considered Tapejaridae a paraphyletic (unnatural) group in 2006, and found Tupuxuara (which included Thalassodromeus in their analysis) to be the sister taxon to the family Azhdarchidae. This clade (Tupuxuara and Azhdarchidae) had been named Neoazhdarchia by palaeontologist David Unwin in 2003, an arrangement Martill and Naish concurred with. According to Martill, features uniting members of Neoazhdarchia included the presence of a notarium (fused vertebrae in the shoulder region), the loss of contact between the first and third metacarpals (bones in the hand), and very long snouts (more than 88% of the skull length). Kellner and Campos defended the validity of Tapejaridae in 2007, dividing it into two clades: Tapejarinae and Thalassodrominae, the latter containing Thalassodromeus (the type genus) and Tupuxuara. They distinguished thalassodromines by their high nasoantorbital fenestrae and the bony part of their crests beginning at the front of the skull and continuing further back than in other pterosaurs.
The interrelationship of these clades within the larger clade Azhdarchoidea remained disputed, and the clade containing Thalassodromeus and Tupuxuara had received different names from different researchers (Thalassodrominae and Tupuxuaridae). Palaeontologist Mark Witton attempted to resolve the naming issue in 2009, noting that the name "Tupuxuaridae" (first used in the vernacular form "tupuxuarids" by palaeontologist Lü Junchang and colleagues in 2006) had never been validly established and Thalassodrominae should be the proper name (although it was bestowed a year later). Witton further converted the subfamily name Thalassodrominae into the family name Thalassodromidae, and considered the clade part of Neoazhdarchia.
A 2011 analysis by palaeontologist Felipe Pinheiro and colleagues upheld the grouping of the clades Tapejarinae and Thalassodrominae in the family Tapejaridae, joined by the Chaoyangopterinae. A 2014 study by palaeontologist Brian Andres and colleagues instead found thalassodromines to group with dsungaripterids, forming the clade Dsungaripteromorpha within Neoazhdarchia (defined as the most inclusive clade containing Dsungaripterus weii but not Quetzalcoatlus northropi).
Cladogram based on Pinheiro and colleagues, 2011:
Cladogram based on Andres and colleagues, 2014:
Pêgas and colleagues kept Tapejarinae and Thalassodrominae as part of Tapejaridae in 2018, but acknowledged that the subject was still controversial.
Palaeobiology
Crest function
Possible functions for Thalassodromeus cranial crest were proposed by Kellner and Campos in 2002. They suggested that the network of blood vessels on its large surface was consistent with use for thermoregulation, which had also been suggested for the crests of some dinosaurs. Kellner and Campos thought that the crest was used for cooling (enabling the animal to dissipate excess metabolic heat through convection), while heat transfer was controlled byand depended onthe network of blood vessels. The ability to control its body temperature would have aided Thalassodromeus during intense activity (such as hunting), and they suggested that, when in flight, heat would have been dispelled more effectively if the crest was aligned with the wind, while the head was intentionally moved to the sides. Kellner and Campos posited that the crest could have had additional functions, such as display; aided by colour, it could have been used in species recognition, and could also have been a sexually dimorphic feature (differing according to sex), as has been proposed for Pteranodon.
In 2006, Martill and Naish found that the crests of Tupuxuara and its relatives developed by the premaxillary portion of the crests growing backwards over the skull-roof (as indicated by the well-defined suture between the premaxilla and the underlying bones). The hind margin of the premaxillary part of this specimen's crest had only reached above the hind margin of the nasoantorbital fenestra, indicating that it was not an adult at the time of death. This suggests that the development of the crest happened late in the growth of an individual, was probably related to sexual display, and the sexual maturity of a given specimen could be assessed by the size and disposition of the crest. The T. sethi holotype, with its hypertrophied (enlarged) premaxillary crest, would thereby represent an old adult individual (and the mature stage of Tupuxuara, according to their interpretation). Kellner and Campos found Martill and Naish's discussion of cranial crest development interesting, although they found their proposed model speculative.
Palaeontologists David W. E. Hone, Naish, and Innes C. Cuthill reiterated Martill and Naish's growth hypothesis in 2012; since pterosaurs were probably precocial and able to fly shortly after hatching, the role of the crest was relevant only after maturity (when the structure was fully grown). They deemed the thermoregulation hypothesis an unlikely explanation for the blood-vessel channels on the crest, which they found consistent with nourishment for growing tissue (such as the keratin in bird beaks). Hone, Naish, and Cuthill suggested that the wing membranes and air-sac system would have been more effective at controlling heat than a crest, and wind and water could also have helped cool pterosaurs in high-temperature maritime settings. In 2013, Witton agreed that the substantially larger crests of adult thalassodromids indicated that they were more important for behavioural activities than for physiology. He found the idea that the crests were used for thermoregulation problematic, since they did not grow regularly with body size; they grew at a fast pace in near-adults, quicker than what would be predicted for the growth of a thermoregulatory structure. According to Witton, the large, highly vascular wing membranes of pterosaurs would provide the surface area needed for thermoregulation, meaning the crests were not needed for that function. He concluded that the crest's blood-vessel patterns did not differ much from those seen on bones under the beaks of birds, which are used for transporting nutrients to the bone and soft tissues rather than for thermoregulation. Witton noted that although bird beaks lose heat quickly, that is not what they were developed for; the crests of pterosaurs might also have had an effect on thermoregulation, without this being their primary function.
Pêgas and colleagues noted that sexual dimorphism in crest size and shape has been proposed for some pterosaurs; the crest shape seen in the T. sethi holotype may correlate with one sex and may have been the result of sexual selection. They suggested that both sexes could have had similar crests due to mutual sexual selection, but interpretation of exaggerated features was challenging due to the small sample size; more T. sethi specimens would have to be found to evaluate these theories. They did not think that thermoregulation correlated with crest growth relative to body size, since the bills of toucans (the largest of any modern birds) grow drastically out of proportion to body size and function as thermoregulatory structures, as well as facilitating feeding and social behaviour. Pêgas and colleagues found the vascular structure of toucan bills comparable to that in the crest of T. sethi, concluding that the crest also had multiple functions.
Feeding and diet
Kellner and Campos originally found the jaws of Thalassodromeus similar to those of modern skimmersthree bird species in the genus Rhynchopswith their sideways-compressed jaws, blade-like beak, and protruding lower jaw (resembling scissors in side view). They argued that Thalassodromeus would have fed in a similar way, as implied by the genus name; skimmers skim over the surface of water, dipping their lower jaw to catch fish and crustaceans. Kellner and Campos listed additional skull features of skimmers which are adaptations for skim feeding, including enlarged palatine bones, a feature also shared with Thalassodromeus. Unlike skimmers and other pterosaurs, the palatine bones of Thalassodromeus were concave, which the writers suggested could have helped it momentarily store food. Like skimmers, Thalassodromeus also appears to have had powerful neck muscles, large jaw muscles, and an upper jaw tip well-irrigated by blood (features which Kellner and Campos interpreted as adaptations for skimming). They concluded that the scissor-like bill and thin crest almost made other modes of capturing preysuch as swooping down toward water and plunging into itimpossible. Conceding the difficulty of reconstructing Thalassodromeuss fishing method, they envisioned it with a less-mobile neck than skimmers; with the crest impeding its head from submersion it would glide, flapping its wings only occasionally. They found that the pterosaur with jaws most similar to those of Thalassodromeus was the smaller Rhamphorhynchus, although they believed that it would have had limited skimming ability.
In 2004, palaeontologist Sankar Chatterjee and engineer R. Jack Templin said that smaller pterosaurs may have been able to skim-feed. They doubted that this was possible for larger ones, due to their lesser manoeuvrability and flying capability while resisting water. Chatterjee and Templin noted that skimmers have blunter beaks than pterosaurs like Thalassodromeus, to direct water from the jaw while skimming. In 2007, biophysicist Stuart Humphries and colleagues questioned whether any pterosaurs would have commonly fed by skimming and said that such conclusions had been based on anatomical comparisons rather than biomechanical data. The drag experienced by bird bills and pterosaur jaws was hydrodynamically and aerodynamically tested by creating model bills of the black skimmer, Thalassodromeus, and the (presumably) non-skimming Tupuxuara and towing them along a water-filled trough at varying speeds. The researchers found that skimming used more energy for skimmers than previously thought, and would have been impossible for a pterosaur weighing more than due to the metabolic power required. They found that even smaller pterosaurs, like Rhamphorhynchus, were not adapted for skimming. The aluminium rigging of the Thalassodromeus model was destroyed during the experiment, due to the high and unstable forces exerted on it while skimming at high speed, casting further doubt on this feeding method. The authors used the jaw tip of T. oberlii to model the performance of Thalassodromeus, since it was assigned to T. sethi at the time.
Unwin and Martill suggested in 2007 that thalassodromids may have foraged similarly to storks, as had been suggested for azhdarchids. Witton said in 2013 that although skim-feeding had been suggested for many pterosaur groups, the idea was criticised in recent years; pterosaurs lacked virtually all adaptations for skim-feeding, making it unlikely that they fed this way. Thalassodromeus (unlike skimmers) did not have a particularly wide or robust skull or especially large jaw-muscle attachment sites, and its mandible was comparatively short and stubby. Witton agreed with Unwin and Martill that thalassodromids, with their equal limb proportions and elongated jaws, were suited to roaming terrestrially and feeding opportunistically; their shorter, more flexible necks indicated a different manner of feeding than azhdarchids, which had longer, stiffer necks. He suggested that thalassodromids may have had more generalised feeding habits, and azhdarchids may have been more restricted; Thalassodromeus may have been better at handling relatively large, struggling prey than its relative, Tupuxuara, which had a more lightly built skull. Witton stressed that more studies of functional morphology would have to be done to illuminate the subject and speculated that Thalassodromeus might have been a raptorial predator, using its jaws to subdue prey with strong bites; its concave palate could help it swallow large prey.
Pêgas and Kellner presented a reconstruction of the mandibular muscles of T. sethi at a conference in 2015. They found that its well-developed jaw muscles differed from those of the possible dip-feeder Anhanguera and the terrestrially stalking azhdarchids, indicating that T. sethi had a strong bite force. In 2018, Pêgas and colleagues agreed that Thalassodromeus blade-like, robust jaws indicated that it could have used them to strike and kill prey, but they thought that biomechanical work was needed to substantiate the idea. They found (unlike Witton) that Thalassodromeus had a reinforced jaw joint and robust jaw muscles, but more work was needed to determine its dietary habits. According to Pêgas and colleagues, the articulation between T. sethi articular and quadrate bones (where the lower jaw connected with the skull) indicates a maximum gape of 50degreessimilar to the 52-degree gape inferred for Quetzalcoatlus.
Locomotion
In a 2002 comment on the original description of T. sethi, engineer John Michael Williams noted that although Kellner and Campos had mentioned that the large crest might have interfered aerodynamically during flight, they had not elaborated on this point and had compared the pterosaur with a bird one-fifth its size. He suggested that Thalassodromeus used its crest to balance its jaws, with the head changing attitude depending on the mode of locomotion. Williams speculated that the crest would be inflatable with blood and presented varying air resistance, which he compared to a handheld fan; this would have helped the animal change the attitude of the head during flight (and during contact with water), keeping it from rotating without powerful neck muscles. The crest would have made long flights possible, rather than interfering; Williams compared it with the spermaceti in the head of the sperm whale, stating it is supposedly used to change buoyancy through temperature adjustment. Kellner and Campos rejected the idea of an inflatable crest, since its compressed bones would not allow this; they did not find the sperm-whale analogy convincing in relation to flying animals, noting that spermaceti is more likely to be used during aggression or for sonar. They agreed that the idea of the crest having an in-flight function was tempting and sideways movement of the head would have helped it change direction, but biomechanical and flight-mechanical studies of the crest would have to be conducted to determine the animal's aerodynamics.
Witton also expressed hope for further analysis of thalassodromid locomotion. He noted that since their limb proportions were similar to those of the better-studied azhdarchids, the shape of their wings and style of flight might have been similar. Thalassodromids might also have been adapted for inland flight; their wings were short and broad (unlike the long, narrow wings of marine soarers), and were more manoeuvrable and less likely to snag on obstacles. Their lower shoulder muscles appear to have been enlarged, which would have helped with powerful (or frequent) wing downstrokes and takeoff ability. Although it may have had to compensate for its large crest during flight, its development late in growth indicates that it did not develop primarily for aerodynamics. Witton suggested that the proportional similarity between the limbs of thalassodromids and azhdarchids also indicates that their terrestrial abilities would have been comparable. Their limbs would have been capable of long strides, and their short, compact feet would have made these mechanics efficient. The enlarged shoulder muscles may have allowed them to accelerate quickly when running, and they may have been as adapted for movement on the ground as has been suggested for azhdarchids; Witton cautioned that more analysis of thalassodromids was needed to determine this.
PalaeoecologyThalassodromeus is known from the Romualdo Formation, which dates to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous period (about 110million years ago). The formation is part of the Santana Group and, at the time Thalassodromeus was described, was thought to be a member of what was then considered the Santana Formation. The Romualdo Formation is a Lagerstätte (a sedimentary deposit that preserves fossils in excellent condition) consisting of lagoonal limestone concretions embedded in shales, and overlies the Crato Formation. It is well known for preserving fossils three-dimensionally in calcareous concretions, including many pterosaur fossils. As well as muscle fibres of pterosaurs and dinosaurs, fish preserving gills, digestive tracts, and hearts have been found there. The formation's tropical climate largely corresponded to today's Brazilian climate. Most of its flora were xerophytic (adapted to dry environments). The most widespread plants were Cycadales and the conifer Brachyphyllum.
Other pterosaurs from the Romualdo Formation include Anhanguera, Araripedactylus, Araripesaurus, Brasileodactylus, Cearadactylus, Coloborhynchus, Santanadactylus, Tapejara, Tupuxuara, Barbosania, Maaradactylus, Tropeognathus, and Unwindia. Thalassodromines are known only from this formation, and though well-preserved postcranial remains from there have been assigned to the group, they cannot be assigned to genus due to their lack of skulls. Dinosaur fauna includes theropods like Irritator, Santanaraptor, Mirischia, and an indeterminate unenlagiine dromaeosaur. The crocodyliforms Araripesuchus and Caririsuchus, as well as the turtles Brasilemys, Cearachelys, Araripemys, Euraxemys, and Santanachelys, are known from the deposits. There were also clam shrimps, sea urchins, ostracods, and molluscs. Well-preserved fish fossils record the presence of hybodont sharks, guitarfish, gars, amiids, ophiopsids, oshuniids, pycnodontids, aspidorhynchids, cladocyclids, bonefishes, chanids, mawsoniids and some uncertain forms. Pêgas and colleagues noted that pterosaur taxa from the Romualdo Formation had several species: two of Thalassodromeus, two of Tupuxuara, and up to six species of Anhanguera. It is possible that not all species in each taxon coexisted in time (as has been proposed for the pteranodontids of the Niobrara Formation), but there is not enough stratigraphic data for the Romualdo Formation to test this.
See also
List of pterosaur genera
Timeline of pterosaur research
References
Bibliography
Tapejaromorphs
Early Cretaceous pterosaurs of South America
Albian life
Cretaceous Brazil
Fossils of Brazil
Romualdo Formation
Fossil taxa described in 2002
Taxa named by Alexander Kellner
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Driscoll
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Peter Driscoll
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Peter Driscoll (born October 27, 1954) is a Canadianformer professional ice hockey left wing who played in the World Hockey Association and National Hockey League between 1974 and 1981. He was born in Powassan, Ontario.
Selected by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1974 NHL amateur draft and the Vancouver Blazers in the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft, Driscoll signed with the Blazers, moving to Calgary with them when they relocated.
After the Calgary Cowboys folded, he signed as a free agent with the Quebec Nordiques and was later traded to the Indianapolis Racers. A year later, Driscoll was part of the deal that sent Wayne Gretzky to the Edmonton Oilers on November 2, 1978 with Eddie Mio.
Moving to the NHL with the Oilers, he did not see much action and split time between Edmonton and their CHL affiliates, Houston Apollos and Wichita Wind.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
Calgary Cowboys players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Edmonton Oilers players
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players
Houston Apollos players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Kingston, Ontario
Indianapolis Racers players
Kingston Canadians players
Quebec Nordiques (WHA) players
Toronto Maple Leafs draft picks
Tulsa Oilers (1964–1984) players
Vancouver Blazers draft picks
Vancouver Blazers players
Wichita Wind players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittlesey%20Rural%20District
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Whittlesey Rural District
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Whittlesey was a rural district in the Isle of Ely from 1894 to 1926. It was created by the Local Government Act 1894 based on the Whittlesey rural sanitary district, and consisted of one civil parish - Whittlesey Rural.
The parish and district entirely surrounded the urban district of Whittlesey, which contained the parish of Whittlesey Urban.
The parish and district were both abolished in 1926, becoming part of the Whittlesey urban district and parish.
References
Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894
History of Cambridgeshire
Rural districts of England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-by-Night%20%28Peyton%20novel%29
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Fly-by-Night (Peyton novel)
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Fly-by-Night is a children's novel by K. M. Peyton originally published by Oxford University Press in October 1968.
It is about an 11-year-old girl, Ruth Hollis, who buys a pony called Fly for £40 from a dealer. The low price reflects his lack of training. She expands his name to Fly-by-Night and attempts to train him herself without much success. She then joins a pony club to learn more about horses. A rivalry develops between Ruth and another girl, Pearl, who owns a pedigree Arabian mare named Milky Way. Ruth gets help from Peter, a runaway boy with much experience with horses. Ruth and Fly-by-Night compete in the hunter trials and come in sixth.
Fidra Books is currently publishing Fly-By-Night, with the sequel, The Team, expected in the future.
References
British children's novels
1968 British novels
Novels by K. M. Peyton
Pony books
1968 children's books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Chapman
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Matthew Chapman
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Matthew Chapman or Matt Chapman may refer to:
Matthew Chapman (author) (born 1950), author, screenwriter, director, journalist and great-great-grandson of Charles Darwin
Matthew Chapman (born 1976), one half of The Brothers Chaps who created the Homestar Runner animated cartoons
Matt Chapman, editor of MyM magazine
Matt Chapman (born 1993), American professional baseball player
Mat Chapman (1865–1909), English cricketer
Matt Chapman (darts player) (born 1981), English darts player
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo%20Brogi
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Giacomo Brogi
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Giacomo Brogi (6 April 1822 – 29 November 1881) was an Italian photographer.
Giacomo Brogi created his first studio in Corso Tintori, in Florence in 1864. He began traveling around Italy and later traveled to the Middle East in 1868 including Palestine, Egypt and Syria.
Brogi was associated with the Photographic Society of Italy.
The factory was located on the Lungarno delle Grazie, 15, in Florence.
There were shops located:
Florence. Via Tornabuoni 1.
Naples. Via Chiatamone 19 bis.
Rome. Via del Corso 419.
After death, his son Carlo continued his photographic work.
Further reading
"Catalogo delle fotografie pubblicate dalla ditta Giacomo Brogi, fotografo editore. Italia settentrionale: pitture, vedute, sculture, etc." Firenze: Brogi, 1926.
"Catalogo delle fotografie pubblicate da Giacomo Brogi. Pitture, vedute, sculture, ecc. Napoli e Campania. Roma e Lazio. Sicilia, Bologna, Rimini, etc." Firenze: 1912
Brogi Giacomo own book of hours was found in London 1987 600 gilt pages from Florence,
External links
Union List of Artists Names, s.v. "Brogi, Giacomo", cited 7 February 2006
George Eastman House Images
Images of Italy by Brogi
Art Courtauld information about Brogi
1822 births
1881 deaths
Photographers from Florence
Pioneers of photography
Architectural photographers
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5382254
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adria%20Mobil
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Adria Mobil
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Adria Mobil is a company based in Novo Mesto, Slovenia, that produces caravans and motorhomes, under the ADRIA brandname and sells 99 percent of the total turnover to the West European markets.
Rank
The company has a 6.5 percent market share on the European market and ranks sixth among the most successful European producers in the basic programme, caravans and motorhomes.
History
The company was established in 1965 as a part of Industrija motornih vozil (the basic organization of associated labour) and became autonomous in 1990.
In 1998, Adria launched the Coral low-profile motorhome range, then in 2010 the Sonic integral motorhome.
In 2007, Adria acquired the Spanish mobile home manufacturer Sun Roller.
In 2015, the manufacturer is celebrating its 50th anniversary by launching a specific collection of its Twin and Matrix models, recognizable by their metallic silver bodywork.
Adria was acquired by the French firm Trigano, one of the largest recreational vehicle companies in Europe, in 2017.
Adria Holidays
Adria Holidays is a subsidiary of Adria Mobil and offers complementary tourism services in spirit of Adria Mobil's product development for active spending of spare time.
Main offerings of Adria Holidays are:
apartments on the Adriatic coast
yacht charter services
rentals of Adria Mobil's caravans
References
External links
Adria Mobil official website
Adria Holidays official website
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1965
Motor vehicle manufacturers of Slovenia
Recreational vehicle manufacturers
Slovenian brands
Caravan and travel trailer manufacturers
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5382273
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honglujing%20Stele
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Honglujing Stele
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Honglujing Stele () is a tablet 3 meters wide, 1.8 meters tall, & 2 meters thick. It has 29 Chinese characters written on it.
It is the only Tang Dynasty (618-907) stele from Manchuria. It mentions the 1st king of the Balhae around 698 - 926 CE. The king listed on the tablet is Go of Balhae.
This kingdom is considered Chinese, Korean, or independent, depending on the nationality of the researcher. Russian and Japanese scholars classify it as an independent Mohe state.
It is currently located in the Japanese Imperial Palace. It was taken from Liaoning province, Lüshun city in about 1907 after the Russo-Japanese War. Chinese researchers are now studying it for the first time.
External links
"1,300-year-old stele eyed by Chinese, Japanese archaeologists", article from The Peoples Daily, 1 June 2006
Art and cultural repatriation
Balhae
Tang dynasty art
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5382286
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snettisham%20Hoard
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Snettisham Hoard
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The Snettisham Hoard or Snettisham Treasure is a series of discoveries of Iron Age precious metal, found in the Snettisham area of the English county of Norfolk between 1948 and 1973.
Iron age hoard
The hoard consists of metal, jet and over 150 gold/silver/copper alloy torc fragments, over 70 of which form complete torcs, dating from BC 70. Probably the most famous item from the hoard is the Great Torc from Snettisham, which is now held by the British Museum. Though the origins are unknown, it is of a high enough quality to have been royal treasure of the Iceni.
Recent electron microscopy research by the British Museum reveal the wear patterns in the torcs, the chemical composition of the metal, and the cut marks which reduced many of the torcs into fragments. One hypothesis suggests the deliberate destruction of valuable items was a form of votive offering.
The finds are deposited in Norwich Castle Museum and the British Museum. The hoard was ranked as number 4 in the list of British archaeological finds selected by experts at the British Museum for the 2003 BBC Television documentary, Our Top Ten Treasures, presented by Adam Hart-Davis.
Similar specimens are the Sedgeford Torc, found in 1965, and the Newark Torc, found in 2005, as well as the six torcs from the Ipswich Hoard found in 1968-9.
Romano-British hoard
In 1985 there was also a find of Romano-British jewellery and raw materials buried in a clay pot in AD 155, the Snettisham Jeweller's Hoard. Though it has no direct connection with the nearby Iron Age finds, it may be evidence of a long tradition of gold- and silver-working in the area.
See also
List of hoards in Britain
Iceni
Celtic Britain
References
External links
Norfolk Museums Service
Objects of historical interest in Norfolk
Archaeology of Norfolk
Archaeological sites in Norfolk
Prehistoric sites in England
Treasure troves of the Iron Age
Treasure troves of Roman Britain
Treasure troves in England
Torcs
Prehistoric objects in the British Museum
Romano-British objects in the British Museum
Celtic art
1948 archaeological discoveries
1973 archaeological discoveries
1948 in England
1973 in England
Hoards from Iron Age Britain
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5382290
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV%20Emergency%20National%20Service
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ITV Emergency National Service
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The ITV Emergency National Service was the management response to the near-complete Independent Television technicians' strike immediately after the 1968 franchise changes took effect.
During the national ITV technicians' strike between 3 and 18 August 1968, the individual companies were off the air for several weeks and an emergency service was presented by management personnel with no regional variations. This was the first time that a uniform presentation practice was adopted across all regions. This did not happen again until ITV's first few days back on air following the technicians' strike of 1979, which blacked out the channel for 75 days.
Presentation
All programmes played during the service were repeats or had been pre-made for forthcoming transmission. Other than continuity, there was no live material. The programmes were transmitted from the ATV switching centre at Foley Street in London, while a team of ex-ABC announcers based in both Teddington and Foley Street provided presentation.
The announcing team for the special service was mainly David Hamilton, John Benson, Sheila Kennedy and Philip Elsmore, who would all continue as Thames announcers when the regional services restarted at the end of the strike.
The service was mounted at short notice after several days of blank screens. The management team behind the emergency service had needed to create a quick and simple national presentation style. The term "Independent Television" was chosen for the temporary national station (as the term "ITV" was relatively little used until the 1970s) and a range of text-only captions also provided. No symbol was used – the ident was simply the name in upper-case characters. A clock was borrowed from the studios at Teddington and the ABC triangle on the clock was mostly covered with tape.
Tuning signals
For the first three days of the service, an insert of the local "Picasso" tuning signal was tried along with a start-up tune before switching to the national output. To avoid confusion over regions, the ITA provided the Foley Street centre with a copy of the blank "Picasso" containing no regional identifier. A version with the words "Independent Television" was commissioned but did not arrive until the final few days of the service and was only used briefly at the end of the period.
This short service was not wholly consistent in presentation, and opened on some days with Picasso card and ident, whilst on other days only the ident card appeared. A march ("Here Comes the Band" by Robert Farnon, which also featured in The Prisoner) was chosen as the daily opening music.
Advertising
With a national service being provided, all advertising spots needed to be sold on a national basis. Therefore, a new rate card was introduced, charging £2,000 for 30 seconds of advertising time before 7.00pm and £3,500 after 7.00pm.
Prior to the strike, a 30-second advert in the London region alone would have cost £1,200. Although large national companies benefited from the lower rates, local companies who had previously advertised in their relevant region only were unable to do so during the emergency national service. As not all products or services advertised were sold nationwide, commercial breaks were often included with a disclaimer stating that some items advertised may not be available locally.
Schedules
During the course of emergency management run to service the network would be on air each day from around 4.45pm and would continue until 11.45pm as filled with repeats, imports and movies. This would be near normal typical broadcasting hours in 1968 for ITV, as well as the BBC were limited by the government to no more than eight hours per day of regular television programming in their regular daily schedules (with schools, adult education, religious and sporting coverages exempted from this daily limit).
Below is an example of one typical day during the strike on Thursday 8 August 1968:
4.40pm – Jimmy Green and his Time Machine
4.55pm – Bugs Bunny
5.20pm – The Queen Street Gang
5.50pm – News from ITN
6.04pm – Driveway
6.30pm – Film: Gold of the Seven Saints
8.00pm – The Goon Show
8.30pm – The Crime Buster
9.30pm – This Week
10.00pm – News from ITN
10.15pm – Cinema
10.45pm – Destination Mexico
11.15pm – The Variety Club from Batley, West Riding of Yorkshire
11.45pm – PR for the Parson (Epilogue) followed by weather forecast
12.00am – Closedown
See also
1968 in British television
References
External links
Vision On
A version of this article originally appeared on the Transdiffusion group of websites; the text was released under the GFDL.
ITV (TV network)
1968 in British television
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5382292
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamuchy%20Mountain%20State%20Park
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Allamuchy Mountain State Park
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Allamuchy Mountain State Park is located in Allamuchy Township and Byram Township in the Allamuchy Mountain region of New Jersey. The park is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry. There are more than of unmarked trails in the northern section of Allamuchy, and of marked multi-use trails.
The park is in the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion. The of mixed oak and hardwood forests and maintained fields of this natural area display various stages of succession. It is situated on the Musconetcong River.
Waterloo Village
Waterloo Village has exhibits from many different time periods from a 400-year-old Lenape (Delaware) Native American village to a port along the once prosperous Morris Canal. The early 19th-century village contains a working mill with gristmills and sawmills, a general store, a blacksmith shop and restored houses.
Sussex Branch Trail
The Sussex Branch Trail, a rail trail on the former Sussex Railroad, has a trail head on Waterloo Road. It travels to Cranberry Lake.
Rutherfurd-Stuyvesant Estate
The Rutherfurd-Stuyvesant Estate dates back to the 1700s and featured a large mansion and many outbuildings. By the mid 20th century, the mansion had burned down and the remaining buildings were in very poor condition. In the 1960s, the estate was purchased by the State to build route 80, which divided sections of the estate with an eight-lane highway. In the 1970s, the Allamuchy Mountain land became part of Allamuchy Mountain State Park. Tranquillity Farms, on the other side of the highway, remains a privately operated commercial farm.
Locally, the ruins of the Rutherfurd-Stuyvesant Estate have become known as "Profanity House" because many of the buildings and ruins have been vandalized and covered in explicit and graphic graffiti. In recent years, the estate has suffered from arson damage.
See also
Rutherfurd Hall
References
External links
NY-NJ Trail Conference: Allamuchy Mountain State Park Trail Details and Info
State parks of New Jersey
Parks in Sussex County, New Jersey
Parks in Warren County, New Jersey
Byram Township, New Jersey
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5382293
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQ%20Mobile
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BenQ Mobile
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BenQ Mobile GmbH & Co. OHG was the mobile communications subsidiary of Taiwanese BenQ Corporation, selling products under the BenQ-Siemens brand. The group, based in Munich, Germany, was formed out of BenQ's acquisition of the then struggling Siemens Mobile group in 2005. The newly formed company won the most iF product design awards in 2006 and also won many design awards in Germany's Red Dot competition. BenQ Mobile failed later that year.
History
Siemens Mobile was loss-making and struggling in the market, and the division was then sold to BenQ Corporation in June 2005 to try to turn the business around. As part of the deal, Siemens would pay BenQ at least 250 million euros to get the new venture to a solid start, in return of a 2.5% stake in BenQ. The acquisition was completed on 1 October 2005 with the formation of BenQ Mobile, led by a German CEO, Clemens Joos, and a Taiwanese chairman, Jerry Wang. Joos had already been president of Siemens Mobile since 2004.
Part of the reason why BenQ was chosen by Siemens was the Taiwanese company's interest to keep German locations open - the headquarters in Munich and the manufacturing plants in Kamp-Lintfort and in Bocholt. Other research and development and manufacturing plants were located in Aalborg, Beijing, Suzhou, Ulm (also in Germany), Manaus, Mexicali, Taipei and Wrocław. Before the acquisition BenQ was already making mobile phones – including two Symbian UIQ smartphone models and one Windows Mobile smartphone model.
On 17 January 2006, the first handsets under the new BenQ-Siemens brand were launched: the EF81,(this model was developed by SIEMENS AG before called SLV140 a slim clamshell phone similar to Motorola RAZR; the S68, a premium light and compact candybar phone targeting business users, this phone is the successor of SP65 (the S65 for some business or government who needs the protection and higher standards privacy for their staffs because the model rid off camera function for protect taking photos of secrets papers or other in-house information of themselves ; and S88, a multimedia device with a 2-megapixel camera.
In February 2006 the EF51 model was launched featuring music buttons on the front with a flip-down design that reveals a keypad. BenQ Mobile introduced the BenQ-Siemens P51 in March, a Windows Mobile 5.0 device and the only smartphone the company would release.
Collapse
The company ended up making huge losses, with parent BenQ losing $1 billion (€840 million) from the acquisition to September 2006 and its share price dropping by 45 percent. BenQ Mobile only had a global 2.4% market share as of Q3 2006, demonstrating its failure to turn the business around in its first year. In September it was announced that its factories in Mexico and Taiwan would halt production.
BenQ Mobile filed for bankruptcy in a Munich court on 29 September 2006, a day after its parent BenQ decided to stop funding the unit. This sparked a debate in Germany over whether BenQ only acquired the Siemens mobile division for its patents and intellectual property, and that it did not intend to continue manufacturing mobile phones in Germany. The bankruptcy caused outrage in Germany over the possible thousands of job losses, with chancellor Angela Merkel having said that Siemens is responsible for the BenQ Mobile (i.e. former Siemens Mobile) employees who are at risk. Siemens set up a 35 million euros fund for the employees. Siemens stopped payment still owed to BenQ related to the original acquisition on 5 October and considered taking legal action against BenQ about the future use of the brand and patents, although no claim would be made. Siemens was heavily criticised by some German politicians and labour unions for mismanagement that led to the bankruptcy under subsequent BenQ ownership. A BenQ executive said that stopping funds for the Mobile subsidiary and forcing it into insolvency protection was a "really tough decision" and not as easy as "just walking away" as was reported by some media outlets.
2,000 employees were laid off in late October 2006.
A scandal investigation was launched into Siemens's and BenQ's roles in the bankruptcy of BenQ Mobile amid allegations that financial offences were committed. As of March 2007, 13 executives, including Eric Yu, were detained in Taiwan accused of selling their shares in BenQ before the announcement knowing about the bankruptcy filing. Shares in BenQ fell 7% to its lowest level in ten years. BenQ CEO K.Y. Lee was also detained a month later. At the same time Siemens was facing wide allegations in Germany of internal corruption and bribery not necessarily related to BenQ Mobile.
After no suitable investors or buyers were found for the business, BenQ Mobile's insolvency administrator, Martin Prager, said on 2 January 2007 that the company would have to shut down. On 30 January the BenQ Mobile factory in Kamp-Lintfort closed. Representatives of the labour union IG Metall bid farewell to the last 165 workers with flowers. The demise of BenQ Mobile caused 3,000 employees to lose their jobs. The company's assets were auctioned off in Hamburg and at eBay in March 2007 and in June.
The losses of 2005 and 2006 wiped out all profits BenQ had made since 1999.
Aftermath
Martin Prager launched a 26-million-euro lawsuit against its former parent BenQ in August 2007 on top of 80 million euros already claimed. The lawsuit was partly for BenQ bonus payments promised to BenQ Mobile employees in Germany that were paid by the BenQ Mobile subsidiary. In July 2008, Prager threatened a multi-million euro lawsuit against Siemens after claiming irregularities were found in the acquisition and that BenQ Mobile was already insolvent as early as May 2006 - a claim first reported by German newspaper Die Welt. A settlement between Prager and Siemens was reached in November 2008.
Former BenQ CEO K. Y. Lee, along with several executives including Eric Yu and Sheaffer Lee, were cleared of their insider trading, embezzlement and forgery charges in August 2009 after a two-year trial.
After the company closed, its former parent company, BenQ, launched five new phones (produced in Asia) under the BenQ-Siemens brand during 2007 (the license still ran for another four years). These include the A53 (Taiwan only), E52, C31, C32 and SF71 – briefly continuing the lifespan of the BenQ-Siemens brand. In August 2007, BenQ announced that it would resume production of mobile devices using its own "BenQ" brand, coming with the announcements of the BenQ E72, M7 and T51 models that would initially launch in Taiwan. BenQ started making Android devices from 2013.
List of mobile phones
BenQ-Siemens A38
BenQ-Siemens A58 (cancelled)
BenQ-Siemens AL26/AL26 Hello Kitty!
BenQ-Siemens C26 (not presented)
BenQ-Siemens C31 (Low-Entry version of BenQ-Siemens E81)
BenQ-Siemens C52 (not presented)
BenQ-Siemens C81 (Siemens C75 Successors)
BenQ-Siemens CF61 (MIA Special Edition called EF61)
BenQ-Siemens CL61 (not presented)
BenQ-Siemens CL71 Slides
BenQ-Siemens E52 (Siemens ST55/60 Successors)
BenQ-Siemens E61 Q-Fi
BenQ-Siemens E71 (Siemens ME75 Successors, others called BenQ-Siemens E80)
BenQ-Siemens EL71
BenQ-Siemens EF71
BenQ-Siemens EF51 Q-Fi (BenQ Z2 Successors)
BenQ-Siemens EF61 MIA Special Edition, Blue Whisper Color (regular version is called BenQ-Siemens CF61)
BenQ-Siemens E80 (prototype, public model in BenQ-Siemens E71)
BenQ-Siemens E81 (Asia market's only)
BenQ-Siemens EF81 (Siemens SLV140)
BenQ-Siemens EF82 (not presented, BenQ-Siemens EF81 Successors)
BenQ-Siemens EF91 (BenQ-Siemens EF81/82 Successors)
BenQ-Siemens M81 (Siemens M75 Successors)
BenQ-Siemens P51(BenQ P50 Successors)
BenQ-Siemens S65-DVBH/ SXX65-DVBH (not presented)
BenQ-Siemens S68 (Siemens SP65 Successors, The best-selling of BenQ-Siemens phone)
BenQ-Siemens S81 (pictured) (Siemens S65 Successors)
BenQ-Siemens S88 (New lineup developed by BenQ)
BenQ-Siemens SF71 (not presented in Europe, Siemens SF65 Successors)
BenQ-Siemens SL80 (Siemens SL75/SL7C)
BenQ-Siemens SL91 (cancelled, Siemens SL80 Successors)
BenQ-Siemens SL98 (not presented)
References
External links
BenQ Global - Communications
Defunct mobile phone manufacturers
Siemens
Technology companies established in 2006
Technology companies disestablished in 2009
Technology companies of Taiwan
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Technology companies of Germany
Electronics companies of Germany
Consumer electronics brands
Bankrupt mobile phone companies
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5382297
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdeslam%20Ahizoune
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Abdeslam Ahizoune
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Abdeslam Ahizoune (born 20 April 1955 in Tiflet, Morocco) is the chairman of the Management Board of Maroc Telecom and the former chief executive officer, the main Moroccan telecommunications company.
Education
Ahizoune was born on 20 April 1955 in Tiflet, located about 60 km from Rabat, to a landowning Berber family. His father Aïssa Ahizoune was a notable of the Khessasna tribe. He started his studies at Collège Ibn Ajroum. In 1972 he received a baccalaureate in mathematics, and in 1977 earned an engineering diploma from Télécom Paris.
Career
Upon graduation, Ahizoune joined the National Posts and Telecommunication Board (ONPT) where he held multiple positions. From 1983 to 1992, he was director of telecommunications in the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. In 1992 he was appointed the Minister of Post and Telecommunications and held the office until 1995, also he served as director general of the ONPT until 1997. On October 13, 1997, Ahzoune returned to the ministry as the Minister of Telecommunication and remained in office for nearly eight months.
In 1999, the ONPT was divided into two separate entities: Post Maroc and Maroc Telecom, the latter became a public limited company and the government had full ownership. From 1999 until 2001, he was a general manager at Maroc Telecom. In 2001, Ahizoune was appointed CEO, the year Vivendi acquired Maroc Telecom, then in addition to his new position, he was named the chairman of the Management Board of Vivendi, as well as being the chairman of Mobisud (a subsidiary of Vivendi). He was a member of the Management Board of Vivendi from April 2005 to June 2012. Under his mandate, Maroc Telecom witnessed continuous development, took majority stake in different companies, including Mauritania-based Mauritel, Gabon-based Gabon Telecom, and Mali-based Sotelma. The revenue of the company jumped from 3.8 billion dirhams in 2001 to 29.9 billion dirhams in 2012.
Ahizoune was the CEO and Chairman of Medi1 TV.
Since December 2006, Ahizoune has been the president of the Royal Moroccan Athletics Federation (FRMA), Morocco's athletics governing body. Ahizoune is a member of Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture.
Since 2008, Ahizoune has been Moroccan Association of Telecom Professionals (MATI).
In 2017, he was awarded the Prix de reconnaissance de la culture amazighe by the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture.
References
External links
Abdeslam AHIZOUNE, Chairman of the Management Board
Vivendi company: Members of the Management Board
1955 births
Athletics in Morocco
Government ministers of Morocco
Living people
Moroccan Berber politicians
Moroccan businesspeople
Moroccan chief executives
Moroccan engineers
People from Tiflet
20th-century Moroccan people
21st-century Moroccan people
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5382316
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Rancho
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El Rancho
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El Rancho may refer to:
El Rancho Charter School, a public charter school located in Anaheim, California
El Rancho High School, a public school in Pico Rivera, California
El Rancho Hotel & Motel, a Gallup, New Mexico Hotel listed as a National Historic Site
El Rancho Hotel (Las Vegas), a Las Vegas hotel previously known as the Thunderbird (resort)
El Rancho Unified School District, the school system in Pico Rivera, California
El Rancho Vegas, the name of the first hotel on the Las Vegas Strip
Places named El Rancho:
El Rancho, California
El Rancho, New Mexico
El Rancho, Wyoming
See also
Rancho (disambiguation)
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5382317
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina%20Bocharova
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Nina Bocharova
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Nina Antonovna Bocharova (, September 24, 1924 – August 31, 2020) was a Soviet/Ukrainian gymnast, who won four medals at the 1952 Summer Olympics. She was born in Suprunivka, Poltava Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union.
Career
Bocharova competed for Budivelnyk, Kyiv (Stroitel, Kiev), debuting at the Nationals in 1948, where she placed fourth on the uneven bars and balance beam. These two were her best events throughout the career. She won the all-around titles at the USSR Championships in 1949 and 1951, with Maria Gorokhovskaya being her main rival. In 1952 Bocharova competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics, the first Olympics for Soviet athletes. Placing 2nd to Gorokhovskaya in the all-around, she won the gold on the beam and contributed to the team's gold. She also earned another silver medal in the team exercise with hand apparatus event. At age 30 she competed in the 1954 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, winning the gold medal in the team competition, and finished her career afterwards.
In the early 2000s Nina Bocharova still actively participated in sports activities and meetings and was honoured to be the first torchbearer of the 2004 Olympic Torch Relay on Ukrainian land.
Death
Bocharova died on August 31, 2020 at Rome, Italy at the age of 95, 24 days before her 96th birthday.
References
External links
Nina Bocharova at Gymn Forum
1924 births
2020 deaths
People from Poltava Raion
People from Poltava Governorate
Soviet female artistic gymnasts
Ukrainian female artistic gymnasts
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic gymnasts of the Soviet Union
Gymnasts at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Avanhard (sports society) sportspeople
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Poltava Oblast
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3991107
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Krushelnyski
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Mike Krushelnyski
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Michael "Krusher" Krushelnyski (born April 27, 1960) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre/left winger who played 14 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). While playing in the NHL, he won three Stanley Cups as a player with the Edmonton Oilers and one as an Assistant Coach with the Detroit Red Wings. In a career of 897 games, Krushelnyski recorded 241 goals and 328 assists for 569 career points. He was born in Montreal, Quebec, but grew up in LaSalle, Quebec.
He is the father of Lehigh Valley Phantoms ice hockey forward Alexander Krushelnyski.
Playing career
As a youth, Krushelnyski played in the 1973 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from LaSalle, Quebec. After being selected by the Boston Bruins in the 6th round, 120th overall, in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft, Krushelnyski played for the Springfield Indians and the Erie Blades in the American Hockey League (AHL).
Krushelnyski made his NHL debut on October 24, 1981, against the Montreal Canadiens. During the 1984–85 offseason, the Bruins traded Krushelnyski to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Ken Linseman. While playing left wing on the Oilers top line with Wayne Gretzky and Jari Kurri, Krushelnyski finished fourth on the team in scoring as he recorded a new career-high 43 goals and 88 points.
Krushelnyski won three Stanley Cups with the Edmonton Oilers in 1985, 1987, and 1988. Krushelnyski and Marty McSorley were part of the 1988 trade in which Wayne Gretzky (who had personally requested McSorley and Krushelnyski to be part of the trade) was sent to the Los Angeles Kings for two players, draft picks and cash. He later played for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Detroit Red Wings before retiring after the 1995 season.
He is best remembered for scoring an overtime goal that eliminated the heavily-favoured and defending Stanley Cup champion Calgary Flames from the 1990 Stanley Cup playoffs. The goal came at 3:14 of the second overtime in the sixth (and what would prove to be the deciding) game of the Smythe Division Semifinal. CBC Hockey Night in Canada play-by-play announcer Chris Cuthbert called this goal in a dramatic fashion:
Post-retirement
After retiring, Krushelnyski was an assistant coach with Detroit when they won the Cup in 1997, but left after winning his fourth championship to become head coach of the Central Hockey League's Fort Worth Fire, a post he held until the team folded in 1999.
He coached in the Kontinental Hockey League in 2006-07 and from November 2008 to December 2009 for the Vityaz Chekhov. In between his two stints with the KHL, he was coach of the Ingolstadt Panthers in Germany, the DEL
In 2013, Krushelnyski competed in the 4th season of CBC's figure skating reality show Battle of the Blades. He was voted out on October 7, losing to Oksana Kazakova and Vladimir Malakhov.
Awards and achievements
1984–85 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
1984–85 - NHL - Played in All Star Game
1986–87 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
1987–88 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Edmonton)
1997–98 - NHL - Stanley Cup (Detroit Red Wings) (Assistant Coach)
Career statistics
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
Battle of the Blades participants
Boston Bruins draft picks
Boston Bruins players
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Cape Breton Oilers players
Detroit Red Wings coaches
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Oilers players
Erie Blades players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Los Angeles Kings players
Montreal Juniors players
People from LaSalle, Quebec
Sportspeople from Montreal
Springfield Indians players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian ice hockey coaches
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3991109
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Motors%20A%20platform%20%281925%29
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General Motors A platform (1925)
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The GM A platform (commonly called A-body) was a rear wheel drive automobile platform designation used by General Motors from 1925 until 1959, and again from 1964 to 1981. In 1982, GM introduced a new front wheel drive A platform, and existing intermediate rear wheel drive products were redesignated as G-bodies.
1926-1959
The earliest GM A-bodied based cars shared a common chassis with the Chevrolet Superior, with Pontiac Six replacing Oakland starting in 1926. Oldsmobile also used the A-body for the 1938-48 Series 60. All Chevrolets produced during this period, to include the Chevrolet Master and the Chevrolet Deluxe, and all 1936-39 Pontiacs, the 1940 Pontiac Special, the 1941 Pontiac Deluxe Torpedo and all Pontiac Torpedoes produced from 1942 through 1948 were A-bodies.
From 1949 to 1957, only Chevrolets (150, 210, Bel Air, Del Ray) and Pontiacs (Chieftain, Star Chief, Super Chief) were built on the A-body. These cars were moved to the new B Body shared with some Buicks and Oldsmobiles in 1958, and all truck conversions were replaced by the C/K series in 1960.
Vehicles underpinned
1923-1926 Chevrolet Superior
1923-1931 GM Oakland
1933-1942 Chevrolet Master
1936-1939 Oldsmobile Series F
1940-1948 Oldsmobile Series 60
1941-1952 Chevrolet Deluxe
1941-1947 Chevrolet A/K Series
1941-1947 GMC A/K Series
1946-1948 Chevrolet Stylemaster
1946-1948 Chevrolet Fleetmaster
1947-1955 Chevrolet Advance Design
1947-1955 GMC New Design
1949-1950 Oldsmobile 88
1949-1949 Oldsmobile 76
1926-1940 Pontiac Six
1949-1957 Pontiac Chieftain
1950-1958 Pontiac Catalina
1954-1957 Pontiac Star Chief
1955-1959 Chevrolet Task Force Series
1955-1959 GMC Blue Chip Series
1964–1967
The A-body platform was reintroduced as an intermediate-sized platform introduced in the 1964 model year for two redesigned and two new mid-sized cars from four of GM divisions. Notable examples include the FR layout Chevrolet Chevelle, Buick Special, Oldsmobile Cutlass and Pontiac Tempest. The A-body cars were the first intermediate-sized cars designed with a full perimeter frame and four-link coil-spring rear suspension, similar to that introduced on full-sized Pontiacs and Oldsmobiles in 1961 and on all other GM full-sized cars in 1965.
The Chevrolet A-body line included the El Camino coupe utility. Two station wagons based on the A-body used stretched wheelbases and raised rear roof sections with skylights: the 1964–1972 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser and the 1964–69 Buick Sport Wagon.
All A-body cars had a wheelbase except the stretched-wheelbase wagons, which were .
Some of GM's most successful products in the muscle car era were A-body models, including the Pontiac GTO, Chevrolet Malibu SS, Oldsmobile 442 and Buick GS. From 1964 to 1969, GM Canada produced a special-market version of the Chevelle called the Beaumont, which included Pontiac-type trim and unique front grilles as well as taillight assemblies.
When the A-body cars were introduced in 1964, GM had set a corporate policy prohibiting V8 engines larger than in these models. However, Pontiac fitted its V8 in the Lemans to create the GTO — commonly considered the first popular muscle car. Though this violated the 330 cu in limit, Pontiac got around the rules by designating the GTO as a low-volume option package rather than a specific model. The sales success of the 1964 GTO led the corporation to increase the cubic inch limit for 1965 A-body cars to , opening the door for the other three divisions to offer similar muscle cars. The 400 cu in limit for A-body cars, as well as for other GM cars that were smaller than full-sized (with the exception of the Chevrolet Corvette), was continued through the 1969 model year.
Vehicles underpinned
1964-1969 Beaumont
1964-1967 Buick Sport Wagon
1964-1967 Buick Skylark
1964-1969 Buick Special
1964-1967 Chevrolet Chevelle
1964-1967 Chevrolet El Camino
1964-1967 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser
1964-1967 Oldsmobile 442
1964-1967 Oldsmobile Cutlass and F-85
1964-1967 Pontiac GTO
1964-1967 Pontiac Tempest
1964-1967 Pontiac LeMans
1966-1967 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
1968-1972
All GM A-bodies were completely restyled in 1968. The 400 cu in limit remained. It was removed in 1970, mainly due to Chrysler's domination in the drag racing and muscle car market with larger engines and highest power rated engines available in nearly all Chrysler "B" platform models. This led each of the four GM divisions to offer their largest engines: Chevrolet's in the Chevelle SS-454, Pontiac's in the GTO, Oldsmobile's in the 442, and Buick's in the GS.
The two-door had a wheelbase; four-door, station wagon, and the El Camino had a wheelbase; and the stretched-wheelbase wagon had a wheelbase. 1968 model year A-body 2-door hardtops and convertibles had a vent wing window assembly - 1969-72 models had a one piece door glass where GM's Astro Ventilation system (first used with the 1966 Buick Riviera) was phased in.
Also using a variation of the A-body chassis and suspension were the 1969-1972 Pontiac Grand Prix and 1970-1972 Chevrolet Monte Carlo — both of which were marketed as intermediate-sized personal luxury cars and coded as G-body cars. The Grand Prix had a wheelbase and the Monte Carlo had a wheelbase. When the A- and G-body cars were restyled for 1973, the G-body design was renamed the A-special body.
Vehicles underpinned
1968-1972 Buick Skylark
1968-1972 Buick Sport Wagon
1968-1972 Chevrolet Chevelle
1968-1972 Chevrolet El Camino
1968-1972 Oldsmobile 442
1968-1972 Oldsmobile Cutlass
1968-1972 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
1968-1972 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser
1968-1972 Pontiac GTO
1968-1970 Pontiac Tempest
1968-1972 Pontiac LeMans
1970-1972 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
1971-1972 GMC Sprint
1973–1977
All GM A- and A-special body cars were completely restyled for 1973 with hardtop and convertible bodystyles completely eliminated due to pending Federal safety regulations. The 1973-77 cars were available in sedans, coupes and station wagons. General Motors described the pillared bodystyles with frameless doors and windows as "Colonnade" styling. Wheelbases for this generation were 112 for two-door coupes and 116 for four-door sedans and wagons.
By this time, the American performance car was considered extinct, but these "forgotten years" had some performance left.
1973 Pontiac LeMans with the GTO option and the Pontiac Grand Am — Available with a 400 cid V8 which was available with a 3-speed (LeMans, GTO) or 4-speed manual (LeMans, GTO, Grand Am) transmission or an automatic (LeMans, GTO, Grand Am), or a 455 with an automatic transmission only. Also announced for the '73 GTO and Grand Am was the Super Duty 455 V8, which was rated at . Cars magazine tested an SD-455-equipped 1973 Pontiac GTO and chose it as Car Of The Year, yet that engine never made it to production in a GTO or other Pontiac A-body, but would be limited to the Firebird Formula and Trans Am.
1973 Chevrolet Chevelle SS and 1974-1976 Chevelle Laguna S-3 — Offered with a 350 small block or 454 big block V8 with up to and mated to manual or automatic transmissions. The SS was replaced for 1974 by the Laguna Type S-3 which offered the same engine/transmission offerings as the '73 SS plus the addition of a 400 small block V8, along with a urethane front end surrounding the grillework. The 1975-76 Laguna S-3 featured a more aerodynamic slanted front end but engines were further detuned due to emission requirements and the advent of the catalytic converter, leaving the big 454 V8 unavailable for California cars in 1975 and discontinued altogether for 1976, when the small block 400 V8 was the top engine.
1973-1974 Buick Century GS — Still available with the Stage 1 455 cid V8 rated at 270 net horsepower, mated to either a Turbo 400 or four-speed manual transmission, the latter transmission reportedly only installed in seven cars that year. The '74 Stage 1 455 was only available with the Turbo 400 automatic and detuned to . This engine was also offered on other Buicks in 1974 including the Riviera, LeSabre and Electra.
1973-1975 Oldsmobile Cutlass Hurst/Olds W-30 — These were built using 455 cid V8 engines in the W-30 trim. This engine was also available as an option on the Olds 442 of those years along with other Cutlass models.
1976 Buick Century Turbo — These were originally built as Indianapolis Pace Car replicas with a turbocharged and carbureted 3.8 L V6, and were faster than the 455 V8 version of that year. There were only a little over 1,200 built.
1977 Pontiac Can-Am — This car was basically a LeMans Sport Coupe with a Grand Prix interior and a Trans Am "Shaker" hood, a one-off wing and a 400 cid V8 rated at with federal emissions, or an Oldsmobile 403 with California emissions. Only 1,100 or so of these were made and are getting quite collectible.
Vehicles underpinned
1973-1977 Buick Century
1973-1977 Buick Regal
1973-1977 Chevrolet Chevelle
1973-1977 Chevrolet El Camino
1973-1977Chevrolet Monte Carlo
1973-1977 GMC Sprint
1973-1977 Oldsmobile 442
1973-1977 Oldsmobile Cutlass
1973-1977 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
1973-1977 Pontiac Grand Am
1973-1977 Pontiac Grand Prix
1973-1977 Pontiac LeMans
1977-1977 Pontiac Can Am
1978–1981
All GM intermediate-sized cars were downsized for the 1978 model year in response to CAFE requirements and the increased popularity of smaller cars. The redesigned models were similar in size to the previous X-bodies.
The Buick and Oldsmobile were introduced with fastback coupe styles, while the Chevrolet and Pontiac received notchbacks. Four-door fastback sedan models were also available. An interesting design compromise was non-lowering rear door windows on four-door sedans and wagons, which also reverted to full window frames while two-door models including the El Camino retained frameless glass. Performance applications included the Chevrolet Malibu F41 and M80, Pontiac LeMans GT, Oldsmobile 442 and Oldsmobile Hurst/Olds.
In 1982, with the introduction of the new front-wheel drive A-body, existing rear-wheel drive models were given the G-body designation.
Vehicles underpinned
1978-1980 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
1978-1981 GMC Caballero
1978-1981 Buick Century
1978-1981 Buick Regal
1978-1981 Chevrolet El Camino
1978-1981 Chevrolet Malibu
1978-1981 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme
1978-1981 Oldsmobile Cutlass
1978-1981 Pontiac LeMans
1978-1981 Pontiac Grand Prix
1978-1981 Pontiac Grand Am
References
List of GM VIN codes
A 1
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3991113
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Motors%20A%20platform%20%281982%29
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General Motors A platform (1982)
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The General Motors A platform (commonly called the A-body) was a mid-size car automobile platform designation used from 1982 to 1996. Previously the A body designation had been used for rear wheel drive mid-sized cars. They were initially offered alongside, but eventually supplanted rear-drive nameplates such as the Malibu for the intermediate niche. Due to the strong popularity of the older rear wheel drive design, General Motors continued production as the G-Body until 1988.
Introduced for the 1982 model year, the A-Body cars were essentially similar in mechanical design and interior space to the troubled X-car compacts upon which they were derived. One key difference between the two platforms is that the A-Body cars are long enough to be classified as intermediate cars due to their more traditional styling. Initially all four lines offered two and four door sedans for 1982. In 1984, they added a wagon body style, which replaced the rear wheel drive G-Body wagons, which were discontinued after 1983.
Platform updates
The A-body eventually consisted of a 4-door sedan, 2-door coupé and a 4-door station wagon.
1982: The Chevrolet Celebrity, Pontiac 6000, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera and Buick Century two and four door models are introduced.
1983: Pontiac introduces the sporty STE variant of their 6000. Oldsmobile introduces the ES performance package for their Cutlass Ciera four door models.
1984: All four divisions now offered the new wagon body style. Oldsmobile introduces the Holiday Coupe package on their Cutlass Ciera Brougham coupes.
1985: Oldsmobile introduces an updated Cutlass Ciera with more aerodynamic front and rear styling, an updated interior and a new GT coupe model. The Oldsmobile 4.3 liter diesel engine was dropped after this model year.
1986: Mid year, the Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera gets a unique roofline. The Buick Century is restyled.
1988: Pontiac offers all wheel drive on exclusively on their 6000 STE. All models moved to composite headlamps. Oldsmobile dropped the Brougham nameplate from their Ciera line.
1989: the Celebrity drops its two door models. The Cutlass Ciera, Century and 6000 receive major updates.
1990: the Celebrity drops its four door models, leaving only the station wagon.
1991: The Pontiac 6000 (all models), Chevrolet Celebrity wagon and Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera coupe are dropped.
1992: Buick dropped the Century coupe.
1996: For the final year of the A-Body, Oldsmobile drops the Cutlass name, simply calling their sedan the Oldsmobile Ciera.
It was updated in 1989 with a slightly longer wheelbase and a more rounded roofline (except for the Celebrity whose roofline remained unchanged as it was to be phased out in 1990). It also briefly saw duty as an all wheel drive platform for the Pontiac 6000.
Later GM platforms (specifically transaxle based, i.e. four-wheel drive and mid-engine rear-wheel drive) benefited from components and systems developed with the A-Body. Additionally the first generation U-body minivan (1990–1996) was constructed utilizing a lightly modified version of the A-body chassis.
The A-body began to be phased out in favor of the GM W platform beginning in 1990, although production did not end for the platform until 1996 due to popularity of the remaining models.
Vehicles underpinned
1982–1990 Chevrolet Celebrity
1982–1991 Pontiac 6000
1982–1995 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera
1996 Oldsmobile Ciera (final year of the Cutlass Ciera and Cutlass Cruiser, sold without the "Cutlass" name)
1982–1996 Buick Century
External links
A-body.net - 82-96 GM A-body Website & Forum
List of GM VIN codes
Notes
A
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3991118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evdokia%20%28film%29
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Evdokia (film)
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Evdokia () is one of the most important works of Greek cinema. It is a drama of passion whose main characters are a sergeant and a prostitute (Evdokia) who get married after a brief passionate affair. Very soon, however, the influence of their environment strains their relationship, and the man tries to break away, but without success. The pair is surrounded by harsh light, rock, bare landscapes and military exercises, on the one hand, and sensuality and constrictions, on the other. Because of her occupation, Evdokia both attracts and repels the sergeant. The petit bourgeois environment, the lumpen elements, the social fringes and petty interests stifle the young couple: they apparently want to rebel, but never succeed.
With everything moving among violent sensuality, cruelty, coarseness, and total austerity, this "prosaic" story assumes the dimensions of an ancient tragedy. The inner struggle of the protagonists, the conflict of desires and values, the straightforward narration, vigorous pace, immediacy and sound construction constitute one of the most important works of the Greek cinema. In Greece, the film is mostly known for the popular Zeibekiko instrumental piece "Zeibekiko of Evdokia", written by Manos Loizos. In 1986, Evdokia was voted by the Greek Film Critics Association as the best Greek film of all time.
Cast
Maria Vassiliou ..... Evdokia
Giorgos Koutouzis ..... Giorgos Paschos
Koula Agagiotou ..... Maria Koutroubi
Christos Zorbas ..... Giorgos
References
Alexis Damianos: The Lyricism of Violence
External links
1971 films
1971 drama films
Greek films
Films set in Greece
Greek-language films
Greek drama films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritam
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Pritam
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Pritam Chakraborty (born 14 June 1971), also known mononymously as Pritam, is an Indian composer, instrumentalist, guitarist and singer.
Early life
Pritam was born in a Bengali Brahmin family to Anuradha Chakraborty and Prabodh Chakraborty. He gained his early training in music from his father and learnt to play the guitar while he was still in school.
He went to St. James' School and has a bachelor's degree in geology from Presidency College. Pritam joined FTII, Pune where he took up Sound Recording and Engineering in 1994.
Pritam formed a band with his presidency batchmates, called "Jotugriher Pakhi" for which, he used to play the guitar. They even have a cassette released to their credit at that time. Pritam joined a Bangla band, Chandrabindoo. Later Pritam started band Metro with James, Suhail, Soham and Eric during his film called Life in a... Metro.
Career
Pre-Bollywood
After completing his sound engineering course from FTII Pune, Chakraborty came to Mumbai in 1997. He started composing ad jingles where he met other budding artists such as Shantanu Moitra, Rajkumar Hirani, Sanjay Gadhvi and Jeet Gannguli. Pritam composed renowned jingles for brands like Santro, Emami, McDonald's, Head & Shoulders, Thums Up, Limca, Complan and composed title tracks for TV serials such as Astitva, Kkavyanjali, Ye Meri Life Hai, Remix, Kashmeer, Miilee, and Dil Kya Kare.
Early Bollywood career (with Jeet Gannguli)
Pritam got his first break for Tere Liye (released December 2001). Though the music was well-received, the film missed the mark. In 2002, The Jeet-Pritam duo once again composed music for Yash Raj Films' Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai. All the songs from that movie were chartbusters.
Soon after, over some misunderstanding, Jeet decided to split and the partners went their separate ways.
Solo career
Pritam's compositions were noted for their ability to blend Indian classical music with western styles. His compositions for Gadhvi's second movie Dhoom were a runaway hit. The title-track of Dhoom in two versions – Hindi (by Sunidhi Chauhan) and English (by Tata Young) – broke geographic barriers becoming popular in pubs in the UK, USA and the East Asia and won him a Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year. He received two nominations for Dhoom.
He followed this up with compositions for films like Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani, Race, Kismat Konnection, Jannat, Gangster and Dhoom 2. His compositions for Anurag Basu's Life in a... Metro garnered him very positive reviews. He formed a band called Metro with Suhail Kaul, Sohu pet name Chakraborty, Eric Pillai and Bangladeshi singer James for the movie.
He won his second Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year for the song "Mauja Hi Mauja" from Jab We Met by Imtiaz Ali. Jab We Met won him his first Apsara Award for Best Music Director. He composed for two more Imtiaz Ali films, Love Aaj Kal and Cocktail which were critically and commercially successful.
His Sufi songs for the 2010 movie Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai were immensely popular with the masses and songs like "Pee loon" and "Tum Jo Aaye" were declared chartbusters. He teamed up again with Mahesh Bhatt and Vishesh Films for music of Crook of which the song "Mere Bina" got instant recognition with public. His foot-tapping numbers for Rohit Shetty's Golmaal 3 were also equally successful. In 2011, he got to work for Salman Khan's Ready and Bodyguard. He recreated the famous 1971 song, "Dum Maro Dum" for Ramesh Sippy's 2011 movie of the same name. He then composed for the romance Mausam which had a strong influence of Punjabi. The songs were phenomenal hits in Northern India with "Rabba Main To Mar Gaya Oye" being a rage among people.
In 2012, he composed several successful songs for films like Players, Agent Vinod, Jannat 2 and Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s Ferrari Ki Sawaari, where he worked with Rajkumar Hirani. Later that year, he scored music for Barfi! which won him two Filmfare Awards. Barfi is considered to be one of the most critically acclaimed soundtrack album of his career. By 2013, his list included Race 2, Murder 3, Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, Dhoom 3 and Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara which was his 100th movie as a Music Director in Bollywood. He started 2014 with compositions for Yaariyan, Shaadi Ke Side Effects & Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty. He then took a break in 2014.
He marked his return with three successful albums in 2015: Kabir Khan's Bajrangi Bhaijaan & Phantom and Rohit Shetty's Dilwale for which he was nominated for Filmfare awards. The Song, "Gerua" from Dilwale directly opened at the No. 1 position on the Radio Mirchi charts and became the first Bollywood song to cross 100 million views on YouTube in the shortest duration ever. It also ranked in the top slot in places like Malaysia, Oman, Sri Lanka and Bahrain. In 2016, he appeared as a guest composer and composed the song "Itni Si Baat Hai" for Azhar; the albumes other composers were Amaal Mallik and Dj Chetas. He also composed the whole soundtracks of Dishoom, Ae Dil Hai Mushkil and Dangal. In 2017, he composed the soundtracks of Jagga Jasoos, Raabta along with Sohrabuddin, Sourav Roy and JAM8, Tubelight and Jab Harry Met Sejal along with Diplo. In 2019, he composed songs for Kalank and will produce the music for Brahmastra. 83- The Film is lined up for 2020.
Musical style
Pritam has composed and covered some popular songs in a variety of genres including Rock (Life in a... Metro), Sufi (Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai) and even Ghazals (Barfi). His musical style is mainly characterized as a delicate fusion of Indian classical music with contemporary undertones.
Allegations of plagiarism
Pritam has been alleged to have plagiarized numerous songs from the beginning of his film music career. Hits such as "Pehli Nazar Mein" was plagiarized from the Korean song "Sarang Hae Yo" by Kim Hyung Su (2005). His critically acclaimed soundtrack Ae Dil Hai Mushkil also faced allegations of plagiarism as the guitar riff of the song "Bulleya" was lifted from the Papa Roach song "Last Resort".
Rolling Stone India says, Indian music plagiarism tracking site www.itwofs.com alleges 52 instances between 2004 and 2010 where Pritam's songs are said to be "lifted", "copied", "plagiarized", or "similar" to those of tunes by other composers, who range from Arab and East Asian artists (such as Ihab Tawfik, Yuri Mrakadi and Kim Hyung-sub) to Western musicians like Boney M. and Damien Rice.
"I made mistakes initially.. ", Pritam said in an interview with Hindustan Times on his plagiarism charges.
On screen appearance
Music videos and films
Gangster (Music video for the song "Bheegi Bheegi")
Life in A... Metro (Guest appearance)
Jab Harry Met Sejal (Promotional Music video for the song "Safar")
"Biba" Marshmello x Pritam, Shirley Setia (Music Video)
Television
Pritam mentored and judged Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 and was a judge for Chhote Ustaad on Zee TV. He was also a guest judge for the X factor and Zee Bangla's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012–13. He also composed the title track for Hrithik Roshan’s TV series Just Dance for Star TV which was sung by KK. Pritam sang some of his top hits on the popular show MTV Unplugged (Season 5) on 13 February 2016. Pritam is the mentor and judge of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016 alongside Mika Singh and Sajid–Wajid He was also a part of Star plus’ show Dil Hai Hindustani as a judge alongside Sunidhi Chauhan and Badshah in 2018.
Awards and nominations
Awards
Asia Pacific Screen Awards
2012 – Barfi! – Won Asia Pacific Screen Awards for Best Music
Asian Film Awards
2012 – Barfi! – Won Asian Film Awards for Best Music
International Indian Film Academy Awards
2010 – Won IIFA Award for Best Music Director – Love Aaj Kal (2009)
2013 – Won IIFA Award for Best Music Director – Barfi! (2012)
2017 – Won IIFA Award for Best Music Director – Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (2016)
Filmfare Awards
Won
2013 – Won Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Barfi! (2012)
2013 – Won Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Barfi! (2012)
2017 – Won Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (2016)
2018 – Won Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Jagga Jasoos (2017)
2018 – Won Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Jagga Jasoos (2017)
2021 – Won Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Ludo (2020)
2005 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Dhoom (2004)
2007 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Dhoom:2 (2006)
2008 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Life in a Metro (2007)
2008 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Jab We Met (2007)
2009 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Race (2008)
2010 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Love Aaj Kal (2009)
2010 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani (2009)
2011 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (2010)
2013 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Cocktail (2012)
2014 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani (2013)
2016 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Dilwale (2015)
2018 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Jab Harry Met Sejal (2017)
2020 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kalank (2019)
2021 – Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Love Aaj Kal (2020)
2021 – Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Ludo (2020)
Mirchi Music Awards
Won
2015 – Music Composer of the Year – "Gerua" from Dilwale
2016 – Album of the Year – Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
2016 – Music Composer of the Year – "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil" from Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
2017 – Album of the Year – Jab Harry Met Sejal
2017 – Music Composer of the Year – "Hawayein" from Jab Harry Met Sejal
Winner
2010 – Album of the Year – Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai
2010 – Music Composer of The Year – "Pee Loon" from Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai
2011 – Album of the Year – Bodyguard
2012 – Album of the Year – Barfi!
2012 – Album of the Year – Cocktail
2012 – Music Composer of the Year – "Ala Barfi" from Barfi!
2012 – Music Composer of the Year – "Phir Le Aya Dil" from Barfi!
2012 – Music Composer of the Year – "Tum Hi Ho Bandhu" from Cocktail
2012 – Background Score of the Year – Barfi!
2016 – Album of the Year – Dangal
2016 – Music Composer of the Year – "Channa Mereya" from Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
2016 – Music Composer of the Year – "Bulleya" from Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
2016 – Best Background Score – Dangal
2016 – Best Background Score – Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
2017 – Album of the Year – Jagga Jasoos
2017 – Album of the Year – Raabta
2017 – Best Background Score – Jagga Jasoos
Other
2003 – Won – Indian Television Academy Awards – ITA Award for Best Title Music/Song Track – Kashmeer
2005 – Won – Indian Television Academy Awards – ITA Award for Best Title Music/Song Track – Remix
2006 – Won – Indian Television Academy Awards – ITA Award for Best Title Music/Song Track – Kkavyanjali
2013 – Won – MTV VMAI Award – Best Bollywood Album – Cocktail
Discography
References
External links
Living people
Indian male playback singers
Bengali musicians
Film and Television Institute of India alumni
Filmfare Awards winners
Indian film score composers
Singers from West Bengal
1971 births
Bollywood playback singers
Zee Cine Awards winners
Indian male film score composers
21st-century Indian male singers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber%20of%20Deputies%20of%20the%20Czech%20Republic
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Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic
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The Chamber of Deputies, officially the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic (), is the lower house of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. The chamber has 200 seats and deputies are elected for four-year terms using the party-list proportional representation system with the D'Hondt method. Since 2002, there are 14constituencies, matching the Czech regions. A Cabinet is answerable to the Chamber of Deputies and the Prime Minister stays in office only as long as they retain the support of a majority of its members. The quorum is set by law to one third (67) of elected deputies. Any changes to the constitutional laws must be approved by at least 60 percent of the Chamber of Deputies. The seat of the Chamber of Deputies is the Thun Palace in Malá Strana, Prague.
Electability and mandate
Every citizen of the Czech Republic over 21 years old with the right to vote is eligible to be elected. The Deputy may not hold the office of Senator, President of the Czech Republic or judge, which also applies to certain positions specified by law. The office of the Deputy expires once:
a Deputy-elect refuses to take the oath or takes it with reservation
a Deputy's tenure expires
a Deputy resigns from the office
a Deputy loses eligibility to be elected
a Deputy takes up an office incompatible with serving as a Deputy.
the Chamber of Deputies is dissolved
Dissolution
After a dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, new elections must be held within 60 days, and the Chamber cannot be dissolved within three months of regular elections. The Chamber of Deputies can only be dissolved by the president under conditions specified by the constitution. The Chamber of Deputies is most commonly dissolved following two votes of no confidence in the cabinet. During a dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate has the authority to take necessary legal measures in its place.
Seat of the Chamber of Deputies
The Chamber of Deputies resides in three building complexes in Malá Strana, Prague. The main building with the plenary chamber is the Thun Palace, built at the end of the 17th century. It was rebuilt at the start of the 19th century to house the Bohemian Diet. The current plenary chamber was built in 1861 for the reinstated Bohemian Diet after it was dissolved by the Austrian-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1849. The second building was the seat of the Governors of the Kingdom of Bohemia appointed by the emperor, located on Malá Strana Square. The last building complex includes the Smiřický Palace and Šternberk Palace at the opposite side of the square.
Past Chamber of Deputies election results
As part of the democratic Czechoslovakia
During this time the Chamber of Deputies was called the National Council.
See also
List of presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Czech Republic)
List of MPs elected in the 2021 Czech legislative election
List of MPs elected in the 2017 Czech legislative election
List of MPs elected in the 2013 Czech legislative election
List of MPs elected in the 2010 Czech legislative election
List of MPs elected in the 2006 Czech legislative election
List of MPs elected in the 2002 Czech legislative election
List of MPs elected in the 1998 Czech legislative election
List of MPs elected in the 1996 Czech legislative election
References
Further reading
Kolář, Petr, and Petr Valenta. The Parliament of the Czech Republic – the Chamber of Deputies. Prague : Published for the Office of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic by Ivan Král, 2009.
External links
Parliament of the Czech Republic
Czech Republic, Chamber of Deputies of the
1993 establishments in the Czech Republic
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5382321
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Jos%C3%A9%20Costa%20Rica%20Temple
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San José Costa Rica Temple
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The San José Costa Rica Temple is the 87th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
The church's First Presidency announced on March 17, 1999 that a temple would be built in San José, Costa Rica. The announcement of the San José Costa Rica Temple made it the first temple in Costa Rica and the second temple in Central America.
History
The LDS Church is relatively new in Costa Rica. A U.S. ambassador who was LDS ran the first church meetings from his home between 1943 and 1946. The first Mormon missionaries arrived in 1946, and temporarily left during Costa Rica's 1948 Civil War. By 1974 church membership had grown enough that Costa Rica became its own mission. In 1977 the first stake was created in Costa Rica. In 1992, Boyd K. Packer, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, dedicated the land of Costa Rica for missionary work and membership grew even faster. Today there are 23,000 members in Costa Rica. Before the building of the temple in Costa Rica, members had to travel to the Guatemala City Guatemala Temple. The trip was expensive, costing many families twice their monthly income.
On April 24, 1999 a groundbreaking ceremony and site dedication were held. Lynn G. Robbins, a member of the Seventy and first counselor in the presidency of the Central America Area, presided at the ceremony. Construction began soon after the groundbreaking and progress was quick to reach a deadline of finishing the temple in one year. The deadline was met and the temple was dedicated in June, fourteen months after the announcement to build the temple.
The temple was open for tours May 20–27, 2000. The temple plot is . The exterior finish of the temple is made of Blanco Guardiano white marble from the northern Mexican city of Torreón. More than 20,000 people attended the open house and toured the temple. James E. Faust, a member of the First Presidency, dedicated the San José Costa Rica Temple on June 4, 2000. The San José Temple serves over 35,000 church members in twelve stakes and fourteen districts.
The San José Costa Rica Temple has a total of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms.
In 2020, the San José Costa Rica Temple was closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
References
Additional reading
External links
San José Costa Rica Temple Official site
San José Costa Rica Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Religious buildings and structures in Costa Rica
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2000
Buildings and structures in San José, Costa Rica
Temples (LDS Church) in Latin America
Temples (LDS Church) in North America
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Costa Rica
2000 establishments in Costa Rica
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5382324
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake%20Bay%20Academy
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Chesapeake Bay Academy
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Chesapeake Bay Academy (founded in 1989) in Virginia Beach, Virginia is an educational institution that educates and guides students with learning disabilities, including attention disorders (ADHD), dyslexia, and dysgraphia.
References
Chesapeake Bay Academy: School Website
Private elementary schools in Virginia
Private middle schools in Virginia
Private high schools in Virginia
Educational institutions established in 1989
Schools in Virginia Beach, Virginia
1989 establishments in Virginia
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5382338
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Hassoun
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Jacques Hassoun
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Jacques Hassoun (20 October 1936 – 24 April 1999) was a French psychoanalyst and proponent of the ideas of Jacques Lacan.
Hassoun developed a theory of depression and a reparative theory of transmission. He wrote about certain pathologies in children of immigrants. Hassoun examined the special problems they face in processing and transmitting what is mostly communicated to them through their parents' narratives of displacement, loss and exile. He was one of the first to evoke the heritage of the Jews of Egypt in modern times. He wrote about their history, customs, religious observance, and languages. He showed particular interest in the Karaite community.
Hassoun traveled to Egypt with groups of compatriots when Egyptian president Anwar Sadat made it possible for Jews to visit Egypt. Hassoun wrote several works on the history of the modern Jews of Egypt, among them Histoire des Juifs du Nil (Minerve, 1990), Alexandies et autres récits and Alexandries (a novel). He wrote eloquently of the culture of the Jews of Egypt and of their disappearance in the wake of Egyptian nationalism.
Hassoun was born in Alexandria, Egypt in 1936 and settled in France in 1954 at the age of 18 where he was exiled after being accused and imprisoned by Egyptian authorities for communist activity. He remained in France for the rest of his life. Hassoun spoke French, Arabic, and Hebrew fluently.
Hassoun died from a brain tumor at age 63, in Paris.
Theory of melancholy
For Hassoun, melancholy (or depression) stems from an individual's desire for some undesignated other.
In Hassoun's model, the mother's attentiveness at the moment of weaning is crucial to the infant's sense of self. The mother must be seen by the infant to mourn, disapprove, begrudge, hesitate in the process of weaning. If she does not, the infant will recognize the mother's gesture as indifference. Melancholy is the result of the infant's sensing the mother's indifference at the moment of separation. Henceforth, he will be unable to mourn, having been unable to recognize loss in the mother's eyes. Weaning is a mirroring that leaves the subject both unable to mourn and unable to care—leaves the child in the state of melancholy. Melancholy for Hassoun is the result of a gesture that leaves the infant to suffer interminably for having spied the mother's indifference at the moment of weaning.
About memory and retelling
Hassoun said that the need to tell the past comes up when there's a crisis: when the individual grows up; when there's the urge to preserve a culture, etc. New facts means psychological effort to adapt, this can cause a person to reject that new things/ situation. People go back to the past when there's the need to adapt, because they consider experiences from the past a tool to survive.
Telling the past does not mean telling somebody to follow traditions. Traditions subject the individual to follow patterns which may cause more damage than good. Retelling the past is another thing. It is never pure repetition but interpretation. Transmission takes the present into consideration when turning one's attention to the past. Without transmission all we have is nostalgia.
20th-century French philosophers
French psychologists
Philosophers of sexuality
French people of Egyptian-Jewish descent
French psychoanalysts
Jacques Lacan
1936 births
1999 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
20th-century psychologists
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5382340
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20Colonisation%20Association
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Jewish Colonisation Association
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The Jewish Colonisation Association (JCA or ICA, Yiddish ייִק"אַ), in America spelled Jewish Colonization Association, is an organisation created on September 11, 1891, by Baron Maurice de Hirsch. Its aim was to facilitate the mass emigration of Jews from Russia and other Eastern European countries, by settling them in agricultural colonies on lands purchased by the committee in North America (Canada and the United States), South America (Argentina and Brazil) and Ottoman Palestine. Today ICA is still active in Israel in supporting specific development projects under the name Jewish Charitable Association (ICA).
History
Palestine and Israel
In 1896 the JCA started offering support to Jewish farming communities newly established in Ottoman Palestine. In 1899 Baron Edmond James de Rothschild transferred title to his settlements ("moshavot") in Palestine along with fifteen million francs to the JCA. Starting on January 1, 1900 the JCA restructured the way in which the colonies received financial and managerial support, with the effect of making them more profitable and independent. Between 1900 and 1903 it created 4 new moshavot, Kfar Tavor, Yavniel, Melahamia (Menahamia), and Bait Vegan. In addition, it established an agricultural training farm at Sejera.
The Palestine operation was restructured by Baron de Rothschild in 1924 as the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association (PICA) and placed under the directorship of his son James Armand de Rothschild. PICA transferred most of its properties to the State of Israel in 1957 and 1958.
ICA resumed activities in Palestine in 1933, at first in association with another fund and from 1955 on by itself as "ICA in Israel".
ICA is at present supporting projects in the fields of education, agriculture and tourism in the north (Galilee) and south (Negev) regions of Israel.
Argentina
Focused on agricultural colonies in Argentina, until East European Jews were forbidden to, even if in 1896, when Hirsch died, the association owned a thousand square kilometers of land in the country, on which lived a thousand households, the “Jewish gauchos”. Theodor Herzl considered it expensive and unrealistic, against Zadoc Kahn who presented the German Jewish philanthropist Baron Maurice de Hirsch with the project of setting up a Jewish colony in Argentina, before was created the I.C.A. in 1891. In 1920, 150,000 Jews lived in Argentina. and new colonies appeared: (Lapin, Rivera), Entre Ríos (San Gregorio, Villa Domínguez, Carmel, Ingeniero Sajaroff, Villa Clara, and Villaguay), and Santa Fe (Moisés Ville) (about 64% jews lived in Entre Ríos.
United States
Colonies were founded within the United States in southern New Jersey, Ellington, Connecticut (Congregation Knesseth Israel), and elsewhere. A Canadian Committee of the JCA was established in November 1906 to assist in the settlement of thousands of Jewish refugees fleeing Russia, and to oversee the development of all JCA settlements in the country.
Turkey
The JCA also established two agricultural colonies in the first two decades of the 20th century in what now is Turkey. In 1891, JCA bought land near Karataş, Izmir, Turkey, and established an agricultural training centre, or Yehudah, on an area totaling 30 km² by 1902. The centre was closed in 1926 owing to numerous difficulties. A group of Romanian Jews in Anatolia were assisted by JCA in the early 20th century to establish an immigration bureau in Istanbul in 1910. The JCA also bought land in the Asian part of Istanbul and founded Mesillah Hadassah agricultural colony for several hundred families. In 1928 the colonies were mostly liquidated, with only the immigration bureau remaining to assist migrants in their migration to Palestine.
Canada
Economic factors, notably the Great Depression, led to the dissolution of all western Canadian colonies by the end of World War II. Thereafter concentrating its work in the east, the Canadian chapter of the JCA purchased farms and made loans to farmers in Ontario and Quebec. The JCA Canadian Committee made no loans after 1970 and ceased all legal existence in 1978. The JCA deposited the majority of its papers at the National Archives of the Canadian Jewish Congress in 1978, and the remainder (the "S" collection) there in 1989.
Directors-General
Sigismond Sonnenfeld (1891–1911)
Louis Oungre (1911–1949)
Victor Girmounsky and Georges Aronstein (1949–1977)
See also
Kolonja Izaaka, Belarus
Moisés Ville, Argentina
Joseph Niego
Organization for Jewish Colonisation in the Soviet Union
Palestine Jewish Colonization Association
References
External links
Jewish refugee aid organizations
Jews and Judaism in Argentina
Jews and Judaism in Brazil
Jews and Judaism in Canada
Jews and Judaism in Turkey
Jews and Judaism in the United States
Romanian-Jewish diaspora
Russian-Jewish diaspora
Settlement schemes
1891 establishments in France
Jewish charities
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5382358
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana%20Trigiani
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Adriana Trigiani
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Adriana Trigiani is an American best-selling author of eighteen books, playwright, television writer/producer, film director/screenwriter/producer, and entrepreneur based in New York City. Trigiani has published a novel a year since 2000.
Early life and career
Inspired by her Italian American heritage and Appalachian childhood in Big Stone Gap, Virginia, Trigiani arrived in New York in 1985 after attending Saint Mary's College in Indiana. Trigiani made her off-Broadway debut in New York City as a playwright in 1985 at the Manhattan Theater Club with Secrets of the Lava Lamp, directed by Stuart Ross. From 1988 to 1998, she created scripts for television sitcoms, including The Cosby Show (1984) and its spin-off A Different World (1987). She was the writer and executive producer of City Kids for ABC/Jim Henson Productions, she was an executive producer and writer of Growing Up Funny, a television special for Lifetime which garnered an Emmy nomination for Lily Tomlin. Trigiani has written eighteen best-sellers in fiction and non-fiction,wrote and directed the award-winning documentary Queens of the Big Time (1996 Audience Award Hamptons International Film Festival and 1997 Palm Springs International Film Festival). She wrote and directed the major motion picture Big Stone Gap, based on her debut novel and shot entirely on location in her hometown. In 2018 she directed Then Came You in Scotland, starring Craig Ferguson and Kathie Lee Gifford (screenwriter). She adapted her novel Very Valentine for Lifetime Television, it premiered in June 2019 starring Kelen Coleman and Jacqueline Bisset. Trigiani co-founded with Nancy Bolmeier-Fisher The Origin Project, an in-school writing program in Appalachia that serves over 1700 students in her home state Virginia. The program has received many awards, including citations from the Virginia Council for the Humanities (2018), Helen M. Lewis Community Service Award (2015), and the William P. Kanto Memorial Award at The University of Virginia at Wise (2017).
As novelist and filmmaker
Trigiani authored the best-selling Big Stone Gap series, including Big Stone Gap (2000), Big Cherry Holler (2001), Milk Glass Moon (2002), and Home to Big Stone Gap (2006), set in her Virginia hometown; and the bestselling Valentine trilogy, the tale of a woman working to save her family's shoe company in Greenwich Village. Trigiani also wrote the Viola books, about a clever teenage filmmaker from Brooklyn, for young adults. Trigiani's acclaimed stand-alone novels include Lucia, Lucia (2003), The Queen of the Big Time (2004), and Rococo (2005). Trigiani's book The Shoemaker's Wife is the fictional account of the lives of her own grandparents after emigrating to America from Italy in the early 20th century. Regularly on The New York Times Bestseller List, critics have noted Trigiani's ability to "create distinctive voices for each of her characters." Millions of copies of Trigiani's books are in print in the United States and published in 36 countries around the world. Overlapping themes include self-perception, social identity, the universal immigrant story, personal loss, working class life, and contemporary social and environmental issues. Since 2012, Adriana Trigiani Tours, and AT Escapes, have offered travel tours to Italy, Scotland, Spain and Gibraltar inspired by the novels of Adriana Trigiani.
During the 1990s, Trigiani wrote and directed an award-winning documentary Queen of The Big Time (1996), the story of her father's hometown of Roseto, Pennsylvania, shown in film festivals in London and Hong Kong, co-produced Green Chimneys, and later contributed to PBS documentary The Italian Americans. In 2014, Trigiani directed the major motion picture Big Stone Gap (film), a romantic comedy film adaptation of her namesake bestselling novel, produced by Donna Gigliotti for Altar Identity Studios, a subsidiary of Media Society. Big Stone Gap (film) is a story of family secrets and self-discovery in an Appalachian coal-mining town of the late 1970s. The award-winning ensemble cast includes Ashley Judd, Whoopi Goldberg, Jane Krakowski, Jenna Elfman, and Patrick Wilson. Released on October 9, 2015 by Picturehouse (company), Trigiani's narrative directorial debut arrived nearly 30 years after the sale of her first screenplay, Three to Get Married, produced by Kate Benton in 1986. Opening the Virginia Film Festival, Big Stone Gap (film) was ranked among the top 250 grossing women directed films of 2014.
Media appearances
Trigiani and her work have regularly been featured on NBC's Today Show. She was profiled on CBS Sunday Morning, appeared on The View, Good Day NY with Rosanna Scotto and Lori Stokes, and is heard regularly on NPR around the country. Trigiani has lectured at New York University and the New School for Social Research, has been a commencement speaker and received honorary degrees from Emory & Henry College (2018), Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana (2002), The University of Virginia at Wise (2001), and The University of New Haven, Connecticut (2005, 2016). She is host of the Library of Virginia Literary Awards (11 years), was host of the Poets and Writers Gala in New York City (2016), The Audio Publishers Association Audies Gala (2014), and the Barnes & Noble Writers for Writers Awards. She is permanent host of the Erma Bombeck/Arizona Women's Board Annual Authors Luncheon that is committed to the prevention of kidney disease through awareness, education and research.
Novels
Big Stone Gap: a novel. New York: Random House, 2000.
Big Cherry Holler: a Big Stone Gap novel. New York: Random House, 2001
Milk Glass Moon : a Big Stone Gap novel. New York: Random House, 2002.
Lucia, Lucia: a novel. New York: Random House, 2004.
Home to Big Stone Gap; a novel. New York: Random House, 2006.
The Queen of the Big Time : a novel. New York: Random House, 2004.
Rococo: a novel. New York: Random House, 2005.
Very Valentine: a novel. New York: Random House, 2009.
Viola in reel life. New York: Harper Teen, 2009.
Brava, Valentine: a novel. Harper Collins Publishers, 2010
Viola In the Spotlight New York: Harper Teen, 2011.
The Shoemaker's Wife: a novel.New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2012.
The Supreme Macaroni Company : a novel. New York : Harper Collins Publishers, 2013.
All The Stars in the Heavens : a novel. New York: Harper, Harper Collins Publishers, 2015.
Kiss Carlo. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2017
Tony's Wife: a novel. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 2018
Memoirs
Cooking With My Sisters : One Hundred Years of Family Recipes from Bari to Big Stone Gap. New York: Random House, 2004.
Don't Sing At The Table : Life Lessons From My Grandmothers New York : Harper, 2010.
Professional recognition
1996: Audience Award, Queens of the Big Time. Hamptons International Film Festival & Palm Springs International Film Festival.
2003: The New York Times Bestsellers, Lucia, Lucia: a novel.
2004: The New York Times Bestsellers, The Queen of the Big Time: a novel.
2004: Best Read in England &Publishers Weekly Best Sellers, Lucia, Lucia: a novel.
2005: Publishers Weekly Fiction Award, finalist & "New York Times Bestsellers, Rococo: a novel.
2006: Library of Virginia Annual Literary Awards, Big Stone Gap: a novel. 2006: People's Choice Award Finalist, Big Stone Gap. 2007: Library of Virginia Annual Literary Awards, Home to Big Stone Gap.
2008: Shepherd University Foundation, The West Virginia Humanities Council, and The West Virginia Center for the Book, Appalachian Heritage Writer's Award. 2009: The New York Times Bestsellers, Very Valentine: a novel
2010: The New York Times Bestsellers, Brava Valentine: a novel.
2010: American Library Association Reading List selection, Very valentine.
2012: Publishers Weekly Best Seller & New York Times Bestsellers: The Shoemaker's Wife: a novel
2013: Publishers Weekly Best Seller, The Supreme Macaroni Company: a novel. 2013: The National Organization of Italian American Women, Connecticut Region, honoree Adriana Trigiani
2015: Best Ensemble Cast, Big Stone Gap, the movie. Bentonville Film Festival Award.
2015: ''''The New York Times, Barnes & Noble, USA Today, and Publishers Weekly Best Sellers, All The Stars In the Heaven.
2015: Seattle International Film Festival Women In Cinema'' series, Big Stone Gap (film).
References
External links
Official website
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
American writers of Italian descent
American women television producers
American television writers
American women film directors
American women novelists
American women screenwriters
Appalachian writers
Film directors from Virginia
Living people
People from Big Stone Gap, Virginia
Saint Mary's College (Indiana) alumni
American women television writers
Novelists from Virginia
Year of birth missing (living people)
Screenwriters from Virginia
21st-century American screenwriters
Television producers from Virginia
American film directors of Italian descent
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5382388
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl%20Authority
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Girl Authority
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Girl Authority was an American cover pop girl group. The group consisted of nine girls, at the time, ranging in ages 8 to 13; Jacqueline Laviolette, Carly Grayson, Jessica "Jess" Bonner, Crystal Evans, Kate Barker, Zoë Virant, Jessica Tarr, Gina Miele and Alexandra "Alex" Bilbo. The group was established in the summer of 2005 by the group's vocal coach/executive producer Samantha Hammel, Scott Billington (a Grammy award-winning producer) and the CEO of Rounder Records, John Virant, the father of Zoe, one of the members of Girl Authority. Based on the oldest girls graduating high school; in the summer of 2010, the girls contracts with Rounder Records ceased, and the band officially retired. Currently, the majority of the group members are attending or just graduating college. All of these girls are still close friends and get together for reunions.
All of the girls participated in local musical theater together for five years before joining the group. Each member of the group had a persona during their time in the group; Laviolette was All-Star Girl, Grayson was Glamour Girl, Bonner was Boho Girl, Evans was Country Girl, Barker was Party Girl, Virant was Preppy Girl, Tarr was Rock N' Roll Girl, Miele was Urban Girl, and Bilbo was Fashion Girl.
Girl Authority's self-titled album was released on the Zoë Records label in April 2006. The album reached #9 on Billboard's Top Kid Audio chart and #17 on the Top Heatseekers chart. On the album, the girls recorded past songs such as Madonna's Material Girl and Kelly Clarkson's Breakaway. The album ran several TV advertisements on Nickelodeon.
In April 2006, the girls were invited to sing with The Dresden Dolls at a show in Boston. The girls have also shared the stage with the Jonas Brothers and Jesse McCartney, and have appeared on CBS' The Early Show.
Their second album, Road Trip, was released on March 13, 2007. Featured on this album is a version of the early previously unreleased Depeche Mode song called "Let's Get Together" that Vince Clarke re-wrote for the band. 80s pop singer Cyndi Lauper wrote a ballad for the group titled "Shine", and Tanya Donelly wrote four tracks for the album, including "This Is My Day". In addition, three remaining original songs on the album include "Rhythm of the World" by Ch!pz, "Wild Side" (a song sung by Jessica Tarr), and their theme song "Girl Authority". The group also recorded and released an EP titled Halloween Party Songs, a cover recording of Halloween-themed songs. However, the EP was only sold in iParty stores. Three years after Halloween Party Songs was released Girl Authority broke up in 2010.
Awards
Best Audio—iParenting Media
Side Projects
Girl Authority recorded "The Star-Spangled Banner" in June 2006 and also a theme song for the Club Libby Lu store chain. They also released a Christmas single titled "Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town". The single is only sold to listeners on Rhapsody, URGE, Zune and iTunes. They also made a guest appearance in the book series Beacon Street Girls in July. The group held a songwriting contest for Beacon Street Girls readers. The group chose the song "I Am Me", a song written by a fourteen-year-old girl named Allison Boudreau from Swansea, Massachusetts. The song was then available as a free download on the Beacon Street Girls website. The group had also considered three other songs before choosing the winning song: Marissa from Ontario, Canada and her song "To Be the One to Find Me", Charlotte from Saskatchewan, Canada with her song, "My Friends Bring Out the Best in Me" and Brook from Illinois with her song, "We're Going Outside Tonight".
Discography
Albums
Girl Authority (album) (2006)
Road Trip (Girl Authority album) (2007)
EPs
Halloween Party Songs (2007)
Singles
"Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town" (2006)
"Let's Get Together" (2007)
"I Am Me" (2008)
References
External links
Girl Authority on Facebook
Girl Authority on YouTube
Spice Girls For The Tween Set Billboard Katy Kroll
They think Top 40, and aren't even 14 Boston Globe - Bobby Hankinson
American pop music groups
American pop girl groups
American child singers
American child actresses
Musical groups established in 2005
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
Musical groups from Massachusetts
American children's musical groups
Zoë Records artists
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5382389
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom
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1952 in the United Kingdom
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Events from the year 1952 in the United Kingdom. This year sees a change of monarch.
Incumbents
Monarch
George VI (until 6 February)
Elizabeth II (starting 6 February)
Prime Minister – Winston Churchill (Conservative)
Parliament – 40th
Events
5 January – Prime Minister Winston Churchill arrives in the United States for an official visit and talks with President Harry S. Truman.
10 January – An Aer Lingus Douglas DC-3 aircraft on a London–Dublin flight crashes in Wales due to vertical draft in the mountains of Snowdonia, killing twenty passengers and the three crew.
16 January – Sooty, Harry Corbett's glove puppet bear, first appears on BBC Television.
30 January – British troops remain in Korea, where they have spent the last eighteen months, after a breakdown of talks that were aimed at ending the Korean War.
1 February – The first TV detector van is commissioned in the UK, as the beginning of a clampdown on the estimated 150,000 British households that watch television illegally without a licence.
6 February – King George VI dies at Sandringham House aged 56 early this morning. It is revealed that he had been suffering from lung cancer. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old daughter, Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, who ascends to the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. The new Queen is on a visit to Kenya at the time of her father's death and returns to London the following day. She will be the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch, with a reign exceeding 70 years.
8 February – Queen Elizabeth II proclaimed Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland at St James's Palace.
14 February–25 February – Great Britain and Northern Ireland compete at the Winter Olympics in Oslo and win one gold medal.
15 February – The funeral of King George VI takes place at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. His body has been lying in state in Westminster Hall since 11 February.
21 February – Compulsory identity cards, issued during World War II, are abolished.
26 February – Prime Minister Winston Churchill announces that the United Kingdom has an atomic bomb.
31 March – Computer scientist Alan Turing is convicted of "gross indecency" after admitting to a consensual homosexual relationship in Regina v. Turing and Murray. He consents to undergo oestrogen treatment to avoid imprisonment.
29 April – The University of Southampton is chartered, first post-war university established.
2 May – The De Havilland Comet becomes the world's first jet airliner, with a maiden flight from London to Johannesburg.
3 May – Newcastle United F.C. win the FA Cup for a record fifth time. Last year's winners retain the trophy with a 1-0 win over Arsenal at Wembley Stadium. The only goal of the game is scored by Chilean-born forward George Robledo, the first foreigner to score in an FA Cup final.
21 May – Eastcastle Street robbery: a post office van is held up in the West End of London and £287,000 (worth £8,189,519.66 in 2019) stolen, Britain's largest post-war robbery up to this date; the thieves are never caught.
June – Reindeer reintroduced to the Cairngorms of Scotland.
1 June – One shilling charge is introduced for prescription drugs dispensed under the National Health Service.
5 July – The last of the original trams runs in London; the citizens of London turn out in force to say farewell.
19 July–3 August – Great Britain and Northern Ireland compete at the Olympics in Helsinki and win 1 gold, 2 silver and 8 bronze medals.
19 July – Len Hutton is appointed as the England cricket team's first professional captain for 65 years.
16 August – Lynmouth Flood: 34 people killed in a flood at Lynmouth in Devon. Many other people are injured and numerous buildings are damaged.
6 September – Farnborough Airshow DH.110 crash: 31 people killed when a plane breaks up over the crowd at the Farnborough Airshow.
19 September – English film star Charlie Chaplin, sailing to the United Kingdom with his family for the premiere of his film Limelight (London, 16 October), is told that he will be refused re-entry to the United States until he has been investigated by the U.S. Immigration Service. He chooses to remain in Europe.
29 September – Manchester Guardian prints news, rather than advertisements, on its front page for the first time.
3 October – Operation Hurricane: The UK explodes its first atomic bomb in the Monte Bello Islands, Australia.
5 October – Tea rationing ends, after thirteen years, as announced by the Government two days earlier.
8 October – Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash in North London claims the lives of 108 people.
19 October – A small militant Welsh republican group, Y Gweriniaethwyr, make an unsuccessful attempt to blow up a water pipeline leading from the Claerwen dam in mid Wales to Birmingham. The Claerwen reservoir is officially opened on 23 October.
November – Royal College of General Practitioners established.
14 November – The magazine New Musical Express (launched on 7 March) publishes the first UK Singles Chart.
25 November – Agatha Christie's play The Mousetrap starts its run at the New Ambassadors Theatre in London. It will still be running in London as of 2022, having transferred next door to St Martin's Theatre in 1974.
29 November – First GPO pillar box of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II to be erected in Scotland, on the Inch housing estate in Edinburgh, is attacked in protest at its bearing the Royal Cipher of Elizabeth II, considered historically incorrect in Scotland.
4–9 December – Great Smog blankets London, causing transport chaos and, it is believed, around 4,000 deaths.
10 December – Archer Martin and Richard Synge win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for their invention of partition chromatography".
12 December – BBC children's television series Flower Pot Men debuts.
25 December – The Queen makes her first Christmas speech to the Commonwealth.
December – Utility Furniture Scheme ends.
Undated – Geoffrey Dummer proposes the integrated circuit.
Publications
H. E. Bates' novel Love for Lydia.
John Bingham's novel My Name is Michael Sibley.
Henry Cecil's novel No Bail for the Judge.
Agatha Christie's novels Mrs McGinty's Dead (Hercule Poirot) and They Do It with Mirrors (Miss Marple).
Dorothy Edwards' children's stories My Naughty Little Sister.
Richard Gordon's comic novel Doctor in the House.
David Jones' epic poem The Anathemata: fragments of an attempted writing.
C. S. Lewis' novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader.
Mary Norton's children's novel The Borrowers.
Evelyn Waugh's novel Men at Arms, first of the Sword of Honour trilogy.
Births
9 January – Hugh Bayley, English politician
10 January – George Turpin, English boxer
29 January – Tim Healy, actor
4 February – Steve Smith, English theorist and academic
22 February – Bernard Silverman, English minister, statistician and academic
25 February – Joey Dunlop, Northern Irish motorcycle racer (died 2000)
4 March – David Richards, general, Chief of the Defence Staff
11 March – Douglas Adams, author (died 2001)
22 March – Des Browne, politician
28 March – Tony Brise, racing driver (died 1975)
11 April – Peter Windsor, sports reporter
16 April – Bob Humphrys, broadcaster (died 2008)
20 April – Andrew Jaspan, English-Australian journalist and academic
21 April – Cheryl Gillan, Welsh politician (died 2021)
12 May
Valerie Caton, diplomat, British Ambassador to Finland
Nicholas Underhill, lawyer and judge
3 May – Allan Wells, Scottish athlete
7 June – Liam Neeson, Northern Irish actor
12 June – Oliver Knussen, Scottish composer (died 2018)
17 June – Estelle Morris, politician
20 June – Gordon Marshall, sociologist and academic
4 July – John Waite, rock singer, bass guitarist and songwriter
11 July – John Kettley, weather forecaster
15 July – Ann Dowling, mechanical engineer
20 July – Adrian Biddle, cinematographer (died 2005)
7 August – Alexei Sayle, comedian
21 August – Joe Strummer, musician (The Clash) (died 2002)
24 August – Ian Grob, racing driver
30 September – Jack Wild, actor (died 2006)
18 October – Jim Ratcliffe, chemical engineer and businessman
21 November – Terry Lloyd, journalist (killed 2003)
24 November – Robin Aitken, journalist
3 December – Mel Smith, comic actor and director (died 2013)
6 December – Charles Salvador, violent criminal
10 December – Clive Anderson, broadcast presenter, comedy writer and barrister
20 December – Jenny Agutter, actress
Deaths
6 February – George VI (born 1895)
4 March – Charles Scott Sherrington, physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1857)
15 March – Nevil Sidgwick, chemist (born 1873)
19 April – Steve Conway, singer (born 1920)
21 April – Sir Stafford Cripps, Chancellor of the Exchequer (born 1889)
6 July – Marian Cripps, Baroness Parmoor, pacifist (born 1878)
6 September – Gertrude Lawrence, actress (born 1898)
29 September – John Cobb, racing car and motorboat driver (born 1899)
30 September – Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor, businessman and politician (born 1879)
23 October – Windham Wyndham-Quin, 5th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, politician (born 1857)
28 October – Billy Hughes, Welsh-descended Prime Minister of Australia (born 1862)
15 December – Sir William Goscombe John, sculptor (born 1860)
19 December – Colonel Sir Charles Arden-Close, cartographer (born 1865)
See also
1952 in British music
1952 in British television
1952 in Northern Ireland
1952 in Scotland
1952 in Wales
List of British films of 1952
References
Years of the 20th century in the United Kingdom
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5382393
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Western%20Road%20Car%20Company
|
North Western Road Car Company
|
North Western Road Car Company may refer to one of two bus operators running within the north west of England in different eras:
North Western Road Car Company (1923), the original (1923-1974) company based in Stockport, England
North Western Road Car Company (1986), the bus company based in Liverpool, England
|
5382399
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Gaze
|
Christopher Gaze
|
Christopher Bower Gaze, (born 12 May 1952) is a British-Canadian actor, host, artist, theatre and opera director residing in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
History
Born in Guildford, Surrey, England, he trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School before coming to Canada in 1975 where he spent three seasons at the Shaw Festival.
Career
He moved to Vancouver in 1983 and in 1990 founded Bard on the Beach which in 2014 achieved attendance exceeding 100,000. In addition to performing and directing for Bard, Christopher's voice is heard regularly in cartoon series, commercials and on the radio. He also hosts Vancouver Symphony's popular Tea and Trumpets series and their annual Christmas concerts. His many honours include induction into the BC Entertainment Hall of Fame, Canada's Meritorious Service Medal (2004), Honorary Doctorates from UBC & SFU, the BC Community Achievement Award (2007), the Gold Medallion from the Children's Theatre Foundation of America (2007) and a Jessie Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Equus at The Playhouse. As an Olympic ambassador, Christopher was honoured to run with the Olympic flame for the 2010 Games. A public speaker with the National Speakers Bureau, Christopher frequently shares his insights on Shakespeare and theatre with students, service organizations and businesses.
He narrated the Season 3 of Emmy Award-winning animation series Madeline (after Christopher Plummer stepped down).
Additionally, he has also performed voiceover roles for animation, most notably as Turaga Vakama in the first three Bionicle movies, as well as Diagnostic Drone in Beast Machines and Major Mint in Barbie in the Nutcracker.
Christopher was awarded the Order of British Columbia (OBC) announced on 18 May 2012 by the Premier of British Columbia and the Civil Meritorious Service Medal (MSM) (Canada Gazette 17 May 2005) from the Canadian Government in 2005.
Filmography
Film
Television
Action Man - additional voices
Beast Machines - voice of Diagnostic Drone
Captain N: The Game Master - additional voices
Class of the Titans - voice of Zeus
The Fearless Four - Narrator
Hero: 108 - Fox King
Kid vs. Kat - voice of Mr. Cheeks
The Little Prince - voice of The Aviator (in The New Mission part 3)
Los Luchadores - Rupert ("Anxiety Attacks")
MacGyver - Phil Sternwise (Episode: The Visitor)
Madeline - narrator
Milo's Bug Quest - narrator
My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic - voice of Seaspray
Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation - voice of Dragon Lord
Pocket Dragon Adventures - voice of The Wizard
ReBoot - voice of Hue Branch (in Firewall)
Sabrina's Secret Life - additional voices
Spider-Man Unlimited - voice of Bromley
Stargate SG-1 - Tevaris (Episode: "The Shroud")
Video Games
Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects - voice of Magneto
References
External links
Interview with THECOMMENTARY.CA
1952 births
Living people
Male actors from Surrey
Male actors from Vancouver
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
English male voice actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian male stage actors
English male stage actors
English emigrants to Canada
Actors from Guildford
Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
Members of the Order of British Columbia
Studio 58 people
Canadian artistic directors
|
5382403
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20St.%20Prince%20Lazar
|
Order of St. Prince Lazar
|
The Royal Order of Saint Prince Lazar () is a chivalric order created by King Alexander I of Serbia to commemorate the five hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo that took place on the 28 June 1389. It must not be confused with the Order of Saint Lazarus. The order is named after Prince Lazar who commanded the Serbian armies in the battle. The Order is worn only by the King of Serbia / King of Yugoslavia and by his Crown Prince (when of majority).
It continues as a dynastic order, with appointments currently made by Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia.
History
The order of Saint Prince Lazar was instituted by the Decision of the Parliament, signed by the King Aleksandar I, to commemorate the fifth centenary of the Battle of Kosovo (28 June 1389), that ended in the collapse of the medieval Serbian state. Saint Prince Lazar, of the Hrebeljanović family, commanded the Serbian armies that were defeated by the Ottoman Sultan Murat I. The Sultan was assassinated by Serbian knight Miloš Obilić, while captured the Serbian Prince was beheaded by the victorious Turks. The cult of the Saint Prince was very strong among Serbs, and the event was reckoned to be the paramount one in the entire history of Serbs. The commemoration of the 500th Anniversary took form of the Anointment of the King, and the Collar of Saint Prince Lazar ordered to be made by Nicolaus und Dunker of Hannau (Germany). The Order is worn only by the King of Serbia and by his Crown Prince (when of majority). Since inception, the Order has been worn only by the following:
Rewarding
The Collar of the Order was allowed to be worn only by the ruler of Serbia (later Yugoslavia) and the heir to the throne:
Sign and a chain of the Order
Sign and a chain of the Order were made of gold and richly decorated with rubies, sapphires, emeralds, diamonds and pearls. Order for production was the German firm Nicolaus und Dunker. Sketches awards carried a professor of archeology Michael Valtrović.
References
Saint Prince Lazar, Order of
Saint Prince Lazar, Order of
Awards established in 1889
Awards disestablished in 1945
1889 establishments in Serbia
|
5382407
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrum%20W.%20Smith
|
Hyrum W. Smith
|
Hyrum W. Smith (October 16, 1943 – November 18, 2019) founded the Franklin Quest Company in 1983. Among the company's other products, Smith created the Franklin Planner and seminars on productivity development based on "principles" and other concepts. In 1997, Franklin Quest merged with Stephen R. Covey's Leadership Center to form Franklin Covey. Smith was the author of 10 Natural Laws of Successful Time and Life Management (1994) and What Matters Most (2001) as well as producing audio tapes.
Smith served as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in England. He then was drafted into the U.S. Army and served in Germany. In 1966 he married Gail Cooper and they became the parents of six children. He graduated with a degree in business administration from Brigham Young University in 1971.
Smith served as a mission president in California for the LDS Church beginning in 1978. He also wrote a few religious books: Where Eagles Rest (1982) a collections of sermons he gave over the years, and Pain is Inevitable, Misery is Optional (2004) about his 1998 excommunication from and 2004 rejoining of the LDS Church. After being diagnosed a few months earlier, he died from cancer on November 18, 2019.
External links
Leader of the Month Leadership Profile
Biography at The Galileo Initiative
1943 births
American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Brigham Young University alumni
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
2019 deaths
American business executives
People excommunicated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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