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3989714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Easterby	Guy Easterby	Guy Easterby (born 21 March 1971) is a former rugby union player for Ireland. He is currently head of rugby operations of Leinster. His father is English and his mother Irish. He is the brother of Simon Easterby, also an Ireland international and the most capped back-rower to come from Yorkshire. Easterby made his senior Ireland debut against the United States on 10 June 2000 and marked the occasion by scoring two tries in an 83–3 victory. Easterby made his test debut in the same year as Peter Stringer but has always trailed the Munster scrum-half in the Irish pecking order. 21 out of his 27 appearances before the 2005 Six Nations Championship were made as a substitute. He enjoyed a stint with London Scottish after enjoying his most successful part of his career with Rotherham in the English Premiership and with Leinster in Ireland. He retired after the 2006/2007 season however made his comeback against Edinburgh Rugby on the 15 December 2007 References 1971 births Living people Blackrock College RFC players English people of Irish descent Irish people of English descent English Roman Catholics English rugby union players Ireland international rugby union players Irish Exiles rugby union players Leinster Rugby non-playing staff Leinster Rugby players People educated at Ampleforth College People from Tadcaster Rotherham Titans players Rugby union players from Yorkshire Rugby union scrum-halves
3989727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Sanger	David E. Sanger	David E. Sanger (born July 5, 1960 in White Plains, New York) is the chief Washington correspondent for The New York Times. A 1982 graduate of Harvard College, Sanger has been writing for the Times for 30 years covering foreign policy, globalization, nuclear proliferation, and the presidency. He has been a member of three teams that won the Pulitzer Prize, and has been awarded numerous honors for national security and foreign policy coverage. He is the author of three books: Confront and Conceal: Obama's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power; The Inheritance: The World Obama Confronts and the Challenges to American Power, which was a best-seller; and The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age. Early life and education Sanger is the son of Joan S. and Kenneth E. Sanger. His paternal grandfather was Elliott Sanger, a co-founder of WQXR-FM, the radio station of The New York Times; and his paternal grandmother was Eleanor Naumburg Sanger (grandniece of banker Elkan Naumburg), who served as program director of WQXR. He has one sister, Ellin Gail Sanger Agress. He graduated from White Plains Senior High School in 1978. There, he was editor of The Orange, the student newspaper. He graduated magna cum laude in government from Harvard College. In 1987, he married Sherill Ann Leonard, a law clerk, in a non-denominational ceremony in the Memorial Church of Harvard University. Career David E. Sanger is chief Washington correspondent for The New York Times and one of the newspaper's senior writers. In a 38-year career at the paper, he has reported from New York, Tokyo, and Washington, specializing in foreign policy, national security, and the politics of globalization. Soon after joining the Times in 1982, Sanger began specializing in the confluence of economic and foreign policy. Throughout the ‘80s and ‘90s, he wrote extensively about how issues of national wealth and competitiveness came to redefine the relationships between the United States and its major allies. He was correspondent and then bureau chief in Tokyo for six years, traveling widely in Asia. He wrote some of the first pieces describing North Korea’s a nuclear weapons program, the rise and fall of Japan as one of the world’s economic powerhouses, and China’s emerging role. Returning to Washington in 1994, he took up the position of Chief Washington Economic Correspondent, and covered a series of global economic upheavals, from Mexico to the Asian economic crisis. He was named a senior writer in March 1999, and White House correspondent later that year. He was named Chief Washington Correspondent in October 2006. In 1986 Sanger played a major role in the team that investigated the causes of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. The team revealed the design flaws and bureaucratic troubles that contributed to the disaster and won the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for national reporting. A decade later he was a member of another Pulitzer-winning team that wrote about the Clinton administration's struggles to control exports to China. Sanger was awarded, in 2004, the Weintal Prize for diplomatic reporting for his coverage of the Iraq and Korea crises. He also won the Aldo Beckman prize for coverage of the presidency. In both 2003 and 2007, he was awarded the Merriman Smith Memorial Award for coverage of national security strategy. He also shared the American Society of Newspaper Editors' top award for deadline writing in 2004, for team coverage of the Columbia disaster. In 2007, The New York Times received the DuPont Award from the Columbia Journalism School for Nuclear Jihad: Can Terrorists Get the Bomb?, a documentary featuring him and colleague William J. Broad, and their investigation into the A.Q. Khan nuclear proliferation network. Their revelations in the Times about the network became a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. In 2011, Sanger was part of another team that was a Pulitzer Prize finalist for International Reporting for their coverage of the Japanese tsunami and nuclear disaster. In 2012, Sanger broke the story that President Obama early in his presidency had secretly commissioned the Stuxnet cyberattacks on Iranian nuclear facilities; his reporting was depicted in the documentary film Zero Days (2016). In a March 2016 interview Sanger questioned Donald J. Trump, who was running for the Republican nomination for President of the United States, about his views on foreign policy. Sanger pressed Trump on the idea that his worldview was one of 'America First', a term first used in association with Trump in a piece in USA Today by the former U.S. diplomat Armand Cucciniello. Trump "agreed with a suggestion that his ideas might be summed up as 'America First'." His campaign quickly adopted the slogan as the cornerstone of Trump's foreign policy. The phrase was used throughout the Trump administration. Sanger is also an adjunct lecturer in public policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, where he is also the first National Security and the Press fellow at the school’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Sanger is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Aspen Strategy Group. Books Sanger has written two books on US foreign policy. His first book is The New York Times best-seller The Inheritance: The World Obama Confronts and the Challenges to American Power (2009), based on his seven years as the Times White House correspondent, covering two wars, the confrontations with Iran, North Korea and other states that are described in Western media as "rogue" states, and America’s efforts to deal with the rise of China. Sanger's second book Confront and Conceal: Obama's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power (2012) is an account of how Obama has dealt with those challenges, relying on innovative weapons (such as UAVs and cyberwarfare, such as Operation Olympic Games) and reconfigured tools of American power. In 2016 General James Cartwright, then the retired Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, pleaded guilty to making false statements in connection with the unauthorized disclosure of classified information, some of which appeared in one of the two books by David Sanger. Sanger's 2018 book is The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age. References External links Inside the White House: What Happened to the Bush Plan to Change the World?, October 25, 2007 Members of the Council on Foreign Relations 1960 births Living people Harvard College alumni The New York Times writers American newspaper reporters and correspondents Jewish American writers Naumburg family 21st-century American Jews
3989744	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borjomi%20Gorge	Borjomi Gorge	Borjomi Gorge () is a picturesque canyon of the Kura River in central Georgia. The gorge was formed as a result of the Kura River cutting its path through the Lesser Caucasus Mountains where the Trialeti and Meskheti Ranges meet. A significant portion of the Borjomi Gorge is covered by mixed and coniferous forests made up of oak, maple, beech, spruce, fir, and pine. A large portion of the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park lies within the gorge, as well as the towns of Likani and Borjomi itself. Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline cuts through the portion of the gorge. History Older books call it the Borzhom or Borjom Defile. About the time of the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29) it was militarily important since it was the natural route southwest through the mountains from Russian-controlled Georgia to the Turkish Pashalik of Akhaltsikhe. It was guarded by a fort or castle called Atskhur. References Canyons and gorges of Georgia (country) Nature conservation in Georgia (country) Geography of Samtskhe–Javakheti
3989749	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%20Steelhawks%20%28junior%29	Hamilton Steelhawks (junior)	The Hamilton Steelhawks were a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League from 1984 to 1988. The team was based in Hamilton, Ontario, and played at Copps Coliseum. History The Brantford Alexanders were relocated in 1984 becoming the Hamilton Steelhawks. The franchise which started in Hamilton in 1953, twice left Hamilton for lack of an adequate arena but returned for the opening of Copps Coliseum. However the team was not well-supported, and played for only four seasons in Hamilton before moving to Niagara Falls, Ontario to play as the Thunder. The Steelhawks name was chosen to reflect the steel industry in Hamilton. The modernized name and logo was designed to catch on with a young fan base as well. The team enjoyed three successful playoff runs, although they never made a trip to the league finals. Notable alumni are NHL stars Shayne Corson, Keith Primeau and NHL tough guy Bob Probert. Wayne Gretzky's younger brother Keith Gretzky also played for the Steelhawks, and was the co-winner 1986–87 William Hanley Trophy as the OHA's Most Sportsmanlike Player. The team was owned by Jack Robillard, Bob Willson and Al Martin, who also owned the London Knights. Coaches 1984–85 - Dave Draper, B. LaForge 1985–86 - Bill LaForge 1986–87 - Bill LaForge 1987–88 - Bill LaForge NHL alumni Yearly results Regular season Playoffs 1984–85 Defeated North Bay Centennials 9 points to 7 in first round. Defeated London Knights 6 points to 2 in quarter-finals. Lost to S.S. Marie Greyhounds 9 points to 1 in semi-finals. 1985–86 Out of playoffs. 1986–87 Defeated Guelph Platers 4 games to 1 in first round. Lost to Windsor Spitfires 4 games to 0 in quarter-finals. 1987–88 Defeated North Bay Centennials 4 games to 0 in first round. Defeated London Knights 4 games to 2 in quarter-finals. Lost to Windsor Spitfires 4 games to 0 in semi-finals. Arena The Hamilton Steelhawks played home games at Mountain Arena for 1984–85 and then moved to Copps Coliseum in December 1985 as the arena was not ready in time for the start of the season . The annual OHL / QMJHL All-Star game was played here in 1988. . External links Mountain Arena - The OHL Arena & Travel Guide Copps Coliseum - The OHL Arena & Travel Guide Defunct Ontario Hockey League teams Sport in Hamilton, Ontario 1984 establishments in Ontario 1988 disestablishments in Ontario Ice hockey clubs established in 1984 Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 1988
3989756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simo%20Puupponen	Simo Puupponen	Simo Tapio Puupponen (23 October 1915 – 11 October 1967), better known by the pen name Aapeli, was a Finnish writer and novelist. Aapeli was born in Kuopio, and became a journalist for the Pohjois-Savo and Savon Sanomat newspapers. In 1959 Aapeli won the Eino Leino Prize and the State literature prize. He died, aged 51, in Helsinki. His novels were turned into films and plays after his death in the 1970s. In 1977 his historical novels of the Aika hyvä ihmiseksi series were made into a feature film. References Biography in Biografiakeskus External links 1915 births 1967 deaths People from Kuopio People from Kuopio Province (Grand Duchy of Finland) Writers from North Savo Recipients of the Eino Leino Prize 20th-century Finnish novelists
3989759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Archambeault	Louis Archambeault	Louis Archambeault (November 7, 1814 – March 3, 1890) was a Quebec notary and political figure. He was a Liberal-Conservative Member of Parliament representing L'Assomption from 1867 to 1874. He was born Louis Archambault at Longue-Pointe (now part of Montreal) in Lower Canada in 1814. He became a notary in 1836 and set up a practice at Saint-Roch-de-l’Achigan, also becoming mayor. He was warden of Leinster County from 1848 to 1853, when the county was split into L'Assomption and Montcalm; he was warden of L'Assomption in 1854 and 1877. In 1855, he moved to the village of L'Assomption. In the same year, he was accused of having inflated his expenses while serving as a returning officer in two earlier elections. In 1858, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for L'Assomption; he was defeated in 1861 but reelected in 1863. In 1867, he was commissioner of agriculture and public works in the provincial cabinet and he also represented Repentigny in the province's Legislative Council. He introduced measures to encourage settlement and encouraged French-speaking immigrants to settle in the province. He also served in the House of Commons until the practice of serving in both federal and provincial legislatures was made illegal in 1874. He was accused of involvement in the Tanneries scandal of 1874 which led to the fall of the provincial government of the time. From 1877 to 1882, he was mayor of the village of L'Assomption. In 1888, he gave up his seat on the Legislative Council to his son Horace. Archambeault also helped introduce a provincial board to oversee Quebec notaries. He was president of the Montreal Board of Notaries from 1865 to 1870 and of the provincial board from 1870 to 1876. He died at L'Assomption in 1890. Electoral record See also List of presidents of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal References 1814 births 1890 deaths Quebec notaries Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East Conservative Party of Quebec MLCs Mayors of places in Quebec Presidents of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs People from Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve People from Lanaudière
3989762	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplodrili	Haplodrili	Haplodrili, or Archiannelida, is an order of primitive polychaete worms. Zoologist Ray Lankester gave it the name haplodrili, while zoologist Berthold Hatschek later named it Archiannelida. Once considered to be a class under Annelida, and even a separate phylum, Haplodrili is now widely accepted to be an order under Polychaeta. Species in this order are known for completely lacking external segments. Overview Polygordius and Protodrilus live in sand, but while the former moves by means of the contraction of its body-wall muscles, Protodrilus can progress by the action of the bands of cilia surrounding its segments, and of the longitudinal ciliated ventral groove. Saccocirrus, which also lives in sand, and more closely resembles the Polychaeta, has throughout the greater length of its body on each segment a pair of small uniramous parapodia bearing a bunch of simple setae. No other member of the group is known to have any trace of setae or parapodia at any stage of development. Commonality These three genera have the following characters in common. The body is small and resembles polychaete larvae; the epidermis is ciliated; the number of segments varies from five and up, or can be completely absent; small prostomium with or without appendages; parapodia absent; septa reduced or absent; the nervous system consists of a brain and longitudinal ventral nerve cords closely connected with the epidermis (without distinct ganglia); this is widely separated in Saccocirrus, closely approximated in Protodrilus, and fused together in Polygordius; the coelom is well developed and the dorsal and ventral longitudinal mesenteries are complete; the nephridia are simple, and open into the coelom. Polygordius differs from Protodrilus and Saccocirrus in the absence of a distinct suboesophageal muscular pouch, and in the absence of a peculiar closed cavity in the head region, which is especially well developed in Saccocirrus, and probably represents the specialized coelom of the first segment. Moreover, in Saccocirrus the genital organs, present in the majority of the trunk segments, have become much more complicated. In the female, every fertile segment has a pair of spermathecae opening at the nephridiopores. In the male, every genital segment has a right and a left protrusible penis, into which both the nephridium and a sperm-sac open. The wide funnels of the nephridia of this region are possibly of coelomic origin. See also Appendiculata References External links Archiannelida (polychaete order) Polychaetes
5381587	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy%20Arrington	Buddy Arrington	Buddy Arrington (born July 26, 1938) is a retired American NASCAR Winston Cup Series driver. Racing career Arrington has the second-most starts without a win, and finished in the top 10 of NASCAR points twice; in 1978 (ninth) and 1982 (seventh). Arrington was loyal to his Mopar cars and engines, as he ran Chryslers and Dodges until 1985 (Chrysler stopped production of raceable body styles in 1983 and they became ineligible two years later) when the company stopped supporting them. His best career race and finish was at Talladega in 1979, where he had a powerful enough car to lead a few laps towards the end, and finished third. Arrington finished one lap ahead of Richard Petty, driving one of Petty's cast-off Dodge Magnums that were left when Petty abandoned Mopar and began driving General Motors vehicles a year earlier, and several other top NASCAR drivers. Arrington almost always ran his own car, and his operation was a very money-conscious effort. His pit crew were almost always unpaid volunteers, and he relied heavily (and almost exclusively) on used equipment with Petty's old Magnums being his primary cars. Since Arrington could not afford new cars, his team would have to reconfigure the Petty cars and re-skin them into Dodge Miradas or Chrysler Imperials for a 1981 rule change. Arrington's two Chrysler Imperials were the last Chrysler products to run in the NASCAR Winston Cup series. He ran the car at first in two races in the 1981 season, and in more races (alternating with Dodge Miradas) until April 1985, when at that point the parts supply, even used, for Chrysler products (Chrysler factory support ended in late 1978) dried up. He sold one of the Imperials (purchased from Cecil Gordon in 1984) to Phil Goode in April 1985 (Goode raced it till the end of the 1985 season), and his other Imperial was given to the NASCAR Hall of Fame at Talladega, Alabama. Arrington was always a much-liked man on the NASCAR circuit, and other teams and a small, but loyal fan club pitched in to help keep him racing. In 1985 the generosity of rising NASCAR star driver Bill Elliott (who sold Buddy his slightly used Ford Thunderbird race cars and parts on the cheap) kept Arrington driving until 1988. Buddy's son Joey Arrington (who at the age of 17 served on Buddy's pit crew, and built up his engines), now runs Arrington Manufacturing in Martinsville, Virginia. The company builds racing engines (mostly Dodges) for the Craftsman Truck Series, and test engines for Nextel Cup Nationwide series cars. Buddy Arrington is a regular visitor to his son's company, and often offers advice to young (mostly Dodge) drivers trying to make it in NASCAR racing. Arrington is a noted figure in NASCAR and Mopar history. He began professional NASCAR racing in December 1963 behind the wheel of his Dodge hardtop, and for the next twenty-five years, he never missed a season; finally retiring from the sport in 1988. What made Arrington unique in the history of the sport was his absolute dedication and loyalty to Chrysler, and his positive attitude in spite of what often seemed like insurmountable odds. Being the team owner and driver, Arrington drove Dodges from 1964 all the way through mid-season 1985. In 1984 and 1985, his Chrysler Imperial became the last Chrysler product in NASCAR until Dodge reentered the sport in 2001. As prolific a racer as Buddy Arrington was, and as popular as he still remains among fans, he never won a single NASCAR race. In his 560 career starts, he mustered fifteen top-five finishes, and his highest points finish was seventh, achieved in 1982. Still, Buddy Arrington never abandoned the Mopar banner until Mopar completely abandoned him, and pulling all parts sponsorships in 1985. Motorsports career results NASCAR (key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) Grand National Series Winston Cup Series Daytona 500 References References Living people 1938 births People from Martinsville, Virginia Racing drivers from Virginia NASCAR drivers NASCAR team owners
5381588	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNZ	LNZ	LNZ may refer to: LNZ, the IATA code for Linz Airport, a minor international airport in Hörsching, Austria LNZ, the National Rail code for Lenzie railway station, East Dunbartonshire, Scotland
3989770	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Mermaid%20Melody%20Pichi%20Pichi%20Pitch%20episodes	List of Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch episodes	The Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch animated television series is based on the shōjo manga of the same name created by Michiko Yokote. The episodes, produced by the animation studios Actas and Synergy Japan, are directed by Yoshitaka Fujimoto, written by Junki Takegami, and features character design by Kazuaki Makida, who based the designs on illustrations by Pink Hanamori. The story basically follows the main character Lucia Nanami, Mermaid Princess of the North Pacific Ocean, searches for and woos Kaito Dōmoto, a boy she rescued seven years before, while at the same time, she and Hanon Hōshō and Rina Tōin, Princesses of the South and North Atlantic Ocean respectively, battle minion sea monsters using their voices and some magic microphones. ADV Films acquired the license to the anime on June 2004 for its North American release, but was eventually dropped due to difficulty in finding backers and securing a TV airing deal. While the acquisition of the license and English localization of anime predated that of the manga, it is unknown if a release will occur. That is because as of 2009, the anime has been completely dubbed but is being held by TV Aichi. The anime is composed of 91 episodes, divided into two seasons listed below. The anime also uses six theme songs, as well as several mermaid battle and image songs and tunes sung by other characters. Most of them were compiled into a total of nine singles and four "vocal collection" albums (two for each season), as well as soundtrack albums for the two seasons. Episode list Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch The first season, simply known as Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch, aired on Japan's TV Tokyo Network (through TV Aichi) between April 5, 2003, and March 27, 2004. It chronicles the basic premise mentioned above and adapts stories from the first twenty chapters of the manga. They were compiled into 14 DVD volumes. There are four theme songs used in this season. The first opening theme, by Miyuki Kanbe, and the first ending theme by Asumi Nakata, are used in the first 28 episodes. For the rest of the season, "Rainbow Notes♪" by Kanbe and by Nakata, Hitomi Terakado, and Mayumi Asano, are the second opening and ending themes respectively. Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch Pure The second season, known as Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch Pure, aired in Japan's TV Tokyo Network (through TV Aichi) between April 3 to December 25, 2004. Unlike the first season, Pure was compiled into two DVD box sets containing a total of 11 discs. Adapting stories from chapter 21 to 30 of the manga, this season chronicles Lucia's struggles and worries as she faces a new foe and his own minions. This season differed strongly from the first, mainly in the quality of animation, especially in the last few episodes. They also reused stock footage. The secondary trio became a source of comic relief rather than plot complications, and the series' new "twist" was that all the new villains had image songs. Finally, the themes differed in that the series focused more on the trials of losing love, losing heart (literally and figuratively), and good decisions for one person always hurting another. While the first season was loosely based on the first half of Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid, this season was inspired by the second half, introducing a character named Michal who filled the role of Lucia's rival. There are only two pieces of theme music used in this season. The opening theme is "Before the Moment" by Eri Kitamura while by Nakata, Terakado, and Asano is the ending song. References External links Episodes Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch
3989774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Spitz	René Spitz	René Árpád Spitz (January 29, 1887 in Vienna – September 11, 1974 in Denver) was an Austrian-American psychoanalyst. He is best known for his analysis of hospitalized infants in which he found links between marasmus and death with unmothered infants. Spitz also made significant contributions to the school of ego psychology. Biography René Spitz was born in Vienna, Austria (Austro-Hungarian), and died in Denver, Colorado. From a wealthy Jewish family background, he spent most of his childhood in Hungary. After finishing his medical studies in 1910, Spitz discovered the work of Sigmund Freud. In 1932, he left Austria and settled in Paris for the next six years, where he taught psychoanalysis at the École Normale Supérieure. In 1939, he emigrated to the United States, and worked as a psychiatrist at the Mount Sinai hospital. From 1940 to 1943, Spitz served as a visiting professor at several universities, before teaching at the University of Denver and eventually settling in Colorado. Spitz based his observations and experiments on psychoanalytic findings in the style developed by Freud. Where Freud performed his famed psychoanalytic studies on adult subjects, Spitz performed his empirical research on infants. In 1935, Spitz began research in the area of child development. He was one of the first researchers who used direct observation of children as an experimental method, studying both healthy and unhealthy subjects. His most significant contributions to the field of psychoanalysis came from his studies of the effects of maternal and emotional deprivation on infants. Spitz valued several aspects: Infant observation and assessment, anaclitic depression (hospitalism), developmental transitions, the processes of effective communication, and understanding developmental complexity. Spitz coined the term "anaclitic depression" to refer to partial emotional deprivation (the loss of a loved object). When the loved object is returned to the child within a period of three to five months, recovery is prompt. If one deprives a child longer than five months, they will show the symptoms of increasingly serious deterioration. He called this total deprivation "hospitalism." In 1945, Spitz investigated hospitalism in children in orphanages and foundling hospitals in South America. He found that the developmental imbalance caused by the unfavorable environmental conditions during the children's first year produces irreparable psychosomatic damage to normal infants. His observations recorded the precipitous decline in intelligence a year after three-month-old infants were abandoned by their mothers. The experiences of the infants in these institutions were captured in a black-and-white documentary called Grief: A Peril in Infancy (1947). Another study of Spitz's showed that under favorable circumstances and adequate organization, a positive child development can be achieved. He stated that the methods in foundling homes should, therefore, be carefully evaluated. However, he still maintained in a comparison between orphanages and nursing homes that even if the former provided good food, hygienic living space, and medical care, the children raised in the former were more susceptible to infections and had higher death rate than the latter due to social deprivation. Spitz recorded his research on film. The film Psychogenic Disease in Infancy (1952) shows the effects of emotional and maternal deprivation on attachment. The film was the cause of major change, especially in childcare sections of institutes, homes and hospitals, because people gained knowledge about the impact of deprivation on child development. Ego development Spitz noted three organizing principles in the psychological development of the child: 1) the smiling response, which appears at around three months old in the presence of an unspecified person 2) anxiety in the presence of a stranger, around the eighth month 3) semantic communication, in which the child learns how to be obstinate, which the psychoanalysts connect to the obsessional neurosis. Further reading Books Spitz, R.A. (1957). No and yes : on the genesis of human communication. New York : International Universities Press. Spitz, R.A. (1965). The first year of life : a psychoanalytic study of normal and deviant development of object relations. New York : International Universities Press. Articles Spitz, R.A. (1945). Hospitalism—An Inquiry Into the Genesis of Psychiatric Conditions in Early Childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1, 53-74. Spitz, R.A. (1951). The Psychogenic Diseases in Infancy—An Attempt at their Etiologic Classification. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 6, 255-275. Spitz, R.A. (1964). The derailment of dialogue: Stimulus overload, action cycles, and the completion gradient. Journal-of-the-American-Psychoanalytic-Association, 12, 752-774... References Editorial (1964). René Spitz: seventy-five plus. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 139 (2), 101-102. Emde, R. N. (1992). Individual meaning and increasing complexity: contributions of Sigmund Freud and Rene Spitz to developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 22 (3), 347-359. Grote Spectrum Encyclopedie (1980). Uitgeverij Het Spectrum bv, Utrecht / Antwerpen. Spitz, R.A. (1946). Hospitalism; A follow-up report on investigation described in volume I, 1945. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 2, 113-117. Spitz, R. A. (1965). The First Year of Life. A Psychoanalytic Study of Normal and Deviant Development of Object Relations. New York: International Universities Press, inc. Specific 1887 births 1974 deaths Psychoanalysts from Vienna American psychoanalysts Jewish psychoanalysts Attachment psychologists Jewish scientists Austrian Jews Analysands of Sigmund Freud Object relations theorists Austrian emigrants to the United States Austrian expatriates in France
3989775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Abbey	Ross Abbey	Ross Abbey (born 21 January 1953) is a former Australian rules footballer, who played with Footscray, now known as the Western Bulldogs, in the Victorian Football League (VFL). The son of Angus Abbey, a member of Footscray's 1954 premiership team, Abbey initially played for Wesley College, Melbourne and Strathmore, an area traditionally zoned to Essendon, but was recruited to Footscray under the father/son rule. Abbey played in a variety of positions, but mostly on the half back flank and as a ruck rover. His playing measurements were 180 cm and 82.5 kg, which coincidentally were the precise measurements of his father. Abbey's playing highlight was being part of the Footscray finals team of 1974 and 1976 (although Footscray lost the elimination final on both occasions after having finished 5th in each of those seasons). He retired from VFL football in 1981, having played 123 games and represented Victoria at interstate level. References Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2002) The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers, Crown Content, Melbourne. 1953 births Living people Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Western Bulldogs players People educated at Wesley College (Victoria) Strathmore Football Club players
3989779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davies-Gilbert	Davies-Gilbert	The Davies-Gilbert family developed the towns of Eastbourne and East Dean in Sussex in the 19th century. They also owned the Estate of Trelissick, Truro (Cornwall) from 1844 until it was sold in 1913. There is some disagreement whether they are related to the Gilberts of Compton, Devon (whose most famous member was Sir Humphrey Gilbert) however, family research carried out in the late 18th century did not reveal a definitive link. There has been no research carried out since then. The earliest traceable member of the family is Thomas Gilbert (d. 1567). The family has the motto: (Motto: Mallem Mori Quam Mutare/ I Prefer Death to Change / How much do evil ways change us) Famous family members include Davies Gilbert (1767-1839, known as Davies Giddy before 1818). He was an engineer, author and High Sheriff of Cornwall. He was President of the Royal Society of Science from 1827 to 1830, and was a Member of Parliament as well. There have been several books written about, or by, the family. The book Beyond the blaze is the most famous of these. Famous members of the family Davies Giddy (Later Gilbert)- President of the Royal Society of Science, High Sheriff of Cornwall, Member of Parliament. Mary Ann Gilbert, Agronomist, wife of Davies Gilbert John Davies Gilbert (1811 – 1854) - Developed the town of Eastbourne and East Dean in Sussex. Bought Trelissick in Feock, Cornwall. F.R.S. Carew Davies-Gilbert ( – 1913) - Continued his father's Work in developing the Eastbourne and East Dean. Other information At Harrow School another line of the family with the surname 'Rendall' founded a house in that name (Rendalls House). Three members of the family have plaques in their name in the Chapel at Harrow. The Christmas Carol The First Nowell was arranged and extra lyrics added by Davies Gilbert, transforming it into the modern carol. The Davies-Gilbert crest is that of a red squirrel secant gules cracking a nut and on the shoulder a cross crosslet gold. The Family has a polo team, 'Sciurus Polo' (Sciurus is Latin for squirrel) which plays in both Argentina and the UK Books and publications written or edited by Davies Gilbert Sources: British Library Integrated Catalogue and Cornwall County Library Catalogue Plain Statement of the Bullion Question (1811) Some ancient Christmas Carols, with the Tunes to which they were formerly sung in the West of England. Collected by D. Gilbert. London : J. Nichols and Son, 1822. Some ancient Christmas Carols, with the tunes to which they were formerly sung in the west of England. pp. x. 79. J. Nichols and Son: London, 1823 Some Ancient Christmas Carols with Tunes to which they were Formerly Sung in the West of England (1822)[4] "On the vibrations of heavy bodies in cycloidal and in circular arches, as compared with their descents through free space; including an estimate of the variable circular excess in vibrations continually decreasing." By Davies Gilbert, .. London : printed by William Clowes, [1823] 15,[3]p. 'Extracted from the Quarterly Journal, Vol. XV'. A Cornish Cantata. [Names of places in Cornwall arranged in the form of verses.] [Privately printed? East-Bourne] 1826. Mount Calvary; or, the History of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, written in Cornish (as it may be conjectured) some centuries past. Interpreted in English, in ... 1682, by J. Keigwin . Edited by D. Gilbert. pp. xxii. 96. Nichols and Son: London, 1826. "On the expediency of assigning Specific Names to all such Functions of Simple Elements as represent definite physical properties; with the suggestion of a new term in mechanics; illustrated by an investigation of the Machine moved by Recoil" ... From the Philosophical Transactions. pp. 14. [Privately printed:] London, 1827. "Some Collections and Translations respecting St. Neot, and the former state of his Church." In : Hedgeland (J. P.) A Description ... of the ... decorations ... in the Church of St. Neot, etc. 1830. A Cornish dialogue between Tom Pengersick and Dic. Trengurtha. East-Bourn : Davies Gilbert, [ca. 1835](In verse.) The Parochial History of Cornwall, founded on, [or rather including,] the manuscript histories of Mr. Hals and Mr. Tonkin; with additions and various appendices, by D. G. [including copious extracts from J. Whitaker, D. and S. Lysons, &c. and geological notices by Dr. Boase]. 4 vol. London, 1838. Carew Davies-Gilbert ( – 1913) There is a postcard entitled 'The Funeral of Carew Lewis Gilbert Esq Dec 5 '13' photographer Veiler. References Bibliography A. C. Todd, Beyond the Blaze: A biography of Davies Gilbert, with D. Bradford Barton, 1967. External links Sir Walter Raleigh Trelissick The Royal Society of Science The Gilbert Estate History of East Sussex History of Cornwall Political families of the United Kingdom
3989781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sash%20window	Sash window	A sash window or hung sash window is made of one or more movable panels, or "sashes". The individual sashes are traditionally paned windows, but can now contain an individual sheet (or sheets, in the case of double glazing) of glass. History The oldest surviving examples of sash windows were installed in England in the 1670s, for example at Ham House. The invention of the sash window is sometimes credited, without conclusive evidence, to Robert Hooke. Others see the sash window as a Dutch invention. H.J. Louw believed that the sash window was developed in England, but concluded that it was impossible to determine the exact inventor. The sash window is often found in Georgian and Victorian houses, and the classic arrangement has three panes across by two up on each of two sash, giving a six over six panel window, although this is by no means a fixed rule. Innumerable late Victorian and Edwardian suburban houses were built in England using standard sash window units approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) in width, but older, hand-made units could be of any size. Mechanism and application To facilitate operation, the weight of the glazed panel is usually balanced by a heavy steel, lead, or cast-iron sash weight or counter-weight concealed within the window frame. The sash weight is connected to the window by a braided cotton sash cord, or a chain, that runs over a pulley at the top of the frame, although spring balances are sometimes used. Repairing a broken cord requires disassembling parts of the window frame. Sash windows may be fitted with simplex hinges, which allow the window to be locked into hinges on one side while the counterbalance on the other side is detached, allowing the window to be opened for escape or cleaning. The term "sash windows" is used interchangeably with the term "box sash windows" in the United Kingdom, and frequently used to describe the same thing. Historically box sash windows are heavier and more stately in nature than modern sash windows, but both terms are used within the industry when referring to the same type of window. The name "hung sash window", which is more usual in the United States than in the United Kingdom, typically refers to a double-hung window with two sashes that can move up and down in the window frame. These windows are commonly found in older buildings in warmer climates, as they promote airflow and are easy to clean. A significant advantage of double-hung windows is that they provide efficient cooling of interiors during warm weather. Opening both the top and bottom of a sash window by equal amounts allows warm air at the top of the room to escape, thus drawing relatively cool air from outside into the room through the bottom opening. A double-hung window where the upper sash is smaller (shorter) than the lower is termed a cottage window. A single-hung window has two sashes, but normally the top sash is fixed and only the bottom sash slides. Triple- and quadruple-hung windows are used for tall openings, common in New England churches. Construction is usually of softwood, and these sashes were traditionally only single-glazed. The glass in old windows can be the very early 'plate' or 'broad' glass to 'crown' or 'cylinder'. Old glass is recognised by its imperfections ('ream') which result in optical distortion. Traditional cylinder glass is still made, but other sorts of antique glass are no longer available. Modern double-glazed sash windows are available. These may have true muntins or "glazing bars", or may imitate them by applying them to the surface of the glazing, giving the appearance of multiple small panes, whereas each sash consists of only one large double-glazed unit. Issues Traditional problems with solid wooden sash windows include rot, swelling or distortion of the woodwork or rattling in the wind (due to shrinkage of the wood). These problems can be solved by careful repair and the introduction of draught stripping. It is also a common problem for painters to paint the sash stuck. The sliding mechanism makes sash windows more vulnerable to these problems than traditional casement windows. Sash windows are relatively high maintenance, but offer advantages in return (style, aesthetics, abides by laws (relating to older houses and buildings), natural resources etc.). However, well-maintained sash windows should last generations without needing parts replaced. It is also possible to clean all the glass from within the building by sliding the two panes to different positions. uPVC or vinyl sash windows have become available since the first PVC window frames were being introduced in Germany in the 1960s. They have come to dominate the window industry with more than 50% of all window sashes being made of vinyl in the USA as of 2017. The waterproof nature of uPVC and ease of installation are also benefits. Problems with uPVC include durability and the environmental issues. Over time the plasticizer chemicals used to make vinyl sashes flexible evaporate leaving the material brittle and prone to breaking. Vinyl is also weaker than wood and aluminum sashes and requires extra support in large window openings. Vinyl is also used on wood windows as an outside cladding to protect the wood from the weather but allow the inside of the window to take advantage of the appearance of fine wood. Vinyl is also available in a large range of colours and textures although white is by far the most common. Vinyl is limited mainly to residential usage and low rise commercial due to its flammability and the toxic fumes it produces when burned. In the future fire rated versions of UPVC windows may be used in high rise construction, but currently flammability and toxic fumes are a significant obstacle. See also Witch window Fortochka References External links Windows
5381610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung%20Conference	Bandung Conference	The first large-scale Asian–African or Afro–Asian Conference ()—also known as the Bandung Conference—was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on 18–24 April 1955 in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The twenty-nine countries that participated represented a total population of 1.5 billion people, 54% of the world's population. The conference was organized by Indonesia, Burma (Myanmar), India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and Pakistan and was coordinated by Ruslan Abdulgani, secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. The conference's stated aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nation. The conference was an important step towards the eventual creation of the Non-Aligned Movement yet the two initiatives ran in parallel during the 1960s, even coming in confrontation with one another prior to the 2nd Cairo NAM Conference in 1964. In 2005, on the 50th anniversary of the original conference, leaders from Asian and African countries met in Jakarta and Bandung to launch the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP). They pledged to promote political, economic, and cultural cooperation between the two continents. Background Indonesia's President Sukarno and India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru were key organizers, in his quest to build a nonaligned movement that would win the support of the newly emerging nations of Asia and Africa. Nehru first got the idea at the Asian Relations Conference, held in India in March 1947, on the eve of India's independence. There was a second 19-nation conference regarding the status of Indonesia, held in New Delhi, India, in January 1949. Practically every month a new nation in Africa or Asia emerged with, for the first time, its own diplomatic corps and eagerness to integrate into the international system. Mao Zedong of China was also a key organizer, backed by his influential right-hand man, Premier and Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai; although Mao still maintained good relations with the Soviet Union in these years, he had the strategic foresight to recognize that an anti-colonial nationalist and anti-imperialist agenda would sweep Africa and Asia, and he saw himself as the natural global leader of these forces as he, after all, had also led a revolution in China marked by anti-colonial nationalism. At the Colombo Powers conference in April 1954, Indonesia proposed a global conference. A planning group met in Bogor, West Java in late December 1954 and formally decided to hold the conference in April 1955. They had a series of goals in mind: to promote goodwill and cooperation among the new nations; to explore in advance their mutual interests; to examine social economic and cultural problems, to focus on problems of special interest to their peoples, such as racism and colonialism, and to enhance the international visibility of Asia and Africa in world affairs. The Bandung Conference reflected what the organizers regarded as a reluctance by the Western powers to consult with them on decisions affecting Asia in a setting of Cold War tensions; their concern over tension between the People's Republic of China and the United States; their desire to lay firmer foundations for China's peace relations with themselves and the West; their opposition to colonialism, especially French influence in North Africa and its colonial rule in Algeria; and Indonesia's desire to promote its case in the West New Guinea dispute with the Netherlands. Sukarno portrayed himself as the leader of this group of states, which he later described as "NEFOS" (Newly Emerging Forces). On 4 December 1954 the United Nations announced that Indonesia had successfully gotten the issue of West New Guinea placed on the agenda of the 1955 General Assembly. Plans for the Bandung conference were announced in December 1954. Discussion Major debate centered around the question of whether Soviet policies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia should be censured along with Western colonialism. A memo was submitted by 'The Moslem Nations under Soviet Imperialism', accusing the Soviet authorities of massacres and mass deportations in Muslim regions, but it was never debated. A consensus was reached in which "colonialism in all of its manifestations" was condemned, implicitly censuring the Soviet Union, as well as the West. China played an important role in the conference and strengthened its relations with other Asian nations. Having survived an assassination attempt on the way to the conference, the Chinese premier, Zhou Enlai, displayed a moderate and conciliatory attitude that tended to quiet fears of some anticommunist delegates concerning China's intentions. Later in the conference, Zhou Enlai signed an agreement on dual nationality with Indonesian foreign minister Sunario. World observers closely watched Zhou. He downplayed revolutionary communism and strongly endorsed the right of all nations to choose their own economic and political systems, including even capitalism. His moderation and reasonableness made a very powerful impression for his own diplomatic reputation and for China. By contrast, Nehru was bitterly disappointed at the generally negative reception he received. Senior diplomats called him arrogant. Zhou said privately, "I have never met a more arrogant man than Mr. Nehru." Participants Some nations were given "observer status". Such was the case of Brazil, who sent Ambassador Bezerra de Menezes. Declaration A 10-point "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", called Dasasila Bandung, incorporating the principles of the United Nations Charter was adopted unanimously as item G in the final communiqué of the conference: Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the charter of the United Nations Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations large and small Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself, singly or collectively, in conformity with the charter of the United Nations (a) Abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defence to serve any particular interests of the big powers (b) Abstention by any country from exerting pressures on other countries Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, such as negotiation, conciliation, arbitration or judicial settlement as well as other peaceful means of the parties own choice, in conformity with the charter of the United Nations Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation Respect for justice and international obligations The final Communique of the Conference underscored the need for developing countries to loosen their economic dependence on the leading industrialised nations by providing technical assistance to one another through the exchange of experts and technical assistance for developmental projects, as well as the exchange of technological know-how and the establishment of regional training and research institutes. United States involvement For the US, the Conference accentuated a central dilemma of its Cold War policy: by currying favor with Third World nations by claiming opposition to colonialism, it risked alienating its colonialist European allies. The US security establishment also feared that the Conference would expand China's regional power. In January 1955 the US formed a "Working Group on the Afro-Asian Conference" which included the Operations Coordinating Board (OCB), the Office of Intelligence Research (OIR), the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the United States Information Agency (USIA). The OIR and USIA followed a course of "Image Management" for the US, using overt and covert propaganda to portray the US as friendly and to warn participants of the Communist menace. The United States, at the urging of Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, shunned the conference and was not officially represented. However, the administration issued a series of statements during the lead-up to the Conference. These suggested that the US would provide economic aid, and attempted to reframe the issue of colonialism as a threat by China and the Eastern Bloc. Representative Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. (D-N.Y.) attended the conference, sponsored by Ebony and Jet magazines instead of the U.S. government. Powell spoke at some length in favor of American foreign policy there which assisted the United States's standing with the Non-Aligned. When Powell returned to the United States, he urged President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Congress to oppose colonialism and pay attention to the priorities of emerging Third World nations. African American author Richard Wright attended the conference with funding from the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Wright spent about three weeks in Indonesia, devoting a week to attending the conference and the rest of his time to interacting with Indonesian artists and intellectuals in preparation to write several articles and a book on his trip to Indonesia and attendance at the conference. Wright's essays on the trip appeared in several Congress for Cultural Freedom magazines, and his book on the trip was published as The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference. Several of the artists and intellectuals with whom Wright interacted (including Mochtar Lubis, Asrul Sani, Sitor Situmorang, and Beb Vuyk) continued discussing Wright's visit after he left Indonesia. Outcome and legacy The conference was followed by the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Conference in Cairo in September (1957) and the Belgrade Summit (1961), which led to the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement. Asian-African Summit of 2005 To mark the 50th anniversary of The Summit, Heads of State and Government of Asian-African countries attended a new Asian-African Summit from 20 to 24 April 2005 in Bandung and Jakarta hosted by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Attended by Prime Minister of Japan, Junichiro Koizumi, President of China, Hu Jintao, United Nations Secretary General, Kofi Annan, President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf, President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai, Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah and President of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, some sessions of the new conference took place in Gedung Merdeka (Independence Building), the venue of the original conference. Of the 106 nations invited to the historic summit, 89 were represented by their heads of state or government or ministers. The Summit was attended by 54 Asian and 52 African countries. The 2005 Asian African Summit yielded, inter-alia, the Declaration of the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP), the Joint Ministerial Statement on the NAASP Plan of Action, and the Joint Asian African Leaders’ Statement on Tsunami, Earthquake and other Natural Disasters. The conclusion of aforementioned declaration of NAASP is the Nawasila (nine principles) supporting political, economic, and socio-cultural cooperation. The Summit concluded a follow-up mechanism for institutionalization process in the form of Summit concurrent with Business Summit every four years, Ministerial Meeting every two years, and Sectoral Ministerial as well as Technical Meeting if deemed necessary. Other anniversaries On the 60th anniversary of the Asian-African Conference and the 10th anniversary of the NAASP, a 3rd summit was held in Bandung and Jakarta from 21 to 25 April 2015, with the theme Strengthening South-South Cooperation to Promote World Peace and Prosperity. Hosted by President Joko Widodo of Indonesia, delegates from 109 Asian and African countries, 16 observer countries and 25 international organizations participated, including Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe, President of China Xi Jinping, Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Hsien Loong, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Prime Minister of Malaysia Najib Tun Razak, President of Myanmar Thein Sein, King Mswati III of Swaziland and Prime Minister of Nepal Sushil Koirala. See also Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Sino-Indonesian Dual Nationality Treaty Third World References Further reading Acharya, Amitav. "Studying the Bandung conference from a Global IR perspective." Australian Journal of International Affairs 70.4 (2016): 342–357. Online Acharya, Amitav. "Who are the norm makers? The Asian-African conference in Bandung and the evolution of norms." Global Governance 20.3 (2014): 405–417. Online Asia-Africa Speaks From Bandung. Jakarta: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia, 1955. Ampiah, Kweku. The Political and Moral Imperatives of the Bandung Conference of 1955 : the Reactions of the US, UK and Japan. Folkestone, UK : Global Oriental, 2007. Brown, Colin. 2012. "The Bandung Conference and Indonesian Foreign Policy", Ch 9 in Anne Booth, Chris Manning and Thee Kian Wie, 2012, Essays in Honour of Joan Hardjono, Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. Burke, Roland. "The compelling dialogue of freedom: Human rights at the Bandung Conference." Human Rights Quarterly 28 (2006): 947+. Dinkel, Jürgen, The Non-Aligned Movement. Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992), New Perspectives on the Cold War 5, Brill: Leiden/Boston 2019. Finnane, Antonia, and Derek McDougall, eds, Bandung 1955: Little Histories. Melbourne: Monash Asia Institute, 2010. Kahin, George McTurnan. The Asian-African Conference: Bandung, Indonesia, April 1955. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956. Lee, Christopher J., ed, Making a World After Empire: The Bandung Moment and Its Political Afterlives. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2010. Mackie, Jamie. Bandung 1955: Non-Alignment and Afro-Asian Solidarity. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 2005. Parker, Jason C. "Small Victory, Missed Chance: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the Turning of the Cold War." In The Eisenhower Administration, the Third World, and the Globalization of the Cold War. Ed. Kathryn C. Statler & Andrew L. Johns. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. Parker, Jason. "Cold War II: The Eisenhower Administration, the Bandung Conference, and the reperiodization of the postwar era." Diplomatic History 30.5 (2006): 867–892. Shimazu, Naoko. "Diplomacy as theatre: staging the Bandung Conference of 1955." Modern Asian Studies 48.1 (2014): 225–252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X13000371 Wood, Sally Percival. "‘Chou gags critics in BANDOENG or How the Media Framed Premier Zhou Enlai at the Bandung Conference, 1955" Modern Asian Studies 44.5 (2010): 1001–1027. External links Modern History Sourcebook: Prime Minister Nehru: Speech to Asian-African Conference Political Committee, 1955 Modern History Sourcebook: President Sukarno of Indonesia: Speech at the Opening of the Asian-African Conference, 18 April 1955 1955 conferences 1955 in Indonesia 1955 in international relations 20th-century diplomatic conferences April 1955 events in Asia Bandung Diplomatic conferences in Indonesia Liberal democracy period in Indonesia Non-Aligned Movement Sukarno Zhou Enlai
3989782	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary%20Man%20%28novel%29	Solitary Man (novel)	Solitary Man is an original novel based on the US television series Angel. Plot summary The widow Mildred Finster has been a fan of "cozy" mystery novels for years. At the age of seventy-one she decides she would like to become a real private detective. She finds a business card for Angel Investigations and likes the name. Team Angel is busy with its own personal problems, and has little time to deal with Mildred offering her services. Later a truckload of valuable antiquities is stolen and they assume a simple theft. The arrival of ruthless killers from afar soon gets the attention of the gang. They must cope with being followed everywhere by a well-meaning old lady, fight off poltergeists, and try to set aside their personal differences (at least temporarily) so that they can overcome the supernatural foe which is responsible for a centuries-old mystery. Continuity Characters include: Angel, Cordelia, Wesley, Gunn, Fred, and Lorne. Supposed to be set in Angel season 4. Canonical issues Angel books such as this one are not usually considered by fans as canonical. Some fans consider them stories from the imaginations of authors and artists, while other fans consider them to be taking place in an alternative fictional reality. However unlike fan fiction, overviews summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy/Angel merchandise. External links Reviews Litefoot1969.bravepages.com - Review of this book by Litefoot Angel (1999 TV series) novels 2003 American novels 2003 fantasy novels Novels by Jeff Mariotte
5381630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic%20Democratic%20Organization	Hispanic Democratic Organization	The Hispanic Democratic Organization (HDO) was a political action committee (PAC) officially started in 1993. History HDO was created by Tim Degnan, Victor Reyes, and Al Sanchez in 1993 to assist Richard M. Daley win his first mayoral election. At first, the organization focused on the South Side of Chicago. Aside from Mayor Daley, HDO was a major force in electing alderman, state representatives, and state senators. According to the Chicago Sun-Times, HDO spent $530,338 on political campaigns. The HDO filed paperwork on July 1, 2008, along with state records, that indicate the group is closing its campaign committee. The group's reports show that all their funds were spent as of April 2008. Controversy In 2006, a Federal investigation was launched into hiring practices at Chicago City Hall. HDO and other political groups allegedly had influence over the city's hiring system and political workers allegedly were rewarded with city jobs and promotions. This investigation culminated into convictions of Angelo Torres on Hired Trucks, George Prado's conviction on drug dealing, John Resa. Al Sanchez and Aaron DelValle were charged with perjury and fraud in relation to employment practices. The two were later granted a new trial after it was discovered that FBI agents had known the cooperating witness Brian Gabriel was in fact working as informant in a case pending in Indiana and may have used his testimony at the Sanchez-DelValle trial as part of a plea deal in the case pending in Indiana. Judge Gettlemen found that Gabriel's testimony was essential to the case, and ordered a new trial for late June 2010. References Politics of Illinois Organizations based in Chicago Organizations established in 1993 Hispanic and Latino American organizations Hispanic and Latino American culture in Chicago Political organizations based in the United States
3989789	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20and%20Death%20%28novel%29	Love and Death (novel)	Love and Death is an original novel based on the U.S. television series Angel. Tagline: "It's open season on monsters." Plot summary Huge numbers of demon-killers are descending upon L.A., provoked by outspoken radio host Mac Lindley. They plan to rid the city of demons as rapidly and violently as possible. Angel Investigations is finding these angry mobs more of a hindrance than a help. Cordy knows bits and pieces but Angel Investigations is focusing on solving a case of a family who came to Los Angeles from Iowa; they were murdered together as Angel raced to try to save them. Soon Lorne is attacked and Connor goes missing. Angel realizes that the demon-hunters cannot tell the difference between a good demon and a bad one. None of them are safe from the crazy pack of do-gooders. Continuity Characters include: Angel, Cordelia, Wesley, Gunn, Fred, Lorne and Connor. This is the final original Angel novel to be published Supposed to be set in Angel season 4. Canonical issues Angel books such as this one are not usually considered by fans as canonical. Some fans consider them stories from the imaginations of authors and artists, while other fans consider them as taking place in an alternative fictional reality. However unlike fan fiction, overviews summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy/Angel merchandise. External links Reviews Teen-books.com - Reviews of this book Angel (1999 TV series) novels 2004 American novels 2004 fantasy novels Novels by Jeff Mariotte
3989796	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolith%20%28novel%29	Monolith (novel)	Monolith is a novel by John Passarella set in the fictional universe of the U.S. television series Angel. Tagline:'The two in opposition must agree.' Plot summary Like other parents, Angel wishes he could understand his son, Connor. But father-son bonding time is short because Angel is overworked, Connor is embarrassed by his father's blood-drinking, Hyconian demons are running rampant across L.A. - and a huge monolith suddenly appears on Hollywood Boulevard. Nobody understands this massive rock. It has two demon faces carved into it. The news stations assume it is a clever publicity stunt for a newly released movie, and religious extremists worry that it might be a sign of the impending apocalypse. As the staff of Angel Investigations tries to understand what the rock means, it soon becomes clear that Connor and Angel will have to work together for survival. Characters include: Angel, Cordelia, Wesley, Gunn, Fred, Lorne and Connor. Continuity Supposed to be set in Angel season 4. It is specifically placed between "Spin the Bottle" and "Apocalypse, Nowish". Canonical issues Angel books such as this one are not usually considered by fans as canonical. Some fans consider them stories from the imaginations of authors and artists, while other fans consider them as taking place in an alternative fictional reality. However unlike fan fiction, overviews summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy/Angel merchandise. External links Cityofangel.com - Interview with author, John Passarella about the book, Monolith Reviews Teen-books.com - Reviews of this book 2004 American novels 2004 fantasy novels Angel (1999 TV series) novels
5381631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORPAC	NORPAC	NORPAC is a bipartisan, multi-candidate political action committee (PAC) working to strengthen United States-Israel relations, founded in New Jersey in 1982. Its activities include fundraising for Senators and Members of the United States Congress who support this relationship, regular emails regarding the situation in the Middle East, and the annual Mission to Washington. Supported issues Each year, before its annual Mission to Washington, NORPAC selects 5 issues or bills it will discuss that year, including: Foreign Aid to Israel IFSA, the Iran Freedom Support Act (H.R.282 /S.333 ), which imposes sanctions on Iran in response to nuclear activity. USIECA, the US-Israel Energy Cooperation Act (H.R.2730 /S.1862), which supports joint alternative energy research. PATA, the Palestinian Anti-Terror Act (H.R.4861 /S.2370), which restricts aid to the Hamas-dominated Palestinian Authority (while still allowing humanitarian aid) unless certain actions opposing terror are taken. The Saudi Arabia Accountability Act (H.R.2037 /S.1171), which imposes sanctions on Saudi Arabia unless it clearly shuts down terrorist organizations within the country and ends support for such organizations outside the country. Activities Mission to Washington Each year, NORPAC sends a group of active members to meet with Senators and Members of Congress to discuss the U.S.-Israel relationship. The mission in May 2009 brought approximately 900 participants to meet with more than four hundred Senators and Members of Congress, increase in the number of participants compared to previous years. Political fundraising NORPAC hosts fundraisers for various political candidates who are supportive of the U.S.-Israel relationship. It is the largest donor of New Jersey senator Robert Menendez, and regularly donates to various other politicians. Organization leadership National Officers Regional Officers See also American Israel Public Affairs Committee Political action committee References External links NORPAC website United States political action committees Foreign policy political advocacy groups in the United States Israel–United States relations 1982 establishments in New Jersey
3989798	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis%20%28Angel%20novel%29	Nemesis (Angel novel)	Nemesis is an original novel based on the U.S. television series Angel. Tagline: "Evil lurks where the science and supernatural collide." (The promotional picture of the book cover in this article has the wrong tagline.) Plot summary One of Fred's old friends from graduate school contacts her for help at a big scientific facility. Fred has conflicted feelings about her past, and the life she might be able to lead independent of demons. However on the night they are supposed to meet, her friend is shot down, a seemingly innocent victim of a misdirected hit. Angel and the others wish they could help Fred, but are needed to investigate a series of murders among a group of wizards. The wizards are the only ones standing against an apocalyptic breach; they are literally holding the walls of reality together from more-deadly worlds. Fred leaves the investigation and takes the place of her friend as researcher to try to uncover her murder. Soon the supernatural and the scientific research collide, and Fred realizes she might be the only one who can stop the coming end-time. Continuity Supposed to be set in the last half of Angel season 4. Canonical issues Angel books such as this one are not usually considered by fans as canonical. Some fans consider them stories from the imaginations of authors and artists, while other fans consider them as taking place in an alternative fictional reality. However unlike fan fiction, overviews summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy/Angel merchandise. Characters include: Angel, Cordelia, Wesley, Gunn, Fred, and Lorne. External links Reviews Teen-books.com - Reviews of this book Shadowcat.name - Review of this book Angel (1999 TV series) novels 2004 American novels 2004 fantasy novels
3989801	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20of%20the%20Dead%20%28Angel%20novel%29	Book of the Dead (Angel novel)	Book of the Dead is an original novel based on the U.S. television series Angel, written by and published by Pocket Books. It was first published in 2004. Plot summary Wes has loved books since childhood. When a former colleague, Adrian O'Flaherty, arrives in town and invites him to a secret auction of rare occult books, Wes immediately agrees. However Adrian wants more than dusty old books at the auction. He wants revenge. Before the Watchers' Council was blown up (seen in 'Never Leave Me'), Rutherford Sirk took a number of rare books from the Council's libraries and killed the librarian who was Adrian's father. Wes buys a number of old books at the auction including one of the most famous books of magick, The Red Compendium, which is infamous for absorbing those who read it. Wes has always been a sucker for literature and soon finds he can't put it down even if he wants to. Continuity Supposed to be set in Angel Season 4, after Buffy episode "Never Leave Me". Characters include: Angel, Cordelia, Wesley, Gunn, Fred, and Lorne. Canonical issues Angel books such as this one are not usually considered by fans as canonical. Some fans consider them stories from the imaginations of authors and artists, while other fans consider them as taking place in an alternative fictional reality. However unlike fan fiction, overviews summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Joss Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as officially Buffy/Angel merchandise. External links Reviews Teen-books.com - Reviews of this book 2004 American novels 2004 fantasy novels Angel (1999 TV series) novels Pocket Books books
5381635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Hicks	Tony Hicks	Anthony Christopher Hicks (born 16 December 1945) is an English guitarist and singer who has been a member of the British rock/pop band the Hollies since 1963, and as such was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010. His main roles within the band are lead guitarist and backing singer. Career Early years Hicks first had a taste of fame at age 12 as a member of Les Skifflettes when they were featured on the Carroll Levis talent show in 1957. By the early 1960s, he was a respected member of the Manchester music scene and had become the lead guitarist with Ricky Shaw and the Dolphins, while working as an apprentice electrician. When then local rivals the Hollies needed a replacement for their guitarist Vic Steele in February 1963, Hicks was immediately approached to join the band and although initially reluctant, he was finally convinced to join after listening to The Hollies through the air vent of the Twisted Wheel club in Manchester. Hicks shrewdly negotiated an £18 per week wage to join, despite the other members being paid just £9 per week. They had by this time secured a test recording session with EMI's Parlophone label with staff producer Ron Richards, whom the band later credited with creating and choosing their greatest hits. Hicks duly attended the session as their new guitarist in April 1963 and the audition resulted in a recording contract with Parlophone. With the Hollies The Hollies soon became one of the most successful bands in Britain; they had a distinctive, breezy pop style built around the three-part harmony of Hicks (lower harmony) and bandmates Allan Clarke (lead vocals) and Graham Nash (high harmony). Hicks contributed his first solo composition for the group ("When I'm Not There") to an EP release in 1964 and co-wrote a B-side ("Keep Off That Friend of Mine") with drummer Bobby Elliott that year. Hicks then joined Clarke and Nash as the group's in-house songwriting team, who from 1964 to mid-1966 wrote as "Chester Mann" and "L. Ransford" before adopting the Clarke-Hicks-Nash banner. By the mid-1960s the threesome had become responsible for writing most of their songs, including singles hits such as "Stop! Stop! Stop!", "On a Carousel", "Carrie Anne" and "King Midas in Reverse". Hicks rarely sang lead vocals on Hollies songs, but was featured on "Look Through Any Window" (1965), and sang verse leads on "Too Much Monkey Business" (1964), "Carrie Anne" (a song he began for the band in Stavanger, Norway in 1967) and "Open Up Your Eyes" (1968). Hicks took solo lead vocals on his song "Pegasus" (1967), the Clarke-Sylvester-penned "Look at Life" (1969), his "Born A Man" (1973), "Hillsborough" (1989) and Bobby Elliott's "Then, Now, Always (Dolphin Days)" (2009). In 1966, with contributions from fellow Hollies Clarke and Nash, Hicks contributed guitar work alongside Yardbirds guitarist and session musician Jimmy Page to the Everly Brothers' album Two Yanks in England (which included cover versions of a number of Hollies songs co-written by Hicks). In the 1960s, with Nash performing few guitar duties except for the occasional rhythm part and acoustic work, Hicks became an integral part of the Hollies sound. Apart from contributing distinctive lead-guitar parts, he could be relied on to add unusual instrumentation to their sessions—such as the banjo which was a key component of their hit "Stop! Stop! Stop!", Greek-type ("Tell Me to My Face") and fuzz guitar ("Have You Ever Loved Somebody"). When no original material was available, Hicks discovered demos of Hollies hits "Just One Look" (UK No. 2 in 1964), "I Can't Let Go" (UK No. 2 in 1966) and "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (UK No. 3 in 1969) (which became one of their biggest hits). Hicks suggested the band do an album of Bob Dylan songs in late 1968; Nash disagreed, one of the reasons for his exit from the band (although he had already sung with David Crosby and Stephen Stills in the US). The Hollies replaced Nash with Terry Sylvester and Hollies Sing Dylan (1969) was No. 3 in the UK Albums Chart, although it failed to chart in the US. This was one of the first "tribute albums" devoted to a single artist by a vocal group. After Nash's December 1968 departure from the group Hicks began to write more solo songs, which were used as either B-sides or album tracks (such as "Cos You Like To Love Me" and "Don't Give Up Easily" in 1969 and "Dandelion Wine" in 1970). He wrote much of The Hollies' 1970 album Confessions of the Mind, including "Too Young To Be Married" (a No. 1 single in Australia and New Zealand). Hicks also co-wrote songs with UK singer Kenny Lynch for The Hollies, such as "What A Life I've Led", "Look What We've Got", "Promised Land", the US hit single "Long Dark Road" (all 1971) and "Blue in the Morning" (1972) and "Faded Images", recorded by Cilla Black on her 1971 album Images. He co-wrote Hollies songs between 1974 and 1978 with Allan Clarke and Terry Sylvester. In 1974, Hicks produced the eponymous group album Taggett on EMI Records in the UK. In 1990, Hicks co-wrote "Naomi" for The Hollies with his son Paul. In 1993 he added new guitar parts and harmony vocals (with Clarke and Nash) to an "alternate" version of "Peggy Sue Got Married" by Buddy Holly (credited to "Buddy Holly and The Hollies"), which led off the Not Fade Away tribute album to Holly by various artists. The Hollies continued to have hits beyond the 1970s, including a UK chart hit with the medley "Holliedaze" in 1981, a US Top 30 hit cover of "Stop! In the Name of Love" in 1983, a UK No. 1 single in 1988 (a re-issue of "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"), and in 1993 "The Woman I Love". The group still performs and records today; however, with the retirement of Allan Clarke in 1999, only Hicks and drummer Bobby Elliott remain from the band's 1960s heyday. Awards and honours In 2010, The Hollies (who had already won an Ivor Novello Award in 1995 for outstanding contribution to British popular music and were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2006) were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Hicks and Elliott were absent from the induction ceremony because of UK touring commitments with the current Hollies band. Personal life Hicks has been married to Jane Dawton since 1974. References External links 1945 births English pop guitarists English male guitarists Living people English rock guitarists English male singers British soft rock musicians Lead guitarists English pop singers People from Nelson, Lancashire Musicians from Manchester The Hollies members
3989811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzelecki%20Regional%20Reserve	Strzelecki Regional Reserve	Strzelecki Regional Reserve is a protected area located in the Australian state of South Australia in the gazetted localities of Lindon and Strzelecki Desert about north-east of Port Augusta. It includes the Strzelecki Desert and the dry Strzelecki Creek bed. The regional reserve can only accessed via the historic Strzelecki Track. It is partly located on land that was included on the List of Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention under the name Coongie Lakes in 1987. The regional reserve is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area. See also Protected areas of South Australia Regional reserves of South Australia Regional Reserve (Australia) Strzelecki Desert Lakes Important Bird Area References External links Entry for Strzelecki Regional Reserve on protected planet Regional reserves of South Australia Protected areas established in 1991 1991 establishments in Australia Far North (South Australia)
5381636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%20sharing%20in%20Canada	File sharing in Canada	File sharing in Canada relates to the distribution of digital media in that country. Canada had the greatest number of file sharers by percentage of population in the world according to a 2004 report by the OECD. In 2009 however it was found that Canada had only the tenth greatest number of copyright infringements in the world according to a report by BayTSP, a U.S. anti-piracy company. Legality Important distinctions have been made about the legality of downloading versus uploading copyrighted material as well as "musical works" versus other copyrighted material. In general, the unauthorized copying or distribution of copyrighted material for profit is illegal under Canada's Copyright Act; however, the act also states under the section "Copying for Private Use ... onto an audio recording medium for the private use of the person who makes the copy does not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the musical work, the performer’s performance or the sound recording.". Furthermore, the Act contains a Private Copying exception that makes it legal to copy a sound recording onto an "audio recording medium" for the personal use of the person making the copy. This is supported by a levy on blank audio recording media, which is distributed to record labels and musicians. While the unauthorized copying - uploading - of complete copyrighted works such as books, movies, or software is illegal under the Act, the situation regarding music files is more complex, due to the Private Copying exemption. First, to qualify as Private Copying, the copy must be made onto an "audio recording medium". However, there remains some controversy as to whether certain things such as digital music players, or computer hard drives, constitute audio recording media. In 2003, the Copyright Board introduced levies of up to $25 on non-removable memory in digital music players such as the iPod. However, this was struck down when the Federal Court of Appeal ruled that memory permanently embedded in digital music players could not be considered an audio recording medium. The court also gave the opinion that a digital music player, as an entire unit or device, could not be considered an audio recording medium. However, the Copyright Board disputes the latter, and maintains that "it is not settled law that a digital audio recorder is not a medium". Copying onto an audio recording medium for which no levy is currently charged still qualifies under the Private Copying exemption: "For instance, simply because the Board has not been asked to certify a tariff on hard disks in personal computers, it does not follow that private copies made onto such media infringe copyright." The application of the Private Copying exemption to copies made via the Internet is also a complex issue. Prior to 2004, some analysts believed that it was legal to download music, but not to upload it. For a brief period in 2004/2005, the sharing of copyrighted music files via peer-to-peer online systems was explicitly legal, due to a decision by the Federal Court, in BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe. Under certain conditions both downloading and uploading were held to be legal. Specifically, paragraphs [24] and [25] of the decision stated that Section 80(1) of the Copyright Act allows downloading of musical works for personal use. This section specifically applied to musical works and therefore the decision made no determination as to the legality of downloading other forms of copyrighted works. Paragraphs [26] to [28] of the decision also made a ruling on uploading, stating that The mere fact of placing a copy on a shared directory in a computer where that copy can be accessed via a P2P service does not amount to distribution. Before it constitutes distribution, there must be a positive act by the owner of the shared directory, such as sending out the copies or advertising that they are available for copying. However, the case was appealed, and on May 19, 2005, this section of the decision was set aside by the Federal Court of Appeal. The appeals court dismissed the case, primarily due to lack of evidence linking the unnamed defendants to the alleged copyright infringement. However, it held that it was inappropriate for the original trial court judge to have ruled on the question of whether making music files available on peer-to-peer file sharing systems constitutes "distribution" (illegal under the Copyright Act) or simply facilitates "private copying" (legal under the Act) at that point in the proceedings. The appeals court specifically left open the possibility of future lawsuits, wherein the question of the legality of peer-to-peer sharing could be addressed. So far, no further such lawsuits have been filed in Canada, leaving it an open question. In June 2005, the Canadian federal government, then ruled by the Liberal Party of Canada, introduced Bill C-60, which would amend the Copyright Act to, among other things, specifically make the "making available" of copyrighted music files on peer-to-peer systems illegal. However, parliament was dissolved later that year due to a non-confidence motion, and the bill was never passed. A new copyright bill was expected to be introduced by the newly installed Conservative government before the end of 2007. It was expected to have much stronger protections for copyright owners, including some provisions similar to the American DMCA. However, due to massive public outcry in the days leading up to the bill's expected introduction, the government delayed its introduction. Just before the end of the second session of the 39th Canadian Parliament, the Conservative government introduced Bill C-61. Bill C-61 was superseded by Bill C-32 (40th Canadian Parliament, 3rd Session), which was introduced into Parliament on June 2, 2010. On September 29, 2011, Minister of Canadian Heritage James Moore and Minister of Industry Christian Paradis announced the reintroduction of the Government of Canada's Copyright Modernization Act under the new designation of Bill C-11. This was signed into law on June 29, 2012, as the Copyright Modernization Act. Legal history 1921: Copyright Act of Canada Copyright law in Canada grew out of a long series of British statutes and common law, including the Statute of Anne and the Imperial Copyright Act. It was first consolidated into one Canadian statute in 1921, the Copyright Act of Canada. The Act has been amended over the years by various Bills passed by the Canadian parliament. 1997: Bill C-32 Bill C-32, which received Royal Assent in 1997, amended the Copyright Act of Canada. Among the changes was a provision that legalized music file sharing under certain conditions. The provision states that copying copyrighted sound recordings of musical works for the personal use of the person making the copy, does not constitute a violation of the copyright of that work. 2003: Copyright Board of Canada and P2P filesharing The Copyright Board of Canada is a regulatory body empowered to establish the amounts and kinds of levies to be charged on blank audio media under the Private Copying section of the Copyright Act. On December 12, 2003, it released a decision setting the levies to be charged for 2003 and 2004. In relation to this, it also commented in response to queries that were made regarding the legality of P2P file sharing. The Copyright Board gave the opinion that Private Copying of copyrighted sound recordings for one's personal use was legal, irrespective of the source of that material. Users of P2P networks were thus clear of liability for copyright violations for any music file downloading activity. The decision noted that distributing music online was expressly excluded from the Private Copying exception, and it associated the word "uploading" with the act of distribution. The Copyright Board is not a court, and its opinion regarding the legality of downloading was publicly disputed by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. However, this decision was thought to be significant in that it provided guidance for court rulings on file sharing in the future. 2004: BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe In 2004, the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) was dealt a blow in its bid to take action against 29 internet users with extensive file sharing activities. The CRIA filed suit to have the ISPs reveal the identities of the 29 file sharers. In the ruling, both the Federal Court of Canada and the Federal Court of Appeal judged that the CRIA's case was not strong enough to support interfering with the defendants right to privacy and questioned whether the CRIA had a copyright case at all based on its evidence. Because the ISPs were not required to reveal the identities of their clients, the CRIA could not go on to sue the file sharers in a manner mimicking the RIAA's legal proceedings in the U.S.A. The court further found that both downloading music and putting it in a shared folder available to other people online were legal in Canada. This decision dealt a major blow to attempts by the CRIA to crack down on file sharers. 2005: BMG Canada Inc. v. John Doe - Appeal In 2005, the controversial ruling of Justice Konrad von Finckenstein, making file uploading of sound recordings on peer-to-peer systems legal, was set aside by the Federal Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal held that although the original case should be dismissed due to lack of evidence linking the unnamed defendants to the alleged copyright infringements, the question of the legality of peer-to-peer file sharing must be decided in a future case. 2007: RCMP toleration for personal and non-profit use Around the same time that the CRIA successfully took Demonoid offline, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) made it clear that pursuing Demonoid's users is not a priority for them. Demonoid came back online in April 2008, but later became hosted in Ukraine. 2015: New copyright law comes into effect Starting on January 2, Canadian law started requiring that Internet Service Providers forward emails alleging copyright infringement to the person whose IP address is mentioned in the copyright claim. ISPs have not been allowed to charge the claimant for this service. Upon receiving such a notice, they must now retain the IP-account information on file for a period of 6 months or longer if the claimant were to pursue legal proceedings. Criticism In 2009, Canada's music sales went down by 7.4%, second only to Spain, according to a report released on April 28, 2010, by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. The official synopsis said that "Canada, practically the only government of a developed country not to have implemented international copyright treaties agreed over a decade ago, is a major source of the world's piracy problem. A disproportionate number of illegal sites are hosted on Canadian soil". In 2011, an excerpt of the executive summary of a report by the International Intellectual Property Alliance stated that "overall the piracy picture in Canada is at least as bleak as it was a year ago, and it is cementing its reputation as a haven where technologically sophisticated international piracy organizations can operate with virtual impunity". Academic research such as one published in a 2012 paper by Robert Hammond (an assistant professor at North Carolina State University) however has found strong positive correlation between music piracy and music sales, and that file sharing benefits more established and popular artists but not newer and smaller artists. See also Bill C-32 (40th Canadian Parliament, 3rd Session) Bill C-60 (38th Canadian Parliament, 1st Session) Bill C-61 (39th Canadian Parliament, 2nd Session), a now defunct controversial Canadian copyright reform bill. Copyright Act of Canada Copyright Board of Canada Disk sharing File sharing File sharing timeline File-sharing program Open access in Canada (scholarly communication) Open Music Model Peer-to-peer Piracy Warez References External links The State of File Sharing and Canadian Copyright Law—the legal status of filesharing Canada Internet in Canada Canadian copyright law
5381648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibowitz	Leibowitz	Leibowitz is a Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include: Barry Leibowitz (born 1945), American-Israeli basketball player Henoch Leibowitz (c.1918–2008), head of the Rabbinical Seminary of America Jacob Leibowitz or Jakub Lejbowicz, possible birth name of Jacob Frank (1726–1791), leader of a Jewish messianic movement Jon Leibowitz (born 1958), former United States Federal Trade Commission chairman Jon Stewart (born Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz in 1962), American political satirist, formerly of The Daily Show Martin L. Leibowitz, financial researcher and business leader Nechama Leibowitz (1905–1997), sometimes Nehama Leibowitz, Israeli Bible scholar René Leibowitz (1913–1972), a French composer of Polish-Latvian origin Ronnie Leibowitz (born 1953), Israeli bank robber, also known as "Ofnobank" Samuel Leibowitz (1893–1978), New York trial lawyer Yeshayahu Leibowitz (1903–1994), Israeli thinker and scientist Fictional characters Isaac Edward Leibowitz, a fictional character in the novel A Canticle for Leibowitz Aaron Leibowitz a.k.a Algernop Krieger from the fx show "Archer". See also Labovich Lebovits Lebovitz Lebowitz Leibovich Leibovitch Leibovitz Lejbowicz Liebowitz Jewish surnames
5381649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Kenneth%20Pope	William Kenneth Pope	William Kenneth Pope was a bishop of The Methodist Church, elected in 1960. He was elected by the South Central Jurisdictional Conference of the Church and assigned the Arkansas Episcopal Area, encompassing the North Arkansas and Little Rock Conferences; and then the North Texas and Central Texas Annual Conferences, where he served from 1964 until his retirement in 1972. After retirement he served as Bishop-in-Residence at the Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University. He was a former chairman of the University's regents. He lived in Dallas, Texas. He was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. Bishop Pope died of natural causes Monday, June 26, 1989. He was 87 years old. He was survived by a daughter, Katherine Pope of Southport, Connecticut; and a son, Kenneth, of Norwalk, Connecticut. References Obituary in The New York Times The Council of Bishops of the United Methodist Church InfoServ, the official information service of The United Methodist Church. See also List of bishops of the United Methodist Church Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA) 1989 deaths American Methodist bishops Year of birth missing
3989813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags%20depicting%20the%20Southern%20Cross	Flags depicting the Southern Cross	The Southern Cross or Crux, a constellation visible in the Southern Hemisphere, is depicted on flags and coats of arms of various countries and sub-national entities. This star constellation is visible mostly in the southern hemisphere and it therefore symbolises the southern location of its users. The term Southern Cross can also refer to the blue saltire as used in various flags of the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. This list is an incomplete list and some of the flags in this list might not have official status. flag proportions may vary between the different flags, and sometimes even vary between different versions of the same flag. National flags of countries in the Southern Hemisphere Other flags of the Commonwealth of Australia Other flags of the Federative Republic of Brazil Other flags of the Realm of New Zealand Other flags of Papua New Guinea Other flags in South America Other flags with the Southern Cross See also Nordic Cross Flag Union Flag Southern Cross Cross symbols
5381659	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Petitpas	Stephen Petitpas	Stephen Petitpas (born November 14, 1957) is a Canadian professional wrestler. Professional wrestling career His father being in the Canadian military, Petitpas was born in Soest, Germany. He grew up in a French household in Shediac, New Brunswick. Petitpas lived in a small Acadian house with a professional wrestler, Emile Duprée, living across the street. Petitpas would watch Duprée train in his backyard. By the time he was thirteen and fourteen, Petitpas was putting up the ring for Duprée. By the age of 15 he was 6 feet 3 inches tall and weighed 220 pounds. Petitpas refereed some matches for Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling (AGPW), Duprée's wrestling promotion. When some wrestlers quit AGPW, Petitpas became involved as a wrestler at Duprée's invitation. While in the Maritimes, Petitpas always wrestled as a face (fan favorite). Petitpas traveled around the world to compete during his career, including wrestling tours of Germany, Japan, and India. He had five matches against Ric Flair for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship but was unable to win the title belt. In AGPW, Petitpas held several titles, including the AGPW International Heavyweight Championship, which he won in 1985 by defeating Super Destroyer. He also won the AGPW Maritimes Heavyweight Championship on two occasions, winning the inaugural title and later defeating Super Destroyer to regain the belt. Wrestling in the Montreal-based Lutte Internationale, Petitpas competed under the ring name Sheik Ali. He portrayed a heel (villain) character and was managed by Eddie "The Brain" Creatchman and "Pretty Boy" Floyd Creatchman. He competed against such wrestlers as Rick Martel, Dino Bravo, and Abdullah the Butcher. He was given an opportunity to compete for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) but did not get to wrestle in any of the matches because Martel, who ran Lutte International, became concerned about how they would impact Petitpas's schedule and status in Lutte International. While competing for the company, Petitpas teamed with Richard Charland in 1986 to win the Canadian International Tag Team Championship by defeating Dan Kroffat and Tom Zenk. When Duprée decided to stop promoting shows, he sold AGPW to Petitpas and Leo Burke. In 1988 and 1989, he ran shows in addition to operating the Atlantic Wrestling School. His most famous trainee at the school was Robert Maillet, who went on to wrestle in the WWF as Kurrgan. Petitpas found it difficult to compete with the WWF in the Maritimes and ultimately closed his promotion. Canadian wrestler Buddy Lane has called Petitpas's career "the biggest waste of talent ever" in wrestling, as Petitpas was given opportunities to wrestle for larger companies but chose to remain in the Maritimes. He has three children, a daughter and two sons. Championships and accomplishments Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling AGPW International Heavyweight Championship (1 time) AGPW Maritimes Heavyweight Championship (2 times) AGPW North American Tag Team Champion (3 times) - with The Great Malumba (1 time) and Leo Burke (2 times) Lutte Internationale Canadian International Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Richard Charland References External links 1957 births Canadian male professional wrestlers Living people People from Shediac Professional wrestlers from New Brunswick Stampede Wrestling alumni
3989814	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20Fiennes	Magnus Fiennes	Magnus Hubert Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes (born 21 November 1965) is an English composer, record producer and songwriter. He has worked with artists such as Shakira, Pulp, Tom Jones and Morcheeba. In 1997 he produced the million-selling All Saints single "Never Ever", which reached number 4 on the US charts and number 1 throughout Europe; producing and co-writing on their eponymous five million selling album. He composed and produced much of the two multi-million selling albums from the girl quartet Bond. He has composed several major film scores, numerous commercials and TV series, including many seasons of leading BBC dramas such as Hustle, Murphy's Law, and Death in Paradise. He also created developed and produced the $20 million animated cartoon series Freefonix. Records As a producer/arranger programmer and re-mixer, Fiennes has worked with a diverse range of artists including Neneh Cherry, Marianne Faithfull, Bryan Ferry, the Spice Girls, Hal David, Seal, Yello, Propaganda$2, Erazure, Eagle-Eye Cherry, David McAlmont, Ian McCulloch, Roland Gift, Lenny Kravitz, Nigel Kennedy, Daniel Lanois, Trilok Gurtu, Damien Hirst (in the guise of Fat Les's Vindaloo), Dot Allison, Justin Hawkins, Jamelia and Geneva. Other work includes producing the double platinum "Watching Angels Mend" for Australian singer-songwriter Alex Lloyd, a collaboration with Canadian violinist Lara St. John on the album of "Bach with beats" for Sony Classical, co-writing material with Massive Attack and the Sugababes, and co-writing and producing album tracks and singles for Bertine Zetlitz (a Norwegian number one) and Liberty X. Although Fiennes now works primarily in the field of film and TV composition he was music director on Shakira's "The Sun Come Out 2010 World Tour". Magnus Fiennes continues to develop and consult on US based film and TV projects including developing a TV series for Silver Television/Pictures. Work Film Soup (1995) Preaching to the Perverted (1997) Onegin (1998) The Reckoning (2001) Peter Cottontail – The Movie (2005) Casper's Scare School (2006) Chromophobia (2007) Donkeys (2010) Television Pleasureland (2003) Hustle (2004–12) Vital Signs (2006) Murphy's Law (2006–07) Five Days (2006) The Last Enemy (2007) Freefonix (2008–09) The Fixer (2008–10) Injustice (2011) Death in Paradise (2011–present) Film tracks Fiennes has written and produced a number of featured songs including the title song for Paramount's Addicted to Love (featuring Neneh Cherry), Madonna's Next Best Thing and Scala Pictures music business satire, Five Seconds to Spare. Fiennes has produced tracks for Working Title's Rowan Atkinson vehicle, Johnny English, and co-wrote the closing Massive Attack song on their score for the Luc Besson film, Danny the Dog. Live As a keyboard player, Fiennes toured extensively with legendary blues guitarist Gary Moore in a line-up with Pink Floyd's Guy Pratt on bass and Gary Husband on drums. He was Music Director on Shakira's "The Sun Come Out" 2010 World Tour. Personal life Magnus Fiennes was born in Suffolk, England in 1965, a son of photographer Mark Fiennes and novelist Jennifer Lash. He married Maya Dokic in 1995, and they have two daughters. One of six siblings, he is brother to actors Ralph Fiennes and Joseph Fiennes, and film makers Sophie Fiennes and Martha Fiennes. Another brother, Jacob, is a conservationist. His foster brother, Michael Emery, is an archaeologist. Notes References External links Official Website Magnus Fiennes at the British Film Institute Magnus English composers People from Suffolk English people of Scottish descent English people of Irish descent Living people 1965 births English songwriters English record producers
3989820	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOOTES	BOOTES	BOOTES (Burst Observer and Optical Transient Exploring System) is a network of astronomical observatories with sites in Southern Spain, New Zealand, China, parts of the United States in Michigan and Mexico (mostly 0.6m diameter telescope with EMCCD camera at the Cassegrain focus and a g'r'i'ZY filterset). It is managed by Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía. The main goal of the network is to quickly observe transient events within seconds or minutes of being detected by scientific satellites. BOOTES provides an automated real time response to the detection of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB). Error box size depending, it uses wide field cameras (WFC), ultra wide field cameras (UWFC) and narrow field cameras (NFC) attached to small robotic telescopes, or the telescopes themselves. To study GRBs, it is of the utmost importance to perform prompt optical follow-up observations to detect longer wavelength transient emission associated to the GRBs; BOOTES can perform such follow ups. Its scientific objectives include: • Simultaneous and quasi-simultaneous observations of GRB error boxes. • Detection of optical flashes of cosmic origin. • All-sky monitoring with the CASANDRA cameras down to 10th magnitude every 60 seconds. • Monitoring of different types of variable objects (galactic or extragalactic) down to 20th magnitude in order to search for optical variability. • Discovery of comets, meteors, asteroids, variable stars, novae and supernovae. BOOTES is part, within the framework of an international collaboration led by Spain, which was initiated in order to support the European Space Agency satellite INTEGRAL with ground-based observations. The project also focused on performing rapid follow up observations of events detected by several spacecraft (BATSE, BeppoSAX, RossiXTE, IPN, Hete-2, Swift, and Fermi). Results in the GRB field are multifold: • Pre-detection images: BOOTES sets up upper limits for any possible precursors. • Simultaneous images: The first was achieved by BOOTES on February 20th, 2001, but no counterpart was detected. • Follow-up images: Images detected with several gamma-ray bursts being discovered or monitored starting several dozens of seconds after the onset of the event. BOOTES sites BOOTES-1 – El Arenosillo, Spain – BOOTES-2 – Estación Experimental de La Mayora, Spain – BOOTES-3 – National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand – BOOTES-4 – Lijang Observatory, Lijang, China - BOOTES-5 – Observatorio Astronómico Nacional en la Sierra de San Pedro Mártir, Mexico BOOTES-6 – Boyden Observatory, South Africa - BOOTES-7 – Chile External links 1-s MPEC message from J05 Astronomical observatories in Spain Space program of Spain
3989823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murong%20Yong	Murong Yong	Murong Yong (; died 394), courtesy name Shuming (叔明), was the last emperor of the Xianbei-led Chinese Western Yan dynasty. He was the grandson of Murong Yun (慕容運), the uncle of Former Yan's founder Murong Huang. As a member of Former Yan's imperial clan, he was moved to Guanzhong, Former Qin's capital region, when Former Qin destroyed Former Yan in 370. He was described as poor, and he and his wife made their living by selling boots. Murong Yong apparently became a Western Yan general in 384, when its first two rulers Murong Hong and Murong Chong rose against Former Qin. The first actual historical reference to his actions, however, was in 386, when, after Murong Chong was assassinated by the general Han Yan (韓延) and replaced by Duan Sui, Murong Yong and another general, Murong Heng (慕容恆), jointly attacked Duan Sui and killed him, replacing him with Murong Yi. The Xianbei people then abandoned Chang'an, formerly Former Qin's capital, and headed east back toward their homeland. Later that month, however, after Murong Heng's brother Murong Tao (慕容韜) killed Murong Yi, and Murong Heng supported Murong Chong's son Murong Yao to replace Murong Yi, Murong Yong, along with another general Diao Yun (刁雲), attacked Murong Tao, forcing him to flee to Murong Heng. Later that month, Murong Yong killed Murong Yao and replaced him with Murong Hong's son Murong Zhong. Three months later, however, Diao killed Murong Zhong and supported Murong Yong to replace him. Murong Yong claimed the title of Prince of Hedong and sought to be a vassal of the Later Yan emperor Murong Chui. He also tried to negotiate with the Former Qin emperor Fu Pi, asking Fu Pi to allow him a path back east, but Fu Pi refused and tried to intercept Western Yan forces. Murong Yong defeated Fu Pi, killing his prime minister Wang Yong (王永) and general Juqu Jushizi (沮渠俱石子), and while Fu Pi fled, Murong Yong captured most of his officials and his wife Empress Yang. Fu Pi soon died at the hands of the Jin general Feng Gai (馮該). Murong Yong took over Fu Pi's territory (roughly modern central and southern Shanxi), establishing a capital at Zhangzi (長子, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi). He also claimed imperial title, thus signifying a break with Murong Chui. He was ready to make Fu Pi's Empress Yang a concubine, but she tried to stab him with a sword, and he killed her. In fear of their lives, Murong Chui's son Murong Rou (慕容柔) and grandsons Murong Sheng and Murong Hui, who had been part of Western Yan's exodus, escaped and fled to Later Yan's capital Zhongshan (中山, in modern Baoding, Hebei), perhaps with good reason, for Murong Yong, in 387 or 388, ordered that all descendants of Murong Chui or the Former Yan emperor Murong Jun be slaughtered. Murong Yong, once he settled in Zhangzi, carried out few military campaigns and appeared to be content with his domain. In 387, he did briefly engage Later Qin's emperor Yao Chang in battle, but did not seriously attack Yao. In 390, he headed for the Jin city of Luoyang, but the Jin general Zhu Xu (朱序) defeated him, and he withdrew. He attacked Luoyang again in 391 but was again repelled by Jin forces. In 392, the Dingling chief Zhai Zhao, whose father Zhai Liao had years earlier rebelled against Later Yan and claimed the title "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang) and established a Wei state, was besieged by Murong Chui in his capital Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan), and sought aid from Murong Yong. Murong Yong, wanting to let Murong Chui and Zhai Zhao wear each other out—not realizing that Murong Chui, being far stronger than Zhai Zhao, could crush Zhai Zhao easily—refused to go to Zhai Zhao's aid, and Murong Chui conquered Wei lands easily. Zhai Zhao fled to Western Yan and was created a prince, but a year later, suspecting Zhai of treason, Murong Yong killed Zhai. In 393, Murong Chui, under advice of his brother Murong De, decided to attack Murong Yong to end any doubt about the Yan succession. In early 394, he got his forces ready in battle posture, but did not attack for several months. Murong Yong thought Murong Chui was trying for a trick attack and tried to anticipate it, but Murong Chui then attacked by three different routes, leading the main army heading for Zhangzi. Murong Yong personally engaged Murong Chui but was defeated, and he fled back to Zhangzi to try to defend the city. He also sought emergency aid from Jin and Northern Wei, but before Jin and Northern Wei forces could arrive, Zhangzi fell, and Murong Chui captured and executed Murong Yong. Western Yan was at its end, and its territory was annexed to Later Yan. Era name Zhongxing (中興 zhōng xīng) 386–394 Personal Information Sons Murong Liang (慕容亮), Crown Prince Murong Hong (慕容弘), Duke of Changshan Both his sons died in 394, presumably killed along with him. References Western Yan emperors 4th-century births 394 deaths
5381673	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaffey%20High%20School	Chaffey High School	Chaffey High School is a public high school in Ontario, California, United States. It is part of the Chaffey Joint Union High School District and rests on approximately , making it one of the largest high schools by area in California. The school currently serves northern Ontario and southern Rancho Cucamonga. History The Chaffey College of Agriculture, founded by the Ontario founders George and William Chaffey, opened on October 15, 1885. The institution, which also had a secondary school, was operated by the University of Southern California until 1901, when it came under the control of the local community and was renamed Ontario High School. In 1911, enrollment was opened to students from Upland and the school was renamed in honor of the Chaffey brothers. Almost all the high school-age students in western San Bernardino County attended Chaffey, a trend that continued until the 1950s. The school's buildings were rebuilt and many new ones were constructed during the government public works programs of the New Deal. Chaffey College continued to operate on the campus until 1960, when it was relocated to the nearby community of Alta Loma. Demographics The demographic breakdown of the 3571 students enrolled for the 2012-2013 school year was: Male - 51.6% Female - 48.4% Native American/Alaskan - 0.2% Asian/Pacific islander - 2.2% Black - 2.6% Hispanic - 86.5% White - 6.8% Multiracial - 1.7% In addition, 77.7% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch. Notable alumni Hobie Alter, surfing and sailing entrepreneur Jim Brulte, California Assemblyperson Andrew J. Crevolin, thoroughbred trainer, winner of 1954 Kentucky Derby William De Los Santos, poet, screenwriter and movie director (enrolled as William "Billy" Hilbert) Bob Doll, professional basketball player Stewart Donaldson, author, positive psychologist, evaluation research scientist Bruce Grube, President, St. Cloud State University and Georgia Southern University. Nick Leyva, former professional baseball player, manager and coach Larry Maxie, former professional baseball player (Atlanta Braves) Anthony Muñoz, professional American football player, 1998 Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee Hal Reniff, former professional baseball player (New York Yankees, New York Mets) Jon Keyworth, professional American football player, Denver Broncos 1974-1980 Vicki Morgan, American model murdered in 1983 Robert Lyn Nelson, artist Robert Shaw, conductor Gary Wagner, disc jockey Joseph Wambaugh, fiction author References External links High schools in San Bernardino County, California Public high schools in California Educational institutions established in 1911 1911 establishments in California
3989826	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne%20Rural%20District	Bourne Rural District	Bourne was a rural district in Lincolnshire, Parts of Kesteven from 1894 to 1931. It was created by the Local Government Act 1894 based on the Bourne rural sanitary district. In 1931, under a County Review Order, it was abolished, with its area going to form part of the new South Kesteven Rural District. References https://web.archive.org/web/20071001011633/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10216606&c_id=10001043 Rural districts of Kesteven Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894
3989836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylomastoid%20foramen	Stylomastoid foramen	The stylomastoid foramen is a foramen between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone of the skull. It is the termination of the facial canal, and transmits the facial nerve, and stylomastoid artery. Facial nerve inflammation in the stylomastoid foramen may cause Bell's palsy. Structure The stylomastoid foramen is between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone. The average distance between the opening of the stylomastoid foramen and the styloid process is around 0.7 mm or 0.8 mm in adults, but may decrease to around 0.2 mm during aging. The stylomastoid foramen transmits the facial nerve, and the stylomastoid artery. These 2 structures lie directly next to each other. Clinical significance Bell's palsy can result from inflammation of the facial nerve where it leaves the skull at the stylomastoid foramen. Patients with Bell's palsy appear with facial drooping on the affected side. Additional images References External links () Diagram at patientsforum.com Foramina of the skull
5381677	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromodeoxyuridine	Bromodeoxyuridine	Bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, BrdU, BUdR, BrdUrd, broxuridine) is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with a chemical structure similar to thymidine. BrdU is commonly used to study cell proliferation in living tissues and has been studied as a radiosensitizer and diagnostic tool in people with cancer. During S phase of the cell cycle (when DNA replication occurs), BrdU can be incorporated in place of thymidine in newly synthesized DNA molecules of dividing cells. Cells that have recently performed DNA replication or DNA repair can be detected with antibodies specific for BrdU using techniques such as immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. BrdU-labelled cells in humans can be detected up to two years after BrdU infusion. Because BrdU can replace thymidine during DNA replication, it can cause mutations, and its use is therefore potentially a health hazard. However, because it is neither radioactive nor myelotoxic at labeling concentrations, it is widely preferred for in vivo studies of cancer cell proliferation. However, at radiosensitizing concentrations, BrdU becomes myelosuppressive, thus limiting its use for radiosensitizing. BrdU differs from thymidine in that BrdU substitutes a bromine atom for thymidine's CH3 group. The Br substitution can be used in X-ray diffraction experiments in crystals containing either DNA or RNA. The Br atom acts as an anomalous scatterer and its larger size will affect the crystal's X-ray diffraction enough to detect isomorphous differences as well. Bromodeoxyuridine releases gene silencing caused by DNA methylation. BrdU can also be used to identify microorganisms that respond to specific carbon substrates in aquatic and soil environments. A carbon substrate added to incubations of environmental samples will cause the growth of microorganisms that can utilize that substrate. These microorganisms will then incorporate BrdU into their DNA as they grow. Community DNA can then be isolated and BrdU-labeled DNA purified using an immunocapture technique. Subsequent sequencing of the labeled DNA can then be used to identify the microbial taxa that participated in the degradation of the added carbon source. However, it is not certain whether all microbes present in an environmental sample can incorporate BrdU into their biomass during de novo DNA synthesis. Therefore, a group of microorganisms may respond to a carbon source but go undetected using this technique. Additionally, this technique is biased towards identifying microorganisms with A- and T-rich genomes. DNA with BrdU transcribes as usual DNA, with guanine included into RNA as a complement to BrdU. See also 5-Bromouracil 5-Bromouridine 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine Trypan blue References External links BrdU at OpenWetWare BrdU Modifications at IDT DNA Genetics techniques Nucleosides Staining dyes Organobromides Pyrimidinediones Hydroxymethyl compounds
5381683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%20Independent%20Business%20Alliance	Austin Independent Business Alliance	Austin Independent Business Alliance (AIBA) is an organization of independent, locally owned firms in Austin, Texas and is composed of over 300 member businesses. It was started in 2002 by several local businesses and citizens as a way to help independent businesses compete successfully against corporate chains. The group is among at least 60 Independent Business Alliances around the country affiliated with the American Independent Business Alliance. The slogan "Keep Austin Weird" was adopted by the AIBA to promote independent locally owned businesses. External links Austin Independent Business Alliance Member Directory American Independent Business Alliance Trade associations based in the United States Organizations based in Austin, Texas Organizations established in 2002 2002 establishments in Texas
3989839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Mandela%20Artillery%20Regiment	Nelson Mandela Artillery Regiment	The Nelson Mandela Artillery Regiment (formerly the Cape Field Artillery) is a reserve artillery regiment of the South African Army and part of the South African Army Artillery Formation. History Origins After news of the Indian Mutiny reached Sir George Grey, Governor of the Cape, he sent every available military unit in the Cape Garrison to India which left the Cape's military forces badly depleted of manpower. The volunteers of the Cape Royal Corps soon found themselves drilling on the guns stationed in Table Bay. As a result of their work on these batteries the Cape Town Volunteer Artillery (CVA) was born on 26 August 1857 at the old Town house in Greenmarket Square, Cape Town. The regiment is one of the oldest volunteer artillery regiments in the world still in existence today, after it celebrated its 160th anniversary on 26 August 2017. Major Duprat was the first Commanding Officer. In 1867 the Duke of Edinburgh was escorted to Cape Town from Simonstown by the Cape Town Cavalry and upon his arrival the Cape Town Volunteer Artillery, drawn up on Caledon Square, fired a Royal Salute as he passed towards Adderley Street. The great occasion of the royal visit was on 24 August, when the Prince laid the foundation stone of the graving dock and the CVO thundered out again in salute on the laying of the stone. The Duke of Edinburgh was so impressed with the bearing of Cape Town's volunteer soldiers that, a few weeks later on 3 October 1867, a Government Notice No 318 was promulgated to the effect that he had conferred on the gunners the future designation of Prince Alfred's Own Cape Town Volunteer Artillery (PAOCTVA). The words "Cape Town" were later dropped, and the title became Prince Alfred's Own Volunteer Artillery. In 1896, the title was changed again, to Prince Alfred's Own Cape Artillery. The unit served in several regional campaigns, including the 9th Frontier War of 1877 - 1879 and the Tambookie Campaign of 1880 - 1881 on the Eastern Cape frontier, then the Basutoland Rebellion in Basutoland and the Second Anglo-Boer War of 1899 - 1902. In 1903, the title was changed to Prince Alfred's Own Cape Field Artillery. Ten years later, in 1913, the unit was embodied in the Citizen Force of the new Union Defence Forces as the 6th Citizen Battery (PAOCFA). World War I Although the Regiment did not serve on the European continent during World War I, it did take part in the South-West Africa Campaign. The regiment was mobilised for war in August 1914. They spent three months with General Louis Botha's forces to suppress the Maritz Rebellion, after which they were sent to Upington where they acted as garrison troops while waiting to join Col van Deventer's Southern Force to move into German South-West Africa. Here they carried out patrols in the region and the artillery guns fought the Germans during a small action at Schuits Drift. While they were garrisoned in Upington the Republican Rebel, Manie Maritz, attempted to attack the town with a force of rebels accompanied by a battery of German artillery guns and two QF 1-pounder pom-poms. After a four-hour battle the rebels surrendered. The unit also took part in the South African invasion of German South-West Africa in 1915 where it earned the battle honour "South West Africa 1915". The battery was renumbered "1st" in 1926. In 1932, the name was changed to Cape Field Artillery (Prince Alfred's Own). From 1934 until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the CFA formed part of the Coast Artillery Brigade. World War II The Cape Field Artillery was reorganised as the 1st Field Brigade (CFA) in February 1940 and in January 1941, 1 Field Regiment (V), South African Artillery (PAOCFA). It fought during Operation Crusader at Bardia, Sollum, Halfaya Pass and at Gazala during the Battle of Gazala. 2 Field Battery was lost during the fall of Tobruk in June 1942, when the 1st Field Brigade (CFA) fought as part of the South African 2nd Infantry Division under the command of General Hendrik Klopper. It fired the first and last rounds before the Fortress at Tobruk surrendered on 21 June 1942. 1 and 3 Field Batteries, joined by 14 Field Battery, fought in the First Battle of El Alamein in July 1942 and in the Second Battle of El Alamein that lasted between 23 October to 11 November 1942, as part of 1st South African Division. On one day during the first battle the three batteries fired over 9000 shells to break up several German attacks. After these engagements the regiment returned to South Africa briefly in December 1942. The regiment returned to North Africa in 1943 where it merged with 6th Field Regiment to form 1/6 Field Regiment (V), South African Artillery (PAOCFA). It joined the South African 6th Armoured Division and moved to Italy in April 1944 where it fought in the Battle of Monte Cassino and all the other battles and engagements in which the 6th Armoured division were involved. Post-War The units title was changed again, in 1960, to Regiment Tygerberg. This title, imposed on the regiment, was not popular, and in 1963 it was changed back to Cape Field Artillery, but without the princely style, which was no longer appropriate as South Africa had become a republic. During the post-war period the regiment was mobilised several times for duty in the South African Border War (1966 to 1989), including Operation Savannah in 1976. In August/September 1988 the Cape Field Artillery provided a battery for 10 Artillery Brigade in order to counter Cuban Forces who were threatening the South-West African Border. Role in the 21st Century Currently the regiment is classed as a reserve unit in the South African Army. Members of the Nelson Mandela Artillery Regiment regularly undergo refresher training to maintain physical fitness levels and to ensure that they remain well versed with the R4 assault rifle. Members are also required to receive training in computer literacy. To qualify as an artillery gunner in the Nelson Mandela Artillery Regiment, members receive three weeks of decentralised training from the School of Artillery at Fort iKapa in the use of the GV5 Luiperd 155mm Towed Howitzer. The regiment also fulfils many ceremonial duties. Its Ceremonial Gun Troop maintains several GV1, 25 pounder guns which it fires on certain occasions such as during the annual Opening of Parliament in central Cape Town, the annual Gun Run and the annual Robertson Agricultural Show. As part of the opening of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the Ceremonial Gun Troop fired its 25-pounder guns on Friday 11 June at 18:00 in front of the Castle of Good Hope. The guns were fired once more on Sunday 11 June at 18:40 in front of the Castle, marking the final day of the 2010 World Cup. During the course of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Staff Sergeant Andrew Imrie of the Cape Field Artillery Pipes and Drums played 'Nightfall in Camp' from the Leerdam Bastion. The regiment has received the Freedom of Bellville and of the City of Cape Town, a mark of honour that permits military units to parade through the city streets with fixed bayonets, drawn swords, drums beating and colours flying on all ceremonial and other occasions. Name Change In August 2019, 52 Reserve Force units had their names changed to reflect the diverse military history of South Africa. The Cape Field Artillery became the Nelson Mandela Artillery Regiment, and have 3 years to design and implement new regimental insignia. The new title was in honor of the man who for many was the symbol of the long battle for a diverse South Africa for over three decades and later own assumed not just the presidency of the republic but also became the first modern commander in chief of the SANDF. Regimental Symbols The NMAR has received the Freedom of Cape Town. The NMAR claims to be the oldest volunteer artillery regiment in the world that is still in existence. Regimental mottos: Ubique (Everywhere), Quo Fas Et Gloria Ducunt (Whither right or glory), Spes Bona (Good Hope). Dress Insignia Battle honours Although artillery units in the South African Army do not usually receive battle honours, the CFA was awarded the honour South-West Africa 1915 Leadership Armament hand drawn 12 pounder brass ML 6-pounder brass ML 7-pounder RML 12-pounder RBL 15-pounder RBL 15-pounder BLC 18-pounder QF GV1 25-pounders GV5 Luiperd 155mm Towed Howitzer Weapons Swords Tranter revolvers Martini-Henry carbines Turner rifle Snider cavalry carbines Snider rifles Wesley Richards BL carbines R4 assault rifle See also GV1 25-pounders References Bibliography History of Cape Field Artillery. Artillery regiments of South Africa Military units and formations in Cape Town
3989845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantham%20Rural%20District	Grantham Rural District	Grantham was a rural district in Lincolnshire, Parts of Kesteven from 1894 to 1931. It was created by the Local Government Act 1894 based on the Grantham rural sanitary district, the Leicestershire part of which went to form the Belvoir Rural District. In 1931, under a County Review Order, it was abolished, with nearly all of its area going to the West Kesteven Rural District, except the parish of Haceby, which became part of the East Kesteven Rural District. References https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220905/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10196978&c_id=10001043 Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894 Politics of Grantham Rural districts of Kesteven
3989848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleaford%20Rural%20District	Sleaford Rural District	Sleaford was a rural district in Lincolnshire, Parts of Kesteven, England, from 1894 to 1931. It was created by the Local Government Act 1894 based on the Sleaford rural sanitary district. In 1931, under a County Review Order, it was abolished, with a small part going to West Kesteven Rural District, the parishes of Leadenham, Welbourn and Wellingore going to North Kesteven Rural District, and the larger part going to the East Kesteven Rural District. References https://web.archive.org/web/20071001030328/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10025345 Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894 Rural districts of Kesteven
5381695	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylammonium%20nitrate	Ethylammonium nitrate	Ethylammonium nitrate or ethylamine nitrate (EAN) is a salt with formula or ()·. It is an odorless and colorless to slightly yellowish liquid with a melting point of 12 °C. This compound was described by Paul Walden in 1914, and is believed to be the earliest reported example of a room-temperature ionic liquid. Synthesis and properties Ethylammonium nitrate can be produced by heating ethyl nitrate with an alcoholic solution of ammonia or by reacting ethylamine with concentrated nitric acid. It has a relatively low viscosity of 0.28 poise or 0.028 Pa·s at 25 °C and therefore a high electrical conductivity of about 20 mS·cm−1 at 25 °C. It boils at 240 °C and decomposes at about 250 °C. Its density at 20 °C is 1.261 g/cm3. The ethylammonium ion () has three easily detachable protons which are tetrahedrally arranged around the central nitrogen atom, whereas the configuration of the anion is planar. Despite the structural differences, EAN shares many properties with water, such as micelle formation, aggregation of hydrocarbons, negative enthalpy and entropy of dissolution of gases, etc. Similar to water, EAN can form three-dimensional hydrogen bonding networks. Applications Ethylammonium nitrate is used as an electrically conductive solvent in electrochemistry and as a protein crystallization agent. It has a positive effect on the refolding of denaturated lysozyme, with the refolding yield of about 90%. The refolding action was explained as follows: The ethyl group of ethylammonium nitrate interacts with the hydrophobic part of the protein and thereby protects it from intermolecular association, whereas the charged part of EAN stabilizes the electrostatic interactions. References Ammonium compounds Nitrates Ionic liquids Substances discovered in the 1910s
3989851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Ovidstown	Battle of Ovidstown	The battle of Ovidstown, was a clash between British military and Irish rebels during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. It took place at 19 June 1798 at Ovidstown Hill, about three miles south-west of Kilcock in County Kildare. Background Despite the initial military failure of the United Irish rebellion in Kildare, the consolidation of Government forces in Naas and the priority given to the effort to crush the raging rebellion in County Wexford, meant that much of the county remained in rebel hands since the outbreak of the rebellion. Towns such as Prosperous and Clane were in rebel hands, while towns such as Maynooth, Kilcock and Kildare town had been attacked and briefly occupied by the rebels. By 19 June however, neighbouring County Meath had been judged sufficiently pacified to allow for troops to be sent from there into Kildare to retake the rebel-held territory. A force of 400 troops, with two pieces of artillery, was sent out from Trim on 18 June to locate and destroy the rebel army led by William Aylmer. When Alymer received news of the offensive, he decided to rally his forces and engage the approaching military head-on, choosing to fight at Ovidstown Hill, about three miles south-west of Kilcock. On the eve before the battle, the Irish rebels received word from an anonymous source that the wine cellar of the empty Hortland House was left open. Rebels were sent to the house where they ransacked the basement and brought all the alcohol back to camp. It is understood that the majority of the Irish rebels entered battle under the influence of alcohol and this is said to be one of the main reasons for the rebels failure at Ovidstown. Battle Almost 4,000 rebels had gathered by the time approaching British troops were spotted, and they began to deploy behind ditches on both sides of the road in an attempt to ambush the approaching military. The manoeuvre failed when light infantry deployed along both rebel flanks, and drove them back with their superior firepower. Despite this success, the British were unable to organise their cavalry in time to pursue the retreating rebels across the broken terrain and were also experiencing difficulties in deploying their artillery. Trying to take advantage of the respite, Alymer ordered his men to charge the encumbered soldiers before they could complete their deployments but the charge petered out as the rebels hesitated and merely occupied a facing position covered by hedges. This gave the British artillery enough time to fire rounds of grapeshot into the massed rebels who were now forced to come out from their positions and were subsequently exposed to volleys of musket fire from the infantry. Forced back onto the offensive, the rebels charged again, reaching the British lines and almost seizing the artillery, but they had left their left flank unprotected which gave the cavalry the opportunity to launch a counter-attack which broke and routed the rebel attack. Aftermath The rebels lost about 200 men while the military lost 25, Alymer was forced to relocate his remaining forces to the protection of the Bog of Allen where they later linked up with survivors of the Wexford rebellion under Anthony Perry. The British followed up their victory, pursuing and killing the fleeing rebels, and retaking and sacking the town of Prosperous, held by rebels since the Battle of Prosperous. References Bibliography Battles of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 History of County Kildare
3989854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Georgia%20%28country%29	Eastern Georgia (country)	Eastern Georgia (, aghmosavlet' sak'art'velo) is a geographic area encompassing the territory of the Caucasian nation of Georgia to the east and south of the Likhi and Meskheti Ranges, but excluding the Black Sea region of Adjara. Eastern Georgia includes the historic Georgian provinces of Samtskhe, Javakheti, Kartli with the national capital city of Tbilisi, Kakheti, Pshavi, Mtiuleti, Tusheti, Khevsureti, and Khevi. Current administrative regions (mkhare) of eastern Georgia are: Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli, Kvemo Kartli, the city of Tbilisi, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, and Kakheti. History The regions of Kartli and Kakheti had been under Iranian suzerainty since 1555 following the Peace of Amasya signed with neighbouring rivalling Ottoman Turkey. With the death of Nader Shah in 1747, both kingdoms broke free of Iranian control and were reunified through a personal union under the energetic king Heraclius (Erekle) II in 1762. Erekle, who had risen to prominence through the Iranian ranks, was awarded the crown of Kartli by Nader himself in 1744 for his loyal service to him. Erekle nevertheless stabilized Eastern Georgia to a degree in the ensuing period and was able to guarantee its autonomy throughout the Iranian Zand period. References Geography of Georgia (country)
3989868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Daegu	History of Daegu	Throughout and before recorded history, Daegu has served as a nexus of transportation, lying as it does at the junction of the Geumho and Nakdong rivers. During the Joseon Dynasty, the city was the administrative, economic and cultural centre of the entire Gyeongsang region, a role largely taken over now by Busan in South Gyeongsang Province. Prehistory and early history Archaeological investigations in the Greater Daegu area have revealed a large number of settlements and burials of the prehistoric Mumun Pottery Period (c. 1500-300 BC.). In fact, some of the earliest evidence of Mumun settlement in Gyeongsang Province have been unearthed in Daegu at Siji-dong and Seobyeon-dong (YUM 1999a). The Dongcheon-dong site is a substantial village of the Middle Mumun (c. 850-550 BC.) and contains the remains of many prehistoric pit houses and agricultural fields. Megalithic burials (dolmens) have also been found in large numbers in Daegu (YICP 2002). Daegu was absorbed into the kingdom of Silla no later than the 5th century. Shilla Shilla defeated the other Three Kingdoms of Korea in the late 7th century, with assistance from Tang China. Shortly thereafter, the king of Shilla considered moving the capital from Gyeongju to Daegu, but was unable to do so. We know of this incident through only a single line in the Samguk Sagi, but it is presumed that it indicates the entrenched resistance of the Gyeongju political elites to such a move. In the late 1990s archaeologists excavated a large-scale fortified Shilla site in Dongcheon-dong, Buk-gu (FPCP 2000). The site at Locality 2 consists of the remains of 39 raised-floor buildings enclosed by a formidable ditch-and-palisade system. The excavators hypothesize that the fortified site was a permanent military encampment or barracks. Archaeologists also uncovered a large Shilla village dating to the 6th to 7th centuries at Siji-dong (YUM 1999b). The city was given its current name in 757. Most relics of the Shilla period are found on Palgongsan around Donghwasa temple in northern Daegu. Donghwasa itself dates from the Shilla period, as does the pagoda of King Minae. Later Three Kingdoms During the Later Three Kingdoms period, 890–935, Daegu was initially aligned with Hubaekje. In 927, northern Daegu was the site of the Battle of Gong Mountain between the forces of Taebong under Wang Geon and those of Hubaekje under Gyeon Hwon. In this battle, the forces of Taebong were crushed and Wang Geon himself was saved only by the heroism of his general Shin Sung-gyeom. However, it appears that the conduct of the Hubaekje forces at this time changed local sympathies to favor Wang Geon, who later became the king of Goryeo. Numerous place-names and local legends around Daegu still bear witness to the historic battle of 927. Among these are "Ansim," which literally means "peace of mind," said to be the first place where Wang Geon dared to stop after escaping the battle, and "Banwol," or half-moon, where he is said to have stopped and admired the moon before returning to Taebong. A statue commemorating the battle now stands in northern Daegu, as does a memorial to Sin Sunggyeom. Goryeo The first edition of the Tripitaka Koreana was stored in Daegu, at the temple of Buinsa. However, this edition was destroyed when the temple was sacked in 1254, during the Mongol invasions of Korea. Joseon Always an important transportation center, in the Joseon Dynasty Daegu lay on the Great Yeongnam Road which ran between Seoul and Busan. It lay at the junction of this arterial road and the roads to Gyeongju and Jinju. In 1601, Daegu became the administrative capital of Gyeongsang province, and the city has been the capital of North Gyeongsang province since that province's formation in 1896. Daegu's first regular markets were established during the late Joseon period. The most famous of these, and the only one to still be operating, is the Yangnyeongsi herbal medicine market. This became a center of herbal trade in Joseon, and even attracted buyers from neighboring countries. Traders from Japan, who were not permitted to leave the Nakdong River valley, hired messengers to visit the market on their behalf. Korean Empire Korea began to open to the world in the late 19th century. In 1895, Daegu became the site of one of the country's first modern post offices, as part of the reforms pushed by the Japanese after the murder of Queen Min. Beginning in the late 1890s, many Japanese merchants and workers came to Daegu, which lay on the newly-constructed Gyeongbu Line railroad connecting Seoul and Busan. In 1905, the old fortress wall was surreptitiously destroyed. Only one portion of this, the First Yeongnam Gate, remains, standing now in Dalseong Park. The rest of the fortress wall is remembered only through the names of the streets Dongseongno and Bukseongno, "east fortress street" and "north fortress street," which now run where the wall once stood. Japanese rule The Korean independence movements were active in Daegu. These began as early as 1898, when a branch of the Independence Club was established in the city. As the demise of the Korean Empire approached in 1907, local citizens led by Seo Sang-don organized the National Debt Repayment Movement. This movement spread nationwide, although it was unsuccessful in its attempt to repay the country's debt through individual donations. Resistance activities continued after the 1910 annexation, notably during the March 1st movement of 1919. At that time, four major demonstrations took place in Daegu, involving an estimated 23,000 people. The women of Daegu were active in the independence struggle, as they were elsewhere in the country. The Patriotic Women's Educational Society, or aeguk buin gyoyukhoe (애국부인교육회), was based in the city. Women also took a leading role in the National Debt Repayment Movement, including the kisaeng Aengmu. Many schools and colleges were established in Daegu, both by private organizations and by the Japanese government. These included the government-run Daegu Normal School, later Daegu Teachers' College, which became the Teachers' College of Kyungpook National University after 1945. South Korea The end of Japanese rule in 1945 brought years of turbulent change to Daegu. Under the USAMGIK provisional military government and the subsequent First Republic, Daegu was a hotbed of unrest. In October 1946, the Daegu uprising took place, one of the most serious incidents of unrest during US military rule, where police attempts to control rioters on October 1 caused the death of three student demonstrators and injuries to many others, sparking a mass counter-attack killing 38 policemen. It was also the site of major demonstrations on February 28, 1960, prior to the fraudulent presidential election of that year. Daegu and all of North Gyeongsang saw heavy guerrilla activity in the late 1940s, as thousands of refugees arrived from the fighting in Jeolla. In November 1948, a unit in Daegu joined the mutiny which had begun in Yeosu the previous month. During the Korean War, much heavy fighting occurred nearby along the Nakdong River. Daegu was inside the Pusan Perimeter, however, and therefore remained in South Korean hands throughout the war. As in many other areas during the Korean War, political killings of dissenters were widespread. In the second half of the 20th century, the city underwent explosive growth, and the population has increased more than tenfold since the end of the Korean War. The city was heavily politically favored during the long military dictatorship of Park Chung-hee, when it and the surrounding area served as his political base. Conservative political movements remain powerful in Daegu today. In the 1980s, Daegu became a separately administered provincial-level Directly Governed City (Jikhalsi), and was redesignated as a Metropolitan City (Gwangyeoksi) in 1995. The 1995 Daegu gas explosions killed 101 people, including middle school students, become one of the worst mass casualty incidents in Korean history. In 2003, a mentally ill man set fire to a train of the Daegu Metropolitan Subway stopped at Jungangno station. The resulting blaze killed nearly 200 persons, making the Daegu subway fire one of the worst disasters in South Korea since the end of the Korean War. In 2022, an arsonist killed six people and himself in an office building. Today, Daegu is the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Korea with respect to both population and commerce. See also History of South Korea History of Korea Daegu Notes Lee (1984), p. 76 and Shin (1999). Lee (1984) and Shin (1999) both make this assumption. Lee (1984), p. 131. Lee (1984), p. 149. Lee (1984), p. 294. Lee (1984), p. 302. Lee (1984), p. 343. Kim (1976), p. 255 Lee (1984), p. 377. Lee (1984), p. 384. Cumings (1997), pp. 243–244. Nahm (1996), p. 379. References FPCP (Foundation for the Preservation of Cultural Properties). Daegu Chilgok Sam Taekji Munhwayejeok Balguljosa Bogoseo [Excavation Report of the Cultural Site at Localities 2 and 3, Building Area 3, Chilgok, Daegu]. 3 vols. Antiquities Research Report 62. FPCP, Gyeongju, 2000. Shin, Hyeong-seok (신형석). (1999). 통일신라의 새로운 수도가 될 뻔했던 대구 (Tongilsilla-ui saeroun sudo-ga doel ppeonhaetteon Daegu) (Daegu, which almost became the new capital of Unified Silla). In Daegu-Gyeongbuk Historical Society, ed., pp. 78–91. YICP (Yongnam Institute of Cultural Properties). Daegu Dongcheon-dong Chwirak Yujeok [The Settlement Site at Dongcheon-dong, Daegu]. 3 vols. Research Report of Antiquities, Vol. 43. YICP, Daegu, 2002. YUM (Yeungnam University Museum). Siji-eui Munhwayujeok I [Cultural Sites of Siji I]. Research Report No. 26. Yeungnam University Museum, Gyeongsan, 1999a. YUM (Yeungnam University Museum). Siji-eui Munhwayujeok VIII: Chwirakji Bonmun [Cultural Sites of Siji VIII: Settlement Site Text]. Research Report No. 33. Yeungnam University Museum, Gyeongsan, 1999b. External links Daegu government history page
3989870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist%20New%20Connexion	Methodist New Connexion	The Methodist New Connexion, also known as Kilhamite Methodism, was a Protestant nonconformist church. It was formed in 1797 by secession from the Wesleyan Methodists, and merged in 1907 with the Bible Christian Church and the United Methodist Free Churches to form the United Methodist Church. In Australia, it joined with those plus the Wesleyan Methodist Church and Primitive Methodist Church as the Methodist Church of Australasia in 1902. History The secession was led by Alexander Kilham and William Thom, and resulted from a dispute regarding the position and rights of the laity. In 1791, Kilham denounced the Methodist conference for giving too much power to the ministers of the church, at the expense of the laity. The Plan of Pacification adopted by the conference in 1795 further entrenched his position, and Kilham was expelled from the conference in 1797. Kilham formed the New Connexion, based around his church in Sheffield. It thrived, and soon spread across Britain. At its conferences, ministers and laymen were of equal number, the laymen being chosen by the circuits and in some cases by guardian representatives elected for life by conference. Otherwise the doctrines and order of the Connexion were the same as those of the Wesleyans, although some Wesleyans accused Kilham of revolutionary sympathies and links with Tom Paine. Joseph Barker led an extensive secession from the Connexion after 1841 which resulted from the charismatic Barker's refusal to carry out infant baptism, and the harsh handling of his expulsion by the Connexion leadership. It is reported that 21% of the Connexion's members left during the 1840s. At the time of the union in 1907, the Methodist New Connexion had some 250 ministers and 45,000 members. The Methodist New Connexion's missionary work in China The Methodist New Connexion entered China in 1860, immediately after the close of the second opium war, and after the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin, which opened China to the Christian missionary. The pioneers of the movement were Revs. John Innocent and W. N. Hall, who established themselves in Tianjin, which was then a pioneer mission field. Hall died of fever in 1878. There were three preaching rooms in the city of Tianjin, one being in the main thoroughfare, and in these daily preaching was kept up. On the English concession there was a large mission establishment, consisting of a training college for native students for the ministry, missionaries houses, and a boarding school for the training of native women and girls in Christian life and work. Rev. J. Robinson-Brown was the principal of the college, and Miss Waller was in charge of the girls school. The largest mission of this Society was in the north-east portion of the province of Shandong, where about fifty native churches were maintained in an agricultural district extending over about three hundred miles. The headquarters of this circuit were in Chu Chia, Lao-ling district, where were situated the mission houses, and a medical dispensary and hospital. Innocent was the head of this circuit and the hospital was in charge of Drs. W. W. Shrubshall and F. W. Marshall. In this place also is located Rev. J. K. Robson, who had devoted himself to the work of the Mission at his own charges. Another mission was opened at the Tang-san Collieries, near Kai Ping, in the north of the province of Chih-li. This was under the charge of Rev. F. B. Turner, and rapidly extended, having a church in the ancient city of Yung-ping-fu, near the old wall, and also several rural chapels in the district round Kai Ping. The work of this Society was chiefly carried on by native agency; a large number of efficient men had been trained and qualified by means of the training college. Several native women were also set apart as Biblewomen to their own sex; one of these, Mrs Hu, had laboured in this capacity for nearly twenty-five years, and was the first such agent ever employed in China. This Mission in 1890 numbered seven missionaries, two medical agents, one lady agent, forty-six native helpers, and six female native helpers. It had over thirteen hundred communicants, and about two hundred and fifty scholars in its day and boarding schools. Other notable members of the Methodist New Connexion William Booth – who would eventually become Founder of The Salvation Army – was ordained as a Methodist New Connexion Minister in 1858. See also Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century References The Penguin Dictionary of British History, Ed. Juliet Gardiner Notes Further reading Christian missions in China Methodist denominations Christianity in Sheffield Religious organizations established in 1797 1907 disestablishments Methodist organizations established in the 18th century New
5381702	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese%20Tirailleurs	Senegalese Tirailleurs	The Senegalese Tirailleurs () were a corps of colonial infantry in the French Army. They were initially recruited from Senegal, French West Africa and subsequently throughout Western, Central and Eastern Africa: the main sub-Saharan regions of the French colonial empire. The noun tirailleur, which translates variously as 'skirmisher', 'rifleman', or 'sharpshooter', was a designation given by the French Army to indigenous infantry recruited in the various colonies and overseas possessions of the French Empire during the 19th and 20th centuries. Despite recruitment not being limited to Senegal, these infantry units took on the adjective since that was where the first black African Tirailleur regiment had been formed. The first Senegalese Tirailleurs were formed in 1857 and served France in a number of wars, including World War I (providing around 200,000 troops, more than 135,000 of whom fought in Europe and 30,000 of whom were killed) and World War II (recruiting 179,000 troops, 40,000 deployed to Western Europe). Other tirailleur regiments were raised in French North Africa from the Arab and Berber populations of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco; collectively they were called or . Tirailleur regiments were also raised in Indochina; they were called Vietnamese, Tonkinese or Annamites Tirailleurs. History Origins The Senegalese Tirailleurs were formed in 1857 by Louis Faidherbe, governor general of French West Africa, because he lacked sufficient French troops to control the territory and meet other requirements of the first phase of colonisation. The formal decree for the formation of this force was signed on 21 July 1857 in Plombières-les-Bains by Napoleon III. Recruitment was later extended to other French colonies in Africa. During its early years the corps included some former slaves bought from West African slave-owners as well as prisoners of war. Subsequent recruitment was either by voluntary enlistment or on occasion by an arbitrary form of conscription. 1870–1914 In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, the Senegalese tirailleurs continued to provide the bulk of French garrisons in West and Central Africa. Their overall numbers remained limited. However, in anticipation of the First World War, Colonel Charles Mangin described in his 1910 book La force noire his conception of a greatly expanded French colonial army, whilst Jean Jaurès, in his , suggested that the French Army should look elsewhere to recruit its armies due to the falling birthrate in mainland France. A company-sized detachment of took part in the conquest of Madagascar (1895), although the bulk of the non-European troops employed in this campaign were Algerian and Hausa tirailleurs. Regiments of s were subsequently recruited in Madagascar, using the Senegalese units as a model. In 1896, a small expedition consisting mainly of 200 was assembled in Loango (French Congo) under Captain Jean-Baptiste Marchand. This "Marchand Mission" took two years to cross hundreds of miles of unexplored bush until they reached Fashoda on the Nile. Here they encountered British and Egyptian troops under Major-General Kitchener, who had just defeated the Mahadi's Dervish army near Khartoum. While the Fashoda Incident raised the possibility of war between France and Britain, tribute was paid to the courage and endurance of Marchand and his Senegalese tirailleurs by both sides. By a decree dated July 7, 1900 the , the Tirailleurs indochinois, Tirailleurs malgaches and the "marsouins" were no longer under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Navy and Colonies, but were reclassified as Troupes coloniales, different from the mainland elements Metropolitan army and separate from the Armée d’Afrique of the Maghreb. The anchor badge of the was worn on the collar from 1914, and when the Adrian helmet was adopted in WW1, an insignia with the anchor behind a flaming grenade was worn by the . During the early 1900s, the saw active service in the French Congo and Chad while continuing to provide garrisons for the French possessions in West and Central Africa. In 1908, two battalions of landed at Casablanca to begin nearly twenty years of active service in Morocco by Senegalese units. On 14 July 1913, the paraded their standard at Longchamp, the first occasion upon which Senegalese troops had been seen in metropolitan France. New flags were presented to the 2e, 3e and 4e RTS at the same parade. World War I There were 21 battalions of (BTS) in the French Army in August 1914, all serving in either West Africa or on active service in Morocco. With the outbreak of war 37 battalions of French, North African and Senegalese infantry were transferred from Morocco to France. Five Senegalese battalions were soon serving on the Western Front, while others formed part of the reduced French garrison in Morocco. The 5th BTS formed part of a French column which was wiped out near Khenifra, during the Battle of El Herri on 13 November 1914, with 646 dead. The 10th, 13th, 16th and 21st BTS subsequently saw heavy fighting in Morocco, reinforced by 9,000 additional Senegalese tirailleurs brought up from French West Africa. On the Western Front the served with distinction at Ypres and Dixmude during the Battle of Flanders in late 1914, at the Battle of Verdun in the recapture of Fort de Douaumont in October 1916, during the battle of Chemin des Dames in April 1917 and at the Battle of Reims in 1918. Losses were particularly heavy in Flanders (estimated from 3,200 to 4,800) and Chemin des Mains (7,000 out of 15,500 tirailleurs engaged). In 1915 seven battalions of were amongst the 24 infantry battalions the French sent to the Dardanelles as the Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient. Total French casualties in this campaign reached 27,000 but the Senegalese and regular Colonial Infantry were noted for the high morale that they maintained in spite of losses that reached two out of three in some units. The Senegalese tirailleurs particularly distinguished themselves in the attack during the initial French landings on the southern shore of the Dardanelles. New recruitment drive French military policy towards the use of African troops in Europe changed in 1915. The French high command realized that the war would last far longer than they had originally imagined. They therefore authorized a major recruitment drive in West Africa. As a result, a further 93 Senegalese battalions were raised between 1915 and 1918, of which 42 saw service in France itself. The usual practice was to bring together battalions of white Colonial Infantry () and African Tirailleurs into . (Four such regiments were formed from the seven tirailleurs and five battalions of deployed at Gallipoli.)The harsh conditions of trench warfare were a particular source of suffering to the un-acclimatized African soldiers and, after 1914/15, the practice of hivernage was adopted: withdrawing them to the south of France for training and re-equipping each winter. In spite of their heavy losses in almost every major battle of the Western Front, the discipline and morale of the "Colonial Corps" remained high throughout the war. At the 90th anniversary commemorations of the battle of Verdun, then-president Jacques Chirac made a speech evoking the 72,000 colonial combatants killed during the war, mentioning the 'Moroccan infantry, the tirailleurs from Senegal, Indochina (Annam and Cochinchina), and the of the troupes de marine.' Occupation of the Rhineland The armistice of November 1918 had provision for the allied Occupation of the Rhineland and France played a major part in this. Between 25,000 and 40,000 colonial soldiers were part of this force. German attempts were made to discredit the use of non-European soldiers by the French during this occupation, as had earlier been the case during World War I. Although no hard evidence was produced, many campaigners claimed that the colonial soldiers – and the Senegalese in particular – were responsible for a substantial number of rapes and sexual assaults. Children resulting from these unions were stigmatised as "Rhineland Bastards" and subsequently suffered under the Nazi race laws. Between the World Wars During the War the much reduced French garrison in Morocco had consisted largely of battalions of , who were not affected by the divided loyalties of locally recruited troops and who could be more readily spared from service on the Western Front than French troops. On 13 April 1925 the Rif War spilled over into French Morocco when eight thousand Berber fighters attacked a line of French outposts recently established in disputed territory north of the Ouerghala River. The majority of these posts were held by Senegalese and North African tirailleurs. By 27 April 1925 39 out of 66 posts had fallen and their garrisons massacred, or had been abandoned. Faced with what had become a major war the French increased their forces in Morocco to approximately 100,000 men. West African tirailleurs continued to play a major part in subsequent operations in both the Spanish Protectorate (until 1926) and Southern Morocco (until 1934). In one of many engagements, the 2nd Battalion of the 1st Regiment of won 91 citations for bravery during fighting around Ain-Gatar on 22 June 1926. Second World War On the eve of the Second World War, five regiments of were stationed in France in addition to a brigade based in Algeria. The was permanently deployed in the south of France due to the potential threat from Italy. It was also reasoned the climate was more suitable for African soldiers. This deployment of Tirailleurs, outside of their regions of recruitment and traditional peacetime service, arose because of the heavy casualties of the First World War. This had affected the number of metropolitan Frenchmen in the military service age group of twenty to twenty-five by more than half. Up to 200,000 tirailleurs were active during the war, which constituted about nine percent of the French forces. During the Battle of France, the Senegalese and other African tirailleur units served with distinction at Gien, Bourges, and Buzancais. German troops, indoctrinated with Nazi racial doctrines, expressed outrage at having fought against "inferior" opponents. At Montluzin, Senegalese prisoners were murdered by their German captors. The Senegalese Tirailleurs saw extensive service in West Africa, Italy, and Corsica. During 1944, they assisted in the liberation of southern France. The 9th DIC (Colonial Infantry Division) included the 4th, 6th, and 13th Regiments of Senegalese Tirailleurs, and fought from Toulon to the Swiss border between August and November 1944. After the Liberation of France, the Tirailleurs concluded their service in Europe. They were replaced by newly recruited French volunteers, on the order of Charles de Gaulle. This process became known as . Faced with U.S. restrictions on the size of the French forces, de Gaulle chose to incorporate the various partisan groups within the structure of the official army. The complicated process of discharge and repatriation of the Tirailleurs, coupled with the refusal of France to pay wage arrears due to released prisoners of war, led to several incidents of violence. The most notable of these was the Thiaroye massacre, in 1944, during which the French killed between 35 and 300 (sources vary) Tirailleurs. The Tirailleurs Sénégalais had been promised that in recognition of their service they would become equal citizens of France, this pledge was not kept following the end of hostilities. After 1945 The , comprising two battalions, served in the Indochina War between 1946 and 1954. Several independent battalions of fought in the same theatre of war. The comprised up to 16 percent of the French forces during the Indochina War. Also in the suppression of the uprising in Madagascar against the French colonial rule the Tirailleurs were involved. In 1949 there were still nine regiments of in the French Army, serving in West Africa, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Indochina. During the Algerian War the saw extensive active service from 1954 to 1962, mainly as part of the – a grid of occupation detachments intended to protect farms and roads in rural areas. About 12 separate Senegalese units (either three-battalion regiments or single battalions) served in French North Africa between 1954 and 1967, when the last French troops were withdrawn. In 1958–59 the Tirailleur units were in part dissolved, as African personnel transferred to newly formed national armies when the French colonies of West and Central Africa became independent. Substantial numbers of former tirailleurs continued to serve in the French Army but as individual volunteers in integrated Colonial (later Marine) Infantry or Artillery units. The lost their distinctive historic identity during this process. As an example, the 1er RTS, raised in 1857, became the 61st Marine Infantry Regiment in December 1958. The last Senegalese unit in the French Army was disbanded in 1964. The last Senegalese Tirailleur to have served in World War I, Abdoulaye Ndiaye, died at the age of 104 in November 1998. He had been wounded in the Dardanelles. Uniforms From 1857 to 1889 the wore a dark blue zouave style uniform with yellow braiding (see first photo above). This was replaced by a loose fitting dark blue tunic and trousers worn with a red sash and chechia fez. White trousers were worn in hot weather and a light khaki drill field dress was adopted in 1898. Senegalese units sent to France in 1914 wore a new dark blue uniform, introduced in June that year, beneath the standard medium-blue greatcoats of the French infantry. This changed to sky-blue in 1915 and dark khaki started to be issued the following year. Throughout these changes the distinctive yellow cuff and collar braiding was retained, together with the fez (worn with a drab cover to reduce visibility). Until World War II the continued to wear the khaki uniforms described above, in either heavy cloth or light drill according to conditions. In subsequent campaigns they wore the same field uniforms as other French units, usually with the dark blue forage cap of the . The red fez survived as a parade item until the 1950s. Filmography Emitaï (1971) depicts the effects of conscription on a Diola village. Black and White in Color (1976), by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud, 1 hour 30 minutes Camp de Thiaroye, by Senegalese director Ousmane Sembene, 1987, 153 mins. Le Tata, paysages de pierres, by French director Patrice Robin and Author Eveline Berruezo, 1992, 60 mins. Rafael Gutierrez and Dario Arce : Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay : mémoires du 25° RTS" Documentary film, 52', 2007. Productions Chromatiques- TLM, France. Literature At Night All Blood Is Black () is a novel by French author David Diop. First published in French on August 16, 2018, by Éditions du Seuil, it won the Prix Goncourt des Lycéens that same year. The book centers around Alfa Ndiaye, a Senegalese Tirailleur who loses his close friend Mademba Diop while fighting in World War I. The English translation by Anna Moschovakis won the 2021 International Booker Prize. It was published in the UK by Pushkin Press and in the US by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The Franco-American journalist and historian Ted Morgan volunteered to serve during the Algerian War as a junior officer with the Senegalese, whom he described as highly disciplined soldiers with cheerful dispositions, serving in a corps that was full of surprises. See also Tirailleurs: history of the original French skirmishers of this designation plus the colonial (e.g.: Algerian, Senegalese etc.) tirailleur units French colonial troops Spahi: French colonial cavalry regiments including Senegalese units. Pierre Messmer French colonial flags French Colonial Empire List of French possessions and colonies References Bibliography Myron Echenberg, "Tragedy at Thiaroye: The Senegalese Soldiers' Uprising of 1944 ", in Peter Gutkind, Robin Cohen and Jean Copans (eds), African Labor History, Beverly Hills, 1978, p. 109-128 Myron Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts: The Tirailleurs Senegalais in French West Africa, 1857–1960. Heinemann (1990), Christian Koller:»Von Wilden aller Rassen niedergemetzelt«. Die Diskussion um die Verwendung von Kolonialtruppen in Europa zwischen Rassismus, Kolonial- und Militärpolitik (1914–1930) (= Beiträge zur Kolonial- und Überseegeschichte, Bd. 82). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, . Nancy Ellen Lawler. Soldiers of Misfortune: Ivoirien Tirailleurs of World War II. Ohio Univ Press (1992) Filmography Eveline Berruezo and Patrice Robin : Le Tata – paysages de pierres. Documentary film, 60', 1992. Espace Mémoire, France. Rafael Gutierrez and Dario Arce : Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay : mémoires du 25° RTS" Documentary film, 52', 2007. Productions Chromatiques- TLM, France. External links Senegalese Tirailleurs in WWI Domesticated or Savage?Thoughts on the representation of the body of the senegalese tirailleurs (1880–1918) by Nicolas Bancel and Pascal Blanchard Site on the Battle of Flandres, attention to Tirailleurs Sénégalais Christian Koller: Colonial Military Participation in Europe (Africa), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. French West Africa History of Senegal Military history of France Military units and formations established in 1857 1857 establishments in the French colonial empire Colonial troops 1850s establishments in Senegal People of colonial Senegal People of French West Africa
3989878	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Justice%20%28Denmark%29	Ministry of Justice (Denmark)	Ministry of Justice of Denmark (, , ) is the Danish government ministry responsible for the general judicial system, including the police and the prosecution service, the courts of law, and prisons and the probation service. In addition, the Ministry is responsible for legislation in the areas of criminal, private and family law, the law of trusts and foundations, nationality law and data protection law. The Ministry of Justice of Denmark might oversee the administration of justice in Greenland. Councils, boards, commissions Agencies Director for Public Prosecution Danish Court Administration Danish Prison and Probation Service Danish Civil Affairs Agency Danish Data Protection Agency Danish Critical Supply Agency Councils Det Dyreetiske Råd (the Council for Animal Ethics) Det Særlige Råd vedr. Dyreværnsspørgsmål (the Special Council for Animal Protection Issues) Rådet for Dyreforsøg/Dyreforsøgstilsynet (the Council for Animal Testing/The Supervisory Authority on Animal Testing) Retslægerådet (the Forensic Medicine Council) Datarådet (the Data Council) Det Kriminalpræventive Råd (the Crime Prevention Council) Dommerudnævnelsesrådet (the Judicial Appointment Council) Færdselssikkerhedskommissionen (the Road Safety Commission) Rådet for Sikker Trafik (the Council for Safe Road Traffic) Rådet vedrørende Hold af Særlige Dyr (the Council Regarding the Possession of Certain Animals) Tilsynsrådet vedr. Beskæftigelse af Indsatte (the Supervisory Council for the Occupation of Inmates) Boards Advokatnævnet (the Disciplinary Board of the Bar and Law Society) Erstatningsnævnet (Criminal Injuries Compensation Board) Det Færøske Erstatningsnævn for Voldsofre (the Faroese Damages Board for Victims of Assault) Det Grønlandske Erstatningsnævn for Voldsofre (the Greenlandic Damages Board for Victims of Assault) Politiklagenævnene (Independent Police Complaints Authority) Pressenævnet (the Press Board) Procesbevillingsnævnet (the Appeals Permission Board) Legal commissions Advokatudvalget Arbejdsgruppen om hold af heste Arbejdsgruppen om reglerne for udførsel af våben mv. Arbejdsgruppen om slagtefjerkræ Arvelovsudvalget Jurisdiktionsudvalget Konkursrådet Offentlighedskommissionen Retsplejerådet Straffelovrådet Strafferetsplejeudvalget Tinglysningsudvalget Udvalget om elektronisk Lovtidende Udvalget om offentligt ansattes ytringsfrihed og meddeleret Udvalget om retsvirkningerne af digital signatur mv. Udvalget om sanktionsfastsættelse i sager om spiritus- og promille-kørsel mv. Udvalget om TV-overvågning Udvalget vedrørende Politiets og Forsvarets Efterretningstjenester Other commissions Justitsministeriets Forskningspolitiske Udvalg Kursusudvalget vedr. obligatorisk efteruddannelse af advokat-fuldmægtige Wamberg-udvalget Committee Bestyrelsen for Domstolsstyrelsen Inspections Danish Data Protection Agency Dyreforsøgstilsynet Statens Våbenkontrol List of ministers See List of Justice Ministers in Denmark See also Justice ministry Justitsministre fra Danmark (Ministers of Justice from Denmark) Politics of Denmark References External links Justitsministeriet Danish Ministry of Justice, official website. Retrieved March 12, 2011 Justice Law of Denmark Denmark
3989884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Gabriel%20Huot	Pierre-Gabriel Huot	Pierre-Gabriel Huot (September 20, 1825 – September 1, 1913) was a Quebec journalist and political figure. He was a Liberal member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Quebec East from 1867 to 1870. He was born in Quebec City in 1825. He qualified as a notary in 1850, but never practiced this profession. He entered journalism and was owner and editor of the Quebec bi-weekly newspaper Le National. In 1854, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada representing Saguenay; the election was invalidated, but he was reelected in an 1855 by-election. In 1860, he was elected in Quebec East in a by-election; he was reelected in 1861 and 1863. In 1860, he was also elected to the Legislative Council for Stadacona division; however, the election was declared invalid in May 1861. He had submitted his resignation from his position in the Legislative Assembly, but it was not accepted by the speaker. After Confederation, Huot was elected again in Quebec East; he resigned in 1870 to become postmaster at Quebec, a position he held until 1874. He moved to the United States in 1886 and died in New York City in 1913. External links 1825 births 1913 deaths Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East Members of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec Liberal Party of Canada MPs
5381714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangibility	Frangibility	A material is said to be frangible if through deformation it tends to break up into fragments, rather than deforming elastically and retaining its cohesion as a single object. Common crackers are examples of frangible materials, while fresh bread, which deforms plastically, is not frangible. A structure is frangible if it breaks, distorts, or yields on impact so as to present a minimum hazard. A frangible structure is usually designed to be frangible and to be of minimum mass. Light poles A frangible light pole base is designed to break away when a vehicle strikes it. This lessens the risk of injury to occupants of the vehicle. Frangible supports are also used for airport approach structures. Bullets A frangible bullet is one that is designed to disintegrate into tiny particles upon impact to minimize their penetration for reasons of range safety, to limit environmental impact, or to limit the danger behind the intended target. Examples are the Glaser Safety Slug and the breaching round. Frangible bullets will disintegrate upon contact with a surface harder than the bullet itself. Frangible bullets are often used by shooters engaging in close quarter combat training to avoid ricochets; targets are placed on steel backing plates that serve to completely fragment the bullet. Frangible bullets are typically made of non-toxic metals, and are frequently used on "green" ranges and outdoor ranges where lead abatement is a concern. Airport structures Following a serious incident where an aircraft hit a donut lighting structure at San Francisco International airport, the FAA instigated frangible design rules for such structures. A frangible object was defined as "an object of low mass, designed to break, distort or yield on impact, so as to present the minimum hazard to aircraft". This characteristic is seemingly contradictory to the operational requirements for stiffness and rigidity imposed on this type of equipment. In order to develop international regulation for the frangibility of equipment or installations at airports, required for air navigation purposes (e.g., approach lighting towers, meteorological equipment, radio navigational aids) and their support structures, ICAO initiated the "Frangible Aids Study Group" in 1981, with the task to define design requirements, design guidelines and test procedures. This work has resulted in part 6 of the Aerodrome Design Manual, dedicated to frangibility. An overview of the activities carried out to achieve these results is given in "Frangibility of Approach Lighting Structures at Airports". The missing reference (17) in this article is in "Impact simulation of a frangible approach light structure by an aircraft wing section". With the evolution of numerical methods suitable for impact analysis, a Chapter 6 was added to the Aerodrome Design Manual part 6, dedicated to "numerical simulation methods for evaluating frangibility". It states that numerical methods can be used to evaluate the frangibility of structures, but that the analytical models should still be verified through a series of representative field tests. Of all equipment or installations at airports required for air navigation purposes, ICAO has not yet formulated frangibility criteria for the tower structure supporting the ILS glide path antenna, "considering its unique nature", basically: its size. A first publication on this subject is given in "Frangible design of instrument landing system/glide slope towers". Glass Tempered glass is said to be frangible when it fractures and breaks into many small pieces. Other Some security tapes and labels are intentionally weak or have brittle components. The intent is to deter tampering by making it almost impossible to remove intact. See also Sacrificial part References Ammunition Fracture mechanics
3989892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullarbor%20Regional%20Reserve	Nullarbor Regional Reserve	Nullarbor Regional Reserve is a protected area in South Australia located about west of Ceduna. Its boundaries are defined by the Trans-Australian Railway to the north and by the Nullarbor National Park, the Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area and the Yalata Indigenous Protected Area to the south. Its western boundary is with the Western Australia - South Australian state border while its eastern boundary adjoins the Yellabinna Regional Reserve. The northeastern corner of the reserve is the locations of Ooldea, and central north Cook on the railway line, and the northern boundary is adjacent to the Maralinga Tjarutja Aboriginal lands. The northern boundary has the abandoned railway locations of Hughes, Denman, Fisher, O'Malley and Watson, as well as being the section of line that is the known as the longest railway straight. The Nullarbor Regional Reserve and the adjoining Nullarbor National Park protect the world's largest semi-arid cave landscape, which is associated with many Aboriginal cultural sites. Wildlife inhabiting in the regional reserve includes the Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat The regional reserve is classified as an IUCN Category VI protected area. See also Protected areas of South Australia Regional reserves of South Australia Regional Reserve (Australia) References External links Entry for Nullarbor Regional Reserve on protected planet Regional reserves of South Australia Nullarbor Plain Protected areas established in 1989 1989 establishments in Australia Great Victoria Desert
3989897	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconia%20collinsiana	Heliconia collinsiana	Heliconia collinsiana (platanillo) of family Heliconiaceae is an erect herb typically growing tall, native to Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and southern Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Tabasco, Nayarit, Jalisco, Veracruz, Michoacán). Uses Heliconia collinsiana is a popular ornamental plant in hot regions with a humid climate. The fruits are showy, first yellow and then ripening to a bright purple-blue. It can be cultivated outdoors in frost-free areas of Southern California. It is usually grown usually in full sun to light shade (50% sun) and in rich, well-drained soils. References External links Heliconia collinsiana observations on iNaturalist collinsiana Flora of Belize Flora of El Salvador Flora of Guatemala Flora of Honduras Flora of Mexico Flora of Nicaragua Flora of Chiapas Flora of Oaxaca Flora of Guerrero Flora of Tabasco Flora of Nayarit Flora of Jalisco Flora of Michoacán Flora of Veracruz
5381717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mow%20Cop	Mow Cop	Mow Cop is a village on the Cheshire–Staffordshire border, divided between the North West and West Midlands regions of England. It is south of Manchester and north of Stoke-on-Trent, on a steep hill of the same name rising up to above sea level. The village is at the edge of the southern Pennines, with the Cheshire Plain directly to the west. For population details taken at the 2011 census, see Kidsgrove. The Cheshire section is the highest settlement within the county of Cheshire. Geography The hill on which the village lies upon is a moorland ridge composed of sandstone and Millstone Grit rising eastwards above the Cheshire Plain. It is at the western edge of the Staffordshire Moorlands, forming the upland fringe of the southern Pennines, most of which are in the Peak District National Park to the east. On a clear day, the hill offers views extending to the West Pennine Moors, Welsh mountains (including Snowdonia), Shropshire Hills and Cannock Chase. History The name is first recorded as Mowel around 1270 AD, and is believed to derive from either the Anglo-Saxon Mūga-hyll, meaning "heap-hill", with copp = "head" added later, or the Common Celtic ancestor of Welsh moel (= hill), with Anglo-Saxon copp added later. At the village's summit, men once quarried stone to make into querns, used since the Iron Age for milling corn; this trade ended during the Victorian period. The village also has a long history of coal mining. A rock feature called the Old Man O'Mow in one of the quarried areas is believed to be the site of an ancient cairn. A railway station, opened by the North Staffordshire Railway, served the village from October 9, 1848 to its closure in 1964. The Castle The most dominant feature of the village is Mow Cop Castle, a folly of a ruined castle at the summit of the hill, built in 1754. Both Mow Cop Castle and the Old Man O'Mow are under the management of the National Trust, and on the route of the Cheshire Gritstone Trail, a long-distance walking route. Birthplace of Primitive Methodism Mow Cop is noteworthy as the birthplace of the Primitive Methodist movement. Starting in 1800, Hugh Bourne from Stoke-on-Trent and William Clowes from Burslem began holding open-air prayer meetings. On 31 May 1807, a large 14-hour camp meeting was held, leading to the founding of the Primitive Methodist Church in 1810. These camp meetings became a regular feature at Mow Cop, being held to celebrate the 100th, 150th and 200th anniversaries of the first camp. In the arts The village and castle are featured prominently in the 1973 novel Red Shift, by Alan Garner. This novel was filmed by the BBC in the 1970s, and later released in a restored HD DVD in 2014. Mow Cop and its castle also feature in Alan Garner's 1966 photo-story book for children, The Old Man of Mow. The castle has also been a magnet for artists, and can be seen in everything from local watercolour and oil paintings and postcards, to ceramics made in the nearby Potteries. An engraving of it also featured on a Royal Mail stamp book in 1981. Running and cycling Since the late 20th century, Mow Cop has been known for its Killer Mile, a one-mile running race from the railway level crossing on the western side of the hill up to the castle. The race was first organized in the early 1980s by John Britton. The climb is also well known among local cyclists and features in the 100 Greatest Cycling Climbs in Britain. Murder of Steven Johnson On 22 December 1990, the body of Stoke-on-Trent taxi driver Steven Johnson, a 25-year-old married father of two children, was discovered by a dog-walker on a farm track near Castle Road in Mow Cop. His body was found close to his taxi. Johnson had last been seen picking up a fare in Hanley Road, Hanley to be dropped off in Packmoor at around 3:30AM on 22 December. He then drove from Packmoor to Mow Cop. Johnson had been assaulted inside his taxi and his throat was cut, causing his death. It was reported by Staffordshire Police that cash and valuables were not taken from the taxi and motive for the murder was unknown. The crime was featured in the March 1991 edition of BBC Crimewatch and a reconstruction was filmed. One male suspect was arrested in 2014 and released on bail for five months, but no further action followed. The murder remains unsolved as of November 2020. Notable residents Ralph Barlow (1876 in Mow Cop – 1897), footballer who played for Burslem Port Vale in the mid-1890s. Emmanuel Foster (1921–1965), English footballer, played for Mow Cop, Stoke City F.C. and Stafford Rangers F.C. Alan Jones (born 1945), former director of Port Vale F.C. Jack Simcock (1929–2012), artist, known for "a long series of bleak, sombre oils on board" of the Mow Cop area where he lived. Allen John Tankard (born 1969), English former footballer who played 519 league games, 275 for Port Vale. After retiring he worked in Mow Cop at a minibus and coach hire company which he now co-owns. References The following references are listed in the two books by Philip R. Leese: Covers quarrying, coal mining, fustian, farming, shops and small businesses, and public houses. Covers social life, literary references to the hill, the Castle, the Mow Cop Giantess (Hannah Dale), Primitive Methodism, chapels, churches, schools, recreation, wartime reminiscences, and the artist Jack Simcock. External links Mow Cop Computer-generated summit panoramas History of Mow Cop Villages in Cheshire Villages in Staffordshire Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme Towns and villages of the Peak District
3989901	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus%20Abbey	Angus Abbey	Angus Maxwell Abbey (born 15 November 1925) was an Australian rules football player. He played with Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL), mainly as a defender. He was the unused twentieth man in Footscray's 1954 premiership team. He played his only junior football year with Waratah in the Footscray District League. His playing measurements were 180 cm and 82.5 kg, which are identical to those of his son Ross who also played for Footscray from 1971 to 1981. He retired from VFL football in 1954, having played 78 games. References Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2002) The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers, Crown Content, Melbourne. External links Western Bulldogs players Western Bulldogs Premiership players Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) 1925 births Living people One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players
3989921	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokethorpe%20School	Cokethorpe School	Cokethorpe School is an independent day school at Hardwick, West Oxfordshire, about south of Witney. It was founded in 1957 by Francis Brown. It is a member of HMC, IAPS and The Society of Heads (formerly known as SHMIS). The school has about 660 pupils, ranging in age from 4 to 18. The Prep School and the Senior School are on the same site. At the heart of the school is an early 18th-century Grade II* listed Queen Anne style country house. The school is set in of parkland and there is also a chapel in the grounds. The tower of the chapel was virtually destroyed in a fire in 1994 but it has since been demolished and rebuilt. The grounds have a number of rugby/football pitches along with the recently built astro pitches. An expertly carved 'giant' peacock stands at the central crossroads within the school grounds, a symbol of the school. The school has an outstanding recent sporting tradition with students playing national age group rugby (England under-16 and under-18) and also England women's hockey. The school also has numerous representatives in both regional and Oxfordshire rugby, football, cricket, hockey, athletics and tennis. Also the school has developed a reputation as a premier kayaking and sailing school as well as nurturing equestrian talents. The school operates a house system, with houses called Harcourt, Gascoigne, Swift, Queen Anne, Vanbrugh, Lower House (Year 7) and Feilden. The houses compete in sport such as house rugby and football for boys, hockey and netball for girls, and in field and track events at the annual school sports day. There are also competitions in the arts, such as house music, drama, photography and art. On-site is a theatre called The Shed, where drama productions, concerts and lectures are held. These can range from musicals to dance even hip hop competitions. History The country house was used by Simon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt. When Major Percy Henry Guy Feilden and his wife, Dorothy Louisa Brand, moved there in 1908, they undertook extensive renovations. He died on 25 March 1944, and was buried there. His son, Major-General Randle Guy Feilden, who was later knighted, was his successor. In 1957, it was let with part of the grounds to Francis Brown, who opened the school as a secondary boys' boarding school with 14 pupils. In about 1960 Yarnton Manor was used as a dormitory of the school. In 1963 a charitable trust was formed, and in 1966 the school buildings and grounds were sold to the school trustees. The school is a joint Church of England and Roman Catholic foundation. The chapel is on the golf course in the school grounds. It is the former parish church of Hardwick, and was restored and extended in 1973. In 1985 the roof of the north-west wing was studied while the building was being repaired. In 1986 work began on the construction of further buildings. The School started admitting girls in 1992 and opened a Prep School in 1994. The boarding facility was closed in 2003. Notable former pupils Martin Edwards, a former Manchester United chairman Richard and Michael Hills, twins and both successful flat racing jockeys in the UK. Toby Sebastian, Actor – starring in the hit series Game of Thrones Henry Purdy, Rugby Player at Gloucester Rugby Florence Pugh, Actress (attended Cokethorpe Prep School) References 1957 establishments in England Educational institutions established in 1957 Grade II* listed buildings in Oxfordshire Grade II* listed educational buildings Independent schools in Oxfordshire Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
5381718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambino%20Ges%C3%B9%20Hospital	Bambino Gesù Hospital	Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù (Baby Jesus Paediatric Hospital) is a tertiary care academic children's hospital located in Rome that is under extraterritorial jurisdiction of the Holy See. As a tertiary children referral centre, the hospital provides over 20 specialties of healthcare through 10 pediatric departments. History The hospital, which was founded in 1869 by Duchess Arabella Salviati, is based on the model of the Hôpital des Enfants-Maladesis in Paris. In 1924, it was donated to the Holy See. In 1985, Bambino Gesù was officially recognized as a research hospital (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico). Bambino Gesù is now part of the network of the National Healthcare System in the city of Rome. It is located on an extraterritorial area administered by the Holy See. Since 1980, due to its prestige and to the strengthening of its relations with the Italian National Health System, it has become a significant point of reference for pediatrics at the national level. The hospital has become known in the last thirty years for its high level of specialization in the treatment of children coming not only from Rome or Italy but also from neighbouring European countries. As a tertiary children referral centre, OPBG offers more than 20 specialties to a 20 million population pool through 10 pediatric departments. Within the framework of the National Healthcare System, the structure of the hospital has undergone significant revision, following the new organization processes of the Italian Public Administration and public healthcare in particular. On 4 October 2010, a medical team from Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù of Rome made the world's first transplant of a permanent artificial heart in a patient 15 years old. In 2012, additional hospital buildings were opened near the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, again on extraterritorial property of the Holy See. The Bambino Gesù Hospital (OPBG) is engaged in humanitarian activities to improve provide healthcare in 16 countries in four continents, providing care for over 900 patients and training physicians, nurses and technicians. Controversy Focus of care In 2017, the Associated Press (AP) reported that a 2014 Vatican investigation had found that the hospital had changed its focus and was "more aimed at profit than on caring for children". The AP reported that overcrowding and poor hygiene contributed to deadly infection, including a 21-month superbug outbreak that killed eight children. It also found that in order to save money, disposable equipment and other materials were used improperly, with one order of cheap needles breaking when injected into tiny veins. The report also stated that doctors were so pressured to maximize operating-room turnover that patients were sometimes brought out of anesthesia too quickly. These alleged incidents were reported to have occurred between 2008 and 2015. While some of the report's recommendations were implemented, others were not, and the report was not made public. In June 2014, Cardinal Parolin decided to strengthen the Cardinal Secretary of State's authority over the Bambino Gesù. The Vatican later commissioned a second inquiry in 2015 which concluded after a three-day inspection that nothing was amiss. Hospital administrators responded to the AP story by describing the investigation as a "hoax" and saying that it "contained false, dated and gravely defamatory" accusations and that the hospital had already been cleared by an independent report of the Holy See. After AP published the report, the Holy See released the following statement: "No hospital is perfect, but it is false and unjust to suggest that there are serious threats to the health of children at Bambino Gesù". Investments On 13 July 2017, it was announced that the Tribunal of the Vatican City State had charged the hospital's former president Giuseppe Profiti and former treasurer Massimo Spina with illicitly using money which was destined for the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital Foundation to renovate the apartment that became the residence of the former secretary of state, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone. No charges had been filed against Bertone, the Castelli Re construction company or its owner, Gianantonio Bandera, a longtime Bertone associate. At trial, Profiti testified that hospital funds were used for the apartment renovation with the idea that Cardinal Bertone could host intimate dinners for eight to ten wealthy potential donors at least a half-a-dozen times a year, and defended himself by further testifying that the expense was justified because he intended to use Cardinal Bertone's apartment for fundraisers that would have more than repaid the investment within four to five years. However, no meetings were ever reported to have been held in Bertone's apartment. On 22 September, an official of the Government of the Vatican City State testified that the remodeling project for Bertone's apartment bypassed the normal competitive bidding process and was "singular" and "anomalous". The same day, Spina testified that his immediate superior "told me there were no problems because Cardinal Bertone had clarified the situation with the Holy Father in person." On 3 October 2017, Gianantonio Bandera, an Italian businessman whose now-bankrupt contracting firm renovated the apartment, testified that Bertone personally oversaw the renovation and contacted him directly without taking bids, as would ordinarily be required. On 14 October 2017, the three-judge tribunal acquitted Spina and convicted Profiti of a lesser offense of abuse of office. They took into account the defence argument that the money was intended as an investment to benefit the hospital rather than Bertone's apartment. Profiti was also given a one-year jail sentence, less than the three-year sentence the prosecution had sought. External links Bambino Gesù website See also List of children's hospitals Healthcare in Italy References Properties of the Holy See Hospitals in Rome Hospitals established in 1869 Rome R. XIII Trastevere 1869 establishments in the Papal States Children's hospitals in Italy Health in Vatican City Extraterritorial jurisdiction
5381723	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroidal%20wave%20equation	Spheroidal wave equation	In mathematics, the spheroidal wave equation is given by It is a generalization of the Mathieu differential equation. If is a solution to this equation and we define , then is a prolate spheroidal wave function in the sense that it satisfies the equation See also Wave equation References Bibliography M. Abramowitz and I. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical function (US Gov. Printing Office, Washington DC, 1964) H. Bateman, Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics (Dover Publications, New York, 1944) Ordinary differential equations
5381738	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peveril%20of%20the%20Peak	Peveril of the Peak	Peveril of the Peak (1823) is the longest novel by Sir Walter Scott. Along with Ivanhoe, Kenilworth, and Woodstock this is one of the English novels in the Waverley novels series, with the main action taking place around 1678 in the Peak District, the Isle of Man, and London, and centring on the Popish Plot. Plot introduction Julian Peveril, a Cavalier, is in love with Alice Bridgenorth, a Roundhead's daughter, but both he and his father are accused of involvement with the "Popish Plot" of 1678. Most of the story takes place in Derbyshire, London, and on the Isle of Man. The title refers to Peveril Castle in Castleton, Derbyshire. Composition and sources On 25 February 1822 Scott informed his Edinburgh publisher Archibald Constable that he was thinking of writing a novel about the Popish Plot. He seems to have begun composition of Peveril of the Peak immediately after completing The Fortunes of Nigel at the beginning of May and the first volume was complete by mid-July. Thereafter progress slowed, and the second volume was not finished until October: much of Scott's summer was taken up with arranging and superintending George IV's visit to Scotland, and he was deeply distressed at the death of his close friend William Erskine on 14 August. It had been intended that Peveril should be in the normal three volumes, but by mid-October Scott was proposing to extend it to a fourth volume, in the belief that the third volume was turning out better than the first two and that he would hope to sustain this improvement into a fourth. Composition was now up to speed again; indeed, it became frenetic. By 14 December the third volume was complete and the fourth well under way, and the novel was finished before Christmas. Scott's knowledge of the Restoration period was very likely unequalled. He had amassed a unique collection of tracts and pamphlets relating to the Plot. He had edited both the Memoirs of Count Grammont (Anthony Hamilton) in 1811 and the collection known as Somers' Tracts, which had appeared in 13 volumes between 1809 and 1815. Several historical studies of the period published after 1700 were also in his library and proved invaluable quarries: Bishop Burnet's History of his Own Time by Gilbert Burnet (1724‒34); Examen by Roger North (1740); The History of England by David Hume (originally published in 1754‒62; and Memoirs, Illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn, edited by William Bray (1818). For the Isle of Man, which he never visited, Scott had memories of lost notes prepared by his brother Tom, as well as two works in his collection: A Description of the Isle of Man by George Waldron (1731) and An Account of the Isle of Man by William Sacherevell (1702). For Restoration London an invaluable source was A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster by John Stow, of which Scott owned the revised edition by John Strype published in 1720. Editions The first edition was published in Edinburgh on 7 January 1823, and appeared in London on the 22nd, after frustrating delays caused by stormy weather. As with all the Waverley novels before 1827 publication was anonymous. The print run was 10,000, and the price two guineas (£2 2s or £2.10). There is no reason to think that Scott was involved with the novel again until the late summer of 1830, when he revised the text and provided new notes and an introduction for the 'Magnum' edition, in which it appeared as Volumes 28, 29 and 30 in September, October, and November 1831. The standard modern edition, by Alison Lumsden, was published in 2007 as Volume 14 of the Edinburgh Edition of the Waverley Novels: it is based on the first edition with emendations mainly from Scott's manuscript; the Magnum material is included in Volume 25b. Plot summary Sir Geoffrey Peveril and Major Bridgenorth had been boys together; and although they adopted different views in religion and politics, the major's influence had saved the Royalist's life after the battle of Bolton-le-Moors, and Lady Peveril had brought up his motherless girl, Alice, with her own son. After the Restoration, the Countess of Derby, who, through treachery, had suffered a long imprisonment by the Roundheads, sought protection at Martindale Castle, where Bridgenorth would have arrested her for having caused his brother-in-law, William Christian, to be shot as a traitor, had not the knight interfered by tearing up the warrant, and escorting her through Cheshire on her return to the Isle of Man. Alice was of course withdrawn from his wife's care, and it was supposed the major had emigrated to New England. Several years afterwards Sir Geoffrey's son Julian became the companion of the young earl, and, with the nurse Deborah's connivance, renewed his intimacy with his foster sister, who was under the care of her widowed aunt, Dame Christian. At one of the secret interviews between them, they were surprised by the entrance of her father, who related some of his religious experiences, and vaguely hinted that his consent to their marriage was not impossible. The next night, having undertaken to proceed to London, to clear the countess and her son from the suspicion of being concerned in Titus Oates's pretended Popish plot, Julian was conducted to a sloop by Fenella, his patron's deaf and dumb dwarf, and, as she was being taken ashore against her will while he was asleep, he dreamt that he heard Alice's voice calling for his help. At Liverpool he met Topham with a warrant against Sir Geoffrey, and on his way to the Peak to warn him, he travelled with Edward Christian, passing as Ganlesse, a priest, who led him to an inn, where they supped with Chiffinch, a servant of Charles II. On reaching Martindale Castle, he found his father and mother in the custody of Roundheads, and he was taken by Bridgenorth as a prisoner to Moultrassie Hall, where Alice received them, and he recognised Ganlesse among a number of Puritan visitors. During the night the Hall was attacked by the dependents and miners of the Peveril estate, and, having regained his liberty, Julian started, with Lance as his servant, in search of his parents, who he ascertained were on their way to London in charge of Topham. At an inn where they halted, Julian overheard Chiffinch revealing to a courtier a plot against Alice, and that he had been robbed of the papers entrusted to him by the countess, which, however, he managed to recover the next morning. Meanwhile, Christian, under whose care Bridgenorth had placed his daughter, communicated to the Duke of Buckingham a design he had formed of introducing her to Charles II, and, at an interview with her father, endeavoured to persuade him to abandon the idea of marrying her to young Peveril. Having reached London, Julian met Fenella, who led him into St. James's Park, where she attracted the notice of the king by dancing, and he sent them both to await his return at Chiffinch's apartments. Alice was already under the care of Mistress Chiffinch, and escaped from an interview with the duke to find herself in the presence of Charles and her lover, with whom, after he had placed the countess's papers in the king's hands, she was allowed to depart. Julian, however, lost her in a street fray, and having been committed to Newgate for wounding his assailant, he was placed in the same cell with the queen's dwarf, and conversed with an invisible speaker. After startling Christian with the news that his niece had disappeared, the duke bribed Colonel Blood to intercept his movements, so that he might not discover where she was, and was then himself astonished at finding Fenella instead of Alice, who had been captured by his servants in his house, and at her equally unexpected defiance of and escape from him. A few days afterwards, Sir Geoffrey Peveril, his son and the dwarf were tried for aiding and abetting Oates's Plot; but after nearly three years and the execution of at least fifteen innocent men, opinion had begun to turn against Oates. The last high-profile victim of the climate of suspicion was Oliver Plunkett, Archbishop of Armagh, whose unjust slaughter is retold by Scott with no small dose of bitterness. Sir Geoffrey, his son and the dwarf are, at length, all acquitted. In order, however, to avoid the mob, they take refuge in a room, where they encounter Bridgenorth, who convinces Julian that they are in his power, and allows Christian to propose to the Duke of Buckingham that several hundred Fifth-Monarchy men, led by Colonel Blood, should seize the king, and proclaim his Grace Lord-Lieutenant of the kingdom. The same afternoon Charles has just granted an audience to the Countess of Derby, when the dwarf emerges from a violoncello case and reveals the conspiracy which Fenella had enabled him to overhear. It then transpires that Bridgenorth had released the Peverils, and that Christian had trained his daughter Fenella, whose real name was Zarah, to feign being deaf and dumb, in order that she might act as his spy; but that her secret love for Julian had frustrated the execution of his vengeance against the countess. He is allowed to leave the country, and the major, who on recovering Alice by Fenella's aid, had placed her under Lady Peveril's care, having offered to restore some of Sir Geoffrey's domains which had passed into his hands as her dowry, the king's recommendation secures the old knight's consent to the marriage which within a few weeks unites the Martindale-Moultrassie families and estates. Characters Principal characters in bold Sir Geoffrey Peveril, of Martindale Castle Lady Margaret, his wife Julian Peveril, their son Lance Outram, their gamekeeper Whitaker, their steward Mistress Ellesmere, their housekeeper Major Bridgenorth, of Moultrassie Hall, a Puritan Alice, his daughter Deborah Debbitch, her nurse Rev. Nehemiah Solsgrace, a Presbyterian minister Dr Dummerar, an Anglican clergyman Charlotte, Countess of Derby Philip, Earl of Derby, her son Edward Christian, alias Richard Ganlesse, a Dempster of Man Fenella, alias Zarah, his daughter Sir Jasper Cranborne, a Cavalier Charles Topham, officer of the Black Rod Captain Dangerfield, his associate John Whitecraft, a Cheshire innkeeper Mrs Whitecraft, his wife Roger Raine, landlord of the Peveril Arms Mrs Raine, his widow Matthew Chamberlain, her counsellor Chiffinch, alias Will Smith, servant to Charles II Mistress Chiffinch, his wife George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham Jerningham, his secretary King Charles II Empson, a Court musician Master Maulstatute a Justice of the Peace Sir Geoffrey Hudson, the Queen's dwarf James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond Colonel Blood, an adventurer Chapter summary Prefatory Letter: Dr Dryasdust informs Captain Clutterbuck that he believes he has received a visit in York from the Author of Waverley, newly elected to the bibliophilic Roxburghe Club in London, who defended his novels against charges of perverting and usurping serious history. Volume One Ch. 1: In 1658 the Presbyterian Bridgenorth loses his wife in childbirth and in his depression hands the newly-born girl over to be brought up by Sir Geoffrey and Lady Peveril, the families having assisted each other during the changing fortunes of the Civil War. Ch. 2: Bridgenorth accepts the Restoration in 1660, and, although his spirits have revived to a considerable extent, it is agreed that little Alice should continue to live at Martindale Castle, where she has endeared herself to young Julian Peveril. Bridgenorth agrees to encourage his friends to attend a feast of reconciliation organised by Lady Peveril. Ch. 3: Lady Peveril and her steward Whitaker prepare for the feast. Ch. 4: The feast takes place after separate routes of approach to the Castle, leading to separate rooms, have been agreed between the opposing factions and two contrasting sermons have been delivered. Ch. 5: On the morning after the feast the Countess of Derby appears, having spent a night unannounced at the Castle. Bridgenorth is outraged that after her recovery of the Isle of Man from the disloyal William Christian she arranged his execution. He attempts to arrest her. Ch. 6: Lady Peveril places Bridgenorth under temporary detention to enable the Countess to pursue her journey to Liverpool in safety. Sir Geoffrey returns and arranges for the Countess to be escorted on her way, the more urgently because it is discovered that Bridgenorth has escaped. Ch. 7: The keeper Lance Outram tells Whitaker that, the same morning, he saw Bridgenorth meeting Alice's nurse Deborah. On the road, Sir Geoffrey repels Bridgenorth's attempt to execute a warrant for the Countess's arrest. Ch. 8: Lady Peveril receives a letter from Bridgenorth announcing that he plans to leave Derbyshire and has withdrawn Alice and Deborah to accompany him. Sir Geoffrey is unable to resist the temptation to expel the Presbyterian minister Solsgrace in favour of the Anglican Dr Dummerar with offensive haste. Ch. 9: Solsgrace rebukes Bridgenorth for associating with Sir Geoffrey. Bridgenorth rejects Sir Geoffrey's offer of a duel, delivered by Sir Jasper Cranbourne, as the honourable way of settling their differences. Ch. 10: Five years pass. While taking a shortcut through the Moultrassie Hall grounds Lady Peveril is surprised to encounter Bridgenorth, who had left Derbyshire shortly after rejecting her husband's challenge. His language is apocalyptic, advocating renewed civil war, and he is intent on avenging the executed Christian. Julian is sent to share the education of the young Earl of Derby on the Isle of Man. Ch. 11: On the island, Julian and the bored Derby chat, and Julian approaches Deborah at the Black Fort with the aim of seeing Alice. Ch. 12: A retrospective chapter fills in the background to Julian's visit to the Fort: after a series of previous meetings with Alice there, he had returned to Derbyshire to ask his father's approval of their marriage, but his mother's indication of the hostility Sir Geoffrey's feels towards Bridgenorth dissuaded him, and when he told Alice of this she declined to see him again. Volume Two Ch. 1 (13): A fraught interview with Alice is unexpectedly interrupted by Bridgenorth, whose words to Julian give hints of encouragement. Ch. 2 (14): After a pleasant conversation walking with Julian, Bridgenorth tells how, during his time in New England he had witnessed Richard Whalley inspiring villagers to repel an attack by Indians. He speaks calmly of the need for such a voice in the present state of England, and for sustained political commitment on Julian's part if he is to be acceptable as Alice's suitor. Ch. 3 (15): Derby explains to Julian that the family have moved to Peel Castle from Rushin because of the new danger posed by Edward Christian and Bridgenorth consequent on the linking of the Countess with the Popish Plot. Julian receives a letter from Alice asking him to meet her at Goddard Cronnan's Stone. Ch. 4 (16): Ignoring the mute protests of the Countess's train-bearer Fenella, Julian goes to the Stone. Ch. 5 (17): Alice warns Julian against her father's attempt to involve him in his political intrigues. Their conference is again interrupted by Bridgenorth, who repeats to Julian that if he is to woo Alice he must fall in with his project. Ch. 6 (18): Fenella (who Julian fears may be attracted to him) conducts him to the Countess, who tells him that she is under suspicion of involvement in the Popish Plot and accepts his offer to go to London to communicate with her supporters there. Ch. 7 (19): Julian takes leave of the Countess and after a troubled night is conducted to his boat by Fenella. She insists on staying on board, but while he sleeps during the voyage to Liverpool she is removed. Ch. 8 (20): The captain tells Julian about Fenella's origins as a rope-dancer's apprentice acquired by the Countess at Ostend. At Liverpool he buys a horse, but he surrenders it to the parliamentary officer Topham before proceeding with an inferior mount to the Cat and Fiddle inn near Altringham. Ch. 9 (21): At the inn Julian and a fellow traveller, who identifies himself as Ganlesse, have a literary conversation. As they leave, the landlady warns Julian to beware of entrapments, and on the road he refuses to confide in Ganlesse, who appears surprisingly acquainted with his business. Ch.10 (22): At the next inn Julian, along with Ganlesse and his companion Will Smith, enjoys an excellent meal prepared by the cook Chaubert. Ch. 11 (23): In parting from Julian, Ganlesse warns him he would have done better to confide in him. Arriving at Martindale Castle, Julian finds Topham preparing to remove his parents to London and leaves under short-term parole with Bridgenorth. Volume Three Ch. 1 (24): At Moultrassie Hall, Julian finds Ganlesse among a group of worshipping Puritans. He rejects Bridgeworth's offer of freedom involving exile from England. Ch. 2 (25): Alerted by Deborah, Lance Outram recruits local miners and attacks Moultrassie Hall. Julian mediates at Alice's request. Ch. 3 (26): Bridgenorth tells Julian that Alice is to be entrusted to the care of Ganlesse. Julian agrees that Lance should accompany him to London. Ch. 4 (27): In an inn Julian overhears an inebriated Will Smith, now revealed as Chiffinch, disclose to Lord Saville a plan to use Alice to supplant the Duchess of Portsmouth in the King's favour. He mentions that he had replaced the Countess's documents in Julian's packet with plain paper. Next morning Saville dispatches a messenger to London, and Julian and Lance overpower Chiffinch and Chaubert on the road, recovering the Countess's documents. Ch. 5 (28): At his levee Buckingham discusses with Edward Christian (hitherto Ganlesse) the plot to displace the Duchess of Portsmouth. Left alone, he plans that Alice should submit to his attentions before becoming the King's mistress. Ch. 6 (29): Christian persuades Bridgenorth not to seek out Alice, and they debate how to proceed against the Countess's faction. (The narrator sketches Christian's character and motives, and clarifies the plot of the novel.) Ch. 7 (30): When he is about to deliver a letter from the Countess to the Jesuit Fenwicke at the Savoy, Julian is diverted by Fenella to St James's Park, where she dances before Charles. When Julian indicates that they are associated with the Countess, Charles instructs his musician Empson to conduct them to Mrs Chiffinch's apartments. Ch. 8 (31): (The narrator fills in Alice's journey to London and installation at Chiffinch's.) Charles arrives at Chiffinch's, and Alice rushes in to escape Buckingham's advances, throwing herself on the King's protection. Julian secures Charles's promise to help his parents as far as possible, and gives him the Countess's packet before escorting Alice away. Ch. 9 (32): Julian is involved in a fight defending Alice from the attentions of two fops, wounds one of them, and is committed to Newgate by Maulstatute, a Justice of the Peace. The other fop takes Alice off to Buckingham's York House. Ch. 10 (33): On his arrival at Newgate a misunderstanding results in Julian's sharing a cell with Sir Geoffrey Hudson, the Queen's dwarf. Ch. 11 (34): Hudson expatiates to Julian on a variety of topics, mostly autobiographical. Ch. 12 (35): Julian hears a mysterious voice offering him help, but ceasing when he refuses to promise to forget Alice. Volume Four Ch. 1 (36): Julian finds an anonymous note indicating that if he wears a white ribbon he will be rescued on his river journey to the Tower, but he refuses to avail himself of this and is conveyed to his intended destination. Ch. 2 (37): Buckingham tells his secretary Jerningham that he is now reconciled with the Duchess of Portsmouth and intends to give up Christian and the scheme for Alice's advancement, keeping her out of the King's sight. Ch. 3 (38): Buckingham informs Christian that Alice and Julian have left for Derbyshire, and Christian decides to pursue them. Buckingham then directs Colonel Blood to prevent Christian returning to London. Ch. 4 (39): Buckingham discovers that the woman detained at York House is not Alice, but an enchanting eastern maiden called Zarah. She escapes his advances by darting out of a window. Ch. 5 (40): The Chiffinches discuss tactics for retaining the King's favour. During a pause at the Tower on a royal river outing, Buckingham insults an aged warder, leading to his death, and the Duke of Ormond pleads the Peverils' case with the King. Ch. 6 (41): The Peverils and Hudson are tried for participation in the Popish Plot and acquitted. Ch. 7 (42): On leaving the court the Peverils are involved in a skirmish with a Protestant mob and take refuge at a cutler's where Bridgenorth appears. Ch. 8 (43): Julian rebuts his father's criticism of Bridgenorth, who takes him to eavesdrop on a conventicle of activists and deploys extremist rhetoric himself. Christian arrives to forward the conspiracy against the King. Ch. 9 (44): Christian persuades Buckingham to join the conspiracy. Buckingham receives a summons to attend Court. Ch. 10 (45): The Countess appears at Court, where Charles tries to restrain her demand for justice as imprudent. Ch. 11 (46): Hudson emerges from a 'cello and gives news of the conspiracy. Charles prepares to receive Buckingham. Ch. 12 (47): On his way to Court, Buckingham is warned by a singer but decides to face the storm. Bridgenorth rejects Christian's advice to flee, and Zarah (now identified as Fenella his [alleged] niece) his proposal that she become Buckingham's wife. Ch. 13 (48): Charles interrogates Buckingham. Ch. 14 (49): Charles pardons Buckingham and establishes by experiment that Zarah's apparent impairment is assumed. Christian declares her to be his own daughter, rather than his executed brother's, and is sentenced to exile. Bridgenorth also leaves England, resigning the lands of Peveril to Julian and Alice. Reception Peveril of the Peak divided critical opinion. Half the reviewers thought highly of it, noting especially the richness of the incidents and the variety of the characters. All of the characters had many admirers, with the exception of Sir Geoffrey Hudson who was almost universally judged an excrescence, even by critics otherwise favourably disposed to the work. Fenella fascinated several reviewers, but rather more thought that she was generally improbable, or at any rate that she became less convincing as the story progressed. Several of the other characters provoked diametrically opposed assessments: thus Bridgenorth was either masterly or hopelessly inconsistent, the lovers were either unusually spirited or vapid, and Buckingham and Christian also divided opinion. The novel was praised for its picture of the age, though some found the period unrewarding or distasteful. The plot was either unusually skilful or typically confused. Those reviewers who were generally hostile objected to the money-making four-volume format, with the repetition and inflation of material from earlier novels in the series. The scene with Ganlesse and Smith in the inn was almost universally praised. Several of the reviewers doubted if their critical labours served much purpose, since readers had by now made their minds up as to the merits of this author, and the novels were read by everyone soon after publication. Allusions and references The character of Fenella, a deaf and dumb fairy-like attendant of the Countess of Derby, was suggested by Goethe's Mignon in Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship. The hiding of the Countess of Derby in the novel was based on the story of Mrs. Macfarlane which took place around 1716. "Peak-haunting Peveril" is one of many topical references in "The Heavy Dragoon Song" from Gilbert and Sullivan's Patience (opera). The "Peveril of the Peak", named after Walter Scott's Novel is also a famous pub in central Manchester. References External links Page on Peveril of the Peak at the Walter Scott Digital Archive 1823 British novels Novels by Walter Scott Historical novels Fiction set in 1678 Novels set in Derbyshire Novels set in the Isle of Man Waverley Novels
3989926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Harte	Frank Harte	Frank Harte (14 May 1933 – 27 June 2005) was a traditional Irish singer, song collector, architect and lecturer. He was born in Chapelizod, County Dublin, and raised in Dublin. His father, Peter Harte, who had moved from a farming background in Sligo, owned 'The Tap' pub in Chapelizod. Harte emigrated to the United States for a short period, but returned to Ireland where he worked as an architect, lecturer at DIT (Dublin Institute of Technology) in Rathmines, Dublin before concentrating fully on singing and collecting songs. Singing Harte's introduction to Irish traditional singing came, he said, from a chance listening to an itinerant who was selling ballad sheets at a fair in Boyle, County Roscommon, sing "The Valley of Knockanure": Harte became a great exponent of the Dublin street ballad, which he preferred to sing unaccompanied. He was widely known for his distinctive singing, his Dublin accent having a rich nasal quality complementing his often high register. His voice mellowed considerably by the time of his later recordings, allowing for an expressive interpretation of many love songs such as 'Bonny Light Horseman' on the album 'My Name is Napoleon Bonaparte'. This is contrasted sublimely by Frank's cogent interpretation of the popular 'Molly Malone'. He also became more accustomed to singing with accompaniment which is not strictly part of the Irish singing tradition and did not come naturally to him. Though Irish Republican in his politics, he believed that the Irish song tradition need not be a sectarian or nationalist preserve: "The Orange song is just as valid an expression as the Fenian". He believed that songs were a key to understanding the past often saying: "those in power write the history, while those who suffer write the songs, and, given our history, we have an awful lot of songs." Though considered a stalwart of traditional Irish singing and well aware of it, Harte did not consider himself to be a sean-nós singer. He claimed he liked to sing out of his love for a song rather than a desire to please an audience: "A traditional singer is not singing for a commercial audience so he doesn't have to please an audience." His repertoire included, amongst many others, songs of the 1798 rebellion, Napoleonic ballads and the street ballads of Zozimus. As well as traditional songs, he also sang numerous music hall songs such 'The Charladies' Ball' and 'Biddy Mulligan' as popularised by Jimmy O'Dea. Harte won the All-Ireland Fleadh Cheoil singing competition on a number of occasions and in 2003, he received the Traditional Singer of the Year award from the Irish-language television channel TG4. Song collecting Harte began collecting early in life and he remembered buying ballads from a man who sold them by the sheet at the side of the Adelphi Cinema and by the end of his life had assembled a database of over 15,500 recordings. As a young man, Harte encountered many songs in his father's pub, 'The Tap', in Chapelizod saying: He once wrote about his song collecting: This was a philosophy that Frank went on to espouse greatly himself, having given countless songs and encouragement to singers in Ireland and abroad for over fifty years. Recipients of songs and information about them include Christy Moore, Andy Irvine, Karan Casey, The Voice Squad, and musicians alike. Despite his extensive collecting, he firmly believed that songs only existed when sung and to augment the point, he often quoted the poem "Living Ghosts" by Brendan Kennelly: Harte is mentioned as a source of songs by members of Planxty: Recordings Harte recorded several albums and made numerous television and radio appearances, most notably the Singing Voices series he wrote and presented for RTÉ Radio, which was produced by Peter Browne in 1987. Harte's first two LPs, though released with six years between them, were recorded in one session in England by Bill Leader with concertina accompaniment on some songs by Alf Edwards. From 1998 he recorded four albums for the Hummingbird record label on which he was accompanied by Dónal Lunny on bouzouki and guitar. These last four albums covered the huge topics of the 1798 Rebellion, the Great Irish Famine, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Irish navvies abroad. Each album is characteristically accompanied by comprehensive liner notes of meticulous research into each song and the subject in question, though his accuracy and impartiality as a historian is not as unanimously praised as his singing. In 2004, Harte's first two albums were re-released on CD, though the first track of his first album 'Traveller All Over The World' was omitted. Performance Harte was a regular at the Sunday morning sessions at The Brazen Head pub, along with the late Liam Weldon who ran the session. He was also a supporter of An Góilín Traditional Singer's Club. A regular at singers' sessions in Ireland, he appeared at clubs, seminars and festivals in France, Britain and America as well as touring the festivals at Fleadhanna in Ireland. Harte also performed in London in Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger's 'Singers Club' in 1971 and at the on two occasions. Harte felt that the traditional singer, unlike the latter type of vocalist, had absolutely no responsibility to entertain or please the crowd that might be listening, because the singer's real purpose is simply to perform the song, the act of the performance being a justification in itself. He appeared at many American festivals including The Blarney Star in New York, Gaelic Roots in Boston College, The Catskills Irish Arts Week, The Greater Washington Ceili Club Festival in Maryland and Irish Fest in Milwaukee and for seventeen years he was a veritable staple at the Irish Week every July in the Augusta Heritage Festival in Elkins in the Appalachian mountains of West Virginia where he often performed with Mick Moloney. He was also in demand as a teacher and gave many talks about traditional song including a lecture entitled "My name is Napoleon Bonaparte – the significance of Napoleon Bonaparte in the Irish Song Tradition" at the Willy Clancy Summer school on 12 July 2001. Legacy Harte died of a heart attack, aged 72, on 27 June 2005 and is survived by his wife Stella (née Maguire), daughters, Sinead and Orla, and his sons Darragh and Cian. His influence is still evident in singers such as Karan Casey. Frank continues to be remembered fondly in sessions and folk clubs on both sides of the Irish sea. At the 2005 Whitby Folk Week a tribute to Frank Harte entitled "Through Streets Broad and Narrow" was held at the Resolution Hotel Function Room, on Monday 22 August 2005 at 6:00pm. It featured Ken Hall and Peta Webb, Jim McFarland, Niamh Parsons, Jerry O'Reilly, Jim Mageean, George Unthank, Alan Fitzsimons, Pete Wood, Grace Toland, Brian Doyle, Patricia Flynn, Geordie McIntyre and Alison McMorland, The Wilsons, Eamonn O'Broithe, Roisin White, Bruce Scott, Rosie Stewart and others. In September 2006, the first Frank Harte Festival was organised and held in Dublin by Jerry O'Reilly and other members of An Góilín Traditional Singer's Club. The second and third festivals were held in September 2007 and 2008, again organised by An Góilín, and the festival has continued as an annual event taking place on the last weekend of September each year. As part of the festival, a walk takes place around an area of Dublin associated with Frank's songs. In 2011 it was in Glasnevin cemetery. In 2012 it was based on central Dublin, around Trinity College. Singer-songwriter Robbie O'Connell wrote a song "The Keeper of the Songs" in memory of Harte. In May 2008, the third Frank Harte Memorial Prize was given at the Dublin Institute of Technology, Bolton Street, in association with the DIT faculty of the built environment, RTÉ, and the Teachers' Union of Ireland. The prize is awarded to students in their second year of their studies in Construction Technology and Design. Discography Solo albums Dublin Street Songs (Topic, 1967) Through Dublin City (Topic, 1973) And Listen to My Song (Mulligan/Ram, 1978) Daybreak and a Candle-End (Faetain, 1987) 1798 - The First Year of Liberty (Hummingbird, 1998) My Name Is Napoleon Bonaparte: Traditional Songs on Napoleon Bonaparte (Hummingbird, 2001) The Hungry Voice: The Song Legacy of Ireland's Great Hunger (Hummingbird, 2004) Dublin Street Songs / Through Dublin City (Hummingbird, 2004) – first two albums reissued on combined CD There's Gangs of Them Digging: Songs of Irish Labour (Hummingbird, 2007) When Adam Was in Paradise, Traditional Songs of Love and Courtship (Hummingbird, 2016) Compilations Top of the Morning (Pickwick, 1979) – includes Harte's "Biddy Mulligan" Irish Folk Favourites (Harp/Pickwick, 1990) – includes Harte's "Dicey Reilly" Irish Voices (Topic, 1996) – includes Harte's "The Traveller All Over the World" Irish Songs From Old New England (Folk Legacy, 2003) – includes Harte's "Napoleon's Defeat" Three Score and Ten (Topic, 2009) – includes Harte's "He Rolled her to the Wall" Bibliography Broadcast Singing Voices, five-part series for RTÉ Radio 1 first broadcast in May 1987 each on a different aspect of the Irish singing tradition. Appearance on Come West Along the Road series one singing "Napoleon Bonaparte" originally from the RTÉ series Fonn Main subject of the television documentary Sé Mo Laoch – Frank Harte for TG4, directed by Philip King Main subject of the memorial radio documentary And Listen to my Song by Peter Browne for RTÉ Radio. Listen to it here. Main subject of a radio documentary called Frank Harte Remembered by Mick Moloney on RTÉ Radio a year after his death. Listen to it here. See also List of Irish music collectors References Obituaries O'Reilly, Jerry: "Frank Harte (1933–2005)", in: Folk Music Journal vol. 9, no. 3 (2008), pp. 479–80. Ní Fhloinn, Bairbre: "In Memoriam. Frank Harte – Singer and Song-Collector 1933–2005", in: Béaloideas'' vol. 74 (2006), pp. 236–8. External links RTÉ Radio Series 'Singing Voices' 1987 Interview with Luke Cheevers about the impending first Frank Harte Festival on RTÉ Radio programme, 'The Rolling Wave' on 20 September 2006 (17'30" in) Review of Napoleon album Video of Frank Harte's lecture at the Kennedy Centre in 2000 1933 births 2005 deaths 20th-century Irish male singers Irish folk singers Musicians from County Dublin Topic Records artists
3989928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk%20District%2C%20Daegu	Buk District, Daegu	Buk District is a district in northwestern Daegu, South Korea. It adjoins Chilgok County on the north. The area is 93.99 km². The population is about 444,923. Buk-gu was first created as an office of Daegu in 1938, during the period of Japanese rule. It was raised to the status of a district in 1963. For most of the twentieth century, Buk-gu was purely an administrative division of Daegu, without any local autonomy. The first district council was inaugurated in 1991, and the first district head was elected in 1995, as part of nationwide local government reforms. Kyungpook National University and Yeungjin College are located in Buk-gu. Library Bukbu Library is municipal library that is located in Buk-gu. The library opened 24 November 1983. The number of books is total 250,956; that of papers is 31,997. See also Subdivisions of South Korea Kyungpook National University Museum Notes External links Buk-gu homepage Districts of Daegu
5381757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fair%20Maid%20of%20Perth	The Fair Maid of Perth	The Fair Maid of Perth (or St. Valentine's Day) is an 1828 novel by Sir Walter Scott, one of the Waverley novels. Inspired by the strange, but historically true, story of the Battle of the North Inch, it is set in Perth (known at the time as Saint John's Toun, i.e. John's Town) and other parts of Scotland around 1400. Composition and sources By the time he finished the first series of Chronicles of the Canongate on 16 September 1827 Scott had been discussing his next work of fiction for several weeks. He was originally minded to embark on a successor to Quentin Durward, which was eventually to become Anne of Geierstein (1829), but in the event he settled on a second series of the Chronicles. Like the first, this was envisaged as a collection of short stories, and it seems likely that by mid-November Scott had written a long Croftangry introduction to match the opening chapters of the first series. On 3 December he completed 'My Aunt Margaret's Mirror', and on the 5th he had decided that the next story would concern Harry Wynd; but before the middle of the month, in response to doubts by James Ballantyne and Robert Cadell about the commercial viability of another publication consisting of a long introduction and a set of short stories, he decided to abbreviate the introduction to a single chapter and allow the Wynd tale, now with the title Saint Valentine's Eve, to fill the rest of the three volumes. There was a break in composition over Christmas, but composition resumed in January and the first volume was completed on 5 February 1828, the second on 2 March and the third on the 29th of that month. Scott's sources for The Fair Maid of Perth are largely cited in the text of the novel or in the 'Magnum' notes. From the 14th and 15th centuries he drew on the two narrative poems, The Brus by John Barbour, and The Wallace by Blind Hary. From the same period he found helpful material in: Chronica gentis scotorum by John of Fordun, and its continuation Scotichronicon by Walter Bower; Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland by Andrew of Wyntoun; and Scotorum historiae by Hector Boece, translated by John Bellenden. From the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries he used The History of the Houses of Douglas and Angus by David Hume of Godscroft (1644; reissued 1648), and (for many details about Perth) The Muses Threnodie by Henry Adamson edited with extensive notes by James Cant (1774), as well as The History of Scotland from the Accession of the House of Stuart to that of Mary by John Pinkerton (1797). This last was a particularly important source for the historical characters and the main events. Editions St Valentine's Day; or, The Fair Maid of Perth was published on 15 May 1828, by Cadell and Co. in Edinburgh and Simpkin and Marshall in London, the latter receiving 6000 copies in all. The price was one and a half guineas (£1 11s 6d or £1.57½). In the summer of 1831 Scott revisited the work for the 'Magnum' edition, making some textual changes and providing a few brief notes, but he was in poor health and many more changes and notes were introduced by J. G. Lockhart (with or without authorial input). Lockhart also provided the novel with an antiquarian and source-documenting introduction to replace Scott's original discussion of work's genesis. The work appeared posthumously in November and December 1832 as Volumes 42 and 43. The standard modern edition of The Fair Maid of Perth, by A. D. Hook and Donald Mackenzie, was published as Volume 21 of the Edinburgh Edition of the Waverley Novels in 1999: this is based on the first edition with emendations mainly from the manuscript; the 'Magnum' material appears in Volume 25b (2012). Plot introduction The fair maid of the title is Catharine Glover, daughter of a glovemaker in Perth, who kisses Henry Gow/Smith, the armourer, while he is sleeping, on Valentine's Day. But Catharine has caught the eye of the Duke of Rothesay, and when Gow interrupts an attempted abduction, the armourer is drawn simultaneously into royal intrigue and highland feud. Plot summary The armourer, Henry Gow, had excited the jealousy of the apprentice Conachar by spending the evening with the glover and his daughter and was returning to their house at dawn, that he might be the first person she saw on St Valentine's morning, when he encountered a party of courtiers in the act of placing a ladder against her window. Having cut off the hand of one, and seized another, who, however, managed to escape, he left the neighbours to pursue the rest, and was saluted by Catharine as her lover. The citizens waited on the provost, who, having heard their grievance, issued a challenge of defiance to the offenders. Meanwhile, the King who occupied apartments in the convent, having confessed to the prior, was consulting with his brother, when the Earl of March arrived to intimate his withdrawal to the English Border, followed into the courtyard by Louise, and afterwards by the Duke of Rothesay, whose dalliance with the maiden was interrupted by the Earl of Douglas ordering his followers to seize and scourge her. Henry Gow, however, was at hand, and the prince, having committed her to his protection, attended his father's council, at which it was determined that the hostile Clans Chattan and Quhele ("Kay") should be invited to settle their feud by a combat between an equal number of their bravest men in the royal presence, and a commission was issued for the suppression of heresy. The old monarch, having learnt that his son was one of those who had attempted to force their way into the glover's house, insisted that he should dismiss his Master of the Horse, who encouraged all his follies; and while Catharine, who had listened to the Lollard teaching of Father Clement, was being urged by him to favour the secret suit of the Prince, her other lover, Conachar, who had rejoined his clan, appeared to carry off her councillor from arrest as an apostate reformer. The armourer had maimed the Prince's Master of the Horse, Sir John Ramorny, whose desire for revenge was encouraged by the apothecary, Dwining. An assassin named Bonthron undertook to waylay and murder Henry Gow. On Shrovetide evening old Simon was visited by a party of morrice-dancers, headed by Proudfute, who lingered behind to confirm a rumour that Henry Gow had been seen escorting a merry maiden to his house, and then proceeded thither to apologise for having divulged the secret. On his way home in the armourer's coat and cap, as a protection against other revellers, he received a blow from behind and fell dead on the spot. About the same time Sir John was roused from the effects of a narcotic by the arrival of the Prince, who made light of his sufferings, and whom he horrified by suggesting that he should cause the death of his uncle, and seize his father's throne. The fate of Proudfute, whose body was at first mistaken for that of the armourer, excited general commotion in the city; while Catharine, on hearing the news, rushed to her lover's house and was folded in his arms. Her father then accompanied him to the town council, where he was chosen as the widow's champion, and the Provost repaired to the King's presence to demand a full inquiry. At a council held the following day, trial by ordeal of bier-right, or by combat, was ordered; and suspicion having fallen on Ramorny's household, each of his servants was required to pass before the corpse, in the belief that the wounds would bleed afresh as the culprit approached. Bonthron, however, chose the alternative of combat, and, having been struck down by Gow, was led away to be hanged. But Dwining had arranged that he should merely be suspended so that he could breathe and during the night he and Sir John's page Eviot cut him down and carried him off. Catharine had learnt that she and her father were both suspected by the commission; and the Provost having offered to place her under the care of The Douglas's daughter, the deserted wife of the Prince, the old glover sought the protection of his former apprentice, who was now the chieftain of his clan. Having returned from his father's funeral, Conachar pleaded for the hand of Catharine, without which he felt he should disgrace himself in the approaching combat with the Clan Chattan. Simon, however, reminded him that she was betrothed to the armourer, and his foster father promised to screen him in the conflict. At the instigation of his uncle, the Prince had been committed to the custody of the Earl of Errol; but, with the Duke's connivance, he was enticed by Ramorny and the apothecary to escape to the castle of Falkland, and, with the help of Bonthron, was starved to death there. Catharine and Louise, however, discovered his fate, and communicated with The Douglas, who overpowered the garrison, and hanged the murderers. The meeting of the hostile champions had been arranged with great pomp, with barriers erected on three sides of the Inch, in an attempt to keep spectators off the battlefield, and the Tay forming the natural fourth side to the north. The Gilded Arbour summerhouse of the Dominican Friary, which afforded those inside an excellent view of the Inch, was adapted into a grandstand for the King and his entourage. Henry Gow, having consented to supply Eachin (Conachar) with a suit of armour, volunteered to take the place of one of the Clan Chattan who failed to appear. A terrible conflict ensued, during which Torquil and his eight sons all fell defending their chief, who at last fled from the battle-ground unwounded and dishonoured. On hearing of Rothesay's death, Robert III resigned his sceptre to his wily and ambitious brother, and later died broken-hearted when his younger son James was captured by the English king. Albany transferred the regency to his son; but, nineteen years afterwards, the rightful heir returned, and the usurper expiated his own and his father's guilt on the scaffold. The warrants against Simon and his daughter, and Father Clement, were cancelled by the intervention of the Earl of Douglas, and the Church was conciliated with Dwining's ill-gotten wealth. Conachar either became a hermit, or, legend has it, was spirited away by the fairies. Scotland boasts of many distinguished descendants from Henry Gow and his spouse the Fair Maid of Perth. Characters Principal characters in bold Simon Glover, a glove-maker Catherine Glover, his daughter ('Catharine' is the original compositors' spelling; Scott's consistent manuscript 'Catherine' is restored by the Edinburgh Edition of the Waverley Novels) Conachar, his apprentice, afterwards Eachin M'Ian, Chief of the Clan Quhele Niel Booshalloch, his herdsman Henry Gow, or Smith, an armourer and burgess Luckie Shoolbred, his housekeeper Father Francis, a Dominican friar Father Clement, a Carthusian monk Oliver Proudfute, a bonnet-maker Bailie Craigdallie Henbane Dwining, an apothecary Sir Patrick Charteris, of Kinfauns, Provost of Perth Kit Henshaw, his servant Prior Anselm, of St Dominic's Convent King Robert III of Scotland [[David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay\|David, Duke of Rothsay]], his son The Duke of Albany, the king's brother The Earl of March Louise, a minstrel from Provence Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas The Devil's Dick, one of his followers Sir John Ramorny, the duke's master of the horse Eviot, his page Anthony Bonthron, an assassin Sir Louis Lunden, town-clerk of Perth Lindsay, Earl of Crawford The Earl of Errol, Lord High Constable Torquil of the Oak, Eachin's foster-father Norman nan Ord, one of his sons MacGillie Chattanach, Chief of the Clan Chattan Chapter summary Chrystal Croftangry's Narrative: In discussion with Mrs Baliol, Chrystal Croftangry maintains his preference for setting his stories in less familiar historical periods to allow scope for the imagination. Ch. 1: The narrator provides a sketch of the history and setting of Perth. Ch. 2: After a warning from her father, Catherine Glover rebuffs the advances of a nobleman as they walk to church on St Valentine's Eve. On their way home they are joined by Henry Gow, returned from a trip selling armour, who is attacked by Conachar after making denigrating remarks about Highlanders. Catherine expresses her disapproval of the cult of arms. Ch. 3: Glover and Gow discuss the promotion of the latter's wooing of Catherine. Ch. 4: Gow foils an attempt to abduct Catherine, cutting off the hand of one of the assailants. The citizens decline Oliver Proudfute's suggestion that the matter be referred to the King. Ch. 5: The next morning, Catherine thanks Gow for his action by making him her Valentine and Glover encourages him. Ch. 6: Conachar announces that he has been summoned home to the Highlands. Gow says he will follow Catherine's pacific advice, but she indicates that there is an insuperable objection to their union. Ch. 7: The citizens resolve to consult the Provost, Sir Patrick Charteris, about the affray. The narrator sketches Sir Patrick's character and background. Ch. 8: On the way to the Provost at Kinfauns, Proudfute is worsted and plundered by the Devil's Dick. Proudfute presents the severed hand to Charteris, who promises to take action. Ch. 9: King Robert (introduced by the narrator) discusses the state of affairs with Prior Anselm. Ch. 10: Robert discusses Rothsay's positive qualities with a sceptical Albany. The Earl of March arrives, threatening to withdraw his allegiance and his presence. Rothsay is seen flirting with the minstrel Louise in the courtyard. Alone with Robert, March maintains that Rothsay's marriage to Marjory of Douglas, in preference a pre-existing contract with his own daughter, is invalid. Ch. 11: In the courtyard, Rothsay offends both Douglas and March before entrusting Louise to Gow's care. Ch. 12: Gow and the mantled Louise encounter Proudfute in the street. When they reach his house he entrusts her to his housekeeper Luckie Shoolbred. Volume Two Ch. 1 (13): March warns in Council of the danger posed by Douglas before leaving for his castle at Dunbar. Rothsay suggests a combat to settle the feud between the Chattan and Quhele clans. Anselm's request for a commission to investigate the threat of heresy is approved. Rothsay agrees to dismiss his Master of the Horse, Ramorny, for his part in the Gow disturbance. Ch. 2 (14): In discussion with Father Clement, who is accused of heresy, Catherine says that Conachar will guide him to a Highland retreat. She dismisses his suggestion that she might marry Rothsay if his marriage were to be annulled. Conachar arrives and takes Clement off. Ch. 3 (15): The physician Dwining persuades the mutilated Ramorny to pursue vengeance against Gow, whom he also hates, and the assassin Bonthron is accordingly dispatched. Dwining administers a sedative, and Ramorny's page prepares him for sleep. Ch. 4 (16): At the end of the Shrove carnival, Proudfute confirms to Glover that he saw Gow in company with Louise. Tormented by revellers, Proudfute takes refuge with Gow, and on the way home (disguised as the smith) he is killed. Ch. 5 (17): Intruding on Ramorny, Rothsay rejects his suggestion that he should have Albany killed. Ch. 6 (18): There is an outcry when Proudfute's murder is discovered: at first it is assumed that Gow is the victim. Ch. 7 (19): Receiving news of Gow's apparent death, Catherine finds him alive at his house. Glover arrives at Gow's, and on their way to the Council they debate how to respond to the call for the smith to be Magdalen Proudfute's champion. Ch. 8 (20): The Council agree that the ordeal of bier-right be employed to discover Proudfute's murderer. Magdalen chooses Gow as her champion. Ch. 9 (21): Robert and Albany discuss how to minimise the impact of Proudfute's murder. Rothsay persuades Robert to forgo his right to stop the clan combat. Robert makes arrangements for the bier-right. Ch. 10 (22): Dwining tells Ramorny of his ingenious mechanism to preserve Bonthorn's life if he should be hanged in the event of his defeat in combat by Gow. The physician gloats over his gold and his cleverness, and saves the life of Magdalen's sick baby. Ch. 11 (23): Exposed by the bier-right, and defeated by Gow, Bonthron accuses Rothsay who is forced to retire from Court into the keeping of the Earl of Errol. Gow is feted at a celebratory dinner. Bonthron is apparently executed, but next morning his body has disappeared. Volume Three Ch. 1 (24): [retrospective] Dwining and his associates release Bonthorn from the gibbet at midnight. Ch. 2 (25): Glover demands that Catherine marry Gow. Next morning, she tells him that they (the Glovers) are accused of heresy and will be spared only if she takes the veil. Charteris arrives and offers them his protection. Ch. 3 (26): Glover tells Charteris Conachar's story, and they agree that Catherine should go to the Duchess of Rothsay at Falkland and her father to Clan Quhele in the Highlands. Ch. 4 (27): The herdsman Niel Booshalloch clears the way for Glover's reception by Eachin (Conachar). Glover observes the funeral of Eachin's father. He indicates to Father Clement that he is mistrustful of the monk's doctrinal innovations. Ch. 5 (28): Eachin's inaugural feast is celebrated. Ch. 6 (29): Eachin confesses his secret cowardice to Glover, and after making it clear that his daughter is not available the citizen takes up residence with Booshalloch. About a fortnight later, he overhears Eachin and his foster-father Torquil discussing a plan to withdraw the young chieftain from the forthcoming combat. Ch. 7 (30): Ramorny and Dwining persuade Rothsay to escape by boat from Errol's house, and they proceed via Newburgh to Falkland, picking up Louise on the way. Ch. 8 (31): [the narrative retrogrades] Rothsay, Ramorny, and Dwining make preparations for Catherine's arrival at Falkland. Resisting Rothsay's advances she impresses him with her strength of character. Probably drugged by Dwining, the prince is pronounced infectious. Ch. 9 (32): After a few days, Louise discovers that Rothsay is imprisoned and deprived of food. Catherine manages to convey some morsels to him, and Louise leaves to seek help, but by the time Douglas arrives Rothsay is dead. Dwining kills himself, and Bonthorne and Ramorny are executed. Ch. 10 (33): Charteris informs Gow that Eachin is seeking Catherine's hand. Norman nan Ord, one of Torquil's sons, arrives to request a suit of armour for Eachin. After defeating Norman at throwing the hammer Gow agrees, providing that Eachin and he meet in single fight after the clan combat. Douglas and Albany have an uneasy conversation. Ch. 11 (34): The combat takes place, and at the end Eachin flees the field as the sole survivor of Clan Quhele. Ch. 12 (35): Albany defends himself against Robert's accusation that he was responsible for murdering Rothsay. Ch. 13 (36): Under the Duchess of Rothsay's protection at Campsie, Catherine encounters the fugitive Eachin who throws himself into the Tay. Within four months she and Gow are married. Reception Almost all the reviewers rated The Fair Maid of Perth extremely highly. There was general praise for the varied cast of contrasting characters, all contributing to a coherent and gripping plot. Dwining was found particularly powerful, and several reviewers thought Catherine more interesting than many of Scott's heroines. The original and sensitive handling of Conachar's cowardice was sometimes singled out for praise, and the final combat between the clans was judged outstanding. Departures from historical fact Walter Scott does not specify the year of the events depicted: a deliberate vagueness. The novel begins on 13 February, a day before Valentine's Day, and events continue to Palm Sunday. In the novel, the Battle of the North Inch and the death of David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, take place within those few months. Implied to be followed in short order are first the capture of James, younger son of the king, and then the death of Robert III. Actually, the events depicted took place in different years. The battle took place in September 1396. The murder of Rothesay occurred in March 1402. James was captured by the English in March 1406. Robert III died in April 1406. Scott manipulates the historic record for dramatic effect, concentrating events of a full decade in the span of six weeks. The Earl of Douglas depicted in the novel is Archibald the Grim, who actually died in 1400 and was not involved in the death of Rothesay. Scott assigns to him the role played by Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, his son and heir. Adaptations La jolie fille de Perth is an opera in four acts by Georges Bizet (1838–1875), from a libretto by Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges and Jules Adenis, after the novel by Sir Walter Scott. It was first performed in 1867. Two silent films were made, the first a feature film The Fair Maid of Perth made in 1923 adaption by Eliot Stannard, and the second a short film directed by Miles Mander in the Phonofilm process in 1926, and starring Louise Maurel. Other Literary Inspirations Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem The Fair Maid of Perth is a poetical illustration based on an engraving of the painting of that name by A. Chisholm in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap book, 1839. References External links Page on The Fair Maid of Perth at the Walter Scott Digital Archive 1828 British novels Novels by Walter Scott Historical novels Novels set in Scotland British novels adapted into films Female characters in literature Literary characters introduced in 1828 Waverley Novels
5381759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwate-Ichinohe%20Tunnel	Iwate-Ichinohe Tunnel	The is a 25.81 km terrestrial railway tunnel in Japan — part of the Tōhoku Shinkansen, linking Tokyo with Aomori. When opened in 2002 it was the longest in-use terrestrial (land based) tunnel in world, but the title was overtaken by the Lötschberg Base Tunnel in June 2007. The tunnel is located 545 km away from Tokyo Station on the Tōhoku Shinkansen line, midway between Morioka and Hachinohe. Surveying commenced in 1988. In 1991 construction began, and the tunnel holed through in 2000. The tunnel became operational when the railway line opened in 2002. Maximum depth is about 200 m. Geography and geology The tunnel passes through hilly terrain near the Kitakami and Ōu Mountains. The Mabuchi and Kitakami rivers run near the tunnel's Tokyo portal. Geology along the tunnel route can be divided into three sections: 17 km from the Tokyo end: Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata (argillite, granodiorite, hornfels and chert) 5 km central section: Neogene volcanic tuff, which was susceptible to swelling and caused engineering difficulties. 4 km from the Aomori end: a combination of the previous two sections, as well as mudstone and andesite of the Neogene period. Faults cross the path of the tunnel. Engineering The tunnel is a single bore twin track design. A horseshoe shape, the cross-sectional dimensions are: 9.8 (width) x 7.7 m (height) (an excavated area of approximately 70 to 85 m²). It rises at a gradient of 0.5% from the Tokyo portal for approximately 22 km, then drops at a gradient of 1% down to the Aomori portal. The New Austrian Tunnelling method (NATM) was adopted to cope with the geology. NATM techniques deployed included rock bolts, shotcrete and steel supports. Excavation methods were dependent on the geology, drill and blast or mechanical excavation and full face or bench cut methods were used. To speed up and reduce the costs of construction the tunnel was divided into seven sections, with intermediate access ramps or inclined shafts. References Railway tunnels in Japan Tōhoku Shinkansen Tunnels completed in 2002 2002 establishments in Japan
5381761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20of%20Geierstein	Anne of Geierstein	Anne of Geierstein, or The Maiden of the Mist (1829) is one of the Waverley novels by Sir Walter Scott. It is set in Central Europe, mainly in Switzerland, shortly after the Yorkist victory at the Battle of Tewkesbury (1471). It covers the period of Swiss involvement in the Burgundian Wars, the main action ending with the Burgundian defeat at the Battle of Nancy at the beginning of 1477. Composition and sources In May 1823, when Scott had just finished Quentin Durward he expressed his intention to 'try in a continuation' the deaths of Charles of Burgundy & Louis XI. Five years later he began Anne of Geierstein, which ends with Charles's death at the battle of Nancy and Louis in the background picking up the territorial spoils. The novel was written between September 1828 and April 1829. Scott was able to draw on his historical sources for Quentin Durward, notably the Mémoires of Philippe de Comines. He also made use of modern studies of Switzerland, Provence, and the Secret Tribunal, of the recently published history of the Dukes of Burgundy by Barante, and of manuscript material deriving from continental journeys by his friend James Skene of Rubislaw. For Margaret of Anjou and King René, Scott largely follows the Elizabethan Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Editions The first edition was published in three volumes in Edinburgh by Cadell and Co. on 20 May 1829, and in London by Simpkin and Marshall on the 25th. The print run was probably 8000 or 8500 and the price was one and a half guineas (£1 11s 6d or £1.57½). Scott revised the text, concentrating on the earlier part of the novel, and provided it with an introduction and notes for the 'Magnum' edition where it appeared as Volumes 44 and 45 in January and February 1833, after his death. The standard modern critical edition, by J. H. Alexander, was published as Volume 22 of the Edinburgh Edition of the Waverley Novels in 2000: this is based on the first edition; the 'Magnum' material appears in Volume 25b. Plot introduction Two exiled Lancastrians are on a secret mission to the court of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, hoping to gain his help in regaining the English crown from the Yorkist Edward IV. The two Englishmen get into difficulties in the Swiss mountains. They meet Countess Anne and her family, who are involved in the politics of the newly independent Swiss Confederation and plan to confront Charles with complaints about his conduct towards the Swiss nation. The two groups decide to travel together. Anne may have inherited magical skills from her grandmother, enabling her to perform feats which defy explanation. The travellers also encounter a shadowy organization known as the Vehmgericht or Secret Tribunal. Plot summary As the merchant John Philipson and his son Arthur were travelling towards Basel they were overtaken by a storm, and found themselves at the edge of a precipice caused by a recent earthquake. Arthur was making his way towards a tower indicated by their guide Antonio, when he was rescued from imminent danger by Anne, who conducted him to her uncle Biederman's mountain home. His father had already been brought there to safety by Biederman and his sons. During their evening games Rudolph, who had joined in them, became jealous of the young Englishman's skill with the bow, and challenged him; but they were overheard by Anne, and the duel was interrupted. The travellers were invited to continue their journey in company with a deputation of Switzers, commissioned to remonstrate with Charles the Bold respecting the exactions of Hagenbach; and the magistrates of Basel having declined to let them enter the city, they took shelter in the ruins of a castle. During his share in the night watches, Arthur fancied that he saw an apparition of Anne, and was encouraged in his belief by Rudolph, who narrated her family history, which implied that her ancestors had dealings with supernatural beings. Hoping to prevent a conflict on his account between the Swiss and the duke's steward, the merchant arranged that he and his son should precede them; but on reaching the Burgundian citadel they were imprisoned by the governor in separate dungeons. Arthur, however, was released by Anne with the assistance of a priest, and his father by Biederman, a body of Swiss youths having entered the town and incited the citizens to execute Hagenbach, just as he was intending to slaughter the deputation, whom he had treacherously admitted. A valuable necklace which had been taken from the merchant was restored to him by Sigismund, and the deputies having decided to persist in seeking an interview with the duke, the Englishman undertook to represent their cause favourably to him. On their way to Charles's headquarters father and son were overtaken by Anne disguised as a lady of rank, and, acting on her whispered advice to Arthur, they continued their journey by different roads. The elder fell in with a mysterious priest who provided him with a guide to the "Golden Fleece," where he was lowered from his bedroom to appear before a meeting of the Vehmic court or holy tribunal, and warned against speaking of their secret powers. The younger was met and conducted by Annette to a castle, where he spent the evening with his lady-love, and travelled with her the next day to rejoin his father at Strassburg. In the cathedral there they met Margaret of Anjou, who recognised Philipson as John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, a faithful adherent of the house of Lancaster, and planned with him an appeal to the duke for aid against the Yorkists. On reaching Charles's camp the earl was welcomed as an old companion in arms, and obtained a promise of the help he sought, on condition that Provence be ceded to Burgundy. Arthur was despatched to Aix-en-Provence to urge Margaret to persuade her father accordingly, while the earl accompanied his host to an interview with his burghers and the Swiss deputies. King René of Anjou's preference for the society of troubadours and frivolous amusements had driven his daughter to take refuge in a convent. On hearing from Arthur, however, the result of the earl's mission to the duke, she returned to the palace, and had induced her father to sign away his kingdom, when his grandson Ferrand arrived with the news of the rout of the Burgundian army at Neuchâtel, and Arthur learned from his squire, Sigismund, that he had not seen Anne's spectre but herself during his night-watch, and that the priest he had met more than once was her father, the Count Albert of Geierstein. The same evening Queen Margaret died in her chair of state; and all the earl's prospects for England being thwarted, he occupied himself in arranging a treaty between her father and the King of France. He was still in Provence when he was summoned to rouse the duke from a fit of melancholy, caused by the Swiss having again defeated him. After raising fresh troops, Charles decided to wrest Nancy from the young Duke of Lorraine, and during the siege Arthur received another challenge from Rudolph. The rivals met, and, having killed the Bernese, the young Englishman obtained Count Albert's consent to his marriage with Anne, with strict injunctions to warn the duke that the Secret Tribunal had decreed his death. On the same night, the Swiss won their decisive victory at Nancy, establishing their independence. Charles was slain in the battle, his naked and disfigured body only discovered some days afterward frozen into the nearby river. His face had been so badly mutilated by wild animals that his physician was only able to identify him by his long fingernails and the old battle scars on his body. Being still an exile, the earl accepted the patriot Biederman's invitation to reside with his countess at Geierstein, until the battle of Bosworth placed Henry VII on the throne, when Arthur and his wife attracted as much admiration at the English Court as they had gained among their Swiss neighbours. Characters Principal characters in bold John Philipson, an English merchant, afterwards John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford Arthur, his son Antonio, their young Swiss guide Arnold Biederman, a magistrate of Unterwalden His three oldest sons: Rudiger, Ernest, and Sigismond Anne of Geierstein, his niece Count Albert of Geierstein, Anne's father (appearing as the Black Priest of Saint Paul's etc.) Ital Schrekenwald, Albert's steward Rudolph Donnerhugel, a Bernese gallant Swiss deputies: Nicholas Bonstetten (Schwyz), Melchoir Sturmthal (Berne), and Adam Zimmerman (Soleure) Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy Lord of Contay, his councillor Archibald Hagenbach, Governor of La Ferette Kilian, his steward Francis Steinernherz, executioner at La Ferette Dannischemend, a Persian sage Hermione, his daughter Brother Bartholomew, apparently a palmer John Mengs, landlord of the 'Golden Fleece' Margaret of Anjou, widow of Henry VI King René of Provence, her father Ferrand de Vaudemont, Duke of Lorraine, his grandson (appearing as the Blue Cavalier) Thiebault, a Provençal Count Campo Basso, commander of Italian mercenaries Colvin, a Burgundian cannoneer Chapter summary Volume One Ch. 1: John Philipson and his son Arthur, passing as merchants, and their Swiss guide lose their way in the mountains between Lucerne and Basel and are impeded by a landslip, but they catch sight of the castle of Geierstein. Ch. 2: Arthur attempts to reach the castle but gets into difficulties and is helped to safety by Anne. Ch. 3: Arthur and his father are reunited at Geierstein, where Anne's uncle Arnold Biederman welcomes them. Rudolph Donnerhugel brings a request for Arnold to join a Bernese delegation to the Duke of Burgundy seeking redress for attacks on Swiss commercial activities, and Philipson arranges to travel with them. Ch. 4: Arthur wins an archery competition, prompting Rudolph to challenge him to a duel. Ch. 5: Arnold tells Philipson how, unimpressed by the prestige of rank, he had agreed that his younger brother Albert should succeed as Count of Geierstein, and how after entrusting his daughter Anne to him for upwards of seven years Albert has now asked for her return. Ch. 6: The duel between Arthur and Rudolph is interrupted by Arnold, alerted by Anne. Ch. 7: The deputation assembles at Geierstein and makes its way to Basel. Ch. 8: The deputation is refused entry to Basel for fear of Burgundian reprisals, but it is accommodated at a neighbouring pleasure-house. Ch. 9: Arthur pities Anne when she shows signs of distress; mounting night guard at the pleasure-house he thinks he sees her walking into the forest. Ch. 10: On patrol with Rudolph, Arthur thinks he sees Anne again, and Rudolph says there are strange stories afloat about her before introducing him to his associates, who will intervene if the Philipsons are mistreated by the Burgundian governor Hagenbach at La Ferette. Ch. 11: Donnerhugel's Narrative: Rudolph tells Arthur the story of the supernatural origin of Anne's grandmother, Hermione of Arnheim. Ch. 12: One of Arnold's sons, Sigismond, tells Rudolph and Arthur he has seen Anne returning from the forest. The Philipsons agree to travel separately from the delegation to lessen the danger at La Ferette. Volume Two Ch. 1 (13): Hagenbach and his squire Kilian prepare to plunder the Philipsons, but the influential Black Priest of Saint Paul's refuses to sanction this crime. Ch. 2 (14): Hagenbach takes from Philipson a packet addressed to the Duke of Burgundy which he finds to contain a valuable diamond necklace. He commits the Philipsons to Kilian and the executioner Steinernherz. Ch. 3 (15): Freed from prison by Anne and the Black Priest, Arthur appeals for help to Rudolph and then to Arnold. Ch. 4 (16): The Swiss take La Ferette, and Hagenbach is executed. Sigismond restores to Philipson the necklace, which he has retrieved from Steinernherz. Ch. 5 (17): As the Philipsons pursue their journey Anne (lightly disguised) warns Arthur that they face imminent danger under the guidance of Brother Bartholomew, and they agree to take separate routes. Ch. 6 (18): The Black Priest sends Bartholomew packing and travels on with Philipson. Ch. 7 (19): Philipson arranges to stay the night at a village inn recommend by the Black Priest, whose entry puts a sudden stop to the revelry of the guests. Ch. 8 (20): At an underground meeting of the Secret Tribunal, Philipson is charged with having defamed it, but is acquitted on his appeal to the presiding Judge (the Black Priest). Ch. 9 (21): [the narrative retrogrades] Annette Veilchen, Anne's attendant, conducts Arthur to Arnheim castle, where she presses his claims on her mistress. Ch. 10 (22): In discussion Anne clears up the mysteries of her birth and conduct, and Arthur informs her of his noble status and current mission. Volume Three Ch. 1 (23): Warned by Albert's steward Schreckenwald that his soldiers have mutinied, Anne and Arthur leave for Strasburg where they split up. Ch. 2 (24): Reunited, the Philipsons (revealed to be the Earl of Oxford and his son) encounter Margaret of Anjou in Strasburg Cathedral, where they agree to put to Charles of Burgundy her proposal to persuade her father King René to cede Provence to the Duke in return for his support for the Lancastrian cause. Ch. 3 (25): At the Burgundian camp outside Dijon, Oxford secures Charles's agreement to Margaret's proposal, though René will also be required to disown his grandson Ferrand de Vaudemont. But first, Charles says, he will put down the Swiss, prompting Philipson to plead for their delegation's lives. Ch. 4 (26): Charles reluctantly tells Oxford that he will hear the Swiss delegates. Ch. 5 (27): Arthur leaves for Provence to convey the proposed agreement to René. After Charles's entry into Dijon, the Estates reject his demand for new taxation to fund his military schemes. Ch. 6 (28): Charles rejects the Swiss overture and receives news of a treaty between Edward IV of England and Louis XI of France. Ch. 7 (29): As they journey to Provence, Arthur's guide Thiebault provides information about the troubadours and King René. Ch. 8 (30): After an encounter at Aix with René, by whom he is unimpressed, Arthur climbs to the monastery of Sainte Victoire to meet Margaret, who is now uncertain about her earlier proposal. Ch. 9 (31): The next morning Margaret resolves to proceed with her proposal, and after three days spent in penitential exercise returns to Aix, telling Arthur that an unreliable Carmelite monk, who had mistakenly been entrusted with details of the proposed cession, had left the monastery without notice. Ch. 10 (32): René abdicates, but refuses to disown Ferrand, who arrives with news of the defeat of the Burgundians at Granson. Sigismond gives Arthur an account of the battle and reveals that the Black Priest and the Carmelite were both Albert in disguise. Margaret tells Arthur she is giving up and expires. Ch. 11 (33): After Margaret's funeral, Oxford helps to arrange the transfer of Provence to Louis. Ch. 12 (34): The Burgundian cannoneer Colvin gives Oxford and his son an account of a second Burgundian defeat, at Murten, and of Charles's subsequent depression. They go to La Riviere, where Oxford revives the Duke's spirits. Ch. 13 (35): The Burgundian forces arrive at Nancy, where Arthur kills Rudolph in single combat and is promised Anne's hand by Albert. Ch. 14 (36): Fleeing from the victorious Swiss forces, Oxford and his son come across the corpses of Charles, Albert, and Schreckenwald. Sigismond takes the two of them into safe custody. Anne and Arthur are married and live near Geierstein until Arnold's death in 1482. Oxford and his son then re-enter the political arena and play a prominent part in the defeat of the last Yorkist king Richard III at Bosworth in 1485, using the necklace bequeathed to them by Margaret for funds to levy troops. Reception Anne of Geierstein met with an exceptionally favourable reception from its reviewers. Most of them were happy to detect no signs of declining powers, or of exhaustion in subject matter. The opening Alpine description attracted almost universal praise (The Westminster Review was alone in finding it exaggerated and improbable), as did the variety of incident throughout. Of the characters Arnold Biederman and Charles of Burgundy were considered particularly striking. Dissentient voices or comments found the relationship between history and plot unbalanced, 'not a novel but an ancient chronicle, with a love story worked in upon it' as The Examiner put it. The same critic joined two other unfavourably disposed colleagues in The Athenaeum and The Edinburgh Literary Gazette in judging most of the characters weak. Anne of Geierstein and opals In 1913, an American writer commented: There is in fact little evidence that the superstition was common before the 1850s. A popular gift book of the 1840s was entitled The Opal, which would seem an unlikely title if the notion of the opal's unluckiness were well established. In 1875, less than fifty years after the publication of Scott's novel, Sir Henry Ponsonby felt compelled to write to Notes and Queries to ask for the foundation of the superstition, and received several different answers, none of which mention Anne of Geierstein. A brief assertion of such a connection is made by Sir John Piggot in an earlier issue, but it is hedged with a quotation from the gemmologist Charles Barbot (who ascribes it to the influence of Robert le Diable) and the scholars responding to Queen Victoria's secretary do not refer to it. Adaptations Between 1942 and 1944 the story was adapted into a newspaper comic strip by Rodolphe and Odette Vincent. Notes External links Page on Anne of Geierstein at the Walter Scott Digital Archive E-text at Arthur Wendover 1829 British novels Novels by Walter Scott Novels set in the 1470s Historical novels Novels set in Switzerland Novels adapted into comics Cultural depictions of Charles the Bold Female characters in literature Waverley Novels
5381765	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lay%20of%20the%20Last%20Minstrel	The Lay of the Last Minstrel	The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805) is a narrative poem in six cantos with copious antiquarian notes by Walter Scott. Set in the Scottish Borders in the mid-16th century, it is represented within the work as being sung by a minstrel late in the 1600s. Background Towards the end of 1802 Scott planned to include a long original poem of his own in the second edition of his edited collection Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border: it would be 'a sort of Romance of Border Chivalry & inchantment'. He owed the distinctive irregular accentual four-beat metre to Coleridge's Christabel, which he had heard recited by John Stoddart (it was not to be published until 1816). Scott tells how he showed the opening stanzas to his friends William Erskine and George Cranstoun, and believing that they had not approved, destroyed the manuscript. Some time later one of the friends indicated that they had been puzzled rather than disapproving and Scott proceeded, introducing the figure of the minstrel as intermediary between the period of the action and the present. The first canto was written while Scott was recovering from being kicked by a horse during a practice charge on Portobello sands. The figure of Gilpin Horner was included at the suggestion of the Countess of Dalkeith, though it is not certain at what stage. The third canto at least was finished by July 1803, and the whole poem was complete by August 1804. Editions The Lay of the Last Minstrel was published in Edinburgh by Archibald Constable and Co. on 12 January 1805, and by Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme in London on the 24th. The price was £1 5s (£1.25) and the print-run 750. A second edition of 1500 copies appeared in October and further editions individual and collected followed until 1830 when Scott provided a substantial new Introduction. In August and November 1806 he had made substantial additions for the fourth and fifth editions. A critical edition will appear as Volume 1 of The Edinburgh Edition of Walter Scott's Poetry to be published by Edinburgh University Press. Preface "The Poem, now offered to the Public, is intended to illustrate the customs and manners which anciently prevailed on the Borders of England and Scotland. ...As the description of scenery and manners was more the object of the Author than a combined and regular narrative, the plan of the Ancient Metrical Romance was adopted, which allows greater latitude, in this respect, than would be consistent with the dignity of a regular Poem. ...For these reasons, the Poem was put into the mouth of an ancient Minstrel, the last of the race, who, as he is supposed to have survived the Revolution, might have caught somewhat of the refinement of modern poetry, without losing the simplicity of his original model. The date of the Tale itself is about the middle of the sixteenth century, when most of the personages actually flourished. The time occupied by the action is Three Nights and Three Days." Plot An aging minstrel seeks hospitality at Newark Castle and in recompense tells his hostess, Duchess of Buccleuch and her ladies a tale of a sixteenth-century Border feud. In the poem, Lady Margaret Scott of Buccleuch, the "Flower of Teviot" is beloved by Baron Henry of Cranstoun an ally of the Ker Clan, but a deadly feud exists between the two border clans of Scott and Carr/Ker, which has resulted in the recent murder of Lady Margaret's father, Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch by the Kers on the High Street in Edinburgh. Margaret's widowed mother hates the Ker clan as a result, and is adamant in refusing her consent to any suggestion of marriage between the lovers until Henry's brave conduct results in the restoration of her young son from captivity and induces her to change her mind. The poem is concerned with loyalty to one’s homeland, but also with the manner in which the poet draws his art from his connection to his country and traditions. Canto summary Introduction: At the end of the 17th century a destitute minstrel is offered hospitality by the Duchess of Buccleuch at Newark Tower and sings the following lay: Canto 1: Lady Scott of Branksome, widow of Sir Walter Scott, dispatches the moss-trooper William of Deloraine to fetch a scroll or book from a tomb in Melrose Abbey. Canto 2: Deloraine retrieves a mighty book from Michael Scott's tomb with the help of the monk who had buried it. Back at Branksome the Lady's daughter Margaret slips out at dawn to meet her beloved Henry of Cranstoun, with whose clan the Scotts are at feud. They part when Henry's goblin page Gilpin Horner warns of approaching danger. Canto 3: Attacked by the returning Deloraine, Henry wounds him and asks Horner (who has taken possession of the magic book) to escort him to the castle for attention. Horner entices the Lady's young son into the woods before abandoning him: the boy is taken captive by Lord Dacre's men. The Lady tends Deloraine, and a lighted beacon warns of the approach of hostile forces. Canto 4: The English forces under Dacre and Howard, arrive at Branksome with young Buccleuch. They demand that Deloraine be handed over to them to suffer for Border treason and agree with the Lady that her son's fate should be determined by single combat between Deloraine and his enemy Richard Musgrave. Canto 5: A large Scottish force arrives and the two armies observe a truce in anticipation of the combat. Horner causes Henry to resemble a Scottish knight to facilitate a meeting with Margaret. Musgrave is killed in the combat, but it turns out that Henry has taken Deloraine's place. The Lady withdraws her opposition to the marriage of Henry and Margaret. Deloraine nobly laments Musgrave's death. Canto 6: During the celebration of the marriage Horner creates mischief. Three minstrels entertain the company: Albert Græme from the Debateable Land sings of love fatally frustrated by national rivalry; the English Fitztraver recalls the fate of the Earl of Surrey, lover of Geraldine, at the hands of Henry VIII; and Harold from Orkney laments the loss at sea of lovely Rosabelle. Michael Scott reclaims Horner with apocalyptic fury, and the humbled company turn to penitence and prayers for the departed. Reception The critical reception of The Lay was almost entirely positive. Most of the reviewers praised Scott's choice of a picturesque subject and his authentic portrayal of 16th-century Border society. The minstrel's own interludes attracted favourable comment. Cultural allusions The lines that begin the final canto, "Breathes there the man, with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said, / This is my own, my native land!", are cited in Edward Everett Hale's story "The Man Without a Country" (1863). The title of the concert overture The Land of the Mountain and the Flood (1867) by Hamish MacCunn is also taken from Canto 6 (stanza 2). Lord Peter Wimsey refers to the goblin page in Canto 6 ('The elvish page fell to the ground, And, shuddering, mutter’d, “Found! found! found!”') in Chapter III of Dorothy L.Sayers's Clouds of Witness (1926). References External links The Lay of the Last Minstrel in The Poetical Works of Sir Walter Scott (1843), p. 1 (the famous Sixth Canto begins on p.78) Poetry by Walter Scott 1805 poems
5381772	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Balch	Thomas Balch	Thomas Balch (Leesburg, Virginia, July 23, 1821 — Philadelphia, March 29, 1877) was an American historian, best known for his work on the American Revolutionary War, originally written in French and later translated into English as The French in America during the War of Independence of the United States, 1777-1783. He was married to Emily Swift Balch (1832-1917) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Balch was a member of the Acorn Club of Philadelphia, and the Colonial Dames of America. Thomas Balch has been called the "father of international arbitration" for his work in popularizing this peaceful mechanism of international dispute resolution (see Thomas Balch Library). Thomas Balch died March 29, 1877 in Philadelphia, and was buried at the Old Trinity Church. Thomas Balch Library In 1922, a library was constructed in Leesburg, Virginia as a memorial to Thomas Balch, a Leesburg native, and was named "The Thomas Balch Library." Thomas Willing Balch (1866-1927) and Edwin Swift Balch (1856-1927), sons of Thomas Balch, originally endowed the subscription library. Bibliography Balch, Thomas, and Thomas Willing Balch. International Courts of Arbitration. Philadelphia: Allen, Lane and Scott, 1915. Balch, Thomas, Thomas Willing Balch, Edwin Swift Balch, and Elise Willing Balch. The French in America During the War of Independence of the United States, 1777-1783. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1891. Balch, Thomas. Les Français en Amérique pendant la guerre de l'indépendance des États-Unis 1777-1783. This file was produced from images generously made available by gallica (Bibliothèque Nationale de France) at: http://gallica.bnf.fr. Balch, Thomas, and Daniel McCurtin. Papers Relating Chiefly to the Maryland Line During the Revolution. Philadelphia: Seventy-Six Society, 1857. Balch, Thomas, and Edward Shippen. Letters and Papers Relating Chiefly to the Provincial History of Pennsylvania: With Some Notices of the Writers. Philadelphia: Crissy and Markley, Printers, 1855. Balch, Thomas, and Thomas Willing Balch. Free Coinage and a Self-Adjusting Ratio; A Paper Read Before the Philadelphia Social Science Association, February 23, 1877. Philadelphia: Press of Allen, Lane and Scott, 1908. Balch, Thomas. Calvinism and American Independence. Richmond, Va: s.n, 1876. Balch, Thomas. 1877. "Dr. William Shippen, the Elder". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 24: 212-216. Balch, Thomas. The Alabama Arbitration. Philadelphia: Allen. Lanes Scott, 1900. Thomas Balch Library. The Thomas Balch Chronicle. Leesburg, VA: Thomas Balch Library, 1996. References External links and at Gallica The Balch Family Papers, including correspondence and writings to and from Thomas Balch, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 1821 births 1877 deaths 19th-century American historians 19th-century American male writers People from Leesburg, Virginia American male non-fiction writers Historians from Virginia
5381773	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir%20of%20Hermiston	Weir of Hermiston	Weir of Hermiston (1896) is an unfinished novel by Robert Louis Stevenson. It is markedly different from his previous works in style and has often been praised as a potential masterpiece. It was cut short by Stevenson's sudden death in 1894 from a cerebral haemorrhage. The novel is set at the time of the Napoleonic Wars. Plot summary The novel tells the story of Archie Weir, a youth born into an upper-class Edinburgh family. Because of his Romantic sensibilities and sensitivity, Archie is estranged from his father, who is depicted as the coarse and cruel judge of a criminal court. By mutual consent, Archie is banished from his family of origin and sent to live as the local laird on a family property in the vicinity of the Borders hamlet Hermiston. While serving as the laird, Archie meets and falls in love with Kirstie (Christina). As the two are deepening their relationship, the book breaks off. Confusingly, there are two characters in the novel called Christina, the younger of whom is Archie's sweetheart. Sequel According to Sir Sidney Colvin, quoting Stevenson's stepdaughter, Stevenson intended the story to continue with the seduction of (young) Kirstie by Archie's dissolute friend Frank Innes. Kirstie's four brothers believe that Archie is the culprit and vow revenge on him. However, Archie has meanwhile confronted Frank and killed him, and is arrested for murder. He is tried for his life before his father (this is legally implausible as Weir Snr. could have excused himself from presiding) and condemned to death. But the older Kirstie discovers the truth and tells the brothers, who break the jail and release Archie. Archie and his beloved Kirstie flee to America, presumably to live happily ever after. This summary has much in common with the plot of Bulwer-Lytton's novel Paul Clifford (1830). BBC adaptations The BBC made a 4-part television series of the story in 1973, starring Tom Fleming and Edith MacArthur. A radio play in 1992, dramatised by Robert Forrest and starring Forbes Masson. A 2-part BBC Radio 4 adaptation in 2020 starring Jack Lowden and Phyllis Logan. Cultural allusions The 1969 Jack Bruce song "Weird of Hermiston" gets its name from the book, although the lyrics make no reference to the story. In the movie version of Fahrenheit 451, one of the characters has memorized the book, and is teaching it to his nephew before he dies. The Robert Louis Stevenson website maintains a complete list of derivative works. The city of Hermiston, Oregon takes its name from the book. The FX television show Archer makes humorous reference to the book in Season 9, Episode 5: "Danger Island: Strange Doings in the Taboo Groves." Notes External links 1896 British novels 19th century in Scotland Novels by Robert Louis Stevenson Unfinished novels Scottish novels Novels set in Edinburgh Chatto & Windus books British novels adapted into television shows Novels adapted into radio programs Novels published posthumously
5381778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation%20of%20European%20Film%20Directors	Federation of European Film Directors	La Fédération Européenne des Réalisateurs de l'Audiovisuel (FERA) (Federation of European FIlm Directors in English) represents the interests of film and television directors in the European motion picture industry. FERA speaks on behalf of professional film and television directors at the European level on issues of major importance in the creation and promotion of audiovisual works. The director is the creative decision maker in a process of artistic collaboration and takes final responsibility for the aesthetic cohesion and artistic integrity of the work. FERA is committed to safeguarding the craft, artistry and the creative and economic rights of the director as essential components to the diversity of audiovisual culture in Europe and beyond. FERA is based in Brussels, Belgium and celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2020. FERA
5381783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertsey%20railway%20station	Chertsey railway station	Chertsey railway station serves the town of Chertsey in the Runnymede District of Surrey, England. It is on the Chertsey Loop Line and is operated by South Western Railway. The first station was opened by the London and South Western Railway, with the initial section of the Chertsey branch line, in 1848. The existing building, now a Grade II listed building, was opened on 1 October 1866. It comprises Up and Down platforms having brick buildings: the main building being on the Down side. There is a level crossing here. The platforms can hold ten carriage trains. Local mythology ascribes the design of the existing station building to William Tite but, in fact, he had stopped all architectural work about 13 years previously. Historic England says, on this subject, "design thought to have been derived from earlier prototypes by Sir William Tite for L.S.W.R." citing, as its source, the book Victorian Stations: Railway Stations in England and Wales, 1836-1923 by Gordon Biddle 1973. Original Station Whereas the current station is about 40m to the north west of Guildford Street, the original 1848 station was on the other side of Guildford Street to the south east. At the time it opened and for 18 years thereafter, the line terminated at Guildford Street and the branch line ran only in a south easterly direction to Weybridge railway station. It was only with opening of the current station in 1866 that the line was completed north westwards to Virginia Water railway station in order to allow travel onward to Egham railway station and Reading railway station. The original station building was on the north eastern side of the tracks. Plans showing the layout of both stations are available for viewing, by prior arrangement, in the research section of Chertsey Museum. An 1848 plan shows the original station at the time it was built. Plans from 1870-1880 show the current station with new buildings springing up around it but still using the sidings, goods warehouse and engine house on the other side of Guildford Street left over from the original station. Services The off peak, Monday to Saturday service is formed of: 2 trains per hour to via and 2 trains per hour to On Sundays, there is an hourly service to/from calling at the same stations as far as , then & . External links Railway stations in Surrey Former London and South Western Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1866 Railway stations served by South Western Railway 1866 establishments in England
3989932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics	Estonia at the 2006 Winter Olympics	Estonia sent 28 athletes to the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Half of them competed in cross-country skiing, where Estonia won all of their three Turin Olympic medals. Olympic champion Andrus Veerpalu participated on his 5th Winter Olympics. Medalists Alpine skiing Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill. Biathlon Cross-country skiing Distance Men Women Sprint Raul Olle was a reserve for the men's relay team, but did not race in any events at the Games. Figure skating Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program Nordic combined Note: 'Deficit' refers to the amount of time behind the leader a competitor began the cross-country portion of the event. Italicized numbers show the final deficit from the winner's finishing time. Ski jumping The Estonian Delegation The Estonian Olympic Committee sent 28 athletes and 30 representatives to those games. Representatives NOC representatives were president Mart Siimann and secretary Toomas Tõnise. Estonian team representatives were delegation head: Martti Raju, press attaché Sven Sommer, Kristjan Oja in biathlon, Tiit Pekk in cross-country skiing and Gunnar Kuura in figure skating. Team coaches Kenneth Ellis – alpine skiing, Raini Pohlak and Hillar Zahkna – biathlon, Mati Alaver and Anatoli Šmigun – cross country skiing, Anna Levandi and Ardo Rennik – figure skating, Toomas Nurmsalu – Nordic combined, Hillar Hein – ski jumping. Biathlon team: Egert Ispert and Tiit Orlovski biathlon service team, Margo Ool – biathlon massage therapist. Cross-country skiing team: medical doctors and therapists (Tarvo Kiudma, Mihkel Mardna, Lauri Rannama, Meelis Albert) and service team (Margo Pulles, Peep Koidu, Kristjan-Thor Vähi, Are Mets, Magne Myrmo, Eero Bergman, Michael Hasler, Urmas Välbe, Oleg Ragilo, Raul Seema, Assar Jõepera). VIP guests Arnold Rüütel – the President of the Republic of Estonia, Andrus Ansip – the Prime Minister of Estonia, Raivo Palmaru – the Minister of Culture, Urmas Paet – the Foreign Minister. Judges Kalju Valgus in biathlon. Press Gunnar Press, Jaan Martinson, Tarmo Paju, Mati Hiis (SL Õhtuleht), Andrus Nilk, Risto Berendsen, Tiit Lääne, Marko Mumm (Eesti Päevaleht), Veiko Visnapuu, Deivil Tserp, Priit Pullerits, Raigo Pajula (Postimees), Raul Ranne (Eesti Ekspress), Enn Hallik (Pärnu Postimees), Sulev Oll (Maaleht), Marko Kaljuveer, Lembitu Kuuse, Ivar Jurtšenko, Helar Osila, Anu Säärits, Tauno Peit, Teet Konksi, Valeri Tiivas (Eesti Televisioon), Tiit Karuks, Tarmo Tiisler, Erik Lillo, Hanno Tomber (Eesti Raadio), Margus Uba (European Broadcasting Union). Estonian team at the opening ceremony Flag bearer: Eveli Saue (biathlon) Athletes: Eveli Saue – biathlon and Tiiu Nurmberg – alpine skiing Representatives: Hillar Zahkna, Raini Pohlak, Egert Ispert, Margo Ool, Gunnar Kuura, Ardo Rennik, Kenneth Ellis, Mart Siimann, Toomas Tõnise and Sven Sommer. Estonian 2006 Olympic Books Indrek Schwede – XX taliolümpiamängud. Torino 2006. Tallinn, Inreko Press, 2006.() Gunnar Press – Torino 2006. XX taliolümpiamängud. Tallinn, Ajakirjade Kirjastus, EOK, Postimees, SL Õhtuleht, 2006 References External links EOK – Torino 2006 Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics 2006 Winter Olympics
5381810	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Oklahoma%20State%20University%20Olympians	List of Oklahoma State University Olympians	Since the 1924 Olympics, 68 Oklahoma State University Olympians have won a total of 30 medals, 21 gold, 4 silver, and 5 bronze. Oklahoma State University has been represented in every Olympics that the United States has competed in since 1924. 1924 - Paris Guy Lookabaugh - wrestled at 158.5 and received 4th place Orion Stuteville - wrestling participant 1928 - Amsterdam Clarence Berryman - wrestled at 145 and received 6th place George Rule - wrestling participant Charles Strack - wrestling participant Earl McCready - wrestling participant for Team Canada at Heavyweight 1932 - Los Angeles Bobby Pearce - won gold medal at 123 in wrestling Jack VanBebber - won gold medal at 158.5 in wrestling Melvin Clodfelter - wrestling participant at 145 Conrald Caldwell - wrestling participant 1936 - Berlin Frank Lewis - won gold medal at 158.5 in wrestling Ross Flood - won silver medal at 123 in wrestling Roy Dunn - wrestling participant at Heavyweight Fred Parkey - wrestling participant Harley Strong - wrestling participant at 145 George Chiga - wrestling participant for Team Canada at Heavyweight Edward Clark Gallagher - honorary coach Clarence Gallagher - trainer 1948 - London Bob Kurland - won gold medal as member of USA Basketball Team Jesse Renick - won gold medal as member of USA Basketball Team Hal Moore - wrestled at 136.5 and received 6th place William Jernigan - wrestling participant at 114.5 Richard Hutton - wrestling participant at Heavyweight Art Griffith - coached the USA Wrestling Team Cliff Keen - manager for USA Wrestling Team 1952 - Helsinki Bob Kurland - won gold medal as a member of USA Basketball Team J.W. Mashburn - participated in track and field Raymond Swartz - coached the USA Wrestling Team Buel Patterson - manager for USA Wrestling Team 1956 - Melbourne J.W. Mashburn - won gold medal in the 1600 meter relay Myron Roderick - wrestled at 136.5 and received 4th place Dick Beattie - wrestling participant at 160.5 Dr. James Graham - track and field team (pole vault) 1960 - Rome Doug Blubaugh - won gold medal in wrestling at 160.5 Shelby Wilson - won gold medal in wrestling at 147.5 1964 - Tokyo Yojiro Uetake - won gold medal in wrestling at 125.5 Bobby Douglas - wrestled at 138.5 and received 4th place Henry Iba - coached the USA Basketball Team Rex Perry - coached the USA Wrestling Team Myron Roderick - assistant coach for the USA Wrestling Team Fendley Collins - manager for the USA Wrestling Team 1968 - Mexico City Yojiro Uetake - won gold medal in wrestling at 125.5 James King - won gold medal as member of USA Basketball Team Bobby Douglas - wrestling participant at 138.5 Henry Iba - coached the USA Basketball Team Dr. Donald Cooper - physician for the USA Basketball Team Tom Von Ruden - 1,500m, finished ninth 1972 - Munich Gene Davis - wrestling participant at 136.5 J. Robinson - Greco-Roman wrestling participant at 180.5 Harry Geris - wrestled for Team Canada at Heavyweight Henry Iba - coached the USA Basketball Team 1976 - Montreal Gene Davis - won bronze medal in wrestling at 136.5 Jimmy Jackson - wrestling participant at Heavyweight Harry Geris - wrestled for Team Canada at Heavyweight Chris McCubbins - participated for Team Canada in track and field 1984 - Los Angeles Gary Green - won gold medal as member of USA Baseball Team Bruce Baumgartner, grad student and assistant coach - won gold medal in wrestling Lee Roy Smith - wrestling participant at 136.5 Henry Iba - coach of USA Basketball Team Bill McDaniel - doctor for USA Basketball Team 1988 - Seoul John Smith - won gold medal in wrestling at 136.5 Kenny Monday - won gold medal in wrestling at 163 Robin Ventura - won gold medal as member of USA Baseball Team Christine McMiken - participated in track and field for New Zealand Joe Seay - assistant coach for USA Wrestling Team 1992 - Barcelona John Smith - won gold medal in wrestling at 136.5 Kenny Monday - won silver medal in wrestling at 163 Kendall Cross - wrestling participant at 125.5 Lee Roy Smith - coach of the USA Wrestling Team Bobby Douglas - coach of the USA Wrestling Team 1996 - Atlanta Michele Mary Smith - won gold medal as member of USA Softball Team Kendall Cross - won gold medal in wrestling at 125.5 Kenny Monday - wrestled at 163 and received 6th place 2000 - Sydney Michele Mary Smith - won gold medal as member of USA Softball Team John Smith - coach of the USA Wrestling Team 2004 - Athens Daniel Cormier - wrestled Eric Guerrero - wrestled Jamill Kelly - won silver medal in wrestling Mindaugas Pukstas - participated for Lithuania in the marathon 2008 - Beijing Melanie Roche - Won Bronze Medal in Softball competing for Australia Lauren Bay - Competed for Canada in Softball Daniel Cormier - Wrestling Steve Mocco - Advanced to the Quarterfinals in Wrestling 2012 - London Coleman Scott - Won Bronze Medal in Wrestling at 60 kg John Smith - Coached Team USA Wrestling 2016 - Rio de Janeiro Rickie Fowler - Golf References http://okstate.com/sports/2015/3/17/GEN_2014010165.aspx Oklahoma State Oklahoma State University Olympians Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State
5381821	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipps	Lipps	Lipps may refer to: Lipps, Virginia Lipps Island Lipps Inc Lipps is the surname of: Jere H. Lipps Louis Lipps Theodor Lipps
3989939	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia%20Maradoniana	Iglesia Maradoniana	The (; literally Maradonian Church) is a religion, created by fans of the late Argentine football player Diego Maradona, whom they believe to be the best player of all time. The Iglesia was founded on October 30, 1998 (Maradona's 38th birthday) in the city of Rosario, Argentina by three fans (Héctor Campomar, Alejandro Verón and Hernán Amez). It could be seen as a type of syncretism or as a religion, depending on what religious definition one chooses to use. It was said by Alejandro Verón, one of the founders: “I have a rational religion, and that’s Catholic Church, and I have a religion passed on my heart, passion, and that’s Diego Maradona.” Supporters of the Maradonian Church, supposedly from all parts of the world, count the years since Maradona's birth in 1960 with the era designation (). They also use for Maradona since it fuses ("God") and 10, the number on Maradona's jersey. Ten Commandments The "Ten Commandments" of the Iglesia Maradoniana are: The ball is never soiled. Love football above all else. Declare unconditional love for Diego and the beauty of football. Defend the Argentina shirt. Spread the news of Diego's miracles throughout the universe. Honor the temples where he played and his sacred shirts. Don't proclaim Diego as a member of any single team. Preach and spread the principles of the Church of Maradona. Make Diego your middle name Name your first son Diego See also Parody religion References BBC article by Tim Vickery. External links Iglesia Maradoniana Argentine satire Association football supporters' associations Football in Argentina Religion in Argentina Religious parodies and satires Sports fandom Subcultures of religious movements Cultural depictions of Diego Maradona 1998 establishments in Argentina
5381823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow-me-down%20Brook	Blow-me-down Brook	Blow-me-down Brook is a long stream located in western New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound. Blow-me-down Brook begins near the northeast border of the town of Cornish, New Hampshire, below Stowell Hill. It flows west, passing through the village of Cornish Flat, where it is joined by Notch Brook, then flows northwest into the town of Plainfield, where it takes a zig-zag course generally west, reentering Cornish shortly before its end at the Connecticut River. In Plainfield, it passes the villages of Hell Hollow and Mill Village and runs just east of Plainfield's town center. In its lower course in Cornish, the brook passes the village of Squag City and Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site. The Blow-Me-Down Covered Bridge crosses the brook at Squag City. The watershed of Blow-me-down Brook extends to Croydon Mountain (sometimes known as Grantham Mountain and as Spruce Ball by most Cornish residents) in the northwestern corner of the town of Croydon, just east of the town's boundary with Cornish. The brook was dredged from a small dam at the northeastern edge of Cornish Flat to the bridge that crosses State Route 120. This was done sometime before 1945 in order to avoid flooding. See also List of rivers of New Hampshire References Rivers of New Hampshire Tributaries of the Connecticut River Rivers of Sullivan County, New Hampshire
3989943	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cieszyn%20Silesia%20Euroregion	Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion	Euroregion Cieszyn Silesia (, ) is one of the euroregions (transnational co-operation structures) between Poland and Czech Republic. It has area of 1741,34 km² and 658,224 inhabitants as of 2009. The largest cities are Jastrzębie Zdrój from Polish side and Havířov from Czech side. It was established on 22 April 1998. It comprises a large part of the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia: in Poland: 12 municipalities of the Cieszyn County, 2 municipalities of the Bielsko County (Jaworze and Jasienica), 1 municipality in Wodzisław County (Godów) and Jastrzębie Zdrój (however, the last two are not part of Cieszyn Silesia). in the Czech Republic: 16 municipalities of the Karviná District and 27 municipalities in the eastern part of the Frýdek-Místek District; Not the whole area of the historical Cieszyn Silesia region belongs to the euroregion, mainly Bielsko and Czechowice-Dziedzice and Frýdek with its surroundings, east of the Ostravice river, which belong to the Euroregion Beskydy. Strategic goals of Euroregion wide development of the region exchange of experience and information support for culture, education and sport in the region development of regional transport infrastructure improvement of the security of citizens tourism development cooperation between schools and support for ecological initiatives See also Olza (river) Czantoria Wielka Godów, Silesian Voivodeship References External links Official homepage Euregio-teschinensis Euroregions of Poland Geography of the Czech Republic Cieszyn Silesia
3989961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disquiet%20%28Strugatsky%20novel%29	Disquiet (Strugatsky novel)	Disquiet () is a 1965 science fiction novel by Soviet-Russian writers Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, set in the Noon Universe. It is the initial variant of the novel Snail on the Slope (Улитка на склоне) which has a different set of characters and is not set in the Noon Universe. After completing the first draft, the authors felt a need to take the novel in a different direction, which resulted in the creation of Snail on the Slope. However, twenty-five years later, they examined the initial draft and concluded that it was a decent novel in its own right. In 1990, it was published in «Измерение-Ф» [Dimension F] magazine. In 1995, feeling the need to expose it to a wider readership, Boris Strugastky published it online (but it has been taken offline by his heirs). Plot summary The novel is set on the planet Pandora which is famous for its animated biosphere. Humans have built a base on it that serves as a biological laboratory and a hunting resort. The base is located at the top of 2 km high crag on a continent otherwise covered by forest. Biologists do not understand most of the processes occurring in the forest. Humans hunt in the forest for sport in the face of serious dangers. The novel is divided into two parts: life in the base and life in the forest. The director of the base is Paul Gnedykh. He is responsible for overall safety, supply, and communication with Earth. He replaced the previous director after several deaths occurred on the base. One of the deaths was the biologist Mikhail "Athos" Sidorov, Gnedykh's childhood friend. Some biologists claimed they saw people in the forest, but nobody took them seriously (partially because such visions were seen when the bioblocade of the observer was weakened or expired). The forest is rapidly changing, such that maps completely obsolete in two years. Some trees move from place to place, while others show signs of feeling the "pain" of other trees. Leonid Gorbovsky stays on Pandora believing that the forest is dangerous. He wants to be near when the forest "starts acting" to be able to influence the process. Gorbovsky is upset because the base staff are being negligent about the forest, not taking the forest seriously enough. One day a female hunter and gamekeeper becomes stranded in the forest and calls Paul Gnedykh for help. She calls from the same forest sector where Athos sent his last bearing signal. When Gnedykh and Gorbovsky arrive at the site, they see a mysterious organism that caused the helicopter crash. The organism is attracting trees and animals and eating them. It gives birth to several "children" every 87 minutes. The children are amorphous white creatures that move by means of pseudopods. The children first move from the parent uniformly in one direction. Gnedykh and Gorbovsky follow the children until they reach a lake and drown themselves. While observing the lake, Paul thinks he sees a human in the water, and records a video of the scene. In the forest segment of the novel, Athos attempts to return to the base after living in a village in the middle of the forest. The villagers are in foggy states of mind but have abilities to "grow" themselves food, clothes, and houses; and control the flora around them. Athos was brought to the village seriously ill by Hurt-Martyr and Broken Leg - two village natives - and given a wife named Nava. Athos too has troubles with his memory. He encourages two villagers, Fist and Broken Leg, to make a trip to The City, a mysterious place, where Athos hopes to get information about how to return. Hurt-Martyr went to The City before, but never returned. The tribe tries to talk Athos out of his journey, citing the rumored Dead Ones walking around in the forest. Slightly before the planned trip, he goes on reconnaissance, and Nava follows him. They are attacked by a group of bandits, and after a brief fight they escape. They end up in another unfamiliar village where Athos meets people he recognizes as Karl and Valentine, other biologists from the base. He is unable to talk to them, as some uncontrollable fear compels him and Nava to run away from the village, now engulfed in violet fog. When Nava wakes up the next morning she finds a scalpel in her hand. She is afraid of it, and Athos hides it in his clothing. Athos wants to return to the unfamiliar village, but when they do, they find it sinking into the water, the process referred to as Overcoming. After the trip to the sinking village, they meet three women, one of whom is Nava's mother who was captured by the Dead Ones before. Athos and Nava realize that the Dead Ones who capture women from the villages are actually droids that serve women who live in The City. These women (calling themselves Glorious Helpmates) consider men (and many other biological species) as useless, a "mistake", since the woman are able to breed non-sexually without men. These women profess control over "little ones", and control the violet fog, which is made up of bacteria that can be used for diverse purposes including communication and assassination. The Glorious Helpmates are participating in a battle with unspecified enemy. The front of this battle separates Athos from the base. The front is allegedly so biologically active that any living creature (even the Glorious Helpmates, who are protected) are likely to die there. The women take Nava from Athos. During the conversation he remembers several important experiences. Athos is attacked by a Dead droid, which he kills with his scalpel and flees. He returns to his village, where he again encourages Fist and Broken Leg who unite and travel to the base at Devils Crag. Athos now understands that the villages will disappear because of Overcoming (the process led by the Glorious Helpmates) and wants to prevent this mass murder. Broken Leg does not want Athos to go since he believes Athos will die. In the entire section of the novel, there is almost not a single object iⱱn the forest that is not a mutable living thing. One can grow clothing from the forest, eat the ground itself as a meal, and so on. The origin of people in the forest is unknown. Relationship with other works The forest part of Disquiet is almost identical to the one of Snail on the Slope, but their base parts are totally different, the base of Snail representative of some Kafkian bureaucratic civilization (allusive of the post-Stalinist Soviets), instead of the utopian culture of Disquiet. Athos and Gorbovsky are substitutes of Kandid and Perez from Snail on the Slope. Mikhail "Athos" Sidorov also appears in the chapters "The Conspirators" and "The Assaultmen" of Noon: 22nd Century as a schoolkid and a biologist; in Space Mowgli as the Ark Project head; in the chapter "Defeat" of Noon: 22nd Century (that appears not in all variants of the text) as a head of small mechanical embryo testing group; in The Time Wanderers as a president of "Ural-North" sector of COMCON-2. The last two listed appearances certainly happen after his life in the forest at Pandora. There is also a point of view that Disquiet is a fictional work within the Noon Universe rather than the full-fledged part of Noon Universe canon There are some striking similarities between the 2009 James Cameron's film Avatar and the "forest" part of the novel, as attested by Boris Strugatsky himself. References 1965 science fiction novels 1965 in the Soviet Union Noon Universe novels Novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
3989965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solna%20strand%20metro%20station	Solna strand metro station	Solna strand (known as Vreten until 18 August 2014) is a subway station on the Stockholm metro blue line. It was opened on 18 August 1985 as part of the extension between Västra skogen and Rinkeby and is located in the Huvudsta region of the Solna Municipality. The platform is located in bedrock, below ground level under Vretenvägen. The entrance is in the north end at Korta gatan. The station's theme is defined by artwork created by the Japanese-Swedish sculptor Takashi Naraha in 1985 called Himmelen av kub (The heaven of cube). It is located in and named after Solna Strand, a former industrial area on the shore of Lake Mälaren that has since developed into an area of office buildings. Organisations here include the Swedish Tax Authority, Hewlett-Packard and Axfood. There is also a power plant by the coast. Until 2014 the area was called Vretens industriområde (Vreten industrial area), after the farmstead called Vreten which was located here in the 19th century. Solna Business Park is located across the Mälaren Line railway to the north, and the Sundbyberg Municipality districts Lilla Alby and Central Sundbyberg are located to the west. Gallery References External links Stockholm metro stations Railway stations opened in 1985 1985 establishments in Sweden
3989972	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Wilson%20%28RAF%20officer%29	Sandy Wilson (RAF officer)	Air Chief Marshal Sir Ronald Andrew Fellowes Wilson, (born 27 February 1941), often known as Sir Andrew Wilson and sometimes known informally as Sir Sandy Wilson, is a retired senior Royal Air Force officer. RAF career Educated at Tonbridge School, Wilson joined the Royal Air Force in 1962. From 1976 to 1978 Wilson served as the Commanding Officer of No. II (AC) Squadron. During this time the Squadron took delivery of the Jaguar which Wilson oversaw, flying practice reconnaissance missions. In 1980 Wilson was made Station Commander of RAF Lossiemouth. In 1990 Wilson was appointed the Commander British Forces Middle East, making him the in-theatre commander for Operation Granby, the British contribution to the Gulf War. He was knighted in 1991 and in 1993 he was appointed Air Member for Personnel and the following year, on 1 April 1994, Wilson became the first Air Officer Commander-in-Chief of Personnel and Training Command. Retirement He retired prematurely on 26 August 1995. He was accused of using £387,000 in government funds to refurbish Haymes Garth, the official residence for the Air Member for Personnel based at RAF Innsworth. He argued that funds had been approved for this purpose, but was not supported by the then Defence Minister, Sir Malcolm Rifkind. References External links II(AC) Sqn Association – Wg Cdr R A F Wilson \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- Living people 1941 births People educated at Tonbridge School Royal Air Force air marshals Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom) Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society Royal Air Force air marshals of the Gulf War
3989978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoru%20Akahori	Satoru Akahori	is a Japanese scriptwriter, novelist and manga author. He is best known for the Saber Marionette, Sakura Wars and Sorcerer Hunters series, which comes in anime, novel and manga forms. Works Akahori Gedou Hour Rabuge: Series Composition, Script (episodes 1–2, 7, 12–13), Original creator Combustible Campus Guardress (with Kazushi Hagiwara): Series Composition, Screenplay, Original creator Kami to Sengoku Seitokai (manga with Ryosuke Takada) Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl (with Yukimaru Katsura) Lime-iro Senkitan: Scenario, Script (episodes 1, 3, 5–6, 8, 11, 13), Original creator Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi: Series Composition, Script (episodes 2–3, 5, 11), Novel Serialization (Kadokawa Shoten The Sneaker) Master of Mosquiton (manga version with Hiroshi Negishi) Maze: Bakunetsu Jikuu (manga version with Rei Omishi) Mon Colle Knights: Script, Original creator Mouse (with Hiroshi Itaba) NG Knight Ramune & 40 Saber Marionette J Sakura Wars (manga version with Oji Hiroi) Sorcerer Hunters (manga version with Rei Omishi) Sorcerer on the Rocks Tekkaman Blade: Series Composition, Screenplay (episodes 2, 15–16, 28, 48) Video Girl Ai: Script (episodes 1, 5), Series construction Cyber Team in Akihabara Kyatto Ninden Teyandee/Samurai Pizza Cats Martian Successor Nadesico Legend of Heavenly Sphere Shurato External links i-POLILIN, Akahori's website (Japanese) Hitoshi Doi's Saber Marionette info page Hanami's Saber Marionette World 1965 births Artists from Aichi Prefecture Japanese writers Light novelists Living people People from Handa, Aichi Writers from Aichi Prefecture
3989992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yefim%20Kopelyan	Yefim Kopelyan	Yefim Zakharovich Kopelyan (; 12 April 1912 – 6 March 1975) was a Soviet actor of theatre and cinema, one of the legendary masters of the Bolshoi Theatre of Drama (BDT) in Leningrad. He performed bright, characteristic roles in the films The Elusive Avengers, Intervention, Eternal Call, The Straw Hat, and many others. He is also known for the voice-over in the hit TV series Seventeen Moments of Spring. He was born in the Belarusian town Rechytsa into a Jewish family. After graduation, he worked as a metal craftsman at the plant Krasny Putilovets in Leningrad. In 1930, he entered the architectural department of the Academy of fine arts. In his students years he earned additionally as supernumerary in the BTD, entered to the studio of this theatre (course of K.K.Tverskoy). At the end of his education, Kopelyan became an actor on the main staff of the BTD. These early years in the theatre were not notable for any special successes. Later he played many roles, from the romantic Don Cesar de Bazan to the sailor Shvandya in Lyubov Yarovaya, roles of the classical repertoire and modern. He was a "social hero", playing character roles in comedies and tragedies. Georgi Tovstonogov employed Kopelyan almost in all premiers of theatre. With his name are connected all best plays BDT. Operation Barbarossa found BTD in Baku on tour. On the return of the theatre on 4 July 1941 to Leningrad, Kopelyan entered the People's militia and played in the Theatre of the People's militia, which soon became the Front-line propaganda platoon of Leningrad. Kopelyan acted in film and on TV a lot, and was the brilliant master of small roles: Steersman (Tanker Derbent, 1941), Priest Gapon (Prologue, 1956), Sergo Ordzhonikidze (Kochubey, 1958), Nalbandov (Time, forward!, 1966), Burnash (The Elusive Avengers, 1967), 1971: Cossack Leader Ataman in epic film Dauria (1971 film) (), Burtsev (The Story about human heart, 1975), Beybutov (Yaroslav Dombrovsky, 1976), etc. Among his best cinematic roles were Savva Morozov (Nikolai Bauman; the prize of the All-Union film festival, 1968), Svidrigaylov (Crime and punishment, 1970). He acted in television films Old fortress (1973), Crash of engineer Garin, and Eternal call. His reading the text from the author in films Seven notes in silence (1967), Meetings with Gorky (1969), Memory (1971) and television film Seventeen Moments of Spring (1973, State prize of the RSFSR in 1976) was unique. Kopelyan married actress Lyudmila Makarova in 1941. He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1973. He died in 1975 in Leningrad. Selected filmography The Gadfly (1955) as Head of the frontier Alexander Popov (1955) as Marquis Solari Old Khottabych (1956) as driller Jafar Ali Mohammed Mister Iks (1958) as Theodora's fan Goodbye, Boys (1964) as The Sheet Metal Worker Time, Forward! (1966) as Nalbandov The Elusive Avengers (1966) as Ataman Burnash Sofiya Perovskaya (1967) as Mikhail Loris-Melikov The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (1967) as Ataman Burnash Woman's World (1967) as Kaspar Dead Season (1968) as Smith (voice) Secret Agent's Destiny (1970) as General Sergeev Crime and Punishment (1970) as Svidrigailov The Seagull (1970) as Dorn Dauria (1971) as Cossack Leader Ataman The Crown of the Russian Empire, or Once Again the Elusive Avengers (1971) as Burnash Seventeen Moments of Spring (1973) as voice behind the scene Eternal Call (1973) as Mikhaylo Lukic Kaftanov Failure of Engineer Garin (1973) as Gaston Leclerc The Straw Hat (1974) as Bopertyui Jarosław Dąbrowski'' (1976) as Prince Beybutov References External links Biography 1912 births 1975 deaths People from Rechytsa People from Rechitsky Uyezd Belarusian Jews Jewish Russian actors Soviet male film actors Soviet male stage actors People's Artists of the USSR Jewish male actors Soviet Jews Soviet male voice actors Soviet military personnel of World War II
3989993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chib%C3%A1s	Chibás	Chibás is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Eduardo Chibás (1907–1951), Cuban politician Marcela Chibás (born 1951), Cuban sprinter Raúl Chibás (1916–2002), Cuban politician and military officer, brother of Eduardo
3990000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalseo%20District	Dalseo District	Dalseo District (Dalseo-gu) is a district in western Daegu, South Korea. It borders Dalseong-gun on the north, south, and west, and Seo-gu and Nam-gu on the east. It has a population of about 610,000, and an area of 62.27 square kilometers. The population rose dramatically in the 1990s, and has been approximately level since 2000. Subdivisions Bolli-dong Bon-dong Dowon-dong Duryu-dong (3 administrative dong) Gamsam-dong Igok-dong (2 administrative dong) Janggi-dong Jincheon-dong Jukjeon-dong Sangin-dong (3 administrative dong) Seongdang-dong (2 administrative dong) Sindang-dong Songhyeon-dong (2 administrative dong) Wolseong-dong (2 administrative dong) Yongsan-dong (2 administrative dong) Education Sangin High School (2001) Notable people Song Hye-kyo, actress Bona, singer (WJSN) Kim Dong-han, singer (WEi) See also Subdivisions of South Korea External links Districts of Daegu
3990012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20history%20of%20Transylvania	Ancient history of Transylvania	In ancient times, Romans exploited the gold mines in what is now Transylvania extensively, building access roads and forts to protect them, like Abrud. The region developed a strong infrastructure and economy, based on agriculture, cattle farming and mining. Colonists from Thracia, Moesia, Macedonia, Gaul, Syria, and other Roman provinces were brought in to settle the land, developing cities like Apulum (now Alba Iulia) and Napoca (now Cluj Napoca) into municipiums and colonias. The Dacians rebelled frequently, the biggest rebellion occurring after the death of emperor Trajan. Sarmatians and Burs were allowed to settle inside Dacia Trajana after repeated clashes with the Roman administration. During the 3rd century increasing pressure from the free Dacians (Carpians) and Visigoths forced the Romans to abandon exposed Dacia Trajana. In 271, the Roman emperor Aurelian abandoned Dacia Trajana and reorganised a new Dacia Aureliana inside former Moesia Superior. The abandonment of Dacia Trajana by the Romans is mentioned by Eutropius in his Breviarium Liber Nonus. The first wave of the Great Migrations, (300 to 500) brought the influence of migratory tribes, especially the Germanic tribes. The Visigoths established a kingdom north of Danube and Transyilvania between 270-380. The region was known by Romans as Guthiuda and includes the region between Alutus (Olt) and Ister (Danube) too. It is unclear whether they used the term Kaukaland (land of the mountains) for Transylvania proper or the whole Carpathians. The (Vizi)Goths were unable to preserve the region's Roman era infrastructures. The goldmines of Transylvania were ruined and unused during the Early Middle Age. Ulfilas had carried (around 340) Homoean Arianism to the Goths living in Guthiuda with such success that the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes became staunch Arians. When the Goths entered the Roman Empire (around 380) and founded successor-kingdoms, most had been Arian Christians. In 380 a new power reached Transylvania, the Huns. They drow back every Germanic people from the Carpathian Basin except the Gepids. The Alans, Vandals, Quadi left the region toward the Roman Empire. The Huns extended their rule over Transylvania after 420. After the disintegration of Attila's empire, Transylvania was inhabited by the remnants of various Hunnic, and a Germanic tribe, the Gepids. The Transyilvanain Gepids had a semiindependent status inside the Kingdom of Gepids, but this relative autonomy came to an end in the late 6th century. The rule of Gepids was crushed by a Lombards and Eurasian Avars attack in year 567. In fact the Gepids were exterminated from the region. We know only about slight Gepid remnants (cemeteries) in the Banat region after 600. In Transyilvania we have no traces which indicate a Gepids continuity after 567. By 568, the Avars under the capable leadership of their Kagan, Bayan, established in the Carpathian Basin an empire that lasted for 250 years. During this 250 years the Slavs were allowed to settle inside Transylvania and they started to clear the Carpathian's virgin forests. The Avars meet their demise with the rise of Charlemagne's Frankish empire. After a fierce seven-year war and civil war between the Kagan and Yugurrus which lasted from 796-803, the Avars were defeated. The Transylvanian Avars were, subjugated by the Bulgars under Khan Krum at the beginning of the 9th century and Transylvania, along with eastern Pannonia, was incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire. In 862, Moravian Prince Ratislav rebelled against his lord, hired Magyar troops to help him, and with their aid he won his independence. This is the first time when Magyar expedition troops entered the Carpathians Basin. After a devastating Bulgar and Pecheneg attack the Magyar tribes crossed the Carpathians and occupied the entire basin without significant resistance. According to the prime Gesta Ungarorum from the 11th century they entered Transylvania first, where Prince Almos was killed: "Almus in patria Erdelw occisus est, non enim potuit in Pannoniam introire". According to some archeological findings near Turda (Golds of Prince Berthold of Bavaria) Transylvanian Magyars also participated in several raids against the West, Italy, or the Balkans. Although the defeat in the Battle of Lech in 955 stopped the Magyar raids against western Europe, the raids on the Balkan Peninsula continued for one more decade. The history of Transylvania during the early Middle Ages is difficult to ascertain due to the scarcity of reliable written or archeological evidence. There are two major conflicting theories concerning whether or not the Romanized Dacian population (one of the ancestors of the Romanians) continued to live in Transylvania after the withdrawal of the Romans, and therefore whether or not the Romanians were present in Transylvania at the time of the Great Migrations, particularly at the time of the Magyar migration; see: Origin of Romanians. These conflicting hypotheses are often used to back competing nationalistic claims by Hungarian and Romanian chauvinists. See also Prehistory of Transylvania History of Transylvania National Museum of Transylvanian History Celts in Transylvania List of tribes in Thrace and Dacia List of cities in Thrace and Dacia Dacia La Tène culture References Further reading History of Transylvania by Béla Köpeczi Boulder, Colo. : Social Science Monographs ; New York : Distributed by Columbia University Press, 2001- 2002 Roman Dacia Ancient history of Romania Archaeology of Romania
3990016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huvudsta	Huvudsta	Huvudsta is a suburb of Stockholm in Solna Municipality, Sweden. In Huvudsta, near Vasastaden in Stockholm, stands the Karlberg Castle which was built in the 17th century. The Huvudsta metro station was opened in 1985 as part of the Blue line. The suburb is connected to Ulvsunda by the Huvudstabron. References Metropolitan Stockholm
3990031	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomonosov%20Bridge	Lomonosov Bridge	Lomonosov Bridge () across the Fontanka River is the best preserved of towered movable bridges that used to be typical for Saint Petersburg in the 18th century. The original Tchernyshov Bridge, measuring 63 metres long by 14,7 metres wide, was constructed between 1785 and 1787. During the mid-19th century industrialization other bridges had their towers removed to facilitate traffic, but Tchernyshov Bridge retained the original appearance, with four rusticated Doric pavilions with small domed caps. Its movable middle section of wood was replaced by a metal one in 1912. The bridge was renamed after Mikhail Lomonosov in 1948. References External links Bridges in Saint Petersburg Bridges completed in 1787 1787 establishments in the Russian Empire
5381839	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Jupp	Miles Jupp	Miles Hugh Barrett Jupp (born 8 September 1979) is an English actor, singer and comedian. He began his career as a stand-up comedian before playing the role of the inventor Archie in the children's television series Balamory. He also played John Duggan in The Thick of It and Nigel in the sitcom Rev and has appeared on many comedy panel shows. In September 2015, Jupp replaced Sandi Toksvig as the host of The News Quiz on BBC Radio 4. Early life and education Jupp, the son of a minister in the United Reformed Church, was born on 8 September 1979 in Newcastle upon Tyne and spent most of his childhood in London. For much of his life, Jupp believed he was of Belgian stock, descended from 16th-century Huguenot immigrants. However, while creating a programme for BBC Radio 4 in 2015, he discovered his roots are actually in Sussex. He was educated at three independent schools: The Hall School in Hampstead, North London; St George's School in Windsor; and Oakham School in Rutland. He studied Divinity at the University of Edinburgh. During his time at university he performed with improvised comedy troupe the Improverts and took part in pantomime productions with the Edinburgh University Theatre Company at Bedlam Theatre. Career Jupp won So You Think You're Funny?, Leicester Mercury Comedian of the Year in 2001 and was a Perrier Award "Best Newcomer" nominee in 2003 for his show Gentlemen Prefer Brogues. During his appearance on Celebrity Mastermind, and again in an appearance on Test Match Special in 2011, he claimed to have bluffed his way onto an England cricket tour to India as the cricket correspondent for both BBC Scotland and the Western Mail. He wrote a book about his adventures as a cricket journalist in India titled Fibber in the Heat. Television and film Jupp played Archie the Inventor in CBeebies' Balamory. He also had a role in the BBC Scotland comedy programme Live Floor Show where he played an eccentric, foul mouthed comedian. In 2007, Jupp appeared fleetingly in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as a television weatherman who complained about an incredibly hot drought. Jupp appeared in Series 3 and 4 of political comedy The Thick of It as John Duggan, an incompetent press officer with a habit of making inappropriate comments, prompting the remark that his fringe is to "hide the lobotomy scars". Following this role he appeared in BBC Scotland's comedy Gary: Tank Commander as Captain Fanshaw. In 2009, he appeared briefly in the film Sherlock Holmes as a waiter. In the same year, he also appeared in Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle. In 2010, Jupp appeared on Mock the Week, Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow, and as Nigel, a Church of England Lay Reader, in the BBC sitcom Rev. He also appeared as an under-secretary in the film Made in Dagenham (2010). In January 2011, Jupp was a team member alongside Goldie and team captain Phill Jupitus on the music quiz Never Mind The Buzzcocks. In May and November 2011, and in April 2012, he appeared as a panellist on both Have I Got News for You and Would I Lie To You? (BBC). On 22 August 2011, he appeared as the lunchtime guest on Test Match Special where he revealed a love of cricket and that he had previously worked with the Test Match Special team, who had no idea who he was. This became the basis of the book Fibber in the Heat. In October 2011, he again appeared in Mock the Week. Jupp had a cameo role in Johnny English Reborn in 2011 as an employee of MI7. He appeared in Series 4, Episode 4 of the comedy panel game Argumental, which aired on 24 November 2011. In 2012, he appeared again on Mock the Week. In January 2012 he won an episode of Celebrity Mastermind. In February 2012 he appeared on BBC Let's Dance for Sport Relief and danced to The Prodigy's "Firestarter". In March 2012 he appeared in an episode of the specially televised 45th Anniversary series of BBC Radio 4's Just a Minute quiz show, alongside Paul Merton, Gyles Brandreth and Liza Tarbuck, and in July 2013 he appeared in an episode of I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, also on BBC Radio 4. He featured in the 2014 World War II film The Monuments Men as British officer Major Fielding. Jupp has also appeared eight times on 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown between 2014 and 2021. During 2014, Jupp narrated for the BBC television documentary series, Building Dream Homes. He appeared in the film Grimsby as a police officer in 2016. On 27 April 2016, Jupp was announced to voice Blackberry in the forthcoming adaptation of Watership Down. In 2015, Jupp appeared as a team captain on The Really Welsh Christmas Quiz, alongside fellow comedians Chris Corcoran, Elis James and Omar Hamdi. In October 2016 Jupp appeared as Giles, the chairman of the residents' committee, in the sitcom from BBC Three Josh. In 2017, he appeared as Hardy in the film Journey's End, and played auction house appraiser Winford Collins in "The Tanganyika Green", S5:E13 of Father Brown. In 2018 Jupp made guest appearances as Basil, an incompetent lawyer, in the television drama by ITV The Durrells. Radio Jupp was the narrator of the radio show The Penny Dreadfuls Present...The Brothers Faversham by the Penny Dreadfuls, which was broadcast at the beginning of 2008 on BBC Radio 7. In 2009, Jupp became host of BBC Radio 7 satirical comedy series Newsjack as well as the host on BBC Radio Scotland comedy quiz show Swots. In February 2011, he appeared as a panellist on BBC Radio 4's panel show It's Your Round. Since February 2012, Jupp has hosted three series of a BBC Radio 4 panel show It's Not What You Know, based on his suggestion for a round on It's Your Round. In 2011, he starred in the self-penned BBC Radio 4 comedy In and Out of the Kitchen, "the diary, written for publication, of a somewhat minor celebrity chef, Damien Trench", with a second series following in 2013, and continuing with a third series in 2014. The show also had a short-lived television version in 2015. A six part fourth series aired on BBC Radio 4 in August and September 2015. Jupp first appeared as a contestant on BBC Radio 4's The News Quiz in April 2012 (Series 77; Episode 1). In June 2015 he was announced as the new presenter of the show, replacing Sandi Toksvig. He chaired the show for 12 series, with his last appearance on 31 May 2019 (Series 99; Episode 8). Live In March 2008, Jupp performed his third solo show entitled Everyday Rage and Dinner Party Chit Chat, at the Etcetera Theatre in Camden. He presented the Live at the Gilded Balloon podcast for The Guardian newspaper's coverage of the 2008 and 2009 Edinburgh Fringe. In 2019 Jupp played the role of actor David Tomlinson in The Life I Live, a one-man show, which was performed at the Salisbury Playhouse and other theatres. Personal life Jupp and his wife Rachel met whilst studying in Edinburgh. They have five children. The family moved from Peckham, South London to Monmouthshire, Wales. Filmography Film Television Theatre Stand-up shows Gentlemen Prefer Brogues (2003–04) Edinburgh Festival Young Man in a Huff (2005) Edinburgh Festival Everyday Rage & Dinner Party Chit Chat (2007) Edinburgh Festival Drifting (2008) Edinburgh Festival Telling It Like It Might Be (2009) Edinburgh Festival Fibber in the Heat (2010) Edinburgh Festival & National Tour Miles Jupp Is the Chap You're Thinking Of (2014) United Kingdom Tour Songs of Freedom (2016) stand up tour References External links Miles Jupp at The Guardian Miles Jupp entry at Who's Who 1979 births Living people 20th-century English comedians 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English comedians 21st-century English male actors Alumni of the University of Edinburgh English male comedians English male film actors English male television actors English radio presenters English stand-up comedians People educated at Oakham School People educated at St George's School, Windsor Castle People educated at The Hall School, Hampstead
3990034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Tour%20de%20Langkawi	2006 Tour de Langkawi	The 2006 Tour de Langkawi was the 11th edition of the Tour de Langkawi, a cycling stage race that took place in Malaysia. It started on 3 February in Kuala Lumpur and ended on 12 February in Kuala Lumpur. In fact, this race was rated by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) as a 2.HC (hors category) race on the 2005–06 UCI Asia Tour calendar. David George of South Africa won the race, followed by Francesco Bellotti of Italy second and Gabriele Missaglia of Italy third. Steffen Radochla of Germany won the points classification category and David George won the mountains classification category. South Africa won the team classification category. Stages The cyclists competed in 10 stages, covering a distance of 1,161.4 kilometres. Due to the extreme weather conditions(heavy downpour) experienced during the Stage 10 of the 2006 Tour de Langkawi, the stage result was abandoned according to the decision of the College of Commissaires and the Race Organizer. All classification would be as at the end of Stage 9. However, Angel Vallejo Dominguez () who had a substantial lone lead at the time of the decision abandon was made had been awarded the stage. Classification leadership Final standings General classification Points classification Mountains classification Asian rider classification Team classification Asian team classification List of teams and riders A total of 20 teams were invited to participate in the 2006 Tour de Langkawi. Out of the 119 riders, a total of 102 riders made it to the finish in Kuala Lumpur. South Africa Ryan Cox Jacques Fullard David George Rodney Green Darren Lill Jeremy Maartens José Serpa Wladimir Belli Angelo Furlan Alberto Loddo Gabriele Missaglia Walter Pedraza Malaysia Shahrulneeza Razali Ahmad Fallanie Ali Mohd Fauzan Ahmad Lutfi Suhardi Hassan Mohd Jasmin Ruslan Mohd Sayuti Mohd Zahit Stef Clement Andy Flickinger Yohann Gène Yoann Le Boulanger Laurent Lefèvre Anthony Ravard Francesco Bellotti Sébastien Hinault Christophe Le Mével Cyril Lemoine Benoît Poilvet Saul Raisin Julio Alberto Pérez Mirko Allegrini Guillermo Bongiorno Sergiy Matveyev Maximiliano Richeze Casino Filipino Victor Espiritu Bernardo Luzon Merculio Ramos Albert Primero Sherwin Carrera Sherwin Diamsay Shawn Milne Cesar Grajales Oleg Grishkin Bernard Van Ulden Burke Swindlehurst Mark Walters Nácor Burgos Jose Miguel Elias Galindo Raul Garcia De Mateos Daniel Moreno Xavier Tondo Angel Vallejo Dominguez Ben Greenwood Kristian House Chris Newton Evan Oliphant Rob Partridge Robin Sharman Yawadoo-Colba-ABM Gert Vanderaerden Koen Das Frederik Penne Gianni Riemslagh Frank Van Kuik Micheal Vanderaerden Great Britain Russell Downing Matt Brammeier Mark Cavendish Edward Clancy Geraint Thomas Julian Winn Elio Aggiano Gene Bates Roger Beuchat Andreas Dietziker Massimo Iannetti Samuele Marzoli Gregory Habeaux Jean-Claude Lebeaube Filip Meirhaeghe Sven Renders David Verheyen Johan Verstrepen Équipe Asia Ng Yong Li Loh Sea Keong Mohd Saiful Anuar Aziz Yevgeniy Yakalov Vyacheslav Dyadichkin Hari Fitrianto Renaud Dion Julien Loubet Laurent Mangel Carl Naibo Erki Pütsep Christophe Riblon Wismilak Tonton Susanto Wawan Setyobudi Sulisttiyono Sulisttiyono Matnur Matnur Sama'i Sama'i Adi Wibowo Wiesenhof-Akud Steffen Radochla Torsten Schmidt Robert Retschke Corey Sweet Tomáš Konečný Lars Wackernagel Hossein Askari Paul Griffin Lau Kuan-hua David McCann Ghader Mizbani Peng Kuei-hsiang Japan Takumi Beppu Koji Fukushima Shinichi Fukushima Takashi Miyazawa Kazuhiro Mori Taiji Nishitani References Tour de Langkawi 2006 in road cycling 2006 in Malaysian sport
3990044	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross%20out	Gross out	Gross out is described as a movement in art (often with comical conotations), which is intended to shock the viewer(s) and disgust the wider audience by presenting them with controversial material (such as toilet humor and fetishes) that might be ill received by a mainstream audience. The content of the movement is not for the average art appreciatist. Cinema Features Gross-out is a subgenre of comedy movies in which the makers employ humor that is willfully "tasteless" or even downright disgusting. It usually involves gratuitous nudity, unrealistic aggressiveness towards property or Schadenfreude. The movies are generally aimed at a younger audience aged between 18 and 24. One boon of this genre is that it provides an inexpensive way to make a movie "edgy" and to generate media attention for it. History In the United States, following the abolition of the film industry's censorious Production Code and its replacement with the MPAA film rating system in the late 1960s, some filmmakers began to experiment with subversive film comedies, which explicitly dealt with taboo subjects such as sex and other bodily functions. Noteworthy examples include 1972's Pink Flamingos (in which the central character eats dog excrement) and other films by John Waters, and 1974's sketch comedy film The Groove Tube. As these films emerged from the counterculture movement and gained a measure of audience success, they inspired more mainstream films to follow their example. However, long before the Production Code, early silent comedy film makers produced and attempted several 'gross-out' pictures to the disdain of early film reviewers. One such example is the lost Nell's Eugenic Wedding starring Fay Tincher and Tod Browning. The label "gross-out movie" was first applied by the mainstream media to 1978's National Lampoon's Animal House, a comedy about the fraternity experience at US colleges. Its humor included explicit use of bodily functions (like projectile vomiting). It was a great box office success despite its limited production costs and thus started an industry trend. Since then, gross-out films increased in number, and became almost the norm for American comedy films. Some films of this genre could be aimed at teen audiences (such as Superbad, Porky's, American Pie or Eurotrip), while others are targeted at somewhat more mature audiences (such as Borat, The Hangover or Wedding Crashers). Television Beavis and Butt-Head, The Ren & Stimpy Show, and Aaahh!!! Real Monsters, all appearing in the early 90s, pioneered gross-out humor on television. The Tom Green Show and Jackass and its UK cousin, Dirty Sanchez brought this sensibility to live action. The shows featured dangerous stunts, nudity, and profanity. Both series were featured on MTV, and progressed to feature-length movies. Today this continues with shows on Adult Swim, such as Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!, Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule, The Eric Andre Show, and animated shows like South Park, Family Guy, The Simpsons (primarily in the Itchy & Scratchy Show parodies of violent cartoon animal cartoons, and in the Halloween episodes), Rick and Morty, Invader Zim, and Big Mouth. Theatre Gross-out theatre is increasingly practiced on stage, particularly in the Edinburgh Festival. However, it is also displayed in the larger and more adventurous British theatres. The prime examples of the above are the stage version of the contemporary drama Trainspotting by bestselling playwright and author Irvine Welsh; the controversial New York musical Urinetown by Kotis and Hollmann; the outrageous anarchistic schlockomedy (shock horror comedy) musical about a Manchester jobcentre Restart by Komedy Kollective; and performances by another United Kingdom-based act, Forced Entertainment, who devised the iconic theatrical gorefest Bloody Mess. Art Controversial American cartoonist and vaudeville performer Basil Wolverton invented his trademark "spaghetti and meatballs" style of artwork. Various artists helped create a flourishing gross-out art scene, which began mainly in the 1990s, the most famous of which were Damien Hirst, known for encasing mutilated, rotting cattle in formaldehyde, and making art of endangered marine species such as sharks in formaldehyde tanks, and Tracey Emin, whose exhibit of an unmade bed featured used tampons, condoms and blood-stained underwear. Music Gross out themes are common in popular music genres, such as hip hop and hard rock, where shock value helps create marketable notoriety. Bands include Blink-182 famous for including breast and fart jokes in their songs, while bands such as Cannibal Corpse and Agoraphobic Nosebleed write extremely revolting lyrics designed to induce nausea and shock the music world. Probably the biggest gross-out shock to the music world was the act of GG Allin. Allin was infamous for his transgressive music act, which included eating excrement, mutilating himself and attacking audience members. Sometimes the line between truth and urban myth is blurred by the sensationalist sections of the media. For example, Frank Zappa never ate steaming excrement live on-stage, and the famed incident involving Ozzy Osbourne biting a head off of a bat was actually unintentional (he thought the bat was a prop). Similar themes are also sometimes conveyed in music videos, the aptly named Gross Out, a single from indie/garage rock band, The Vines. See also Garbage Pail Kids Off-color humor Screwball comedy film Teen movie References External links Visual arts genres Comedy Film genres Theatrical genres Censorship
3990049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut%20Here	Cut Here	"Cut Here" is a song by English rock band The Cure, released as a single in October 2001 from their best-of compilation Greatest Hits released the same year. Content Cure frontman Robert Smith wrote the song in memory of his friend Billy Mackenzie, the lead singer of the new wave band Associates, who committed suicide in 1997. Regarding its musical style, AllMusic wrote that the song "rises with early sounds of Madchester". Release The track was released as a single from the band's 2001 Greatest Hits compilation, reaching number 54 on the UK Singles Chart. It is the band's last release for record label Fiction. The song was re-recorded later in 2001 for the band's Acoustic Hits release, which contains eighteen re-recordings of previous songs by the band using acoustic guitars and was only released as a limited edition bonus disc to said greatest hits album. Track listing "Cut Here" "Signal to Noise" "Cut Here (Missing Remix)" Versions & Remixes Cut Here 4:10 Cut Here (Missing Mix) 5:37 Cut Here (Acoustic Mix) 4:14 Cut Here (Instrumental Demo 1997) 4:32 Note: The demo was originally called B46 V.3. Personnel Robert Smith – vocals, guitar, 6-string bass, keyboards Simon Gallup – bass guitar Perry Bamonte – guitar Roger O'Donnell – keyboards Jason Cooper – drums References External links The Cure songs 2001 singles Songs written by Robert Smith (musician) Fiction Records singles 2001 songs Songs in memory of deceased persons Songs written by Perry Bamonte Songs written by Jason Cooper Songs written by Simon Gallup Songs written by Roger O'Donnell
3990062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk%20linguistics	Folk linguistics	Folk linguistics consists of statements, beliefs, or practices concerning language which are based on uninformed speculation rather than the scientific method. Folk linguistics sometimes arises when scientific conclusions about language come off as counterintuitive to native speakers. However, folk linguistics is also often motivated by ideology and nationalism. Examples Jackendoff (2003) cites the following statements as typical examples of folk-linguistic beliefs. Claim: "Parents teach their children to talk". Adults assume that children either learn language directly from their parents or via simple imitation. On the contrary, research in child language acquisition shows that a child acquires language more automatically, through a systematic pattern rarely noticed by adults. Although interaction with parents, adults and other children is crucial, it is actually very difficult to "correct" a child. Instead most children are able to learn to speak native languages (including those of their peers of the same age) through a process called "acquisition". Any errors noticed by a parent are often self-corrected by the child weeks or months later. Claim: "Children will get confused if they try to speak more than one language". Many parents are afraid a child cannot sort out input from multiple languages. In reality, children can easily become multilingual if they are exposed to more than one language. There may be a period of confusion, but most children are able to segregate many distinct grammars. Claim: "There is a proper, correct English". Speakers generally value an educated form of the language, often its written form, and that other dialectal/spoken forms are considered structurally inferior or "sloppy", and speakers of these forms are often regarded as "stupid, lazy, sloppy, hick" or other pejorative terms. However, linguists generally agree that vernacular varieties such as African American Vernacular English (AAVE) have the same grammatical complexity as standard forms of English. Folk linguistic beliefs view these lects as inferior, and as a result speakers of non-standard forms often suffer forms of linguistic discrimination. Claim: "The modern language is going downhill". Purists opine that changes in the spoken language (e.g. new words, innovations in grammar, new pronunciation patterns) are detrimental rather than just change. In fact, living languages are not static. Their evolution is not just a modern phenomenon. Other beliefs may include: A belief that a language's grammar can negatively influence and restrict how people think. This is also known as the strong Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. Although some linguists do advocate a form of this, many linguists reject this as being too simplistic. For instance, just because a language does not formally distinguish "he" vs. "she" in their personal pronouns does not mean that speakers do not distinguish and treat men and women differently. Similarly, just because English lacks a formal hodiernal tense does not mean that English speakers cannot distinguish events which occur "today" versus those on another day. Examples of folk etymology such as interpreting asparagus as "sparrow-grass". These are cases where speakers deduce an incorrect word origin. Another folk etymology is the assumption that the New York place name Fishkill (on Fishkill Creek) means a place to kill fish. In reality, -kill is from a Dutch word meaning "creek" (found also in river names such as Schuylkill, Pennsylvania and Wallkill, New Jersey). However, the folk etymology caused animal rights groups such as PETA to lobby that the town should be renamed. See also Common English usage misconceptions Folk etymology Pseudo-etymology, sometimes also called "folk etymology" Perceptual dialectology Linguistic prescription Pseudoscientific language comparison Mythical origins of language Notes a. Ray Jackendoff, b. Linguistic Purism in Germany - Folk Linguistics via the Internet Archive References External links Ask a Linguist with FAQs - linguists' answers to questions based on folk linguistic beliefs PBS, Language Prejudice & Myth: "They Speak Really Bad English Down South and in New York City" Language Log - Prescriptivism and folk linguistics Linguistics Misconceptions Pseudo-scholarship Pseudolinguistics Scientific folklore
3990098	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20Square%2C%20Vilnius	Cathedral Square, Vilnius	The Cathedral Square in Vilnius () is the main square of the Vilnius Old Town, right in front of the neo-classical Vilnius Cathedral. It is a key location in city's public life, situated as it is at the crossing of the city's main streets and reflecting the city's diversity. Regularly held at this site are fairs and gatherings of townspeople, military parades, religious and official public events, attractions and large concerts, New Year’s salutes and exhibitions. It is not merely the most lively and important location in the city, but is also one of the most significant and widely known symbols of Lithuania. Details The cathedral square was founded as late as 19th century, during the reconstruction and refurbishment of the cathedral. Previously, the area was densely populated and built up with medieval and renaissance houses. Parts of the area were also occupied by the Lower Castle. Following the creation of a new square it became the main open space of the city's centre. It was there that the Russian military parades were held and where the annual St. Casimir's Fair was held. In 1905 a monument to Catherine the Great (by Mark Antokolski) was erected. After the city was occupied by Germany in 1915 and the local Polish administration was allowed to govern the city, the monument was destroyed and the St. Casimir's Fair was moved to the Łukiszki Square (Lukiškės Square). In modern times, fairs and festivities are regularly held at the site. It is there that the tallest Christmas tree in the city is erected, as well as a number of other Christmas decorations, including outdoor nativity scenes. It is also there that the yearly public celebrations of New Year's Eve are held. One of the most distinctive features of the square is the Cathedral's bell tower, situated several yards from the cathedral itself, a thing uncommon outside of Italy. According to many scholars, the tower was in fact one of the towers of the ancient city walls of the mediaeval Lower Castle that once stood near the modern square. According to another version, not supported by modern historians, the base of the tower was in fact a small pagan temple, demolished and then turned into the bell tower. Regardless of its origins, the lower parts of the tower are mediaeval, with several small loop-holes preserved. Its oldest underground square section was built in the 13th century on the bottom of the old riverbed. Upper parts of the tower were added in the 18th century while the neo-classical finish was added in the 19th century, during the reconstruction of the cathedral. Other notable feature of the square is the monument to Gediminas, one of the first rulers of Lithuania, by Vytautas Kašuba, uncovered in 1996. The bronze used for the monument was donated by Lithuanian border guards who confiscated it on the border. The marble pedestal was a gift of the government of Ukraine, while the sculpture itself was cast free of charge in Tallinn. Nearby is a magical place, a small stone marking the place where, according to a local urban legend, the human chain of Baltic Way was started linking Vilnius with Riga and Tallinn, an event that marked the beginning of national liberation of the Baltic States. It is said that if a person steps on this stone and turns around three times, his or her wish will be granted. The paving of the square has been extensively renovated in 2000. The new tiles were made of light granite. Excavated remains of former fortifications of the Lower Castle have been highlighted in the paving by using red-coloured granite. References Sources Jadwiga Rogoża; Jarosław Swajdo; Marzena Daszewska (2003). Wilno; barok z kamienia i obłoków. Kraków: Bezdroża. p. 192. . External links Squares in Vilnius National squares History of Vilnius
3990100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke%20Lodge	Stoke Lodge	Stoke Lodge is a suburb of Bristol, England, developed in the 1950s and early 1960s on farmland to the south of Patchway Common, South Gloucestershire and east of the A38 trunk road. Although the busy London to South Wales railway forms the south-western boundary of the estate, the sound of the trains is moderated by the railway tracks being within a cutting. The new town of Bradley Stoke lies immediately to the east, whilst the suburb of Little Stoke is on its southern edge. Stoke Lodge housing is mostly chalet bungalows, but there is a fairly large bungalow estate in the north. Stoke Lodge takes its name from the old lodge house on Stoke Lane, an access road that runs through the estate. Part of the original walled lodge served for many years as a local dairy. There is a primary school, and adult learning centre. An interchange on the A38 allows traffic from Cribbs Causeway, Patchway, etc. to cross the trunk road freely and gain access to the estate. There is, however, no direct road link between Stoke Lodge and Bradley Stoke. Traffic can also enter Stoke Lodge from Little Stoke via Stoke Lane or Station Road. Although geographically separated from the more heavily populated Patchway Estate, Stoke Lodge is part of the Patchway postal district. Until recently Stoke Lodge was also part of Patchway town. However, on 1 April 2015 the area became part of the new parish of Stoke Lodge and The Common (originally known as Patchway Common). References Areas of Bristol
3990105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20Square%2C%20Moscow	Cathedral Square, Moscow	Cathedral Square or Sobornaya Square (, or Sobornaya ploshchad) is the central square of the Moscow Kremlin where all of its streets used to converge in the 15th century. The square owes its name to the three cathedrals facing it – Cathedral of the Dormition, Cathedral of the Archangel, and Cathedral of the Annunciation. Apart from these, the Palace of Facets, the Church of the Deposition of the Robe and the Church of the Twelve Apostles are placed there. The tallest structure on the square (and formerly in all of Russia) is Ivan the Great Bell Tower, which also separates Sobornaya Square from Ivanovskaya Square. Cathedral Square is famous as the site of solemn coronation and funeral processions of all the Russian tsars, patriarchs, and Grand Dukes of Moscow. Even today, the square is used in the inauguration ceremony of the President of Russia. Archaeological excavations The Moscow Kremlin, where the square is located, is a closed object for archaeologists because the state authorities are located there. The Kremlin cannot be called a sufficiently studied monument: before the revolution, no one was engaged in archaeological excavations because the territory was built up and monasteries were in operation. After the Revolution, the Kremlin continued to be a closed territory. The main source of archaeological materials was not excavations with the full opening of ancient structures, but observations and fixation of the cultural layer during economic and engineering works. Nevertheless, archaeologists have managed to discover the first settlements on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin belonging to the Bronze Age (II millennium BC). A Finno-Ugric settlement of the early Iron Age (second half of the first millennium B.C.) was found near the modern Archangel Cathedral. At that time the population occupied the area of the modern Sobornaya Square. References Squares in Moscow Moscow Kremlin
5381842	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton%20Light%20Rail%20Transit	Edmonton Light Rail Transit	Edmonton Light Rail Transit, commonly referred to as the LRT, is a light rail system in Edmonton, Alberta. Part of the Edmonton Transit Service (ETS), the system has 18 stations on two lines and of track. As of 2018, it is number seven on the busiest light rail transit systems in North America, with over 113,000 daily weekday riders. The ETS started operation of the original LRT line in 1978, expanded by 2010 into the Capital Line, running between Clareview in Edmonton's northeast and Century Park in Edmonton's south end. The first phase of the newer Metro Line started service between the University of Alberta campus and hospital in Edmonton's southcentral and the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology northwest of downtown Edmonton in 2015, with further expansion to north Edmonton and neighbouring city of St. Albert planned into the future. Construction of the first phase of the Valley Line, from downtown Edmonton to Mill Woods in southeast Edmonton, began in spring 2016, and is expected to open to the public in the summer of 2022. Construction on the second phase of the Valley Line, connecting downtown to west Edmonton, began in fall 2021 and is scheduled for completion by 2027. History In 1962, Canadian Bechtel Ltd. was commissioned to develop a plan for Edmonton's rapid transit system. Construction began in 1974 with a budget of $65 million. Edmonton became the first city in North America with a metropolitan population of less than one million to build a modern light rail system. The population was just over 445,000 when construction started on the route in 1974. It also became the first city in Western Canada to operate a rapid transit system. Testing of the new line started in 1977 with regular service starting April 22, 1978, in time for the 1978 Commonwealth Games. The line followed a CN right-of-way from Belvedere Station to Stadium Station (near Commonwealth Stadium), via an intermediate stop at Coliseum Station (near Northlands Coliseum), and then continued in a tunnel under 99 Street to Central Station, at Jasper Avenue and 100 Street, including an intermediate stop at Churchill Station. The original line was 6.9 km long. Planning influences included the rail systems of Toronto (for dimensions), Montreal (underground environment), Cleveland (reuse of existing rail right of way), as well as Netherlands and Germany (feeder bus routes with timed-transfers, and choice of rolling stock). Operating practices were influenced by the MBTA Green Line, British trams, and the Canadian National Railway. When the line opened, fare collection was modelled on traditional rapid transit lines, with booth attendants. Low volumes of activity at some entrances led to weekend closures of alternate station entrances. In November 1980, Edmonton Transit (as it was then named) switched to a modified European-style "proof of payment" system, retaining the old turnstiles to issue the new receipts. Fares were now collected by automated ticket vending machines with irregular proof of payment inspectors, which permitted keeping all entrances open and required fewer staff. Every station on the line built since 1983 has been built with full accessibility for persons with disabilities. The 1998 and 2001 upgrades to the Belvedere and Clareview stations involved installation of roofs and lengthening of platforms to accommodate five-car trains. The LRT system had an estimated 18,220 weekday passenger boardings in 1978. Six stations and 24 years after the University extensions, boardings more than doubled to 39,550 in 2002. The LRT system continues to expand, and operated with 18 stations, of double track and ridership of 110,786 average weekday boardings in 2018. Extensions of the LRT system has resulted in significant increases in ridership; ridership increased nearly 78% in the first full year of the South Campus and Century Park extensions (2011 versus 2008), and increased 15% in the first full year of the NAIT extension (2016 versus 2014). Network The system has two lines. The Capital Line, runs from northeast Edmonton to south Edmonton via Downtown. A second line, the Metro Line, connecting Downtown with northwest Edmonton, began limited operations in September 2015. There are further projects to create a new 27-kilometre line that will extend to Mill Woods Town Centre in the southeast part of the city and to Lewis Farms in the west end of the city. During construction, surface area was preserved (although costs increased) by tunnelling under the downtown core and the University of Alberta main campus. The underground portions of the LRT connect to the Edmonton Pedway system with links to many buildings. The LRT crosses the North Saskatchewan River between the Government Centre and University stations on the Dudley B. Menzies Bridge, a dedicated LRT and pedestrian bridge. Storage, maintenance and operations of the LRT are controlled from the D.L. MacDonald Yard. The LRT operates approximately between 5:00 a.m. and 1:00 a.m. daily. During peak-times, trains departing Clareview to Downtown run approximately every five to ten minutes, and run every 15 minutes during off-peak hours. Trains from Century Park to Downtown run on a five-minute frequency during peak-times and run every five to ten minutes during off-peak times. After 10 p.m. trains run every 15 minutes. Before the opening of the Metro Line, the city held a naming contest, to determine the names of the five current and future LRT lines. On January 31, 2013, the city announced the names: Capital Line, Metro Line, Valley Line, Energy Line, and Festival Line. Stations The Capital Line has 15 stations: Clareview, Belvedere, Coliseum, Stadium, Churchill, Central, Bay/Enterprise Square, Corona, Government Centre, University, Health Sciences/Jubilee, McKernan/Belgravia, South Campus/Fort Edmonton Park, Southgate, and Century Park stations. Of these, Churchill, Central, Bay/Enterprise Square, Corona, Government Centre, and University are underground. The three newest stations opened in September 2015 for the Metro Line: MacEwan, Kingsway/Royal Alex, and NAIT. Another 12 stations will be built for the first phase of the Valley Line, which is planned to open in 2022. All existing stations have a centre platform. Rolling stock The rolling stock of the Capital Line is composed of trains of either Siemens-Duewag U2 or Siemens SD-160 cars. ETS operates 37 U2 cars, some of which have been in operation since the system opened in 1978. ETS also operates 57 SD-160 cars, of which 37 were ordered between 2005 and 2007, with the first cars entering revenue service on January 27, 2009. An additional 20 cars were purchased in 2010 and 2011 for use in the Metro Line and were delivered from March 2012 to April 2013. The Capital Line uses five-car trains during peak hours, four-car trains on weekends, and two-car trains are used for late night service. The Metro Line will operate three-car trains until the permanent NAIT station is opened, as the temporary NAIT station can only accommodate three-car trains. The permanent station will be 125 metres long to accommodate a five-car train. All other extensions to the Capital and Metro lines will have five-car platforms. The future Valley Line (currently under construction) will initially use new low-floor Bombardier Flexity Freedom vehicles. Forty other new low-floor LRT vehicles were ordered in 2021 from Hyundai Rotem for the Valley Line, to be put in service when the West extension to Lewis Farms opens. Safety and security All LRT stations are monitored by CCTV cameras. All trains are equipped with operator alert systems which allow passengers to contact the train operator in the event of an emergency. Likewise, all stations are equipped with blue emergency help phones which connect with ETS Security. The stations are patrolled by transit peace officers. Despite the security measures put in place, there have been several incidents on the Edmonton LRT or at the LRT stations. In 2008, there were 328 crimes against persons reported on transport property. Some of the most serious incidents include: In 1988, a woman was strangled to death in a Churchill Station washroom. In 2010, a woman was shot and killed at Stadium Station. In 2012, a man was beaten to death on board the LRT between Stadium and Belvedere Station. In 2018, a man was stabbed while waiting for a train at South Campus/Fort Edmonton Park station In 2021, a male student was assaulted and stabbed at University Station. In 2022, an elderly woman was assaulted and pushed onto the train tracks at Health Sciences/Jubilee In 2022, a shooting occurred near Churchill Station after Edmonton Police Service officers fatally shot an armed suspect Fares The cash fare for passengers using ETS buses and the LRT, since 1 February 2019, is $3.50 for adults, seniors and youth. Children 12 and under ride free with fare-paying rider. Passengers can also purchase books of transit tickets or monthly transit passes. Seniors can purchase an annual transit pass at a discounted rate. Passengers paying a cash fare at a fare machine at an LRT station are issued a transit ticket, which is validated as an LRT ticket after being time-stamped. This ticket is valid both as proof of payment and as a transfer. Transfers allow the passenger to transfer from the LRT to a bus, from a bus to the LRT and between buses, and is valid for 90 minutes from the time it was stamped. Passengers paying a cash fare or validating a ticket on a bus obtain a transfer at the time the fare is paid. Transfers also serve as proof of payment for 90 minutes. Passengers in an LRT proof-of-payment area must present proof of payment upon request by a transit peace officer. Proof of payment includes LRT tickets, transfers, validated transit tickets and transit passes. Failure to provide proof of payment can result in a $250 fine. Proof-of-payment areas include all LRT trains and LRT station platforms, unless the ticket vending machines are located on the platform itself. In 2007, ETS, the University of Alberta (U of A), and MacEwan University partnered to provide students with a universal transit pass (U-Pass), which is valid on the LRT and all ETS buses as well as on Strathcona County and St. Albert Transit Systems. NAIT students voted to join the program in 2010. The U-Pass allows unlimited LRT and bus use. This service was temporarily suspended in fall 2020 through winter 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Expansion Overview of future plans The City of Edmonton prioritized completion of the Metro Line to NAIT for 2014, followed by expanding the system to the southeast and west. City council approved funding to begin preliminary engineering on the Valley Line from Mill Woods to Lewis Farms in June 2011. Capital Line expansion Future plans call for expanding the Capital Line to Gorman in the northeast and Heritage Valley in the south. Metro Line expansion NAIT to St. Albert Beyond NAIT, the Metro Line will travel through Blatchford (the sustainable neighbourhood being developed on the grounds of the former City Centre Airport), go over the CN railway yard north of Yellowhead Trail, and continue north along 113A Street, and west along 153 Avenue. The City of St. Albert has also begun preliminary plans to extend the LRT line into their borders. On May 19, 2010, the transportation department announced its recommendation for an extension of the Metro Line from NAIT station to St. Albert. This extension is expected to eventually serve 42,000 to 45,000 passengers daily. Valley Line The Valley Line is a proposed , low-floor urban line running southeast to west from Mill Woods to Lewis Farms, crossing through downtown. The line will be constructed in phases, with phase 1 being the , 12-station portion between Mill Woods and 102 Street (downtown) allowing passengers to connect with the Capital Line and Metro Line at Churchill. Construction started in 2016 with completion in late 2021. Mill Woods to Downtown In December 2009, the Edmonton city council approved a new low-floor train route that would leave a new ground-level station at Churchill Square on 102 Avenue between 100 and 99 streets before stopping in The Quarters redevelopment on 102 Avenue between 97 street and 96 street. From here the route enters a tunnel and travels beneath 95 street descending into the river valley to cross the North Saskatchewan River on the new Tawatinâ Bridge, which will be constructed east of Louise McKinney Park. The route then proceeds to climb the hill adjacent to Connors Road then proceed east along 95 Avenue and southbound at 85 Street. The route will travel southbound along 85 Street crossing the traffic circle and shifting to 83 Street, continuing south and east towards Wagner Road. Finally the line will proceed south along 75/66 Street until it reaches Mill Woods Town Centre. Within this line the proposed stations are: Quarters, Muttart, Strathearn, Holyrood, Bonnie Doon, Avonmore, Davies (to include a bus terminal and park & ride), Millbourne/Woodvale, Grey Nuns, and Mill Woods Town Centre. The maintenance and storage of vehicles for the line will be at the new Gerry Wright Operations and Maintenance Facility, at Whitemud Drive and 75 Street. On February 15, 2012, city council approved the Downtown LRT concept plan. The Downtown LRT Project became part of the Southeast to West LRT project. The city hoped to have money in place by the end of 2013 for the $1.8-billion LRT line from downtown to Mill Woods to start construction in 2016. City council committed $800 million, the federal government invested $250 million, and $235 million would come from the provincial government, leaving a $515 million funding gap delaying the project. On March 11, 2014, it was announced that the project would be completely funded with an additional $150 million from the federal government and $365 million from the provincial government. Downtown to Lewis Farms A planned expansion to Lewis Farms, with the West Edmonton Mall en route, is in the engineering phase as part of the 27-kilometre Valley Line. The option approved by Council in 2010 was to have the west LRT extension run from downtown, along 104 Avenue and Stony Plain Road before diverting south on 156 Street towards Meadowlark Health And Shopping Centre, then along an 87 Avenue alignment to West Edmonton Mall and beyond. Proponents of this route cited opportunities for transit-oriented development. On November 1, 2018, the Government of Alberta announced a contribution of $1.04 billion towards the second phase of the Valley Line, extending it west to Lewis Farms with an estimated completion date of 2027-28. Controversy The Valley LRT to Mill Woods generated opponents particularly on the location of the route. The Edmonton Chinese community opposed the city's plan to lay the tracks on 102 Avenue as it is directly in front of a Chinese elderly care facility. Despite demands to relocate the route to 102a Avenue, the city council voted for the original proposal. Another group opposed the route saying that the new LRT bridge crossing the North Saskatchewan River will have a negative impact on the river valley and the removal of the existing footbridge during construction (to be replaced by pedestrian space on the LRT bridge) would temporarily displace an existing river crossing. The city states that impact is minimal, no other alternative routes were suitable, and has proceeded with construction. Concerns in 2008 and 2009 over community impacts along the proposed west leg of the Valley Line and north leg of the Metro Line led to a larger debate over the vision guiding the various expansion plans, and the criteria used to select the routes. The adoption of a new signalling system (see below) for the Metro Line pushed back the start date from April 2014 to September 2015, when the line finally began operation at a frequency of 15 minutes, rather than 5. Trains only ran at a maximum of between the Churchill and NAIT stations, creating passenger delays and traffic congestion. An independent safety auditor cleared trains to run at their full as of February 19, 2017. Completed extensions Capital line On April 26, 1981, ETS opened a northeastern-bound extension of 2.2 km on the CN right-of-way to Clareview Station. In June 1983, the light rail tunnel downtown was extended by 0.8 km to Bay and Corona stations. The D.L. MacDonald Yard, between Belvedere and Clareview, opened in December 1983 to store and service the vehicles. The line was extended in September 1989 by 0.8 km to Grandin station (now Government Centre station, close to the Alberta Legislature). On August 23, 1992, the next extension opened from Grandin to University Station, partially via the Dudley B. Menzies Bridge, crossing the North Saskatchewan River with a lower level for pedestrians and cyclists, and partially via a tunnel into the station. Major upgrades to the Belvedere and Clareview stations were made in 1998 and 2001 respectively. On January 1, 2006, the line was extended 0.6 km south through the University Campus to Health Sciences Station, which is located at street level. On April 25, 2009, McKernan/Belgravia and South Campus stations were opened as part of the south LRT expansion, with Southgate and Century Park opening on April 24, 2010. The first of the new Siemens SD-160 light rail vehicle train cars for the new extension were shipped by rail from Florin, California, on April 24, 2008, arriving in Edmonton on May 9, 2008 (37 vehicles in total). The LRT expansion was developed entirely at surface level with several underpasses after 2006, one at Belgravia Road and the other under 111 Street south of 61 Avenue. A short busway has been constructed from the South Campus station roughly parallel to Belgravia Road in conjunction with the South LRT expansion. Metro line On April 27, 2007, the city began detailed planning of a new LRT line that will run north from Churchill Station, to the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT), and eventually beyond to north-end neighbourhoods with a terminal station south of St. Albert. The Metro line branches off the Capital Line at Churchill Station, runs west along 105 Avenue to the MacEwan University City Centre Campus, then north along 105 Street, Kingsway (Avenue), and 106 Street, to Kingsway Mall and NAIT. In April 2008, Edmonton City Council approved $45 million in funding to build a tunnel under the Epcor Tower site immediately, while it was still under construction, with the aim of saving $140 million more than would have been required to dig under the tower once it was completed. This step was taken even though the rest of the project had not yet been approved, because of the time constraint posed by the construction of the new tower. Construction on the tunnel began in August 2009 and was completed by approximately September 2010. On July 2, 2009, the federal and provincial governments approved the reallocation of funding from the proposed Gorman Station extension to the Metro line as the city felt that NAIT was a higher priority. The expansion added three stations to the system; MacEwan station at MacEwan University, Kingsway/Royal Alex station near Kingsway Mall and the Royal Alexandra Hospital, and NAIT station at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology. MacEwan Station is located just east of the downtown MacEwan University campus, and west of the proposed downtown hockey arena, at 104 Street and 105 Avenue. The Kingsway/Royal Alex Station is located on the north side of Kingsway, to the south of the hospital. As part of the plan, the Kingsway Transit Centre was relocated to the southeast corner of 111 Avenue and 106 Street, to provide service to both Kingsway Mall and the LRT station. The NAIT Station is located north of Princess Elizabeth Avenue, on the south side of NAIT's swimming pool and hockey arena. The Metro Line was completed at a cost $90 million under its estimated $755 million budget, with a total project cost of $665 million. Signalling system The Metro Line and the Capital Line use fixed block signalling. The new Metro Line was originally built to use only CBTC, but was converted to the fixed block system after the City fired Thales, the contractor originally chosen to install the CBTC system. The Metro Line's fixed block system was provided by Alstom. The fixed-block system became active in March 2021, allowing trains to run at full speed along the metro line track for the first time since the line opened. The city claims that frequencies in the downtown core will reach 2.5 minutes with the fixed-block system, but the current schedule is for 5-minute headways. The signalling system divides the track into sections called blocks protected by signals that maintain at least one empty fixed block between trains. The CBTC system was supposed to use computer control to maintain a fixed distance of empty space (a moving block) between trains. This would have allowed trains to operate closer together, which increases the frequency of trains arriving at stations and increases an LRT system's overall capacity for ridership. The CBTC uses computers on trains that report into a central controller to pinpoint the exact location of each train and constantly adjust the speed, spacing and routing of trains to keep trains safe and on schedule. It safely tightens up the spacing between trains so that Metro Line and Capital Line trains can share the same tracks between Health Sciences/Jubilee station and Churchill station. Edmonton Transit runs peak-time trains every 5 minutes through downtown, but this frequency could have been increased to every 2.5 minutes when the Metro Line originally intended to be operational. This goal was abandoned by the City after August 2021, having restored 5 minute frequency on the Capital Line. The Metro Line continues to operate on a 15 minute frequency. References External links Edmonton Transit Service (Official website) Edmonton Transit Service–Future LRT - Published by the City of Edmonton; illustrates motorman procedures Railway lines opened in 1978 600 V DC railway electrification Railway companies established in 1978 Electric railways in Canada Standard gauge railways in Canada 1978 establishments in Alberta
3990107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconia%20episcopalis	Heliconia episcopalis	Heliconia episcopalis is a species of plant in the family Heliconiaceae. It is an erect herb typically grows up to 2 meters tall, native to the Amazon Rainforest, in Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru in South America. Uses Heliconia episcopalis is a popular ornamental plant in hot regions with a humid climate. References External links Heliconia episcopalis observations on iNaturalist episcopalis Flora of Brazil Flora of Colombia Flora of Venezuela Flora of Guyana Flora of French Guiana Flora of Suriname Flora of Ecuador Flora of Peru Garden plants Plants described in 1829
5381854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer%20Children%27s%20Hospital	Meyer Children's Hospital	The Meyer Children Hospital () is a pediatric hospital located in Florence, Italy. The hospital is an official member of the European Network of Health Promoting Hospitals of the World Health Organization and the personnel are involved in prevention and health promotion programs for the Regional and National Health Departments. References External links Meyer Pediatric Hospital website https://www.esmo.org/for-patients/esmo-designated-centres-of-integrated-oncology-palliative-care/esmo-accredited-designated-centres/anna-meyer-children-s-university-hospital-department-of-hematology-and-oncology Hospitals established in 1884 Education in Florence Anshen and Allen buildings Hospitals in Florence Children's hospitals in Italy
3990108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac%20van%20Steen	Jac van Steen	Jac van Steen (born 1956 in Eindhoven) is a Dutch conductor. He studied music theory, as well as orchestral and choral conducting, at the . In the Netherlands, van Steen was conductor and music director of the Nijmegen Bach Choir from 1986 to 1990. From 1989 to 1994, he was the Music Director of Het Nationale Ballet in Amsterdam. Since 1992, he has been on the faculty at the Royal Conservatory of music and dance in The Hague. Currently, in collaboration with fellow conductors Kenneth Montgomery and Ed Spanjaard at the Royal Conservatory in The Hague, he manages a course in conducting, to which only two students are admitted annually. Between 1997 and 2002, van Steen was Chief Conductor of the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra. He has also served as Music Director of the Neues Berliner Kammerorchester. Between 2002 and 2005 he was Music Director of Deutsches Nationaltheater Weimar and Chief Conductor of the Staatskapelle Weimar. Van Steen was chief conductor of the Orchester Musikkollegium Winterthur from 2002 to 2008. Between 2008 and 2013, he was Generalmusikdirektor of the Dortmunder Philharmoniker (Dortmund Philharmonic Orchestra). In the UK, van Steen was Principal Guest Conductor of the BBC National Orchestra of Wales between 2005 and 2013. In May 2014, the Ulster Orchestra named van Steen its next principal guest conductor, effective September 2014. Van Steen has frequently been broadcast by the BBC, and has recorded many CDs with various of the orchestras he has directed. Van Steen is also principal guest conductor of the Prague Symphony Orchestra (2013 - ). References External links Jac van Steen at bbc.co.uk Jac van Steen at philharmonia.co.uk 1956 births Dutch conductors (music) Male conductors (music) People from Eindhoven Living people Royal Conservatory of The Hague faculty 21st-century conductors (music) 21st-century male musicians
5381857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Corinthian%20Yacht%20Club	Royal Corinthian Yacht Club	The Royal Corinthian Yacht Club is a watersports organisation based at Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex. History Early history The club was founded at Erith, Kent in 1872 and moved to Burnham-on-Crouch, Essex in 1892. The Club provided the crew for the Endeavour in Thomas Sopwith's America's Cup Challenge in 1934 after a strike of Sopwith's professional crew. Five members of the club crewed the boat Lalage in the 1936 Summer Olympic Games, winning the gold medal in the 6 metre class. Burnham-on-Crouch In 1931 Tiny Mitchell became Commodore of the club where he was responsible for completing the new clubhouse at Burnham-on-Crouch. The Grade II* listed building was designed by Joseph Emberton and represented Britain's contribution to the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932. The building is one of the few examples of the International style of architecture in Britain. Cowes In 1948, the club established its southern branch at Cowes in the present clubhouse. It was operated by Rosa Lewis, a hotelier from London to provide a retreat and entertainment for gentlemen visiting the Royal Yacht Squadron. In 1988 the clubhouse was sold to commercial interests. However the buyer went into receivership in 1991. In 1993 the clubhouse was re-purchased from the receiver by a small group of members for the benefit of the club. See also Crouch Yacht Club Royal Burnham Yacht Club References External links Official website of The Royal Corinthian Yacht Club at Burnham Official website of The Royal Corinthian Yacht Club at Cowes Royal yacht clubs Coastal Essex Sports clubs in Essex Royal Corinthian Yacht Club (Burnham) Royal Corinthian Yacht Club (Burnham) Yacht clubs in England Royal Corinthian Yacht Club (Cowes) 1872 establishments in England Burnham-on-Crouch Cowes
3990112	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Benoit%20%28basketball%29	David Benoit (basketball)	David Benoit (born May 9, 1968) is an American former professional basketball player, in the small forward position. During his career, he played eight years in the National Basketball Association (NBA), six as a member of the Utah Jazz. Personal life Benoit was born in Lafayette, Louisiana. He played high school basketball at Lafayette High School (Louisiana) and also had his jersey retired there. Benoit played in the NJCAA for Tyler Junior College, from 1986 to 1988. His last two years of college basketball were spent with the University of Alabama's Crimson Tide. He is also cousins with ex UFC champion Daniel Cormier Professional career Utah Jazz Benoit was not selected in the 1990 NBA draft, playing his first professional season in Spain. In the following year, he joined the Utah Jazz as a free agent, and would post interesting numbers during his five-season spell. In 1993, Benoit participated in the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, where he finished fourth out of eight contestants. During the 1994–95 season, he achieved a career-best 10 points and five rebounds per game in 71 regular season contests, to which he added 12 and six in the postseason's first round, as the Jazz were downed 2–3 by the eventual champion Houston Rockets. New Jersey/Orlando After losing his starting position to Chris Morris, Benoit left the Jazz in the 1996 summer, and signed with the New Jersey Nets. He spent his first season in the sidelines, due to injury. In early 1998, Benoit was traded, alongside Yinka Dare and Kevin Edwards, to the Orlando Magic, for Brian Evans and Rony Seikaly, appearing in 24 games and averaging six points. He left the United States to play with Maccabi Tel Aviv in Israel, due in part to the 1998 NBA lockout, and remained there for two years. Jazz return In 2000, Benoit returned to the team where he began his career. Now only a fringe player, he averaged 3.6 points in 49 games, as the Jazz once again qualified for the playoffs. After leaving the NBA at the age of 33 (with averages of exactly seven points and four rebounds, in 492 games), Benoit played for the Shanghai Sharks alongside Yao Ming in the Chinese Basketball Association, winning the 2001–02 league championship. He spent four of the last five seasons of his career in the Japan Basketball League. Head coaching record \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|Saitama Broncos \| style="text-align:left;"\|2007–08 \| 44\|\|21\|\|23\|\|\|\| style="text-align:center;"\|4th in Eastern\|\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\|\| \| style="text-align:center;"\|- \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|Saitama Broncos \| style="text-align:left;"\|2008–09 \| 52\|\|19\|\|33\|\|\|\| style="text-align:center;"\|5th in Eastern\|\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\|\| \| style="text-align:center;"\|- \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|Kyoto Hannaryz \| style="text-align:left;"\|2009–10 \| 42\|\|15\|\|27\|\|\|\| style="text-align:center;"\|Fired \|\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\|\| \| style="text-align:center;"\|- \|- References External links NBA.com profile Stats at BasketballReference 1968 births Living people Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball players American expatriate basketball people in China American expatriate basketball people in Israel American expatriate basketball people in Japan American men's basketball players Basketball players from Louisiana Kyoto Hannaryz coaches Liga ACB players Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players New Jersey Nets players Orlando Magic players Saitama Broncos coaches Saitama Broncos players Shanghai Sharks players Sportspeople from Lafayette, Louisiana Small forwards Sun Rockers Shibuya players Tyler Apaches men's basketball players Undrafted National Basketball Association players Utah Jazz players
5381862	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%20of%20South%20Africa	Children of South Africa	Children Of South Africa (CHOSA) is a nonprofit charity that locates and supports community-based organizations (CBOs) in South Africa that reach out and take care of orphans and other vulnerable children in South Africa. It is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in the United States of America. Partners As of 2013, the charity has supported a number of organizations including Baphumelele Children's Home in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, Emasithandane Children's Project in Nyanga, Cape Town, Ubuhle Babantwana in Mfuleni, Cape Town, QQ Section Children's Committee in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, Mandela Park Children's Committee in Khayelitsha, Cape Town, and Abaphumeleli Place of Safety in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. On 30 March 2012, a CHOSA partner, the QQ Section Community Creche, burned down for the second time. Community members came together and, with the help of CHOSA, donated money out of their own pockets to rebuild it. Other Programs CHOSA has also started a house-building program for vulnerable families called the Philani Family Fund which works in conjunction with Philani Nutrition Centres, helped start the Desiree Ellis Soccer League which is now known as Amandla Edufootball, has provided seed funding to the Philippi Township Baseball Academy and runs a volunteer and mentoring program for the children of many of these projects. CHOSA is a member of the Coalition for a Sustainable Africa, a consortium of organizations advancing locally led holistic solutions in Africa. It has been supporter by a number of organisations including Kids First. Its outreach initiative which teaches critical thinking through photography has been featured on National Public Radio (NPR). See also CHOSA is a Non-governmental organization and a Private voluntary organization. References External links Children Of South Africa CHOSA Blog CHOSA Facebook Baphumelele Children’s Home Emasithandane Children's Project Building a New Life Charities based in the United States Foreign charities operating in South Africa
5381866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20Dale%20Mitchell%20Baseball%20Park	L. Dale Mitchell Baseball Park	The L. Dale Mitchell Baseball Park is home to the University of Oklahoma Sooners baseball team. About Mitchell Park was named after Dale Mitchell, a mid-1940s Sooner letterman who holds OU's career and single-season batting records. The park was originally constructed at a cost of $1.27 million and was dedicated in 1982. Renovations Renovations during the 1998 season included an upper concourse plus additional rest rooms and concession stands. The locker room, training room and equipment room were also updated. Prior to the 2002 season, the press box and broadcast booths were significantly expanded and an elevator and VIP suites were added. OU added a practice facility prior to the 2009 season including a regulation-size natural grass infield and a 5,160 square-foot indoor hitting facility. The building contains three full-size pitching and hitting lanes and is heated and air conditioned. The addition covered 22,500 square feet of existing ground down the left-field line adjacent to the Sooner bullpen. The ballpark received a new video and scoreboard in left field in 2009, and new chair back seats were added prior to the 2011 and 2012 seasons. Also in 2012, a new warning track was installed as well as field turf in the foul territory around the infield. Attendance In 2011, the Sooners ranked 42nd in Division I college baseball in attendance, averaging 1,305 per home game. See also List of NCAA Division I baseball venues References External links SoonerSports.com - OU Baseball Photo Gallery Oklahoma Sooners baseball Sports in Oklahoma City Sports venues in Oklahoma College baseball venues in the United States Baseball venues in Oklahoma University of Oklahoma campus 1982 establishments in Oklahoma Sports venues completed in 1982
5381873	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%20Mashiba	Mari Mashiba	is a Japanese voice actress affiliated with Production Baobab. Her best-known role is voice acting a major character from Crayon Shin-Chan, Kazama Tōru. Voice roles Anime television series Osomatsu-kun (1988) (Hata-bou, Karamatsu) Unknown date 21 Emon (Rigel) Bonobono (Mari Mashiba) Crayon Shin-chan (Tōru Kazama, Shiro) Detective Conan (Suzuko Tanaka) Idol Angel Yokoso Yoko (Mario) Master Keaton (Victor (young)) Miracle Girls (Takae Matsunaga) Mister Ajikko (Kōji Nakada) Anime OVAs Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory (1991) (Cima Garahau) Tenchi Muyo! (1992) (Tenchi Masaki (child)) Anime films Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan (1989)(Boy) Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: The Last Blitz of Zeon (xxxx) (Cima Garahau) Video games Natsuki Crisis Battle (xxxx) (Akira Kandori) Magical Drop F (xxxx) (Hierophant, Sun) Mobile Suit Gundam: Gihren's Ambition (xxxx) (Cima Garahau) Mobile Suit Gundam: Encounters in Space (xxxx) (Cima Garahau) SD Gundam G Generation (xxxx) (Cima Garahau) Super Robot Wars (xxxx) (Cima Garahau) Tales of Rebirth (xxxx) (Zilva Madigan) External links Mari Mashiba at Production Baobab (Japanese) 1959 births Living people Voice actresses from Gunma Prefecture Japanese voice actresses 20th-century Japanese actresses 21st-century Japanese actresses Production Baobab voice actors

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