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5380118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Sackville
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Tom Sackville
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Thomas Geoffrey Sackville (born 26 October 1950) is a British Conservative politician.
Family and early life
Tom Sackville is the second son of William Sackville, 10th Earl De La Warr (d. February 1988) and Anne Rachel Devas, and his brother is William Herbrand Sackville, the 11th Earl De La Warr.
In 1979, he married Catherine Thérèsa Windsor-Lewis, daughter of Brigadier James Charles Windsor-Lewis. They have two children, Arthur Michael Sackville (b. 1983) and Savannah Elizabeth Sackville (b. 1986), both adopted.
He was educated at Eton College and Lincoln College, Oxford, and began his professional career in merchant banking.
Parliamentary career
Sackville first ran for Parliament in the constituency of Pontypool in the 1979 election, being beaten by Labour's Leo Abse.
He served as a Conservative Member of Parliament for Bolton West from the 1983 election until he was defeated by Ruth Kelly in the 1997 election. He held the office of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State between 1992 and 1997, initially for the Department of Health, then as a Home Office minister between 1995 and 1997.
Work against cults
In 1985 he started All-Party Committee Against Cults
and 20 October 2000 he became first chairman of The Family Survival Trust (formerly Family Action Information Resource, FAIR), an anti-cult organisation.
In 1997 he ended government funding for the independent research group Information Network Focus on Religious Movements (Inform). Funds were reinstated in 2000. In his article for The Spectator (2004) he accused INFORM and its president Eileen Barker of "refusing to criticise the worst excesses of cult leaders", and congratulated the Archbishop of Canterbury for declining to become a patron of INFORM. The allegations were described by INFORM as unfounded.
In 2005 he was elected as vice-president of European Federation of Centres of Research and Information on Sectarianism (FECRIS), an umbrella organization for anti-cult groups in Europe, and from 2009 he has served as its president.
Sackville is the current CEO of the International Federation of Health Plans.
See also
FECRIS
UNADFI
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at Eton College
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Younger sons of earls
Critics of new religious movements
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Bolton West
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5380127
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan%20Women%27s%20Network
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Afghan Women's Network
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The Afghan Women's Network (AWN) is a non-governmental organization (NGO) which was created in 1996 by Afghan women following the World Conference on Women in Beijing and works to "empower women and ensure their equal participation in Afghan society."
About
The AWN sustains the vision of an Afghanistan in which women & men live in a justice and discrimination free society. AWN's axis of focus are:
Women, peace and security
Women's political participation and leadership
Women's social and legal protection
The AWN acts as a foundation supporting other women's rights-oriented NGO in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The AWN receives funding from donor agencies such as the French Embassy, ActionAid, UNHCR, and Roland Berger Foundation. It operates from Kabul, Heart, Balkh, Kandahar, Bamyan, Paktia, Nangarhar, and Kunduz, ... It has more than 3,500 individual members (exclusively women) and 125 women's organizations with memberships.
Executive board members have included Manizha Wafeq and the current executive director is Hassina Safi.
History
The Afghan Women's Network was established in 1995. Women who had participated in the United Nation Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China decided that they wanted to create a network for Afghan women.
In 2013, The AWN played an active role in the curation of the exhibit Women Between Peace and War: Afghanistan by Leslie Thomas from ArtWORKS Projects for Human Rights.
In March 2014, the AWN launched the Afghan Women Vision 2024, the ONG's official newspaper supported by the Heinrich Boell Foundation. In 2014, the ONG stated that 150 honor killings affected Afghan women each year. Upon the progressive withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan, the AWN brought its focus on maintaining the women's rights benefits gained during the presence of the US troops.
In February 2015, the AWN took part to the marches asking the president Ashraf Ghani to respect his word and name 4 women ministries in his government for fair gender representation. In 2016, the ONG spoke out about the revival of public executions of women in Afghanistan following the new peak of influence from the Talibans.
See also
Jamila Afghani
Farida Azizi
Taliban treatment of women
Reference List
External links
Official website
Women's organisations based in Afghanistan
Organizations established in 1996
1996 establishments in Afghanistan
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5380129
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derveni%20papyrus
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Derveni papyrus
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The Derveni papyrus is an ancient Macedonian papyrus roll that was found in 1962. It is a philosophical treatise that is an allegorical commentary on an Orphic poem, a theogony concerning the birth of the gods, produced in the circle of the philosopher Anaxagoras. The roll dates to around 340 BC, during the reign of Philip II of Macedon, making it Europe's oldest surviving manuscript. The poem itself was composed near the end of the 5th century BC, and "in the fields of Greek religion, the sophistic movement, early philosophy, and the origins of literary criticism it is unquestionably the most important textual discovery of the 20th century."<ref>Richard Janko, "The Derveni Papyrus: An Interim Text", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 141 (2002), p. 1</ref> While interim editions and translations were published over the subsequent years, the manuscript as a whole was finally published in 2006.
Discovery
The roll was found on 15 January 1962 at a site in Derveni, Macedonia, northern Greece, on the road from Thessaloniki to Kavala. The site is a nobleman's grave in a necropolis that was part of a rich cemetery belonging to the ancient city of Lete. It is the oldest surviving manuscript in the Western tradition and the only known ancient papyrus found in Greece proper. It might in fact be the oldest surviving papyrus written in Greek regardless of provenance. The archaeologists Petros Themelis and Maria Siganidou recovered the top parts of the charred papyrus scroll and fragments from ashes atop the slabs of the tomb; the bottom parts had burned away in the funeral pyre. The scroll was carefully unrolled and the fragments joined together, thus forming 26 columns of text. It survived in the humid Greek soil, which is unfavorable to the conservation of papyri, because it was carbonized (hence dried) in the nobleman's funeral pyre. However, this has made it extremely difficult to read, since the ink is black and the background is black too; in addition, it survives in the form of 266 fragments, which are conserved under glass in descending order of size, and has had to be painstakingly reconstructed. Many smaller fragments are still not placed. The papyrus is kept in the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki.
Content
The main part of the text is a commentary on a hexameter poem ascribed to Orpheus, which was used in the mystery cult of Dionysus by the 'Orphic initiators'. Fragments of the poem are quoted, followed by interpretations by the main author of the text, who tries to show that the poem does not mean what it literally says. The poem begins with the words "Close the doors, you uninitiated", a famous admonition to secrecy, also quoted by Plato. The interpreter claims that this shows that Orpheus wrote his poem as an allegory. The theogony described in the poem has Nyx (Night) give birth to Uranus (Sky), who becomes the first king. Cronus follows and takes the kingship from Uranus, but he is likewise succeeded by Zeus, whose power over the whole universe is celebrated. Zeus gains his power by hearing oracles from the sanctuary of Nyx, who tells him "all the oracles which afterwards he was to put into effect." At the end of the text, Zeus rapes his mother Rhea, which, in the Orphic theogony, will lead to the birth of Demeter. Zeus would then have raped Demeter, who would have given birth to Persephone, who marries Dionysus. However, this part of the story must have continued in a second roll which is now lost.
The interpreter of the poem argues that Orpheus did not intend any of these stories in a literal sense, but they are allegorical in nature.
The first surviving columns of the text are less well preserved, but talk about occult ritual practices, including sacrifices to the Erinyes (Furies), how to remove daimones that become a problem, and the beliefs of the magi. They include a quotation of the philosopher Heraclitus. Their reconstruction is extremely controversial, since even the order of fragments is disputed. Two different reconstructions have recently been offered, that by Valeria Piano and that by Richard Janko, who notes elsewhere that he has found that these columns also include a quotation of the philosopher Parmenides.
Recent reading
The text was not officially published for forty-four years after its discovery (though three partial editions were published). A team of experts was assembled in autumn 2005 led by A. L. Pierris of the Institute for Philosophical studies and Dirk Obbink, director of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri project at the University of Oxford, with the help of modern multispectral imaging techniques by Roger MacFarlane and Gene Ware of Brigham Young University to attempt a better approach to the edition of a difficult text. However, nothing appears to have been published as a result of that initiative, and the photographs are not available to scholars or the Museum. Meanwhile, the papyrus was finally published by a team of scholars from Thessaloniki (Tsantsanoglou et al., below), which provides a complete text of the papyrus based on autopsy of the fragments, with photographs and translation. More work clearly remained to be done (see Janko 2006, below). Subsequent progress has been made in reading the papyrus by Valeria Piano and Richard Janko, who has developed a new method for taking digital microphotographs of the papyrus, which permits some of its most difficult passages to be read for the first time. Examples of these images are now published. A version of Janko's new text is available in the recent edition by Mirjam Kotwick, and a new edition in English is in preparation. A complete digital edition of the papyrus using the new technique is a major desideratum.
Style of writing
The text of the papyrus contains a mix of dialects. It is mainly a mixture of Attic and Ionic Greek; however it contains a few Doric forms. Sometimes the same word appears in different dialectal forms e.g. cμικρό-, μικρό; ὄντα, ἐόντα; νιν for μιν etc.
Oldest 'book' of Europe – UNESCO Memory of The World Register
On 12 December 2015, the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki held the official event to celebrate the registration of the Derveni Papyrus in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register.
According to UNESCO
The Derveni Papyrus is of immense importance not only for the study of Greek religion and philosophy, which is the basis for the western philosophical thought, but also because it serves as a proof of the early dating of the Orphic poems offering a distinctive version of Presocratic philosophers. The text of the Papyrus, which is the first book of western tradition, has a global significance, since it reflects universal human values: the need to explain the world, the desire to belong to a human society with known rules and the agony to confront the end of life.
References
Further reading
Marco Antonio Santamaría Álvarez (ed.) 2018, The Derveni Papyrus. Unearthing Ancient Mysteries, Brill, series: Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava, vol. 36,
A. Bernabé, "The Derveni theogony: many questions and some answers", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 103, 2007, 99-133.
Gábor Betegh, 2004. The Derveni Papyrus: Cosmology, Theology and Interpretation (Cambridge University Press). A preliminary reading, critical edition and translation. . ()
Richard Janko's Review of Betegh 2004
Richard Janko. "The Physicist as Hierophant: Aristophanes, Socrates and the Authorship of the Derveni Papyrus," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 118, 1997, pp. 61–94.
R. Janko, "The Derveni Papyrus (Diagoras of Melos, Apopyrgizontes Logoi?): a New Translation," Classical Philology 96, 2001, pp. 1–32.
R. Janko, downloadable Interim Text of The Derveni Papyrus Derveni Papyrus Interim Text by Janko
R. Janko, "The Derveni Papyrus: An Interim Text," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 141, 2002, pp. 1–62.
A. Laks, "Between Religion and Philosophy: The Function of Allegory in the Derveni Papyrus", Phronesis 42, 1997, pp. 121–142.
A. Laks, G.W. Most (editors), 1997. Studies on the Derveni Papyrus (Oxford University Press). (books.google.)
G.W. Most, "The Fire Next Time. Cosmology, Allegories, and Salvation in the Derveni Papyrus", Journal of Hellenic Studies 117, 1997, pp. 117–135.
Io. Papadopoulou and L. Muellner (editors), Washington D.C. 2014. Poetry as Initiation: The Center for Hellenic Studies Symposium on the Derveni Papyrus (Hellenic Studies Series).
K. Tsantsanoglou, G.M. Parássoglou, T. Kouremenos (editors), 2006. The Derveni Papyrus (Leo. S. Olschki Editore, Florence [series Studi e testi per il Corpus dei papiri filosofici greci e latini, vol. 13]). .
V. Piano (editor), 2016. Il Papiro di Derveni tra religione e filosofia (Leo. S. Olschki Editore, Florence [series Studi e testi per il Corpus dei papiri filosofici greci e latini, vol. 18]). .
V. Piano, "P.Derveni III-VI: una riconsiderazione del testo", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 197, 2016, pp. 5–16.
Richard Janko's Review of Tsantsanoglou, Parássoglou, & Kouremenos 2006;Tsantsanoglou, Parássoglou, & Kouremenos' Response to Janko; Janko's Response.
External links
The Derveni papyrus at The iMouseion Project
"The Derveni Papyrus - A conversation with Richard Janko", Ideas Roadshow'', 2013
Greek manuscripts
Ancient Greek works
Greek religion texts
Religion in ancient Macedonia
Philip II of Macedon
Greek-language papyri
Orpheus
Papyrology
Archaeological discoveries in Greece
Memory of the World Register
1962 archaeological discoveries
Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
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5380134
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine%20Robbers
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Pine Robbers
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"Pine Robbers" were loosely organized, criminal, gangs and marauders who were British sympathizers and Loyalists during the American Revolutionary War and used the Pine Barrens of New Jersey to wreak havoc in the area. The pine barrens created densely forested terrain where concealment of guerrilla and criminal activities could easily be carried out.
Guerrilla and criminal activities
While the Tories, who had received their land from King George III, were amiable neighbors during the day and enemies of the Patriots by night, the pine robbers were disgruntled British sailors who had jumped ship. They banded together with local outlaws to burn and loot throughout the New Jersey Pine Barrens. The pine robbers were commonly known to commit crimes against Patriots and, sometimes, Loyalists.
Fagan Gang
One of the most infamous pine robber gangs was the Fagan Gang led by Loyalist leader Jacob Fagan and his associate Lewis Fenton.
John Bacon and the "Refugees"
John Bacon was one of the more notorious Loyalist leaders of the pine robbers. In December 1782, Bacon and his gang, the "Refugees" were involved in the Battle of Cedar Bridge, where a surprise attack by Captain Edward Thomas of the Mansfield Militia and Captain Richard Shreeve of the Burlington County Light Horse forced Bacon to quickly build a makeshift barricade at Cedar Bridge. The Patriot forces charged the Refugees, but Bacon and three gang members escaped.
On April 3, 1783, John Bacon was surrounded by the Patriot militia from Burlington, New Jersey, while drinking in a local tavern. With no chance of escape, he was bayoneted and shot to death.
See also
De Lancey's Brigade
Doan Gang
Harpe brothers
New Jersey Volunteers
References
Ward, Harry M; Between the Lines: Banditti of the American Revolution; Santa Barbara, California; Praeger; (2002).
External links
The Refugee John Bacon (Loyalist leader of the Pine Robbers)
Egg Harbor City to Pleasant Mills
Loyalist military units in the American Revolution
Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
New Jersey in the American Revolution
American outlaws
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5380138
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Ingham
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Albert Ingham
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Albert Edward Ingham (3 April 1900 – 6 September 1967) was an English mathematician.
Biography
Ingham was born in Northampton. He went to Stafford Grammar School and began his studies at Trinity College, Cambridge in January 1919 after service in the British Army in World War One. Ingham received a distinction as a Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos at Cambridge. He was elected a fellow of Trinity in 1922. He also received an 1851 Research Fellowship.
Ingham married Rose Marie "Jane" TupperCarey in 1932; the couple had two sons. Ingham died in Switzerland in 1967.
Research
Ingham was appointed a Reader at Leeds University in 1926 and returned to Cambridge University as a fellow of King's College and lecturer in 1930. Ingham was appointed after the death of Frank Ramsey. Ingham was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1945. Ingham's sole book, On the Distribution of Prime Numbers was published in 1932.
Ingham supervised the Ph.D.s of C. Brian Haselgrove, Wolfgang Fuchs and Christopher Hooley.
Ingham proved in 1937 that if
for some positive constant c, then
for any θ > (1+4c)/(2+4c). Here ζ denotes the Riemann zeta function and π the prime-counting function.
Using the best published value for c at the time, an immediate consequence of his result was that
gn < pn5/8,
where pn the n-th prime number and gn = pn+1 − pn denotes the n-th prime gap.
References
1900 births
1967 deaths
20th-century English non-fiction writers
20th-century mathematicians
Academics of the University of Leeds
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British Army personnel of World War I
English mathematicians
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Number theorists
People educated at Salford Grammar School
People from Northampton
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5380141
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20fitz%20Martin
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Robert fitz Martin
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Robert fitz Martin ( 10?? – c. 1159) was a Norman knight from Devon whose father, Martin de Turribus, was the first Norman Lord of Kemes, in what had previously been the Dyfed part of Deheubarth.
Fitz Martin inherited the Lordship of Kemes from his father, and founded St Dogmaels Abbey c. 1118. He was the first of the FitzMartin line. His descendants continued to hold lands in England and Wales until the 14th century.
Family background
Robert fitz Martin, was of a Frankish noble house of Blois, and not a Norman, as the great grand son of the bellicose Eudus II, Count of Blois was born some time in the late 11th century to a knight of William the Conqueror, Martin de Turribus and his wife Geva de Burci, heiress of Serlo de Burci. Martin had participated in the seizure of Rhys ap Tewdwr's lands, following the latter's refusal to acknowledge the suzerainty of William Rufus (despite having acknowledged the suzerainty of William the Conqueror), consequent attack on Worcester, and death in battle. Martin had sailed from Devon, and after landing at Fishguard, met little resistance (other than a skirmish at Morvil), becoming Marcher Lord of the area - Kemes (the name of the Lordship being a garbled version of Cemais, the name of the former Cantref); his Lordship stretched between Fishguard and Cardigan.
Geva de Burci's second husband was William de Falaise, with whom she had daughters, Emma and Sybil. "Emma de Falise married William de Courcy as her second husband. Earlier, she had been briefly married to William fitz Humphrey, but was evidently a widow soon after 1100 for, by 1106, she and her sister, Sybil, attested their father's charter without mention of their husbands. As a bride's possessions passed to her husband on marriage, he would normally attest before her but a widow acted in her own right."
Emma de Falise married William de Courcy, a son of Richard de Courcy of Courcy-sur-Dives, Normandy. They received the manor of Stoke (renamed Stoke-Courcy, now Stogursey) in Somerset from William, and were grandparents of John de Courcy. This made Robert fitz Martin a brother-in-law of William de Courcy, who "was most active in royal administration during the first decade of the reign" of Henry I, to whom de Courcy was a royal dapifer.
Life
Robert inherited property from his father Guillaume de Blois Amiral Saint Martin of Tours, of the Noble House Maison de Blois, France and from his maternal grandfather, Serlo de Burci, in Somerset, Dorset, and Devon. Early in the reign of Henry I he succeeded to his father's Marcher Lordship of Kemes, setting his caput at Nevern (Nanhyfer).
He married Maud Peverell and with her founded St Dogmaels Abbey between 1115 and 1119. Maude was a sister or daughter of William Peverel the Younger. The couple are not recorded as having any children. Not later than 1120, Robert Fitz Martin and Maud Peverel, his wife, granted to the abbey of Savigny land at Vengeons (la Manche) which had belonged to William Peverel.
In 1134, he joined with the Norman lords in South Wales in resisting the sons of Gruffydd, and witnessed several charters of the Empress Maud, to whom he was adhered. During The Great Revolt 1136–1137 much of Kemes was reclaimed by the Welsh (once again becoming Cemais). Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare, lord of Ceredigion, was ambushed and killed by the men of Iorwerth ab Owain. News of his death led to an invasion of Ceredigion by the sons of Gruffudd ap Cynan. Around Michaelmas they made an alliance with Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth. The combined forces made for Cardigan, and engaged the Normans at the Battle of Crug Mawr, two miles outside the town.
The Normans were led by Robert fitz Martin, of the Noble House of Blois, supported by the constable of Cardigan Castle (a Stephen), with the aid of Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan and Maurice's brother, William. After some hard fighting, the Norman forces broke and were pursued as far as the River Teifi. Many of the fugitives tried to cross the bridge, which broke under the weight, with hundreds said to have drowned, clogging the river with the bodies of men and horses. Others fled to the town of Cardigan, which however was taken and burned by the Welsh. However, Robert fitz Martin successfully managed to defend and hold the castle. It was the only one to remain in Norman hands at the end of the war.
Robert spent the years 1136–1141 serving the Empress Maud during The Anarchy, and her son, Henry II. His activities from 1142 to 1155 are unknown. In 1155, Henry II confirmed to him the lands of his grandfather, Serlo de Burci, with all their liberties.
Second marriage and FitzMartin descendants
By the reign of Henry II Maud had died and Robert fitz Martin had a new wife – Alice de Nonant of Totnes (died 1194) – and three children. Married after 1124, Devon, England, Robert fitz Martin and Alice de Nonant produced:
1. William (Fitz) (SIR - BARON) MARTIN 1135-1216 who married in 1159, Devon, England, to Angharad, the sister of his Robert's former enemy, Gruffydd ap Rhys.
2. William (SIR - Baron) MARTIN 1160-1215 married in 1195, Devon, England, to Avice De TORITON 1165-1246.
3. Nicholas (SIR) MARTIN 1193-1242.
Robert seems to have died about 1159, survived by his wife Alice and their children. Of them, Robert fitz Robert was dead by 1162 and buried in Totnes Priory. Sybil is known to have married a Warin de Morcelles and was alive in 1198.
William's eldest son inherited the family property and, via his marriage with Angharad, regained the lost territory of Kemes/Cemais. The family would continue to hold lands in both England and Wales until the extinction of the senior line in 1326. Cadet lines still flourish in England, Wales, Ireland and beyond.
Sources
The Baronial Martins, Lionel Nex, Orphington, 1987.
The Lords of Cemais, Dilwynn Miles, Haverfordwest, 1996.
The Tribes of Galway, Adrian J. Martyn, Galway, 2001.
De Courcy:Anglo-Normans in Ireland, England and France in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Steve Flanders, Four Courts Press, 2009.
The Baronial Martins, Lionel Nex, 1987.
The Lords of Cemais, Dilwynn Miles, Haverfordwest, 1996.
The Tribes of Galway, Adrian J. Martyn, Galway, 2001.
Complete Peerage, Vol VIII, pp. 530–537
Ancestral Roots of Certain Colonists, lines 63A, 71, 122.
References
1090s births
1159 deaths
11th-century Welsh people
12th-century Welsh people
Anglo-Normans in Wales
Norman warriors
People from Dorset
People from Totnes
People from Pembrokeshire
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3988957
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20rural%20districts%20in%20England%20and%20Wales%201894%E2%80%931930
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List of rural districts in England and Wales 1894–1930
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The following is a list of the areas in England and Wales which became rural sanitary districts when the Public Health Act 1875 came into force in 1875. Sanitary districts were based on poor law unions, and frequently contained areas in more than one county.Note for table: 'RSD' stands for Rural Sanitary District, 'LGD' stands for Local Government District, 'MB' stands for Municipal Borough and 'CB' stands for County Borough.
1875
Previous rural sanitary districts
RSDs abolished prior to 1894 were:
See also
Rural districts formed in England and Wales 1894–1974
Local boards formed in England and Wales 1848–94
List of rural and urban districts in England in 1973
List of rural and urban districts in Wales in 1973
Sources
F A Youngs, Guide to the Local administrative Units of England
County Census Reports 1901–1931
History of local government in England
19th century in England
20th century in England
Rural society in the United Kingdom
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3988971
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze%20parotia
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Bronze parotia
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The bronze parotia (Parotia berlepschi), also known as the Foja parotia, Berlepsch's parotia or Berlepsch's six-wired bird-of-paradise, is a species of bird-of-paradise, in the family Paradisaeidae. It resembles and is often considered to be a subspecies of Carola's parotia, but a high majority of authorities support its specific status.
The species share many differentiated features (see Description), though the Carola's parotia is more studied than the elusive bronze parotia. The species was first described by Otto Kleinschmidt in 1897.
Etymology
The bronze parotia's scientific name is Parotia berlepschi. The genus name, Parotia is composed of par, meaning "near" and Ancient Greek ōtos for "ear", specifically meaning "curl of hair by the ear", referring to six head plumes on each side of the head, characteristic to males of the genus Parotia. Its specific name, berlepschi, honors Hans von Berlepsch, a German ornithologist (1850-1915).
Description
Arguably one of the more drab members of its family, the male bronze parotia has a blackish body in general with a conspicuous oily bronze sheen, more greenish in the neck area, that gives the bird its common name. The differences in the facial and head area is much more differentiated from the sister species; the frontal crest of the bronze parotia is mostly black with only a more reduced portion of white tips towards the center of it rather than an extended area of white found in Carola's; the inner "bowl" of the frontal crest is greenish gold. There also is a very thin, orange stripe that ends in a circle that encircles the eyes. Another characteristic of the genus are the six head plumes, anatomically called occipital plumes, long, wire-like feathers with black, spatulate tips. His chin feathers are greyish to rusty brown, based by a dull gold. These "whiskers" lead to the Parotia-characteristic, iridescent breast plate composed of scale-like feathers, each with a black, dotted center, and shine pink, orange, green, blue, yellow, gold, violet and orange, depending on the light angle; however, the breast shield is typically inconspicuous in most views. Like other parotias, the male has elongated flank plumes on his sides used in their displays; additionally, found only in Carola's and this species, these flank feathers are black and white, the white standing out on the body. It has a short, black tail, which is shorter than Carola's. It has a relatively robust, more prominently hooked, grey-black bill, light blue-greyish eyes surrounded by an orange ring, and grey-black legs and feet. The female is drastically different from the female, being light brown above with reddish wings, light brown tail, and a brown and white head. She is creamy below, covered by brown-blackish barring.
Behavior and ecology
Because of its inaccessibility, the ecology of the bronze parotia is very poorly described. Its diet may consist of fruits, arthropods, and possibly other animal prey. Its courtship behavior may be similar to Carola's parotia courtship behavior. According to bird-of-paradise expert Edwin Scholes, actions include court clearing, mat construction, horizontal perch pivot display, hop and shake display, and leaf presentation. Parotias, along with other ground-performing birds-of-paradise, like to keep a clean court, tossing leaves, twigs, moss, etc., as the stage will be judged by the observing female(s). The presentation of leaves is used as a "badge of ownership" to rid of prospecting males; this behavior is seen in Carola's parotia displays, to which one of the most complex courtship sequences in the avian realm belongs. The perch pivots include the flank feathers fluffed out to where they form a semi-circle around the body, as well as the head and tail cocked, all while abruptly jerking the body from side to side. Other courtship behaviors include flexing of the frontal crest, hopping, bowing, shaking of chin feathers, and raising of flank plumes.
History
Many unknown Parotia specimens arose in Europe in the late 1800s and were owned by Berlepch. Unlike Carola's parotia, the specimens kept by Berlepsch had smaller bills with more of a prominent hooked tip, different plumage figures, and very slight size difference. The specimen was given its current scientific name to honor its owner in 1897.
Rediscovery
Previously known only from four specimens, the home of this little known bird-of-paradise was located in 1985 by the American scientist Jared Diamond at the Foja Mountains of Papua, Indonesia. Diamond encountered only the female of this species. In December 2005, an international team of eleven scientists from the United States, Australia and Indonesia, led by ornithologist and Conservation International vice-president Bruce Beehler traveled to the unexplored areas of Foja Mountains and rediscovered the bronze parotia among other little known and new species. The first photographs of them were taken during the rediscovery.
References
bronze parotia
Birds of Western New Guinea
bronze parotia
bronze parotia
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3988983
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Michael
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Barry Michael
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Barry Michael (born 2 June 1955) is an Australian former boxer. He was in his prime during the 1980s and is best remembered for his 1985 fight against Lester Ellis, which received nationwide television coverage in Australia.
Early life
Michael was born on 2 June 1955 in England and his family migrated to Australia in 1957. He grew up in Williamstown and dropped his surname Swettenham.
Professional career
Michael won the IBF super featherweight title on 12 July 1985 over Lester Ellis. He made his first defense three months later on 19 October 1985 with a 4th-round TKO win over Korean Jin-Shik Choi at the Darwin Oval in the Northern Territory. The 25-year-old Choi had a record of 17-1 (15) going into the fight and had won eight straight. Jin-Shik Choi's only loss going into the fight was to Rod Sequenan (Ellis' first defense), two years earlier by 12th-round knockout.
Later career
Michael ran for the Senate in 2013, representing the Palmer United Party.
Today, Michael is a boxing analyst in the media and appears on SEN 1116 as well as writing for the Herald Sun.
References
External links
Crunch! ... punch from Barry Michael ..., 1985 / Bruce Howard
https://web.archive.org/web/20060627150314/http://anbhof.com/barrymichaels.html Australian National Boxing Hall Of Fame
1955 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Watford
English emigrants to Australia
International Boxing Federation champions
United Australia Party (2013) politicians
Australian male boxers
Commonwealth Boxing Council champions
Super-featherweight boxers
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5380144
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Australian%20Lacrosse%20League%20season
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2006 Australian Lacrosse League season
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Results and statistics for the Australian Lacrosse League season of 2006.
Game 15
Friday, 20 October 2006, Perth, Western Australia
Goalscorers:
WA: Nathan Rainey 4-1, Adam Sear 4-1, Alex Brown 2-1, Travis Roost 2, Jason Battaglia 1, Adam Delfs 1, Jesse Stack 0-1.
SA: Ryan Gaspari 2-1, Anson Carter 2.
Game 16
Saturday, 21 October 2006, Perth, Western Australia
Goalscorers:
WA: Alex Brown 4-1, Adam Delfs 3, Adam Sear 3, Nathan Rainey 2, Russell Brown 1-1, Jason Battaglia 1, Travis Roost 1, Jesse Stack 1, Glen Morley 0-1, James Watson-Galbraith 0-1.
SA: Anson Carter 5, Shane Gilbert 1, Brendan Twiggs 1, Nigel Wapper 1.
Game 17
Friday, 27 October 2006, Melbourne, Victoria
Goalscorers:
Vic: Ben Newman 2-1, Robbie Stark 2, Damian Arnell 1, Clinton Lander 1, Aaron Onafretchook 1, Tristan Tomasino 1, Marty Hyde 0-1.
WA: Brad Goddard 2-1, Nathan Roost 2, Adam Sear 1, Jesse Stack 1, Russell Brown 0-1, Adam Delfs 0-1, James Watson-Galbraith 0-1.
Game 18
Saturday, 28 October 2006, Melbourne, Victoria
Goalscorers:
Vic: Adam Townley 3, Aaron Onafretchook 2-1, Clinton Lander 2, Robert Chamberlain 1-5, Marty Hyde 1-1, Robbie Stark 1-1, Josh Naughton 1.
WA: Adam Sear 3, Russell Brown 1-1, Alex Brown 1, Adam Delfs 1, Brad Goddard 0-1.
Game 19
Friday, 3 November 2006, Adelaide, South Australia
Goalscorers:
SA: Anson Carter 2, Nigel Wapper 2, Ryan Gaspari 1-1, Shane Gilbert 1, Philip McConnell 0-1, knocked-in 1.
Vic: Robert Chamberlain 2-1, Adam Townley 2-1, Clinton Lander 2, Robbie Stark 1-1, Marty Hyde 1, Josh Naughton 1, Ben Newman 1, Damian Arnall 0-1, Michael Rodrigues 0-1, knocked-in 1.
Game 20
Saturday, 4 November 2006, Adelaide, South Australia
Goalscorers:
SA: Anson Carter 3, Nigel Wapper 1-1.
Vic: Robbie Stark 5-1, Josh Naughton 5, Ben Newman 2-1, Adam Townley 2, Clinton Lander 1-3, Marty Hyde 1-2, Aaron Onafretchook 1-2, Tristan Tomasino 1-1, Damian Arnall 1, Michael Rodrigues 1, Chris Welsh 1.
ALL Table 2006
Table after completion of round-robin tournament
FINAL (Game 21)
Saturday, 11 November 2006, Perth, Western Australia
Goalscorers:
Vic: Ben Newman 2-1, Robert Chamberlain 2, Robbie Stark 1-1, Marty Hyde 1, Adam Townley 1, Clinton Lander 0-2.
WA: Adam Sear 5, Nathan Roost 2-1, Alex Brown 1-2, Jason Battaglia 1, Russell Brown 1, Brad Goddard 1, Nathan Rainey 1, Jesse Stack 1, Ben Tippett 1.
All-Stars
ALL 2006 Champions: Western Australia
ALL 2006 Most Valuable Player: Robbie Stark (Vic)
ALL 2006 All-Stars: Alex Brown, Warren Brown, Gavin Leavy, Travis Roost, Adam Sear (WA), Marty Hyde, Keith Nyberg, Cameron Shepherd, Robbie Stark, Adam Townley (Vic), Anson Carter, Anthony Munro, Brendan Twiggs (SA). Coach: Travis Roost (WA). Referee: Don Lovett (Vic)
See also
Australian Lacrosse League
Lacrosse in Australia
External links
Australian Lacrosse League
Lacrosse Australia
Lacrosse South Australia
Lacrosse Victoria
Western Australian Lacrosse Association
Australian Lacrosse League
2006 in Australian sport
2006 in lacrosse
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3988984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Bangor%20%28M109%29
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HMS Bangor (M109)
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HMS Bangor is a commissioned by the Royal Navy in 1999. Designed to hunt mines in depths of up to 200 m using the Sonar 2093 Variable Depth Sonar (VDS) meaning that she can conduct mine clearance operations throughout the continental shelf. She is named after the Northern Ireland seaside town of the same name, and the second Royal Navy vessel to bear the name.
History
Through October 2011 Bangor conducted maritime security patrols off Misrata during the NATO military intervention in Libya.
Bangor participated in the 2013 Exercise Joint Warrior. She was stationed on the River Clyde for the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. For the duration of the games the general public were allowed on board for a free tour.
In mid-2021, Bangor deployed with HMS Middleton to join the vessels of 9 Mine Countermeasures Squadron operating out of HMS Jufair in Bahrain. Both vessels were upgraded with the Oceanographic Reconnaissance Combat Architecture (ORCA) system which assists vessels with a higher level of mine detection at greater stand-off distances. Bangor and Middleton were to relieve their sister vessels HMS Brocklesby and HMS Shoreham, which were to return to the U.K.
References
External links
Sandown-class minehunters
Ships built in Southampton
1999 ships
Minehunters of the United Kingdom
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5380155
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Antonio%20Fl%C3%B3rez
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Manuel Antonio Flórez
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Manuel Antonio Flórez Maldonado Martínez Ángulo y Bodquín (in full, Manuel Antonio Flórez Maldonado) (May 27, 1723 in Seville, Spain – March 20, 1799 in Madrid) was a general in the Spanish navy and viceroy of New Granada (1776 – November 26, 1781) and New Spain (August 17, 1787 to October 16, 1789).
Early career
Flórez entered the royal navy of Spain, where he commanded various ships of war fighting pirates, in both the Mediterranean and in Spanish possessions in America. He distinguished himself for his valor as well as his knowledge, and was made a knight of the military Order of Calatrava. He became commandant of the Naval Department at el Ferrol, a major naval base, shipbuilding center and arsenal in northwestern Spain. He served in that position for four years (1771–75).
Flórez was named viceroy of New Granada, and sailed to take up the position on December 3, 1775. He served in this capacity for 11 years and 5 months. He was well liked in New Grenada. He resigned in 1787, citing ill health. However, his resignation was apparently motivated by dissatisfaction of José de Gálvez, Minister of the Indies, and Archbishop Antonio Caballero y Góngora of Bogotá.
As Viceroy of New Spain
In 1787 he was named viceroy of New Spain and president of the Audiencia of Mexico. He arrived in Veracruz on July 18, 1787 and took possession of his new offices in Mexico City on August 17.
In office, he raised three new battalions of volunteers, those of Mexico, Nueva España, and Puebla. He refused to share his authority with Francisco Mangino, who had been named superintendent of New Spain (1787). He sent 50,000 pesos annually to New York, on orders of the Crown, for businesses there.
He intervened in a dispute between missionaries and the military governor of California. He arranged that the sons of the largest landowners of the colony be given high positions in the colonial army. In 1788 he arranged with the Spanish government to bring in 11 German miners from Dresden to teach Mexican miners recent technical advances in metallurgy.
During his administration the Real Estudio Botánico opened. On April 28, 1788, the distinguished Mexican historian and Jesuit Francisco Javier Alegre died in exile in Bologna. On June 4, 1788, the expedition of Esteban José Martínez sailed from San Blas, Nayarit, in the Princesa to explore the North Pacific coast. This expedition sailed as far as the Bering Strait. On August 12, 1788, Lorenzo de Zavala was born in Yucatán. He was later vice-president of the independent Republic of Texas.
King Charles III died on December 14, 1788, after a long reign. The sumptuous obsequies after his death cost the treasury of New Spain a great deal. Viceroy Flórez was personally very affected, because Charles III had been his protector.
The Audiencia informed the Crown of Flórez's failing health, and he was ordered to step down because of it. He was granted six months' additional pay to cover his expenses on the return to Spain. He returned there on October 16, 1789, where he was awarded the Cross of the Order of Charles III and named honorary captain general of the navy. He died in Madrid on March 20, 1799.
References
"Flores, Manuel Antonio," Enciclopedia de México, v. 5. Mexico City: 1987.
García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, v. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua, 1984.
Orozco L., Fernando, Fechas Históricas de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1988, .
Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, .
External links
Viceroys of New Spain
Viceroys of New Granada
1723 births
1799 deaths
People from Seville
Spanish generals
Spanish history in the Pacific Northwest
1770s in the Viceroyalty of New Granada
1780s in the Viceroyalty of New Granada
1780s in Mexico
1780s in New Spain
18th-century Spanish people
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3988989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thy
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Thy
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THY or Thy may refer to:
Thy, the genitive case of the English personal pronoun thou (archaic)
Thy (district), Jutland, Denmark
Thymine, one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA
Turkish Airlines (ICAO: THY, from Turkish )
The first month in the Egyptian Middle Kingdom lunar calendar
Lennart Thy (born 1992), German footballer
See also
Thy1 (disambiguation)
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3988995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Fair%20Pay%20Commission
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Australian Fair Pay Commission
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The Australian Fair Pay Commission was an Australian statutory body that existed from 2006 to 2009. It was created under the Howard Government's "WorkChoices" industrial relations laws in 2006 to set the minimum pay for workers. Established to replace the wage-setting functions of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, the Commission set and adjusted a single adult minimum wage, non-adult minimum wages (such as training wage), minimum wages for award classification levels, and casual loadings. The Commission was abolished in December 2009 with the wage-setting function passing to the minimum wage panel of the Fair Work Commission.
The inaugural chairman of the Commission was Professor Ian Harper and there were four commissioners: Hugh Armstrong, Patrick McClure AO, Mike O’Hagan, and Honorary Professor Judith Sloan.
The profile of the members of the Commission was different from that of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission which previously had responsibility for determining the above matters. There was less representation of trade unions, and less transparency in decision-making, making it possible for the Commission to make judgements with no community oversight or consultation. Unlike the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, the Commission funded substantial research on the economic effects of raising the minimum wage, and proponents claimed that this placed more of an emphasis on determining whether the economic evidence suggested that raising the minimum wage made the poor better off.
Critics argued that the board lacked independence and scope and that it reduced the benefits of workers, while supporters believed it helped to stimulate the economy and improve working conditions.
2006 decision
On 26 October 2006, the Commission handed down its first decision. The Commission's media release stated:
The Australian Fair Pay Commission today announced an increase of $27.36 per week in the standard Federal Minimum Wage and in all Pay Scales up to $700 per week. This covers just over one million Australian workers who rely on the Commission’s decisions for adjustments in their wages.
The Commission also awarded an increase of $22.04 per week to all Pay Scales paying $700 per week and above, or more than $36,000 per year, representing another 220,000 workers, about 2% of the workforce.
In hourly terms, the Australian federal minimum wage increased to $13.47 per hour (for workers on pay scales of less than $700 per week), with effect from 1 December 2006.
Many commentators were surprised the Commission's first decision was so generous. For example, the Australian Council of Trade Unions had asked for a minimum wage increase of $30 per week. Despite this, the rise barely kept up with inflation since the previous pay rise handed down by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission in June 2005.
2007 decision
On 5 July 2007, the Commission handed down its second wage decision. The decision increased minimum wages from $13.47 to $13.74 per hour, or $10.26 a week for wages below $700, and by $5.30 for wages above $700. The rise took effect from the first pay period commencing on or after 1 October 2007. This was a change of policy from the Commssion's first decision, which took effect on the 1 December 2007 and was criticised by employer groups for causing difficulties for businesses, which had to implement a pay rise within a pay period. Traditionally, the Australian Industrial Relations Commission implemented wage and allowance rises from the first 'pay period commencing' from a set date.
The Commission took into account the time period between the inaugural and second wage decisions, and other factors including tax cuts announced in the budget that took effect from 1 July 2007. The Commission, whilst considering these matters, did not discount the wage increase on account of tax cuts.
Another historic feature of the decision was that for the first time, farmers were granted a deferral from the wage increase on account of severe drought. Incapacity to pay had been argued numerous times over the last twenty five years, but mostly unsuccessfully, before the Australian Industrial Relations Commission. The Commission's decision granting the deferral was therefore a landmark in the history of industrial relations for the National Farmers' Federation.
Trade union reaction
Trade unions viewed the Commission as a conservative business-friendly organisation that threatened the basic rights, pay and entitlements of workers. Further, they argued that the Commission benefited business at the expense of workers. Unions viewed the Australian Industrial Relations Commission as independent and wished to retain it as the minimum wage setting body. The ACTU's Greg Combet expressed his concern about Professor Harper's ability in an interview with Radio National's Mark Colvin.
See also
Australian Government
Australian Labor Party
Liberal Party of Australia
ACTU
References
Employment compensation
Employment in Australia
Defunct Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia
2006 establishments in Australia
2009 disestablishments in Australia
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5380170
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichocephaly
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Dolichocephaly
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Dolichocephaly (derived from the Ancient Greek δολιχός 'long' and κεφαλή 'head') is a condition where the head is longer than would be expected, relative to its width. In humans, scaphocephaly is a form of dolichocephaly.
Dolichocephalic dogs (such as German Shepherds) have elongated noses. This makes them vulnerable to fungal diseases of the nose such as aspergillosis. In humans the anterior–posterior diameter (length) of dolichocephaly head is more than the transverse diameter (width).
It can be present in cases of Sensenbrenner syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Sotos syndrome, CMFTD as well as Marfan syndrome.
See also
Brachycephaly
Cephalic index
Plagiocephaly
References
External links
Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
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5380180
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid%20Stuff
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Kid Stuff
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"Kid Stuff" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It was first published in the September 1953 issue of Beyond Fantasy Fiction and reprinted in the 1957 collection Earth Is Room Enough. Asimov wrote the story in January 1953, intending it for a new magazine called Fantastic, but it was rejected by its editor, Harold Browne. Asimov then submitted it to H. L. Gold, who accepted it for a new sister magazine of Galaxy Science Fiction called Beyond Fantasy Fiction.
Plot summary
Jan Prentiss, a fantasy writer is busy at work, when a foot-long talking insect materialises before him. He declares that he is an elf, and is in fact a mutant—a "super-elf"—with new powers that he is still experimenting with. Most of his kind are telepathic. During the last ice age, they used human brains as "psychic amplifiers" to augment their own abilities. However, since the Industrial Revolution, the elves and other related beings have avoided mankind, since they are unable to manipulate electricity, and have retreated to Avalon; an island in the Atlantic Ocean cloaked in a psychic shield.
Prentiss' elf, however, can manipulate electricity and possibly fission uranium. It needs to use Prentiss' brain, as a psychic amplifier, though, since Prentiss, being a fantasy writer, is one of the few humans with a mind sympathetic enough for the elf to control. When Prentiss balks at being taken to Avalon as an 'advisor', the elf threatens Prentiss' wife and ten-year-old son with physical harm.
Prentiss' son comes home from school, and the elf tries to take control of his mind, too; but the boy, being a modern 1950s child, doesn't believe in "kid stuff" like fairies. The elf is unable to control both minds, and the boy crushes the elf with his schoolbooks.
External links
Short stories by Isaac Asimov
1953 short stories
Science fiction short stories
Works originally published in Beyond Fantasy Fiction
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5380185
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201989%20Greek%20legislative%20election
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June 1989 Greek legislative election
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Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 18 June 1989. The liberal-conservative New Democracy party of Konstantinos Mitsotakis defeated the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) of Andreas Papandreou. However, New Democracy could not form a government, since its 5% lead in the popular vote was not enough to reach a majority because of the proportional representation system voted into electoral law by the previous PASOK government.
Results
References
Greece
1989 06
Legislative
1989
Greece
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5380186
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%20Branch
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Ham Branch
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The Ham Branch of the Gale River is a river in northwestern New Hampshire in the United States. Via the Gale River, it is a tributary of the Ammonoosuc River and part of the Connecticut River watershed.
The Ham Branch rises in the town of Easton and flows north through a valley at the western base of the Kinsman Range of the White Mountains. The river collects such tributaries as Reel Brook, Slide Brook, and Coppermine Brook before joining the Gale River in the village of Franconia. New Hampshire Route 116 follows the Ham Branch for nearly its entire course.
See also
List of New Hampshire rivers
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Grafton County, New Hampshire
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3988999
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico%20Pieranunzi
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Enrico Pieranunzi
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Enrico Pieranunzi (born 5 December 1949) is an Italian jazz pianist. He combines classical technique with jazz.
Biography
The son of Renata Brillantini and Alvaro Pieranunzi, Enrico Pieranunzi was encouraged to study music at a young age. His father was a jazz guitarist. He studied classical music until 1973 when he became a Professor of Music, and remained in the post for two years. In 1975 he left his teaching practice and played in trios and small ensembles. He has recorded over 60 albums and has also been active as a session musician.
Pieranunzi has performed with Frank Rosolino, Sal Nistico, Kenny Clarke, Johnny Griffin, Chet Baker, Joey Baron, Art Farmer, Jim Hall, Marc Johnson, Lee Konitz, Phil Woods, Bill Smith, Charlie Haden, Mads Vinding, Thomas Fonnesbæk, and Billy Higgins. He recorded the first album under his own name in 1975 and has performed with his own group at European and American jazz festivals. He has also composed several film scores.
Awards and honors
1982 - Critics award for the Isis album - Soul Note (Enrico Pieranunzi Quartet & Quintet featuring Art Farmer)
1983 - Musician of the year Musica Jazz Annual Poll (along with D'Andrea, Rava, Urbani, Trovesi, Gaslini, Bagnoli)
1988 - Best Italian Group Musica Jazz Annual Poll (Space Jazz trio)
1989 - Musician of the year Musica Jazz Annual Poll, Best Italian Group Musica Jazz Poll (Space Jazz Trio)
1995 - Best CD of the Year Music & Discs "Flux & Change - Duo with Paul Motian (Soul Note)
1996 - Choc de l'annee of Jazzman for the CD "The Night Gone By"
1997 - Django d'Or Best European Musician
2002 - Jazz Award "Palazzo Valentini" Province of Rome
2003 - Musician of the Year Musica Jazz Annual Poll
2005 - Jazz in Europe Award Guinness Jazz Festival (Cork)
2008 - Musician of the Year. Musica jazz Annual Poll (along with Franco D'Andrea)
2009 - Award of the French Académie du Jazz Francese for the best unpublished (Yellow and Blue Suites, duo with Marc Johnson - Challenge Records)
2015 - Top Jazz 2014. A Life for Jazz
Discography
As leader
Jazz a Confronto 24 (Horo, 1975)
The Day After the Silence (Edipan, 1976)
A Long Way (Carosello, 1978)
From Always...to Now! (Edipan, 1978)
Soft Journey with Chet Baker (Edipan, 1980)
Isis (Soul Note, 1981)
Inconsequence with Ronnie Cuber (Dire, 1983)
Jazz Roads (CAM Jazz, 1983)
Autumn Song (Enja, 1985)
What's What (Demon, 1985)
Moon Pie with Enzo Pietropaoli & Roberto Gatto (YVP Music, 1987)
The Heart of the Ballad with Chet Baker (Philology, 1988)
Solitudes with Lee Konitz (Philology, 1988)
Parisian Portraits (IDA, 1991)
In That Dawn of Music (Soul Note, 1993)
Flux and Change with Paul Motian (Soul Note, 1995)
The Night Gone By (Alfa, 1996)
Seaward (Soul Note, 1996)
Daedalus Wings (Challenge, 1999)
Don't Forget the Poet (Challenge, 1999)
Infant Eyes (Challenge, 2000)
Improvised Forms for Trio (Challenge, 2000)
Live in Switzerland (YVP Music, 2000)
Evans Remembered (Via Veneto, 2001)
Alone Together (Challenge, 2001)
One Lone Star (YVP Music, 2002)
Perugia Suite (Egea, 2002)
Les Amants (Egea, 2004)
Doorways with Paul Motian (CAM Jazz, 2004)
Duologues with Jim Hall (CAM Jazz, 2005)
Special Encounter with Charlie Haden, Paul Motian (CAM Jazz, 2005)
Live in Paris (Challenge, 2005)
Live Conversations with Dado Moroni (Abeat, 2006)
Jazzitaliano Live 2006 (Casa del Jazz, 2006)
Sonatas and Improvisations (CAM Jazz, 2008)
Wandering (CAM Jazz, 2009)
Live at Birdland (CAM Jazz, 2010)
Works and Improvisations (CAM Jazz, 2011)
New York Reflections (CAM Jazz, 2012)
Permutation (CAM Jazz, 2012)
Deep Down (Soul Note, 2012)
Originals (Jazzit, 2012)
Stories (CAM Jazz, 2014)
Autour De Martino (TCB, 2014)
Proximity (CAM Jazz, 2015)
Tales from the Unexpected (Intuition, 2015)
Double Circle with Federico Casagrande (CAM Jazz, 2015)
My Songbook (Via Veneto, 2016)
Menage a Trois with Andre Ceccarelli (Bonsai Music, 2016)
European Trio (Casa del Jazz, 2016)
New Spring (CAM Jazz, 2016)
Duke's Dream with Rosario Giuliani (Intuition, 2017)
Play Gershwin with Gabriele Mirabassi, Gabriele Pieranunzi (CAM Jazz, 2018)
Blue Waltz (Stunt, 2018)
Monsieur Claude (Bonsai Music, 2018)
Wine & Waltzes (CAM Jazz, 2018)
New Visions (Storyville, 2019)
Frame (CAM Jazz, 2020)
Common View (Challenge, 2020)
With Marc Johnson
Deep Down (Soul Note, 1987)
The Dream Before Us (IDA, 1992)
Untold Story (IDA, 1994)
Play Morricone (CAM Jazz, 2002)
Trasnoche (Egea, 2003)
Current Conditions (CAM Jazz, 2003)
Play Morricone 2 (CAM Jazz, 2004)
Ballads (CAM Jazz, 2006)
Live in Japan (CAM Jazz, 2007)
As Never Before (CAM Jazz, 2008)
Yellow & Blue Suites (Challenge, 2008)
Dream Dance (CAM Jazz, 2009)
Live at the Village Vanguard (CAM Jazz, 2013)
As sideman
With Ennio Morricone
Cinema Paradiso (DRG, 1988)
Gli Occhiali D'Oro (Screen Trax, 1996)
La Gabbia (GDM, 1996)
Il Bandito Dagli Occhi (Azzurri Beat, 2013)
With Phil Woods
Phil's Mood (Philology, 1990)
Elsa (Philology, 1992)
Live at the Corridoia Jazz Festival (Philology, 1992)
With others
Alessandro Alessandroni, Sangue Di Sbirro (Four Flies, 2016)
Chet Baker, Little Girl Blue (Philology, 1988)
Brussels Jazz Orchestra & Bert Joris, The Music of Enrico Pieranunzi (W.E.R.F., 2015)
Bruno Canino, Americas (CAM Jazz, 2016)
Philip Catherine, Joe Labarbera, Hein Van De Geyn, Concert in Capbreton (Dreyfus, 2010)
Andre Ceccarelli, Carte Blanche (Dreyfus, 2004)
Kenny Clarke, Jazz a Confronto 20 (Horo, 1975)
Riccardo Del Fra, A Sip of Your Touch (IDA, 1989)
Riccardo Del Fra, Chet Visions (Cristal, 2019)
Anne Ducros, Piano, Piano (Dreyfus, 2005)
Claudio Fasoli, Hinterland (Edipan, 1979)
Roberto Gatto, Roberto Gatto Plays Rugantino (CAM Jazz, 2000)
Terje Gewelt, Oslo (Resonant Music, 2009)
Charlie Haden, Silence (Soul Note, 1989)
Charlie Haden, First Song (Soul Note, 1992)
Lee Konitz, Blew (Philology, 1989)
Mimmo Locasciulli, Quello Che Ci Resta (RCA, 1977)
Jesper Lundgaard, 60 Out of Shape (Storyville, 2015)
Tina May, Home Is Where the Heart Is (33 Jazz, 2015)
Franco Micalizzi, Laure (Four Flies, 2015)
Sal Nistico, Jazz a Confronto 16 (Horo, 1975)
Enzo Pietropaoli, Orange Park (Gala, 1990)
Gianfranco Plenizio, Liberi Armati (Pericolosi Beat, 2008)
Enrico Rava, Nausicaa (Egea, 1994)
Enrico Rava, Bella (Philology, 1994)
Frank Rosolino, Jazz a Confronto 4 (Horo, 1973)
Kenny Wheeler, Charlie Haden, Paul Motian, Fellini Jazz (CAM Jazz, 2003)
Kai Winding, Duo Bones (Red, 1979)
Mads Vinding, The Kingdom (Stunt, 1997)
Mads Vinding, Yesterdays (Stunt, 2017)
Renato Zero, Artide Antartide (Zerolandia, 1981)
References
External links
Official Site
Italian jazz pianists
Italian male pianists
1949 births
Living people
Musicians from Rome
Italian session musicians
20th-century Italian musicians
21st-century Italian musicians
21st-century pianists
20th-century Italian male musicians
21st-century Italian male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Challenge Records (1994) artists
Black Saint/Soul Note artists
CAM Jazz artists
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3989006
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasys%20Eidrigevi%C4%8Dius
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Stasys Eidrigevičius
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Stasys Eidrigevičius (born 24 July 1949 in Mediniškiai, Lithuania) is a painter and graphic artist.
Biography
Eidrigevičius graduated from the College of Fine Arts and Crafts in Kaunas in 1968. In 1973, he obtained a diploma from Vilnius Academy of Fine Arts. Since 1980 he has lived in Poland. Eidrigevičius is active in many artistic fields, such as: oil painting, book-plate, book illustration, studio graphics, and photography. He has been interested in posters since 1984.
Major awards
Major awards: Gold Plaque for children's book illustration at Biennial of Book Art in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (1979, 1981, 1989), Grand Prix (1991); Gold Medal at International Biennial of Exlibris in Malbork (1980); Honorary Mention at Exhibition of Small Graphic Forms in Łódź, Poland (1979); Grand Prix for book illustration in Barcelona, Spain (1986); Grand Prix at International Biennial of Posters in Lahti, Finland (1989); 3rd Prize at International Biennial of Posters in Warsaw (1990), Gold Medal, Toyama, Japan (1994), 1st Prize at Biennial of Polish Poster, Katowice (1999), National Award in Arts, Lithuania (2001); Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (2019).
References
1949 births
Living people
Lithuanian graphic designers
Lithuanian illustrators
Lithuanian painters
Lithuanian photographers
Soviet emigrants to Poland
Polish graphic designers
20th-century Polish painters
20th-century Polish male artists
21st-century Polish painters
21st-century male artists
Polish photographers
Polish poster artists
Recipients of the Lithuanian National Prize
Recipients of the Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Polish male painters
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5380195
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred%20Gordon%20%28politician%29
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Mildred Gordon (politician)
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Mildred Gordon (née Fellerman; 24 August 1923 – 8 April 2016) was a British Labour politician.
Biography
Earlier life
Mildred Gordon was born the daughter of Judah and Dora Fellerman in Stepney in 1923. Judah was of Dutch Jewish descent, Dora from a Bessarabian Jewish family. Her father and grandfather were stallholders in Watney Market; her father also served as a member of Stepney Borough Council. She attended Betts Street and Christian Street Schools, before attending Raines School and secretarial college. She worked in a solicitor's office, from which she was unable to get release for army service in the Second World War, so she volunteered to be an air raid warden instead. She became a teacher in 1945, and her first post was at Nicholas Gibson School in The Highway, Stepney.
The then Mildred Fellerman married Sam Gordon in 1948, in Reno, Nevada with C. L. R. James as one of the witnesses. The couple lived in New York until 1952. Her husband was at that time the secretary of the Trotskyist Fourth International, and worked as a printer, while Mildred Gordon herself continued in her occupation as a teacher. She and her husband were prevented from returning to the US in 1952, as his passport had been taken, after visiting her family in the UK. Sam Gordon died in 1982; they had one son, David. Mildred's second husband from 1985, until he died in 1996, was Nils Kaare Dahl, who had once been asked to prepare to be Leon Trotsky's bodyguard during his exile in Norway from 1935, and stayed with him for two periods.
Before being elected to Parliament, Gordon was variously a school governor, governor of Hackney College, and a visiting typewriting teacher, retraining women in Holloway prison. She was also the adviser on older women to the Women's Committee of the Greater London Council (GLC) during Ken Livingstone's tenure as GLC Leader. A long-time Labour Party activist, Gordon had been a Labour candidate for Hendon Borough Council, for the GLC, and for the European Parliament in the first direct elections in 1979. She joined the executive of the London Labour Party in 1983.
Parliamentary career
After leaving teaching in 1985, Gordon was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Bow and Poplar at the 1987 general election with a majority of 4,631 votes. In her maiden speech in the Commons, Gordon said: "The mark of a civilised society is that it is one in which people can expect to be decently housed and clothed, to have enough to eat and to have access to healthcare and to education for their children".
Tony Benn, in his diary, summarised Gordon's contribution at a meeting of the Campaign Group in February 1989, shortly after the Iranian fatwa against Salman Rushdie for The Satanic Verses was announced. In Gordon's opinion, he wrote, "all fundamentalists and all established churches were enemies of the workers and the people. All religions were reactionary forces keeping the people down and denying the aspirations of working people. She opposed all blasphemy laws".
Her constituency was abolished at the 1997 general election; Gordon was not selected for either of the successor seats, being succeeded by Jim Fitzpatrick in Poplar and Canning Town, while Oona King was selected for Bethnal Green and Bow.
Later life
Gordon was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Tower Hamlets in 1999. In 2006, she opened a new block of flats called Thirza House in Shadwell for older people; this was built by Tower Hamlets Community Housing (THCH), a local housing association based in the south-west corner of her former constituency.
She died in April 2016, at the age of 92.
References
Lubitz Trotskyana Net: Sam Gordon
External links
1923 births
2016 deaths
British Jews
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
People educated at Raine's Foundation School
People from Stepney
School governors
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
20th-century British women politicians
Jewish British politicians
Jewish women politicians
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
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3989009
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9my%20Julienne
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Rémy Julienne
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Rémy Julienne (17 April 1930 – 21 January 2021) was a French driving stunt performer and coordinator, assistant director and occasional actor. He was also a rallycross champion and 1956 French motorcross champion.
Early life
Julienne was born in 1930, the son of café owners in the town of Cepoy, 110 km south-east of Paris. During World War II, he was dared by children evacuated from Paris to ride a bicycle across the local canal, which inspired him to start riding motocross.
Career
In his early 20's Julienne became French motocross champion in 1957, which brought him to the attention of eminent stunt co-coordinator Gil Delamare. Through Delamare, Julienne's first screen appearance in 1964 was replacing actor Jean Marais, and in 1966 he played a German army motorcyclist in La Grande Vadrouille.
After Delamare's tragic death during a stunt in 1966, Julienne stepped-in and agreed to fulfill contracts Delamare had signed with various film studios. Julienne's scientific approach which created spectacular on-screen images garnered him admiration within the industry in an age before computer modelling. Working initially in French film and TV, and occasional Hollywood films shot in Europe, his developing reputation led to his employment on the British film The Italian Job. Producer Michael Deeley later commented that “During our initial meeting with Rémy, Peter Collinson [the film’s director] and I were delighted to discover that he was prepared to take the chase sequence even further than we had envisaged, suggesting a different range of hair-raising stunts that could be written into the script.” Julienne planned and co-ordinated all of the vehicle sequences, including the epic Mini chase sequence through the streets and roof tops of Turin.
He resultantly became Hollywood's go-to vehicle stunt coordinator, best publicly known for his stunts on six James Bond films, five of which were directed by John Glen. Julienne became known for Bond sequences which made ordinary cars do extraordinary things, such as the Citroen 2CV in For Your Eyes Only, the Renault 11 in A View To A Kill, and the petrol semi-tanker in Licence To Kill in which a Kenworth performed a wheelie. "The tanker chase was the most dangerous sequence I ever devised” said Glen, who also noted that Julienne was fastidious in his preparation.
Julienne was eventually involved in over 1,400 films. His choreographed stunt sequences were usually destructive, with high-speed chases and highly realistic vehicle behaviour. French car manufacturers, notably Renault and Citroën, frequently called on his services for their TV and film commercials, and he had a noted partnership with Italian manufacturer Fiat in the 1980s. In November 2005, Julienne was contracted by French TV station M6 to consult on a French-language remake of the 1970s series Starsky and Hutch.
In 1999 during the filming of Taxi 2, written and produced by Luc Besson and directed by Gérard Krawczyk, a stunt sequence caused the death of a cameraman Alain Dutartre and the serious injury of the cameraman's assistant. Clearing Besson's firm EuropaCorp of all charges, the Prosecutor held Julienne solely responsible accusing him of "not taking all the necessary measures for the security of the stunt in question" and notably to have "neglected the speed calculations of the car and the length of the jump", handing Julienne an 18-month suspended jail sentence and a €13,000 fine. Julienne appealed, accusing Besson's production company EuropaCorp of taking short cuts in safety equipment, and rejecting Julienne's offers to trial the car scene in question due to cost. The Paris Court of Appeal reversed the ruling in June 2009, and ordered EuropaCorp pay €100,000. Julienne's jail sentence was reduced to six months, and his fine reduced to €2,000, but he was required to pay the Dutartre family €50,000 in court costs.
Julienne began a school in France to provide drivers and mechanics with the specialized skills needed for stunt work. He also coordinated the attraction Moteurs... Action! Stunt Show Spectacular at Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris.
His sons Michel and Dominique are also highly skilled stunt drivers/coordinators, and now run the family business.
Death
Hospitalised in Amilly near Montargis in early January 2021, Julienne died on the evening of 21 January 2021 from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in France.
References
External links
1930 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in France
French motorcycle racers
French racing drivers
French stunt performers
Stunt drivers
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3989011
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Music%20of%20the%20Primes
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The Music of the Primes
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The Music of the Primes (British subtitle: Why an Unsolved Problem in Mathematics Matters; American subtitle: Searching to Solve the Greatest Mystery in Mathematics) is a 2003 book by Marcus du Sautoy, a professor in mathematics at the University of Oxford, on the history of prime number theory. In particular he examines the Riemann hypothesis, the proof of which would revolutionize our understanding of prime numbers. He traces the prime number theorem back through history, highlighting the work of some of the greatest mathematical minds along the way.
The cover design for the hardback version of the book contains several pictorial depictions of prime numbers, such as the number 73 bus. It also has an image of a clock, referring to clock arithmetic, which is a significant theme in the text.
References
2003 non-fiction books
Mathematics books
Analytic number theory
Prime numbers
Fourth Estate books
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5380201
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell%20Power
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Darrell Power
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Darrell Power (born 1968) is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter, music producer, and former member of Canadian folk rock band Great Big Sea (1993–2003). He is a guest host of VOCM Nightline and Open Line. Power currently works as a substitute teacher. He lives in downtown St. John's, Newfoundland.
Education
Power grew up in Outer Cove and attended Gonzaga High School. He later attended Memorial University of Newfoundland, where he met the other members of Great Big Sea. All the members of the group were pursuing English degrees at the time.
A devoted lifelong learner, Power was named Memorial University's 1999 Alumni of the Year, along with his bandmates.
Musical career
Great Big Sea
Great Big Sea played its first official gig on March 11, 1993, opening for the Irish Descendants at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's, Newfoundland. The founding band members included Doyle (vocals, guitar, bouzouki, mandolin), Séan McCann (vocals, bodhrán, guitar, tin whistle), Power (vocals, bass, guitar, bones), and Bob Hallett (vocals, fiddle, accordion, mandolin, concertina, bouzouki, whistles, bagpipes). The formation and growth of the band has been written about extensively by Doyle in his memoirs Where I Belong and A Newfoundlander in Canada.
After the release of their initial self-titled album Great Big Sea, the band was signed by Warner Music Canada to record their second album Up, which went 4× Platinum. Their next effort, Play, went 3× Platinum. Turn and Sea of No Cares also went Platinum on the Warner label. Sea of No Cares achieved number one status on Canadian charts. The Great Big DVD and CD, recorded live in Ottawa, went 3× Platinum. Subsequent efforts went Gold, as did the twentieth-anniversary greatest hits collection XX and the live concert CD Road Rage. The band toured nearly constantly for the band's first several years, sometimes traveling as many as 300 days a year, including tours in the United States and Europe.
Power retired from Great Big Sea in 2003 to spend more time with his family. He has since made guest appearances with the 7 Deadly Sons at the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and with Great Big Sea at Torbay 250.
Producer
Power wrote and produced the theme songs for the successful provincial political campaigns of Premiers Williams, Dunderdale, and Ball. He also produced the album Tarahan's Town for the Newfoundland folk group Tarahan.
Festival of Friends
In August 2010 he appeared at the Festival of Friends Song Writer Circle in Outer Cove where he performed his own original songs. The video of the performances achieved a following on YouTube.
Solo Performing
In January 2018, Power launched a series of solo performances at the small Black Sheep pub in downtown St. John's. The performances were largely original music that had been written by Power. He described it as a combination of Canadiana, Americana, and Great Big Sea music.
Film
Power produced and directed the film Where There is Love.
Politics
On September 4, 2017, Power announced he was running for Councillor at Large in the City of St. John's. He ran on a platform of reduced taxes, improved efficiencies at city hall, and development of cultural industries. He received endorsements from former bandmates Alan Doyle, Sean McCann, and Bob Hallett. He was also endorsed by comedians Mark Critch and Pete Soucy. Power received 9992 votes or 7.65% of the votes, making him 8th in a field of 12 candidates. This was not enough for Power to be elected to the At Large position, as the top four candidates are elected to seats on council.
Philanthropy
Power served as Master of Ceremonies for a Refugee Immigrant Advisory Council event. He has been a songwriter volunteer for Art Smart Songwriting. In December 2017 he was one of the judges for Sing NL, organized by former Canadian Idol judge Zack Werner.
References
External links
https://twitter.com/DarrellPowerNL
https://www.instagram.com/darrellpowernl/
Canadian folk guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Living people
Memorial University of Newfoundland alumni
1968 births
Great Big Sea members
Canadian folk rock musicians
Musicians from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
20th-century Canadian bass guitarists
21st-century Canadian bass guitarists
20th-century Canadian guitarists
21st-century Canadian guitarists
20th-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian male singers
Male bass guitarists
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3989012
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Felix
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Otto Felix
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Otto Felix (December 31, 1942 – December 13, 2008) was a motion picture and television actor, acting teacher and still photographer.
Raised in Pennsylvania, and a graduate of Fishburne Military School, Waynesboro, Virginia, then he served in the U.S. Army, and worked as a disc jockey in Florida, before beginning an acting career. Felix was cast in over 350 TV commercials after arriving in Hollywood in the early 1970s.
He played the mellow cop in the Cheech and Chong feature motion picture Up in Smoke (1978).
In his later life Otto Felix was an acting teacher based in Hollywood, California. He specialized in actors just getting a start in the fields of film and television, acting at his Film Actors Shop that also served as the office for his efforts on behalf of H.A.A.P.I. - Handicapped Artists, Performers & Partners, Inc. that he founded.
As a screenwriter, he received a "story by" credit on South of Heaven, West of Hell (2000) a movie western directed by Dwight Yoakam.
Felix authored several books of poems, still photographs and drawings. As a still photographer he shot the cover for Dwight Yoakam's first album Guitars, Cadillacs, Etc., Etc. (1986). His photographs appeared in Time, People, Life, BAM, L.A. Weekly, Billboard, Drama Logue, Variety, and Photographer. He won the Golden Boot Award for Best Country Album and The American Photographers Association Award for best Black & White in 1989 & 99.
Felix died unexpectedly on the 13th December 2008 after a short illness, with a diagnosis of amyloidosis.
Notes
Otto Felix studied radio & television at Cambridge School of Broadcasting, Boston ( Later renamed Grahm Junior College. ) March 1965, he was a founding Brother, and first President of Delta Omega Delta fraternity. ( originally Delta Phi Delta )
External links
Fan club
Official site
Otto Felix - Founder of H.A.P.P.I.
Otto Felix - Founder of Film Actors Shop
Otto Felix Photos
South of Heaven, West of Hell
Dwight Yoakam album cover photo
1942 births
2008 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
Drama teachers
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American photographers
Fishburne Military School alumni
20th-century American male actors
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5380206
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey%20Savelyev%20%28skier%29
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Sergey Savelyev (skier)
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Sergey Petrovich Savelyev (; February 26, 1948 in Raychikhinsk, Amur Oblast – October 29, 2005 in Moscow) was a Russian cross-country skier who represented the Soviet Union.
Savelyev trained at the Armed Forces sports society in Moscow. He won two medals at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck with a gold in the 30 km and a bronze in the 4 × 10 km relay. Savelyev also won the 30 km event at the 1978 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti. Savelyev was awarded Order of the Badge of Honor (1976).
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
2 medals – (1 gold, 1 bronze)
World Championships
1 medal – (1 gold)
References
External links
Biography
1948 births
2005 deaths
People from Raychikhinsk
Olympic cross-country skiers of the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Soviet male cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Armed Forces sports society athletes
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Universiade medalists in cross-country skiing
Universiade bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Competitors at the 1972 Winter Universiade
Sportspeople from Amur Oblast
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3989015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokachi%20Volcanic%20Group
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Tokachi Volcanic Group
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is a volcanic group of mainly stratovolcanoes arrayed along a southwest-northeast axis in Hokkaidō, Japan.
The volcanic group lies on the Kurile arc of the Pacific ring of fire, and consists of andesite, basalt, and dacite stratovolcanoes and lava domes. The group gets its name from the highest peak in the group, Mount Tokachi.
The most recent activity is centered on the northwest end.
List of volcanoes
The following table lists the mountains in the volcanic group.
Other peaks include:
Chuo-Kakokyu cone
Ko-Tokachi-Dake stratovolcano
Mae-Tokachi-Dake stratovolcano
Maru-Yama cone
Nokogiri-Dake stratovolcano
Suribachi-Kakokyu cone
Tairaga-Dake stratovolcano
See also
List of volcanoes in Japan
References
External links
Tokachidake - Japan Meteorological Agency
- Japan Meteorological Agency
Tokachi Dake Volcano Group - Geological Survey of Japan
Tokachidake: Global Volcanism Program - Smithsonian Institution
Volcanism of Japan
Volcanoes of Hokkaido
Volcanic groups
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5380210
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domingo%20Roberto%20Mandrafina
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Domingo Roberto Mandrafina
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Domingo Roberto Mandrafina (born November 2, 1945, in Buenos Aires), also called Cacho Mandrafina, is an Argentine comics artist.
Biography
He debuted in 1969 on the magazine Patoruzito. Two years later he illustrated the science fiction series Samos, written by Jorge Morhain for the magazine Billiken. In 1972 Mandrafina started his collaboration with Editorial Columba and the review Top. In 1978 he started illustrating the series Savarese, written by Robin Wood, published in the magazine D'artagnan.
Later he worked for Ediciones Record (Lady Shadow and El condenado). His other works include Dragger (written by Carlos Trillo), Cosecha verde and Race of Scorpions, for the American publisher Dark Horse Comics.
External links
Biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia
Interview
1944 births
Argentine cartoonists
Argentine comics artists
Living people
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5380211
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November%201989%20Greek%20legislative%20election
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November 1989 Greek legislative election
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Early parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 5 November 1989. The liberal-conservative New Democracy party of Constantine Mitsotakis emerged as the largest party in Parliament, defeating the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) of Andreas Papandreou. However, as in June 1989, Mitsotakis was unable to form a government since his party had failed to win a majority of seats.
Results
References
1989 11
Greece
Legislative
1989
Greece
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3989025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Glennon
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James Glennon
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James Glennon, ASC (August 29, 1942 – October 19, 2006) was an American cinematographer.
Career
Born in Los Angeles, California, Glennon was the son of cinematographer Bert Glennon. James started off working in the Warner Bros. mail room, and then moved to the camera department, including as director of photography of the American unit for Return of the Jedi.
Beginning in 1970, Glennon worked as a cinematographer on feature motion pictures, Citizen Ruth, Election, About Schmidt and others including El Norte.
In 2005 his work on the HBO television series Deadwood earned him an Emmy Award. Glennon also worked as director of photography on a number of other television movies and program series, such as The West Wing, along with Carnivàle and Big Love for HBO.
He had four children: Meghan Glennon (actress), Allison Glennon, Andrew Glennon, and Juliet Glennon.
Death
Glennon died on October 19, 2006. He is buried at the Santa Barbara Cemetery.
Selected filmography
As cinematographer
References
External links
2005 Emmy - Outstanding Cinematography For A Single-Camera Series
American Society of Cinematographers ~ ASC official website
James Glennon Photos
1942 births
2006 deaths
American cinematographers
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5380212
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20H.%20Wilson
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William H. Wilson
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William Henry Wilson (December 6, 1877 – August 11, 1937) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Career
William H. Wilson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the law department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1898. He served as assistant city solicitor from 1900 to 1909. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1913 to 1915. He served as director of public safety in Philadelphia from 1916 to 1920.
He was elected as a Republican in 1934 to the 74th United States Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1936.
References
The Political Graveyard
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
1877 births
1937 deaths
Politicians from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Pennsylvania Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
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3989034
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo%20Pietropaoli
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Enzo Pietropaoli
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Enzo Pietropaoli (born in 1955) is an Italian jazz bassist.
In 1987 with the group Lingomania; in 1988 and 1989 with Enrico Pieranunzi Space Jazz Trio; and in 1999, 2001 and 2003 with Doctor 3 group (with pianist Danilo Rea and drummer Fabrizio Sferra).
Discography
As sideman
With Curtis Fuller
Curtis Fuller Meets Roma Jazz Trio (Timeless, 1984)
References
Italian jazz musicians
1955 births
Living people
Italian double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Musicians from Genoa
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century Italian male musicians
Male jazz musicians
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5380236
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-organic%20virus
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Techno-organic virus
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A techno-organic virus (T-O virus) is a fictional virus appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. In the comics, the T-O virus transforms organic material into techno-organic material, which resembles both machinery and living tissue. All techno-organic cells function like independent machines and carry both the virus and all information on their carriers, including memories and appearance. In the lore, this allows a damaged techno-organic being to rebuild itself from a single cell.
Marvel Universe varieties of this virus include the Transmode Virus carried by the Technarchy and Apocalypse's variant created or discovered by the fictional supervillain Apocalypse.
Transmode virus
Characteristics
The Transmode virus is used by members of the Technarchy to turn other beings into techno-organic beings. The Technarchy can then feed upon the infected beings and drain their energy (visible as lights flowing through the infected creature). Once the energy has been drained, all that remains of their prey are brittle statues. If an infected creature is not drained of its energy, it becomes a Phalanx. Transmode-infected creatures are usually black and yellow, although they can change their color.
The Transmode Virus is highly virulent. It can transmit via skin contact (though a Technarch can prevent transmission) and will transform a creature into a techno-organic creature within seconds. Only mutants have some resistance to the virus. For instance, Doug Ramsey was infected with the virus, but his infection only progressed very slowly and he was unaware he had been infected. This may have been caused by either his own mutant facility with computer code preventing the virus from infecting him at the usual rate, or a side-effect of the fact he was not infected in the usual manner, but had picked it up after repeatedly fusing his body and genetic code with that of the Technarch Warlock.
An infected creature also gains the ability to shapeshift. They can quickly restore themselves when damaged and can interface directly with machinery. While Technarchs feed by draining other techno-organic beings, Phalanxes have the ability to directly absorb matter (both organic and inorganic).
The Phalanx also experience a loss of individuality, forming a hive mind with other Phalanx and the need to contact other techno-organic life (a safety precaution created by the Technarchy, which considers the Phalanx to be a plague and which exterminates them whenever it discovers them).
Many mutants are soon apparently revived by a modified version of the virus in the Necrosha crossover by Selene and Eli Bard. Those mutants include Banshee, Caliban, Pyro, Cypher and the Hellions, eventually culminating in Bard using the virus to resurrect the entire deceased mutant populace of Genosha.
Known carriers in the fiction
Every member of the Technarchy, including Warlock and his father Magus.
Every member of the Phalanx, including Steven Lang and Cameron Hodge.
Many demons of Limbo including S'ym and N'Astirh. The infection was started by Magus, who was hunting his son.
Cable, previously infected with Apocalypse's variant, has cured himself. Since Cable and Deadpool #12, Cable lives in symbiosis with an infant Phalanx. Since Avengers: X-Sanction #4, Cable is purged of this virus too and newly regenerated into human form by his daughter Hope Summers.
Hope, a young girl who is friends with Warlock. While the techno-organic virus did not affect her, she had no control over the virus and would infect others by touch. Hope could even infect inorganic material, something the Transmode Virus is usually incapable of doing.
Paradigm, a mutant with technokinesis, who was infected by the Phalanx. He is a member of the third group of Hellions.
Donald Pierce, Leper Queen, Cameron Hodge, Steven Lang, Bolivar Trask, Graydon Creed and William Stryker; infected by an offspring of Magus whose programming was rewritten by Bastion.
Eli Bard, an immortal vampire-like mutate who absorbed the virus from an offspring of Magus.
Thunderbird and his entire ancestral Apache tribe, resurrected and infected by Eli Bard.
Caliban, resurrected and infected by Eli Bard, used by Selene to detect and locate other deceased mutants to resurrect.
Pyro, Thunderbird, Shinobi Shaw, Destiny, the original Hellions, Berzerker, Stonewall, Hemingway, Banshee, Cypher, Darkstar, Rusty Collins, Risque, Super Sabre, Tower, Hurricane, Spyne, Deadbolt, Feral, Spoor, Katu, Rem-Ram, Unus, Static, Barnacle, Fabian Cortez, Marco Delgado, Mellencamp, Siena Blaze, Skin, Synch, Bolt and Negasonic Teenage Warhead; resurrected and infected by Selene in her attempt to become a god during the storyline Necrosha.
The entirety of the deceased mutant population of Genosha resurrected and infected by Selene in her attempt to become a god during the storyline Necrosha.
Red Hulk was briefly infected with the virus by Cable, but was able to cure himself by superheating his body and burning it out of his system.
X-Men Mirage, Magik, Wolfsbane, Karma and Strong Guy, who were partially infected in a 'considerate' way when Warlock spread his lifeforce over five of his friends. The infection from the first four was eliminated by transferring the virus to a dupe of Multiple Man, known as "Warlox".
Apocalypse's variant
Characteristics
It was believed that this strain of techno-organic virus was either created by Apocalypse or discovered by Apocalypse on board the Ship. This virus was actually created by Mister Sinister as a means of killing Apocalypse. This attempt failed due to Apocalypse's immense powers, and the virus fell into Apocalypse's hands. Apocalypse later used the virus to infect the infant Cable. The virus has many similarities to the Transmode Virus and the two may be closely related. Techno-organic matter of this kind usually appears as blue/grey metal.
This strain of virus is less virulent than its counterpart, needing blood contact to transmit, and usually taking a longer time to infect a person, although it can have sudden short bursts of activity, during which spikes of techno-organic matter form from the diseased body and the body's parts change their forms. Another difference with the Transmode Virus is that infection is very painful and can incapacitate a person.
Humans infected with this virus receive increased strength and the ability to directly interface with machinery. While infected material can change its shape, it is unknown whether a fully infected person is capable of shapeshifting (Apocalypse can, but he already had this power before being infected).
Known carriers in the fiction
Apocalypse, who was infected with the techno-organic blood of a time-traveling Cable.
Gaunt, a warlord from the future. He carried a less virulent version of the techno-organic virus, but Cable infected him with the more powerful strain, paralyzing him with pain. Gaunt was killed shortly afterwards.
Post, who received a blood transfusion from Cable.
Cable, who cured himself in Cable #100, but had to mesh his original infection with that of a Phalanx embryo Cable & Deadpool #12, only to somehow revert to its resurgent form along the way. He eventually came back to prominence in Deadpool & Cable: Split Second #6.
Metus, a childhood friend of Cable, who is accidentally infected by Cable. He was later purged of the virus and taken to be raised at the X-Mansion by Cable, with Metus revealed to not have aged since he was infected.
Red Hulk, who was infected by Cable during the X-Sanction Saga. He managed to "burn out" the virus by generating a massive amount of radioactive heat during the early stages of infection.
Other versions
In Exiles #20-22, a team of interdimensional heroes visited a world that had become horribly stricken with a new type of T-O virus. In this reality, Doug Ramsey had fallen ill with the Legacy Virus, and his friend Warlock was endeavoring to help him. In trying to heal Doug, Warlock infected him with the T-O virus, but the two viruses combined and formed a new and deadly disease. This version is capable of infecting mutants and the world's hero population was quickly subsumed by the new race of Vi-locks, led by Forge. Blink, the team's leader, was also infected, but the timely arrival of Odin and the Aesir saved the day. Some of the top scientists derive a serum from the blood of the Norse gods and it effectively combatted the disease.
In the Age of Apocalypse, Apocalypse also created a techno-organic virus, one capable of assimilating both organic and technological materials, going as far as merging two separate beings into one body. This virus was used to empower Donald Pierce's Reavers, a group of T-O infected humans serving Apocalypse's regime.
See also
Nanomedicine
Bionanotechnology
References
External links
The Techno-Organic FAQ by Soleil Lapierre
Fictional viruses
X-Men
Fictional microorganisms
Marvel Comics cyborgs
Marvel Comics weapons
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5380243
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%20Ross
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Doctor Ross
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Isaiah Ross (October 21, 1925 – May 28, 1993), known as Doctor Ross, was an American blues musician who usually performed as a one-man band, simulatenously singing and playing guitar, harmonica, and drums. Ross's primal style has been compared to John Lee Hooker, Blind Boy Fuller and Sonny Boy Williamson I.
Early life
Charles Isaiah Ross was born on October 21, 1925 in the Mississippi Delta town of Tunica, Mississippi, one of eleven children in a farming family of mixed African-American and Native American heritage. His first instrument was the harmonica, which he learned to play at age nine. Ross served in the United States Army from 1943 to 1948 in the Pacific Theater, and again from 1950 to 1951. He married shortly after leaving the army. During his service, Ross had accrued a collection of army medical books which, along with his habit of carrying his harmonicas in a doctor's bag, earned him the nickname "Doctor Ross."
Career
Ross made his professional debut in 1942 at the age of seventeen, broadcasting on the radio station KFFA in Helena, Arkansas. Ross regularly played parties and appeared on WROX and WDIA after his army service. In late 1951, Ross recorded his first 78 RPM record, "Country Clown," produced by Sam Phillips in Memphis and issued on the nascent Chess label. Ross would issue two more singles recorded with Phillips, both on Phillips' own Sun Records label, in 1953 and 1954.
In October 1954, Ross moved his family to Flint, Michigan and began working at a General Motors factory, employment which he held for the rest of his life and afforded him a comfortable middle-class lifestyle. In 1958, Ross recorded "Industrial Boogie," a Flint-centric take on "Boogie Chillen'" by John Lee Hooker, released on his own DIR label. From 1960 to 1963, Detroit-based Fortune Records released four singles by Ross, including 1961's "Cat Squirrel," which later brought Ross to the attention of rock audiences when the song was covered on the debut albums of both Cream and Jethro Tull. Following his Fortune singles, which were recorded with accompanists, Ross began recording many of his songs solo, providing vocals, guitar, hi-hat and bass drum played with foot pedals, and harmonica with a neck rack. The left-handed Ross added to his colorful presentation by playing a right-handed guitar upside down, with the bass strings on the bottom.
Ross's first album, Call the Doctor, was recorded as a one-man band and issued in August 1965. The same year, he toured Europe with the American Folk Blues Festival. In 1971, Fourtune issued his second album, Doctor Ross the Harmonica Boss, recorded with the Disciples. He recorded live albums in Germany and Switzerland in 1972. Two years later, Ross played on the Big Bear Records package tour and album American Blues Legends '74.
In 1981, Ross won a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording for his appearance on Rare Blues, a 1980 compilation album of blues artists recorded in Chicago from 1963 to 1965. In the latter part of his career, Ross was a frequent fixture at blues festivals in both the United States and Europe. His last album was recorded live in 1991 at the Burnley Blues Festival in England.
Death
Ross died at the age of 67 on May 28, 1993, while working at a Chevrolet plant in Flint, Michigan and was interred at Sunset Hills Cemetery in Flint Township. After his death, a music scholarship in his name was established at Mott Community College in Flint.
Discography
Studio albums
Call the Doctor (Testament, 1965)
Doctor Ross the Harmonica Boss (Fortune, 1971)
Jivin' the Blues (Big Bear, 1974)
Live albums
The Flying Eagle (Blue Horizon, 1965)
Live + Well (Ornament, 1972)
Live at Montreux (Polydor, 1972)
The Harmonica Boss (Big Bear, 1974)
One Man Band (Takoma, 1981)
I Want All My Friends to Know (JSP, 1991)
Singles
"Country Clown" / "Doctor Ross Boogie" (Chess, 1952)
"Come Back Baby" / "Chicago Breakdown" (Sun, 1953)
"The Boogie Disease" / "Juke Box Boogie" (Sun, 1954)
"Industrial Boogie" / "Thirty-Two Twenty" (DIR, 1958)
"Sugar Mama" / "I'd Rather Be an Old Woman's Baby Than a Young Girl's Slave" (Fortune, 1960)
"Cat Squirrel" / "The Sunnyland" (Fortune, 1961)
"Cannonball" / "Numbers Blues" (Fortune, 1963)
"Call the Doctor" / "New York Breakdown" (Fortune, 1963)
Compilations
His First Recordings (Arhoolie, 1972)
Memphis Breakdown (P-Vine, 1987)
Boogie Disease (Arhoolie, 1992)
The Harmonica Boss (Fortune, 1995)
Juke Box Boogie: The Sun Years, Plus (Bear Family, 2013)
References
External links
American blues singer-songwriters
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
Country blues musicians
Delta blues musicians
Detroit blues musicians
Juke Joint blues musicians
Chess Records artists
1925 births
1993 deaths
One-man bands
20th-century American guitarists
People from Tunica, Mississippi
Arhoolie Records artists
African-American male singer-songwriters
African-American guitarists
Southland Records artists
20th-century African-American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Mississippi
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5380248
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTNow
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CTNow
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CTNow is a free weekly newspaper in central and southwestern Connecticut, published by the Hartford Courant.
The previous iteration of CTNow was New Mass. Media, a privately owned weekly newspaper company until 1999, when its owners, including founding publisher Geoffrey Robinson, sold the company to The Hartford Courant for an undisclosed sum. A year later, Courant parent company Times-Mirror was bought by the Tribune Company, based in Chicago. In 2013, the Hartford Advocate, New Haven Advocate, and Fairfield County Weekly were merged with the Courants calendar section and website CTNow to create the weekly paper CTNow.
History
The company was founded in 1973 by Geoffrey Robinson and Edward Matys, then copy editors at The Hartford Courant. Robinson, a native of New Haven, Connecticut, worked as wire service editor of the daily Lorain Journal of Ohio after his graduation from Yale University in 1971. Matys had worked in editorial positions at several Massachusetts and Connecticut newspapers.
The pair began publishing the Valley Advocate, a bi-weekly serving Western Massachusetts, in September 1973 from small basement offices in Amherst, Massachusetts. In September 1974, the Valley Advocate began publishing weekly; Robinson and Matys opened offices in Hartford and started publication of the Hartford Advocate. A year later, in September 1975, the pair began publishing the weekly New Haven Advocate and in 1978 started publication of the Fairfield County Advocate (subsequently renamed Fairfield County Weekly to avoid confusion with the neighboring and unrelated Stamford Advocate).
In 1999, the four-paper chain was sold to Times-Mirror, which was itself acquired by Tribune in 2000. Tribune announced in December 2007 that it would sell the Valley Advocate, its only Massachusetts publication, to Newspapers of New England.
Former properties
Advocate weeklies offered investigative journalism, national, state and local political coverage, commentary, and arts features and criticism, mostly from a liberal or countercultural point of view. They shared some editorial content, but each had regionally focused news and opinion pieces, restaurant reviews, event listings, and advertisements. The newspapers had annual "Best Of" write-in contests, and subsequent issues that featured the winning businesses.
The Advocates accepted a wider variety of advertisements than mainstream newspapers, including ads for strip clubs, erotic massage services, adult book and video stores, and the like, which columnists and readers argued conflict with the newspapers' avowed feminism.
Fairfield County Weekly
The Fairfield County Weekly was distributed throughout Fairfield County. Its average weekly circulation was 26,708 in 2011.
Hartford Advocate
The Hartford Advocate was published in Hartford, Connecticut and had a circulation of 37,779 in 2011.
The Hartford Advocate was founded in 1974 by Geoffrey Robinson and Edward Matys to fill a void in investigative and beat reporting in the capital city of Connecticut. For example, The Hartford Courant, where Robinson and Matys had previously worked, did not routinely cover one of the city's largest industries, insurance. The founding editors included managing editor Dick Polman, recruited from the New London Day, and city editor Bruce Kauffman, from the Courant where as a police and general assignment reporter he discovered that a heavily traveled bridge around the corner from the state capitol was being held up by a telephone pole.
Gail Collins reported on state government and politics; she is now an op-ed columnist at The New York Times. Another early reporter was David Lieberman, who was later an editorial writer for the Courant and covered the media business for USA Today.
Polman left the Advocate after some five years to become a columnist at the Courant and later joined The Philadelphia Inquirer as national political correspondent. He also taught at the University of Pennsylvania. Kauffman later worked for CNN, taught at Emerson College in Boston, Morehouse College in Atlanta and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He also worked for the North County Times, one of two daily newspapers in San Diego County, California.
In a history of the alternative media, A Trumpet to Arms, author David Armstrong described the Advocate as a bastion for the "new muckrakers." The author explored the paper's examination of the behind-the-scenes power exercised by the corporate elite in Hartford. Kauffman had reported that top banks and insurance companies, including Travelers, were funneling the bulk of city pension fund money into companies that propped up the apartheid regime in South Africa. The city of Hartford would end up divesting the South Africa–related investments.
Polman notes, in the acknowledgements for "Dateline: Connecticut," "I had originally hoped to thank the publishers of the Hartford Advocate for allowing me to reprint some of my 'Subject to Change' columns, but they denied me access to my work, citing my 'gravitation' to the Courant."
In the 1980s and '90s the paper included a full-time photographer, Nicholas Lacy, and an array of colorful editors and reporters, including Ric Hornung (who was known to eavesdrop on City Hall denizens by hiding in the lunch truck and taking notes on their conversations), Janet Reynolds (who later became publisher), Jayne Keedle, Susan White Patrick (ESPN Sports Center star Dan Patrick's wife), Leslie Riva, and Edward Ericson, Jr. The paper's reporting on city hall corruption in the early 1990s led to the City Manager's ouster and several criminal convictions. Later stories about High Sheriff Al Rioux helped lead to his conviction on federal wire and mail fraud charges and the abolition of the county sheriffs' offices statewide in 2000.
Valley Advocate
Advocate Weekly Newspapers formerly published the Valley Advocate, a similar alternative weekly, in Easthampton, Massachusetts, covering the greater Springfield area and the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts. It began as an independent newspaper in 1973 and was sold in late 2007 to Newspapers of New England, parent of its competitor the Daily Hampshire Gazette of Northampton, Massachusetts.
References
External links
Newspapers published in Connecticut
Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States
Mass media in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Mass media in Bridgeport, Connecticut
Mass media in Hartford, Connecticut
Mass media in Hartford County, Connecticut
Mass media in New Haven, Connecticut
Mass media in New Haven County, Connecticut
1973 establishments in Connecticut
Publishing companies established in 1973
Tribune Publishing
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5380260
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P700
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P700
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P700, or photosystem I primary donor, is the reaction-center chlorophyll a molecular dimer associated with photosystem I in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
Etymology
Its name is derived from the word “pigment” (P) and the presence of a major bleaching band centered around 695-700 nm in the flash-induced absorbance difference spectra of P700/ P700+•.
Components
The structure of P700 consists of a heterodimer with two distinct chlorophyll molecules, most notably chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a’, giving it an additional name of “special pair”. Inevitably, however, the special pair of P700 behaves as if it were just one unit. This species is vital due to its ability to absorb light energy with a wavelength approximately between 430 nm-700 nm, and transfer high-energy electrons to a series of acceptors that are situated near it.
Action and functions
Photosystem I operates with the functions of producing NADPH, the reduced form of NADP, at the end of the photosynthetic reaction through electron transfer, and of providing energy to a proton pump and eventually ATP, for instance in cyclic electron transport.
Excitation
When photosystem I absorbs light, an electron is excited to a higher energy level in the P700 chlorophyll. The resulting P700 with an excited electron is designated as P700*, which is a strong reducing agent due to its very negative redox potential of -1.2 V.
Electron transport chain
Following the excitation of P700, one of its electrons is passed on to an electron acceptor, A, triggering charge separation producing an anionic A and cationic P700. Subsequently, electron transfer continues from A to a phylloquinone molecule known as A, and then to three iron-sulfur clusters.
Type I photosystems use iron-sulfur cluster proteins as terminal electron acceptors. Thus, the electron is transferred from F to another iron sulfur cluster, F, and then passed on to the last iron-sulfur cluster serving as an electron acceptor, F. Eventually, the electron is transferred to the protein ferredoxin, causing it to transform into its reduced form, which subsequently finalizes the process by reducing NADP to NADPH.
Linear electron transport
The rate of electrons being passed from P700* to the subsequent electron acceptors is high, preventing the electron from being transferred back to P700. Consequently, in most cases, the electrons transferring within photosystem I follow a linear pathway, from the excitation of the P700 special pair to the production of NADPH.
Cyclic electron transport
In certain situations, it is vital for the photosynthetic organism to recycle the electrons being transferred, resulting in the electron from the terminal iron-sulfur cluster F transferring back to the cytochrome b6f complex (adaptor between photosystems II and I). Utilizing the energy of P700, the cyclic pathway creates a proton gradient useful for the production of ATP, while no NADPH is produced, since the protein ferredoxin does not become reduced.
Recovery of P700
P700 recovers its lost electron by oxidizing plastocyanin, which regenerates P700.
See also
P680
Photosystem I
Photosystem II
References
Photosynthesis
Light reactions
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3989039
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawangdui
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Mawangdui
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Mawangdui () is an archaeological site located in Changsha, China. The site consists of two saddle-shaped hills and contained the tombs of three people from the Changsha Kingdom during the western Han dynasty (206 BC – 9 AD): the Chancellor Li Cang, his wife Xin Zhui, and a male believed to have been their son. The site was excavated from 1972 to 1974. Most of the artifacts from Mawangdui are displayed at the Hunan Provincial Museum. It was called "King Ma's Mound" possibly because it was (erroneously) thought to be the tomb of Ma Yin (853–930), a ruler of the Chu kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The original name might have been the similarly-sounding "saddle-shaped mound" (馬鞍堆 - mǎ ān duī).
Tombs and their occupants
The tombs were made of large cypress planks. The outside of the tombs were layered with white clay and charcoal. White clay layering originated with Chu burials, while charcoal layering was practiced during the early western Han dynasty in the Changsha area. The tombs contained nested lacquered coffins, a Chu burial custom. The tombs also followed the burial practices dictated by Emperor Wen of Han, containing no jade or precious metals.
The eastern tomb, Tomb no. 1, contained the remains of a woman in her fifties (Lady Dai, personal name Xin Zhui). Her mummified body was so well-preserved that researchers were able to perform an autopsy on her body, which showed that she probably died of a heart attack. Specifically, her diet was too rich in sugars and meats, and she suffered from arterial-coronary problems. Buried with her were skeletons of various food-animals, jujubes, lotus soup, grains and a complete meal including soup, rice and meat skewers on a lacquer set. Researchers found honeydew melon seeds in her stomach, implying consumption right before death. She outlived the occupants of the other two tombs.
Xin Zhui's tomb was by far the best preserved of the three. A complete cosmetic set, lacquered pieces and finely woven silk garments with paintings are almost perfectly preserved. Her coffins were painted according to Chu customs and beliefs, with whirling clouds interwoven with mystical animals and dragons. The corpse was bound tightly in layers of silk cloth and covered with a wonderfully painted T-shaped tapestry depicting the netherworld, earth and heavens with Chinese mythological characters as well as Xin Zhui. There was also a silk painting showing a variety of exercises that researchers have called the forerunner of Tai ji.
The western tomb, Tomb no. 2, was the burial site of the first Marquis of Dai, Li Cang (). He died in 186 BC. The Han dynasty had appointed Li Cang as the chancellor of the Kingdom of Changsha, an imperial fiefdom of Han. This tomb had been plundered several times by grave robbers.
Tomb 3 was directly south of Tomb 1, and contained the tomb of a man in his thirties who died in 168 BC. The occupant is believed to have been a relative of Li Cang and his wife. This tomb contained a rich trove of military, medical, and astronomical manuscripts written on silk.
Artifacts
Tombs 1 and 2
Highly regarded artifacts in particular were the lacquered wine-bowls and cosmetic boxes, which showcased the craftsmanship of the regional lacquerware industry.
Of the more famous artifacts from Mawangdui were its silk funeral banners; these T-shaped banners were draped on the coffin of Tomb 1. The banners depicted the Chinese abstraction of the cosmos and the afterlife at the time of the western Han dynasty. A silk banner of similar style and function were found in Tomb 3.
The T-shaped silk funeral banner in the tomb of the Marquise (Tomb 1) is called the "name banner" with the written name of the deceased replaced with a portrait. We know the name because the tomb's original inventory is still intact, and this is what it is called on the inventory. The Marquise was buried in four coffins; the silk banner drapes the innermost of the coffins.
On the T-shaped painted silk garment, the uppermost horizontal section of the T represents heaven. The bottom of the vertical section of the T represents the underworld. The middle (the top of the vertical) represents earth. In heaven we can see Chinese deities such as Nuwa and Chang'e, as well as Daoist symbols such as cranes (representing immortality). Between heaven and earth we can see heavenly messengers sent to bring Lady Dai to heaven. Underneath this are Lady Dai's family offering sacrifices to help her journey to heaven. Beneath them is the underworld, with two giant sea serpents intertwined.
The contents of Tomb 2 had been destroyed or removed by robbers. An excavation report has been published in Chinese; there has not been an English printing yet.
Tomb 3
Tomb 3 contained a silk name banner (similar to that of tomb 1) and three maps drawn on silk: a topographic map, a military map and a prefecture map. The maps display the Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi region and depict the political boundary between the Han dynasty and Nanyue. At the time of discovery, these were the oldest maps yet discovered in China, until 1986 when Qin State maps dating to the 4th century BC were found.
Tomb 3 contained a wealth of classical texts. The tomb contained texts on astronomy, which accurately depicted the planetary orbits for Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars and Saturn and described various comets. The Mawangdui texts of the Yijing are hundreds of years earlier than those known before, and have been translated by Edward Shaughnessy. The tomb also contained a rich collection of Huang-Lao Taoist texts, as well a copy of the Zhan Guo Ce. The tomb also contained various medical texts, including depictions of tao yin (qigong) exercises, as well as a historical text, the Chunqiu shiyu.
See also
Book of Silk
Mawangdui Silk Texts
Changsha Kingdom
Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
List of Chinese cultural relics forbidden to be exhibited abroad
Han dynasty tomb architecture
References
Citations
Sources
Books
Lee, Sherman E., 1994, A History of Far Eastern Art, Fifth edition, Prentice Hall
Journal articles
Buck, David D., 1975, Three Han Dynasty Tombs at Ma-Wang-Tui. World Archaeology, 7(1): 30-45.
Hsu, Mei-Ling, 1978, The Han Maps and Early Chinese Cartography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 68(1): 45-60.
External links
Gary Tod, "Mawangdui Han tombs"
"A Selection of Artifacts," Archeology
马王堆汉墓陈列全景数字展厅—湖湖南省博物馆 (Virtual tour of the Mawangdui Han Tombs exhibit at the Hunan Provincial Museum).
Archaeological sites in China
History of Changsha
Buildings and structures in Hunan
Han dynasty architecture
1972 archaeological discoveries
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3989047
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover%20%28basketball%29
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Turnover (basketball)
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In basketball, a turnover occurs when a team loses possession of the ball to the opposing team before a player takes a shot at their team's basket. This can result from a player getting the ball stolen, stepping out of bounds, having a pass intercepted, committing a violation (such as double dribble, traveling, shot clock violation, three-second violation or five-second violation), or committing an offensive foul (including personal, flagrant, and technical fouls).
According to Boston Globe sportswriter Bob Ryan, the concept of the turnover was first formulated by his colleague Jack Barry. Turnovers were first officially recorded in the American Basketball Association (ABA) during the 1967–68 season, and this practice was later adopted by the NBA during the 1977–78 season subsequent to the NBA-ABA merger.
Records
The record for the most turnovers in an NBA game is shared by Jason Kidd and John Drew. Kidd committed 14 turnovers against the New York Knicks on November 17, 2000 while playing for the Phoenix Suns. Drew committed 14 turnovers against the New Jersey Nets on March 1, 1978 while playing for the Atlanta Hawks. The record for most turnovers in an NBA playoff game was 13, set by James Harden on May 27, 2015 while playing for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors. The WNBA has recorded turnovers since its inaugural season in 1997. The record for the most turnovers by a WNBA team in one game is 33. The record for the most turnovers by a WNBA player per season is held by Ticha Penicheiro, who committed 135 turnovers in 1999. The career record for the most turnovers by a WNBA player is held by Becky Hammon, who committed 1224 turnovers.
See also
List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders
References
Basketball terminology
Basketball statistics
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3989049
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenbach%20im%20Simmental
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Erlenbach im Simmental
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Erlenbach im Simmental is a municipality in the district of Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
History
Erlenbach im Simmental is first mentioned in 1180-81 as Arlunbach.
The oldest trace of humans in the area is the Paleolithic Chilchlihöhle cave. Neolithic remains have been discovered at Branteschopf Schwynbalm. Other prehistoric traces include the Bronze Age and Roman era artifacts at Balzenberg and Unterklusi and a horde of Roman coins at Stockhorn. After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region remained inhabited. The earthen fortification at Chastel probably dates to the Middle Ages. By the High Middle Ages there were at least three castles or forts in the modern municipality, though only ruins remain.
The Freiherr von Erlenbach first appears in records in 1133. When the Erlenbach family died out, their lands probably passed through another noble family before ending up with the Freiherr von Brandis in 1368. Beginning in the 14th century, the Landsgemeinde, the direct democratic assembly, of the surrounding communities met in Erlenbach. In 1393, 1429 and 1445 the villagers bought their obligation to pay taxes and serve in corvée labor away from the Freiherr von Brandis. When the city of Bern acquired the villages from the Freiherr in 1439, they reconfirmed the villages' rights. Beginning in the 16th century they began to raise cattle, keeping them in the valleys for winter before moving them to spring pastures in the mountains. Over the following years, Erlenbach became a major cattle and cheese exporter. A number of local residents became wealthy from exports and built large chalets in the village. In 1765, much of the village was destroyed in a fire, though it was quickly rebuilt. Following the 1798 French invasion, Erlenbach im Simmental became part of the Helvetic Republic district of Niedersimmental in the Canton of Oberland. In 1803, with the Act of Mediation, it rejoined the Canton of Bern.
In the 19th century, the Simmentalstrasse connected the municipality with the rest of the country. Traffic increased when the Spiez-Zweisimmen railroad opened a station at Ringoldingen in 1902. With the road and railroad, the population grew and businesses and tourism grew in Erlenbach. In the 1970s, a number of new housing developments grew up above the village. One of the largest developed in Latterbach near the highway on ramp at Wimmis. Erlenbach is home to the district hospital, a secondary school and a district nursing home. In 1987 the Agenstein House, built in 1766, became the Niedersimmental Region Museum.
The village church of St. Michael was first mentioned in 1228. It was probably built in the 11th century on the site of an early medieval church. The interior was decorated with murals during the 13th and 14th centuries. However, many of the murals were redone in the 15th century. In 1330, the patronage rights over the church were donated to Interlaken Abbey. When Bern accepted the Protestant Reformation in 1528, the Abbey was secularized and the church came under Bernese authority. In the years before Bern accepted the Reformation, the priest at Erlenbach, Peter Kunz, was preaching the Reformation in the village. Later, he became the pastor of the Cathedral in Bern.
Geography
Erlenbach im Simmental has an area of . As of 2012, a total of or 50.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 37.9% is forested. The rest of the municipality is or 3.5% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.9% is either rivers or lakes and or 7.1% is unproductive land.
During the same year, housing and buildings made up 1.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.4%. A total of 32.3% of the total land area is heavily forested and 5.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 16.2% is pasturage and 33.3% is used for alpine pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.6% is in lakes and 0.3% is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 3.3% is unproductive vegetation and 3.7% is too rocky for vegetation.
The municipality includes the farming settlements (Bäuerten) of Erlenbach, Latterbach and Ringoldingen in the valley. On a terrace above the valley are the Bäuerten of Balzenberg, Eschlen, Thal and Allmenden. Above them are alpine meadows, woods and mountains.
On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Niedersimmental, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Frutigen-Niedersimmental.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a castle embattled gules.
Demographics
Erlenbach im Simmental has a population () of . , 5.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -0.9%. Migration accounted for -1.2%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.2%.
Most of the population () speaks German (1,755 or 97.4%) as their first language, French is the second most common (14 or 0.8%) and Serbo-Croatian is the third (9 or 0.5%). There are 2 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.
, the population was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. The population was made up of 786 Swiss men (46.1% of the population) and 50 (2.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 831 Swiss women (48.8%) and 37 (2.2%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 707 or about 39.2% were born in Erlenbach im Simmental and lived there in 2000. There were 737 or 40.9% who were born in the same canton, while 177 or 9.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 94 or 5.2% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%.
, there were 747 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 832 married individuals, 151 widows or widowers and 72 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 232 households that consist of only one person and 45 households with five or more people. , a total of 685 apartments (83.7% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 98 apartments (12.0%) were seasonally occupied and 35 apartments (4.3%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.09%. In 2011, single family homes made up 46.9% of the total housing in the municipality.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Heritage sites of national significance
The village rectory and the Swiss Reformed Church, the Agenstein house, the Platz house and the Ründi house are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire village of Erlenbach im Simmental and the hamlet of Balzenberg are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Personalities
Erlenbach was the birthplace of Jacob Ammann, the leader of the Amish movement.
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 43.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (23.3%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (8.7%) and the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) (5.9%). In the federal election, a total of 666 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 50.3%.
Economy
, Erlenbach im Simmental had an unemployment rate of 1.05%. , there were a total of 732 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 154 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 52 businesses involved in this sector. 127 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 25 businesses in this sector. 451 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 59 businesses in this sector. There were 857 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.4% of the workforce.
there were a total of 533 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 94, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 113 of which 66 or (58.4%) were in manufacturing and 43 (38.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 326. In the tertiary sector; 65 or 19.9% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 31 or 9.5% were in the movement and storage of goods, 27 or 8.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 9 or 2.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 7 or 2.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 21 or 6.4% were in education and 145 or 44.5% were in health care.
, there were 268 workers who commuted into the municipality and 430 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 427 workers (61.4% of the 695 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Erlenbach im Simmental. Of the working population, 8.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 60.7% used a private car.
In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Erlenbach im Simmental making 150,000 CHF was 12.9%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.9%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 722 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 176 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 15 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The greatest number of workers, 206, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Erlenbach im Simmental was 103,894 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF.
In 2011 a total of 3.9% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.
Religion
From the , 1,486 or 82.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 110 or 6.1% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, there were 2 individuals (or about 0.11% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 65 individuals (or about 3.61% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 6 (or about 0.33% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist, 5 individuals who were Hindu and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 58 (or about 3.22% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 67 individuals (or about 3.72% of the population) did not answer the question.
Transport
Erlenbach im Simmental sits on the Spiez–Zweisimmen line and is served by trains at the Erlenbach im Simmental and Ringoldingen railway stations.
Climate
Between 1981 and 2010 Erlenbach had an average of 140.9 days of rain or snow per year and on average received of precipitation. The wettest month was July during which time Erlenbach im Simmental received an average of of rain or snow. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 12.8 days. The month with the most days of precipitation was May, with an average of 14.6, but with only of rain or snow. The driest month of the year was February with an average of of precipitation over 9.8 days.
Education
In Erlenbach about 57.3% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 13.4% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 139 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 76.3% were Swiss men, 18.7% were Swiss women, 4.3% were non-Swiss men.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 220 students attending classes in Erlenbach im Simmental. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 21 students in the municipality. The municipality had 4 primary classes and 80 students. Of the primary students, 2.5% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 1.3% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 6 lower secondary classes with a total of 119 students. There were 1.7% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 1.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language.
, there were a total of 307 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 245 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 62 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 58 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Official website
Municipalities of the canton of Bern
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Bern
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3989068
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Ladies%20of%20Football
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First Ladies of Football
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The First Ladies of Football are a professional cheerleading squad representing the Washington Commanders of the National Football League. Formed in 1962, they are the second-longest-running professional cheerleading organization in the NFL behind the Las Vegas Raiderettes, who were founded the previous year, and the third-oldest behind the Raiderettes and the Baltimore Colts Cheerleaders, created in 1954.
Originally called the Redskinettes and previously referred to as the Washington Redskins Cheerleaders, they have cheered for the franchise since August 1962. The first director of the Redskinettes was Doris Snyder.
In addition to touring with the football team, they have performed around the world. In 1982, they were invited to be the first NFL cheerleaders to perform in Asia promoting U.S. commercial products throughout Taiwan. The following year, the cheerleaders produced their first calendar, which they continued until 2018. In 1984, they were the fourth NFL squad to perform in a United Service Organizations (USO) tour entertaining the armed forces in Turkey, Italy, Sicily, Spain and the United States Sixth Fleet off the coast of France. Since then, they have participated in 65 Department of Defense (DOD) tours to entertain members of the U.S. military.
They were also the first cheerleaders in the NFL to form an alumni association. The Washington Football Team Cheerleaders Alumni Association (WFTCAA), formerly known as the Redskinette Alumnae Association (RAA) and the Washington Redskins Cheerleaders Alumni Association (WRCAA), was founded in 1984 by former Washington Football cheerleader Terri Crane-Lamb.
Notable members
Maureen Gardner (1974–1976), wife of the 71st governor of Virginia, Bob McDonnell
Debbie Barrigan (1994–1995, 1999–2001), Blast! dance troupe member.
Michaé Holloman (2002–2007), Miss Maryland USA 2007
Monique Thompkins (2010–2014), Miss District of Columbia USA 2012
Kelley Cornwell (1999–2000, 2002–2007) wife of former NHL player Jeff Halpern
Terri Crane-Lamb, founder of the First NFL Alumni Cheerleader Association (1984)
Patricia Gauani, Miss Delaware USA 1997
References
McKenna, Dave, "Pom Pom Diplomacy: Redskinettes look back on cheering 'Gimme a U! Gimme an S! Gimme an A!'", Washington CityPaper, October 28 – November 3, 2005
External links
Washington Commanders
National Football League cheerleading squads
Performing groups established in 1962
1962 establishments in Washington, D.C.
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3989074
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan%20Reimertz
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Stephan Reimertz
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Stephan Reimertz (born 4 March 1962) is a German poet, essayist, novelist and art historian.
Life
Born in Aachen, Germany, Reimertz is the grandnephew of Nikolaus Groß, resistance fighter in the 20th July plot against Hitler. His grandfather was a democratic major and politician from Westphalia. His father was a mining engineer and met his mother at RWTH Aachen; she was a pharmacist from Riga and of Baltic German ethnicity. Reimertz was raised at his grandmothers in the medieval village of Niederwenigern on the Ruhr Peninsula, later attended school in Kronberg, t where he received an intense artistic and musical training with Sergiu Celibidache.
A grantee of the German National Merit Foundation, the German Academic Exchange Service, etc., Reimertz went to college at LMU Munich and graduated with an MA in comparative literature and a doctorate in art history and philosophy from FU Berlin. He has taught at Juniata College in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, and was a Fulbright grantee at University of Texas at Austin, and a research fellow at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. Reimertz rejected political correctness and gender ideology and in 1996 left the United States for good. He however dedicated a monograph to Woody Allen and the American cinema
Works
In art history, Reimertz followed Hans Sedlmayr’s method of structural analysis (Strukturanalyse), calling on the discipline of art history to move past empirical research and reveal the aesthetic nature of the artwork. His monograph on the German artist Max Beckmann connects structural analysis with a cultural historiographic narrative and is considered a benchmark in modern art history.
Reimertz’s first novel, Eine Liebe im Portrait ("A Love in Portraiture"), was released in 1996, featuring the fate of the artist Minna Tube, a painter who became a celebrated mezzo-soprano after her husband Max Beckmann had banned her from painting. Reimertz set up a new style of Realroman ("reality novel"), using only authentic quotations and composing them in an artistic narrative structure, thus combining the French tradition of biographie romancée with the German classical forms of Künstlerroman and Bildungsroman.
In 2001, Stephan Reimertz authored Papiergewicht ("Paper Weight"), an autobiographical novel set in a decadent upper-class family, reflecting the social changes of the early Seventies.
Selected bibliography
The books he has written are:
Novels
Eine Liebe im Porträt. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1996.
Papiergewicht. Luchterhand, Munich 2001,
Die Frauenfalle. Hey Publishing, Munich 2013,
Non Fiction
Max Beckmann, (rororo-Monographie). Rowohlt, Reinbek 1995.
Vom Genuß des Tees. Eine heitere Reise durch alte Landschaften, ehrwürdige Traditionen und moderne Verhältnisse, inklusive einer kleinen Teeschule. Gustav Kiepenheuer, Leipzig 1998,
Woody Allen. Eine Biographie. Rowohlt, Reinbek 2000,
Max Beckmann. Biographie. Luchterhand, Munich 2003.
Woody Allen (rororo-Monographie). Rowohlt, Reinbek 2005,
References
External links
Random House Site on Stephan Reimertz
Lyricswelt Encyclopedia Entry
1962 births
Living people
20th-century German novelists
21st-century German novelists
German art historians
Studienstiftung alumni
People of Baltic German descent
People from Aachen
German male novelists
20th-century German male writers
21st-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers
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3989085
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author%21%20Author%21%20%28short%20story%29
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Author! Author! (short story)
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"Author! Author!" is a fantasy short story by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov.
Background
By January 1943 Isaac Asimov was working at the Philadelphia Navy Yard and had not written any fiction for almost a year. Still hoping to be published in Unknown after five rejections, he began writing "Author! Author!" and in April finished it and sold it to editor John W. Campbell for $150. The magazine closed because of a wartime paper shortage before the story was published, but it was included 21 years later in an anthology of stories from the magazine, The Unknown Five, and the 1972 collection The Early Asimov.
Plot
Graham Dorn, a successful mystery writer, finds to his dismay that his most famous literary creation, a suave detective named Reginald de Meister, has become real. He usurps Dorn's life and even attempts to steal his fiancee. Graham counters by rewriting his current manuscript so that De Meister is married to the flashing-eyed, svelte, jealous Sancha Rodriguez, who promptly appears and accuses De Meister of two-timing her. The two characters disappear back into the world of fiction and Graham's life becomes his own again.
References
External links
Short stories by Isaac Asimov
1964 short stories
Fantasy short stories
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3989092
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegel%27s%20theorem%20on%20integral%20points
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Siegel's theorem on integral points
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In mathematics, Siegel's theorem on integral points states that for a smooth algebraic curve C of genus g defined over a number field K, presented in affine space in a given coordinate system, there are only finitely many points on C with coordinates in the ring of integers O of K, provided g > 0.
The theorem was first proved in 1929 by Carl Ludwig Siegel and was the first major result on Diophantine equations that depended only on the genus and not any special algebraic form of the equations. For g > 1 it was superseded by Faltings's theorem in 1983.
History
In 1929, Siegel proved the theorem by combining a version of the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem, from diophantine approximation, with the Mordell–Weil theorem from diophantine geometry (required in Weil's version, to apply to the Jacobian variety of C).
In 2002, Umberto Zannier and Pietro Corvaja gave a new proof by using a new method based on the subspace theorem.
Effective versions
Siegel's result was ineffective (see effective results in number theory), since Thue's method in diophantine approximation also is ineffective in describing possible very good rational approximations to algebraic numbers. Effective results in some cases derive from Baker's method.
References
Diophantine equations
Theorems in number theory
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5380261
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too%20Little%20Too%20Late
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Too Little Too Late
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"Too Little Too Late" is a song by American singer JoJo from her second studio album, The High Road (2006). It was written by Billy Steinberg, Josh Alexander and Ruth-Anne Cunningham, and produced by the former two with Da Family Records founder Vincent Herbert. The song was released as the album's lead single on July 24, 2006. A power ballad, "Too Little Too Late" is a pop and R&B breakup song about a girl who struggles about dealing with her first love as she refuses to reconcile with her ex-boyfriend despite his efforts to convince her. Its composition and theme about an unsuccessful relationship have drawn comparisons to JoJo's 2004 debut single, "Leave (Get Out)" from her previous debut album.
Alexander began writing the song on his own before being joined by Steinberg, a veteran songwriter, and Cunningham, a new singer-songwriter at the time who had just recently moved to the United States from Ireland, to complete it. Although Cunningham always envisioned the song being recorded by JoJo, the songwriters had considered offering "Too Little Too Late" to American girl group The Pussycat Dolls before it was forwarded to Blackground Records upon learning that the record label was recruiting new material for JoJo's then-upcoming sophomore album, two years after it had been written. JoJo decided to record "Too Little Too Late" to express how much she had matured since the release of her self-titled debut album in 2004, having experienced both her relationship and first broken heart since that time, and personally selected the track to be the album's first single.
The song has earned very positive reviews from music critics, who praised its composition, mature themes and JoJo's vocal performance; some critics and media publications have included it on their rankings of the best breakup songs. Commercially, the song proved to be an international success, reaching the top-six in six countries in addition to the United States. When "Too Little Too Late" rose from number 66 to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, it broke singer Mariah Carey's record for the largest jump to a top-three spot in the chart's history, which Carey had previously achieved with her 2001 single "Loverboy". However, the record was ultimately broken by Kelly Clarkson's "My Life Would Suck Without You", which jumped from number 97 to number one on the issue dated February 7, 2009.
Commercially, "Too Little Too Late" remains her most successful single to-date. By becoming a global hit, the song also benefited Cunningham's career as a songwriter. Directed by Chris Robinson, the song's music video features a soccer theme, inspired by both JoJo's appreciation for the sport and her relationship with then-boyfriend Freddy Adu, a professional soccer player. Soccer player Mike Zaher, junior defender for the UCLA Bruins at the time, portrays JoJo's boyfriend in the music video, which also features appearances by the rest of the soccer team.
Writing and recording
"Too Little Too Late" was written by songwriters Billy Steinberg and Josh Alexander, and singer-songwriter Ruth-Anne Cunningham. Alexander began writing "Too Little Too Late" on his own before Steinberg joined him to complete it, particularly contributing lyrics and a bridge to the music Alexander had already composed for the song's verses and chorus. Steinberg identified "Too Little Too Late" as one of the few songs in his career to which he contributed only after a portion of it had been written, with Alexander introducing the song to him after he had already conceived its title, as well as some of the ballad's lyrics and melody, admitting that Steinberg essentially "helped him finish writing that song and that lyric." Born in Ireland, "Too Little Too Late" was one of the first songs Cunningham was hired to write professionally after moving to Los Angeles, California from Dublin at the age of 17. Cunningham's manager at the time, Eamonn Maguire, had introduced her to Steinberg a few weeks after she relocated from Ireland. After hearing Cunningham perform one of her original songs, Steinberg invited her to co-write "Too Little Too Late", which they successfully completed by the following day during a writing session with Alexander. Upon finishing the song, Cunningham felt that it was most suitable for JoJo but the songwriters lacked the necessary contacts and resources to forward it to her at the time.
Two years followed before the song was finally recorded, during which the songwriters had considered giving it to girl group The Pussycat Dolls. Upon learning that Bruce Carbone, executive vice president of A&R at Universal Records, was interested in obtaining new material for JoJo's then-upcoming second studio album, Steinberg sent a demo recording of "Too Little Too Late" to Carbone, who immediately expressed how much he liked the song. Steinberg and Alexander were then introduced to record producer Vince Herbert, founder of Da Family Records, who invited the songwriters to co-produce the song alongside him. Blackground then flew Steinberg and Alexander out to New York, where they began producing the track before recording JoJo's vocal's in September 2005.
"Too Little Too Late" was one of the first prospective songs from the album that Herbert played for JoJo. The singer claims she wanted to record the song as soon as she heard it for the first time, elaborating, "When my team heard that song, they knew I could hit the sweet spot, musically and in terms of subject matter." According to Vibe, the overall more mature, personal sentiment of the album prompted her to record "Too Little Too Late", having experienced both her first love and first heartbreak since the release of her self-titled debut album. The song was recorded at both Cryptic Studios in Los Angeles, California and Sony Music Studios in New York, New York. The songwriters got along both with JoJo and her mother Diana Levesque, who is also her manager, so well that they later returned to the studio to co-write a second song for the album with JoJo herself, entitled "How to Touch a Girl". In regards his musical style, JoJo described Steinberg as "more of a classic writer and producer." Having previously written several successful singles throughout the 1980s and 1990s for artists such as Madonna, Cyndi Lauper, The Bangles, Whitney Houston and Heart, Steinberg, aged 56 at the time, realized he is older than JoJo (15) and Alexander (24) combined while working in the recording studio with the two younger artists but didn't find it difficult to write lyrics appropriate for them, explaining, "I think that the part of me that writes lyrics isn’t really old or young ... I think the lyrics flow out in a way that has an honesty to it." On the difference between writing for younger versus older artists, Steinberg explained "you don't really know it's for somebody younger ... I've almost never really sat down and said, 'I'm going to try to write one that would be good for somebody younger.' I just write a song, and then if somebody younger likes it, then they sing it."
Release
JoJo claims that she knew she wanted the song to be the album's first single from the moment she recorded it, announcing a pending release date of either August or September 2006 in April 2006. "Too Little Too Late" was ultimately released as the lead single from The High Road on August 15, 2006, via the Da Family/Blackground/Universal Records. "Get It Poppin'" was released alongside the single as a B-side. That same year, a CD single was released in Europe that, in addition to the main track, includes an instrumental version, two remixes ("Full Phatt Remix Feat Tah Mac" and "Full Phat Remix"), and the music video. "Too Little Too Late" is a more R&B-leaning track than Steinberg and Alexander's previous work, which had tended to be more pop rock-oriented. Writing the song in a more urban contemporary style was a conscious decision the songwriters made after realizing pop rock songs they had written for artists such as FeFe Dobson and The Veronicas were not being particularly embraced by contemporary radio stations in the United States; Steinberg elaborated, "I enjoy writing in all different styles. But I particularly enjoy hearing my songs on the radio, and these days pop radio is playing much more urban ... So there’s a lot more gratification in writing a song for an artist like JoJo that radio embraces." Based on this revelation, Steinberg and Alexander decided that they would be writing more pop-R&B songs upon hearing feedback from listeners complimenting them that "'Too Little Too Late' is more of a real song and not just a record." Cunningham heard JoJo's rendition for the first time on the radio during a cab ride in New York, during the playing of which she screamed from excitement.
Numerous mixes have been produced since the track's release in July 2006. Notable mentions are Full Phat, Josh Harris, and Raul Rincon. A remix of this song is featured on the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party. A Spanish version of the song was released on select non-US editions of The High Road.
Music and lyrics
"Too Little Too Late" is a pop and R&B breakup song about a girl ending a relationship with a boy who has mistreated her; she refuses to resume or salvage their relationship even though he begs her for a second chance. Performed at a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute, the song lasts a duration of three minutes and forty seconds (3:40). Beginning "Come with me/Stay the night", Bob Waliszewski of Plugged In identified "Too Little Too Late" as a song in which the protagonist "rejects a smarmy guy's game-playing advances". A power ballad, the track opens with a quiet verse before progressing into "a loud, sweeping chorus." Kelefa Sanneh, music journalist for The New York Times, observed that production-wise, the single features "airy synthesizers and synthetic-sounding strings" as opposed to loud guitars. Incorporating teen pop influences, JoJo performs several R&B-style arpeggios throughout the ballad, while her vocal range on the track spans three octaves, from D3 to E6. JoJo herself explained that the track discusses moving on from one's first heartbreak, calling it a "big song" about expressing disappointment in a first love that is not as angry-sounding as her debut single "Leave (Get Out)". Contributing to HuffPost, Sam Lansky concurred that the single is "more restrained but no less bitter" than "Leave (Get Out)" while remaining "a guitar-driven sigh of impotent resignation." Musically, JoJo identified "Too Little Too Late" as a pop song into which R&B elements had been incorporated using various harmonies and chord progressions, "but still kept it rock in the hook when it explodes." Robert Copsey of Digital Spy cited elements of power pop in the song, similar to "Leave (Get Out)". Instrumentally, the track also incorporates both acoustic and electric guitars.
AXS contributor Jason Burke summarized that, in "Too Little Too Late", JoJo refuses "to be a slave to a conditional or convenient relationship", realizing she is stronger on her own despite sometimes experiencing temptations to relent due to the fact that her former partner continues to know "all the right things to say". Identified as a breakup anthem, "Too Little Too Late" features an empowering message to which most women can relate, despite their age. According to Max Goldberg of Complex, the break up song narrates "The story of a fed-up JoJo curbing some guy who wasn't up to snuff", with the artist taking a different approach to dealing with teenage heartbreak that does not involve crying about the situation to her mother. Spin's Brian Josephs similarly remarked that the singer "turned heartbreak into a hit". Lyrically, the song explores some mature concepts, such as the line "you don't like me, you just like the chase." According to Kathi Kamen Goldmark of Common Sense Media, the ballad is about heartbreak and refusing to repeat the same mistake, demonstrated by the lyrics "You say you dream of my face/but you don't like me, you just like the chase…It doesn't matter anyway", with JoJo repeating the refrain "you know it's just too little, too late" several times throughout the song. Cosmopolitan's Dara Adeeyo received "Too Little Too Late" as a reminder that "relationships usually end for a reason." Writing for The Odyssey, Brandy Blaise believes the song's "powerful" moral to be about "Accepting that you deserve better and its just a little too late for your partner to fix things", demonstrated by its lyrics "Go find someone else. I'm letting you go, I'm loving myself. You got a problem but don't come asking me for help"; People's Julia Emmanuele compared this line to an Instagram caption. The Boston Globe's Maura Johnston described the song as "chiding" in tone, while Sam Willett of Consequence of Sound described its mood as "sassy" and a "slap-in-the-face".
Describing it as simultaneously "a hate track" and "a heartbreak track", Jane Hu, a music critic for Medium, compared the song to Whitney Houston's "It’s Not Right but It’s Okay" (1999) as though it "were sung by a 15-year-old." Some music journalists have speculated or not the song potentially correlates to JoJo's own dating life, particularly her relationship with athlete Freddy Adu, which ended around the time the song was released. Believing that "art predicted life" when she was first introduced to the track, JoJo explained, "when I started dating a few years later, I wondered if those songwriters hadn’t instinctively picked up on something.”
Critical reception
"Too Little Too Late" received positive reviews from music critics. Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt cited "Too Little Too Late" as an example of "the best songwriting a major-label budget can buy", while Billboard identified the song as a track "that can dwell comfortably on both the pop and AC charts", appealing to "listeners of all ages." Writing for AllMusic, Matt Collar called the single "ridiculously overwrought and utterly addictive". Similarly, Amazon.ca's Tammy La Gorce described the song as "addictive but not over-the-top". Another Billboard critic felt that the song was better than most singles playing on the radio at the time, lauding it as a track that "provides desperately needed balance to a top 40 landscape that is lacking a lot in the way of singable melodies." The writer also praised JoJo's vocal maturity, concluding, "With so many disappointing 'event' singles on the airwaves, radio needs this record." Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times felt that "Too Little Too Late" was superior to all other tracks on its parent album. About.com's Bill Lamb was receptive towards JoJo's vocal performance, writing that the singer "provides just enough control to keep [its] sentiments ... from going overboard and, by the end of the song, proves high notes are well within her range", while selecting "Too Little Too Late" as one of the album's "Top Tracks". Contributing to Rolling Stone, music critic Jenny Eliscu wrote that the ballad demonstrates JoJo's "nuanced command of how to work an R&B; arpeggio like a pro." In another article for Rolling Stone, Robert Kemp described "Too Little Too Late" as "about as perfect a pop song as they come." Alex Macpherson from The Guardian wrote that the singer remains "at her best when compulsively dissecting emotional situations straight out of high-school movies via the medium of big, heartfelt choruses", identifying "Too Little Too Late" as a "wonderfully weepy pinnacle". Similarly, People's Oliver Jones wrote that the singer "finds her musical comfort zone" singing "Too Little Too Late". Crowning the song one of the best 10 "Feel-Good Break-Up Songs" in 2007, Slice contributor Nicolle Weeks joke that nothing is "more humbling than a twerpy 15-year-old who can concisely summarize the way I feel about my stunted relationship", citing "Boy you know all the right things to say (You know it's just too little too late)" as the track's best lyric.
In a more lukewarm review, Evan Sawdey from PopMatters described the track as "appropriately melodramatic," drawing similarities between it and JoJo's debut single "Leave (Get Out)" only "without the angry chorus". Sawdey continued, "It's something that Alanis Morissette might have recorded for her last I'm-no-longer-angry-and-therefore-am-content-with-plain-ballads album." However, the critic concluded, "As repackaged as it is, it actually has something that the rest of the album is sorely lacking: personality." Despite calling it "a slab of confident, sophisticated maturo-pop", particularly praising its refrain, Fraser M. of BBC Online felt that the song's production grows repetitive in addition to overwhelming JoJo's singing voice at times, continuing, "it is slightly disappointing that they feel the need to water down the strength of her voice to fit her into more of a Rihanna mould than an Xtina mould." However, the critic concluded that the song remains a "Catchy tune, mind, and it lends itself well to a singalong in the car". In 2007, "Too Little Too Late" earned JoJo a Boston Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year. Cunningham won an ASCAP songwriting award for her contributions to the song.
10 years after its release, the song's reputation has endured. Medium contributor Jane Hu opined that "You could not dream up a more perfect pop track", writing "there’s something about 'Too Little Too Late' that continues to exemplify everything I want from the [pop music] genre", praising JoJo's mature vocals and the relatability of the song to anyone who becomes involved in a bad relationship between the ages of 15 and 25. Furthermore, the critic wrote that the single is "not a one-hit-wonder teen peak, but in fact, only the start of JoJo’s artistic trajectory", concluding, "After almost a decade, the prescient maturity of 'Too Little Too Late' ... baffles me every time." Retrospectively, in 2016 Vanessa Okoth-Obbo, contributing to Pitchfork, described "Too Little Too Late" as an "excellent young love anthem". AwesomenessTV's Alexis Joy called the song "terrific" and "our go-to #Throwback song!". Entertainment.ie believes "there’s no way you didn’t love ... ‘Too Little Too Late'." back in 2006. In 2016, AXS ranked "Too Little Too Late" JoJo's seconds best song, believing that its popularity eclipsed that of "Leave (Get Out)" due to JoJo's performance and its strong message. Also that year, Capital XTRA compiled a list of tracks the radio station "23 Songs You Won't Believe Are Turning 10 Years Old". Ranking the song ninth, they wrote, "Jojo didn't stick around for too many hits, but you're kidding yourself if you try to deny that 'Too Little, Too Late' isn't an epic song." Similarly, Samara Gould of The Odyssey remarked, "Although she may be MIA today, this song was definitely a hit during the 'tween years." MTV reminisced that the song was among 16 that female listeners "Definitely Had On Your Heartbreak Playlist In 2006" whenever their significant other upset them. In 2016, GQ's Lauren Larson crowned "Too Little Too Late" the "breakup ballad of the decade." The Odyssey ranked "Too Little Too Late" their fifth most empowering break up song. Radio station KS95 placed the song at number 20 on their ranking of "The 25 Best Break Up Songs Ever". As of 2017, People felt that "Too Little Too Late" was one of the 14 most save breakup anthems ever recorded. Ranking it the 31st "Best R&B Songs by White Singers" during the 2000s, Complex's Max Goldberg crowned JoJo "the queen of angry teenage girls" due to the break up song's popularity throughout the decade. According to Louise Bruton of The Irish Times, the song proved that JoJo was capable of competing against the likes of singers Kelly Clarkson and Pink at the time of its release. In a 2017 article "Embrace your angst with the best of the 2000s",
Commercial performance
"Too Little Too Late" remains JoJo's biggest hit to-date. "Too Little Too Late" performed well on both Billboards pop and adult contemporary charts, became a staple on radio stations during 2006. "Too Little Too Late" initially debuted at number 13 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles the week of August 19, 2006, topping the chart the week after. The following week, it jumped to the Billboard Hot 100 at number 90. By its second week on the chart, "Too Little Too Late" moved from number 66 to number three due to a 121,000 increase in digital downloads, becoming the largest jump into the top-three spot in Billboard history, breaking the record previously by American singer Mariah Carey for her song "Loverboy" (2001), as well as the biggest one-week jump in the chart's history. PR Newswire anticipated that the single might even climb to the number one spot on the Hot 100. It is her first and so far only single to make it to the top 10 and the top three of the Hot 100 chart. The song remains her highest-charting single on the chart, as well as her last single to perform well on the charts; her next Hot 100 entry occurred in 2011 with the release of "Disaster", which peaked at number 87. Additionally, the song peaked at number two on Mediabase. By the week of November 11, 2006, the song became number one on AOL Music, having amassed streams surpassing 296, 676. The single has sold 821,000 digital downloads as of March 2007. By October 2011, "Too Little Too Late" had sold over one million copies, becoming a platinum-selling hit. "Too Little Too Late" has been called the artist's "standout hit" by Trent Warner of BeatRoute Magazine. Shortly after the success of "Too Little Too Late", JoJo entered a decade-long period of disputes with her then-record labels Da Family and Blackground Records, during which she struggled to release music due to contractual restrictions.
"Too Little Too Late" also achieved success worldwide, peaking within the top 10 in six other countries in addition to the United States. In the United Kingdom, the single debuted at number 22 on the UK Singles Chart based on downloads alone two weeks before its physical CD release. This is because from 2007, the United Kingdom changed charting rules and downloaded singles can enter the UK Singles Chart at any time. When the song was released to physical CD, it peaked at number four, becoming JoJo's second top five and third top 10 single in the United Kingdom.
The song was hugely successful in Australia and New Zealand, reaching the top 10 in both countries. In the latter, 'Too Little Too Late' debuted at number 11, and reached it's peak of number 5 in its 6th week. This was JoJo's 3rd consecutive top 5 single after Leave (Get Out) (#2), and Baby It's You (#3).
Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle believes "Too Little Too Late" is one of the songs that " made [JoJo] a star" due to its success. Considered to be her "big break" into the music industry, the song is credited with launching Cunningham's songwriting career. As of 2016, Cunningham considers the success of "Too Little Too Late" the highlight of her career because it was her first song to achieve international success.
Music video
Background
Originally, a contest sponsored by JoJo's label and street team would've allowed a fan onto the set of the video to interview her personally on May 19 in Los Angeles but was cancelled at the last minute. JoJo gave fans a sneak peek of the video on June 3 in a short behind the scenes segment on CD USA.
On June 11, pictures from the set of the first scenes from the video leaked onto Wireimage.com. Her RV co-star Robin Williams and his daughter Zelda appeared in the photos and in footage featured in the "Lights, Camera, Action (Behind the Scenes of the Video Shoot)" section on the Target exclusive The High Road bonus DVD. The full video can be accessed in "Visual Imagery (JoJo Videos)" on the DVD. The world premiere of "Too Little Too Late" was on July 17 on AOL Music's First View.
The music video or "Too Little Too Late" was directed by Chris Robinson, who JoJo claims had always been her first choice to direct the project; the idea to incorporate sports into the video originated from Robinson. Before deciding on soccer, which JoJo identified as one of her favorite sports, she had considered featuring American football in the video until Robinson convinced her that soccer would appeal to a more international audience due to being "the biggest sport in the world." JoJo was dating soccer player Freddy Adu at the time. Her relationship with Adu, combined with the fact that the 2006 FIFA World Cup was approaching, are believed to have inspired the music video's theme, The video was filmed in spring 2006 during the playoffs. JoJo had decided against casting a professional actor or model as her love interest in the music video, feeling that hiring an untrained performer would offer "more of a real feel to the video". Professional soccer player Mike Zaher, junior defender of the UCLA Bruins, was cast as JoJo's boyfriend David in the music video. 21 years-old and a sophomore at the University of California, Los Angeles at the time, Zaher learned that an unnamed celebrity and her film crew would be filming his team, the UCLA Bruins, practicing soccer from coach Jorge Salcedo; the teammates had initially been told that they would be involved in an upcoming music video for actress Lindsay Lohan, and JoJo's identity was not revealed until after the team had been brought to a studio, where the project was further explained to them. The athletes found the process quite enjoyable and not as "uptight and intense as they thought it might be at first". After soccer practice, a casting director invited Zaher to remain on set later to read a few lines into the camera. Although he still had little to no idea about what the project was, he was given the impression that the producer might like him. Afterward, Zaher learned that he was competing against other actors for the male lead but he had the support of JoJo herself. The following day, the director informed Zaher that JoJo had personally selected him to play the role of her boyfriend in the video.
JoJo and Zaher spent three days traveling around Los Angeles filming various scenes for the music video. The soccer scenes were filmed at East Los Angeles College's football stadium, while other scenes were split between Universal Studios and a home in Hollywood, California, which was located near Highway 10. Zaher described the filming process as "pretty intense", recalling that he and JoJo spent much time taking pictures wearing different clothing to give off the impression that they had been a couple for quite some time, in addition to visiting various tourist attractions. The on-screen couple's relationship continued into a friendship off-set, during which Zaher and JoJo would go to movies and restaurants during her time in Los Angeles. Despite initially negotiating to be paid $8,000 for his contributions to the music video, Zaher was ultimately not allowed to accept payment due to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules at the time, which prohibited him from accepting any soccer-related payment. Zaher claims that the film crew acted even kinder towards both him and his team after learning that they would not be getting paid for their work. The video premiered on MTV and BET in fall 2006.
Synopsis and reception
At the start of the video, JoJo witnesses David (Zaher) flirting with a blonde-haired girl at a party while holding a glass drink in his hand. The couple talk and David finally invites JoJo to go to an important soccer game for his team this Saturday. As the song begins, it shows JoJo spending much of her time staring outside through her bedroom window, pondering the situation as rain falls. She walks around the room looking at photos, reminiscing about the time they spent together and how generally ungrateful he was. These shots are intercut with David playing at the important soccer game. At one point, David declines a phone call from JoJo before proceeding to flirt with other girls at a party. In the video's finale, rain begins to pour on the game. During the video, JoJo is seen throwing out a giant teddy bear, getting rid of pictures of her and her ex-beau and even singing in the pouring rain. It is raining, proving that this is the same moment as the game and she has chosen not to attend. David's team is down one goal with 2:14 seconds remaining in the second half. He ends up missing a crucial goal and was blocked by UCLA goalkeeper Eric Conner. David is not quick enough, failing to score the tying goal and the game ends. He then learns that JoJo had decided not to attend the game to which she had been invited in the first place. The video ends with the camera zooming out and panning away from JoJo's window as the rain subsides.
Noticeable in the video is a poster for the Rockcorps Boost Mobile concert at Radio City Music Hall on September 24, 2005, an ad for Q-Tip's single "For the Nasty", and the book "Riding on a Blue Note: Jazz and American Pop" by Gary Giddins, which she is reading on top of the car at the game. The fountain in front of the Universal City Hard Rock Cafe is also visible. AllMusic's Matt Collar wrote that the video demonstrates JoJo's "suburban cheerleader slinging hip-hop attitude", comparing her persona to those of actress Jennifer Aniston and singer Beyoncé.
The video for "Too Little Too Late" premiered in the United Kingdom on October 14, 2006, on The Box's Kopooka Hot. "Too Little Too Late" was released on CD on January 8, 2007, in the United Kingdom. The song was added to Radio 1's playlist, under the C-list on November 29, 2006, and was upgraded to the B-list at a later date. By October 2006, the music video had been number one on iTunes, Yahoo and AOL. The video also peaked at number two on TRL, after premiering at number 9.
JoJo and Adu ended their relationship shortly after the video was released, although both parties have denied rumors that the music video's plot had anything to do with this. Following its release and popularity, Zaher found that he could not escape the video nor the song. Fellow UCLA teammates, athletes, opposing soccer teams and fans have constantly made fun of his appearance in the video during soccer matches since its release, to the point of which the video was played during half-time at one particular game in Maryland. He explained, "You'd think after four or five years people would forget it, but they don't ... I guess I'm just going to have to live with it the rest of my life." Despite this, Zaher does not regret participating in the video, insisting that it was a "great experience". He believes the people who tease him are merely jealous and wish they were in his position at the time, and admitting that he and JoJo have kept in touch as of 2011.
Live performances and covers
JoJo's first scheduled performance of the single was during the Miss Teen USA 2006, which aired on August 15, 2006. On October 17, 2006, the singer performed "Too Little Too Late" live on both The Today Show and TRL. This was followed by a series of performances to promote both the song and The High Road between October and November 2006: Live with Regis and Kelly (October 18), The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (October 20), The Ellen DeGeneres Show (October 25), The Megan Mullally Show (October 27), The View (November 7), CD USA, Sessions@AOL and Music Choice.
In June 2011, JoJo performed "Too Little Too Late" at the Girls Who Rock benefit concert. JoJo included the song in her set list of her 2015 "I Am JoJo Tour". Mehek Seyid, a writer for Live in Limbo, reviewed the singer's rendition at the Mod Club in Toronto as "performed ... with the same self-affirming attitude and confidence that defined the Billboard hit[ when it] first circulated in the 2000s." In January 2017, JoJo sang verses of "Too Little Too Late" with elementary school choir the PS22 Chorus. Upon being published on the choir's YouTube channel, the video became a viral sensation. JoJo also performed the song throughout her "Mad Love Tour". Reviewing her performance at the O2 Academy Islington, her first performance in the United Kingdom in 10 years, Attitude wrote that JoJo's rendition of "Too Little Too Late" is a "reminder of the pipes that made JoJo one of pop's most promising young stars". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Jewel Wicker called her live rendition one of the show's "great moments". Erica Thompson, associate editor for Columbus Alive, reviewed that the song "held up well over time". Despite sounding "nursery-rhyme catchy, [it was] written for a sophisticated singer, which JoJo proved to be even as a teenager", which Thompson believes her contemporaries would struggle to replicate.
In late October 2007, Daniel Rossen of Grizzly Bear recorded a version of the song in honor of bandmate Ed Droste's 29th birthday. Musician Daniel Rossen, one of the two lead vocalists of the band Grizzly Bear, covered "Too Little Too Late" live in concert in February 2009. Bandmate Ed Droste's wanted Rossen to deliver the cover "very seriously, as if he really meant all those lyrics". Stereogum described Rossen's rendition as "great, dusty and hazy and hooky". Sam Willett of Consequence of Sound reviewed Rossen's version as "a killer cover" that has been arranged "into a simultaneously soothing and haunting collage of echoing harmonies and guitar textures." According to The Guardian music critic Jude Rogers, the cover was part of the band's effort to make their live performances more enjoyable to audiences "when you're a man in your late 20s who can't hide behind a persona." The company Wavegroup did a cover of the song for the game Karaoke Revolution Presents: American Idol Encore.
This song was covered and used in Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party by the artist Okokoro. The song as played in the game is much shorter and speeds up during the choruses. The song was also sampled by electronic music producer Daniel Lopatin on the third track of his studio album, Chuck Person's Eccojams Vol. 1, which seamlessly loops an excerpt of the song's hook.
Track listings
UK and Australian CD single
"Too Little Too Late" (album version) – 3:39
"Get It Poppin'" – 3:41
German CD single
"Too Little Too Late" – 3:47
"Too Little Too Late" (Full Phatt Remix) (featuring Tah Mac) – 4:24
"Too Little Too Late" (Full Phatt Remix) – 3:53
"Too Little Too Late" (instrumental) – 3:47
"Too Little Too Late" (video) – 4:04
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The High Road''.
JoJo – backing vocals, lead vocals, vocal arrangement
Josh Alexander – production, recording, songwriting
Ruth-Anne Cunningham – songwriting
Paul Foley – recording
Gene Grimaldi – mastering
Vincent Herbert – production
Katia Lewin – engineering assistance
Dave Russell – mixing
Billy Steinberg – production, songwriting
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
External links
2000s ballads
2006 singles
2006 songs
Blackground Records singles
JoJo (singer) songs
Music videos directed by Chris Robinson (director)
Pop ballads
Contemporary R&B ballads
Song recordings produced by Billy Steinberg
Songs written by Billy Steinberg
Songs written by Josh Alexander
Songs written by RuthAnne
Universal Motown Records singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Hooley
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Christopher Hooley
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Christopher Hooley (7 August 1928 – 13 December 2018) was a British mathematician, professor of mathematics at Cardiff University.
He did his PhD under the supervision of Albert Ingham. He won the Adams Prize of Cambridge University in 1973. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1983. He was also a Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.
He showed that the Hasse principle holds for non-singular cubic forms in at least nine variables.
References
External links
1928 births
2018 deaths
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Academics of Cardiff University
Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
Fellows of the Royal Society
Number theorists
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
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3989094
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20James%20Bond%20film%20locations
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List of James Bond film locations
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This is a list of locations in which films of the James Bond series have been set and filmed (excepting only Never Say Never Again and Casino Royale (1967)).
Locations depicted in films
With You Only Live Twice and Licence to Kill being notable exceptions, James Bond is almost always seen at the HQ of MI6 (referred to as MI7 in Dr. No) in central London. This has been the actual headquarters of MI6: the Vauxhall Cross building on the Thames from GoldenEye (1995) onwards. Prior to that it was a nondescript building near Whitehall, sometimes (Dr. No, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, The Living Daylights) ostensibly the HQ of Universal Exports, the Secret Service's front company.
Shooting locations
This list shows which films were shot in which countries.
Other places in England – For Your Eyes Only, Octopussy, GoldenEye, Die Another Day, Happy and Glorious (London, RAF Odiham, Church Crookham, Hampshire, The Eden Project, Cornwall, Epsom Downs Racecourse, London, Holywell Bay, Newquay, Cornwall, Ascot racecourse, London)
France – Moonraker (Studios De Boulogne Paris Studios, Cinema Eclair Studios)
Bahamas – subaquatic scenes in You Only Live Twice, The Spy Who Loved Me, For Your Eyes Only, The World Is Not Enough, Casino Royale (Nassau, Coral Harbour)
Landmarks
A number of well-known international landmarks figure prominently in the film series.
See also
Outline of James Bond
References
External links
On the tracks of 007, a detailed listing of the many film locations used in the Bond films
BritMovieTours.com: Movie Locations
James Bond multimedia | James Bond locations
Film locations
James Bond
James Bond film locations
James Bond in film
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arley%20railway%20station
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Arley railway station
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Arley railway station is a station on the Severn Valley Railway heritage line in Worcestershire, situated just over the River Severn from the village of Upper Arley; a footbridge crosses the river to link the station to the village. The station is about north of Victoria Bridge, on which the SVR crosses the River Severn.
History
The station was built along with the line in 1862 and opened on 1 February that year. The first signal box was built in 1883, and the platform built to accommodate six coach trains. The main brick-built station building, which holds the booking office, is located on the easterly platform. The local transport needs were met quite adequately, as the local roads and paths were, to say the least, primitive. Passenger trade was busiest with summer holiday visitors, and Arley was home to a small goods yard.
Opened by the West Midland Railway (Severn Valley Line), and absorbed by the Great Western Railway on 1 August 1863, the station stayed with that company during the Grouping of 1923, passing on to the Western Region of British Railways during the nationalisation of 1948. It was later closed by the British Railways Board.
Although closed by the BRB on 9 September 1963 during the implementation of the Beeching Axe, plans for its closure had already been made before Beeching's report was published. The passing loop was taken out, sidings cut up and platforms removed, with only Alveley coal traffic surviving. In 1969 the line through Arley finally became disused.
Preservation
When the line was reopened by SVR preservationists working up from Bridgnorth in 1974, work got underway to restore Arley to its former glory. The main railway building was in relatively good condition and was totally renovated. The platforms were rebuilt and the track re-laid. A fully signalled passing loop enables full length north and southbound trains to stop and pass each other within the station limits.
The old signal box having been demolished, a replacement of LNWR design was bought from BR and brought in from Yorton, near Whitchurch, Shropshire, with the lever frame from the Kidderminster station Signalbox that was originally sited on Kidderminster (mainline) station. The station was re-opened on 18 May 1974.
Arley station has been used as a filming location for several films and TV programmes, such as Disney's Candleshoe, BBC sitcom Oh, Doctor Beeching!, The Box of Delights and the ChuckleVision episode "Oh Brother". The station was also used for the filming of the opening scene of the 2020 film Enola Holmes.
Gallery
References
Notes
Sources
Station on navigable O.S. map
Further reading
Heritage railway stations in Worcestershire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Former Great Western Railway stations
Severn Valley Railway
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1974
1862 establishments in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%20Salvadoran%20legislative%20election
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1988 Salvadoran legislative election
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Legislative elections were held in El Salvador on 20 March 1988. The result was a victory for the Nationalist Republican Alliance, which won 31 of the 60 seats. Voter turnout was 59%.
Results
References
Bibliography
Political Handbook of the world, 1988. New York, 1989.
Acevedo, Carlos. 1991. "Las novedades de las elecciones del 10 de marzo." Estudios centroamericanos (ECA) 46, 507-508:71-76 (enero-febrero 1991).
Arriaza Meléndez, Jorge. 1989. Historia de los procesos electorales en El Salvador (1811–1989). San Salvador: Instituto Salvadoreño de Estudios Políticos.
Benítez Manaut, Raúl. 1990. "El Salvador: un equilibrio imperfecto entre los votos y las botas." Secuencia 17:71-92 (mayo-agosto de 1990).
Berryman, Phillip. 1988. Latin America and Caribbean Contemporary Record VII:B241-B258 (1987–1988).
Blachman, Morris J. and Kenneth E. Sharpe. 1989. "Things fall apart in El Salvador: what's at stake in the presidential election." World policy journal 6, 1:107-140 (winter 1988-89).
Córdova M., Ricardo. 1988. "Periodización del proceso de crisis (1979-1988)." El Salvador: guerra, política y paz (1979–1988). 1988. San Salvador: Graffiti. Pages 83–97 plus statistical tables.
Eguizábal, Cristina. 1992. "Parties, programs, and politics in El Salvador." Goodman, Louis W., ed. 1992. Political parties and democracy in Central America. Boulder: Westview Press. Pages 135-160.
Eguizábal, Cristina. 1992. "El Salvador: procesos electorales y democratización." Una tarea inconclusa: elecciones y democracia en America Latina: 1988-1991. 1992. San Jose: IIDH—CAPEL. Pages 41–65.
García, José Z. 1989. "El Salvador: recent elections in historical perspective." Booth, John A. and Mitchell A. Seligson, eds. 1989. Elections and democracy in Central America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Pages 60–92.
Montes, Segundo. 1988. "Las elecciones del 20 de marzo de 1988." Estudios centroamericanos (ECA) 43, 473-474:175-190 (marzo-abril 1988).
Montes, Segundo. 1989. "Las elecciones presidenciales del 20 de marzo de 1989." Estudios centroamericanos (ECA) 44, 485:199-210 (marzo 1989).
Montgomery, Tommie Sue. 1995. Revolution in El Salvador: from civil strife to civil peace. Boulder: Westview.
Ramos, Carlos Guillermo. "Los partidos políticos en las elecciones 1997." Ulloa, Felix et al. 1997. El Salvador: elecciones 1997. San Salvador: Fundación Dr. Guillermo Manuel Ungo.
"Resultados oficiales de las elecciones." 1988. Estudios centroamericanos (ECA) 43, 473-474:285-295 (marzo-abril 1988).
Elections in El Salvador
1988 in El Salvador
El Salvador
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highley%20railway%20station
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Highley railway station
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Highley railway station is a station on the Severn Valley Railway heritage line in Shropshire, near the west bank of the River Severn and just under a mile south-east of the village of Highley. Highley is the only staffed single-platform station on the line. Other stops with one platform are unstaffed halts.
History
Highley station opened to the public on 1 February 1862 and closed on 9 September 1963, before the Beeching axe closures.
Highley station was important as the transport hub of a colliery district, with four nearby coal mines linked to the Severn Valley line by standard and narrow gauge lines, cable inclines and aerial ropeways . There were extensive sidings along the line, and wagon repair works at Kinlet, half-a-mile south.
The station was inconveniently far from Highley so the arrival of a bus service seriously affected use of the station.
The signal box opposite the platform remained in use until 1969 when Alveley colliery closed and freight traffic ceased. The station site was disused until preservation.
Preservation
Little demolition took place at Highley after closure, the station buildings and the signal box remained intact, however the footbridge was dismantled in the early 1970s for safety reasons. In 2009 Severn Valley Railway erected a new footbridge to ease congestion on the station after the opening of the Engine House.
Between April and mid-May 1974, Highley was the southern terminus of the Severn Valley Railway.
The single platform and the signal box interlocking prevent two trains carrying passengers from passing here; although it is possible to pass one passenger train and that of another type i.e. light engine(s), engineer's train etc.
The Engine House
The SVR has built a visitor centre, known as the Engine House, a little south of the station.
Railway infrastructure damage June 2007
After torrential overnight rain on 19 June 2007 areas of the railway near Highley collapsed in landslides. Highley Up Starter signal and the embankment it stood on were washed away. After repair the line between Northwood Halt and Bridgnorth was restored for passenger use and the first public train was on Friday 21 March 2008.
References
Further reading
External links
Highley Station Site
Heritage railway stations in Shropshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1974
Former Great Western Railway stations
Severn Valley Railway
1862 establishments in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christos%20Tsountas
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Christos Tsountas
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Christos Tsountas (; 1857 – 9 June 1934) was a Greek classical archaeologist. He was born in Thracian Stenimachos, Ottoman Empire (present-day Asenovgrad in Bulgaria) and attended Zariphios high school in Plovdiv. In 1886, he discovered and identified the Mycenean palace at Tiryns. He also conducted important excavations at the palace of Mycenae, and he conducted surveys of the Greek mainland and identified more Mycenean and early Bronze Age sites. Tsountas investigated burial sites on several islands of the Cyclades, such as the important site of Kastri in Syros. Between 1898 and 1899, his investigations led him to coin the term "Cycladic civilization". He also conducted archaeological excavations at Sesklo, Agios Andreas, and Dimini. Tsountas also led the first scientific excavations at Amyclae.
Tsountas died in Athens.
Publications (selection)
Tsountas, Chrestos & Manatt, J. Irving: The Mycenean Age: a study of the monuments and culture of pre-Homeric Greece. London: Macmillan, 1897.
Tsountas, Chrestos: Ai proistorikai Akropoleis Dimeniou kai Sesklou. Athens 1908.
External links
About: Christos Tsountas
1857 births
1934 deaths
Greek archaeologists
Tsountas
People from Asenovgrad
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens faculty
Archaeologists of the Bronze Age Aegean
Members of the Academy of Athens (modern)
Bulgarian people of Greek descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonsdale%2C%20South%20Australia
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Lonsdale, South Australia
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Lonsdale is an industrial suburb south of Adelaide, South Australia, within the City of Onkaparinga.
Lonsdale was farmed from shortly after European settlement until the 1950s, when the South Australian Housing Trust acquired much of the land for industrial use. Mobil's Port Stanvac Refinery and Chrysler's engine foundry were followed by many other manufacturing and service industries. Subsequent suburban development of surrounding areas has driven demand for a wide range of service-oriented businesses in the area.
Port Stanvac Refinery and the Mitsubishi (formerly Chrysler) engine plant closed in 2004, with both sites remaining unused as of 2007. The South Australian Government announced plans to build a seawater desalination plant at the site in 2007, to provide fresh water for Adelaide. The Adelaide Desalination Plant opened in 2013.
Transport
Lonsdale is served by Lonsdale railway station. Lonsdale has SouthLink's largest southern bus depot.
History
Lonsdale was settled in the early 1840s in the movement of colonists into the Morphett Vale Region. One of its settlers had come from the English town of Kirkby Lonsdale. A local farmer gave the name Lonsdale to his property and in time this name was given to a local rail siding and eventually the suburb.
Farming continued in the area until the 1970s. The housing trust had purchased a large amount of land in the vicinity and portions of this were set aside for industrial use, with large firms like Chrysler and Sola Optical as well as the Port Stanvac Oil refinery moving in. Farming in the area had become unprofitable by the 1980s.
See also
Rail Car Depot Relocation project - 30 railcars with scope for future expansion.
References
External links
Map
Suburbs of Adelaide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%20Stojanovski
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Filip Stojanovski
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Filip Stojanovski (, born 1 December 1996) is a Macedonian footballer playing with FK Skopje in the Macedonian First League.
Club career
Born in Macedonian capital of Skopje, Stojkovski played with youth team of FK Vardar. He made his debut as senior in the championship winning season of 2014–15. The following season he played on loan with FK Ljubanci 1974. In June 2016 he signed with FK Sileks, however, by August same year he moved to Albania and signed with KF Apolonia Fier playing with them in the 2016–17 Albanian First Division. During thee winter-breal of the 2017–18 season, he moved to Serbia and signed with FK Radnički Pirot playing the 2017–18 Serbian First League.
At the end of the season 17–18, he returns to Macedonia and signs for FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov from the First Macedonian League, where he recorded 17 appearances, due to good games, in the summer transfer period 2019, signing for FK Shkupi. After the good games for FK Shkupi, he transferred to Kosovo to the team KF Ferizaj
International career
He played for Macedonia U-19 and U-21 national teams.
Honours
Vardar
Macedonian First League: 2014–15
References
1996 births
Living people
Footballers from Skopje
Association football defenders
Macedonian footballers
North Macedonia youth international footballers
North Macedonia under-21 international footballers
FK Vardar players
FK Ljubanci 1974 players
KF Apolonia Fier players
FK Radnički Pirot players
FK Makedonija Gjorče Petrov players
FK Shkupi players
KF Ferizaj players
Macedonian First Football League players
Macedonian Second Football League players
Kategoria e Parë players
Serbian First League players
Football Superleague of Kosovo players
Macedonian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Albania
Macedonian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate footballers in Serbia
Macedonian expatriate sportspeople in Serbia
Expatriate footballers in Kosovo
Macedonian expatriate sportspeople in Kosovo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo%20Rea
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Danilo Rea
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Danilo Rea (born 9 August 1957) is an Italian jazz pianist. He is a graduate of the Santa Cecilia music conservatory in Rome. He made his debut with the "Trio di Roma" (with Roberto Gatto and Enzo Pietropaoli) in 1975.
Rea has performed with Chet Baker, Lee Konitz, Steve Grossman, Mimmo Cafiero, Phil Woods, Art Farmer, Curtis Fuller and Kenny Wheeler. In pop music he has performed with Mina, Domenico Modugno, Pino Daniele, Riccardo Cocciante and Gianni Morandi. He participated in "Requiem for Pierpaolo Pasolini" by Roberto De Simone at the Teatro San Carlo in Napoli.
Discography
As leader
Lost in Europe (Via Veneto, 2000)
Lirico (Egea, 2003)
Live at Villa Celimontana with Roberto Gatto, Baci Rubati (Wide Sound, 2003)
Romantica (Venus, 2004)
So Right with Maria Pia De Vito, Enzo Pietropaoli (CAM Jazz, 2005)
Jazzitaliano Live 2006 (Casa Del Jazz, 2006)
Solo (Parco Della Musica, 2007)
Introverso (EmArcy, 2008)
At Schloss Elmau with Flavio Boltro (ACT, 2010)
Due come Noi Che with Gino Paoli (Parco Della Musica, 2012)
Napoli con Amore with Gino Paoli (Parco Della Musica, 2012)
Something in Our Way (Atlantic/Warner, 2015)
Notturno (Casa Del Jazz, 2016)
Bach Is in the Air with Ramin Bahrami (Decca, 2017)
As sideman
With Claudio Baglioni
Oltre (CBS, 1990)
Io Sono Qui, Tra le Ultime Parole D'Addio e Quando Va la Musica (Columbia, 1995)
Attori e Spettatori (Columbia, 1996)
Anime in Gioco (Columbia, 1997)
Sono Io (Columbia/Sony 2003)
With Roberto Gatto
Notes (Gala, 1986)
Ask (Gala, 1987)
Luna (Gala, 1989)
7 # (Via Veneto, 1997)
Progressivamente Omaggio Al Progressive Rock (Casa Del Jazz, 2008)
With Fiorella Mannoia
Certe Piccole Voci Live (Harpo, 1999)
Fragile (Columbia, 2001)
A Te (Oya, 2013)
With Mina
Uiallalla (PDU, 1989)
Ti conosco mascherina (PDU, 1990)
Sorelle Lumiere (PDU, 1992)
Canarino mannaro (GSU, 1994)
Pappa di latte (PDU, 1995)
Cremona (PDU, 1996)
Mina Celentano (1998)
Olio (PDU, 1999)
Dalla terra (PDU/S4, 2000)
Sconcerto (PDU/S4, 2001)
Napoli secondo estratto (PDU/Sony, 2003)
Bau (Sony BMG, 2006)
12 (American Song Book) (GSU, 2012)
With others
Luca Aquino, Italian Songbook (ACT, 2019)
Alex Baroni, C'è di più (Ricordi/BMG, 2004)
Bob Berg, Steppin' Live in Europe (Red, 1985)
Fabio Concato, Fabio Concato (Mercury, 1999)
Pino Daniele, Schizzechea with Love (EMI, 1988)
Pino Daniele, Un Uomo in Blues (CGD, 1991)
Edoardo De Angelis, Anche Meglio Di Garibaldi (Durium, 1980)
Edoardo De Angelis, Mia Madre Parla a Raffica (Spaghetti, 1984)
Maria Pia De Vito, Hit the Beast! (Phrases, 1990)
Stefano di Battista, La Musica di Noi (Alice, 2015)
Curtis Fuller, Curtis Fuller Meets Roma Jazz Trio (Timeless, 1987)
Ricky Gianco, Tandem (Edel, 2005)
Lele Marchitelli, Ma Che Colpa Abbiamo Noi (Epic, 2003)
Sarah Jane Morris, Cello Songs (Cinik, 2011)
Gino Paoli & Enrico Rava, Milestones un Incontro in Jazz (Blue Note, 2008)
Enzo Pietropaoli, Orange Park (Gala, 1990)
Aldo Romano, Threesome (Universal, 2004)
Aldo Romano, Etat De Fait (Dreyfus, 2007)
Renato Sellani, Ampola, (Venus, 2009)
Carlo Siliotto, Ondina (Philips, 1979)
Amii Stewart, Magic (RTI Music, 1992)
Amii Stewart, Intense (Perle Nere Sas, 2012)
Pietro Tonolo, Simbiosi (Splasc(h), 1995)
Pietro Tonolo, Sotto La Luna (EGEA, 1999)
Massimo Urbani, The Blessing (Red, 1993)
Phil Woods, Embraceable You (Philology, 1989)
Renato Zero, Zero (RCA, 1992)
Renato Zero, Amo Capitolo I (Tattica, 2013)
Notes
1957 births
Living people
Italian jazz pianists
Italian male pianists
21st-century pianists
21st-century Italian male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Perigeo members
ACT Music artists
EmArcy Records artists
CAM Jazz artists
Atlantic Records artists
Decca Records artists
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5380319
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csorna
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Csorna
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Csorna is a town in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary. Csorna is located near the Fertő-Hanság National Park. There are two districts in the town: the Földsziget and the Csatárimajor.
Etymology
The name comes from Slavic *Cherna/Chorna (black), see also e.g. Čierna, Černá or Czarna.
Jews
Jews first settled in the town in the second half of the 18th century, at the invitation of the estate owner, count Eszterhazy. The majority were engaged in commerce, while there were some industrialists. The community was organized in 1853. the synagogue was built in 1854 and enlarged in 1884. because of differences between haredim and maskilim (reformer) at the Jewish congress in 1868, the community affiliated with the orthodox stream (which refused to accept the decisions of congress). In 1885 land was obtained for a cemetery and a Khevra Kadisha was established. There were also a school, Talmud Torah and charitable institutions.
In World War I 19 Jews fell in action. During the period of the "White Terror" (1919–21) one Jew was murdered.
In 1930 the community numbered 795 Jews.
The Holocaust period
In 1941 Jewish males were conscripted for forced labour (work on fortifications and in services together with other Hungarian citizens whom the authorities would not permit to join the armed forces).
In May 1944 a ghetto was set up in Csorna, in which the Jews from the surrounding area were also confined. They were sent on foot and in carts, often for long distances. On 18 June they were all sent to the ghetto in Sopron, and on 5 July they were transported to Auschwitz.
In April 1945 Jewish workers from a forced labour unit at the extermination camp at Balf were brought to the municipal hospital in csorna. They were wounded, having been shot by members of the S.S. and men of Szalasi's "Arrow Cross" fascist party. They all died and were buried in the Jewish cemetery.
After the war, some tens of survivors returned who renewed communal life. In 1955 there were 70 Jews in the area, including 22 children born after the war.
Sport
The association football Csornai SE, competing in the Nemzeti Bajnokság III, are based in the town.
Notable people
János Áder, President of Hungary
David Gestetner, inventor of the Gestetner duplicating machine
Zoltán Szarka, footballer
Twin towns – sister cities
Csorna is twinned with:
Dingzhou, China
Lunca de Sus, Romania
Miercurea Nirajului, Romania
Sinzing, Germany
Zlaté Klasy, Slovakia
References
External links
in Hungarian
Csorna, Hungary - JewishGen
Populated places in Győr-Moson-Sopron County
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3989110
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprivation
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Deprivation
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Deprivation or deprive may refer to:
Poverty, pronounced deprivation in well-being
Objective deprivation or poverty threshold, the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country
Relative deprivation, the lack of resources to sustain the lifestyle that one is accustomed to or that a society approves
Deprivation (child development), inadequate meeting of child's needs required for an adequate child development
Deprivation of rights under color of law, a federal criminal offense under U.S. law
Deprivation, the taking away from a clergyman of his benefice or other spiritual promotion or dignity by an ecclesiastical court
See also
Forfeiture (law), deprivation of a right in consequence of the non-performance of some obligation
Hypoxia (medical), a medical condition where the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level
Child neglect, abuse that results in a deprivation of a child's basic needs
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5380320
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeoptera
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Palaeoptera
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The name Palaeoptera (from Greek ( 'old') + ( 'wing')) has been traditionally applied to those ancestral groups of winged insects (most of them extinct) that lacked the ability to fold the wings back over the abdomen as characterizes the Neoptera. The Diaphanopterodea, which are palaeopteran insects, had independently and uniquely evolved a different wing-folding mechanism. Both mayflies and dragonflies lack any of the smell centers in their brain found in Neoptera.
Disputed status
The complexities of the wing-folding mechanism, as well as the mechanical operation of the wings in flight (indirect flight muscles), are such that it clearly indicates the Neoptera are a monophyletic lineage.
The problem is that the plesiomorphic absence of wing-folding does not necessarily mean the Palaeoptera form a natural group – they may simply be an assemblage containing all insects, closely related or not, that "are not Neoptera", an example of a wastebasket taxon.
If the extinct lineages are taken into account, it seems likely that the concept of Palaeoptera will eventually be discarded or changed in content to more accurately reflect insect evolution.
In any case, three main palaeopteran lineages, traditionally treated as superorders, are recognized.
Of these, the Palaeodictyopteroidea themselves might be a paraphyletic assemblage of very basal Pterygota, too.
As it stands, the relationship of the two living Paleopteran groups – Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) – to the Neoptera has not been resolved yet; there are three competing main hypotheses with many variations. In two of these – those that treat the ephemeropteran or the odonatan lineage as closer to the Neoptera than to the other "palaeopterans" – the Paleoptera appear to be paraphyletic.
See also
Archedictyon
Neoptera
Footnotes
References
(2002): Tree of Life Web Project – Pterygota. Winged insects. Version of 2002-JAN-01. Retrieved 2008-DEC-15.
[2008]: Tree of Life Web Project – Pterygote Higher Relationships. Retrieved 2008-DEC-15.
(2008): Tree of Life Web Project – Odonata. Dragonflies and damselflies. Version of 2008-MAR-20. Retrieved 2008-DEC-15.
Insect taxonomy
Carboniferous first appearances
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5380322
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords%20of%20Cemais
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Lords of Cemais
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The Lords of Cemais were the ruling families, from the early 12th century of the Marcher Lordship (aka Palatine Barony) of Kemes, and in later centuries of the barony of Cemais in Wales.
Martin de Turribus, fl. 1090's.
Robert fitz Martin, c.1095? - died c.1159
William I FitzMartin, c.1155-1209, husband of Angharad, daughter of Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of the briefly re-established Deheubarth.
William II FitzMartin, 1177?-1216
Sir Nicholas FitzMartin, 1210–1282, who granted land in the Preseli Hills to a son of , a famous poet.
William, Lord Martin, 1257–1324
William, Lord Martin, 1296–1326; his sole heir was the son of his deceased sister, Joan, the wife of the first Baron Audley:
James Audley, 2nd Baron Audley, 1312–1386
Nicholas Audley, 3rd Baron Audley, c.1330-1391; title went into abeyance until being inherited by his sister's son:
John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley, d. 1409
James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley, d. 1459
John Tuchet, 6th Baron Audley, d. 1491
James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley, c.1465-1497, who was executed for treason and the Marcher Lorship forfeit. It was eventually re-established as a Barony, in the year of the Laws in Wales Acts (which abolished all Marcher Lordships), for his son:
John Tuchet, 8th Baron Audley, d. 1558, who sold it in 1539 to
William Owen, c. 1488–1574, a local lawyer
George Owen, 1552–1613
Alban Owen, 1580–1656
David Owen, fl. 1651
William Owen, c.1654-1721
Elizabeth Owen, d. 1746
Anne Owen, d. c.1720?
William Lloyd, d. 1734
Anne Lloyd, c. 1715-1775
Colonel Thomas Lloyd, 1740–1807
Thomas Lloyd, 1788–1845
Sir Thomas Davies Lloyd, bart., 1820–1877
Sir Marteine Lloyd, bart., 1851–1933
Nesta Lloyd Withington, d.1943
Morfa Withington Winser, 1920–1958
Joan Gregson Ellis, d. 1973
Hyacinthe Hawkesworth, married John Hawkesworth in 1943
Heir presumptative: John Phillip Cemaes Hawkesworth, 1947–2006Heir presumptative: Alexander Hawkesworth
Sources
The Lords of Cemais, Dilwynn Miles, Haverfordwest, 1997.
References
Anglo-Normans in Wales
History of Pembrokeshire
Welsh noble families
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3989120
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author%21%20Author%21%20%28film%29
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Author! Author! (film)
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Author! Author! is a 1982 American autobiographical film directed by Arthur Hiller, written by Israel Horovitz and starring Al Pacino.
Plot
Playwright Ivan Travalian has a Broadway play (English with Tears) in rehearsal and the backers want rewrites. His wife, Gloria, moves out, leaving him with custody of five children: four from her previous marriages and his son. His two stepdaughters and his stepson, Spike, return to their respective fathers, but two of the boys, his biological son Igor and his stepson Geraldo, accompany Ivan.
The stage producer lies to the investors, claiming that popular film actress Alice Detroit has signed on to play the lead on Broadway. Ivan meets with Alice, where she confesses that she is a big fan of his and would love to perform in his new play. They start dating and she eventually moves in with him and the remaining two children. One night, Ivan explains to her that he was an abandoned baby who was adopted by a family with the Armenian name "Travalian". Alice becomes depressed because she misses her former social life, so she and Ivan agree that their relationship has run its course and she moves out.
His two stepdaughters run away from their father's home to live with Ivan and the police come to retrieve them, but Ivan and the children stage a standoff on the roof of their building, convincing the police and their father to let the girls stay. Spike returns to the house with his father’s blessing, meaning all the children can stay with Ivan. Ivan decides that his wife should return as well so he takes a taxi to Gloucester, Massachusetts to retrieve her. He finds her painting on a snowy dock with her new boyfriend, where she resists his efforts to force her to return for the good of the children. Realizing her selfishness, Ivan leaves her in Gloucester, returns to New York City and promises his stepchildren they will always have a home with him. They attend the opening night of the play which receives a rave review in The New York Times.
Cast
Al Pacino as Travalian
Dyan Cannon as Alice Detroit
Tuesday Weld as Gloria
Alan King as Kreplich
Bob Dishy as Finestein
Bob Elliott as Patrick Dicker
Ray Goulding as Jackie Dicker
Eric Gurry as Igor
Elva Leff as Bonnie
B. J. Barie as Spike
Ari Meyers as Debbie
Benjamin H. Carlin as Geraldo
Richard Belzer as Seth Shapiro
Elliott and Goulding, the longtime comedy duo of "Bob and Ray", were billed together in the opening credits. Reflecting the film's theme of family, producer Irwin Winkler's wife, actress Margo, and then-teenaged son, future UCLA School of Law professor Adam, along with the film's autobiographical screenwriter Israel Horovitz' children, future film producer Rachel and future television producer Matthew, make brief appearances.
Production
Horovitz first worked with Pacino in 1968, when Pacino starred in his play The Indian Wants the Bronx, for which they both received Obie Awards. They spent over the years and jumped at the chance to work again on the film.
The film was based on Horovitz's personal experience as a divorced father responsible for looking after two of his three children. "I felt there was a lot of room to explore the ease with which people get married in this country, the way kids come along in huge bunches and the irresponsibility of parents in taking care of those children." He also talked to his three children for inspiration. He said, "The film had to be written in a comic mode, because otherwise it's too painful to deal with."
Horovitz made the protagonist Armenian American to give him a strong ethnic identity parallel to his own Jewish background.
The film was released by 20th Century Fox and Hiller served as a director. He was drawn to the project because it was about an extended family and that it showed "that love is what makes a family strong, not necessarily who's the natural parent."
Casting
Cannon was originally asked to play Gloria, but turned it down because she found the character "bitchy" and had played that kind of role before. She was then asked to play Alice and agreed because she loved the character. Cannon enjoyed making the film and compared the experience to "being on a cruise". Alan King also enjoyed filming, and said that his character was a cross between Hal Prince and Zero Mostel.
Pacino did not get along with Hiller while filming. Pacino said, "sometimes people who are not really meant to be together get together in this business for a short time. It's very unfortunate for all parties concerned." Pacino told that he made the film, because he thought he would enjoy making a film "about a guy with his kids, dealing with New York and show business. I thought it would be fun." Pacino said that he enjoyed working with the actors, who spend time with his children.
Reception
In The Globe and Mail review, Jay Scott criticized the performances of the child actors: "The brood is composed of the most appalling set of exhibitionistic child actors this side of Eight Is Enough", and felt "that this comedy is not funny is bad enough; that it is resolutely and maliciously anti-female is unforgivable." Newsweek magazine's Jack Kroll wrote, "there's nothing sadder than a movie that tries to be adorable and isn't. Author! Author! tries so hard that the screen seems to sweat." In his review for The Washington Post, Gary Arnold criticized Pacino's performance: "Pacino's maddening articulation would seem to argue against further flings at comedy. Line after line is obscured by his whispery mumble, and this mangled speech seems particularly inappropriate in a character who's supposed to be a playwright." Roger Ebert was also unimpressed, giving the film two stars and prompting him to ask "What's Pacino doing in this mess? What's happening to his career?" The film was nominated for a Razzie Awards for Worst Original Song for "Comin' Home to You". Critic Leonard Maltin, however, did give the film a warm review, awarding it 3 out of 4 stars, calling it a "slight but winning comedy", and Pacino was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.
References
External links
1982 films
1982 comedy films
1982 drama films
1980s romantic comedy-drama films
American films
American romantic comedy-drama films
1980s English-language films
Films about theatre
Films about playwrights
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about families
Films set in New York City
Films shot in Massachusetts
Films shot in New York City
20th Century Fox films
Films scored by Dave Grusin
Films directed by Arthur Hiller
Films produced by Irwin Winkler
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3989149
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hirsch
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John Hirsch
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John Stephen Hirsch, OC (; May 1, 1930 – August 1, 1989) was a Hungarian-Canadian theatre director. He was born in Siófok, Hungary to József and Ilona Hirsch, both of whom were murdered in the Holocaust along with his younger brother István. Hirsch survived after spending most of the Second World War years in Budapest, and came to Canada in 1947 through the War Orphans Project of the Canadian Jewish Congress. Arriving in Winnipeg, Hirsch was taken into the home of Alex (Sasha) and Pauline Shack. He remained close to the Shacks for the rest of his life, and although he lived in New York City and Toronto, maintained strong ties with the city of Winnipeg.
In 1957, Hirsch and Tom Hendry co-founded Theatre 77, which they combined with the Winnipeg Little Theatre in 1958 to form the Manitoba Theatre Centre (MTC) with Hirsch as artistic director and Hendry as manager. MTC became an influential model for regional theatres across Canada and the United States, and is one of Hirsch's most important contributions to Canadian theatre. He directed many plays and musicals at MTC, which he left in 1965.
Over the years, he directed at many Canadian theatres such as Toronto's Crest Theatre, the National Arts Centre, Young People's Theatre, and the Shaw Festival. His 1976 production of Three Sisters at the Stratford Festival, with Maggie Smith, Martha Henry and Marti Maraden in the title roles, won great acclaim.
He was co-artistic director at the Stratford Festival (1967–1969), head of television drama for the CBC (1974–1978), and artistic director at the Stratford Festival (1981–1985). He was also consulting artistic director at the Seattle Repertory Theater (1979–81).
In the United States, Hirsch won the Outer Circle Critics' Award for Saint Joan at Lincoln Center, and an Obie Award for AC/DC at the Chelsea Theater Center in New York. In 1975, he won the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for The Dybbuk at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, a play he translated and adapted. He also directed at Israel's Habimah Theatre in 1970.
In 1967, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada "for his contribution to the performing Arts".
In 1977, he was asked to be the artistic director for the first Canada Day extravaganza on Parliament Hill in Ottawa.
Hirsch died of AIDS-related illness after being hospitalized at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Ontario on August 1, 1989.
In 1989, the Manitoba Foundation for the Arts established the John Hirsch Award for Most Promising Manitoba Writer. An endowment from the Hirsch estate provides a cash prize to the most promising Manitoba writer selected by a jury of senior members of the Manitoba writing and publishing community. Some of the past recipients include: David Bergen, Miriam Toews, and Chandra Mayor.
John Hirsch is commemorated by John Hirsch Place, a woonerf in Winnipeg's Exchange District that passes behind the Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre.
See also
Stratford Festival of Canada
The Time of Your Life
References
External links
Manitoba Writers' Guild Inc. profile
John Stephen Hirsch at The Canadian Encyclopedia
John Hirsch fonds (R5005) at Library and Archives Canada
1930 births
1989 deaths
Canadian Jews
Canadian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Canadian theatre directors
Hungarian Jews
Officers of the Order of Canada
AIDS-related deaths in Canada
20th-century Canadian poets
Canadian artistic directors
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5380324
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Football%20Federation%20of%20Guatemala
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National Football Federation of Guatemala
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The National Football Federation of Guatemala (), known as Fedefut Guate or FENAFUTG, is the governing body of football in Guatemala. It organizes the football league, Liga Nacional de Guatemala, Primera División de Ascenso, Segunda División de Ascenso, Copa de Guatemala, the Guatemala national football team, and the Guatemala women's national football team. Its offices are located in Guatemala City.
FENAFUTG were suspended by FIFA on 28 October 2016, however, the suspension was lifted on May 31, 2018 after the organization's normalization committee became fully operational.
History
The Guatemala national football team represents Guatemala in international matches and it falls under the direct command of Federacion Nacional de Futbol de Guatemala. Association Football was established in 1919 and Guatemala became a FIFA member in 1946, and got their CONCACAF affiliation in 1961.
Rules of the Guatemalan Football Federation
The National Football Federation of Guatemala has been in charge of overseeing many regulations which are divided into general and competition.
The most important general rules are: Status of the National Federation of Association Football in Guatemala, General Rules of Competition, Regulation of the Professional First Division, Regulation Commission Disciplinary Commission, Player Regulations, and rules of the Referees Committee.
The most important competition regulations are the Laws of the Game of FIFA.
Associations affiliated with FedefutGuate
Departmental Associations: Each Departmental Association has the right to integrate the General Assembly one Delegate. In accordance with Rule 109 of the Law for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports, the Executive Committees of the Sports Associations departmental designate one of its members, one delegate and one alternate to the General Assembly of the Federation. These representatives shall hold office for one calendar year, which is the reason why the appointment should be made in the last regular session made by the respective Executive Committee.
National League: The procedure to appoint or elect the delegates and alternates as holders of each league will be as follows: National Football League: will be entitled to appoint ten delegates and their alternate delegates, one for every Club affiliated to it. These delegates are appointed by the Boards of Directors of each club. In accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 21 of this Statute, the delegates from each club must certify by letter to their representation in the General Assembly of Football.
First Division League: Will be entitled to elect five delegates and their alternate delegates. The election of these delegates are chosen by the General Assembly of the League. Fans will not form by region, as determined by the Assembly. If it chose to make the election by region, the Executive Committee of the League affiliated clubs divided into five geographical regions with equal number of members, except mathematical impossibility. Each region will elect its own delegate and a deputy.
Second Division League: Will be entitled to elect three delegates and their alternate delegates. These delegates are elected by the General Assembly of the Second Division League. The election will be done individually for each delegate.
Third Division League: Will be entitled to elect two delegates and their alternate delegates. These delegates are elected by the General Assembly of the Third Division league. The election will be done individually for each delegate.
National Women's Football League: Have the right to appoint (1) delegate and delegate its respective alternate. These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Women's Football League. The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation.
Futsal National League: Have the right to appoint (1) delegate and delegate its respective alternate. These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the National Football League Board. The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation.
Other Leagues Affiliated: Any other League affiliate of the National Football Federation is entitled to designate (1) delegate and delegate its respective alternate. These delegates are appointed by the Executive Committee of the League. The Executive Committee of the League shall be obliged to make available to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the respective letter of attorney for purposes of accreditation.
Committees
The Federation will organize, regulate and maintain the technical bodies:
a. Statutes & Regulatory Committee
b. Coaches Committee and Technical Directors
c. Referees Committee
d. National Teams Committee
e. Professional & Amateur Leagues
f. If needed, The others will work under the Federation itself.
The Executive Committee shall be regulated with regard to functioning, powers and duties of these committee.
Statutes and Regulatory Committee. 1. The Statutes and Regulatory Committee will be responsible for studying and revisions of requests for amendment to this Statute. 2. They should study and draw up draft regulations to implement this Statute, and to review, analyze and study the rules and regulations of the affiliated institutions, and must render its opinion to the Executive Committee of the Federation for the corresponding effects.
Coaches and Technical Directors Committee. Without prejudice to the powers that national law assigns to the National Association of Coaches, Coaches and Technical Directors Committee will be responsible to educate and train football coaches. This committee will be responsible for the assessment of football coaches and certify to the Executive Committee of the Federation the results of the evaluations for this entity approved practice, if applicable. It should promote the achievement of scholarships abroad to affect the technical capacities of the Guatemalan Football players.
Referees Committee. 1. The Arbitration Committee shall consist of the number of members necessary for the proper performance of its functions to be exercised in accordance with the provisions of FIFA and in coordination with the National Association of Referees, which has established office in the National Law, will have among their functions the organization and functioning of the National School of Arbitrators of the Federation. 2. They will be responsible for submitting to the Executive Committee of the Federation's list of candidates for inclusion in FIFA, according to the regulations thereof. The Federation will make the official registration. 3. The Arbitration Panel of the Federation shall consist of arbitrators who meet the requirements to run football matches. 4. The Arbitration Panel members may choose from among its members a Board of Directors to represent them before the Federation and the Arbitration Committee to expose and resolve any conflicts that arise related to their functions. 5. Departmental and municipal associations should appoint their own subcommittees arbitration or integrate sub-branches and subsidiaries of referees assigned to the Arbitration Panel of the Federation.
The National Teams Committee. 1. The National Teams Committee will prepare the proposed organization, operation, discipline and budget for submission to the respective acceptance. 2. They should also operate under the Regulation that the Executive Committee of the Federation issues. 3. The Executive Committee of the Federation may grant the Commission authority to hire National Teams regarding sponsorship and management of their funds in order to make it financially independent. 4. The Executive Committee of the Federation may decide not to appoint a Committee of National Teams, in which case these attributes correspond directly to the Executive Committee itself. Article 111. Committee. The committees appointed by the Executive Committee of the Federation may be renewed in whole or in part at any time.
Association staff
References
External links
Official website
Guatemala at FIFA site
Guatemala at CONCACAF site
Guatemala
Football in Guatemala
Football
Guatemala
Sports organizations established in 1919
1919 establishments in Guatemala
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3989152
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Salvadoran%20legislative%20election
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1985 Salvadoran legislative election
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Legislative elections were held in El Salvador on 31 March 1985. The result was a victory for the Christian Democratic Party, which won 33 of the 60 seats. Voter turnout was 42%.
Results
References
Bibliography
Political Handbook of the world, 1985. New York, 1986.
Acevedo, Carlos. 1991. "Las novedades de las elecciones del 10 de marzo." Estudios centroamericanos (ECA) 46, 507-508:71-76 (enero-febrero 1991).
Arriaza Meléndez, Jorge. 1989. Historia de los procesos electorales en El Salvador (1811–1989). San Salvador: Instituto Salvadoreño de Estudios Políticos.
Benítez Manaut, Raúl. 1990. "El Salvador: un equilibrio imperfecto entre los votos y las botas." Secuencia 17:71-92 (mayo-agosto de 1990).
Córdova M., Ricardo. 1988. "Periodización del proceso de crisis (1979-1988)." El Salvador: guerra, política y paz (1979–1988). 1988. San Salvador: Graffiti. Pages 83–97 plus statistical tables.
Eguizábal, Cristina. 1992. "Parties, programs, and politics in El Salvador." Goodman, Louis W., ed. 1992. Political parties and democracy in Central America. Boulder: Westview Press. Pages 135-160.
Eguizábal, Cristina. 1992. "El Salvador: procesos electorales y democratización." Una tarea inconclusa: elecciones y democracia en America Latina: 1988-1991. 1992. San Jose: IIDH—CAPEL. Pages 41–65.
García, José Z. 1989. "El Salvador: recent elections in historical perspective." Booth, John A. and Mitchell A. Seligson, eds. 1989. Elections and democracy in Central America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Pages 60–92.
Haggerty, Richard A., ed. 1990. El Salvador, a country study. Washington: Library of Congress, Federal Research Division.
Karl, Terry. 1986. "Imposing consent? Electoralism vs. Democratization in El Salvador." Drake, Paul W. and Eduardo Silva, eds. 1986. Elections and democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985. La Jolla: Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies, Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, Institute of the Americas, University of California, San Diego. Pages 9–36.
Lungo Uclés, Mario. 1996. El Salvador in the eighties: counterinsurgency and revolution. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. (Based on his El Salvador en los 80: contrainsurgencia y revolución. 1990. San Jose: EDUCA—FLACSO.)
Montes, Segundo. 1988. "Las elecciones del 20 de marzo de 1988." Estudios centroamericanos (ECA) 43, 473-474:175-190 (marzo-abril 1988).
Montgomery, Tommie Sue. 1985. "El Salvador." Latin America and Caribbean Contemporary Record IV:471-502 (1984–1985).
Montgomery, Tommie Sue. 1995. Revolution in El Salvador: from civil strife to civil peace. Boulder: Westview.
Sharpe, Kenneth E. 1986. "El Salvador." Latin America and Caribbean Contemporary Record V:B275-B298 (1985–1986).
Elections in El Salvador
1985 in El Salvador
El Salvador
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5380337
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelm
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Kelm
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Kelm is either a German language topographic or a habitational surname, in the first case denoting a person who lived near a hill (Old Slavic cholm "peak", "hill") or in the second case someone who came from Chełm in eastern Poland or from any of several similar named smaller settlement. Notable people with the surname include:
Annette Kelm (1975), German artist and photographer
Arthur Andrew Kelm (1931–2018), American actor, singer, film producer and author
Bernhard Kelm (1967), retired German long jumper
Duncan Kelm (1988), American rugby union player
Dustin Kelm (1972), American unicyclist
Erna Kelm (1908–1962), German victim of the Berlin Wall
Erwin Kelm (1911–1994), American businessman
Gabriele Kelm (1872–1921), German rower
George L. Kelm (1931–2019), American archaeologist
Larry Kelm (1964–2014), American football player
Viktor Kelm (1997), Kyrgyz footballer
References
See also
Chelm (disambiguation)
Kelme (disambiguation)
German-language surnames
German toponymic surnames
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5380339
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%20Park%20Halt%20railway%20station
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Country Park Halt railway station
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Country Park Halt is an unstaffed request stop on the Severn Valley Railway heritage line in Shropshire, situated near the west bank of the River Severn, about 300 yards north of the footbridge between Highley and Alveley in the Severn Valley.
The halt was opened on 4 April 1996 as part of an initiative by Bridgnorth district council (who paid for it) to serve the Severn Valley Country Park. It now features a red-brick shelter. The halt has replaced Alveley Halt (situated half a kilometre to the south), which was closed in 1963 and not reopened by the SVR. The halt is built on what was formerly the site of the "Alveley sidings", where coal from Alveley Colliery was loaded onto freight trains.
The halt, like much of the Country Park, is on National Cycle Route 45 and has a purpose-built low-incline cycle path from the nearby bridge (which also forms part of the cycle route). The cycle path is also convenient for wheelchair access. The cycle route and associated footpaths lead through the numerous glades, picnic areas and nature reserves of the Country Park. The nearest public toilets are located about a kilometre away, on the east side of the river (Alveley), uphill at the Country Park Visitors' Centre, which also hosts a café at peak periods.
There is no highway access to Country Park Halt, and trains stop there only on request during hours of daylight. Passengers wishing to board should hold up their hand (any polite hand signal will do, although the traditional one is an open palm held aloft). Passengers wishing to alight should alert the driver or guard when boarding the train. The train driver will be aware that the stop is by request only, and will slow down through the halt looking for passengers.
References
External links
Visitor Guide to Severn Valley Country Park
Heritage railway stations in Shropshire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1996
Railway stations in Great Britain without road access
Severn Valley Railway
Railway stations built for UK heritage railways
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5380341
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramers
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Kramers
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Kramers can refer to:
Kramers (bookstore), Independent bookstore in Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., United States
Kramers (crater), an old lunar impact crater on the northern hemisphere on the far side of the Moon
Kramers F.C., football team from Palau
People
Johannes Hendrik Kramers (26 February 1891 – 17 December 1951), Dutch scholar of Islam
Hans Kramers (2 February 1894 – 24 April 1952), Dutch physicist
See also
Kramers' law, physics, spectral distribution of X-rays
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5380355
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20V.%20Creely
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John V. Creely
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John Vaudain Creely (November 14, 1839disappeared August/September 1872) was an Independent Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Creely disappeared while serving in Congress and was later declared legally dead.
Biography
John Creely was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he was educated. He graduated from Central High School, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1862, and practiced in Philadelphia. During the American Civil War he served with the Union Army as an officer of Keystone Battery, Pennsylvania Light Artillery Regiment. Originally commissioned a first lieutenant in 1862, he later received promotion to captain as commander of the battery before leaving the military in 1867.
Political career
Creely was a member of the Philadelphia City Council from 1867 to 1871. He was elected to Congress as Independent Republican in 1870, and served in the 42nd United States Congress. However, Creely seems to have rarely carried out his congressional duties, and appears only once in the Congressional Globe Index, a predecessor to the Congressional Record, for having taken part in a ceremonial vote at the beginning of Congressional term. He did not receive his pay, which remained with the House Sergeant at Arms.
In 1872 Creely was sued for legal malpractice, accused of misappropriating a client's stock certificates and using them as a security for a loan which he did not repay. He was subsequently accused of additional financial misdeeds, which could have played a part in his subsequent disappearance.
Disappearance and declaration of death
According to court documents his sister Adelaide filed when she requested that he be declared legally dead, in August or September 1872 Creely departed Philadelphia for Washington in preparation for the start of a Congressional session in December, and later informed his sister and mother that he was going to board a ship for New Orleans. He was not heard from again, and investigations by his family failed to determine his whereabouts or the cause of his disappearance.
Investigators found that his suitcases and other personal belongings were still in his Washington boarding house room, making it unlikely that he had sailed to New Orleans. Despite this discovery, his mother and sister later searched for him in New Orleans, most major U.S. cities, and locations as far away as Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America, but found no trace.
Creely's mother died in 1897, after which his sister applied to have him declared legally dead. On September 28, 1900 the orphans' court of Philadelphia made the declaration, and his sister received his estate, consisting chiefly of the Congressional pay Creely had never claimed.
Subsequent efforts to locate
In 1927, as the Joint Committee on Printing prepared to reprint the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, one clerk went through extensive research to obtain more information about Creely's fate, including writing to men with whom he served during the Civil War. One response the clerk received stated, "He [Creely] was a splendid soldier, with a fine record and was honorably discharged at the end of his term of service . . . He went to Washington and that was the last time I, or any of his friends, ever heard of him. He never came back to Philadelphia, and disappeared utterly."
See also
List of people who disappeared
References
Retrieved on 2008-02-14
The Political Graveyard
History: The Case of the Missing Congressman by Kenneth Chamberlain, November 16, 2012. Retrieved on 2014-09-20
The life and mysterious disappearance of Representative John V. Creely of Pennsylvania U.S. House of Representatives
1839 births
19th-century deaths
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American politicians
Independent Republican members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Missing person cases in Washington, D.C.
People declared dead in absentia
Pennsylvania lawyers
Pennsylvania Republicans
Philadelphia City Council members
Union Army officers
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3989160
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan%20Borusewicz
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Bogdan Borusewicz
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Bogdan Michał Borusewicz (; born 11 January 1949) was the Marshal in the Polish Senate from 20 October 2005 to 11 November 2015. Borusewicz was a democratic opposition activist under the Communist regime, a member of the Polish parliament (Sejm) for three terms and first Senate Marshal to serve two terms in this office. He was Acting President of Poland for a few hours in 2010.
Democratic opposition in communist Poland
Borusewicz was born in Lidzbark Warmiński, Poland. When still a secondary school student of School of Fine Arts in Gdynia, he was arrested in May 1968 during the Polish 1968 political crisis on charges of printing and distributing opposition fliers.
In 1975, he graduated from the Catholic University of Lublin in the field of history. During the 1970s he took part in a campaign of support for striking workers in Radom, and became a part of the Workers' Defence Committee. In the years 1977–1978 he was a co-organiser of the Free Trade Unions of the Coast, "the cradle of Solidarity," established by Andrzej Gwiiazda, Krzysztof Wyszkowski and Antoni Sokolowski.
He was the point of contact for the opposition in Gdansk—a recruiting and networking role similar to Jacek Kuron in Warsaw—and a principal organiser of the August 1980 strike in the Gdańsk Shipyard which led to the formation of the Solidarity trade union, and a co-author of the strikers postulates. He took part in the formation of the Solidarity free trade union.
After the institution of martial law by the regime on 13 December 1981, he spent more than four years hiding from the authorities and organising the underground structures of the then-outlawed Solidarity trade union. In 1983, he secretly married fellow activist Alina Pienkowska, an underground event cited in Andrzej Wajda's Man of Iron starring Lech Walesa and Anna Walentynowicz. The following year, disguised as a woman, he attended the baptism of their daughter Kinga. Between 1984 and 1986, he was a member of the Provisional Solidarity Coordination Committee and then Provisional Solidarity Trade Union Council. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1986 and released under an amnesty in 1988. He supported the May and August strikes in the Gdańsk Shipyard in that year but, along with many Solidarity leaders, he initially opposed the round table compromise believing communism would crumble.
In democratic Poland
Deputy chairman of the Solidarity trade union movement 1990–1991. Was one of the candidates for its chairmanship in February 1991.
From 1991 to 2001 a member of parliament (Sejm). In the first term (1991–1993), the leader of the Solidarity party, and the chairman of the commission studying the consequences of the Martial Law period. He was opposed to the vote of no confidence for the Suchocka government (against the position of the Solidarity trade union), and after its fall left Solidarity. In the following elections he was elected as a member of the Democratic Union party, which in 1994 became the Freedom Union (UW). He was the chairman of the special forces parliamentary committee. During the third term (1997–2000) in the Jerzy Buzek government, he was the Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration (in charge of the police force). He resigned when the UW left the government coalition in 2000. He was also a member of a variety of other parliamentary commissions.
He was not elected again in 2001 and from October 2001 he was a member of the board of management of Pomorze province. Next year Borusewicz was a candidate for the presidency of Gdańsk but lost the elections (obtaining 16.32% of votes). He did not join the Democratic Party (organised by UW members as a broader grouping), being opposed to the inclusion of politicians associated with the postcommunist Democratic Left Alliance party.
Senator and Marshal
He was chosen a senator in the 2005 parliamentary election, running as an independent but supported by both the Law and Justice (PiS) and Civic Platform (PO) parties. He was chosen as the Marshal (Speaker) of the Senate with their support. During first term he was caucused with PiS and after 2007 parliamentary election, with PO. After Parliamentary election in 2015 Civic Platform preceded to opposition and Borusewicz was made Deputy Marshal of the Senate.
Acting President
Following Acting President, and President-elect Bronisław Komorowski resignation from Sejm (and thus Marshal's office) on 8 July 2010, Borusewicz became Acting President of Poland until the election of the new Marshal of Sejm Grzegorz Schetyna. Borusewicz was the first Senate Marshal to become a temporary head of state and the shortest-serving Polish head of state since 1918. Also, he was already the second person to be or act as president since President Lech Kaczyński's death in April 2010.
Called by the Polish media "The President for One Day", Borusewicz said, "at least I'll end up as a question in quizzes".
Awards
In 2009 Borusewicz received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award endowed by Alexandra Hildebrandt. The award is given annually in recognition of extraordinary, non-violent commitment to human rights.
References
External links
Polish senate webpage
Homepage
Bogdan Borusewicz Freedom Collection interview
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1949 births
Living people
John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin alumni
Members of the Polish Sejm 1991–1993
Members of the Polish Sejm 1993–1997
Members of the Polish Sejm 1997–2001
Members of the Senate of Poland 2005–2007
Members of the Senate of Poland 2007–2011
Members of the Senate of Poland 2011–2015
Members of the Senate of Poland 2015–2019
Members of the Senate of Poland 2019–2023
People from Lidzbark Warmiński
Polish Roman Catholics
Senat Marshals
Solidarity (Polish trade union) activists
Heads of state of Poland
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class
Recipients of the National Order of Merit (Malta)
Polish dissidents
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3989162
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombroso
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Lombroso
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Lombroso, Lumbroso, or Lumbrozo is a surname, derived from a Sephardi family, members of which lived in Tunis, Marseilles, and Italy. The surname may refer to:
Isaac Lumbroso (1680–1752), rabbi and talmudist
Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909), Italian criminologist
Jacob Lumbrozo, Portuguese traveller, first Jew to permanently settle in the New World
Lombroso (band), an Italian indie band, featuring Taketo Gohara
See also
Casal Lumbroso, an administrative subdivision of Rome
Mocatta, also known as Lumbrozo de Mattos Mocatta or Lumbroso de Mattos Mocatta, a distinguished ancient Anglo-Jewish family
Jewish surnames
Sephardic surnames
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5380372
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuv%C3%A1r
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Kapuvár
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Kapuvár (; ) is a small but ancient town of some 11,000 inhabitants in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.
The town is known for its thermal water which some believe has hydrotherapeutic properties. It is served by highway 85, and has a train station. It borders the Fertő-Hanság National Park, from the border station of Pomogy. The settlement was fortified as early as the 11th century and was the estate owned by the Nádasdy family in the 16th century. St. Ann's church contains an ancient cemetery that is still being used. Local gastronomic specialties include "clasp-knife platter of Kapuvár," rolled meat of Hany Istók, slaughterman liver, foreleg ham of Kapuvár, rolled meat of Hanság, fritter-like pastry, rolled crêpes filled with preserves, and "pretzel of Rábaköz." There is one fine-dining restaurant in the village, and a few small cafes. A pleasant collection of small, pretty houses with colorful flower gardens reflects the tranquillity of the surrounding rural area. The village was left largely untouched by Russian influences.
Culture
The wines of the Sopron wine region are available here, and wine-tastings and wine-tours are popular. A ceramics gallery sells unique Kapuvar creations in porcelain. Horse-riding tourism has significantly developed in recent years.
A three-day cultural programme (Days of Kapuvár) is held on Saint Anne's day on 25–26 July every year, with performances of music, art and folk groups. The Community Centre of Rábaköz holds theatre performances, concerts, folk dance programmes, and sponsors festivals of brass and reed bands, literary evenings, exhibitions and fairs.
A baroque castle, the Eszterháza in Fertőd, is situated from Kapuvár. Called “the Hungarian Versailles”, it was the site of famous performances and concerts, due to the work of Joseph Haydn. Franz Schubert taught music there, performed concerts, and wrote some of his most famous duets and trios there. A museum in one of the castle's baroque buildings, the House of Music, is open to visitors.
Twin towns – sister cities
Kapuvár is twinned with:
Biharia, Romania
Dębica, Poland
Dębica (rural gmina), Poland
Mattersburg, Austria
Svishtov, Bulgaria
References
External links
in Hungarian, English and German
Populated places in Győr-Moson-Sopron County
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5380385
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task%20Force%20for%20National%20Strategy%20for%20Information%20Society%20Development
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Task Force for National Strategy for Information Society Development
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The Task Force for National Strategy for Information Society Development was a group of experts gathered for the purpose of creating the National Strategy for Information Society Development for North Macedonia.
The Task Force was an interdisciplinary team composed of 33 experts from various sectors (governmental, business, educational, developmental and civic) and included current and former MPs, a mayor, IT experts affiliated with the major political parties, and a counselor from the President's cabinet. The work focused on identifying the mechanisms and the legal and fiscal framework necessary for the implementation of initiatives in seven main categories: infrastructure, e-business, e-government, e-education, e-health, e-citizens, and legislation, as well as an additional focus on sustainability. The goal was to create modern and efficient ICT services for citizens and businesses in all spheres of life.
The National Strategy was adopted by the Government on June 16, 2005, and by the Assembly of North Macedonia on September 21, 2005. Public forums were organized in several towns throughout North Macedonia, and also on the Information Technology Committee website, in order to involve the public in creating the final draft.
References
External links
Committee for Information Technology
Metamorphosis Foundation
MASIT Macedonian Association of IT Companies
Government agencies of North Macedonia
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3989165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles
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2005 Australian Open – Women's singles
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Serena Williams defeated Lindsay Davenport in the final, 2–6, 6–3, 6–0 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2005 Australian Open. It was her second Australian Open singles title and her seventh major singles title overall. Williams saved three match points in her semifinal match against Maria Sharapova.
Justine Henin-Hardenne was the defending champion, but she could not compete this year due to a knee injury.
This event marked the first major appearances for future world No. 1 and major champion Ana Ivanovic and two-time major champion Li Na. Both reached the third round before losing to Amélie Mauresmo and Sharapova, respectively.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Other entry information
Wild cards
Qualifiers
Withdrawals
Championship match statistics
External links
2005 Australian Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Women's singles
2005 in Australian women's sport
2005 WTA Tour
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3989167
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicco%20Park
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Nicco Park
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Nicco Park is an amusement park located in Jheel Meel, Sector - IV of Bidhannagar, West Bengal, India.
The park was created to attract tourists to the state by providing family-friendly recreation as well as educative entertainment.
Nicco Park opened on 13 October 1991 and has since been referred to as the Disneyland of West Bengal.
Presently, the 40 acre park is home to over 35 different attractions and has served over 24 million customers. Nicco Park also provides a "green" environment.
History
Concept and construction
The concept of an amusement park in the Kolkata region began with the 300th anniversary of the recorded founding of Kolkata (then Calcutta).
While planning was under way for the tricentennial celebrations by the ruling State Government, Rajive Kaul, the current Chairman of Nicco Group, was in the US on a family holiday to Disneyland. As per the story, when Kaul returned, there was an inquiry as to why he left for America when he was very much required back home for the planning process. Supposedly, Rajive replied, "I'd gone to see if I could create a Disneyland here." What at first seemed to be just an excuse to justify his absence actually materialized to a joint venture with the West Bengal government.
Joint venture
After the inception of the idea, the Government of West Bengal along with Rajive Kaul followed through with their commitment to build an amusement park in Kolkata. They set up the company Nicco Parks & Resorts Ltd. (NPRL) which was a Joint Sector Company between National Insulated Cable Corporation Ltd. (now, Nicco Corporation Ltd.) representing the private sector and the Government of West Bengal represented by West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation Limited (WBIDC) and West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation Limited (WBTDC) on 17 March 1989. The Certificate of Commencement of Business was obtained on 31 March 1989. The primary function of the company was to construct an amusement part in the outskirts of Kolkata, which would be owned and maintained by Nicco Parks and Resorts Limited (NPRL). The project had additional input in the form of technical advice from Blackpool Leisure & Amusement Consultancy Ltd., U.K.
Rajive Kaul sought financial help from Geoffrey Thompson, the then-owner and managing director of the Pleasure Beach, Blackpool. Thompson, however, only offered the assistance of Blackpool Leisure & Amusement Consultancy Ltd provide technical expertise, including surveying the land and suggesting design and safety matters. The idea of the River Caves at Nicco Park was taken by Kaul from Thompson's Blackpool, and a few years later Kaul offered to renovate the ones there recognizing the superiority of the ones at Nicco Park, Kolkata. Thompson accepted the offer.
Two years after the conception of NPRL, and at a total cost of about rupees 8 crores, Nicco Park opened with 13 rides. It also took over the toy train from the previous Jheelmeel park and improved greatly upon it, providing for a tour of the whole park for passengers.
About the park
Educational recreation
Nicco Park's educative recreational initiative is the concept that families should not only have a fun-filled experience but also have learned something during their time at the park.
The grounds were designed to provide for educational recreation, and are dotted with displays. The entrance of every ride offers explanations of the scientific principles behind the working of the rides.
The park's Solar Energy Village has been set up to demonstrate the functions of various non-conventional energy sources in community life. In keeping with its green theme, a greenhouse is also run by the Indo American Hybrid Seeds Ltd. selling various types of plants.
Park Timings
The ticket counters generally start right on time, but all the rides may not begin at 10:45 AM. People generally come here by 11 AM and it gets crowded gradually.
Rides and attractions
Nicco Park has approximately thirty-five rides that include the Toy Train, Tilt-a-Whirl, Striking Cars, Paddle Boat, Water Chute, Water Coaster, Flying Saucer, Pirate Ship, River Caves, Cyclone and Moonraker. The Giant Cyclone, added in 2003, is among Asia's largest. The ride 750 meters in length, has seven drops and goes as high as 55 feet.
Attractions such as the park's cable cars and Eiffel Tower provide panoramic views of the park from above.
Natural attractions include a rose garden and a forty feet high waterfall.
A decommissioned MIG-21 fighter aircraft from the Bagdogra Airbase is on display at Nicco Park, serving as an attraction with educational value. It was a gift from the Eastern Air Command in 2008.
There is a large food park selling North Indian, Bengali, South Indian and Chinese fast food, and kiosks run by various restaurants of Kolkata. Sheroo Bazar and Souvenir Shop Wet-O-Wild are places where one can buy accessories such as T-shirts, coffee mugs and keychains.
Nicco Park has undergone expansions throughout its existence.
The park has also constructed a water park, Wet-O-Wild, inside the amusement park.
There are also a rain dance performances. The park also has a 4-D movie theater.
It has also introduced a new ride called Sky Diver which has been attracting visitors for the past two years now.
A bowling alley with restaurant and bar also exist within the park. Venues such as Octagon host corporate and non-corporate events.
Nearby attractions
Adjacent to the park is the Nalban Boating Complex, offering boat tours in paddle boats, hovercraft or shikaras. Well maintained groves surround the four hundred acre lake.
Salt Lake Stadium is also nearby. Opposite to the Salt Lake Stadium is the Subhash Sarovar, one of the two man made lakes of Kolkata. Though anthropogenic activities around the lake such as washing of clothes and dumping of wastes has led to its deterioration, the tourism development corporation has taken up the responsibility for the beautification of the lake (2010).
Nicco Parks and Resorts Limited (NPRL) have also diversified the park and as such Nicco parks (Jheel Meel) have been opened at neighbouring states Odisha in Bhubaneswar on December, 1998 and at Jharkhand in Jamshedpur in June 2001. A composite park has also been set up in the neighbouring country of Bangladesh in Dhaka in 2003. Recently there has also been a Memorandum of Understanding signed between NPRL and Intraco Group in order to set up a water park at a sea resort of Cox's Bazar at Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Reception
The amusement park has received favourable response from both the public and the government as well as various corporate bodies. ITC Limited, TISCO, Britannia Industries, Bata, Nestle, Smith Kline Beecham, Union Carbide, Dunlop, ANZ Grindlays, Duncans, Goodricke as well as Cadburys are among those which have invested in the park by sponsoring rides and other attractions.
Awards, certifications and recognition
Nicco Park has received various awards in the 20 years since its inception. Among its attractions, The Giant Cyclone has been awarded the 'Best Indigenously Manufactured Ride' of 2006-07 by the Indian Association of Amusement Parks and Industries, which also awarded Nicco Park's River Caves as the 'Most Innovative and Popular Ride' of 2009–10.
Nicco Park is the first amusement park in India to be able to obtain the ISO 9001 (Quality Management System), ISO 14001 (Environment Management System) and the OSHAS 18000 (Safety Management System) certifications. The park also states that it is the first amusement park in the world to obtain ISO 9002 certification from a European Certifying Authority. It has also received the "ICC Corporate Excellence Award". The Indian Association of Amusement Parks & Industries have declared the River Caves at Nicco Park as the most popular ride and innovative ride of 2010.
The SA 8000 (Social Accountability) certificate which they received from DNV on 14 December 2008, makes Nicco Park the first amusement park in India to receive the certification. It is also reported that they are the first amusement park in the world to receive the honour.
Incidents
An accident occurred at Nicco Park in January 2010 when a woman and child fell off of the park's Moon Raker ride. Authorities claim the accident was caused by the woman's own carelessness, but she blames the accident on company negligence, citing the derailment of two of the six trolleys.
See also
Aquatica (Kolkata)
New Town Eco Park
References
External links
Official site
Tourist attractions in North 24 Parganas district
Amusement parks in India
Buildings and structures in West Bengal
1991 establishments in West Bengal
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5380399
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations
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Turkey–United States relations
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Normal diplomatic relations were established between Turkey and the United States of America in 1927. Relations after World War II evolved from the Second Cairo Conference in December 1943 and Turkey's entrance into World War II on the side of the Allies in February 1945. Later that year, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947. The doctrine declared American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in significant U.S. military and economic support. This support manifested in the establishment of a clandestine stay-behind army, denoted the "Counter-Guerrilla", under Operation Gladio. After participating with United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952.
Relations between the countries began to deteriorate in 2003 as Turkey refused to allow the United States to use Incirlik Air Base for the invasion of Iraq, a process that intensified following the coup d'état attempt in Turkey in July 2016 as the country's foreign policy gradually shifted towards seeking partnerships with other powers such as Russia, as well as the dispute over the Armenian genocide, which the United States recognized in 2021.
A 2019 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center showed 73% of Turks had a negative view of the United States, with only 20% having a positive view, the lowest among countries polled. The same study also showed only 11% of Turks had confidence in the US leader at the time of the survey, President Donald Trump, with 84% having no confidence in him.
Country comparison
Leaders of the Republic of Turkey and the United States of America from 1923
Strategic partnership
The strategic partnership characterizes the exceptionally close economic and military relations between the two countries, particularly for relations since 1952. The United States actively supported Turkey's membership bid to join the European Union and frequently lobbied on behalf of Ankara through its diplomatic missions in EU capital cities.
Cold War (1946–91)
From 1952 to 1991 the relationship premised upon the concept of a “mutuality of benefits”.
War on Terror (Afghanistan - Iraq - Syria)
In 2001, the relationship began with the premise of the United States' fostering cooperation on counterterrorism, law enforcement, and military training and education. Turkey remained a close ally of the United States and provided support in the War on Terror.
Dissociation of partnership
According to The Economist, in October 2017, Turkish-American relations sank to their lowest in over 40 years. Since US President Barack Obama mediated tensions between Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu over the Gaza flotilla raid, some neoconservatives have called for Turkey's expulsion from NATO. Tom Rogan from National Review promoted expelling Turkey from NATO as part of his broader efforts to reform the alliance. Ted Galen Carpenter, a senior fellow in defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, also proposed expelling Turkey from the Western alliance. Tensions have risen over issues like the US arming the People's Protection Units (which is related with the anti-Turkish government group Kurdistan Workers' Party), in 2015 while claiming Turkey turned a blind eye to ISIL and other jihadist networks on both sides of its border. Turkey performed the January 2014 Turkish airstrike in Syria. Five months later, the US-led Operation Inherent Resolve against ISIL on 15 June 2014. The belief among most Turkish citizens that America had a hand in the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt which was compounded by the fact that its suspected ringleader, the Islamic preacher Hoca Fethullah Gülen, lives in Pennsylvania. Shortly after the FETÖ's (the Gulen movement) purges and arrests in the country, on October 4, 2016, Turkey moved to arrest Turkish nationals employed at American consulates (Metin Topuz on espionage and conspiracy charges), followed on the October 7, 2016, arrest of pastor and teaching elder Evangelical Presbyterian Andrew Brunson. Over 160,000 judges, teachers, police and civil servants suspended or dismissed, together with about 77,000 formally arrested. On October 10, 2016, in regards to John R. Bass, Turkey declared: “We do not consider the ambassador a representative of the United States” which was a step short of being an unwanted person. On May 16, 2017 clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C. Since the deterioration of the relationship, there has been growing Turkish-Russian security cooperation.
Relations deteriorated following passage of the National Defense Congressional Initiatives Plan (NDAA, P.L. 115-232) by the 115th Congress-which included an amendment added by Senator John McCain requiring the Trump Administration to submit a detailed report to Congress on the status of US–Turkey relations. The Department of Defense (DOD) submitted a mostly classified report to Congress in November 2018 and the following appropriations legislation proposed for FY2019 in the 116th Congress (H.R. 648) required the DOD report on the issue. From October 9 to October 17, the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria established the Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone. US lost trust in Turkey as the latter bombed its own military base at the Northern Syria Buffer Zone. On February 5, 2020, the US halted a secretive military intelligence cooperation program with Turkey against the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which was listed as a terrorist organization by the US and Turkey. Turkey had observation posts in the Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019) zone which held more than 3,000,000 internally displaced Syrians (more than half of them children). On February 27, 2020, Syrian forces attacked Turkish forces at the Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019) zone, and military separation between the forces became public after a senior US State Department official argued with the Pentagon over Turkey's request for two Patriot batteries on its southern border. The request was confirmed by Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar.
Public relations
Opinion
According to a survey conducted in the spring of 2017 and released in August, 72% of Turks see the United States as a threat to Turkey's security. Furthermore, the US was perceived as a greater threat to security than Russia or China. According to PBS, opinions of the US dropped steadily from 1999/2000 (52% in Turkey in 1999/2000) and in 2006, favorable opinions dropped significantly in predominantly Muslim countries, which ranged from 12% in Turkey to 30% in Indonesia and Egypt.
The following histogram shows the percentage of Turks that viewed the United States favorably according to the PEW Global Attitudes Survey:
Results of 2017 BBC World Service:
Lobbying & think tanks
The Turkish lobby in the United States is a lobby that works on behalf of the Turkish government to promote the nation's interests with the US government. The Turkish Coalition of America (TCA) is an educational, congressional advocacy, and charitable organization which was incorporated in February 2007.
The Office of Defense Cooperation Turkey is a United States Security Assistance Organization working on issues related to Turkey.
Diplomacy
The United States has sent many ambassadors to Turkey since October 12, 1927. Turkey has maintained many high-level contacts with United States.
History
After 1780, the United States began relations with North African countries and the Ottoman Empire. In the early 1800s, the US fought the Barbary Wars against the Barbary states, which were under Ottoman suzerainty. The Ottomans severed diplomatic relations with the United States on April 20, 1917, after the United States declared war against Germany on April 4, 1917, due to the Ottoman–German alliance. Normal diplomatic relations were re-established with the Ottoman Empire's successor state, Turkey, in 1927.
Truman (1945–1953)
The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. One of Turkey's most important international relationships has been with the United States since the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War. Turkey's began to associate with the United States in 1947 when the United States Congress designated Turkey, under the provisions of the "Truman Doctrine", as the recipient of special economic and military assistance intended to help it resist threats from the Soviet Union. In support of the US' overall Cold War strategy, Turkey contributed personnel to the United Nations forces in the Korean War (1950–53) and joined NATO in 1952. A mutual interest in containing Soviet expansion provided the foundation of US–Turkish relations for the next four decades.
Turkish Straits crisis
At the conclusion of World War II, Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to pass freely through the Turkish Straits, which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. As the Turkish government would not submit to the Soviet Union's requests, tensions arose in the region and led to a show of naval force from the Soviets. Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947, the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage. Turkey received $111 million in economic and military aid and the U.S. sent the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt.
In his reforms, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk envisioned a party-based system however the term "de facto single-party state" is used to define this period as the dominant-party system (in this case, the Republican People's Party), and unlike the single-party state, allowed democratic multiparty elections, but existing practices effectively prevent the opposition from winning the elections. As a result of Soviet threats and U.S. assistance against them, Turkey moved away from a single-party elected government towards a multi-party electoral system and held the first multi-party elections in 1946. In 1950, President İsmet İnönü was defeated by the main opposition party led by Adnan Menderes, who was elected by popular vote.
The postwar period from 1946 started with a "multi-party period" and the Democratic Party government of Adnan Menderes.
Eisenhower Administration (1953–1961)
Turkey was a founding member of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) collective defense pact established in 1955, and endorsed the principles of the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine. In the 1950s and 1960s, Turkey generally cooperated with other United States allies in the Middle East (Iran, Israel, and Jordan) to contain the influence of countries (Egypt, Iraq, and Syria) regarded as Soviet clients. Throughout the Cold War, Turkey was the bulwark of NATO's southeastern flank and directly bordered Warsaw Pact countries.
Intelligence (U-2)
On May 1, 1960, a U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Defence Forces while performing photographic aerial reconnaissance deep into Soviet territory. On April 28, 1960, a U.S. Lockheed U-2C spy plane, Article 358, was ferried from Incirlik Air Base in Turkey to the US base at Peshawar airport by pilot Glen Dunaway. Fuel for the aircraft had been ferried to Peshawar the previous day in a US Air Force C-124 transport. A US Air Force C-130 followed, which carried the ground crew, mission pilot Francis Powers, and backup pilot Bob Ericson. On the morning of April 29, the crew in Badaber was informed that the mission had been delayed by one day. As a result, Bob Ericson flew Article 358 back to Incirlik, and John Shinn ferried another U-2C, Article 360, from Incirlik to Peshawar. On 30 April, the mission was delayed one more day because of bad weather over the Soviet Union. On 1 May, Captain Powers left the base in Peshawar on a mission with the operations code word GRAND SLAM. Four days after Powers' disappearance, NASA issued a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey.
On May 13 the Soviet Union sent complaints to Turkey, who in turn protested to the United States. Turkey acquired assurances that no U.S. aircraft would be allowed for unauthorized purposes.
Kennedy and Johnson administrations (1961–1969)
Cuban Missile Crisis
Turkey risked nuclear war on its soil during the Cuban Missile Crisis. It was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by the American discovery of Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to Cuba's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion. An agreement was reached between John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba, in exchange for a US public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again. Secretly, the United States agreed that it would dismantle all US-built Jupiter MRBMs, which had been deployed in Turkey and Italy against the Soviet Union.
In 2017, The Putin Interviews claimed that the placement of Russian missiles in Cuba was a Russian reaction to the earlier stationing of American missiles in Turkey in 1961–62; it was Khrushchev's attempt to achieve a balance of power.
Cyprus Emergency
The Cyprus Emergency was a conflict fought in British Cyprus between 1955 and 1959. The National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA), a Greek Cypriot right-wing nationalist guerrilla organisation, began an armed campaign in support of ending British colonial rule and enabling the unification of Cyprus and Greece (Enosis) in 1955. Opposition to Enosis from Turkish Cypriots led to the formation of the Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT) in support of the partition of Cyprus. In the mid-1960s relations worsened between Greek and Turkish communities on Cyprus. Britain wanted to hand the crisis and a peacekeeping role to either NATO or UN forces. US President Lyndon B. Johnson tried to prevent either a Greek or Turkish invasion of Cyprus and war between them. American diplomat George Ball found Archbishop Makarios, president of Cyprus, difficult to deal with, as he commonly rejected advice.
The Americans secretly talked to General Georgios Grivas, leader of the EOKA guerrilla organization. While invasion and war did not occur, the U.S. alienated both the Greek and Turkish governments and drove Makarios closer to the Russians and Egyptians. The Cyprus Emergency ended in 1959 with the signing of the London-Zürich Agreements, establishing the Republic of Cyprus as a non-partitioned independent state separate from Greece.
Nixon and Ford Administrations (1969–1977)
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
After the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état (backed by the Cypriot National Guard and the Greek military junta), on July 20, 1974, Turkey invaded Cyprus, claiming it was protecting the safety of Turkish Cypriots in accordance with the Treaty of Guarantee. The Turkish military occupied the northern third of Cyprus, dividing the island along what became known as the Green Line monitored by the United Nations, defying ceasefire.
Turkey repeatedly claimed, for decades before the invasion and frequently afterward, that Cyprus was of vital strategic importance to it. Ankara defied a host of UN resolutions demanding the withdrawal of its occupying troops from the island. About 142,000 Greek Cypriots living in the north and 65,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the south, were forcibly expelled and are forbidden to return to their homes and properties. The United States imposed an arms embargo on Turkey in response and relations between the two countries suffered significantly. 109 Turkish villages were destroyed and 700 Turks were kept as hostages. Daily Telegraph described events as anti-Turkish pogrom.
Carter administration (1977–1981)
The arms embargo was silently removed a few years later with the contribution of the geopolitical changes in the Middle East like the Iranian Revolution. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski discussed with his staff about a possible American invasion of Iran by using Turkish bases and territory if the Soviets decided to repeat the Afghanistan scenario in Iran, although this plan did not materialize.
Reagan administration (1981–1989)
During the 1980s, relations between Turkey and the United States gradually recovered. In March 1980 Turkey and the US signed the Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement (DECA), in which the United States was granted access to 26 military facilities in return for Turkey's ability to buy modern military hardware and $450 million. Although Ankara resented continued attempts by the United States Congress to restrict military assistance to Turkey because of Cyprus and the introduction of congressional resolutions condemning the Armenian genocide, the Özal government generally perceived the administration of President George H.W. Bush as sympathetic to Turkish interests. At this time, Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) was established and it started to build F-16 Fighting Falcon jets under licence in Turkey. Washington demonstrated its support of Özal's market-oriented economic policies and efforts to open the Turkish economy to international trade by pushing for acceptance of an International Monetary Fund program to provide economic assistance to Turkey. Furthermore, the United States, unlike European countries, did not persistently and publicly criticize Turkey over allegations of human rights violations, nor did it pressure Özal on the Kurdish problem. By 1989 the United States had recovered a generally positive image among the Turkish political elite.
George H. W. Bush administration (1989–1993)
The end of the Cold War forced Turkish leaders to reassess their country's international position. The disappearance of the Soviet threat and the perception of being excluded from Europe created a sense of vulnerability with respect to Turkey's position in the fast-changing global political environment. Turkey supported the Arab–Israeli peace process and expanded ties with the Central Asian members of the CIS. Özal believed Turkey's future security depended on the continuation of a strong relationship with the United States.
During the Gulf War, Özal modified the main principles of Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East, which were non-interference in intra-Arab disputes and the Middle Eastern affairs. The role Turkey played during the Gulf War demonstrated to the public that it was one of the key actors in the region.
Iraq (Gulf War and Northern Safe Zone)
President Özal supported the United States' position during the Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991). Turkey's economic ties to Iraq were extensive and their disruption hurt the country. Turkey lost approximately $60 billion by closing the Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline during the conflict. Just before the war, Chief of the Turkish General Staff General Necip Torumtay resigned out of disagreement in involving Turkish ground forces with the conflict, which prevented Turkey's active military engagement. Turkey allowed United Nations forces (UN SC Resolution 665) to fly missions from its air bases; by doing so Turkey remained a platform for the US attacks against Iraq for the rest of the conflict. Turkey played a role in the war by restraining a sizeable proportion of the Iraqi army on the Turkey–Iraq border.
After the war, Turkey continued to support major United States initiatives in the region, including the creation of a safe zone for Iraqi Kurds over northern Iraq. Turkey received heavy Iraqi Kurdish refugees following the 1991 uprisings in Iraq (1 March – 5 April 1991). The Iraqi no-fly zones were two no-fly zones (NFZs) that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France to create safe zones for the internally displaced people after the war. The US and the UK claimed authorization for the NFZ based on United Nations Security Council Resolution 688, though not in the text. The US stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. Turkey opened its Incirlik and Diyarbakir air bases and became involved in the ground support and intelligence operations for the northern NFZ which was initially part of Operation Provide Comfort's relief operations before being succeeded by Operation Northern Watch.
NFZs also enabled a safe haven for PKK. Turkey performed cross-border operations into northern Iraq:
Operation Northern Iraq: October 12 – November 1, 1992
Operation Steel: March 20 – May 4, 1995
Operation Hammer: May 12 – July 7, 1997
Operation Dawn: September 25 – October 15, 1997
In September 1998, Masoud Barzani and Jalal Talabani signed the US-mediated Washington Agreement and established a formal peace treaty. In the agreement, the parties agreed to share revenue, share power, and deny the use of northern Iraq to the PKK. President Bill Clinton signed the Iraq Liberation Act into law, providing for military assistance to Iraqi opposition groups, which included the PUK and KDP.
The United States' use of Turkish military installations during the bombing of Iraq in 1991 led to anti-war demonstrations in several Turkish cities, and sporadic attacks on United States facilities in 1992 and 1993.
Clinton administration (1993–2001)
In January 1995, a consensus had emerged by among Turkey's political elite that the country's security depended on remaining a strategic ally of the United States. For that reason, both the Demirel and Çiller governments made efforts to cultivate relations with the administrations of presidents George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton.
Syria (terrorism)
Syria has been on the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism since the list's inception in 1979 and deems it to be a “safe haven” for terrorists. Turkey condemned Syria for supporting the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations.
The Turkish government openly threatened Syria over its support for the PKK. Turkey claimed that Syria employed former Schutzstaffel officer Alois Brunner to train militants. Turkey and Syria nearly engaged in war when Turkey threatened military action if Syria continued to shelter Abdullah Öcalan in Damascus, his long-time safe haven. Öcalan was the leader and one of the founding members of the PKK. As a result, the Syrian government forced Öcalan to leave the country, who was captured in Kenya on February 15, 1999, while being transferred from the Greek embassy to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, in an operation by the National Intelligence Organization (MIT) with the help of the CIA.
George W. Bush administration (2001–2009)
According to leaked diplomatic cables, then Prime Minister Erdoğan was described by U.S. diplomats as having "little understanding of politics beyond Ankara" and as surrounding himself with an "iron ring of sycophantic (but contemptuous) advisors". He is said to be "isolated", and that his MPs and Ministers feel "fearful of Erdogan's wrath". Diplomats state that "he relies on his charisma, instincts, and the filterings of advisors who pull conspiracy theories off the Web or are lost in neo-Ottoman Islamist fantasies".
War on Terror
Turkey had remained a close ally of the United States in the War on Terror after the September 11 attacks. Turkish President Ahmet Necdet Sezer and Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit condemned the attacks and the Turkish government then ordered all of its flags at half-mast for one day of mourning. Turkey participated in the International Security Assistance Force.
According to a report by the Open Society Foundations, Turkey participated at one point or another with the CIA's extraordinary rendition program. U.S. ambassador Ross Wilson revealed the involvement of the Incirlik airbase in a diplomatic cable dated June 8, 2006, which described Turkey as a crucial ally in the "global war on terror" and an important logistical base for the US-led war in Iraq. On June 14, 2006, Turkish foreign ministry officials told reporters: "The Turkish government and state never played a part [in the secret transfers] ... and never will." According to evidence, the US base was a transit stop in taking detainees to secret prisons. The cable also stated: "We recommend that you do not raise this issue with TGS [Turkish general staff] pending clarification from Washington on what approach state/OSD/JCS/NSC [national security council] wish to take."
Iraq (territorial integrity)
Turkey is particularly cautious about a Kurdish state arising from a destabilized Iraq. Turkey has fought an insurgent war against the PKK, which is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations. Iraq was a safe haven for PKK. The Iraqi Kurds were organized under the PUK and KDP, who later cooperated with American forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
In 2002 Morton I. Abramowitz (1989–1991 US Ambassador) said, in regards to Turkey's involvement in an upcoming war: "It is hard to believe that in the end the Turks would not cooperate with the United States if war takes place, with or without UN blessing". Vice President Dick Cheney's only trip abroad in his first three years at the office was a four-day trip to Ankara. Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit welcomed Cheney to a working dinner on March 19, who offered $228 million to aid in military efforts provided that international military operations took command of the Afghanistan peacekeeping force. Turkey's position on Iraq was presented to Cheney. In December 2002, Turkey moved approximately 15,000 soldiers to its border with Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq faced strong domestic opposition in Turkey: opinion polls showed that 80% of Turks were opposed to the war. The Turkish Parliament's position reflected the public's. The March 1, 2003, motion at the Turkish Parliament could not reach the absolute majority of 276 votes needed to allow US troops to attack Iraq from Turkey (62,000 troops and more than 250 planes), the final tally being 264 votes for and 250 against. BBC's Jonny Dymond said the knife-edge vote is a massive blow to the government which has a majority in parliament. On March 11, Abdullah Gul resigned as Turkey's Prime Minister. Chief of the General Staff of Turkey Hilmi Özkök said "Turkey would suffer the effects of the war [motion also included twice as many Turkish troops to be deployed to northern Iraq]." The US did not immediately re-deploy the forces intended for staging in Turkey and the State Department asked for "clarification" of the Turkish vote. In the end, the US pulled the offer of $6 billion in grants and up to $24 billion in loan guarantees, which caused Turkey's stock market to plunge by 12%.
On March 20, the 2003 invasion of Iraq began. On July 4, 2003, Turkish military personnel that were stationed in northern Iraq were captured from their station, led away with hoods over their heads, and interrogated; this later came to be known as the "hood event". Turkish military personnel had stationed military observers in "northern safe zone" after the 1991 Gulf War. The specific unit was stationed at Sulaimaniya after the civil war broke out in 1996 to monitor a ceasefire between the PUK and KDP. The unit station was a historical Ottoman Empire facility (dwelling), which held the historical archives of the Ottoman Empire. Among the destroyed documents were the deed records of the region. The hood event was strongly condemned by the Turkey's newspapers and referred to Americans as "Rambos" and "Ugly Americans". Chief of the General Staff of Turkey Hilmi Özkök declared the incident as the sign of "crisis of confidence" between the US and Turkey.
During the conflict, Ankara pressured the U.S. into subduing PKK training camps in northern Iraq. The U.S. remained reluctant due to northern Iraq's relative stability compared to the rest of the country. On October 17, 2007, the Turkish Parliament voted in favor of allowing the Turkish Armed Forces to take military action against the PKK based in northern Iraq. In response, Bush stated that he did not believe it was in Turkey's interests to send troops into Iraq. Operation Sun was executed 21 – 29 February 2008.
Nuclear energy
In June 2008, The United States and Turkey began to cooperate on peaceful uses of nuclear energy with a pact that aims for the transfer of technology, material, reactors, and components for nuclear research and nuclear power production in Turkey for an initial 15-year period followed by automatic renewals in five-year increments that provides a comprehensive framework for peaceful nuclear cooperation between the two nations under the agreed non-proliferation conditions and controls. A parallel US bipartisan resolution highlighted the importance of the Turkish Republic's key role in providing its western (EU and US) and regional allies Eurasian energy security.
The Center for Strategic and International Studies started a one-year initiative project to evaluate and enhance the Turkish Republic–United States strategic partnership, aiming for a plan of implementation of the concluded framework at the end of this phase.
Gülen movement (Ergenekon)
The Gülen movement is a self-described transnational social movement based on moral values and advocacy of universal access to education, civil society, and tolerance and peace, inspired by the religious teachings of Sunni cleric (mufti) Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish Islamic preacher based in the United States. The conflict between the Turkish government the Gülen movement is a major Turkey–United States relations issue.
Gülen movement's possible involvement in the Ergenekon plot (trials) is controversial. The investigation claimed to study an organization compared to Counter-Guerrilla. Accused were claimed to be the "deep state." The Ergenekon trials were a series of high-profile trials that began on October 20, 2008, in which 275 people, including military officers, journalists, and opposition lawmakers, all alleged members of Ergenekon, were accused of plotting against the Erdogan government. The trials resulted in lengthy prison sentences for most of the accused. The US Secretary of State reported on the Turkish investigation into the Ergenekon network and concluded that “the details of the case were murky, however, and Ergenekon's status as a terrorist organisation remained under debate at year's end”.
Obama administration (2009–2017)
A U.S. Democratic Party delegation group including U.S. Senators Robert Casey, Edward E. Kaufman, Frank Lautenberg and U.S. Congressman Timothy Waltz met with Turkish officials in Ankara on 30 May to confirm that “Turkey can always depend on the US, while the US can always rely on its close friendship with Turkey”.
War on Terror
The 2009 U.S. Secretary of State's Country Report on Terrorism confirmed that cooperation against terrorism is a key element in America's strategic partnership with Turkey, before going on to praise Turkish contributions to stabilize Iraq and Afghanistan and highlighting the strategic importance of the İncirlik Air Base used by both U.S. and NATO forces for operations in the region.
The U.S. Secretary of State's report also contained information on the PKK and other terrorist groups operating in Turkey, whom the U.S. and Turkish authorities share intelligence on, highlighting the September 12, 2006, attack on Diyarbakır and the July 27, 2008, attack on Güngören. In 2016, Vice President Joe Biden called the PKK a terrorist group "plain and simple" and compared it to the ISIL.
Israel (Gaza flotilla raid)
The Gaza flotilla raid was a military operation by Israel against six civilian ships of the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla" on 31 May 2010 in international waters in the Mediterranean Sea. Israel–Turkey relations reached a low point after the incident. Turkey recalled its ambassador, canceled joint military exercises, and called for an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council. Erdoğan harshly referred to the raid as a "bloody massacre" and "state terrorism", and criticized Israel in a speech before the Grand National Assembly. The Turkish Grand National Assembly held a debate on whether to impose sanctions on Israel, and eventually came out with a statement criticizing the attack as illegal, demanding that Israel apologize, pay compensation, and prosecute those involved, while calling on the Turkish government to review ties with Israel and take "effective measures". The flotilla raid was among the issues discussed during a security meeting of Turkish military commanders chaired by Erdoğan.
Prior to a Gaza visit, scheduled for April 2013, Erdoğan explained to Turkish newspaper Hürriyet that three conditions needed to be fulfilled by Israel to resume friendly relations between the two nations: an apology for the raid, the awarding of compensation to the families affected by the raid, and the lifting of the Gaza blockade by Israel. President Obama intervened on the issue. On March 22, 2013, Netanyahu apologized for the incident in a 30-minute telephone call with Erdoğan, stating that the results were unintended; the Turkish prime minister accepted the apology and agreed to enter into discussions to resolve the compensation issue.
Iran (nuclear deal, arms embargo, oil trading controversy)
In April 2010, Washington stepped up its efforts to impose a new round of sanctions on Iran over its nuclear program. Key powers such as Turkey, India and China opposed the adoption of a new round of sanctions against Tehran. As a result, the US Congress has delayed arms sales sought by the Turkish military. However, questions have been subsequently raised over the continued presence of US nuclear weapons being reportedly stationed at the air base during the Cold War as part of the NATO nuclear sharing program, after recent parliamentary debates in Belgium and Germany called for the removal of weapons stationed there under the same program. Bilkent University Professor Mustafa Kibaroğlu speculates that if the Obama administration presses for the withdrawal of these weapons, which Turkey wishes to maintain, then Turkey-U.S. relations may be strained.
A separate report presented to Obama by the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, which had previously urged him to raise the subject of religious freedom during his 2009 presidential visit to Turkey, concluded that Turkey's interpretation of secularism “resulted in violations of religious freedoms for many of the country's citizens, including members of the majority and, especially, minority religious communities”. Obama said that future arms sales would depend on Turkish policies.
In March 2017, the deputy head Halkbank, Mehmet Hakan Atilla, was arrested by the US government for conspiring to evade sanctions against Iran by helping Reza Zarrab, an Iranian-Azeri businessman who had taken Turkish citizenship, "use U.S. financial institutions to engage in prohibited financial transactions that illegally funneled millions of dollars to Iran". Zarrab was in Miami, Florida, in March 2016.
Atilla's trial commenced in New York City federal court in November 2017, with Zarrab agreeing to testify after reaching a plea deal with prosecutors. In early 2018, Atilla was convicted on five of six counts against him, including bank fraud and conspiracies and acquitted on one count after four days of jury deliberation.
The Arab Spring (Turkish model)
The U.S. under President Obama was reluctant to get deeply involved in the Arab World and was generally supportive of Turkish efforts in the region.
Syrian Civil War (territorial integrity, Rat Line)
Turkey was particularly cautious about a Kurdish state arising from a destabilized Syria. Turkey has fought an insurgent war against the PKK, which is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations. Until 2011, Turkey's policy was trying to preserve a neutral but constructive position because civil war and sectarian conflicts would threaten Turkey's security. Eventually war broke and Syria (refugees, spillover) impacted Turkey more directly than other actors in the conflict.
Beginning in 2012, Turkey and the US supported the "Syrian opposition" which hold the idea of replacing the government and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying [Syria], and displacing [Syrians]". In early 2012, Seymour Hersh reported that the CIA cooperated with Turkey in a covert operation named "the Rat Line", which obtained and transported armaments from Libya to rebel groups (later known as the Free Syrian Army (FSA)) in Syria via proxies and front organizations in southern Turkey. The CIA's involvement reportedly ended after the mass evacuation of CIA operatives from the American consulate in Benghazi, Libya, after the 2012 Benghazi attack. In January 2014, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence reported specifically on "the CIA annex at Benghazi", that "all CIA activities in Benghazi were legal and authorized. On-the-record testimony establishes that the CIA was not sending weapons ... from Libya to Syria, or facilitating other organizations or states that were transferring weapons from Libya to Syria." While the Obama administration investigated the Benghazi attack in January 2014, the National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey broke out. In May 2014, the editor-in-chief of the Cumhuriyet Can Dündar published pictures of agents and trucks, and was later sentenced for ″leaking secret information of the state″. In October 2014, Vice President Joe Biden accused Turkey of funding al-Nusra and al Qaeda (FSA-identified groups), to which Erdoğan angrily responded, "Biden has to apologize for his statements" adding that if no apology is made, Biden would become "history to [him]". Biden subsequently apologized. In 2015, the International Business Times wrote that the US sent weapons shipments to FSA-identified groups through a CIA program for years. Timber Sycamore was a classified weapons supply and training program run by the CIA and supported by some Arab intelligence services, such as the security service in Saudi Arabia. It launched in 2012 or 2013 and supplied money, weaponry and training to rebel forces. According to US officials, the program has trained thousands of rebels. In July 2017, H. R. McMaster, National Security Adviser to President Donald Trump and CIA Director Mike Pompeo, decided to terminate the program.
Some groups held the idea of "Syrian Balkanization" ("division of the country") in which they promoted federalizing Syria on ethnic and religious-sectarian lines. Obama used the "red line" on August 20, 2012, in relation to chemical weapons. On the one-year anniversary of Obama's red line speech, the Ghouta chemical attacks occurred. John McCain said the red line was "apparently written in disappearing ink," due to the perception the red line had been crossed with no action. At the same time, United States Central Command (CENTCOMM) approached the YPG. Turkey-US relations began showing signs of deterioration, particularly over the handling over the YPG. The American forces in the Syrian Civil War openly allied with the Kurdish YPG fighters and supported them militarily. The YPG was criticized by Turkey for its alleged support to the PKK, especially since a rebellion in southern Turkey began in 2015. By early 2015, voices in the US foreign policy establishment pushed to abandon the rebels. In early October 2015, shortly after the start of the Russian military intervention in Syria, Obama was reported to have authorized the resupply of 25,000 YPG militia. Erdoğan stated that he had asked Obama not to intervene on the side of the YPG: "I told Mr. Obama, 'Don't drop those bombs [meaning weapons and other supplies]. You will be making a mistake.' Unfortunately, despite our conversation, they dropped whatever was needed with three C-130's and half of it landed in [IS'] hands. So who is supplying [ISIL], then?" Erdogan also opposed any arrangements in Syria that would mirror the Iraqi Kurds' de facto state in northern Syria. He told reporters on January 26, 2015: "What is this? Northern Iraq? Now [they want] Northern Syria to be born. It is impossible for us to accept this. ... Such entities will cause great problems in the future." According to General Raymond A. Thomas (at the time head of the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)) at the Aspen Security Forum in July 2017, the SDF (established October 10, 2015) is a PR-friendly name for the YPG, which Thomas personally suggested because the YPG is considered an arm of the PKK. On February 1, 2016, Brett McGurk officially visited SDF commander Ferhat Abdi Şahin (also known as General Mazloum Kobani), after the Siege of Kobanî. In response, Erdoğan said: “How can we trust you? Is it me that is your partner or is it the terrorists in Kobani?” After Kobani, General Allen and Brett McGurk worked on Tal Abyad. Turkey did not permit flying off of a Turkish airbase. McGurk said: "So the picture that developed while General Allen and I were spending most of these months in Ankara is that something was not on the level [in fighting against Turkey's enemy ISIL, U.S. allied with Turkey's enemy]." Turkey overtly defied American orders of ceasing Turkey's military bombardment of the YPG fighters in their bid to take the town of Azaz in northern Syria. Signs of strain were then displayed when Obama refused to have a formal meeting with Erdoğan when the latter visited the United States in March 2016.
Gülen movement (coup d'état attempt & extradition)
After the failed coup attempt in July 2016, Turkey demanded that the United States government extradite Fethullah Gülen, a cleric and Turkish national living in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. However, the US government demanded that Turkey first produce evidence that he was connected with the coup attempt. Due to perceptions that former US Secretary of State and Democratic Party presidential nominee Hillary Clinton is friendly towards the Gülen movement, many Erdoğan supporters reportedly favored Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump in the United States' 2016 presidential election.
In a speech on July 29, 2016, President Erdoğan accused CENTCOM chief Joseph Votel of "siding with coup plotters" after Votel accused the Turkish government of arresting the Pentagon's contacts in Turkey. Yeni Şafak, a Turkish pro-government newspaper, claimed that the former commander of NATO forces in Afghanistan, now-retired U.S. Army General John F. Campbell, was the "mastermind" behind the coup attempt in Turkey. In late July 2016, Turkish prime minister Binali Yıldırım told The Guardian: "Of course, since the leader of this terrorist organisation is residing in the United States, there are question marks in the minds of the people whether there is any U.S. involvement or backing. On 19 July, an official request had been sent to the US for the extradition of Fethullah Gülen. Senior U.S. officials said this evidence pertained to certain pre-coup alleged subversive activities.
Trump administration (2017–2021)
Qatar (diplomatic crisis)
Turkey supported Qatar in its diplomatic confrontation with a Saudi and Emirati-led bloc of countries that severed ties with and imposed sanctions on Qatar on June 5, 2017. Erdoğan criticized the list of demands released by the countries on 22 June, stating that they undermine Qatar's sovereignty.
In December 2017, US national security advisor General H.R. McMaster said that Turkey had joined Qatar as a prime source of funding that contributes to the spread of extremist ideology of Islamism: "We're seeing great involvement by Turkey from everywhere from western Africa to Southeast Asia, funding groups that help create the conditions that allow terrorism to flourish."
Saudi Arabia (Khashoggi)
The assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, a Saudi dissident, journalist for The Washington Post, and former general manager and editor-in-chief of Al-Arab News Channel, occurred on October 2, 2018, at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey, and was perpetrated by agents of the Saudi Arabian government. Government officials of Turkey believe Khashoggi was murdered with premeditation. Anonymous Saudi officials have admitted that agents affiliated with the Saudi government killed him.
CIA Director Gina Haspel traveled to Turkey to address the investigation. Haspel's visit came before a planned speech by Erdoğan. She listened to audio purportedly capturing the sound of saw on a bone. On November 20, US President Donald Trump rejected the CIA's conclusion that Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman had ordered the killing. He issued a statement saying "it could very well be that the Crown Prince had knowledge of this tragic event — maybe he did and maybe he didn't" and that "in any case, [their] relationship is with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia".
Air Defense System (Russian S-400)
After Turkey acquired the Russian S-400 missile system, the United States decided to end the F-35 deal before July 31, 2019. Acting Defense Secretary Patrick M. Shanahan had warned Turkey that such a deal with Russia risks undermining its ties to NATO. The US threatened Turkey with CAATSA sanctions over Turkey's decision to buy the S-400 missile defense system from Russia. In February 2019, Russia had an advance supply contract with Saudi Arabia for the S-400, Qatar was in “advanced” talks with Russia for the S-400, and India agreed to pay more than $5 billion for five S-400 squadrons to be delivered in 2023.
On July 22, 2019, Turkey claimed to retaliate against the “unacceptable” threat of US sanctions over Turkey's purchase of Russian S-400 missile defenses.
In December 2020, one month after Trump lost the presidential election, the Trump government imposed sanctions targeting Turkey's Defence Industries Directorate, its president and three employees.
Syrian Civil War (refugees, Barisha raid)
The Trump travel ban actions include two executive orders for restrictions on citizens of seven (first executive order) or six (second executive order) Muslim-majority countries. A third action, done by presidential proclamation, restricts entry to the U.S. by citizens from eight countries, six of which are predominantly Muslim. During and after his election campaign Trump proposed establishing safe zones in Syria as an alternative to Syrian refugees' immigration to the US. In the past, "safe zones" have been interpreted as establishing, among other things, no-fly zones over Syria. During the Obama administration Turkey encouraged the U.S. to establish safe zones; the Obama administration was concerned about the potential for pulling the U.S. into a war with Russia. In the first few weeks of Trump's presidency, Turkey renewed its call for safe zones and proposed a new plan for them. The Trump administration spoke with several other Sunni Arab States regarding safe zones, and Russia has asked for clarification regarding any Trump administration plan regarding safe zones.
The Turkey migrant crisis in the 2010s was characterized by high numbers of people arriving in Turkey. As reported by UNHCR in 2018, Turkey is hosting 63.4% of all the refugees (from Middle East, Africa, and Afghanistan) in the world. As of 2019, refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey (3.6 million) numbered highest as "registered" refugees (2011–2018: 30 billion on refugee assistance). As the war made the return of refugees to Syria uncertain, Turkey focused on how to manage their presence in Turkish society by addressing their legal status, basic needs, employment, education, and impact on local communities.
According to two anonymous American officials, the Central Intelligence Agency obtained original intelligence on Baghdadi following the arrests of one of his wives and a courier. The arrest of al-Baghdadi's top aide Ismael al-Ethawi was the key: al-Ethawi was found and followed by informants in Syria, apprehended by Turkish authorities, and handed over to the Iraqi intelligence to whom he provided information in February 2018. In 2019, US, Turkish, and Iraqi intelligence conducted a joint operation in which they captured several senior ISIL leaders who provided the locations where they met with Baghdadi inside Syria. According to Voice of America, the fate of al-Baghdadi "was sealed by the capture of his aide". Turkish and US military authorities exchanged and coordinated information ahead of the attack in Barisha, Harem District, Idlib Governorate, Syria. President Trump thanked Russia, Turkey, Syria, and Iraq for aiding US operation and praised Erdoğan, claiming that he is "a big fan", a "friend of [his]" and "a hell of a leader."
Gülen movement (Flynn - Brunson - Visa & Tariff)
Michael Flynn's consulting company was hired by Inovo BV, a company owned by Kamil Ekim Alptekin. Alptekin also chairs the Turkish-American Business Council, an arm of the Foreign Economic Relations Board of Turkey (DEIK). On November 8, 2016 (election day in the United States), The Hill published an op-ed by Flynn in which he called for the US to back Erdoğan's government and alleged that the regime's opponent, Pennsylvania-based opposition cleric Fethullah Gülen, headed a "vast global network" that fit "the description of a dangerous sleeper terror network".
Pastor Andrew Brunson was charged with terrorism and espionage during the purges that followed the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt against Erdoğan. Serkan Golge, a naturalized US citizen, was jailed in Turkey for three years on charges of participating in terrorism and conspiring against the government as a member of the Gülen movement. Metin Topuz, a US consulate employee, was charged with having links to Gülen and was arrested under "terror charges" by an Istanbul court. Topuz was the second US government employee in Turkey to be arrested in 2017. The United States suspended all non-immigrant visas from Turkey "indefinitely" due to Topuz's arrest. Turkey retaliated against the US with suspensions of all US visas, including tourist visas, shortly after the US State Department made their announcement.
On August 1, 2018, the US Department of Treasury imposed sanctions on top Turkish government officials who were involved in the detention of Brunson. Daniel Glaser, the former Treasury official under Obama, said: "It's certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a NATO ally. On August 10, 2018, Trump imposed punitive tariffs against Turkey after an impasse over Brunson's imprisonment and other issues. The move prompted Erdoğan to say that the United States was "[ex]changing a strategic NATO partner for a pastor" and that the US' behavior would force Turkey to look for new friends and allies. The presidential spokesperson of Turkish President, İbrahim Kalın, tweeted that the US is losing Turkey, and that the entire Turkish public is against U.S. policies. In addition, the Uşak Province decided to stop running digital advertisement on United States-based social media platforms like Facebook, Google, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube, canceling all of their ads as a response to US sanctions on Turkey. Turkey went on to say that it would retaliate against the raising of steel and aluminium tariffs by the U.S. administration (The US had already imposed 10 percent and 25 percent additional tariffs on aluminum and steel imports respectively from all countries on March 23, 2018, but on August 13, 2018, it added additional tariffs on steel imports from Turkey). Erdoğan said that Turkey will boycott electronic products from the US, using iPhones as an example. The Keçiören Municipality in the Ankara decided not to issue business licenses to American brands including McDonald's, Starbucks and Burger King. In addition, Turkey decided to increase tariffs on imports of a range of US products, and on August 20, 2018, there were gunshots at the USA Embassy in Ankara. No casualties were reported and Turkish authorities detained two men suspects.
In August 2020, Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden called for a new U.S. approach to the "autocrat" President Erdoğan and support for Turkish opposition parties.
Armenian genocide
In 2019, the United States Congress, with sponsors from Saudi Arabia, issued official recognition of the Armenian genocide, which was the first time the United States has officially acknowledged the genocide, having previously only unofficially or partially recognized the genocide. Turkey, which has traditionally denied that such genocide existed, blasted the United States for inflaming tensions. Donald Trump has rejected the solution by Congress, citing that his administration's stance on the issue had not changed.
Hamas and Israel
On the same time, relations between Turkey and the United States also worsened after the Turkish government hosted two Hamas leaders, in a move that was believed to be in response to the Abraham Accord, in which Israel normalized relations with the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain; the Abraham Accord was opposed by Ankara. Relations between Turkey and Israel, a major ally of the United States, have already gone low.
Nagorno-Karabakh war
Presidential candidate and former Vice President Joe Biden demanded that Turkey "stay out" of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia, in which Turkey has supported the Azeris. Eliot Engel, chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, called the influence of third party actors like Turkey "troubling". In a letter to Secretary of State Pompeo, Senate Foreign Relations Committee ranking member Bob Menendez, Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, and several other lawmakers called for the Trump administration to "immediately suspend all sales and transfers of military equipment to Ankara." As for the result, relations between the United States to Turkey and Azerbaijan further worsened, with Turkey accused the United States of sending weapons and supplies to Armenia, which Washington denied.
On 15 October 2020, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo urged both sides to respect the humanitarian ceasefire and stated, "We now have the Turks, who have stepped in and provided resources to Azerbaijan, increasing the risk, increasing the firepower that's taking place in this historic fight."
Sanctions
On 8 December 2020, the House of Representatives approved a sanctions package against Turkey due to its purchase of S-400 missile system from Russia. Trump administration said that the president will veto the bill. Trump had earlier worked to delay passing sanctions against Turkey, but he lost the 2020 United States presidential election. On 14 December, 2020, the United States imposed the sanctions on Turkey, and the sanctions included a ban on all U.S. export licenses and authorizations to SSB and an asset freeze and visa restrictions on Dr. Ismail Demir, SSB's president, and other SSB officers. The United States also excluded Turkey from the joint F-35 project, as well as barred Turkey from approaching new NATO technological development. Subsequently, doubts were raised by a number of international policy analysts that military sanctions on the NATO ally would weaken the alliance, effectively reducing Turkey's ability to obtain American technology for regional defense. For this reason, the incoming Biden administration would likely hold off on sanctions to normalize relations.
Clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C.
On May 16, 2017, clashes broke out between Turkey's Police Counter Attack Team and a crowd of protesters outside the Turkish Ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C. 24 men were filmed attacking protesters, with some protesters being kicked while curled in the fetal position as Erdogan looked on. Many of the charges have been dropped, but civil lawsuits are ongoing as of January 2021.
Biden administration (2021–present)
On April 24, 2021, Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day, President Joe Biden referred to the massacre of the Armenians during the Ottoman Empire in 1915 as "genocide" in a statement released by the White House. That irked Turkey.
In October 2021, in the wake of the appeal for the release of Turkish activist Osman Kavala signed by 10 western countries, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ordered his foreign minister to declare the US ambassador persona non grata, alongside the other 9 ambassadors. However, the ambassadors did not receive any formal notice to leave the country and Erdoğan eventually stepped back.
On March 5, 2022, the Turkish Foreign Ministry stated after discussions with NATO partners' deputy foreign ministers that Turkey and the US will continue to work in "tight coordination" to find a diplomatic solution to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
On March 19, 2022, the US has broached the unlikely option of delivering its Russian-made S-400 missile defence systems to Ukraine to assist it in fighting invading Russian forces, According to three sources acquainted with the situation.
On May 22, 2022, after the US embassy issued a warning that police might respond violently to an opposition gathering in Istanbul, Turkey's foreign relations ministry summoned Ambassador Jeff Flake.
Economic relations
The United States and Turkey are both members in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the G-20. The US and Turkey have had a Joint Economic Commission and a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement for several years. In 2002, the two countries indicated their joint intent to upgrade bilateral economic relations by launching an Economic Partnership Commission.
Turkey is currently the 32nd-largest goods trading partner with $20.5 billion in total ($10.2 billion; imports $10.3 billion) goods trade during 2018. US' goods and services trade with Turkey totaled an estimated $24.0 billion (exports: $12.7 billion; imports: $11.2 billion) in 2017. The trade deficit was $143 million in 2018.
The US exports of goods and services to Turkey involved 68,000 jobs in 2015.
Military relations
For the Anatolian Falcon 2012 joint exercises, the United States sent the 480th Fighter Squadron to train with Turkish pilots in the operation Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses.
Joint operations
Turkey participated with the United States in the Korean War in 1950–53 and in missions in Somalia, Kosovo, and Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992–2004.
Turkey has commanded the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan twice since its inception. 2,000 Mehmetçik concentrated on training Afghan military and security forces and provided security at ISAF's Regional Command-Capital stationed in Kabul. An undisclosed number of Mehmetçik were deployed to the Wardak and Jawzjan provinces to give ground support to USA Air Force Operations.
During the Iraq War, Turkey established the NATO Training Mission in 2005 and sponsored specialized training for hundreds of Iraqi security personnel in a secret facility in Turkey.
Operation Gladio
Operation Gladio is the codename for a clandestine "stay-behind" operation of armed resistance that was planned by the Western Union (WU) (and subsequently by NATO) for a potential Warsaw Pact invasion and conquest in Europe.
Counter-Guerrilla is the branch of the operation. The operation's founding goal was to erect a guerrilla force capable of countering a possible Soviet invasion. The goal was soon expanded to subverting communism in Turkey. Counter-Guerrilla initially operated out of the Turkish Armed Forces' Tactical Mobilization Group (STK). In 1967, it was renamed to the Special Warfare Department before becoming Special Forces Command. Counter-Guerrilla's existence in Turkey was revealed in 1973 by then-prime minister Bülent Ecevit.
Cooperation
The United States and Turkey share membership in NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and continue to cooperate in important projects, such as the Joint Strike Fighter program.
Bases and logistics
Since 1954, Turkey has hosted the Incirlik Air Base, an important operations base of the United States Air Force, which has played a critical role during the Cold War, the Gulf War, and the Iraq War. Turkey routinely hosts the United States for Anatolian Falcon and (with Israel, before their relationship worsened) Anatolian Eagle exercises held at its Konya airbase.
Turkish bases and transport corridors have been used heavily for military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya as of 2011.
In the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, some of the planes used at the operation and a fueling carrier took off from Incirlik base; in response, the Turkish government arrested several high-ranking Turkish military officers at Incirlik and cut power to the base for nearly a week.
Nuclear warheads
Turkey hosts U.S. controlled nuclear weapons as part of nuclear sharing policy. Its current arsenal is B61 nuclear bomb, while it formerly held MGR-1 Honest John, MIM-14 Nike Hercules, PGM-19 Jupiter, W33 and W48 artillery shells.
Turkey does not have dedicated nuclear-capable fighter aircraft that can deliver the weapons and does not train its pilots to fly nuclear missions.
Industrial cooperation
The defense industry of Turkey is growing. Turkey's 240 Lockheed Martin General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons were co-produced in Turkey by one of Turkish Aerospace Industries' predecessors (TAI). The United States and Turkey signed an FMS contract in 2009 for 30 F-16 Block 50s to be co-produced by TAI.
Turkey reportedly wanted to purchase drone aircraft from the United States to assist in its counterterrorism efforts against the PKK before its request was denied. Turkey produced Bayraktar Tactical UAS.
F-35s
Turkey is one of eight countries—along with the United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark, Norway, and Australia—partnering with the United States on the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter program. Turkey plans to purchase up to 116 F-35s, 90 for delivery over an estimated 10-year period (2014–2023), that are jointly assembled and/or developed by firms from the various JSF partners. The cost is estimated to be at least $11 billion and could exceed $15 billion, given continued cost inflation on the program. The Pentagon decided to end the F-35 deal by July 31, 2019, as a result of Turkey, as a NATO partner, purchasing S400 missiles from Russia.
Alleged cable leaks highlighted Turkish concerns that upgrades to General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons had "precluded Turkish access to computer systems and
software modification previously allowed".
Radar and signal analysis
To have the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense be approved, Turkey received two conditions: Iran or Syria should not be named as a threat to Turkey, and Turkey's territory was to be protected by the system (as a national defense requirement). According to U.S. officials, the AN/TPY-2 radar was deployed at Turkey's Kürecik Air Force base and activated in January 2012.
Military aid
U.S. equipment in Turkey
Regional problems in the 1960s, Cyprus crises in 1963 and 1967, Cyprus Turkish Peace Operations in 1974, and the arms embargo by the US in 1975–1978 following the invasion necessitated Turkey developing a defense industry based on national resources.
Milestones
1954: United States and Turkey sign first status of forces agreement.
1980: US–Turkey Defense and Economic Cooperation Agreement.
1999: PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan captured MIT/Pentagon operation;
2003: Turkish Parliament denies invasion (ground forces) of Iraq from Turkey and permits use of Turkish bases for overflight
2003: U.S. detain Turkish special forces troops in Suleimaniyah, Iraq.
2011: "Operation Unified Protector”.
State and official visits
1999 Clinton visit
President Bill Clinton visited Ankara, İzmit, Ephesus, and Istanbul November 15–19, 1999. It was a State visit where he also attended the Organization for Security and Cooperation's Europe Summit meeting.
2009 Obama visit
Relations between Turkey and the United States markedly improved during the Obama administration's first term, but the two countries were nevertheless unable to reach their ambitious goals. Obama made his first official visit to Turkey at Ankara and Istanbul April 6–7, 2009. There US critics who claimed that Turkey should not be rewarded by an early presidential visit as its government had been systematically reorienting foreign policy onto an Islamist axis. Former U.S. Ambassador to Turkey Mark Parris remarked: “Whatever the merits of this argument, the Obama administration, by scheduling the visit, have decisively rejected it.”
During his visit, Obama urged Turkey to come to terms with its past and resolve its Armenian issues. During the 2008 US presidential election, he had criticized former US President George W. Bush for his failure to take a stance and stated that the "Armenian genocide is not an allegation, a personal opinion, or a point of view, but rather a widely documented fact supported by an overwhelming body of historical evidence". He responded positively to an announcement from sources in Ankara and Yerevan that a deal to reopen the border between the two states and exchange diplomatic personnel would happen, and indicated that although his own personal views on the subject remained unchanged, to avoid derailing this diplomatic progress, he would from using the word "genocide" in his upcoming April 24 speech on the question.
Turkish President Gül later referred to the visit as “evidence of a vital partnership between Turkey and the US,” whilst Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu pointed out that they were "changing the psychological atmosphere” of what was before “seen as a military relationship”. Obama clarified: “We are not solely strategic partners, we are also model partners.” With this change in terminology, “The President wanted to stress the uniqueness of this relationship. This is not an ordinary relationship, it's a prototype and unique relationship.” A US House Committee on Foreign Affairs hearing, The United States and Turkey: A Model Partnership, chaired by Head of the Subcommittee on Europe Robert Wexler was convened after “the historic visit that Obama paid to Turkey”, and concluded that "this cooperation is vital for both of the two states in an environment in which we face serious security issues in Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, the Balkans, Black Sea, Caucuses and the Middle East, besides a global financial crisis”.
After Obama's visit, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Chief of the Turkish General Staff İlker Başbuğ hosted US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Mike Mullen in Ankara. During the closed-door meeting, they discussed the pledging of further Turkish support troops to Afghanistan and Pakistan where Turkish authorities have influence, the secure transport of troops and equipment from the port of İskenderun during the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, and the pro-Kurdish terrorists operating in south-eastern Turkey and northern Iraq.
On April 22, 2009, shortly after Obama's visit, Turkish and Armenian authorities formally announced a provisional roadmap for the normalization of diplomatic ties between the two states. The U.S. responded positively with a statement from the office of U.S. Vice President Joe Biden following a phone conversation with Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan, which stated that “the Vice President applauded President Sargsyan's leadership, and underscored the administration's support for both Armenia and Turkey in this process”. Turkish columnists, however, criticized the timing of the announcement, and believed it to have been made to placate the Obama in advance of his April 24 speech, with Fikret Bila writing in the Milliyet that “the Turkish Foreign Ministry made this statement regarding the roadmap before midnight”, as it would allow Obama to go back on his campaign promise to refer to the incident as genocide, which the Turkish government profusely denied, by pointing out to the Armenian diaspora that “Turkey reached a consensus with Armenia and set a roadmap” and “there is no need now to damage this process”.
2013 Erdoğan visit
In May 2013, Erdoğan visited the White House and met with Obama, who said the visit was an opportunity "to return the extraordinary hospitality that the Prime Minister and the Turkish people showed [him] on [his] visit to Turkey four years ago". During their joint press conference, both Obama and Erdoğan stressed the importance of achieving stability in Syria. Erdoğan said that during his time with Obama, "Syria was at the top of [their] agenda" and Obama repeated the United States plan to support the Assad-opposition while applying "steady international pressure". When they were not discussing national security threats, Obama and Erdoğan discussed expanding economic relations between the two countries; Turkey had received over $50 billion in foreign investments, $20 billion of which came from the United States. In 2003, there was only $8 billion in U.S. investment in Turkey; both Erdoğan and Obama praised this recent increase and agreed to continue expanding the trade and investment agreements between the two countries. Erdoğan's visit culminated with talks of stability in the region. Obama stressed the importance of normalizing relations between Turkey and Israel and praised the steps Erdoğan had taken in that process. The process normalizing the Turkish-Israeli relationship had begun and Erdoğan stated that he would continue this process: "We don't need any other problems, issues in the region."
2019 Erdoğan visit
In November 2019, Erdogan visited the White House and held meetings with U.S. President Donald Trump.
List
Cultural relations
The 1978 American semi-biographical film Midnight Express was banned in Turkey under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code, which caused a strain on US–Turkish relations.
In late 2007, Turkey recalled its ambassador to the United States after the US House Committee on Foreign Affairs passed a US resolution on the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire, which resulted in a delay of a full House vote on Resolution 106. Speaker Nancy Pelosi pledged to bring the resolution to a full vote, but pressure from the White House and Turkey kept her from doing so.
American international schools in Turkey
Bursa American College for Girls (1854–1928)
Robert College (founded 1863), in Istanbul
Talas American College (1871–1968), in Talas
Üsküdar American Academy (founded 1876), in Istanbul
American Collegiate Institute (founded 1878), in İzmir
Anatolia College in Merzifon (1886–1924)
Turkish schools in the United States
Around 120 Gülen charter schools operate within the United States.
Embassies
The Embassy of the United States is located in Ankara, Turkey, while the Embassy of Turkey is located in Washington, D.C., United States.
See also
Foreign relations of Turkey
Foreign relations of the United States
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Conspiracy theories in Turkey
Clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C.
United States recognition of the Armenian Genocide
Turks in the United States
Turkish House
References
Further reading
Zeyno Baran (May 11, 2005) “The State of U.S.-Turkey Relations”, United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Europe and Emerging Threats.
Barlas, Dilek, and Şuhnaz Yilmaz. "Managing the transition from Pax Britannica to Pax Americana: Turkey's relations with Britain and the US in a turbulent era (1929–47)." Turkish Studies (2016): 1-25.
Brands, H.W., Jr. "America Enters the Cyprus Tangle 1964," Middle Eastern Studies 23#3 (1987), pp. 348–362.
Camp, Glen D. "Greek-Turkish Conflict over Cyprus." Political Science Quarterly 95.1 (1980) 95#1: 43–70. online
Coufoudakis, Van. "Turkey and the United States: The Problems and Prospects of a Post-War Alliance." JPMS: Journal of Political and Military Sociology 9.2 (1981): 179–196.
Harris, George Sellers, and Bilge Criss, eds. Studies in Atatürk's Turkey: the American dimension (Brill, 2009).
Howard, Harry N. "The bicentennial in American-Turkish relations." Middle East Journal 30.3 (1976): 291–310. online
Karpat, Kemal H., ed. Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition 1950-1974 (Leiden, Brill, 1975)
Kubilay Yado Arin: The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2013. ISBN 9 783865 737199.
Kuniholm, Bruce R. "Turkey and NATO: Past, Present and Future," ORBIS (Summer 1983 27#2, pp. 421–445.
Kunihoim, Bruce R. The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey and Greece (Princeton UP, 1980)
Laipson, Ellen B. "Cyprus: A Quarter Century of U.S. Diplomacy." in John T.A. Koumouljdes,(ed.), Cyprus in Transition 1960-1985 (London: Trigraph, 1986).
McGhee, George. The U.S. - Turkish- NATO- Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets (Macmillan, 1990).
Simavoryan, Arestakes. (2020). The Controversy of Ankara-Washington under Trump. https://orbeli.am/en/post/483/2020-06-29/The+Controversy+of+Ankara-Washington+under+Trump
Nash, Philip. The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters, 1957-1963 (1997) online
Olson, Robert W., Nurhan Ince, and Nuhan Ince. "Turkish Foreign Policy from 1923-1960: Kemalism and Its Legacy, a Review and a Critique." Oriente Moderno 57.5/6 (1977): 227–241. in JSTOR
Sanberk, Özdem. "The Importance of Trust Building in Foreign Policy, a Case Study: The Trajectory of the Turkish-American Relations." Review of International Law and Politics 12 (2016): 13+
Rustow, Dankwart A. Turkey: America's Forgotten Ally (Council on Foreign Relations, 1987).
Seydi, SÜleyman. “Turkish—American Relations and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1957-63.” Middle Eastern Studies 46#3 (2010), pp. 433–455. online
Stearns, Monteagle. Entangled Allies: U.S. Policy Toward Greece, Turkey and Cyprus (Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992).
Thomas, Lewis V. and Frye, Richard N. The United States and Turkey and Iran (Harvard University Press, 1951).
Trask, Roger R. The United States response to Turkish nationalism and reform, 1914-1939 (U of Minnesota Press, 1971).
Trask, Roger R. "The" Terrible Turk" and Turkish-American Relations in the Interwar Period." Historian 33.1 (1970): 40-53 online covers chapter 4.
Uslu, Nasuh. "Turkey's relationship with the United States 1960-1975". (PhD Diss. Durham University, 1994) online
Uslu, Nasuh. The Cyprus question as an issue of Turkish foreign policy and Turkish-American relations, 1959-2003 (Nova Publishers, 2003).
Uslu, Nasuh. The Turkish-American relationship between 1947 and 2003: The history of a distinctive alliance ( Nova Publishers, 2003).
Yilmaz, Şuhnaz. Turkish-American Relations, 1800-1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015).
Yilmaz, Şuhnaz. "Challenging the stereotypes: Turkish–American relations in the inter-war era." Middle Eastern Studies 42.2 (2006): 223–237.
External links
History of Turkey - U.S. relations
U.S. Department of State Background Note: Turkey
U.S. Embassy in Turkey
, ASAM
United States
Bilateral relations of the United States
Articles containing video clips
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5380409
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrolinead
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Centrolinead
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The centrolinead was invented by Peter Nicholson, a British mathematician and architect, in 1814. It was used to construct 2-point perspective drawings where one or both vanishing points existed outside the drawing board. Draftsmen could use the instrument in pairs; one for each vanishing point on each side of the station point.
Centrolineads were produced in various sizes. Typically a brass fitting clamped the wooden arms together. Fittings were produced in both right and left-handed configuration, and certain adjustable designs could be used on either side.
Usage
Two short arms are set to form 90 degree angles against a third, longer drawing edge. Pins are placed near the edges of the drawing surface and serve as pivots for the arms. Pin placement is equidistant and symmetric across the horizontal line. A third centrolinead could be used to construct 3-point perspective.
The diagram shown above does not represent the centrolinead designed by Nicholson.
Further reading
Centrolineads and their use are discussed in W.F. Stanley's book on mathematical instruments.
References
External links
Yahoo! Groups
Technical drawing tools
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3989170
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipperfield%27s%20Circus
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Chipperfield's Circus
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Chipperfield's Circus is a British family touring show, continuing a 300-year-old family business.
Chipperfield's Circus originates with James Chipperfield with his performing animals at the Thames Frost Fair of 1684. Through the 19th century, the circus toured all of England, with a menagerie of animals, teams of acrobats and clowns. After World War II, under the management of Jimmy Chipperfield, the circus became one of the largest in Europe, with a tent that could hold 6,000 people. The family in the same headship diversified into safari parks (in England founding those at Windsor and Knowsley and co-founding with the Marquess of Bath, Longleat Safari Park as well, with the Duke of Bedford, Woburn Safari Park) and supplying fairgrounds supplies. Since his death in 1990, the circus has toured only intermittently, sometimes featuring members of the extended Chipperfield family.
History
The name Chipperfield dates back at least to James Chipperfield. He introduced performing animals to England at the Frost Fair on the Thames in 1684. His show performed for two months at the fair. Part of the fair was for showing animals.
James William Chipperfield Sr.
James William Chipperfield Sr. (1775–1866) was a bootmaker's and made fancy-dress costumes for theatrical use in Drury Lane, London. His business was slow in the summer when he joined travelling fairs and help put on small shows with his wife Mary Ann. The show grew to include dancing bears, monkeys, and trained pigs. In about 1803, James and Mary Ann had a son James William Chipperfield Jr. who would join the show.
James William Chipperfield Jr.
James William Chipperfield (1799 or 1803?–1866) grew up in his father's touring show. He was an assistant to Hamlin the conjuror. James married Harriet Amy Coan (4 December 1799-~1866) in Bury St Edmunds and had four children William James (1822– ), James William (1824–1913), Tom and Mary Phoebe (1826– ). James and Harriet tour with their own show in a horse drawn canvas wagon. Harriet died of pneumonia in 1841 at a fair in Rayleigh, Essex. Later James remarried and continued to tour with an even larger show. He retired and died in 1866. James William married Elizabeth Jones, their children continued the Circus tour.
James William Chipperfield III
James William Chipperfield (1824–1913) was born in a caravan on 22 April 1824, at St. Martin at Oak, Norfolk. James is the son of James William Chipperfield and Harriet Amy (née Coan).
He began a clowning act with his father in the "Liliputian Circus". It is reported that he entered a den of animals at Wombwells when 14 years old. He started his own show when he acquired and trained a trick pony and worked as a juggler.
He married Elizabeth Jones (4 July 1823 – 1856) in 1846. She died in 1856 at the age of 33. Elizabeth and James had three children: Sophia Sarah (13 December 1846 – 1927) married Henry Wesley in 1868 – James William Francis (4 October 1848 – January 1917) and Harriett Amy (1852–?). Later he married Sarah Ann Coan (Chapman) (1821–1890) a widow of John Coan. Sarah was caring for five of her late husband's children, two of which were Walter Coan and Elizabeth Coan. Sarah and James had 12 children, including: Harriet and James. James and Sarah had all 20 of their children working in the Circus as their grew up. Their daughter appeared as the youngest tight-rope dancer in the country. The Chipperfield's Circus introduced to Britain Zulus from Africa and the Aztecs from Mexico. He also entered in to the marionette is a puppet shows. He gradually worked his way to the front rank of showland with his menagerie, caged "Beast Show" and establishing his winter quarters in Norwich. He exhibited Robert Tippney, the "living skeleton". He was on the road all his life and claimed to be England's oldest showman. James William Chipperfield died at his home, Schwanfelder Street, Beeston, Leeds, in 1913, aged 89 years.
James Francis Chipperfield
James Francis Chipperfield (1848–1917) was an animal trainer and menagerie proprietor in the Chipperfield Circus. Son of James William Chipperfield (1824–1913). James Francis was born 4 October 1848 in Tottenham Court Road, London. He was a member of the third generation of the show family. He performed in every village and town in the country and was a noted trainer of animals. "I can train anything from a rabbit to an elephant", he claimed. He and his wife, Mary Ann (Jones) had nine children, all who worked in the Circus. His son John was a musician in the Circus, his daughter Mary Anne was a juggler and dancer in the Circus, His son Henry left the Circus and started a cinema show. His son Jim (James) was a musician in the Circus, then departed to Ireland and joined the Royal Italian Circus. His daughter Sophia married James Chittock. His daughter, Sarah married Ambrose Tiller a showman in the circus. His daughter, Rachael married Mr. Cartwright. His daughter, Mary Ann married Mr. Bartlett. His daughter, Minnie worked in the circus. His son Richard took over his father's circus in England. Jim (James) Jr. after departing his father's circus married Louisa; they had three daughters: Louisa, Minnie and Lily.
James Francis died in 1917 at the aged 67; he was buried 8 June 1917 at Abode Fair Ground, Ludgershall, Wiltshire, England.
From the World's Fair:
WF13.1.17: "We regret to have to record the death of Mr James William Chipperfield, who died on Thursday last, January 4, at the age of 68. The deceased was a popular midlands traveler, but for some time has been located at Ludgershall, Wilts., where he was interred.
WF 27.1.17: "The funeral of the late Mr James W. Francis Chipperfield, who died after a long and painful illness on January 9, 1917 at the age of 68 at Ludgershall, Wilts., The deceased was an old and respected showman, being laid to rest with signs of the greatest love and sorrow.
The following relatives and friends were present at the last sad journey (the widow not being able to attend through excessive grief): Mr John Chipperfield (son); Mrs James Chittock (daughter); Mrs A. Tiller (daughter); Mr Richard Chipperfield (son); Mr Henry Chipperfield (son); Mrs R. Cartwright (daughter); Mr Thomas Clark and Mrs John Chipperfield.
The service were conducted by the vicar (Mr Bird).
Richard Chipperfield Sr.
Richard Chipperfield Sr. was the son of James Frances and Mary Ann (Jones) Chipperfield, born in 1875, at Sileby, Leicestershire. He was the fourth generation of the Chipperfield showmen. He first performed in public at the age of five. The management of the circus was passed down to him in the early 1900s. In 1902 he added a Bioscope show to the attractions of the show at Birmingham, Manchester and London. Six films were shown at each presentation. The films included that of Marie Corelli riding in the Shakespeare Birthday procession and the HMS Albion disaster on the River Thames in 1898.
Richard's hobby was painting, particularly of animals; examples adorn the walk-ups of his circus pavilion. He married Maud, daughter of George Seaton. The circus gradually grew and in 1933 combined with the Purchase family. Richard was the father of six children: Dick (Richard) and Jimmy (James) (who took over from their father in 1937), John ("Johnny"), Thomas Henry "Tom", Marjorie and Maud.
Richard Chipperfield died in 1959.
Dick Chipperfield
Dick Chipperfield, Richard Chipperfield (1904–1988), began performing as a clown at the family's fairground variety show when he was just five. Dick's father was Richard Chipperfield (1875–1959), Dick's mother was Emily Maud Seaton. Dick married Myrtle Eileen Slee. Myrtle and Dick had 4 children, two sons and two daughters.
Jimmy, Dick's younger brother, also took part in the show as a clown, a wire-walker and an acrobat.
It was in the early 1930s that the Chipperfields started to become well established in the traditional circus business and by the end of World War II the show had become one of the largest touring circuses in Europe.
After the end of World War II the circus owners traveled to Sri Lanka and bought nine elephants which then led on to further acquisitions and the growth of the circus. During the late 1940s, the RAF Wethersfield base was used as a winter camping ground for the Circus. Elephants were housed in the maintenance hangars and Nissen hut (Quonset), formerly used as offices, became homes for lions, tigers, snakes and monkeys. Jimmy Chipperfield fought as a fighter pilot in World War II.
By 1953, Chipperfield's Circus ousted rivals Bertram Mills and Billy Smart and boasted a big-top tent which could accommodate 6,000 people. It had a collection of 200 horses, 16 elephants and 200 other animals.
Dick died at the age of 83 in 1988.
Jimmy Chipperfield
Jimmy Chipperfield, "James Seaton Methuen Chipperfield" (1912–1990), was born while Chipperfield's Circus was touring. His family owned and performed in the family Circus as clowns, acrobats and the animal trainers. Jimmy learned all the trades of the Circus. Jimmy married Rosie Purchase (1912–2006) in the early 1930s. Rosie's family had a traveling menagerie show of wild animals. After Rosie's father was killed by one of his lions, Jimmy took over the Purchase's show and merged it with the Chipperfield Circus. He took the circus on local and oversea tours. Jimmy began a bear wrestling show. The second world war closed down Jimmy's show. Jimmy signed up to be a fighter pilot for the RAF. After the war he put the show back together and made it bigger and made it shine. By April 1946, the Chipperfield circus had returned to touring the UK. In 1955, Jimmy broke away from the family circus and after a brief time farming and managing other shows, he and daughter Mary began providing animals for film work.
In the 1960s, he started making a career in "drive-through" safari parks. In 1966, he opened the Longleat Safari Park. In 1967, Jimmy opened the Johannesburg Lion Park, the third lion park in the world. Chipperfield had Larenty circus family manage the park. Jimmy opened the Windsor Safari Park in Windsor, Berkshire in 1969. In 1970, he helped to establish the Woburn Safari Park with John Russell, 13th Duke of Bedford and also a park in Stirling, Scotland, the Blair Drummond Safari Park at the Blair Drummond House. In 1971 he helped open the Knowsley Safari Park Jimmy Chipperfield and Annabel Lambton opened the Lambton Lion Park at Lambton Castle in July 1972, closed in 1980. Jimmy opened his West Midland Safari Park on 17 April 1973. The Windsor park closed in 1992 and lions there were moved to the West Midlands Safari Park. According to his autobiography, "My Wild Life", he pioneered the entire idea and among his first groups of animals was the lions featured in Born Free.
Jimmy provided and trained pets and circus animals for Hollywood movies, like Walt Disney.
Jimmy Chipperfield was a subject of the This Is Your Life in 1961, and a photograph of him with Eamonn Andrews is featured in the collage of photographs on the first edition dust jacket of his autobiography. In 1979 Jimmy open a show called Circus World that toured and set up in the Great Yarmouth Hippodrome.
All four of the Chipperfield siblings, Dick, Jimmy, Marjorie and John who were responsible for the circus's greatest successes are deceased: Marjorie died 1975, John died in 1978 and Jimmy died in 1990.
Marjorie Chipperfield
Marjorie Chipperfield performed as Equestrienne, contortionist and equilibrist. Marjorie Suzanne Phyllis, the younger daughter of Richard Chipperfield was born 12 December 1916. She was the fifth generation of the famous family, sister of Dick, Maude, Jimmy and John. In 1931 she did a bending and balancing act, climbing in and out of the narrow rungs of a ladder. In 1933, with Chipperfield's Lion Show, performed a rolling globe act. She performed with her brother Richard's circus, after he took over the circus from their father in 1937. With the family's circus and the Liberty horses she performed in Eastbourne for the 1938–39 season. For the 1939–40 season she appeared as Mlle Marita, with performing bulls, at the Belle Vue circus. She appeared as Miss Marjorie doing a balancing and rolling at Poole's (Tom Fossett's) circus in September 1941. She exhibiting shoe horses at Arthur Joel's 'All-British' circus in 1941 and 1942, with her brother Johnny and Rosie (wife of Jimmy) Chipperfield. She also performed on the rolling globe. In 1942 she moved the act to the Reco Brothers' circus and then the Harry Benet's stage circus. She married James (Jimmy) Stockley on 15 December 1945. She performed as Roxana, assisting Marsaline (Bertha Gridneff), on the high wire. Back with Chipperfield's circus she was put as the head of the girls' wardrobe, costumes, etc.
In 1948, she became joint proprietor of Chipperfield's Circus with brothers Richard, James and John Chipperfield. Her elephant ballet was presented at the Kelvin Hall circus, Glasgow in 1948 and 1949. She was the director of Chipperfield's circus in 1951, when their headquarters were at Down farm, Stockbridge, Hampshire, and later when the winterquarters moved to Heythrop, Oxfordshire. She looked after the family's wild animal reserve in South Africa until Jimmy Stockley's death in 1973. She died 11 December 1975, in Cape Town, South Africa. Her daughter Jane Stockley married Brian Boswell.
James Stockley
James (Jimmy) Stockley was a transport, electrics expert and mechanic.
He was born at Stoke-on-Trent in 1914. He worked in the motor trade there before the war. In the RAF during the WW2 he flew with Jimmy Chipperfield, as his navigator, and through Jimmy met Marjorie Chipperfield. James was awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal (DFM) for his wartime service. The Award stated: "As pilot and observer respectively, this officer and airman have participated in very many sorties. They have proved themselves to be highly skilled, cool and resolute members of aircraft crew and their keenness for operations has won much praise. One night in March, 1945, they were responsible for the destruction of two enemy aircraft."
James married Marjorie Suzanne Phyllis Chipperfield, on 15 December 1945, at Blaby, Leicestershire. As part of Chipperfield's circus, he kept the post-war show on the road, running. His daughter Carol Elizabeth was christened, at Bristol, in 1950. He was the director of Chipperfield's by 1951, when its headquarters were at Down farm, Stockbridge, In the 1970s, when Chipperfield's circus returned from South Africa, Jim Stockley and his wife Marjorie remained there, running the Natal Lion Park and Game Reserve. James died on 31 May 1973, at the age of 58, following a blow to his chest during the inoculation of a gnu. He was the father of Jane, Carol, James (Jim) junior and Maryann.
Johnny Chipperfield
Johnny Chipperfield (1875–1978) was a rider, clown and animal trainer. John L., was the son of Richard Chipperfield (born 1875) and Maud née Seaton. Johnny Chipperfield was the younger brother of Dick, Maud, Jimmy and Marjorie.
Johnny Chipperfield trained a Welsh pony to do tricks, as a boy, then trained a monkey to jockey on him. At age twelve bought his first ring horse and became a rider and clown with the family show. He spent the 1937 season, with the Chipperfield's animals, on Sweden's Circus Scott, where his riding was encouraged by Rudi Blumenfeld. Johnny married Doris Morche, a member of a German springboard troupe.
During the second world war he served with the RAF. He was demobilized on the day the family circus was due to open, at Southampton for the 1946 season. Johnny Chipperfield is the father of John, Tommy, Doris, Charles (married Keren, in 1988) and Sophie. John worked with the animals and helped manage the Circus. Doris worked with horses. Charles took care of the mechanical machines at the Circus. Sophie performed in a number of acts.
He presented the dogs, performed a comedy ride as 'Madame Spangaletti' and clowned with his brother Jimmy. Noted for his dog act, as 'Kelly', with Chipperfield's Circus, 1938–39. He appeared at the Tom Arnold's Mammoth Circus, Harringay, 1949–50 and 1950–51 seasons, and with Chipperfield's circus, in 1950, exhibiting 'Paul's Peerless Poodles'.
In 1951, he exhibited a high school riding show, at the Southend-on-Sea Kursaal circus. In 1952 he was presented Golden Palaminos, at Chipperfield's circus. His son John jr. was born on 20 July 1953. He was a horse trainer for Chipperfield's circus, from the 1950s on wards, he performed with Doreen Duggan in 1953. He performed with Chipperfield's, in Plymouth in 1954. During the mid-1950s began working with the Chipperfield elephants. He performed with Chipperfield's circus, at the Bingley Hall, Birmingham in 1957–58, exhibiting horses, ponies, elephants and chimpanzees. He accompanied his brother Dick and sister Marjorie to South Africa for the Chipperfield tour of Southern Africa 1965–1967 and returned to the UK 1968. Starting in 1970, he traveled with Chipperfields Circus in the UK training and presenting Asian & African elephants, horses, lions, tigers and dogs. He on died 13 November 1978 from leukaemia.
Tommy Chipperfield
Tommy Chipperfield was born and raised in the Chipperfield's Circus. He grew up on the road with a menagerie of animals, like chimps to giraffes before going to Marsh Court school in Stockbridge, Hampshire. Tommy performed in the Circus as a young boy. Tommy became a big cat trainer, as his father had been. He also undertook elephants and horses shows in the 1970s. Tommy worked for the Roberts brothers for two years. Tommy has worked in the UK and traveled with his show to Spain, South Africa and Australia. He married Marilyn, who he found in Australia. Marilyn has done riding, high wire, trapeze acts and more. The two worked in Ireland in Duffy's Circus for a number of years. In 2013, they moved the show back to England. Their son Thomas Chipperfield, like his grandpa and father, is a lion and tiger trainer.
Mary Chipperfield
Mary Chipperfield (1938 – 2014), Jimmy Chipperfield's daughter, specialised in chimpanzee acts in the 1970s. She was also known as an animal trainer, providing animals for the film Doctor Dolittle (1967) and BBC productions. Mary tamed wild animals for roles in films and Chipperfield's Circus. Mary worked with her father in creating the Longleat Safari Park. In 1999, she was accused of cruel treatment of some animals in her circus. In April 1998, an infant chimpanzee named Trudy had been seized by police and taken to the 'Monkey World' sanctuary after being repeatedly kicked, beaten and made to sleep in a tiny box. Chipperfield was found guilty of twelve counts of cruelty to animals and fined £8,500.
Sally Chipperfield
In 1979, Sally Chipperfield broke off of the Chipperfield Circus, and made her own small show. Sally Chipperfield is the daughter of Richard, Sr., married to Jim Clubb. Sally's show has lions shown by her husband. The show also has Russian Bears. Sally also has a show with dogs, monkeys and a liberty pony act.
1980s to 2010
In 1980, two Chipperfield's lions found their way onto the grounds of Devizes School in Wiltshire.
Chipperfield Circus, as run by the Dick Chipperfield family, ceased touring in the late 1980s. In the 1989–1990 season, Chipperfield Circus toured Ireland, commencing the season in Cork. The show ran for a few months featuring The Flying Souzas, Shiganio, Peter Althoff and members of the Chipperfield family. In the early 1990s, Charles Chipperfield, a son of Jonny Chipperfield, ran Chipperfield Brothers, but this ceased in the 1990s. The show name rented to Tony Hopkins Promotions for his UK circus tour from 1992 to 1996. The show featured Dick Chipperfield Sr.'s grandson, Richard Chipperfield performing a lion act.
In the 1990s, Graham Chipperfield toured with Ringling-Barnum, showing off three of his elephants: Patty, Zerbini and Luke.
In 2002, it was reported by the BBC that Mary Chipperfield was abusing her animals, leading to a fine for cruelty to animals.
In 2010, Chipperfield Circus returned without animals in the show, appearing at Cambridge and Rochester.
Charles Chipperfield
Charles Chipperfield is the seventh generation of the original Chipperfield family of shows. In 2006, Charles Chipperfield put on a show in Malta, On 15 September 2010, Charles Chipperfield officially incorporated the Charles Chipperfield Circus and run the show with his wife Rebecca Chipperfield. In 2013, the Charles Chipperfield Circus did a show for East Anglia's Children's Hospice at Stonham Barns. In 2013, Frances Middleton performed with the Charles Chipperfield Circus show off aerialist, silks & hoop skills. In 2014, Charles Chipperfield Circus performed at Gorton Park in Manchester.
In 2015, the Charles Chipperfield Circus performed in Southport, 25 years after the last Chipperfield Circus performed there.
Also in 2015, Charles Chipperfield Circus performed in South Bucks at Odds Farm Park. The 2016 show included flying Trapeze, Foot juggling from Ukraine, from Spain Keyla hula hoops tricks and the Wheel of Death.
Thomas Chipperfield
Thomas Chipperfield, who in 2014 worked with the Peter Jolly's Circus show, most recently made an appearance in Italy as a guest presenter with Moira Orfei in 2016. In April 2018, Chipperfield lost an appeal against a decision by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs to refuse him a licence to use two lions and a tiger in a travelling circus; he said that he plans a new appeal. He has been called Britain's last lion tamer.
Other Chipperfield companies
Chipperfield Enterprises trains and supplies lion and tiger acts for circuses worldwide.
Clubb Chipperfield Ltd. ceased trading under their title in 1998.
The Chipperfield Organization Ltd is an international animal supply and transport business.
Other members of the Chipperfield family
Sheila Chipperfield (born 17 June 1975, Coventry, England), is the daughter of Dick Chipperfield Sr.'s first cousin, Billy Chipperfield. Sheila was the bassist in the London-based rock band, Elastica from 1996 to 1998.
Jim Stockley is the son of Jimmy & Marjorie Stockley and supplies trained animals to the film industry in South Africa.
Jamie Stockley is the son of Jim Stockley (grandson of Jimmy & Marjorie Stockley) and, together with his wife Dana, runs a successful game reserve and wedding venue in South Africa.
Books by members of the Chipperfield family
My Friends the Animals, Dick Chipperfield Snr. London: Souvenir Press, 1963
My Wild Life, Jimmy Chipperfield. London: Macmillan, 1975
Books featuring the Chipperfield family
Paul Gallico Love, Let Me Not Hunger. London: Heinemann, 1963 (novel that briefly mentions Chipperfield's in the first chapter)
David Jamieson Chipperfield's Circus: an Illustrated History, Aardvark Publishing, 1997
David Jamieson Mary Chipperfield Circus Book, Jarrold & Sons Ltd., 1979
Freddie Mills Twenty Years: an autobiography. London: Nicholson & Watson, 1950 (first edition contains photographs taken at Chipperfield's Circus)
Pamela McGregor Morris Chipperfield's Circus. London: Faber & Faber, 1957
Edward Seago High Endeavour; illustrated by the author. London: Collins, 1944 (the story of Jimmy Chipperfield's war service as a fighter pilot)
John Turner A Dictionary of British Circus Biography
Vols. 1–2: The Victorian Arena: the Performers. Formby: Lingdales, c1995-2000
Vol. 4: Twentieth Century Circus People, 1901–1950. Formby: Lingdales
J. H. Williams Elephant Bill. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1950
J. H. Williams Big Charlie. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1959 (account of a circus elephant)
See also
African Lion Safari
Circus
References
External links
Memories of Chipperfield's Circus in Great Wishford
Facebook Charles Chipperfield Circus
Circuses
Circus families
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20team
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Double team
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In basketball, a double team (also double-team, double teaming, or double-teaming) is a defensive alignment in which two defensive players are assigned to guard a single offensive player.
Among basketball strategies in which defenders are assigned to specific players (as opposed to "zone defenses" in which they are assigned to specific regions of the court), each defender is assigned to one offensive player (a "man-to-man" alignment). However, when an offensive player is overwhelming his or her defender, another defender may help out and create a double team. A successful double teaming can greatly impede that offensive player's movement and passing, such that passing him or her the ball frequently results in a turnover. However, because devoting two defenders to a single offensive player leaves another offensive player unguarded, if the offensive player succeeds in both receiving the ball and passing it to that teammate, the teammate's likelihood of making a shot becomes much higher than usual.
Double teaming is employed more frequently near the basket than away from it because a) offensive players' likelihood of making any given shot is greater and b) because players tend to congregate near the basket when the ball is in play there, a double-teaming defender can more easily break away if necessary (e.g., to recover a rebound or to block a shot from another player). One common offensive strategy is to have a tall, physically imposing player (usually a center) "post up" to force a double team, such that he can then either shoot or pass to the unguarded player (often a strong long-distance ["outside"] shooter attempting to make a three-point shot). A defending team may also double-team a good offensive player away from the basket simply to interfere with the offensive team's preferred tactics. In the NBA players like Michael Jordan and more recently Stephen Curry have been double teamed and tripple teamed on a regular basis due to their offensive prowess and scoring ability.
Basketball terminology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Korneev
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Igor Korneev
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Igor Vladimirovich Korneev (; born 4 September 1967) is a Russian professional football official and a former player who played as a midfielder, notably in La Liga for RCD Espanyol and FC Barcelona.
Club career
He was part of the Feyenoord squad that won the 2001–02 UEFA Cup, as an unused substitute in the final. He retired after the 2002–03 season with NAC Breda.
International career
Korneev earned 14 caps for the Russia national team, scoring 3 goals. He was the part of Russia's 1994 World Cup squad.
Career statistics
In 1984–85 played for FC Spartak Moscow-d (reserves squad) at the Top League Youth Championship of the USSR — 31 matches, 4 goals. Also at the Top League Youth Championship in 1987 played for FC CSKA-2 Moscow-d (reserves squad) — 10 matches, 7 goals. Top League Youth Championship does not apply to the football league system.
Honours
Feyenoord
Eredivisie: 1998–99
UEFA Cup: 2001-02
Individual
Footballer of the Year in Russia: 1991
References
1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Moscow
Association football midfielders
Soviet footballers
Russian footballers
Russian football managers
FC Spartak Moscow players
PFC CSKA Moscow players
RCD Espanyol footballers
FC Barcelona B players
FC Barcelona players
SC Heerenveen players
Feyenoord players
NAC Breda players
Soviet Top League players
Soviet First League players
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Eredivisie players
Soviet Union international footballers
Russia international footballers
UEFA Euro 1992 players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
Russian expatriate footballers
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Russian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Dual internationalists (football)
Russian expatriate football managers
FC Asmaral Moscow players
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5380413
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nossomorja
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Jánossomorja
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Jánossomorja is a town in Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary. It is a connection between the two villages Szentpéter () and Szentjános (), located close to the Austrian border. Before 1946, those were German settlements with the German names St. Johann (St. John) and St. Peter.
External links
in Hungarian
References
Populated places in Győr-Moson-Sopron County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatica%20%28Kolkata%29
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Aquatica (Kolkata)
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Aquatica is a 705000sq ft (17 acre) water theme park in Kochpukur, under Bhangar 2 cd block of Baruipur sub division, South 24 pgs district,Greater Kolkata, India. The theme park was started in 1999. It is one of the largest water amusement parks in and around Kolkata, as well as eastern India. It is quite a popular destination on the day of Holi. Recently another water theme park, Wet 'O' Wild, has come up adjacent to Nicco Park in the Salt Lake City area.
Location
The water theme park Aquatica is located in Kochpukur. It is close to Thakdari (Rajarhat) and also New Town (Action Area - I).
The area is well connected by public transport bus (12C/2) from Howrah station. The bus passes through Ultadanga, up to Baguiati Jora Mandir along VIP Road, takes a U turn and then passes through Kestopur Bazar and reaches New Town below Box Bridge (the bridge near to Technopolis that connects Sector V and New Town) and finally reaches Aquatica via Thakdari. Box bridge is very well connected by public transport from VIP Road side and EM Bypass side too.
There is regular Auto service from Box Bridge to Aquatica. Plenty of taxis are available to go to the place and many taxies wait there for returning passengers. While going to Aquatica, taxi driver may ask for some extra.
There are primarily two driving routes. One is from Box Bridge, to drive along the canal road. The second one is to enter from Narkel Bagan More in MAR, New Town. Drive towards Unitech and take right from the crossing in front of New town police station. Follow the road for 2 km and Aquatica will reached. Both the roads are decent as per Kolkata standard. There are options to drive straight from Narkel Bagan until Balaka Abasan and then follow the canal road or use one of the many New town roads.
Attractions
Aquatica has a number of rides including tremendously exciting ones like the Black Hole, the Wave Pool, Niagara Falls, surf racer, Tornado and the Aqua Dance Floor. Regular parties and Fashion shows are hosted here, especially in the winter. There are 55 well appointed Rooms with Conference Hall, Party Hall, Board Room, Food Courts available.
Controversies
A resident of Prince Anwar Shah Road, had gone to Aquatica with his wife, daughter and brother on May 16. Ajay, who weighed around 90 kg, went to ride a slide with his brother around 3 pm. After sometime, though his brother came down, Ajay was reportedly found unconscious on the slide. He was rushed to Khusi Nursing Home, from where he was referred to Medica Hospital, where he was declared brought dead on arrival. A case under Section 304A (death by negligence ) and 34 (act done by several person in furtherance of common intention) of the IPC was registered against the authorities of Aquatica and also against the doctors of Khusi Nursing Home.
References
www.aquaticaindia.in
Tourist attractions in North 24 Parganas district
Parks in Kolkata
Water parks in India
New Town, Kolkata
1999 establishments in West Bengal
Amusement parks opened in 1999
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%20Press%20Council
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Danish Press Council
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Danish Press Council () is a Danish independent public tribunal press council under the Ministry of Justice, established pursuant to the Danish Media Liability Act of 1 January 1992, to deal with complaints about the Danish mass media. The Press Council is located in Copenhagen.
The Press Council cannot impose a sentence on the mass media or assure the complainant financial compensation. In cases concerning sound press ethics the Press Council can express its criticism. In cases about reply the Council may direct the editor of the mass media in question to publish a reply. In both types of cases the Council may direct the editor to publish the decision of the Council to an extent specified by the Council.
The Council consists of eight people. As of 21 November 2005 they are;
Chief Justice - Niels Grubbe
Chief Justice - Lene Pagter Kristensen
Advocate - Axel Kierkegaard
Advocate - Jesper Rothe
Journalist - Kaare R. Skou, TV 2
Journalist - Ulrik Holmstrup, tvDOKfilm
Journalist - Lene Sarup, Fyens Stiftstidende
Press photographer - Lars Lindskov, freelance
External links
Danish Press Council
Press Council
Danish journalism organizations
1992 establishments in Denmark
Mass media complaints authorities
Consumer organizations in Denmark
Regulation in Denmark
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet%20Darbyshire
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Janet Darbyshire
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Janet Howard Darbyshire, CBE FMedSci is a British epidemiologist and science administrator.
Career
Darbyshire joined the Medical Research Council (MRC) in 1974, first co-ordinating clinical trials and epidemiological studies of tuberculosis, asthma and other respiratory diseases in the UK and East Africa for the MRC Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Unit. She became the head of the MRC HIV Clinical Trials Centre when it was founded in 1989, designing and co-ordinating multi-centre trials of therapeutics for people with HIV, as well as vaccines and microbicides to prevent infection.
In 1980, Darbyshire was awarded an MSc by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
In 1998, she became head of the new MRC Clinical Trials Unit, established as a centre of excellence for clinical trials, meta-analyses and epidemiological studies in HIV, cancer and other diseases. She is also co-director of the UK Clinical Research Network (UKCRN). As of 2013, she is on the board of the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine and the Society for Clinical Trials.
Awards and honours
Darbyshire is a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences, the Royal College of Physicians and the Society for Clinical Trials. Already an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), she was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for "services to Clinical Science". In 2018 Darbyshire was awarded the MRC Millenium Medal for her "world-leading research on clinical trials and epidemiology has prevented disease and saved lives across the world".
References
External links
Academy of Medical Sciences interview
British public health doctors
British medical researchers
British women medical doctors
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Living people
20th-century British women scientists
21st-century British women scientists
Women epidemiologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek%20Starowieyski
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Franciszek Starowieyski
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Franciszek Andrzej Bobola Biberstein-Starowieyski (8 July 1930 in Bratkówka – 23 February 2009 in Warsaw) was a Polish artist. From 1949 to 1955, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków and Warsaw. He specialized in poster, drawing, painting, stage designing, and book illustration. He was a member of Alliance Graphique International (AGI). Throughout his career his style deviated from the socialist realism that was prevalent during the start of his career and the popular, brightly colored Cyrk posters; however he did create one Cyrk poster Homage to Picasso in 1966.
He was the first Polish artist to have a one-man show at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, in 1986.
Major awards
1973 - Award, International Biennale of the Arts, São Paulo (Brazil)
1974 - Film poster award, Cannes Film Festival, Cannes (France)
1974 - 2nd Prize, International Biennial of Posters, Warsaw (Poland)
1978 - 2nd Prize, International Biennial of Posters, Warsaw (Poland)
1979 - Gold Plaque, International Film Festival, Chicago (USA)
1982 - Silver Hugo, Film poster competition
2000 - 3rd Prize, International Biennial of Posters, Warsaw (Poland)
Source
Major exhibitions
1986 – The Museum of Modern Art, New York (USA)
2014 - Panstwowa Galeria Sztuki, Sopot (Pol.) "Franciszek Starowieyski Przyjaznie Paryskie 1683-1693", Kolekeja Nelson et Alin Avila
Books
1984
"F.s Franciszek Strarowieyski posters 1973/1984", edited by Area
1993
"F.s 1690 Franciszek Starowieyski", lithography, edited by Area
1994
"Mélange n°7", lithography, edited by Area
2014
"Franciszek Starowieyski Przyjaznie Paryskie 1683-1693", edited by Panstwowa Galeria Sztuki, by Alin Avila.
2017
Nombreuses affiches de Franciszek Starowieyski sur lesaffiches.com
See also
List of graphic designers
List of Polish painters
List of Polish graphic designers
Graphic design
References
Further reading
Kempa, Karolina (2018), Polnische Kulturplakate im Sozialismus. Eine kunstsoziologische Untersuchung zur (Be-)Deutung des Werkes von Jan Lenica und Franciszek Starowieyski, Wiesbaden: Springer,
1930 births
2009 deaths
Polish graphic designers
Polish poster artists
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5380416
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kabrnja
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Škabrnja
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Škabrnja is a village in northern Dalmatia, Croatia, located halfway between Zadar and Benkovac in the lowland region of Ravni Kotari. Its municipality is also called Škabrnja, and it includes Škabrnja with a population of 1,413 as well as the smaller village of Prkos, population 363 with a total of 1,776 residents (2011 census). The total area of the municipality is 22.93 km2.
History
The first mention of "the forest of Škabrnje" dates from a medieval contract which mentions the village of Kamenjani located near Škabrnja. The village of Kamenjani itself was first mentioned in 1070, and the last time in 1700; it was a property of the Šubić family and located in the area around today's village cemetery.
The oldest two buildings in the village are the two Catholic churches: the church of St. Mary in the hamlet of Ambar, and the church of St. Luke at the village cemetery.
The church of St. Mary dates from the 11th century and is built from stone, forming a hexagonal shape, one of several such old Croatian churches from northern Dalmatian towns and villages. The church of St. Luke was built in the 13th century, with a Gothic dome dated 1440. It has a single nave which ends in an apsis, as well as a bell tower which was also built later.
According to the census of 1991, Škabrnja was inhabited by 1,953 people in 397 households, and the vast majority of them were Croats (97.59%). In November 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence, Škabrnja was attacked by the Yugoslav People's Army and Serb paramilitary forces, resulting in the Škabrnja massacre.
References
External links
Skabrnja official site
http://www.skabrnja.com/
Municipalities of Croatia
Populated places in Zadar County
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3989203
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Blake
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James Blake
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James or Jim Blake may refer to:
Entertainment
James W. Blake (1862–1935), American lyricist
James Blake (pianist) (1922–1979), British-American jazz musician
James Carlos Blake (born 1947), American writer, winner of Los Angeles Times Book Prize for fiction, 1997
James Blake (musician) (born 1988), British singer-songwriter
James Blake (album), self-titled debut album
Eubie Blake (James Hubert Blake, 1887–1983), American musician
Jim Blake, character in the film Across the Plains (1928)
Politics
James H. Blake (1768–1819), American politician, mayor of Washington, D.C.
Jim Blake (Australian politician) (1921–2010), member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
James B. Blake (1827–1870), American politician, mayor of Worcester, Massachusetts
Other uses
James "Spanish" Blake (died 1635), Irish Nine Years' War figure
James Henry Blake (1808–1874), Boston Police Marshal in 1840
James Vila Blake (1842–1925), American Unitarian minister, essayist, playwright and hymn writer and poet
James F. Blake (1912–2002), American bus driver defied by Rosa Parks
Ronald James Blake (born 1934), aka James Blake, British civil engineer in Hong Kong, CEO of KCRC
James Blake (tennis) (born 1979), American professional tennis player
James Blake House, oldest house in Boston
Blake, James
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5380444
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Osmond%20Frederick
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Charles Osmond Frederick
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Charles Osmond Frederick is a British engineer who worked on interaction of rails and wheels at the British Railway Technical Centre, Derby.
Together with P.J. Armstrong he developed the Armstrong-Frederick plasticity models, which are applied in the theory of inelastic deformations. In the early 60's, he investigated stress phenomena in nuclear fuel elements for the UK Atomic Energy Authority. Since around 1970, he was employed by the research centre of British Rail.
In 2006, patent-spotters rediscovered a patent attributed in 1973 to the British Railways Board on a nuclear driven space vehicle, dubbed the British Rail flying saucer. The patent was based on work performed by Frederick, which originally was directed towards a lifting platform and finally culminated in a nuclear fusion powered passenger craft for interplanetary travel.
Publications
C.O. Frederick and J.D. Waters: Bowing behaviour of experimental fuel elements in the Windscale AGR, Report to United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority; 1963
C.O. Frederick: Model correlations for investigating creep deform and stress relaxation in structure, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol. 7 No. 1
P.J. Armstrong and C.O. Frederick: A mathematical representation of the multiaxial Bauschinger effect. Technical Report RD/B/N 731, C.E.G.B, 1966.
C.O. Frederick: Heat resistant and flexible pads for the support of rails; London, British Railways Board, Research and Development Division, 1972
C. O. Frederick and G.W. Morland: Device for applying a massless load to a rail; London, British Railways Board, 1973
Rail technology: Proceedings of a seminar organised by British Rail Research & Development Division & American Association of Railroads held at Nottingham University 21–26 September 1981; edited by Charles Osmond Frederick & David John Round; 1983,
C.O. Frederick and J.C. Sinclair: A rail corrugation theory which allows for contact patch size, Tech. Univ. Berlin, Rail Corrugations p 1-27 (SEE N94-23581 06-31), 1992
C.O. Frederick: The railways - Challenges to science and technology - A conference sponsored by the Royal Academy of Engineering, The Royal Society, and British Rail, 26 April 1995; PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS: TRANSPORT 117 (2): 157-158 MAY 1996
C.O. Frederick and A.P. Young: Infrarail seminars, Manchester, September 1994; PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS: TRANSPORT 117 (1): 63-66 FEB 1996
See also
Project Daedalus of the British Interplanetary Society
External links
Space Vehicles Patent number: GB1310990, 1973-03-21
British Rail people
Nuclear spacecraft propulsion
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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5380448
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrikkakkara
|
Thrikkakkara
|
Thrikkakkara is a region in the city of Kochi, as well as a municipality in Ernakulam District in the Indian state of Kerala, India. The municipality comprises 43 wards, including Marottichuvadu. It is especially notable for its significance in the festival of Onam, and in the tale associated with it linked to the famous Thrikkakara temple. Thrikkakara is home to the Cochin University of Science and Technology. The state owned Model Engineering College is also situated here. It is also home to many well known schools like Bhavans Varuna Vidyalaya, Cardinal Higher Secondary School, Cochin Public School and colleges like Bharat Mata College. The Infopark, Kochi and SmartCity Kochi are also situated in Thrikkakara municipal premises.
Etymology and Onam festival
The name Thrikkakkara is an evolved pronunciation of the word Thiru Kaal Kara, meaning the place of the holy foot. This connects to the tale behind the festival of Onam, by which, this is the place on which Lord Vamana set his foot to push down Mahabali to the 'lower world' Pathalam (also referred to as Suthalam). There is a place named Pathalam about 7 km from this place in the same district.
Following from the legend of Onam, Thrikkakkara is home for the associated shrine, the Thrikkakara Temple, where the deity enshrined is Vamana. It is one of the very few Vamana temples in India. Thrikkakara temple is considered to be the centre of Onam celebrations worldwide. The festival is largely attended by thousands of people from all religions. The Onam festival is celebrated here in a colourful manner as a festival spanning over ten days. Devotees contribute money for public feasts. A large number of mobile shops make it a trade fair. A notable fireworks show is held towards the end of the celebration.
Thrukkakkara was in Travancore state, 61 naduvazhis jointly organise the Onam festival under the leadership of the Maharaja of Travancore. Ananthapadmanabhan, the title holder is Chempil Arayan Ananthapadmanabhan Valiya Arayan, participated the festival with the Maharaja of Travancore.
See also
Thrikkakara temple
Model Engineering College
Bharata Mata College
References
External links
Thrikkakara Kakkanadu web site
Villages in Ernakulam district
Suburbs of Kochi
Neighbourhoods in Kochi
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5380452
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidyn%20Chronicles%3A%20The%20First%20Mage
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Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage
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Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage is a role-playing video game developed by Canadian studio H2O Entertainment and published by THQ for the Nintendo 64 (N64) video game console.
Plot
Aidyn Chronicles: The First Mage follows a young squire named Alaron who, while searching for a missing farmer named Kendall, encounters a strange spirit and is poisoned by Goblins. He awakes from a terrifying vision of monsters to find himself inside the hut of Oriana, a healer, who tells Alaron that the poison is beyond the powers of normal medicine to cure. Upon returning to Castle Gwernia, the king, Phelan, instructs him to ask the Mirari people of Erromon to help heal his poison. Upon reaching Erromon, the Mirari King, Txomin, explains that they've been under attack from goblins and seeks Alaron's aid, promising to direct him to a naming wizard named Cradawgh.
Alaron clears the goblins off the mountains, however when he returns to Erromon he discovers that Txomin lied, and does not know the whereabouts of Cradawgh, telling Alaron instead to travel to Talewok, and see the sorceress, Ardra. Before leaving, Alaron converses with the Mirari queen Yeraza, who gives him the Stormbreaker, a blessed tree branch able to calm any storm.
At the Wizard School, the doorman asks everyone's True Name, but Alaron cannot answer. Ardra the sorceress begins the healing spell, which brings on another vision. This one includes a feeble, old man in a rocking chair. Ardra explains that the healing spell failed because Alaron is a Wildling – he has no True Name. Without a True Name, his spirit is not bound to his body, and Alaron is incomplete. Ardra tells him to travel to Port Saiid and take a boat to Cradawgh's Island.
Alaron is eventually able to hire a boat at Port Saiid – after an unusual encounter with a cryptic jester but the ship travels into a powerful storm, and as the Stormbreaker is tied to the mast instead of the helm, the ship is damaged and forced to land at Chaos Isle. Following repairs the party sets off for Cradawgh's Island; this time the ship arrives safely, however a group of monsters has already reached Cradawgh. The dying wizard asks Alaron to bring his body to Talewok, and suggests seeking the Jundar King Zaratas in the desert.
After Cradawgh's funeral in Talewok, Alaron heads down to the city of Terminor. He then soon discovers that the nearby village of Pome was destroyed by a wizard with a twisted staff. The final level of Terminor has a house, in which resides Mago, a wizard without a True Name, who went insane several years ago and called up a huge storm when the townspeople tried to kill him. Mago is the feeble, old man from Alaron's earlier vision and can no longer speak.
Alaron travels to a nearby bog, where he finds the Tower of Shamsuk, a powerful necromancer who had previously destroyed Pome and cursed Niesen, slowly turning him into a zombie. Niesen gets the party into the tower where they eventually reach a chamber with a large stone hand. The jester from Port Saiid appears once more, revealing himself to be Farris – a wizard. Farris joins the party, assisting them in defeating Shamsuk, who has already killed Oriana – now revealed to be Alaron's mother. Farris then leaves the party, taking Shamsuk's necromantic staff with him.
Alaron crosses a desert to reach the Jundar city of Ugarit, where he speaks with the Jundar Emperor, Zaratas, who explains that only the dragon Rooughah can name Alaron. He needs to find the Golden Horn of Kynon and play it for Rooughah. Alaron retrieves the Horn, and begins heading back to Erromon.
Alaron travels through the Erromon tunnels until he comes across the dragon Rooughah. After Alaron plays the Horn of Kynon, Rooughah tells him he knows his True Name: "Alaron". The Mirari then tell Alaron that the forces of Chaos are gathering outside Gwernia. Alaron returns to Gwernia castle and fights his way to Prince Sheridan, who confesses to always being jealous of Alaron. Sheridan explains that Alaron is the son of Oriana and King Phelan. Alaron fights and kills Sheridan, only to then meet Pochangarat (the leader of Chaos) – the huge monster from Alaron's first vision in Oriana's hut.
After Pochangarat's death, Alaron finds his father, King Phelan, who is dying from the wounds he suffered at Pochangarat's hands. He requests to be buried under the Great Wall of Knights in Gwernia, and appoints Alaron as his successor before dying. The game's story ends with Alaron's coronation ceremony.
Gameplay
The game takes place in a 3-D based world. The player controls a polygon-based figure of Alaron, moving him around both in and out of doors. The view is a mostly a third-person overhead behind him. Time passes in real time, with night and day affecting visibility and combat (see below). There is no way to change the speed Alaron moves, nor the camera view in normal gameplay. The player cannot control any other member of the party except in combat mode. A pop up menu allows the player to equip the party members, view abilities and stats, use items, and access the world map and options menu.
Combat is turn-based, though stats of the player's characters and attacking monsters can affect turn order. When combat starts, Alaron and his party are transported to a separate screen with varying terrain. The player can move each party member a certain distance marked by transparent borders. Positions of characters (such as height and back attacks') can increase/decrease the damage and effectiveness of attacks. Also the characters aspect (solar or lunar) will perform better or worse depending on what time of day it is. Spells and other talents area of effect is shown via a red flame border, and increases the higher the skill level. Any party member who dies during combat is permanently removed from the game with no ability of revival. If Alaron dies, the game is automatically over.
Development
Writing
The plot of Aidyn Chronicles was scripted and designed by Angela Ferraiolo.
Reception
In a preview, Daily Radar noted the game's potential as the "defining RPG for the Nintendo 64".
Aidyn received "mixed or average" reviews from critics, scoring a 53 on Metacritic. And a negative 47.36% on Game Rankings. In their review, IGN gave the game a 4.2/10 stating, "The scope of it was too large and led to a really -- and I mean really -- tedious experience. It has no way of pulling you into the story or gameplay."
Notes
References
2001 video games
H2O Entertainment games
Nintendo 64 games
Nintendo 64-only games
Role-playing video games
Single-player video games
THQ games
Video games developed in Canada
Video games set in castles
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5380454
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerios%20Stais
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Valerios Stais
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Valerios Stais (; b. Kythira 1857 – d. Athens 1923) was a Greek archaeologist. He initially studied medicine but later switched to archaeology obtaining his Doctorate from the University of Halle (Saale) in 1885. He worked for the National Archaeological Museum of Athens since 1887, eventually becoming Director of the Museum, a post he held until his death. During that period he organized or participated in excavations in Epidaurus, Argolis, Attica, Dimini, Antikythera and elsewhere. He wrote a lot on archaeological matters, published several papers, mainly in Archeologiki Efimeris (Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς "Archaeological Newspaper"), and many books.
Valerios Stais also became the first to study the Antikythera mechanism from the lumps of archaeological material which was retrieved from a wreck found near the coast of Antikythera in 1900.
References
1857 births
1923 deaths
People from Kythira
Greek archaeologists
Archaeologists from Athens
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3989208
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetic%20algorithm
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Memetic algorithm
|
A memetic algorithm (MA) in computer science and operations research, is an extension of the traditional genetic algorithm. It may provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem. It uses a local search technique to reduce the likelihood of premature convergence.
Memetic algorithms represent one of the recent growing areas of research in evolutionary computation. The term MA is now widely used as a synergy of evolutionary or any population-based approach with separate individual learning or local improvement procedures for problem search. Quite often, MAs are also referred to in the literature as Baldwinian evolutionary algorithms (EAs), Lamarckian EAs, cultural algorithms, or genetic local search.
Introduction
Inspired by both Darwinian principles of natural evolution and Dawkins' notion of a meme, the term memetic algorithm (MA) was introduced by Pablo Moscato in his technical report in 1989 where he viewed MA as being close to a form of population-based hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) coupled with an individual learning procedure capable of performing local refinements. The metaphorical parallels, on the one hand, to Darwinian evolution and, on the other hand, between memes and domain specific (local search) heuristics are captured within memetic algorithms thus rendering a methodology that balances well between generality and problem specificity. This two-stage nature makes them a special case of dual-phase evolution.
In a more diverse context, memetic algorithms are now used under various names including hybrid evolutionary algorithms, Baldwinian evolutionary algorithms, Lamarckian evolutionary algorithms, cultural algorithms, or genetic local search. In the context of complex optimization, many different instantiations of memetic algorithms have been reported across a wide range of application domains, in general, converging to high-quality solutions more efficiently than their conventional evolutionary counterparts.
In general, using the ideas of memetics within a computational framework is called memetic computing or memetic computation (MC). With MC, the traits of universal Darwinism are more appropriately captured. Viewed in this perspective, MA is a more constrained notion of MC. More specifically, MA covers one area of MC, in particular dealing with areas of evolutionary algorithms that marry other deterministic refinement techniques for solving optimization problems. MC extends the notion of memes to cover conceptual entities of knowledge-enhanced procedures or representations.
The development of MAs
1st generation
The first generation of MA refers to hybrid algorithms, a marriage between a population-based global search (often in the form of an evolutionary algorithm) coupled with a cultural evolutionary stage. This first generation of MA although encompasses characteristics of cultural evolution (in the form of local refinement) in the search cycle, it may not qualify as a true evolving system according to universal Darwinism, since all the core principles of inheritance/memetic transmission, variation, and selection are missing. This suggests why the term MA stirred up criticisms and controversies among researchers when first introduced.
Pseudo code
Procedure Memetic Algorithm
Initialize: Generate an initial population;
while Stopping conditions are not satisfied do
Evaluate all individuals in the population.
Evolve a new population using stochastic search operators.
, that should undergo the individual improvement procedure.
Perform individual learning using meme(s) ,
Proceed with Lamarckian or Baldwinian learning.
end for
end while
2nd generation
Multi-meme, hyper-heuristic and meta-Lamarckian MA are referred to as second generation MA exhibiting the principles of memetic transmission and selection in their design. In Multi-meme MA, the memetic material is encoded as part of the genotype. Subsequently, the decoded meme of each respective individual/chromosome is then used to perform a local refinement. The memetic material is then transmitted through a simple inheritance mechanism from parent to offspring(s). On the other hand, in hyper-heuristic and meta-Lamarckian MA, the pool
of candidate memes considered will compete, based on their past merits in generating local improvements through a reward mechanism, deciding on which meme to be selected to proceed for future local refinements. Memes with a higher reward have a greater chance of being replicated or copied. For a review on second generation MA; i.e., MA considering multiple individual learning methods within
an evolutionary system, the reader is referred to.
3rd generation
Co-evolution and self-generating MAs may be regarded as 3rd generation MA where all three principles satisfying the definitions of a basic evolving system have been considered. In contrast to 2nd generation MA which assumes that the memes to be used are known a priori, 3rd generation MA utilizes a rule-based local search to supplement candidate solutions within the evolutionary system, thus capturing regularly repeated features or patterns in the problem space.
Some design notes
The frequency and intensity of individual learning directly define the degree of evolution (exploration) against
individual learning (exploitation) in the MA search, for a given fixed limited computational budget. Clearly, a more intense
individual learning provides greater chance of convergence to the local optima but limits the amount of evolution that
may be expended without incurring excessive computational resources. Therefore, care should be taken when setting
these two parameters to balance the computational budget available in achieving maximum search performance. When only a portion of the population individuals undergo learning, the issue of which subset of individuals to improve need to be considered to maximize the utility of MA search. Last but not least, the individual learning procedure/meme used also favors a different neighborhood structure, hence the need to decide which meme or memes to use for a given optimization problem at hand would be required.
How often should individual learning be applied?
One of the first issues pertinent to memetic algorithm design is to consider how often the individual learning should be applied; i.e., individual learning frequency. In one case, the effect of individual learning frequency on MA search performance was considered where various configurations of the individual learning frequency at different stages of the MA search were investigated. Conversely, it was shown elsewhere that it may be worthwhile to apply individual learning on every individual if the computational complexity of the individual learning is relatively low.
On which solutions should individual learning be used?
On the issue of selecting appropriate individuals among the EA population that should undergo individual learning, fitness-based and distribution-based strategies were studied for adapting the probability of applying individual learning on the population of chromosomes in continuous parametric search problems with Land extending the work to combinatorial optimization problems. Bambha et al. introduced a simulated heating technique for systematically integrating parameterized individual learning into evolutionary algorithms to achieve maximum solution quality.
How long should individual learning be run?
Individual learning intensity, , is the amount of computational budget allocated to an iteration of individual learning; i.e., the maximum computational budget allowable for individual learning to expend on improving a single solution.
What individual learning method or meme should be used for a particular problem or individual?
In the context of continuous optimization, individual learning exists in the form of local heuristics or conventional exact enumerative methods. Examples of individual learning strategies include the hill climbing, Simplex method, Newton/Quasi-Newton method, interior point methods, conjugate gradient method, line search, and other local heuristics. Note that most of the common individual learning methods are deterministic.
In combinatorial optimization, on the other hand, individual learning methods commonly exist in the form of heuristics (which can be deterministic or stochastic) that are tailored to a specific problem of interest. Typical heuristic procedures and schemes include the k-gene exchange, edge exchange, first-improvement, and many others.
Applications
Memetic algorithms have been successfully applied to a multitude of real-world problems. Although many people employ techniques closely related to memetic algorithms, alternative names such as hybrid genetic algorithms are also employed. Furthermore, many people term their memetic techniques as genetic algorithms.
Researchers have used memetic algorithms to tackle many classical NP problems. To cite some of them: graph partitioning, multidimensional knapsack, travelling salesman problem, quadratic assignment problem, set cover problem, minimal graph coloring, max independent set problem, bin packing problem, and generalized assignment problem.
More recent applications include (but are not limited to) business analytics and data science, training of artificial neural networks, pattern recognition, robotic motion planning, beam orientation, circuit design, electric service restoration, medical expert systems, single machine scheduling, automatic timetabling (notably, the timetable for the NHL), manpower scheduling, nurse rostering optimisation, processor allocation, maintenance scheduling (for example, of an electric distribution network), multidimensional knapsack problem, VLSI design, clustering of gene expression profiles, feature/gene selection, parameter determination for hardware fault injection, and multi-class, multi-objective feature selection.
Recent activities in memetic algorithms
IEEE Workshop on Memetic Algorithms (WOMA 2009). Program Chairs: Jim Smith, University of the West of England, U.K.; Yew-Soon Ong, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Gustafson Steven, University of Nottingham; U.K.; Meng Hiot Lim, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Natalio Krasnogor, University of Nottingham, U.K.
Memetic Computing Journal, first issue appeared in January 2009.
2008 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI 2008), Hong Kong, Special Session on Memetic Algorithms.
Special Issue on 'Emerging Trends in Soft Computing - Memetic Algorithm', Soft Computing Journal, Completed & In Press, 2008.
IEEE Computational Intelligence Society Emergent Technologies Task Force on Memetic Computing
IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2007), Singapore, Special Session on Memetic Algorithms.
'Memetic Computing' by Thomson Scientific's Essential Science Indicators as an Emerging Front Research Area.
Special Issue on Memetic Algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part B: Cybernetics, Vol. 37, No. 1, February 2007.
Recent Advances in Memetic Algorithms, Series: Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, Vol. 166, , 2005.
Special Issue on Memetic Algorithms, Evolutionary Computation Fall 2004, Vol. 12, No. 3: v-vi.
References
Evolutionary algorithms
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3989211
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20Fox%20%28judge%29
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Luke Fox (judge)
|
Luke Fox () was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Ireland in the early 19th century. In 1805, he was accused of judicial misconduct over his handling of a number of cases. Three petitions were presented to the House of Lords alleging that he had allowed his political preferences to sway his conduct as a judge. He was accused of trying to persuade a grand jury to find a verdict for political reasons, fining a High Sheriff for tardiness without good cause, insulting a trial jury, and defaming John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn: described as "the last man whom one could attack with impunity".
The Prime Minister urged the Lords to abandon the case against Fox; they complied with his request, and he continued to serve for a further eleven years, altogether he had sought early retirement quite soon after his appointment.
Biography
He was born in County Leitrim, the fifth son of Michael Fox of Tully, a small landowner, and Margaret Coane. Fox was privately educated by a Dr. Armstrong. He graduated from Trinity College Dublin in 1779 and entered Lincoln's Inn in 1781. His father was not a rich man, and had a large family to support, and Luke paid his way through university by giving private tuition lessons. He was called to the Irish Bar in 1784 and practised on the north-western circuit. He was an excellent lawyer. He joined the Whig Club and wrote political pamphlets for the Whig Party.
In 1790 he made an extremely advantageous marriage to Anne, daughter of Richard Annesley and Mary Tottenham, and niece of Charles Loftus, 1st Marquess of Ely. They had three children, including Michael who married Katherine Bushe, daughter of Charles Kendal Bushe, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. He had a town house on Harcourt Street in central Dublin and a country residence at Trimleston.
MP and judge
Through Lord Ely's patronage he entered the Irish House of Commons as MP for Fethard, and later sat for Clonmines and then for Mullingar. He and Ely later quarreled over his initial attitude to the Act of Union 1800, which was ambiguous. He later became a strong supporter of the Union, and in the last stages of the passing of the Bill for the Union his services were of such value to the Crown that he was among the first barristers to be appointed to the bench after the Union. His conduct thereafter seemed to be specially designed to irritate the Government: apart from his extraordinary behaviour on circuit in 1803, which led to the attempt to remove him from office, he was often absent from duty in England for months on end. He also applied for compensation for the delay in issuing his patent.
He died suddenly three years after his retirement, at Harrogate. His widow married Thomas West in 1831.
Character
Fox was a superb advocate, but notoriously bad tempered, and so untrustworthy that it was said that "Fox" was the perfect name for him. Daniel O'Connell described him as "morose, sour and impetuous", while another critical witness described him as "vulgar, coarse, harsh and cunning". He was a firm believer in judicial independence. His strange conduct while on the North-West circuit in 1803, which led to his abortive impeachment, is difficult to explain, even allowing for his hot temper: Ball states that he "lost his head completely". He was accused of partisan political motives; on the other hand as Ball remarks, the Robert Emmet rising and the murder of the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Arthur Wolfe, 1st Viscount Kilwarden, had left the whole judiciary in an extremely agitated state, and better tempered men than Fox were behaving strangely.
The Juverna affair
Fox's eventual acquittal on the charges of misconduct did not redeem his reputation with his colleagues, many of whom thought him unfit for office. It is significant that when in 1803 a series of scurrilous attacks on the Irish Government were published by the radical English journalist William Cobbett by a writer using the pen-name "Juverna", who from the internal evidence can only have been an Irish judge, Fox was immediately suspected of being the author, despite his vehement denials. In fact, the author was another High Court judge, Robert Johnson, who after a long delay was prosecuted and convicted of seditious libel, and forced to retire under threat of being removed from office. Fox managed with some difficulty to convince his colleagues of his innocence, but could not alter their low opinion of him.
References
Sources
1750s births
1819 deaths
Justices of the Irish Common Pleas
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3989215
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Levinson
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André Levinson
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André Yacovlev Levinson, Андрей (Андрэ) Яковлевич Левинсон [Andrey Yakovl'evich Levinson], November 1, 1887, St. Petersburg - December 3, 1933, Paris) was, after leaving Russia in 1918, a French dance journalist. He was awarded the Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur.
At the University of Sankt Peterburg he had been a professor of Romance languages. With regard to ballet, he then championed "pure academic dance". Accordingly, he opposed many innovations advanced by choreographer Michel Fokine and impresario Sergei Diaghilev of Ballets Russes. In 1918 Levinson left Russia for Lithuania, then Germany, arriving in Paris in 1921. He taught a course in Russian literature at the Sorbonne. Then Ballets Russes regularly performed in Paris, where it continued to draw great interest.
Due to the arrival of Levinson and another Russian dance critic, the "French were treated to informed observation of the dance scene in print." Many books, among them volumes on Léon Bakst (1921), Ana Pavlova (1928), and Serge Lifar (1934, posthumous), were authored by Levinson. Of course, he did not confine himself to Russian ballet.
"The Russian critic André Levinson, although an unyielding defender of classicism in ballet, was nonetheless awed by Isadora's art as 'the cult of the transfigured flesh, the religion of the body, the habitat of the gods'."
A selection of his dance writings from Paris was published in 1991.
References
Literary works
Meister des Ballets, 1923
La Argentina, 1928
La danse d'aujourd'hui, 1929
External links
Biography in Italian
Biography in Russian
Biography in Russian
1887 births
1933 deaths
French people of Russian descent
French male writers
20th-century French journalists
20th-century French male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Montacute%2C%205th%20Countess%20of%20Salisbury
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Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury
|
Alice Montagu (1407before 9 December 1462) was an English noblewoman and the suo jure 5th Countess of Salisbury, 6th Baroness Monthermer, and 7th and 4th Baroness Montagu, having succeeded to the titles in 1428.
Her husband, Richard Neville became 5th Earl of Salisbury by right of his marriage to Alice.
Marriage and children
Alice was born in 1407, the daughter and only legitimate child, of Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury, and Eleanor Holland, who was the daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, and Lady Alice FitzAlan. The latter was a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 3rd Earl of Arundel, and Eleanor of Lancaster.
In 1420, she married Richard Neville, who became the 5th Earl of Salisbury by right of his wife on the death of her father Thomas Montagu in 1428. Alice was thereafter styled as Countess of Salisbury.
The principal seat of the family was at Bisham Manor in Berkshire although their lands lay chiefly around Christchurch in Hampshire and Wiltshire.
She died some time before 9 December 1462 and was buried in the Montagu Mausoleum at Bisham Abbey.
Alice and Richard had ten children who survived infancy:
Lady Joan Neville (c. 1424–1462), who married William FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel.
Lady Cecily Neville (c. 1425–1450), who married Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick.
Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (1428–1471), who married the heiress Anne Beauchamp, suo jure 16th Countess of Warwick. They were parents to queen consort Anne Neville.
Thomas Neville (c. 1429–1460), who was knighted in 1449 and died at the Battle of Wakefield.
Lady Alice Neville (c. 1430–after 1503), who married Henry FitzHugh, 5th Baron FitzHugh. Their daughter, Elizabeth, married William Parr, 1st Baron Parr of Kendal. The two were grandparents to Queen consort Catherine Parr, sixth wife of King Henry VIII.
John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu (c. 1431–1471).
George Neville (c. 1432–1476), who became Archbishop of York and Chancellor of England.
Lady Eleanor Neville (c. 1438–before 1472), who married Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby.
Lady Katherine Neville (c. 1442–1503/04), who married firstly William Bonville, 6th Baron of Harington, and secondly William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings. By her first husband, she was the mother of Cecily Bonville.
Lady Margaret Neville (c. 1444–1506), who married John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford.
Ancestry
References
External links
thepeerage.com page
1407 births
1462 deaths
Neville
English countesses
Alice
Burials at Bisham Abbey
15th-century English women
15th-century English nobility
Barons Monthermer
Barons Montagu
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3989224
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Genazino
|
Wilhelm Genazino
|
Wilhelm Genazino (22 January 1943 – 12 December 2018) was a German journalist and author. He worked first as a journalist for the satirical magazine pardon and for Lesezeichen. From the early 1970s, he was a freelance writer who became known by a trilogy of novels, Abschaffel-Trilogie, completed in 1979. It was followed by more novels and two plays. Among his many awards is the prestigious Georg Büchner Prize.
Career
Born in Mannheim, Genazino studied German, philosophy and sociology at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main in the 1960s. He worked as a journalist until 1965. During this time, he worked, for the satirical magazine pardon and co-edited the magazine Lesezeichen. Beginning in 1970 he worked as a freelance author. In 1977 he achieved a breakthrough as a serious writer with his trilogy Abschaffel. In 1990 he became a member of the Academy for Language and Poetry in Darmstadt. After living in Heidelberg for a long time, Genazino moved to Frankfurt in 2004. That same year he was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize, the most prestigious award for German literature.
Genazino died on 12 December 2018 after a short illness at the age of 75.
Works
Books
Laslinstrasse, 1965
:
Abschaffel, 1977
Die Vernichtung der Sorgen, 1978
Falsche Jahre, 1979
Der Fleck, die Jacke, die Zimmer, der Schmerz, 1989 (The mark, the jacket, the room, the pain)
Reinbek bei Hamburg 1990
. Reinbek bei Hamburg 1994
Die Kassiererinnen, 1998 (Road works ahead)
, 2001 (An umbrella for one day, English title : The shoe tester of Frankfurt)
, 2003 (A woman, a flat, a novel)
Der gedehnte Blick, 2004 (The extended gaze)
, 2005 (The foolishness of love)
, Munich 2007 (Mediocre homesickness)
, Munich 2009
, 2011 (If we were animals)
, Hanser, Munich 2014,
Außer uns spricht niemand über uns. Hanser, Munich 2016,
Kein Geld, keine Uhr, keine Mütze. Hanser, Munich 2018,
Play
, premiered Staatstheater Darmstadt in October 2005, Frankfurt 2003, Munich 2006 and Der Hausschrat. Munich 2006, Mülheim 2007, Theaterstücke
In translation
Ein Regenschirm für diesen Tag was translated to English by Philip Boehm as The Shoe Tester of Frankfurt, New York: New Directions, 2006, and to Chinese, French, Italian, Greek and Lithuanian.
Eine Frau, eine Wohnung, ein Roman was translated into French, Spanish, Polish, Chinese, and Hebrew.
Translations of works by Genazino have also been published in Greek, Latvian and Russian.
Honours
Bremer Literaturpreis, 1990
Solothurner Literaturpreis, 1995
Literaturpreis der Bayerischen Akademie der schönen Künste, 1998
Kranichsteiner Literaturpreis, 2001
Georg Büchner Prize, 2004
Kleist Prize, 2007
Kassel Literary Prize for Grotesque Humor, 2013
Goethe Plaque of the City of Frankfurt, 2014
Literature
Heinz Ludwig Arnold (ed.): Wilhelm Genazino. Edition Text + Kritik, München 2004, .
Andrea Bartl, (ed.): Verstehensanfänge. Das literarische Werk Wilhelm Genazinos. Wallstein, Göttingen 2011 (Poiesis. Standpunkte zur Gegenwartsliteratur 7), .
Jonas Fansa: Unterwegs im Monolog. Poetologische Konzeptionen in der Prosa Wilhelm Genazinos. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2008, .
Alexander Fischer: Wider das System: Der gesellschaftliche Aussteiger in Genazinos 'Ein Regenschirm für diesen Tag' und literarische Verwandte bei Kleist und Kafka. UBP, Bamberg 2012, .
Alexander Fischer: Im existentiellen Zwiespalt. Wilhelm Genazinos Ein Regenschirm für diesen Tag vor dem Hintergrund existenzphilosophischer Konzepte. In: Bartl, Andrea/Klinge, Annika (ed.): Transitkunst. Studien zur Literatur 1890-2010. UBP, Bamberg 2012
Winfried Giesen (ed.): Wilhelm Genazino – "Die Belebung der toten Winkel", Begleitheft zur Ausstellung 11. Januar – 25. Februar 2006, Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt 2006, .
Aktualisiertes Verzeichnis der unselbstständig erschienenen Primärliteratur Wilhelm Genazinos from 1961 to 2014, collected by Winfried Giesen.
Wilhelm Genazino – Sekundärliteratur from 1963 to 2014 collected by Winfried Giesen.
Anja Hirsch: Schwebeglück der Literatur. Der Erzähler Wilhelm Genazino. Synchron Wissenschaftsverlag der Autoren, Heidelberg 2006,
Joachim Jacob: Schönheit, Literatur und Lebenskunst. Überlegungen zu Peter Handkes „Versuch über den geglückten Tag“ und Wilhelm Genazinos "Eine Frau, eine Wohnung, ein Roman" In: Susanne Krepold, Christian Krepold (ed.): Schön und gut? Studien zu Ethik und Ästhetik in der Literatur. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2008, pp. 185–199.
Ulrich Klappstein: Ein Flaneur für diesen Tag. Eine lexikalische Annäherung an den Schriftsteller Wilhelm Genazino In: Hartmut Fischer (ed.): Flanieren - Gehen - Wandern. Northeim 2011.
Christian Krepold: "... als sei das Ende des Menschen die einzige ordentliche Verrichtung". Altern, Melancholie und Komik bei Wilhelm Genazino und Italo Svevo. In: Andrea Bartl (ed.): Transitträume. Beiträge zur deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur. Wißner, Augsburg 2009 (Germanistik und Gegenwartsliteratur 4), pp. 55–101.
Susanne Krepold, Christian Krepold: Literarische Selbstreflexion durch Lektüre. Wilhelm Genazino als Leser von Marguerite Duras. In: Steffen Buch, Álvaro Ceballos, Christian Gerth (ed.): Selbstreflexivität. 23. Forum Junge Romanistik (Göttingen, 30. Mai–2. Juni 2007). Romanistischer Verlag, Bonn 2008, pp. 107–124.
Nils Lehnert: Wilhelm Genazinos Romanfiguren. Erzähltheoretische und (literatur-)psychologische Zugriffe auf Handlungsmotivation und Eindruckssteuerung. De Gruyter, Berlin 2018 (Deutsche Literatur. Studien und Quellen 30), .
References
External links
Sabrina Hennig: Wilhelm Genazino Literaturportal Bayern
Wilhelm.Genazino Literatur Port
Wilhelm Genazino Hanser
Wilhelm Genazino commented links, Universitätsbibliothek of the FU Berlin
Genazino, Wilhelm interview with (PDF)
Peter Mohr: Chronist des alltäglichen Wahnsinns / Zum 75. Geburtstag des Georg-Büchner-Preisträgers Wilhelm Genazino , 22 January 2018
Wilhelm Genazino Stadtschreiberarchiv Bergen-Enkheim
Wilhelm Genazino Ein großer Desillusionierungskünstler, obituary in Die Zeit, 14 December 2018
1943 births
2018 deaths
German novelists
Kleist Prize winners
Georg Büchner Prize winners
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
German male writers
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5380456
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Jews
|
British Jews
|
British Jews (often referred to collectively as British Jewry or Anglo-Jewry) are British citizens who identify as Jewish. The number of people who identified as Jews in England and Wales rose slightly between 2001 and 2011, with the growth being attributed to the higher birth rate of the Haredi community.
History
The first recorded Jewish community in Britain was brought to England in 1070 by King William the Conqueror, who believed that what he assumed to be its commercial skills would make his newly won country more prosperous. Two hundred years later, the Jews were no longer welcome. On 16 March 1190, in the run up to the Third Crusade, the Jewish population of York was massacred at the site where Clifford's Tower now stands, and King Edward I of England passed the Statute of the Jewry (Statutum de Judaismo) in 1275, restricting the community's activities, most notably outlawing the practice of usury (charging interest). When, 15 years later, Edward found that many of these provisions were ignored, he expelled the Jews from England. They emigrated to countries such as Poland which protected them by law. A small English community persisted in hiding despite the expulsion. Jews were not banned from Scotland, which until 1707 was an independent kingdom.
In 1656, Oliver Cromwell made it clear that the ban on Jewish settlement in England and Wales would no longer be enforced, although when Rabbi Manasseh Ben Israel brought a petition to allow Jews to return, the majority of the Protectorate Government turned it down. Gradually Jews eased back into England, first visiting for trade, then staying longer periods, and finally bringing their families. In mid-nineteenth century Ireland, then ruled by the British, Daniel O'Connell, known as "The Liberator" for his work on Catholic Emancipation, worked successfully for the repeal of the "De Judaismo" law, which prescribed a special yellow badge for Jews. Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881), of Jewish birth although he joined the Church of England, served in government for three decades, twice as prime minister.
The oldest Jewish community in Britain is the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community, which traces back to the 1630s, and was unofficially legitimised in 1656, the date counted by the Jewish community as the re-admittance of the Jews to England (which at the time included Wales). A trickle of Ashkenazi immigration primarily from German countries continued from the late 17th century to the early 19th century, before a second wave of Ashkenazi immigration, a large wave of Ashkenazi Jewish immigration fleeing persecution in the Russian Empire, such as pogroms and the May Laws between 1880 and the imposition of tighter immigration restrictions in 1905. Many German and Polish Jews seeking to escape the Nazi Holocaust arrived in Britain before and after the Second World War. Around 80-90% of British Jews today are Ashkenazi.
Following de-colonisation, the late twentieth century saw Yemeni Jews, Iraqi Jews and Baghdadi Jews settle in the United Kingdom. A multicultural community, in 2006, British Jews celebrated the 350th anniversary of the resettlement in England.
Demographics
Population size
The Jewish population of England was 500,000 at the beginning of World War II.
According to the 2011 census, 263,346 people answered "Jewish" to the voluntary question on religion, compared with 259,927 in the previous count of 2001. However, this final figure is considered an undercount. Demographers David Graham and Stanley Waterman give several reasons: the underenumeration for censuses in general; the question did not record secular Jews; the voluntary nature of the question; suspicion by Jews of such questions; and the high non-response rate for large numbers of Haredi Jews. By comparison, the Jewish Virtual Library estimated a Jewish population of 291,000 (not limited to adherents of Judaism) in 2012, making Britain's Jewish community the fifth largest in the world. This equates to 0.43% of the population of the United Kingdom.
The 2001 Census included a (voluntary) religion question ("What is your religion?") for the first time in its history; 266,740 people listed their religion as "Jewish". However, the subject of who is a Jew is complex, and the religion question did not record people who may be Jewish through other means, such as ethnically and culturally. Of people who chose Jewish as their religion, 97% put White as their ethnic group; however, a report by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) suggests that, although there was an apparent option to write down "Jewish" for this question, it did not occur to many, because of "skin colour" and nationality bias; and that if "Jewish" was an explicit option, the results—only 2594 respondents were Jewish solely by ethnicity—would have been different. The religion question appeared in the 2011 Census, but there was still no explicit option for "Jewish" in the ethnic-group question. The Board of Deputies had encouraged all Jews to indicate they were Jewish, either through the religion question or the ethnicity one.
From 1990 to 2006, the Jewish population showed a decrease from 340,000 Jews to 270,000. According to the 1996 Jewish Policy Review, nearly half married people who did not share their faith at that time. From 2005 to 2008, the Jewish population increased from 275,000 to 280,000, attributed largely to the high birth rates of Haredi (or ultra-Orthodox) Jews. Research by the University of Manchester in 2007 showed that 75% of British Jewish births were to the Haredi community. Ultra-Orthodox women have an average of 6.9 children, and secular Jewish women 1.65. In 2015, the Institute for Jewish Policy Research reported that in England the orthodox community was growing by nearly 5% per year, while the non-haredi community was decreasing by 0.3% per year. It has been also documented that in terms of births, between 2007 and 2015, the estimated number of Strictly Orthodox births per annum increased by 35%, rising from 1,431 to 1,932. While, the estimated number of ‘Mainstream’ (non-Strictly Orthodox) births per annum increased to a lesser extent over the same period, going from 1,844 to 1,889 (+2.4%).
Migration
The great majority (83.2%) of Jews in England and Wales were born in the UK. In 2015, about 6% of Jews in England held an Israeli passport. In 2019, the Office of National Statistics estimated that 21,000 people resident in the UK were born in Israel, up from 11,890 in 2001. Of the 21,000, 8,000 had Israeli nationality. In 2013, it was reported that antisemitic attacks in France led to an exodus of French Jews to the UK. This has resulted in some synagogues establishing French-language Shabbat services.
In 2018, 534 Britons emigrated to Israel, representing the third consecutive annual decline. The figure was one third down on 2015 and was the lowest for five years.
Geographic distribution
The majority of the Jews in the UK live in South East England, with around 160,000 in London, and a further 21,000 in Hertfordshire, mostly in southwestern Hertfordshire adjacent to Jewish areas in Barnet and Harrow, and south-west Essex. Barnet and Hertsmere councils are the most Jewish local authorities in England, with Jews composing one in five and nine residents respectively. The next most significant population is in Greater Manchester, a community of more than 25,000, in Bury (10,360), Salford (7,920), Manchester (2,725) and Trafford (2,490). There are also significant communities in Leeds (6,760), Gateshead (3,000), Brighton (2,730), Liverpool (2,330), Birmingham (2,150) and Southend (2,080). Towns and villages in Hertfordshire with large Jewish populations include Bushey (4,500), Borehamwood (3,900), and Radlett (2,300). Finchley and Golders Green is the political constituency with the largest Jewish population in the UK. An Orthodox community exists in Stamford Hill, Hackney, London.
Age profile
The British Jewish population has an older profile than the general population. In England and Wales, the median age of male Jews is 41.2, while the figure for all males is 36.1; Jewish females have a median age of 44.3, while the figure for all females is 38.1. About 24% of the community are over the age of 65 (compared to 16% of the general population of England and Wales). In the 2001 census, Jews were the only group in which the number of persons in the 75-plus cohorts outnumbered those in the 65–74 cohort.
Education
About 60% of school-age Jewish children attend Jewish schools. Jewish day schools and yeshivas are found throughout the country. Jewish cultural studies and Hebrew language instruction are commonly offered at synagogues in the form of supplementary Hebrew schools or Sunday schools.
The majority of Jewish schools in Britain are funded by the government. Jewish educational centres are plentiful, large-scale projects. One of the country's most famous Jewish schools is the state-funded JFS in London which opened in 1732 and has about 2100 students. It is heavily over-subscribed and applies strict rules on admissions, which led to a discrimination court case, R (E) v Governing Body of JFS, in 2009. In 2011, another large state-funded school opened in North London named JCoSS, the first cross-denomination Jewish secondary school in the UK.
The Union of Jewish Students is an umbrella organisation that represents Jewish students at university. In 2011 there were over 50 Jewish Societies.
British Jews generally have high levels of educational achievement. Compared to the general population, they are 40% less likely to have no qualifications, and 80% more likely to have "higher-level" qualifications. With the exception of under-25s, younger Jews tend to be better educated than older ones. However, dozens of the all-day educational establishments in the Haredi community of Stamford Hill, which are accused of neglecting secular skills such as English and maths, claim not to be schools under the meaning of the Department for Education.
The annual Limmud festival is a high-profile educational event of the British Jewish community, attracting a wide range of international presenters.
Employment and income
The 2001 UK Census showed that 30.5% of economically active Jews were self-employed, compared to a figure of 14.2% for the general population. Jews aged 16–24 were less likely to be economically active than their counterparts in the general population; 89.2% of these were students. In a 2010 study, average income per working adult was £15.44 an hour. Median income and wealth were significantly higher than other religious groups. In a 2015 study, poverty has risen the fastest per generation than other religious groups.
Marriage
In 2016, the Institute for Jewish Policy Research reported that the intermarriage rate for the Jewish community in the UK was 26%. This was less than half of the US rate of 58% and showed little change from the rate in the early 1980s of 23%, though more than twice the 11% level of the end of the 1960s. Around one third of the children of mixed marriages are brought up in the Jewish faith.
Religion
There are around 454 synagogues in the country, and it is estimated that 56.3% of all households across the UK with at least one Jew living within them held synagogue membership in 2016. The percentage of households adhering to specific denominations is as follows:
Orthodox ("consisting of the United Synagogue, the Federation of Synagogues and independent Orthodox synagogues") – 42.8%
Strictly Orthodox ("synagogues aligned with the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations and others of a similar ethos") – 23.5%
Reform (Movement for Reform Judaism and Westminster Synagogue and Chaim V'Tikvah and Hastings and District Jewish Society) – 19.3%
Liberal (Liberal Judaism and Belsize Square Synagogue) – 8.2%
Masorti (Assembly of Masorti Synagogues) – 3.3%
Sephardi – 2.9%
Those in the United Kingdom who consider themselves Jews identify as follows:
34% Secular
18% Ultra Orthodox
14% Modern Orthodox
14% Reform
10% Traditional,but not very religious
6% Liberal
2% Conservative
2% Sephardi
The Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue in the London Borough of Harrow said in 2015 that it had the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in Europe.
Media
There are a number of Jewish newspapers, magazines and other media published in Britain on a national or regional level. The most well known is The Jewish Chronicle, founded in 1841 and the world's oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper. Other publications include the Jewish News, Jewish Telegraph, Hamodia, the Jewish Tribune and Jewish Renaissance. In April 2020, The Jewish Chronicle and the Jewish News, which had announced plans to merge in February and later announced plans for a joint liquidation, continued as separate entities after the former was acquired by a consortium.
Politics
Before the 2015 general election, 69% of British Jews surveyed were planning to vote for the Conservative Party, while 22% would vote for the Labour Party. A May 2016 poll of British Jews showed 77% would vote Conservative, 13.4% Labour, and 7.3% Liberal Democrat. An October 2019 poll of British Jews showed 64% would vote Conservative, 24% Liberal Democrat, and only 6% Labour.
Jews are typically seen as predominantly middle-class, though historically many Jews lived in working-class communities of London. According to polling in 2015, politicians' attitudes towards Israel influence the vote of three out of four British Jews.
In London, most of the top constituencies with the largest Jewish populations voted Conservative in the 2010 general election - these are namely, Finchley and Golders Green, Hendon, Harrow East, Chipping Barnet, Ilford North, and Hertsmere in Hertfordshire. The exceptions were Hackney North and Stoke Newington and Hampstead and Kilburn, which both voted Labour in the election. Outside the region, large Jewish constituencies voted for Labour, namely Bury South and Blackley and Broughton.
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top"
|-
! colspan="7" |Jewish MPs by election1945–1992<ref>Jewish Identity in British Politics: The Case of the First Jewish MPs, 1858–87"</ref>
|-
! Election
! colspan=1 style="text-align:center"|Labour
! Conservative
! Liberal/Alliance
! Other
! Total
! % of Parliament
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1857
|
|
| 1
|
| 1
| style="text-align:center"|0.2
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1859
|
|
| 3
|
| 3
| style="text-align:center"|0.5
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1865
|
|
|
|
| 6
| style="text-align:center"|0.9
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1868
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1874
|
| 1
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1880
|
| 1
| 4
|
| 5
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1885
|
| 3
| 6
|
| 9
| style="text-align:center"|1.3
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1886
|
|
|
|
| 9
| style="text-align:center"|1.3
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1892
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left"|1895
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1900
|
| 7
| 2
|
| 9
| style="text-align:center"|1.3
|-
| colspan="7"|
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1945
| 26
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 28
| style="text-align:center"|4.4
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1950
| 23
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 23
| style="text-align:center"|3.7
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1951
| 17
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 17
| style="text-align:center"|2.7
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1955
| 17
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 18
| style="text-align:center"|2.9
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1959
| 20
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 22
| style="text-align:center"|3.5
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1964
| 34
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 36
| style="text-align:center"|5.7
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1966
| 38
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 40
| style="text-align:center"|6.3
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1970
| 31
| 9
| 0
| 0
| 40
| style="text-align:center"|6.3
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1974 Feb
| 33
| 12
| 1
| 0
| 45
| style="text-align:center"|7.2
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1974 Oct
| 35
| 10
| 1
| 0
| 45
| style="text-align:center"|7.2
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1979
| 21
| 11
| 1
| 0
| 32
| style="text-align:center"|5.0
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1983
| 11
| 17
| 2
| 0
| 30
| style="text-align:center"|4.6
|- style="text-align:center"
| style="text-align:left"|1987
| 7
| 16
| 1
| 0
| 24
| style="text-align:center"|3.7
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|1992
| 8
| 11
| 1
| 0
| 20
| style="text-align:center"|3.1
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|2017
| 8
| 11
| 0
| 0
| 19
| style="text-align:center"|2.9
|- style="text-align:center"
| align=left|2019
| 5
| 11
| 0
| 0
| 16
| style="text-align:center"|2.5
|}
Some MPs, such as Robert Jenrick and Keir Starmer, while not Jewish themselves, are married to Jews and have Jewish children.After Corbyn, UK Labour elects Keir Starmer, Zionist with Jewish wife, as leader, AFP/Times of Israel staff (April 4, 2020).
Antisemitism
The earliest Jewish settlement was recorded in 1070, soon after the Norman Conquest. Jews living in the England at this time experienced religious discrimination and it is thought that the blood libel which accused Jews of ritual murder originated in Northern England, leading to massacres and increasing discrimination.[2] The Jewish presence continued until King Edward I's Edict of Expulsion in 1290.[3]
Jews were readmitted into the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland by Oliver Cromwell in 1655, though it is believed that crypto-Jews lived in England during the expulsion.[4] Jews were regularly subjected to discrimination and humiliation which waxed and waned over the centuries, gradually declining.[5]
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the number of Jews in Britain greatly increased due to the exodus from Russia, which resulted in a large community forming in the East End of London.[6] Popular sentiment against immigration was used by the British Union of Fascists to incite hatred against Jews, leading to the Battle of Cable Street in 1936, when the fascists were forced to abandon their march through an area with a large Jewish population when the police clearing the way were unable to remove barricades defended by trade unionists, left wing groups and residents.[7]
In the aftermath of the Holocaust, undisguised racial hatred of Jews became unacceptable in British society. Outbursts of antisemitism emanating from far right groups continued, however, leading to the formation of the 43 Group led by Jewish ex-servicemen which broke up fascist meetings from 1945 to early 1950.
Records of antisemitic incidents have been compiled since 1984, although changing reporting practices and levels of reporting make comparison over time difficult. The Community Security Trust (CST) was formed in 1994 to "[protect] British Jews from antisemitism and related threats". It works in conjunction with the police and other authorities to protect Jewish schools, Synagogues, and other community institutions.
Communal institutions
British Jewish communal organisations include:
Anglo-Jewish Association
Association of Jewish Refugees
Board of Deputies (1760)
CCJO René Cassin
Community Security Trust
Institute for Jewish Policy Research
Jewish Board of Guardians
Jewish Book Council
Jewish Care
Jewish Council for Racial Equality
Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain
Jewish Leadership Council
JW3 – a London venue
Kisharon
League of British Jews
League of Jewish Women
Leo Baeck Institute London
Liberal Judaism
Limmud
London Jewish Forum
London Jewish Cultural Centre
Maccabaeans
Mitzvah Day International
Movement for Reform Judaism
Norwood
Scottish Council of Jewish Communities
Tzelem
UCL Institute of Jewish Studies
UK Jewish Film Festival
Union of Jewish Students
United Restitution Organization
United Synagogue
Union of Jewish Women
World Jewish Relief
See also
List of British Jews
List of Jewish communities in the United Kingdom
History of the Jews in England
History of the Jews in Scotland
History of the Jews in Ireland
History of the Jews in the Isle of Man
Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom
Notes and references
Notes
References
Sources
. All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism. September 2006. Accessed 1 April 2011. 24 November 2010. See inquiry website.
. Jewish Leadership Council. 2008. Accessed 4 April 2011.
, 4.93 MiB. See webpage.
, 2.68 MiB. See webpage.
Casale Mashiah, Donatella; Boyd, Jonathan (14 July 2017), Synagogue membership in the United Kingdom in 2016, Institute for Jewish Research
Further reading
Anti-Semitism Worldwide 1999/2000. Stephen Roth Institute. Distributed by the University of Nebraska Press. pp. 125–135.
Cesarani, David (1994). The Jewish Chronicle and Anglo-Jewry, 1841–1991. Cambridge University Press.
Cesarani, David. "British Jews". Liedtke, Rainer; Wendehorst, Stephan. (eds) (1999). The Emancipation of Catholics, Jews and Protestants: Minorities and the Nation State in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Manchester University Press. pp. 33–55.
Endelman, Todd M. (2002). The Jews of Britain, 1656 to 2000. University of California Press.
Spector, Sheila A. (ed) (2002). British Romanticism and the Jews: History, Culture, Literature. Palgrave Macmillan.
Valins, Oliver; Kosmin, Barry; Goldberg, Jacqueline. "The future of Jewish schooling in the United Kingdom". Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 31 December 2002. Accessed 4 April 2011.
London, Louise (2003). Whitehall and the Jews, 1933–1948: British Immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press.
Schreiber, Mordecai; Schiff, Alvin I.; Klenicki, Leon. (2003). The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia (3rd edition). Schreiber Publishing. pp. 79–80.
Wynne-Jones, Jonathan; additional reporting by Jeffay, Nathan. "Is this the last generation of British Jews?". The Daily Telegraph. 26 November 2006. Accessed 1 April 2011.
Shindler, Colin. "The Reflection of Israel Within British Jewry". Ben-Moshe, Danny; Segev, Zohar (eds) (2007). Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish Identity. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 227–234.
Butt, Riazat. "Faith in numbers". The Guardian. 20 November 2007. Accessed 4 April 2011.
Lawless, Jill. "London's Jewish Museum reopens after major facelift". Associated Press via USA Today. 17 March 2010. Accessed 1 April 2011.
Graham, David; Boyd, Jonathan. . Institute for Jewish Policy Research. 15 July 2010. Accessed 4 April 2011. 22 July 2011. See webpage.
Brown, Mick. "Inside the private world of London's ultra-Orthodox Jews". The Daily Telegraph''. 25 February 2011. Accessed 1 April 2011.
"Publications on British Jews from the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner".
External links
Anglo-Jewish Archives. University of Southampton
Jews and Judaism in the United Kingdom
British people of Jewish descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%20in%20Wales
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1964 in Wales
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This article is about the particular significance of the year 1964 to Wales and its people.
Incumbents
Secretary of State for Wales – Jim Griffiths (from 17 October)
Archbishop of Wales – Edwin Morris, Bishop of Monmouth
Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales – Cynan
Events
March – A representative of the National Coal Board writes to Mr DCW Jones, the Merthyr Tydfil Borough and Waterworks engineer, stating that they "would not like to continue beyond the next 6/8 weeks in tipping" coal slurry on Tip No 7 at Aberfan "where it is likely to be a source of danger to Pantglas school". Two and a half years later the tip would destroy the school, killing 116 children.
15 March – Richard Burton marries Elizabeth Taylor (for the first time) in Montreal.
April – George Street Bridge, Newport opens, the first cable-stayed bridge in the UK.
15 October – In the United Kingdom general election, Wales elects 28 Labour MPs, six Conservatives and two Liberals.
Alan Williams becomes MP for Swansea West
Ioan Evans becomes MP for Birmingham Yardley.
Leslie Thomas, son of Labour stalwart, Jimmy Thomas, becomes Conservative MP for Canterbury.
17 October – The Welsh Office is established, under the leadership of a Secretary of State for Wales (Jim Griffiths).
27 October – Pembroke Refinery is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
11 November – Politician Alun Gwynne Jones is raised to the peerage with the title Baron Chalfont of Llantarnam.
date unknown
Civic Trust for Wales formed to promote conservation and enhancement of the built environment.
Opening of the Edgar Evans building at the Royal Navy shore establishment on Whale Island, Portsmouth.
Arts and literature
Awards
Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry – R. S. Thomas
National Eisteddfod of Wales (held in Swansea)
National Eisteddfod of Wales: Chair – Bryn Williams
National Eisteddfod of Wales: Crown – Rhydwen Williams
National Eisteddfod of Wales: Prose Medal – Rhiannon Davies Jones
New books
English language
Aneirin Talfan Davies – Dylan: Druid of the Broken Body
Emrys Daniel Hughes – Sir Alec Douglas-Home
Stead Jones – Make Room for the Jester
Howard Spring – Winds of the Day
Reginald Frances Treharne – The Battle of Lewes in English History
Raymond Williams – Second Generation
Welsh language
John Gwilym Jones – Hanes Rhyw Gymro
John Robert Jones – Yr Argyfwng Gwacter Ystyr
Saunders Lewis – Merch Gwern Hywel
Caradog Prichard – Genod yn ein Bywyd
Thomas Ifor Rees – Illimani
Music
Geraint Evans stars as Falstaff at the Metropolitan Opera.
Film
Richard Burton stars in The Night of the Iguana.
Siân Phillips takes her first major film role in Becket, alongside her husband Peter O'Toole and Burton.
Victor Spinetti appears with The Beatles in A Hard Day's Night. Alun Owen's screenplay is nominated for an Academy Award.
Broadcasting
BBC Wales is launched.
Welsh-language television
Sion a Sian (later also produced in English as Mr and Mrs)
English-language television
Wales Today
Sport
Olympic Games – Lynn Davies wins the gold medal in the men's long jump.
Rugby union
1 February – Wales defeat Scotland 11–3 in Cardiff. Stuart Watkins makes his international debut.
7 March – Wales defeat Ireland 15–6 in Dublin. John Dawes makes his international debut.
Wales win the Five Nations Championship.
The Welsh national side makes its first overseas tour, to South Africa.
Tennis – Gerald Battrick wins the British and French junior championships.
BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year – Lynn Davies
Births
29 January – Anna Ryder Richardson, interior designer and television host
9 February – Dewi Morris, rugby player
4 March – Dave Colclough, poker player (died 2016
21 March – Ieuan Evans, rugby player
22 June – Neil Haddock, Welsh and British Champion super featherweight boxer
23 June – Robert Dickie, Welsh and British Champion boxing champion (died 2010)
16 August – Nigel Redman, rugby player
15 September – Steve Watkin, cricketer
8 October – Alan Knill, footballer
3 November – Wayne Mumford, footballer
28 November – Sian Williams, television presenter
30 November – Richard Brake, actor
1 December – Jo Walton, novelist and poet
31 December – Lowri Turner, television presenter
date unknown – Grahame Davies, poet
Deaths
4 January – Arthur Wade-Evans, historian, 88
7 January – Cyril Davies, harmonica player, 31
13 February – Cliff Richards, rugby player, 62
14 February
Sir Guildhaume Myrddin-Evans, civil servant, 69
William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech, 78
3 March – Ieuan Williams, cricketer, 54
6 August – Norman Matthews, clergyman and broadcaster, 60
14 August – Redvers Sangoe, Light-heavyweight boxer, 28
26 August – Bryn Roberts, trade union leader, 67
14 September – Fitzroy Richard Somerset, 4th Baron Raglan, anthropologist, 79
18 September – Juliet Rhys-Williams, writer and politician, 65
9 October – Thomas Jones Pierce, historian, 59
5 November – Owen Jones politician in Canada, 74
13 November – Leslie Morris, Welsh-Canadian politician, 60
14 November – Idwal Jones, novelist, 73
30 November – Sir John Cecil-Williams, lawyer and secretary of the Cymmrodorion, 72
4 December (in Melbourne) – James 'Tuan' Jones, Wales and British Lion rugby player, 81
date unknown – Idloes Owen, singer, composer, and conductor, 59
See also
1964 in Northern Ireland
References
Wales
Wales
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paws%20%26%20Tales
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Paws & Tales
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Paws & Tales, known as The Wildwood Adventures is a Christian children's animated series, radio drama and online games website created by Insight for Living, Providential Pictures and Chuck Swindoll, It first aired on radio in 2001, and in 2004 and 2005 two episodes were adapted into CGI animation and released onto VHS and DVD.based upon the book Paw Paw Chuck's Big Ideas in the Bible, by Chuck Swindoll and Ross Vera
Setting
Paws & Tales is set in the fictional town of Wildwood, at the base of Wild Mountain and about two miles east of the "Bay of Tranquility". The characters are all anthropomorphic animals, and the technology level is about equivalent to the early 20th century. The central characters are a group of children named "The Club" – C.J., Staci, Ned, Gooz, and Marsha – and their clubhouse, "The Fortress."
Main characters
Paw Paw Chuck (Grizzly Bear) - Wildwood's handyman, whose day-to-day trade is done at Paw Paw's Fix-it-Shop. His main occupation, though, is providing guidance and spiritual wisdom to the townspeople of Wildwood. He has been married to Nana Cindy for almost 30 years. Having no grandchildren of their own, they have become "adopted" grandparents to many of the kids of the town. In addition to his firm moral conviction, he also possesses great physical strength and courage.
Chancellor James "C.J." Brown (Brown Bear) - The central character for most of the stories. C.J. is a gregarious, fun-loving bear cub who loves to be in charge. However, he can be a general buzzkill and that often leads to arguments and trouble for those around him, and he is quite selfish oftentimes, but not to the extent of Staci. Also, he can also be secretive and tends to keep things all to himself, which also leads to trouble. He needs to overcome all his bad habits and work on changing for his own good. Unlike all the other cubs, he has heterochromia—he has one blue eye on his left—through which he has trouble seeing clearly. He's a sensitive, vulnerable cub who has sought to make the most of his disability by making himself the butt of his own jokes.
Staci Clemmer (Brown Bear) - A dramatic, rough-and-tumble cub who's as brave as a lion—afraid of nothing. She has a keen sense of humor, but unlike C.J., she has a more difficult time laughing at herself. Staci is, however, the most immature of the kids: selfish, bad-tempered, careless, thoughtless, quite mean oftentimes, and lacks self-control oftentimes; she would always try to take charge, which also causes problems and leads to trouble for those around her. But, she is an excellent problem solver; she just needs to learn to give up her bad side and work on changing for her own good. She often welcomes new settlers to Wildwood with a plate of homemade chocolate-chip cookies.
Ned Cleaver (Beaver) - C.J.'s best friend and the smartest one of the bunch. His intellect is also occasionally a stumbling block. He and C.J. finish each other's sentences and stick together as the only boys in The Club. However, he can be selfish, careless, thoughtless, and lacks self-control, so he needs to give up his bad ways and work on changing for his own good.
Pinkie Gongoozler (Weasel) - Nicknamed "Gooz", she is an insatiably curious girl and fascinated by anything out of the ordinary, so she is easily distracted. Her off-the-wall observations keep the members of The Club on their toes. Gooz is also a very talented artist, who, beneath her goofiness, has great wisdom and insight. She is from a large family that is not financially well-off, but that does not stop her from seeing the best in life and others. Her siblings include Willie, Ricky, Francie, and at least two others. However, she can be thoughtless, quick to new things, secretive and unwilling to speak from the truth, so she needs to give up her selfish nature and work on changing for her own good.
Marsha Moffet (Moose) - A young calf in the middle of a terribly awkward growth spurt—she's all legs and not much grace, but is the most mature of the kids. Marsha is the most tenderhearted of the bunch, and accordingly, she has compassion to spare. She is also a championship-level speller. She just needs to work on her posture and improve her kindness.
Other characters
Nana Cindy (Grizzly Bear) Paw-paw Chuck's wife.
Pastor Flint (Grizzly Bear) The minister of the local church (of no specified denomination), he is also Cindy's father and father-in-law of Paw-Paw Chuck.
Timothy Owl (Hoot Owl) A shifty character who often causes trouble for C.J. and the others by giving bad or misleading advice. Timothy is usually instigated by his "boss"; who is a shadowy character that lives in a nearby cave and seems to have sinister plans for the kids and the town. Timothy is clearly afraid of his boss, and the reason why he serves him is not clear.
Miss Harbor (Deer) - The kids' school teacher, noted for her devotion to being a good educator, and her sometimes unorthodox teaching style which included once teaching History while wearing a suit of armour.
Miss Helga Grissel (Wolf) - Miss Harbor's former teacher, who sometimes substitutes for her. Unlike Miss Harbour, she is unfriendly oftentimes and very strict, therefore she is unpopular with the kids. Years ago, she had been forced to leave the school after being falsely accused in an incident involving a student. However, thanks to the newfound kindness of the kids, she regains her former niceness and gains their love, trust, and respect.
Mrs. Collins (Bear) - A widow who lives in a large mansion with many rooms. Her husband has been a famous archaeologist who brought back many artifacts from his expeditions, most of which are uncatalogued and stored in several rooms of the house. The kids are often allowed in to explore and examine the artifacts. She is unaware of the two rats who live among the collection.
Hugh McClaw (Wildcat) - One of the kids' schoolmates, and a bully, who takes particular pleasure in teasing C.J. about his bad eye, calling him "Cyclops". He is confused about the club's devotion to their faith (despite their respective bad natures), though on at least one occasion he did consider joining the club, but eventually declined. It is hinted that Hugh may have a troubled home life that may contribute to his bullying behavior.
Tiffany Rockler - Another schoolmate, Tiffany is the daughter of Mr. Rockler, the richest man in town. Tiffany is vain, egotistical and insensitive, and she frequently tries to use her family's money and social status, both as an excuse and to get what she wants. The truth is, she is not in the good side, so she's on shaky ground. Tiffany has a lot of growing up to do.
Mr. Bentley Rockler - The only millionaire in Wildwood, he has many business interests, including the railroad. He is also C.J.'s father's employer. However, he can be foolish, selfish, thoughtless, and quick to anger at times, so he needs to work on changing his bad habits for good, and spend more time with his family.
Ezra (Sheepdog) - A sheepherder who lives outside of town, and an old friend of Paw-paw Chuck.
Captain Gus - The captain of a trade ship that stops periodically in Wildwood. A wise old salt, and a talented storyteller.
Captain Horatio (Walrus) - The lighthouse keeper, a retired ship Captain.
Officer Hunt (Dog) A policeman.
Cast
Audio episodes
The radio series was produced in California from 1998 until 2001 when Insight for Living moved its facilities to Plano, Texas. Soon after, many characters were re-cast with Texas-based talent. The producers chose not to re-cast some characters and continued to work with the original voice actors. The following is an incomplete list of actors in the roles they played in the radio series:
Narrator – David Heath
C.J. Brown – Ian Redford, Ayden Smalling, Cayman Mitchell
Staci Clemmer – Aubrey Martin, Cherami Leigh
Ned Cleaver – Eric Baesel
Pinkie "Gooz" Gongoozler – Susan Clausen
Marsha Moffet - Chris Anthony, Linda Marie Ford
Paw Paw Chuck – David King
Hugh McClaw - Joseph Narducci, Earl Fisher
Mange – Rick Robertson
Mayor Boggs – Scott Woods, John Galt
Miss Harbor – Kimberly Miller, Katy Gray-Jackson
Molty – Larry Brantley
Mr. Crawford – Steve Bridges
Mr. Rockler – John Galt
Mrs. Collins - Bonnie Bailey Reed
Officer Hunt - Jerry Woods
Theo Brown – Steve Bridges
Tiffany Rockler - Hannah Bickel Ferguson
Timothy Owl - Jerry Houston
Animated series
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series are a series of animated videos; first two CGI episodes entitled "Seeing the Unseen" and "A Closer Look" were produced in 2004 and 2005, starring Cherami Leigh as Staci Clemmer. From 2007 to 2008, 26 Flash Animated episodes were adapted from the radio shows and 10 episodes have been released on DVDs. In 2009 Paws & Tales, the Animated Series aired on the Miracle Channel and CTS TV. In 2010, Paws & Tales the Animated Series began airing on TBN and Smile of a Child. Animated episodes were produced by Cliff McDowell.
Cast
The voice cast from the animated series:
Narrator – David Heath
C.J. Brown – Braeden Soltyl
Staci Clemmer – Jessica Tyler
Ned Cleaver – Eric Baesel
Pinkie "Gooz" Gongoozler – Ashley Botting
Marsha Moffet - Chrishon Gambarotto
This is a list of the episodes on DVD:
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Seeing the Unseen (2004)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: A Closer Look (2005)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: The Good Shepard & A Good Foundation (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: If the Tooth be Know & High Noon (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Miss Helga Grissel & Grace to Hugh (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: A Race Against Time & The Hire Principle (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: True Riches & Every Good Thing (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: The Gift & Grow Your Gifts (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: To Have and Give Not & And Then There Were None... (2007)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: The Hullabaloo at Hunker Hill & The Great Go-Kart Race (2008)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Tiffany Cometh & The Tribe (2008)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Correction Course & Whose Name is Jealous? (2009)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Snake Oil & Eye of the Tiger (2009)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: The Princess & CJ Prospers (2010)
Paws & Tales, the Animated Series: Staci's Dilemma & The Honey Principle (2010)
References
External links
Paws & Tales – official website
Paws & Tales Games
Paws & Tales at Oneplace.com
Paws & Tales: The Animated Series
Paws & Tales: The Animated Series at CEGAnMo.com
Paws & Tales videos at the Internet Movie Database
Christian children's television series
American radio dramas
Christian radio dramas
Christian animation
Flash cartoons
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgnorth%20railway%20station
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Bridgnorth railway station
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Bridgnorth railway station is a station on the Severn Valley Railway heritage line, serving the Shropshire town of Bridgnorth, England. It is currently the northern terminus of the SVR, home to the main engine shed and has a gift shop, station buffet and licensed refreshment room amongst other facilities.
History
Bridgnorth station was not the northern terminus when built, but the main intermediate station of the Severn Valley line being miles from Hartlebury and miles from Shrewsbury. Bridgnorth station was opened to the public on 1 February 1862, prompting great celebrations in the town. Originally under SVR Company ownership, it was passed to Great Western Railway (GWR), and eventually British Railways in 1948. It closed to passengers after 101 years on 9 September 1963, and to freight traffic on 30 November 1963.
The neo-Jacobean station is the only listed station on the Severn Valley Railway and is in process of restoration work by a team of dedicated volunteers.
The licensed refreshment room, these days known as The Railwaymans Arms, is situated on platform 1. It opened in 1861 and never closed, being extended twice by the SVR, and now needing further extension due to its unique character and popularity.
Stationmasters
The first station master, William Doughty was convicted by Bridgnorth County Magistrates of an assault on Mr. C.H. Witherington, schoolmaster, cutting his lip and knocking out a tooth. He was fined £5 () and costs.
William Doughty 1863–1866
Samuel Martin 1866 – 1872 (formerly station master at Weymouth, afterwards station master at Westbury)
Frederick Corran Barrett from 1874 (formerly station master at Abergavenny)
William G. Bowerman 1879–1897
John Samuel Collett 1897–1905
William James Cowan 1905 – ca. 1911
George Smith 1914–1928 (formerly station master at Chipping Norton)
D.B. Davis 1930–1940 (formerly station master at Chipping Norton)
George Noble from 1940
W.L. Mann 1952–1960 (afterwards station master at Redditch)
H.E. Ray from 1960 (formerly station master at Bewdley)
Preservation
After only two years of closure preservationists had plans for Bridgnorth, resulting in the formation of the Severn Valley Railway Society. Vegetation was cleared, railway bric-a-brac was collected and the station buildings were refurbished. Although the original signal box was substantially demolished (only three sides of the bottom brick part and interlocking are original, the brick base was originally somewhat longer), Bridgnorth station was never damaged through this demolition activity. From then on preservation gained momentum until the present day. Bridgnorth became the engineering centre of the new SVR because of the need to repair the growing numbers of rolling stock items and locomotives after opening to the public when the first train steamed from Bridgnorth to Hampton Loade in May 1970.
The station is reached from High Town via a modern footbridge over a main road and a valley, the present bridge having opened in 1994. This replacement tubular steel bridge occupies the site of a lattice bridge closed and demolished several years previously. A section of the original footbridge adorns the centre island of one of the road traffic roundabouts.
Plans for a significant redevelopment of Bridgnorth station were approved by Shropshire Council in August 2016. The first phase of the project involving the construction of a new single-storey building in GWR circa 1900-style to provide a tea/refreshment room and new toilet facilities was completed at the end of 2018, as was the creation of an additional car park. Further phases will include the installation of a turntable in the locomotive yard and the renovation of the existing station building housing the booking hall, station shop and Railwayman's Arms public house. Additional funding will be required in due course for the construction of a new volunteer accommodation building.
Locomotive works
The main locomotive works for the SVR are located at Bridgnorth. They are not normally open to the public because of health and safety regulations but conducted tours and open days are arranged from time to time. Major features of the locomotive works include the Boiler Shop, the machine shop equipped with a Noble and Lund wheel lathe and ex-LT lifting jacks along with other equipment in the general fitting area.
Installation of a locomotive wheel drop that was recovered from Leicestershire was completed during 2010.
See also
Bridgnorth Cliff Railway
References
Further reading
External links
Bridgnorth station
Heritage railway stations in Shropshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1970
Railway workshops in Great Britain
Severn Valley Railway
Bridgnorth
1862 establishments in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naassenes
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Naassenes
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The Naassenes (Greek Naasseni, possibly from Hebrew נָחָשׁ naḥaš, snake) were a Christian Gnostic sect known only through the writings of Hippolytus of Rome.
The Naassenes claimed to have been taught their doctrines by Mariamne, a disciple of James the Just. The retention of the Hebrew form shows that their beliefs may represent the earliest stages of Gnosticism. Hippolytus regards them as among the first to be called simply "Gnostics", alleging that they alone have sounded the depths of knowledge.
Naassene Sermon
The Naassenes had one or more books out of which Hippolytus of Rome largely quotes in the Philosophumena, which professed to contain heads of discourses communicated by James, the brother of Jesus, to Mariamne. They contained treatises of a mystical, philosophic, devotional, and exegetical character, rather than a cosmological exposition. A very interesting feature of the book seems to have been the specimens it gave of Ophite hymnology.
The writer (or writers) is possibly Greek. He does indeed use the Hebrew words Naas and Caulacau, but these words had already passed into the common Gnostic vocabulary so as to become known to many unacquainted with Hebrew. He shows a great knowledge of the religious mysteries of various nations. For instance, he dilates much on the Phrygian rites, and the whole section seems to be a commentary on a hymn to the Phrygian Attis.
First Man
The Naassenes so far agreed with other Ophites that they gave to the first principle the names First Man and Son of Man, calling him in their hymns Adamas:
The First Man (Protanthropos, Adamas); the fundamental being before its differentiation into individuals (cf. Adam Kadmon).
The Son of Man; the same being after it has been individualized into existing things and thus sunk into matter.
Instead, however, of retaining the female principle of the Syrian Ophites, they represented their "Man" as androgynous; and hence one of their hymns runs "From thee, father, through thee, mother, the two immortal names." They declared that "the beginning of Perfection is the gnosis of Man, but the gnosis of God is perfected Perfection."
Although the myths of the earlier Ophite system are but lightly touched on, there is some trace of an acquaintance with them, as for example the myth that Adam was brought forth by the Earth spontaneously; he lay without breath, without motion, without stirring, like a statue; being made after the image of the First Man, through the agency of several Archons. In order for them to seize hold of the First Man, there was given unto Adam a soul, that through this soul the image of the First Man above might suffer and be chastened in bondage.
The Naassenes taught that their primary man was, like Geryon, threefold, containing in himself the three natures to noeron, to psychikon, to choikon; and so that in Jesus the three natures were combined, and through him speak to these different classes of men. From the living waters which he supplies each absorbs that for which his nature has attraction. From the same water the olive can draw its oil, and the vine its wine, and in like manner each other plant its special produce: chaff will be attracted by amber, iron only by the magnet, gold only by the prickle of the sea-hawk, so each according to his nature attracts and imbibes a different supply from the same source.
Three classes
Thus there are three classes of men and three corresponding churches:
Material (the Bound)—the heathen chiefly captive under the dominion of matter.
Psychic (the Called)—ordinary Christians.
Spiritual (the Elect)—out of the many called, the few chosen members of the Naassene sect.
Creation
The Naassene work known to Hippolytus would seem to have been of what we may call a devotional character rather than a formal exposition of doctrine, and this perhaps is why it is difficult to draw from the accounts left us a thoroughly consistent scheme. Thus, as we proceed, we are led to think of the first principle of nature, not as a single threefold being, but as three distinct substances; on the one hand the pre-existent, otherwise spoken of as the Good being, on the other hand the "outpoured Chaos," intermediate, between these one called Autogenes, and also the Logos. Chaos is naturally destitute of forms or qualities; neither does the preexistent being himself possess form, for though the cause of everything that comes into being, it is itself none of them, but only the seed from which they spring. The Logos is the mediator which draws forms from above and transfers them to the world below. Yet he seems to have a rival in this work; for we have reference made to a fourth being, whence or how brought into existence we are not told, a "fiery God," Esaldaios, the father of the idikos kosmos. That is to say, it was this fiery being, the same who appeared to Moses in the burning bush, who gave forms to the choical or purely material parts of nature. It is he who supplies the fiery heat of generation by which these forms are still continued. In this work the Logos had no part, for "all things were made through him, and without him was made nothing." The "nothing" that was made without him is the kosmos idikos. On the other hand, it is the Logos, who is identified with the serpent, and this again with the principle of Water, who brings down the pneumatic and psychical elements, so that through him man became a living soul. But he has now to do a greater work, namely, to provide for the release of the higher elements now enslaved under the dominion of matter, and for their restoration to the good God.
Generation
The Mysteries of the ancient world, it is taught, pertained to generation. The Lesser Mysteries pertained to the carnal, and the Greater dealt with the spiritual. Within the seed—sperma—is the Mystery of the Logos, as it is the original cause of all things that exist.
For the restoration of the chosen seed an essential condition is the complete abandonment of sexual intercourse between men and women. The captive people must pass out of Egypt; Egypt is the body, the Red Sea the work of generation; to cross the Red Sea and pass into the wilderness is to arrive at a state where that work of generation has been forsaken. Thus they arrive at the Jordan. This is the Logos through whose streams rolling downward forms had descended from above, and generations of mortal men had taken place; but now Jesus, like his Old Testament namesake, rolls the stream upwards, and then takes place a generation not of men, but of gods, for to this name the new-born seed may lay claim (). But if they return to Egypt, that is to carnal intercourse, "they shall die like men." For that which is born from below is fleshly and mortal, that which is born from above is spiritual and immortal. This is the divine bliss—hidden, and yet revealed—of that which was, is, and will be—the kingdom of heaven to be sought for within.
The specimens already given present but a faint idea of the author's method of scripture exegesis. Hippolytus declares that the verses of Paul in contain the key to their whole system, which he alludes to with a great deal of innuendo:
And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet.
This "unseemly" being their Mystery of divine bliss, he states; "that heavenly, sublime, felicity, that absence of all form which is the real source of every form." And baptism applied to none save the man who was introduced into this divine bliss, being washed with the Living Water, and "anointed with the Ineffable Chrism from the Horn, like David [was], not from the flask of clay, like Saul, who was fellowcitizen with an evil daemon of fleshly desire."
The Hermetic alchemists asserted that the Great Work was an opus contra naturam; Paul's use of "against nature" (παρὰ φύσιν, ) may have been given a similar allegorical meaning by the Naassene exegete. It is certainly possible that the Naassenes viewed homosexuality as exemplifying their concept of androgyny. Carl Jung remarked, "such a disposition should not be adjudged negative in all circumstances, in so far as it preserves the archetype of the Original Man, which a one-sided sexual being has, up to a point, lost." But as to evidence of any "unseemly" acts, Hippolytus writes that in every way, "they are not emasculated, and yet they act as though they were."
Exegesis
The writer, it will be seen, makes free use of the New Testament. He seems to have used all the four Gospels, but that of which he makes most use is St. John's. He quotes from Paul's epistles to the Romans, Corinthians (both letters), Galatians, and Ephesians. There is a copious use also of the Old Testament; and besides we are told there is a use of the Gospel according to the Egyptians, and that of Thomas. But what most characterizes the document under consideration is the abundant use of pagan writings. For the author's method of exegesis enables him to find his system in Homer with as much ease as in the Bible.
Great part of the extract given by Hippolytus is a commentary on a hymn to the Phrygian Attis, all the epithets applied to whom are shown when etymologically examined, to be aspects of the Logos. One of the first of the titles applied to Attis is papas—here we are taught to recognise him who brought to rest (epause) all the disorderly motion that prevailed before his appearing. To him all things cry paue, paue, ten asymphonian.
The serpent
Every temple, naos, shows by its title that it is intended for the honour of the serpent naas as "the Moist Essence," of the universe, without which "naught at all of existing things, immortal or mortal, animate or inanimate, can hold together." Furthermore, "all things are subject to Him, and He is Good, and has all things in Him ... so that He distributes beauty and bloom to all that exist according to each one's nature and peculiarity, as though permeating all."
G.R.S. Mead has suggested that all of this is in reference to the Kundalini:—
This is the cosmic Akāsha of the Upaniṣhads, and the Kuṇḍalinī, or serpentine force in man, which when following animal impulse is the force of generation, but when applied to spiritual things makes of a man a god. It is the Waters of Great Jordan flowing downwards (the generation of men) and upwards (the generation of gods); the Akāsha-gangā or Heavenly Ganges of the Purāṇas, the Heavenly Nile of mystic Egypt.
Eden
The Garden of Eden, in the Naassene system, is the brain, and Paradise the human head, with the four rivers having special significance:
Pishon, "that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone."
Eyes (because of its dignity and colors that bear witness to what is said)
Gihon, "the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia."
Hearing (because of its being labyrinthine)
Tigris, "that which flows the opposite way to the Assyrians."
Breathing (because "the current of it is very rapid; and it 'flows the opposite way to the Assyrians,' because after the breath is breathed out, on breathing in again, the breath that is drawn in from without, from the air, comes in more rapidly, and with greater force.")
Euphrates
Mouth (because through prayer and food, a "man is rejoiced, and nourished and expressed.")
Books
A Naassene Fragment (quoted by Hippolytus as a summary of the entire Naassene system)
The Gospel of Philip (evidently distinct from the Gospel of Philip of the Nag Hammadi Library)
The Gospel of Thomas
The Greek Gospel of the Egyptians
See also
Borborites
Mandaeism
Nehushtan
Perates
Sethianism
Snake worship
The Worship of the Serpent
References
Bibliography
Hippolytus, Philosophumena, Book V: Naasseni
Early Gnostic Christian sects
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5380476
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Teare
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Eddie Teare
|
William Edward "Eddie" Teare, (born 10 May 1948) is a Manx politician, who was the Minister of the Treasury from 2011 to 2016 after holding other ministerial positions. He was MHK (Member of the House of Keys) for Ayre from 2004 to 2016, having first been elected to the House in a 2004 by-election. He was educated at Ramsey Grammar School.
He is an associate of the Chartered Institute of Bankers and has a distinction in the Finance of Foreign Trade. He worked for the Isle of Man Bank from 1965 to 2004, rising to risk manager and senior relationship manager. He has also worked as a conveyancing manager at Laurence Keenan Advocates.
Personal life
Teare is married to Irene (née Craig). They have two children, Steven (born 1983) and Faye (born 1985).
Governmental positions
Chairman of the Manx Electricity Authority, 2005–07
Minister of Health and Social Security, 2006–10
Minister for Education and Children, 2010–11
Minister of the Treasury, 2011–16
References
1948 births
Living people
Manx politicians
Members of the House of Keys 2001–2006
Members of the House of Keys 2006–2011
Members of the House of Keys 2011–2016
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3989239
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20in%20Argentina
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2000 in Argentina
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The following lists events that happened during 2000 in Argentina.
Incumbents
President: Fernando de la Rúa
Vice President: Carlos Álvarez (until October 6), vacant thereafter
Governors
Governor of Buenos Aires Province: Carlos Ruckauf
Governor of Catamarca Province: Oscar Castillo
Governor of Chaco Province: Ángel Rozas
Governor of Chubut Province: José Luis Lizurume
Governor of Córdoba: José Manuel De la Sota
Governor of Corrientes Province:
until 20 March: Ramón Mestre
20 March-10 December: Oscar Aguad
starting 10 December: Ricardo Colombi
Governor of Entre Ríos Province: Sergio Montiel
Governor of Formosa Province: Gildo Insfrán
Governor of Jujuy Province: Eduardo Fellner
Governor of La Pampa Province: Rubén Marín
Governor of La Rioja Province: Ángel Maza
Governor of Mendoza Province: Roberto Iglesias
Governor of Misiones Province: Carlos Rovira
Governor of Neuquén Province: Jorge Sobisch
Governor of Río Negro Province: Pablo Verani
Governor of Salta Province: Juan Carlos Romero
Governor of San Juan Province: Alfredo Avelín
Governor of San Luis Province: Adolfo Rodríguez Saá
Governor of Santa Cruz Province: Néstor Kirchner
Governor of Santa Fe Province: Carlos Reutemann
Governor of Santiago del Estero: Carlos Juárez
Governor of Tierra del Fuego: Carlos Manfredotti
Governor of Tucumán: Julio Miranda
Vice Governors
Vice Governor of Buenos Aires Province: Felipe Solá
Vice Governor of Catamarca Province: Hernán Colombo
Vice Governor of Chaco Province: Roy Nikisch
Vice Governor of Corrientes Province: vacant
Vice Governor of Entre Rios Province: Edelmiro Tomás Pauletti
Vice Governor of Formosa Province: Floro Bogado
Vice Governor of Jujuy Province: Rubén Daza
Vice Governor of La Pampa Province: Heriberto Mediza
Vice Governor of La Rioja Province: Luis Beder Herrera
Vice Governor of Misiones Province: Mercedes Margarita Oviedo
Vice Governor of Nenquen Province: Jorge Sapag
Vice Governor of Rio Negro Province: Bautista Mendioroz
Vice Governor of Salta Province: Walter Wayar
Vice Governor of San Juan Province: Marcelo Lima
Vice Governor of San Luis Province: María Alicia Lemme
Vice Governor of Santa Cruz: vacant
Vice Governor of Santa Fe Province: Marcelo Muniagurria
Vice Governor of Santiago del Estero: vacant
Vice Governor of Tierra del Fuego: Daniel Gallo
Events
January
7 January: 35 years after the last expedition, an Argentine group reaches the South Pole.
February
3 February: Murderers of José Luis Cabezas get life imprisonment sentence .
March
8 March: Heavy rains cause floods in Tucumán Province, which then expand to Santiago del Estero and Córdoba .
30 March: The government announces salary cuts of 12 to 15% for state employees, following pressures of the IMF.
April
May
7 May: Aníbal Ibarra is elected Head of Government (mayor) of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires .
June
7 June: Argentine state-owned company INVAP wins a bid to construct a nuclear reactor for Australia .
28 June: The World Bank grants Argentina a $3,000 million loan to fight poverty .
July
August
September
October
November
December
Deaths
February 12: Juan Carlos Thorry (b. 1908), actor. .
August 24: Rodrigo Bueno (b. 1973), singer and cuartetazo idol.
July 29: René Favaloro (b. 1923), cardiologist, creator of the coronary artery bypass surgery technique
October 28: Carlos Guastavino (b. 1912), composer
November 10: Aníbal Verón, bus driver and activist, piquetero icon
December 12: Libertad Lamarque (b. 1908), actress
Sports
See worldwide 2000 in sports
June 21: Boca Juniors wins the Copa Libertadores 2000 after beating Palmeiras in São Paulo on penalties.
June 26: Huracán wins the 1999/00 second division to return to first division
See also
List of Argentine films of 2000
Argentina
Years of the 20th century in Argentina
Argentina
2000s in Argentina
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5380489
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20D.%20Warren%20Co.%20v.%20Maine%20Board%20of%20Environmental%20Protection
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S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
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S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection, 547 U.S. 370 (2006), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States involving licensing requirements under the Clean Water Act. The Court ruled unanimously that hydroelectric dams were subject to section 401 of the Act, which conditioned federal licensing for a licensed activity that could result in "any discharge" into navigable waters upon the receipt of a state certification that water protection laws would not be violated. The Court believed that since the Act did not define the word "discharge" it should be given its ordinary meaning, such that the simple flowing forth of water from a dam qualified.
Background
The S. D. Warren Company operates several hydroelectric dams along the course of the Presumpscot River in southern Maine, which generate electricity for its paper mill. Each dam operates by creating a pond, from which water bypasses part of the river to funnel through turbines before flowing back into the riverbed. Licenses to operate the dams are granted by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) pursuant to the Federal Power Act.
In addition to the FERC licenses, the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 introduced a specific requirement for activities that could cause a "discharge" into navigable waters. The license for that activity is conditioned on a certification from the State in which the discharge may originate that it will not violate certain water quality standards, including those set by the State's own laws. That requirement was subsequently included in section 401 of the Clean Water Act.
In 1999, S. D. Warren sought to renew federal licenses for five of its dams. It applied for water quality certifications from the Maine Department of Environmental Protection, but it filed its application under protest, claiming that its dams did not result in any "discharge into" the river that would trigger the application of section 401. The Maine agency issued certifications that required Warren to maintain a minimum stream flow in the bypassed portions of the river and to allow passage for various migratory fish and eels. FERC eventually licensed the five dams subject to the Maine conditions, but the company continued to deny any need for state certification under section 401.
After appealing unsuccessfully to Maine's administrative appeals tribunal, the Board of Environmental Protection, Warren filed suit in Cumberland County Superior Court. The court rejected Warren's argument that its dams do not result in discharges, and the Maine Supreme Judicial Court affirmed.
Opinion of the Court
The Court unanimously affirmed the decision of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. The Court's opinion was delivered by Justice David Souter, and was joined by the whole Court. However, Justice Antonin Scalia, a noted critic of the use of legislative history in statutory interpretation, did not join in Part III-C of the opinion, which criticized the company's argument based on legislative history.
The Court observed that the Clean Water Act did not define discharge, but stated that "the term ‘discharge’ when used without qualification includes a discharge of a pollutant, and a discharge of pollutants." The Act furthermore defined "discharge of a pollutant" and "discharge of pollutants," as meaning "any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source." The Court believed this meant "discharge" was broader than these definitions, or else the term was superfluous. Because of the lack of a statutory definition, and because it is not a term of art, the Court was left to instead construe it "in accordance with its ordinary or natural meaning."
Citing to Webster's New International Dictionary, the Court explained that "discharge" commonly means a "flowing or issuing out," an ordinary sense of the word that the Court had used in prior water-related cases. A 1994 decision specifically involving section 401 had even used this definition. The Environmental Protection Agency and FERC had also regularly read "discharge" by this plain meaning, so as to cover releases from hydroelectric dams. Though Chevron deference did not apply in this context, the Court nevertheless believed that those usages of "discharge" by those agencies "confirms our understanding of the everyday sense of the term."
Notes
References
2006 in the environment
2006 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States environmental case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
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