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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia%20Filarmonica%20di%20Bologna
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Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna
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The Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna ("philharmonic academy of Bologna"; sometimes known in English as the Bologna Academy of Music) is a music education institution in Bologna, Italy.
The Accademia de' Filarmonici was founded as an association of musicians in Bologna in 1666 by Vincenzo Maria Carrati. Saint Anthony of Padua was chosen as the patron saint, and an organ with the motto Unitate melos as the emblem. Through the influence of Pietro Ottoboni, the statute of the academy was approved by Clement XI in 1716. In 1749 the Benedict XIV decreed that the Accademia could award the title of Maestro di cappella.
Among the early members of the academy were Giovanni Paolo Colonna (one of the founders of 1666), Arcangelo Corelli (1670), Giacomo Antonio Perti (1688), Giuseppe Maria Jacchini (1688), Giuseppe Maria Orlandini, Antonio Maria Bernacchi (1722), Giovanni Carestini (1726) and the celebrated castrato singer Carlo Farinelli (1730).
The composer and teacher Giovanni Battista Martini taught at the Accademia from 1758; his pupils included André Ernest Modeste Grétry, Josef Mysliveček, Maksym Berezovsky, Stanislao Mattei (who succeeded Martini as teacher of composition), Johann Christian Bach, the noted cellist Giovanni Battista Cirri and, in 1770, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
In the 19th and 20th centuries the institution was interlaced with such names as Gioacchino Rossini, Giuseppe Verdi, Arrigo Boito, Richard Wagner, Jules Massenet, Camille Saint-Saëns, Giacomo Puccini, and also with John Field, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms, Anton Rubinstein, Ferruccio Busoni and Ottorino Respighi.
References
Further reading
Nestore Morini (1967). L'Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna, 1666-1966, volume I: 'Fondazione e vicende storiche'. Bologna: Tamari.
Laura Callegari Hill (1991). L'Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna, 1666-1800. Bologna: A.M.I.S.
Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna
1666 establishments in the Papal States
Educational institutions established in the 1660s
1666 establishments in Italy
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5379429
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building%20Schools%20for%20the%20Future
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Building Schools for the Future
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Building Schools for the Future (BSF) was the name given to the British government's investment programme in secondary school buildings in England in the 2000s. The programme was ambitious in its costs, timescales and objectives, with politicians from all English political parties supportive of the principle but questioning the wisdom and cost effectiveness of the scheme. The delivery of the programme was overseen by Partnerships for Schools (PfS), a non-departmental public body formed through a joint venture between the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) (formerly the Department for Education and Skills), Partnerships UK and private sector partners. Fourteen local education authorities were asked to take part in the first wave of the Building Schools for the Future programme for the fiscal year 2005/6. By December 2009, 96 local authorities had joined the programme.
In 2007 the programme was complemented by the announcement of a Primary Capital Programme, with £1.9 billion to spend on 675 building projects for primary schools in England over three years.
On 5 July 2010 the Secretary of State for Education, Michael Gove, announced that following a review, which was informed by an impartial analysis from Robin F. Paynter Bryant, an experienced City banker, the Building Schools for the Future programme was to be scrapped. Projects which had not achieved the status of 'financial close' would not proceed, meaning that 715 school revamps already signed up to the scheme would not go ahead. He also announced that a further 123 academy schemes were to be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
Management
The BSF programme had historically been dogged by sporadic or no management at the top, with Richard Bowker (Chair and Chief Executive of the Strategic Rail Authority) leaving his post just eight months into the role. However, Bowker was replaced in November 2006 by Tim Byles, who joined from Norfolk County Council, where he had been CEO for 10 years.
Initially all Local Authorities (LAs) had been placed in a national programme consisting of 15 waves. The programme did not proceed as rapidly as had been expected and both the Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) and Partnerships for Schools (PfS) began looking closely at the authorities' capacity and readiness to deliver projects. During the Spring of 2008 the DCSF consulted on the management of future waves of BSF and subsequently invited all LAs to submit an Expression of Interest to joint the BSF programme sooner than the original programme might have indicated. The announcement of the new programme arrangements was made on 2 March 2009 and at subsequent briefings to Local Authorities it was made clear by PfS that demonstrable "readiness to deliver" was to be a key condition for future pledges of funding.
A tranche of forty authorities were invited to make a "Readiness to Deliver" submission by 8 May 2009. Of those that did, only Hampshire, Barnet, Bolton, Peterborough, Wigan and Sunderland were successful. In early August 2009 the authorities that had been unsuccessful, as well as those who had delayed making a submission, were advised that all submissions for the remaining twelve places to be allocated during the financial year ending on 31 March 2010 were to be made by 17 September 2009. On 30 November 2009 it was announced that eleven local authorities – Brent, Darlington, Devon, Havering, Kingston, Croydon, Norfolk, Plymouth, Sefton, Wakefield, and Warrington – would be joining the BSF programme for the first time, with another two – Lancashire and Tameside – starting the next phase of their BSF schemes. This brought to 96 the number of local authorities in England which were active in BSF.
The revised management arrangements for BSF apparently reinforced the DCSF's faith in PfS, as the Minister for Schools announced in June 2009 that PfS was to assume responsibility for the management and delivery of all school building and refurbishment programmes. Day-to-day responsibility of all schools' capital programmes, including the Primary Capital Programme, transferred from the DCSF to PfS on 1 October 2009.
In 2009 the National Audit Office noted management issues regarding problems in meeting targets, overuse of expensive consultants, and high staff costs (the Chief Executive and top four directors received about £750,000 pa in total).
Funding and budgets
Primary education
Primary schools were initially not included in BSF, although in March 2006 it was announced that a parallel programme – the Primary Capital Programme (PCP) – would be starting for primary schools and schools for primary-age special needs pupils. Rather than allocating money by authority in waves, it was intended that there will be regional pilot schemes in 2008, leading to a broader approach whereby all authorities could apply for funding from 2009. Funding to Local Authorities would only be confirmed once they had submitted and gained approval for their 'Strategy for Change' (SfC) describing how they would address the PCP priorities.
Thus 23 Local Authorities (LAs) initially had access to £6.5 million each to refurbish a primary school, before widening access to an overall budget of £1.9 billion, with an initial expectation of starting 675 primary school building projects over the following three years. In November 2008, 41 additional LAs had their Strategies for Change accepted (green status) and thus their PCP funding for 2009/10 and 2010/11 approved. 92 LAs were invited to submit further information (amber status) and only had their 2009/10 funding approved, and 15 LAs (red status) were required to address specific issues in their Strategy before any funding was approved.
Secondary education
The BSF programme involved the decentralisation of funds to local education partnerships (LEPs) to build and improve secondary school buildings. However, the LEPs were not only responsible for the construction of the buildings but also for co-ordinating and overseeing the educational transformation and community regeneration that the investment can support. The private sector LEP partner(s) were intended to introduce capital and expertise. With investments of over £2 billion in the first year, across an estimated 200 schools through the country, it was claimed as the single biggest government investment programme in education for over 50 years. The then- Prime Minister Tony Blair said the investment "will see the entire secondary school building stock upgraded and refurbished in the greatest school renewal programme in British history."
Capital funding available for investment in school buildings rose sharply from £683 million in 1996–97 to £3.8 billion in 2003–04; this further increased to £4.5 billion in 2004–05 and to £5.1 billion in 2005–06, £9.3 billion over 2008–11, and £8.2 billion in 2011, ultimately costing £45 billion over 15 years to 20 years. Funding was in 15 'waves', or groups of authorities. BSF was intended to be approximately half conventional and half Private Finance Initiative (PFI) funded. Of the £2.2 billion for BSF, £1.2 billion (55.5%) was covered by PFI credits.
Funding associated with BSF was not just limited to construction and equipment in new schools, but also improving facilities at existing schools, such as providing schools with direct capital funding to spend on buildings and Information and communications technology (ICT). Depending on their size, primary and secondary schools received about £34,000 and £113,000 respectively during 2007–08 for these initiatives, which equates to around £1 billion across English schools.
Criticism
Most of the major new building works were PFI-funded, which takes the construction and facilities management (but not the educational provision) out of the financial control of local education authorities because the construction and facilities management of a school becomes a source of revenue for the consortia involved for up to 30 years, even if the school is no longer needed. While promoted as a huge investment in public services within Secondary Education, it allowed a consortium made up of a financiers, construction companies and IT companies to take away control of public assets from the local authority.
This may handicap future changes, as designers currently face difficulties in trying to predict how learning environments will evolve, exacerbated by poor levels of participation by governors, teachers, pupils, and the community in the design process. The scale of the building programme was far larger than the capacity of the available pool of experienced architects and designers, while the educators running the developments had very little prior experience of commissioning such major construction works. There was little sharing of best practice and learning between authorities, schools, contractors, suppliers and others involved in BSF, and the timescales discouraged thorough planning. The funds provided under this programme were used for materials and building infrastructure (usually including repairs and on-going maintenance) whilst funding for teaching continued in the normal way, except in the case of academies where funding came directly from the Secretary of State. A consequence of the PFI element of the programme was that recurrent and strategic maintenance of school buildings is addressed within the contract, which reverses the tendency for school governing bodies to under-allocate funds for these aspects of asset management, leading to high levels of backlog maintenance at many schools.
Bidders for funding claimed that the work to put together a bid was onerous and costly, and required the navigation of many government bodies. The co-ordinating body, Partnerships for Schools, was reportedly focused on construction procurement without a full understanding of all the other factors involved.
There were accusations that the relationship between the quality of infrastructure and the quality of pupil education was not clearly demonstrated; many of the schools at the top of the league tables were ancient schools with mostly ancient buildings. The House of Commons Select Committee expressed concerns that, whilst this investment in spaces to support learning was unprecedented, the enormous scale of the project was not being managed to ensure that its scope and aims remained appropriate. There were no clear or consistent objectives set down to judge progress, or to establish if this was the best way to spend £45 billion on education. 800 schools most in need had already been prioritised and refurbished in the years immediately before this programme started; it was unclear what the current need was, and how the money previously spent would fit in with the broad untargetted approach of BSF.
The selection of some schools for demolition and rebuilding was controversial; notably there were criticisms in the architectural press over the demolition of the brutalist Pimlico School, with many calls for the building to be protected by being placed on the register of listed buildings. The designs of 10 of the first 11 schools, including Pimlico, were granted planning permission even though they have been described by CABE as 'mediocre' or 'not yet good enough'. They noted that it was possible to be selected for a PFI scheme without a high quality design.
The upgrade programme took place at a time when building standards were being substantially rewritten to incorporate improved energy efficiency and green construction methods. Schools were alleged to emit about 15% of the public sector's carbon footprint in the UK. New schools and refurbishment projects were required to perform an assessment in accordance with the Building Research Establishment's assessment method (BREEAM) that checked against environmental performance targets for new and refurbished school buildings. However, there were concerns that commercial imperatives would mean no incentives to exceed these standards were put in place, and the subsequent works were mainly being designed against the cheaper but less energy-efficient older building standards, with very little cash being set aside to meet pending standards. To counter some of this criticism and to celebrate the many positive aspects of the BSF programme, in November 2008 Partnerships for Schools hosted the first annual "Excellence in BSF Awards", recognising a wide range of aspects of the initiative.
Achievements
District BSF plans
Primary and secondary schools in the district of the Wyre Forest in Worcestershire were part of the national school upgrading process from Building Schools for the Future. The plans also involved local sponsors and LEA funding to provide £130m to rebuild, extend and modernise five secondary schools and approximately 10 primary schools. The Wyre Forest area of Worcestershire is a sub-rural settlement of three towns, Kidderminster being the largest, Stourport being the second largest and Bewdley on Severn being the smallest. The schools that were part of the BSF 2013 rebuild plans included:
Baxter College, Kidderminster – To be rebuilt, 2013
The Bewdley School and Sixth Form Centre – To be largely extended, refurbished and modernised, 2013
King Charles I School – To be rebuilt, 2013
The Stourport High School & VIth Form Centre – To be rebuilt on a new site, 2013
Wolverley CE Secondary School – To be rebuilt, 2014
Primary schools included:
Bewdley Primary School
St.Johns Middle School, Kidderminster
St. Anne's CE Primary School, Bewdley
Stourport Primary School
Lickhill Primary School, Stourport
Sutton Park Primary School, Kidderminster
St. Catherine's CE Primary School, Kidderminster
Wolverley Sebright Primary School and Nursery, Wolverley
Kidderminster Pupil Referral Unit
In 2008 The Bewdley School and Sixth Form Centre were provided with a £4m, state-of-the-art modular building. The look, sustainability and practicality are some of the reasons that the modular building has influenced other new major building projects including BSF, in places such as Birmingham, London and Staffordshire. The new projects in Bristol such as Bridge Learning Campus and many new primary schools have been based on the modular building at Bewdley.
New schools / colleges / academies
The BSF programme provided funding for the construction of entirely new schools and colleges, as well as rebuilding existing ones and providing ICT funding to non-BSF, new-build schools.
Forest Oak School (Solihull Centre for Inclusive Learning), Solihull. Opened May 2006.
Merstone School (Solihull Centre for Inclusive Learning), Solihull. Opened May 2006.
Bamburgh School (Horsley Hill Community Campus), South Tyneside. Opened October 2006.
Chaucer Business and Enterprise College, Sheffield. Opened October 2006.
Bristol Brunel Academy, Bristol. Opened September 2007.
Elmgreen School, Lambeth. Opened in temporary accommodation, September 2007.
Haringey Sixth Form Centre, Haringey. Opened September 2007.
Birches Head High School, Stoke-on-Trent. Opened November 2007.
Sandon High School, Stoke-on-Trent. Opened February 2008.
The Michael Tippett School, Lambeth. Opened in February 2008.
Ifield School, Kent. Opened March 2008.
Bristol Metropolitan College, Bristol. Opened April 2008.
Canning Street Primary (delivered by BSF LEP), Newcastle. Opened May 2008.
2008 09
Kelmscott School, Waltham Forest. Opened September 2008.
Melland (Part of Gorton Education Village), Manchester. Opened September 2008.
Cedar Mount (part of Gorton Education Village), Manchester. Opened September 2008.
Allerton High, Leeds. Opened September 2008.
Newell Green High School, Manchester. Opened September 2008.
Pudsey Grangefield, Leeds. Opened September 2008.
Rodillian School, Leeds. Opened September 2008.
Lanchester Academy, Solihull. Opened September 2008.
Buttershaw School Bradford. Opened September 2008.
Titus Salt School, Bradford. Opened September 2008.
Tong School, Bradford. Opened September 2008.
Brislington Enterprise College, Bristol. Opened September 2008.
Burnley Campus, Burnley. Opened September 2008.
Pendle Vale College, Lancashire. Opened September 2008.
Pendle Community High School, Lancashire. Opened September 2008.
Shuttleworth College, Burnley. Opened September 2008.
Walbottle Campus Technology College, Newcastle. Opened September 2008.
Walkergate and Stocksfield (primary schools delivered through BSF LEP), Newcastle. Opened September 2008.
Frederick Bremer, Waltham Forest. Opened September 2008.
St Paul's Catholic High School, Manchester. Opened September 2008.
Cockburn College of Arts, Leeds. Opened September 2008.
Penyrn College, Cornwall. Opened September 2008.
Sinfin Community College, Derby City. Opened September 2008.
Charlton Special School, Greenwich. Opened September 2008.
Archbishop Grimshaw Catholic School, Birmingham. Opened October 2008.
Park Hall School, Solihull. Opened October 2008.
Park Campus, Lambeth. Opened November 2008.
2009
Sedgehill School, Lewisham. Opened January 2009.
St Matthew's Roman Catholic High School, Manchester. Opened January 2009.
Christ the King Catholic and Church of England Centre for Learning, Knowsley. Opened January 2009.
Silverdale School, Sheffield. Opened January 2009.
Newfield Secondary School, Sheffield. Opened January 2009.
Talbot Special School, Sheffield. Opened January 2009.
The Bridge Learning Campus, Bristol. Opened January 2009.
North Ridge SEN and Our Lady's RC Sports College (Higher Blackley Education Village), Manchester. Opened February 2009.
West Jesmond Primary School (delivered through BSF LEP), Newcastle. Opened March 2009.
Elm Court Special School, Lambeth. Opened March 2009.
Beaumont Leys, Leicester. Opened April 2009.
Catford School, Lewisham. Opened April 2009.
Durham Johnston School, Durham. Opened April 2009.
Stockwell Park, Lambeth. Opened April 2009.
Chessington Community College, Kingston upon Thames. Opened April 2009.
Buglawton Residential, Manchester. Opened May 2009.
Judgemeadow Community College, Leicester. Opened June 2009.
Rushey Mead School, Leicester. Opened 18 June 2012.
Soar Valley College Leicester. Opened June 2009.
St George's Church of England Foundation School, Kent. Opened June 2009.
The Bulwell Academy, Bulwell, Nottingham. Opened August 2009, new building opened August 2010.
Sir John Thursby Community College, Burnley. Opened September 2009.
Huyton Arts and Sports, Centre for Learning. Opened September 2009.
Marsden Heights Community College, Brierfield. Opened September 2010.
Blessed Trinity RC Community College, Burnley. Opened September 2010.
Hameldon Community College, Burnley. Opened September 2010.
Kingsway Park High School, Rochdale. Opened September 2010.
Rochdale Sixth Form College, Rochdale. Opened September 2010.
Unity College, Burnley. Opened September 2010.
Heartlands High School, Wood Green, Opened September 2010.
Hope Academy, Newton-le-Willows. Opened September 2011.
Rebuilt schools / colleges / academies
All Saints College, Newcastle. Opened September 2006.
Parkside School, Bradford. Opened October 2006.
The Challenge College, Bradford. Opened October 2006.
Oxclose Community School, Sunderland. Opened June 2007.
Brockington College, Leicester. Opened November 2007.
Benfield School, Newcastle. Opened September 2008.
Temple Moor High School, Leeds. Opened September 2008.
Yewlands Technology College, Sheffield. Opened October 2008.
Fullhurst Community College, Leicester. Opened January 2009.
Kingsmeadow Community School, Gateshead. Opened September 2009.
Torquay Community College. Completed 2010.
St. Marylebone CE School, London. Refurbishment and new building completed 2010.
Hadden Park High School, Nottingham. Opened April 2009.
Teddington School, Teddington, Richmond upon Thames. Opened September 2010.
Sirius Academy and Ganton School, Hull. Opened September 2011.
Archbishop Sentamu Academy, Hull. Opened September 2011.
The Regis School, Bognor Regis, West Sussex. Opened September 2010.
Winifred Holtby School, Hull. Opened September 2011.
Lister Community School, London. Opened September 2011.
Tweendykes Special School, Hull. Opened September 2011.
Thomas Tallis School, Greenwich. Opened November 2011.
Kelvin Hall School, Hull. Opened April 2012.
Witton Park High School, Blackburn. Opened September 2012.
Malet Lambert School, Hull. Opened September 2012.
Derby Moor Community Sports College Trust, Derby. Opened September 2012.
Noel-Baker Community School, Derby. Opened September 2012.
Dene Community School, Peterlee. Opened November 2012.
Rainford High Technology College, St Helens. Opened September 2013.
ICT-only schools, colleges and academies
Wright Robinson, Manchester. Opened September 2007.
Sacred Heart, Newcastle. Opened September 2007.
Gosforth East, Newcastle. Opened September 2007.
Gosforth Central Academy, Newcastle. Opened September 2007.
Prendergast – Ladywell Fields College, Lewisham. Opened January 2008.
Forest Hill, Lewisham. Opened January 2008.
Greenvale School, Lewisham. Opened January 2008.
New Woodlands, Lewisham. Opened January 2008.
Thomas Bewick, Newcastle. Opened June 2008.
Lord Lawson of Beamish, South Tyneside and Gateshead. Opened June 2008.
Boldon, South Tyneside and Gateshead. Opened September 2008.
Kings Meadow, South Tyneside and Gateshead. Opened September 2008.
Kenton, Newcastle. Opened November 2008.
South Leeds High, Leeds. Opened April 2009.
Ralph Thoresby High, Leeds. Opened April 2009.
John Smeaton Community College, Leeds. Opened April 2009.
Cardinal Heenan, Leeds. Opened April 2009.
A number of BSF schools were funded as "One School Pathfinders", in Local Authorities that were in later waves of the programme. These projects helped to build capacity and competence in those authorities, as well as to provide exemplars in sustainability and science ("Project Faraday").
See also
Education in the United Kingdom
Notes and references
External links
Hull BSF Schools
Essex BSF Schools
Sheffield BSF Schools
Partnerships for Schools
Lancashire BSF Myspace
Sandwell BSF
Building Schools Exhibition coverage on BSF(Video)
Devon BSF
Department for Education
Education in England
Programmes of the Government of the United Kingdom
Governance of England
Procurement
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5379435
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarius%20and%20Celsus
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Nazarius and Celsus
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Nazarius and Celsus () were two martyrs of whom nothing is known except the discovery of their bodies by Ambrose of Milan.
According to Paulinus the Deacon's Vita Ambrosii, Ambrose, at some time within the last three years of his life, after the death of the Emperor Theodosius (d. 395), discovered in a garden outside the walls of Milan the body of Nazarius, with severed head. Nazarius's blood was reportedly still liquid and red when his body was exhumed by Ambrose. Ambrose had it carried to the Basilica of the Apostles. In the same garden Ambrose likewise discovered the body of Celsus, which he had transported to the same place. The Catholic Encyclopedia states: "Obviously a tradition regarding these martyrs was extant in the Christian community of Milan which led to the finding of the two bodies."
Legend
Nazarius was a citizen of Rome whose father was Jewish or pagan. His mother was Perpetua. Nazarius was a student of the apostle Peter and was baptized by Pope Linus. During the persecutions of Nero, Nazarius fled Rome and preached in Lombardy, visiting Piacenza and Milan, where he met the brothers Gervase and Protase, who had been imprisoned and who inspired Nazarius by their example.
Nazarius was whipped and condemned to exile by the authorities. He traveled to Gaul, where a young boy of nine, Celsus, was entrusted to his care after the boy's mother asked Nazarius to teach and baptize her son. Nazarius raised him as a Christian. The two were arrested, tortured, and imprisoned for their faith. They were released on condition they would not preach at this place any longer. They preached in the Alps and built a chapel at Embrun, and then continued on to Geneva, and then Trier. They preached in Trier, and converted many to Christianity, and they were imprisoned once again there. Celsus was entrusted to the care of a pagan lady, who attempted to make him abjure his faith. Celsus refused, and was eventually returned to Nazarius.
An additional legend that describes their time at Trier states that they were tried by Nero there, who ordered the two to be drowned. Nazarius and Celsus were taken in a ship and thrown overboard, but a storm suddenly arose, frightening the sailors. The sailors pulled the two back on board.
Nazarius and Celsus left Trier and reached Genoa, and then returned to Milan, and were arrested again. They refused to sacrifice to the Roman gods, and were beheaded.
Historicity
This legend, written much later, is without historical foundation and places the martyrdom of Nazarus and Celsus during the persecution of Nero, and describes with many details the supposed journeyings of Nazarius through Gaul and Italy. However, Paulinus says distinctly that the date on which Nazarius suffered martyrdom is unknown. Gregory of Tours states that they were martyred at Embrun, which makes the discovery of their bodies in Milan truly miraculous.
Veneration
The discourse eulogizing the two saints which has been attributed to Ambrose (Sermo lv, in Patrologia Latina, XVII, 715 sqq.) is not genuine.
Ambrose sent some of Nazarius and Celsus's relics to Paulinus of Nola, who placed them in honor at Nola. Paulinus of Nola speaks in praise of Nazarius in his Poema xxvii (Patrologia Latina, LXI, 658). A magnificent silver reliquary with interesting figures, dating from the 4th century, was found in the church of San Nazaro Maggiore in Milan (Venturi, "Storia dell' arte italiana", I, Milan, 1901, fig. 445–49). The Milanese church of San Celso is dedicated to Celsus. There is a sanctuary dedicated to Nazarius at Monte Gargano.
Camillo Procaccini painted his Martirio dei santi Nazaro e Celso around 1629.
References
Books
External links
Santi Nazario e Celso
Ante-Nicene Christian martyrs
Saints duos
Christian child saints
Saints from Roman Italy
Gallo-Roman saints
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
People executed by decapitation
Legendary Romans
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5379439
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Weil
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Felix Weil
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Félix José Weil (; 8 February 1898 18 September 1975) was a German-Argentine Marxist, who provided the funds to found the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Biography
Weil was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina and was the son of the wealthy grain merchant Hermann Weil and his wife Rosa Weil, both of whom were of Jewish origin. At the age of 9 he was sent to attend school in Germany at the Goethe-Gymnasium, Frankfurt.
He attended the University of Tübingen and the University of Frankfurt, where he graduated with a doctoral degree in political science. While at these universities he became increasingly interested in socialism and Marxism. His thesis topic was "Socialization: An Attempt at a Conceptual Foundation, with a Critique of the Plans for Socialization".
He did his doctorate in Frankfurt am Main on the concept of socialization. Like Theodor W. Adorno, he belonged "to the generation of intellectuals born around the turn of the century and from bourgeois, mostly Jewish families, who were attracted in the 1920s to a philosophical Marxism beyond the workers' parties". He met Karl Korsch and studied Marxist economic theory.
Felix Weil married Käthe Badiert and moved to Argentina, his country of birth, for a year. The two were married from 1921 to 1929.
In 1923 he financed the Erste Marxistische Arbeitswoche ("First Marxist Workweek"), a conference in the German town of Ilmenau. The event was attended by various leftist figures such as Georg Lukács, Karl Korsch, Richard Sorge, Friedrich Pollock, and Karl August Wittfogel. The success of this event led him and his friend Friedrich Pollock to, with the help of an endowment from his father, found the Institute for Social Research in 1923.
Works
Argentine Riddle (1944)
See also
Institute for Social Research
Frankfurt School
Critical theory (Frankfurt School)
Friedrich Pollock
References
Sources
Helmuth Robert Eisenbach: Millionär, Agitator und Doktorand. Die Tübinger Studienzeit des Felix Weil (1919). In: Bausteine zur Tübinger Universitätsgeschichte, Band 3, Tübingen 1987, S. 179–216.
External links
History of the Institute of Social Research from the Institute for Social Research
The Frankfurt School at Marxists.org
1898 births
1975 deaths
Frankfurt School
People from Buenos Aires
Argentine Jews
Argentine people of German-Jewish descent
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5379446
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipswell
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Hipswell
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Hipswell is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. The civil parish mainly comprises the northern part of Catterick Garrison. The village of Hipswell is at the eastern end of the civil parish, and effectively forms a suburb of Catterick Garrison.
History
Hipswell was mentioned in the Domesday Book in 1086 as being in the hundred of "Land of Count Alan" and the county of Yorkshire, the population was estimated at 6 households. In the 1320s it was the birthplace of noted English theologian John Wycliffe, leader of the Lollard Movement.
Hipswell was historically a township in the ancient parish of Catterick in the North Riding of Yorkshire. In 1870-72 John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Hipswell as:a township and a chapelry in Richmond district, N. R. Yorkshire. The township lies on Rysdale beck, near its influx to the Swale, and near the Richmond railway, 2 miles SE of Richmond; and is in the parish of Catterick. Acres, 2, 785. Real property, £2, 768. Pop., 260. Houses, 53.Situated close to the church, Hipswell Hall is a 15th-century manor house, with alterations dated 1596, possibly originally part of a fortified house, built for the Fulthorpe family.
Governance
Hipswell lies within the Richmond (Yorks) parliamentary constituency, which is under the control of the Conservative Party. The current Member of Parliament, since the 2015 general election, is Rishi Sunak. An electoral ward for Richmondshire District Council in the same name exists; this ward stretches north almost to Richmond with a total population taken at the 2011 census of 5,610.
Community and culture
Hipswell Church of England Primary School which caters for nearly 200 pupils, is the local primary education provider, Risedale School is also located in Hipswell, which provides secondary and further education for the surrounding Garrison area. The village hall was originally built in 1919, but was re-erected in 1929 after a fire.
Religion
Hipswell ecclesiastical parish is formed by the villages of Hipswell with Colburn and Scotton. Hipswell is served by the church of St. John the Evangelist, Hipswell Road, Hipswell.
Hipswell churchyard was the initial burial ground for soldiers from Catterick Garrison and its Military Hospital in the First World War. It contains the war graves of 64 service personnel from that war and of 2 British soldiers from the Second World War. A screen wall lists those whose graves are not marked by headstones. In 1930, on the churchyard's northern boundary, Catterick Garrison Cemetery was opened by the War Office as a purpose-made cemetery for the camp. This includes war graves of 42 Commonwealth service personnel and some Polish service personnel of the Second World War. A Cross of Sacrifice stands at the boundary of the two burial grounds.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Catterick Garrison
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5379467
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHDT
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WHDT
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WHDT (channel 9), branded on-air as Florida 24 Network or FL24, is a news-formatted independent television station licensed to Stuart, Florida, United States, serving the West Palm Beach area. It is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company alongside NBC affiliate WPTV-TV (channel 5); Scripps also provides certain services to Fox affiliate WFLX (channel 29) under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Gray Television. The stations share studios on South Australian Avenue in downtown West Palm Beach (mailing address says Banyan Boulevard, also known as 1st Street), while WHDT's transmitter is located near Wellington west of US 441/SR 7.
History
The station was founded on May 25, 2000; WHDT became the first digital television station in the United States, following a ruling by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) that the station could provide primary over-the-air service using only a digital signal. On June 1, 2001, the station conducted the first over-the-air broadcast using a progressive high definition format operating at 720p/60 fps, with custom-designed 35 mm frame-transfer cameras.
WHDT established the legal precedent requiring local cable systems to carry the primary programming of all digital television stations in both high definition format and in standard definition analog format. It is the first television station to have its high definition and standard definition feeds carried on cable providers under the FCC's digital "must-carry" rules. The station originally operated as the first broadcast partner of the Deutsche Welle World Television Service. WHDT was one of three stations operated by WHDT World Television Service (DE), a business unit of Marksteiner AG.
The station's two translators, WHDT-CD in Miami (now WLPH-CD) and WHDT-LD in Boston are notable as those stations were the first and second digital translators to be authorized by the FCC. WHDT-CD has a longer history than its full-power cousin. The station was first licensed as W25AL on September 21, 1987. In 1989, it was moved to Coral Springs as W55BO, which functioned as a translator of Miami CBS owned-and-operated station WCIX (channel 6, now WFOR-TV on channel 4). Ownership of the station was transferred to Günter Marksteiner in 1996. The station continued to carry a full schedule of CBS programming until 1997, when it was relocated to North Miami and began digital translator operations for WHDT in December 2001. In January 2014, the call sign was changed to WLPH-CD, and in March, the station was sold to LocusPoint Networks.
In August 2010, WHDT became the first high-definition affiliate of the Retro Television Network. The network's classic television programming was aired up-converted to 16:9 HD format as opposed to being remastered from the original film masters. On October 27, 2011, WHDT announced that it would disaffiliate from RTV and begin carrying programming from WeatherNation TV; it switched to WeatherNation on the weekend of October 29.
On June 15, 2012, WHDT launched The Auto Channel (TACH-TV), a full high-definition broadcast service dedicated to automobile enthusiasts.
From July 13 to December 31, 2015, WHDT carried SonLife Broadcasting Network (SBN), the Christian television network of Jimmy Swaggart Ministries.
On April 1, 2016, the station affiliated with Gun TV upon that network's launch the same day. Gun TV ceased operations in January 2017 and was subsequently dropped by the station.
On January 15, 2017, the station added the educational series TED Talks to its nightly lineup.
On December 3, 2018, it was announced that WHDT would be sold to the E. W. Scripps Company for $25 million. The sale was completed on April 4, 2019.
Programming
Prior to 2019, WHDT produced high definition program content for syndication and for broadcast. Its programming included evening news and weather, documentaries, independent films, classical music concerts, equestrian sports, automotive news and motorsport programs, aviation, fishing, cooking, travel and syndicated entertainment shows. The station maintains a full high definition schedule, including paid programming.
On July 6, 2021, WHDT switched programming over from Court TV to a news-formatted independent station under Scripps' newly-launched statewide streaming news service known as the Florida 24 Network which includes syndicated programs (as of 2022) AgDay, Business First A.M., Live with Kelly and Ryan, The Wendy Williams Show, The Kelly Clarkson Show and Right This Minute (the latter four also air in earlier timeslots on WPTV) as well as rebroadcasts of sister station WPTV's 6 a.m. (at 7 a.m.), weekend 7 a.m. (at noon; weekends only), 11 a.m. (at noon; weekdays only), weekend 6 p.m. (at 7 p.m.; weekends only), 7 p.m. (at 7:30 p.m.; weekdays only) and 11 p.m. (at 11:30 p.m.) newscasts. Court TV was later relocated to subchannel 9.2.
News operation
WHDT previously broadcast ten hours of locally produced news each week, exclusive of rebroadcast of news highlights on weekends. The station's WHDT World News aired each day at 5 and 11 p.m.; the weekend edition was a compilation of notable segments from the weekday broadcasts. The newscasts were produced by WHDT World Television Service, with offices in West Palm Beach, Miami, Boston, Chicago, Sacramento, Los Angeles and Washington, D.C.. The hub newscasts originated from Boston and Chicago and featured local and national stories as well as extended interview segments, a brief weather segment from the National Weather Service with a forecast for the West Palm Beach area, an entertainment segment ("Hollywood News"), and political, financial and science reports from contributing editors.
Technical information
Subchannels
As part of the digital television transition, UHF channels 52-69 were removed from the broadcast spectrum. Consequently, WHDT moved its digital signal from channel 59 to channel 42 after WXEL-TV shut off its analog signal on channel 42 on June 12, 2009. Because WXEL-TV continued to use its former analog channel number 42 as a virtual channel, WHDT was assigned 9 as its new virtual channel. WHDT is assigned to RF channel 34 in the repacked UHF TV band following conclusion of the Incentive Spectrum Auction in early 2017.
Former translator
Until 2019, the station's programming was simulcast on translator station WHDN-CD (channel 9) in Naples, Florida.
See also
WHDT-LD (former partner station in Boston)
References
External links
Television channels and stations established in 2000
HDT
E. W. Scripps Company television stations
2000 establishments in Florida
Independent television stations in the United States
Court TV affiliates
TrueReal affiliates
Stuart, Florida
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3988283
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20US%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20singles
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2003 US Open – Women's singles
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Justine Henin-Hardenne defeated Kim Clijsters in the final, 7–5, 6–1 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2003 US Open. She lost only one set during the tournament.
Serena Williams was the defending champion, but did not participate due to injury. Defending finalist and her sister Venus Williams also withdrew before the tournament due to injury. Their withdrawals marked the first time in the Open Era that neither of the previous year's US Open finalists returned. This was also the only major between the 1997 Australian Open and the 2011 French Open (a span of 56 events) where neither of the Williams sisters competed.
This marked the first US Open main draw appearance of future champion Flavia Pennetta; she lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the first round.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
2003 US Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Women's Singles
US Open (tennis) by year – Women's singles
2003 in women's tennis
2003 in American women's sports
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3988284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinkmore%20Cafe
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Drinkmore Cafe
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The Drinkmore Cafe is a coffee shop on Capitol Hill in Seattle, Washington. Opened on April 1, 2000, as the Bit Star, it was reported by InfoWorld to be the first commercial business to offer free wireless internet Wi-Fi services. Although few had the equipment necessary to take advantage of this, free wireless internet became a major component of the small coffee shop business model across America. Owned and run by software executive and Seattle mayoral candidate Scott Kennedy, The Drinkmore was the headquarters of Seattle Wireless and was the Howard Dean meetup spot during his 2004 presidential campaign.
The original location, a 1905 warehouse at the corner of Bellevue Avenue East and Thomas Street, was demolished by the property owner to make way for new condominiums.
References
External links
Coffeehouses and cafés in the United States
Coffee in Seattle
Restaurants in Seattle
Restaurants established in 1998
1998 establishments in Washington (state)
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3988286
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid%20N%C3%B8klebye%20Heiberg
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Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg
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Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg (14 April 1936 – 2 April 2020) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party, and a professor of medicine. She was the state secretary to the Minister of Social Affairs 1981–1985, and Minister of Administration and Consumer Affairs in 1986.
Heiberg was vice-chairwoman of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1991 and member of the Norwegian Parliament from 1985 to 1989. She was President of the Norwegian Red Cross from 1993 to 1999 and President of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies from 1997 to 2001.
Heiberg restarted her national political career in 2013. She was elected as deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway for the terms 2013–2017 and 2017–2021. She was also appointed as State Secretary in the Ministry of Health and Care Services, resigning in 2016.
Heiberg died on 2 April 2020 at the age of 83.
References
1936 births
2020 deaths
Presidents of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Presidents of the Norwegian Red Cross
Norwegian state secretaries
20th-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian politicians
Women members of the Storting
Norwegian psychiatrists
Norwegian women psychiatrists
Norwegian women physicians
University of Oslo faculty
Norwegian women state secretaries
Women government ministers of Norway
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3988289
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len%20Butterfield
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Len Butterfield
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Leonard Arthur Butterfield (29 August 1913 – 5 July 1999) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in one Test in 1946. He later served as New Zealand's chief harness racing stipendiary steward.
Cricket career
Butterfield made his first-class debut for Canterbury in 1934–35, and played three more matches in 1935-36 batting at various positions in the order from opening to number eight, without much success. He reappeared in 1943-44 as an all-rounder who batted in the middle order and opened the bowling, and took 5 for 24 to help Canterbury beat Auckland, followed by 5 for 47 in a victory over Wellington in the next match. He was selected to play for a New Zealand XI in a first-class match against a New Zealand Services XI shortly afterwards, and hit 40 batting at number nine, his highest score to date.
He hit the highest score of his career, 82, against Otago in 1944–45, and was selected for South Island against North Island at Auckland in the last match of the season. In a low-scoring match he scored 16 and 58 batting at number seven, and opening the bowling he took 3 for 47 in the first innings then, with his team trailing by 67, he took the first five wickets to fall in North Island's second innings, taking 5 for 9 (figures of 12–5–9–5) before having to leave the ground injured. North Island recovered somewhat after his departure, leaving South Island to get 262 for victory, but despite Butterfield's 58 and Ian Cromb's 62, they fell 34 runs short.
In 1945-46 he made 76 against Auckland and 69 against Otago, when he also had figures of 28.5–21–17–4 in the first innings. He was unsuccessful with bat or ball when Canterbury were defeated by the Australians in March, but he was selected for the Test that followed later that month in Wellington. He bowled economically without taking a wicket, and, batting at number seven, after Gordon Rowe at six (who also made a pair in his only Test), faced 10 balls in the match without scoring, falling Leg before wicket to Bill O'Reilly each time. It was his last first-class match.
After cricket
Butterfield's father had been a horse trainer at Addington Raceway in Christchurch. After working as a plumber for some years, Butterfield began work with the Trotting Conference in 1946. From 1957 he served for 21 years as New Zealand harness racing's Chief Stipendiary Steward, retiring in 1978. While he was Chief Stipendiary Steward he made a study of drugs and how they affect horses.
See also
One-Test wonder
References
External links
Len Butterfield at Cricinfo
Len Butterfield at Cricket Archive
1913 births
1999 deaths
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Canterbury cricketers
Cricketers from Christchurch
South Island cricketers
People in harness racing
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3988292
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar%20Fredrik%20Hellesen
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Gunnar Fredrik Hellesen
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Gunnar Fredrik Hellesen (23 February 1913 – 7 July 2005) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.
He was born in Haugesund.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Rogaland in 1961, and was re-elected on one occasion. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1958–1961.
On 5 June 1970 he was appointed Minister of Defence during the centre-right cabinet Borten, replacing Otto Grieg Tidemand who on the same day became Minister of Trade and Shipping. Hellesen held the position until the cabinet Borten fell in 1971.
Hellesen was a member of Haugesund city council from 1945 to 1963, serving as mayor in from 1955 to 1959. He served as County Governor of Rogaland from 1968 to 1973.
References
1913 births
2005 deaths
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Mayors of places in Rogaland
County Governors of Norway
People from Haugesund
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Defence ministers of Norway
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3988294
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20del%20Ceraiolo
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Antonio del Ceraiolo
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Antonio del Ceraiolo, also known as Antonio di Arcangelo (the nickname "Ceraiolo" derives from the profession of his father, a ceraiolo, or candle maker), was an Italian Renaissance painter active in his native Florence between 1518 and 1538. According to Giorgio Vasari, Ceraiolo was a pupil first of Lorenzo di Credi and then of Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, in whose biography he is mentioned. Vasari singled out Ceraiolo's abilities as a portraitist and mentioned two of his altarpieces, both of which survive at the Museo del Cenacolo di San Salvi, Florence. The first of these is a Crucifixion with Saints Francis and Mary Magdalen, originally in the church of San Jacopo tra' i fossi; the second a Saint Michael for the basilica of the Santissima Annunziata.
Most of Ceraiolo's paintings are half-length images of the Madonna and Child, usually with the young Saint John the Baptist, Florence's patron saint.
References
Tamborino, Alessandra. “Considerazioni sull’attività di Antonio del Ceraiolo e proposte al suo catalogo,” Proporzioni (2003): pp. 104–122.
Zeri, Federico. “Antonio del Ceraiolo,” Gazette des Beaux-Arts, LXX (1967): pp. 139–154.
Painters from Florence
Renaissance painters
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
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3988296
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des%20V%C5%93ux
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Des Vœux
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Des Vœux or De Voeux may refer to:
Sir William Des Vœux (1834–1909), a British colonial governor
Sir Henry des Voeux (1822–1894), 5th Baronet, English cricketer
Harold Antoine Des Voeux, a scientist who worked with Samuel Squire Sprigge
Des Voeux Road, a road in Hong Kong named after William Des Vœux
Des Voeux Island, a member of the Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canada
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3988301
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tae
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Tae
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Tae may refer to:
Tae' language, Austronesian language spoken in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Tae (Korean name)
Tae, Uthumphon Phisai, tambon (local government unit) of Uthumphon Phisai District, northeastern Thailand
Tae (rugby union), player on Japan's Panasonic Wild Knights
TAE may refer to:
TAE, the abbreviation for Τεχνικαί Αεροπορικαί Εκμεταλλεύσεις, a Greek airline that operated from 1935 to 1951 known in English as Technical and Aeronautical Holdings
TAE (actor), Thai actor in the Chinese-language entertainment industry
TAE buffer solution used in chemistry
TAE connector for German telephone equipment
TAE – Trabajos Aéreos y Enlaces, Spanish airline that operated from 1967 to 1981
Technicien aéronautique d'exploitation
Transportable Applications Environment
TAE Technologies - formerly Tri Alpha Energy, an American company developing fusion power
IATA code for Daegu International Airport, South Korea
ISO 639-3 code for the Tariana language, Maipurean language spoken in Amazonas, Brazil
Tomás Alva Edison School in Mexico City
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3988303
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva%20language
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Cueva language
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Cueva is a poorly attested and often misclassified extinct indigenous language of Panama. The Cueva people were exterminated between 1510 and 1535 during Spanish colonization. During the 17th and 18th centuries the Kuna repopulated the Cueva area.
Classification
Loukotka (1968) mistakenly identified a Kuna vocabulary from the Darién as Cueva, leading to confusion of Cueva with Kuna in subsequent literature (e.g. Greenberg 1987, Whitehead 1999, Ethnologue 2009), with some authors reporting that Cueva was a dialect of or ancestral to the Kuna language (Adelaar & Muysken 2004:62). The Kuna language and culture are very different from the Cueva.
Loewen (1963) and Constenla Umaña & Margery Peña (1991) have suggested a connection between Cueva and the Chocoan family.
Bibliography
Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Constenla Umaña, Adolfo; & Margery Peña, Enrique. (1991). Elementos de fonología comparada chocó. In Filología y lingüística (No. 17, 1–2, pp. 137–191). San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Loewren, Jacob A. (1963). Chocó II: Phonological problems. International Journal of American Linguistics, 29 (4), 357-371.
Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: Latin American Studies Center, University of California.
Romoli, Kathleen. (1987). Los de la lengua de Cueva: Los grupos indígenas del istmo oriental en la época de la conquista española. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología, Instituto Colombiano de Cultura (Ediciones Tercer Mundo).
References
Indigenous languages of Central America
Languages of Panama
Extinct languages of North America
Unclassified languages of North America
Indigenous languages of North America
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3988309
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%20Anderson
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Mac Anderson
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William McDougall "Mac" Anderson (8 October 1919 – 21 December 1979) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in one Test match in 1946. His son Robert Anderson played international cricket for New Zealand in the 1970s.
Cricket career
Mac Anderson played for Canterbury from 1938–39 to 1949–50 as a batsman and occasional leg-spinner. He made his highest score in 1945–46, when he scored 137 in 396 minutes opening the batting for Canterbury against Otago. He made 61 for Canterbury against the Australians shortly afterwards, and was selected for the single Test against Australia in Wellington. He was one of six New Zealanders to make their Test debuts in this match; for five of them, including Anderson, it was their only Test. He made 4 and 1.
He made 285 runs at 71.25 in the 1948–49 Plunket Shield with three 50s, and played in the trial match, but was not selected for the subsequent tour to England.
See also
One-Test wonder
References
External links
1919 births
1979 deaths
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Canterbury cricketers
People from Westport, New Zealand
South Island cricketers
New Zealand Army cricketers
South Island Army cricketers
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5379468
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotton%2C%20Richmondshire
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Scotton, Richmondshire
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Scotton is a village, civil parish and electoral ward in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. The civil parish includes the centre and south of Catterick Garrison. The village lies in the south of the civil parish, and is effectively a suburb of Catterick Garrison. The village of Scotton is located miles south west of Catterick village.
History
In the 1870s, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Scotton like this:
SCOTTON, a township in Catterick and Patrick-Brompton parishes, N. R. Yorkshire; 3 miles S S E of Richmond. Acres, 1, 500. Real property, £1, 203. Pop, 111. Houses, 23. The manor belongs to Lord Wenlock.
The township became a separate civil parish in 1866. Scotton is now categorised as being a 'small town surrounded by inhabited countryside' by the Office for National Statistics. Since the opening of the army barracks in Catterick, there has been a growth of housing in Scotton, to accommodate families and dependants of the army personnel based in the nearby town. Typical housing types in Scotton are semi-detached and terraced housing, and the average house price for a semi-detached house calculated in 2013 was £214,333.
Governance
Scotton is one of 53 Parish and Town councils in Richmondshire. The Parish Council is the local government in Richmondshire nearest to the people of Scotton. It manages local amenities in Scotton and has a watching brief on local issues; their opinion is noted by higher authorities in matters concerning them, such as local planning issues.
Transport
Scotton lies four miles south of Richmond town. The closest railway station is Northallerton railway station, which is located 11.63 miles from Scotton and there are also 13 bus routes serving Scotton.
Demography
According to census information, between 1881 and 1951, the population of Scotton increased from 116 to 7,655. In 1911 the population totalled 97 and by 1921 it was 558. This major influx in population was most likely due to the opening of Catterick Garrison army barracks at the beginning of the First World War in 1914, when it was founded by Lord Baden Powell. During the Second World War Catterick Garrison was home to over 40,000 military personnel and in 2012 it was still home to 13,000; so dependants of these service personnel living in Scotton would have led to this increase in population.
It had a population of 4,810 according to the 2011 census. In 1951, the population of Scotton was 7,655, so it has decreased since due to the decline in military activity in neighbouring Catterick Garrison. Before the development of Catterick Garrison, Scotton was a country estate. Scotton Hall, its park, Scotton Lodge and Scotton Cottage are now surrounded by army barracks.
Economy
In the 1881 census of England and Wales it was recorded that 26 people worked in agriculture in Scotton, 24 of which were men. 4 women were recorded to work in domestic services or offices and the few remaining men were recorded to have worked in positions including food and lodgings, and animals. Further evidence to suggest the agricultural background of the village is the names origin. The name 'Scotton' originated from a 'Scots farm or settlement'; with 'Scott' meaning a Scot, and 'tun' being Old English for an enclosure or farmstead.
There has been a clear shift in industry in the village since 1881. According to the 2011 census, 14 people worked in agriculture. There has been a decreased number of people working in agriculture since 1881, despite an increase in population. The main job sector in 2011 was 'Public Administration and Defence; Compulsory Social Security'; 2165 people worked in 'Public Administration and Defence' in 2011. This high number is most likely because of Scotton's close proximity to Catterick, as a vast majority of the population would be working at Catterick Garrison (army barracks), in the national defence sector.
Community and culture
Education
There are no schools in Scotton Village itself; the closest schools are in neighbouring Catterick. There are a number of primary schools situated in the area, including Le Cateau Community Primary School, Carnagill Primary School, Wavell Community Infant & Junior School, Hipswell C of E Primary School, Cambrai Primary School and Colburn Community Primary School. There is one secondary school in Catterick, Risedale Sports & Community College.
Amenities
There are a small handful of amenities located in Scotton village, including Scotton Auto Services and Scotton Park, located on Scotton Road. There is no post office in Scotton Village; the closest one is located in Catterick Garrison town. Overall, shops are limited in the village, so Catterick is the closest town to visit for things such as supermarkets and other facilities.
Religion
Scotton lies within the ecclesiastical parish of Hipswell and is served by the church of St John the Evangelist, Hipswell Road, Hipswell.
The current church building was built in 1811, but before that there was a chapel nearby Hipswell Hall, that dated back to the 1200 or 1300s. The chapel became a parish in 1664, when a congregation was formed from the local area. Other churches in the vicinity include St. Joan of Arc and St. Anne, both located in Catterick. There is evidence of St. Anne church dating back to the 7th century and further evidence of a Saxon church having been built on the current site. The present doorway dates back to 1150 and St. Anne is referred to in the Doomsday Book.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Catterick Garrison
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3988311
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope%20103.2
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Hope 103.2
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Hope 103.2 is a Christian Radio station in Sydney, Australia, transmitting on the FM dial at 103.2 MHz. Founded as 2CBA by the Rev. Vernon Turner, it commenced broadcasting on 5 March 1979 as one of the first community radio stations and cemented itself as Australia's first Christian FM radio station. Its mission is "To impact people with experiences of God’s love so that they may become more like Christ and the world more like the Kingdom".
The station provides a mixed format of Christian, easy listening and hot adult contemporary music. Station programming also features competitions, listener interaction, as well as short and extended Christian devotionals.
Sister station Inspire Digital (now known as Inspire by Hope 103.2) was the first Australian community radio station launched on DAB+ in 2010.
The radio station relocated from Five Dock to its current studios in Seven Hills (the former home of WSFM) and was renamed FM103.2 in 2002, with the tag-line "The Heart of Sydney". The station was renamed Heart 103.2 in December 2007, but this was challenged legally by Macquarie Regional Radioworks who held a generic right to the name "Heart". It was decided to use "Sydney's 1032" as the interim on-air identifier for 2008.
On Monday, 15 December 2008 at midnight the station was renamed "Hope 103.2". Listeners offered their suggestions for a new name for the station, and "Hope" was judged the best and most popular.
History
Hope FM began broadcasting initially as 2CBA FM 103.2, "all beautiful music", in 1979, whose format was continuous easy listening music, mixed with Christian news and messages. During this period, much of the music played included James Last, Eric Jupp, Richard Clayderman, Klaus Wunderlich, and other similar sounding artists. Many of these tracks were instrumental versions of more popular hits of the '50s, '60s, '70s, and '80s. The station ceased this style of programming during late 1999 in favour of the current format.
Programming
The format of Hope 103.2 is described as "Contemporary Christian Radio", which is Christian-infused mainstream light contemporary radio. The program format is designed to reach out to the wider community as well as the Christian community. This is achieved with "family friendly" and accessible music with a positive or relational message, whether performed by Christian or non-Christian artists and regardless of whether or not the music is intentionally carrying a Christian message. This is in contrast to other christian radio stations in Australia, where only contemporary Christian artists are played.
Christian artists on rotation include such as Francesca Battistelli, Casting Crowns, Third Day, tobyMac, MercyMe, Revive & Charmaine (musician).
Devotionals
Every hour a short radio devotional, described on their website as a Ministry Segment, is played on air. During the day, short 60 second programs from Focus on the Family, Berni Dymet, Heidi Wysman and City Bible Forum are played. Before and after the breakfast show on weekdays, longer 5 minute devotionals are presented including Time with God with John North and Morning Devotions with Chris Witts. On Sunday mornings, a sermon from Anglican Minister Simon Manchester is played.
News Programming
Hope Media launched their newsroom in December 2019, with their news coverage focused on the Sydney metro area. This news service provides hourly news bulletins on-air and online. This service is still supplemented by bulletins suppled by 2GB and Nine Radio on weekend.
Prior to their news service launch, radio bulletins were presented by 2GB and 2UE (Nine Radio), which rebranded from Macquarie Radio Network in early 2020. Between July 2008 and December 2020, Hope 103.2 also broadcast live simulcasts of Nine News (via Channel Nine Sydney), airing every night except Saturdays, at 6:00 pm. Nine News & 9news.com.au were also occasional sponsors of Hope 1032 News.
Podcasts
Other programing from Hope has been moved to online Podcasts. Their Podcast shows have included a Book club, interviews, advice on raising families, and stories on hope. Their more in-depth devotions have also moved to podcasts.
Open House
Open House was a live talk show exploring life, faith and culture from a Christian perspective. It aired Sundays from 7pm to 10pm on Hope 103.2 and was syndicated to other radio stations across Australia. From April 2006 to March 2011, the show was hosted by Sheridan Voysey. Between April 2011 until December 2013, Open House was hosted by TV and radio broadcaster Leigh Hatcher.
In 2014 Dwyane Jeffries hosted Open House weekdays at 12pm.
From 2017, Stephen O'Doherty returned with the show on Sunday evenings. The show did not return in 2019.
Digital Radio
Hope 103.2 also broadcasts digitally online and via Sydney DAB+ Radio. The station also broadcasts three other digital Radio stations, all of which have no live presenters:
Inspire by Hope 103.2 (formerly Inspire Digital) - began in November 2010 on both Sydney DAB+ Radio and online. Provides Christian music and teaching.
FRESH Radio - Online only. The station airs christian music for a youth audience.
Christmas Hope - Online only, and DAB+ in November and December each year. he station runs Christmas and Advent music across the year.
Board & Management
Hope Media Ltd is governed by a board of directors. Directors are elected according to the organisation's constitution, by members of the organisation. Directors are appointed for a term of three years, and are eligible for re-election for up to four consecutive terms. Stephen O'Doherty become chairperson of the board in 2005.
Phillip Randall, previously CEO of 98five Sonshine FM, Perth, is the CEO of Hope Media Ltd. Other managers include:
Dwayne Jeffries – General Manager
David Barker – Chief Financial Officer
Jodie Williams – People and Culture Manager
Justin Kendall – Community Relations Manager
Ramona Ishac – Group Sponsorship Sales Manager
Stephen Wilkinson – Technical Operations Manager
See also
Dan Widdowson, former breakfast presenter
List of radio stations in Australia
References
External links
Hope 103.2 website
Inspire Digital
Hope Media
Open House
Christmas Hope
Fresh Radio - Online Stream
Christian radio stations in Australia
Radio stations in Sydney
Radio stations established in 1979
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3988315
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20Paleozoic%20icehouse
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Late Paleozoic icehouse
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The late Paleozoic icehouse, also known as the late Paleozoic ice age and formerly known as the Karoo ice age, occurred from 360 to 260 million years ago (Mya), and large land-based ice-sheets were then present on Earth's surface. It was the second major glacial period of the Phanerozoic. It is named after the tillite (Dwyka Group) found in the Karoo Basin of South Africa, where evidence for the ice age was first clearly identified in the 19th century.
The tectonic assembly of the continents of Euramerica and Gondwana into Pangaea, in the Hercynian-Alleghany Orogeny, made a major continental land mass within the Antarctic region, and the closure of the Rheic Ocean and Iapetus Ocean saw disruption of warm-water currents in the Panthalassa Ocean and Paleotethys Sea, which led to progressive cooling of summers, and the snowfields accumulating in winters, which caused mountainous alpine glaciers to grow, and then spread out of highland areas. That made continental glaciers, which spread to cover much of Gondwana.
At least two major periods of glaciation have been discovered:
The first glacial period was associated with the Mississippian subperiod (359.2–318.1 Mya): ice sheets expanded from a core in southern Africa and South America.
The second glacial period was associated with the Pennsylvanian subperiod (318.1–299 Mya); ice sheets expanded from a core in Australia and India.
Late Paleozoic glaciations
According to Eyles and Young, "Renewed Late Devonian glaciation is well documented in three large intracratonic basins in Brazil (Solimoes, Amazonas and Paranaiba basins) and in Bolivia. By the Early Carboniferous (c. 350 Ma) glacial strata were beginning to accumulate in sub-andean basins of Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay. By the mid-Carboniferous glaciation had spread to Antarctica, Australia, southern Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. During the Late Carboniferous glacial accumulation (c. 300 Ma) a very large area of Gondwana land mass was experiencing glacial conditions. The thickest glacial deposits of Permo-Carboniferous age are the Dwyka Formation (1000 m thick) in the Karoo Basin in southern Africa, the Itararé Group of the Paraná Basin, Brazil (1400 m) and the Carnarvon Basin in eastern Australia. The Permo-Carboniferous glaciations are significant because of the marked glacio-eustatic changes in sea level that resulted and which are recorded in non-glacial basins. Late Paleozoic glaciation of Gondwana could be explained by the migration of the supercontinent across the South Pole."
In northern Ethiopia glacial landforms like striations, rôche moutonnées and chatter marks can be found buried beneath Late Carboniferous-Early Permian glacial deposits (Edaga Arbi Glacials).
Causes
The evolution of land plants with the onset of the Devonian Period, began a long-term increase in planetary oxygen levels. Large tree ferns, growing to 20 m high, were secondarily dominant to the large arborescent lycopods (30–40 m high) of the Carboniferous coal forests that flourished in equatorial swamps stretching from Appalachia to Poland, and later on the flanks of the Urals. Oxygen levels reached up to 35%, and global carbon dioxide got below the 300 parts per million level, which is today associated with glacial periods. This reduction in the greenhouse effect was coupled with lignin and cellulose (as tree trunks and other vegetation debris) accumulating and being buried in the great Carboniferous Coal Measures. The reduction of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere would be enough to begin the process of changing polar climates, leading to cooler summers which could not melt the previous winter's snow accumulations. The growth in snowfields to 6 m deep would create sufficient pressure to convert the lower levels to ice.
Earth's increased planetary albedo produced by the expanding ice sheets would lead to positive feedback loops, spreading the ice sheets still further, until the process hit limit. Falling global temperatures would eventually limit plant growth, and the rising levels of oxygen would increase the frequency of fire-storms because damp plant matter could burn. Both these effects return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, reversing the "snowball" effect and forcing greenhouse warming, with CO2 levels rising to 300 ppm in the following Permian period. Over a longer period the evolution of termites, whose stomachs provided an anoxic environment for methanogenic lignin-digesting bacteria, prevented further burial of carbon, returning carbon to the air as the greenhouse gas methane.
Once these factors brought a halt and a small reversal in the spread of ice sheets, the lower planetary albedo resulting from the fall in size of the glaciated areas would have been enough for warmer summers and winters and thus limit the depth of snowfields in areas from which the glaciers expanded. Rising sea levels produced by global warming drowned the large areas of flatland where previously anoxic swamps assisted in burial and removal of carbon (as coal). With a smaller area for deposition of carbon, more carbon dioxide was returned to the atmosphere, further warming the planet. By 250 Mya, planet Earth had returned to a percentage of oxygen similar to that found today.
Effects
The rising levels of oxygen during the late Paleozoic icehouse had major effects upon evolution of plants and animals. Higher oxygen concentration (and accompanying higher atmospheric pressure) enabled energetic metabolic processes which encouraged evolution of large land-dwelling vertebrates and flight, with the dragonfly-like Meganeura, an aerial predator, with a wingspan of 60 to 75 cm.
The herbivorous stocky-bodied and armoured millipede-like Arthropleura was long, and the semiterrestrial Hibbertopterid eurypterids were perhaps as large, and some scorpions reached .
The rising levels of oxygen also led to the evolution of greater fire resistance in vegetation and ultimately to the evolution of flowering plants.
Also during this time, unique sedimentary sequences called cyclothems were deposited. These were produced by the repeated alterations of marine and nonmarine environments.
See also
History of Earth
Quaternary glaciation – the current ice age
Timeline of glaciation
References
Bibliography
Glaciology
Ice ages
Carboniferous events
Permian events
Carboniferous Africa
Permian Africa
Carboniferous Antarctica
Permian Antarctica
Carboniferous Australia
Permian Australia
Carboniferous India
Carboniferous South America
Permian South America
Karoo
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3988316
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik%20Laurentius%20Helliesen
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Henrik Laurentius Helliesen
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Henrik Laurentius Helliesen (20 December 1824–22 July 1900) was a Norwegian civil servant and politician.
Helliesen was born in Bodø in Nordland county, Norway. He studied law and earned his law degree at the University of Christiania in 1847. He was employed by the Ministry of Finance in 1849 and advanced to bureau chief in 1853 and deputy secretary in 1854. He was the County Governor of Nedenes amt from 1860-1863. Also, he represented the town of Arendal in the Norwegian Parliament from 1862 to 1863.
He was the Norwegian Minister of Finance for several periods between 1863 and 1883, and was a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm several times between 1865 and 1884. He was also Minister of Education and Church Affairs in 1884. He died in Fåberg on 22 July 1900.
References
1824 births
1900 deaths
Politicians from Bodø
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian lawyers
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Finance of Norway
County Governors of Norway
Ministers of Education of Norway
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5379481
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Bohn
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Jason Bohn
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Jason Duehn Bohn (born April 24, 1973) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour.
Amateur career
Bohn was born in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. In 1992, while a sophomore on the Alabama golf team, Bohn was playing in a charity fund-raiser in Tuscaloosa when he made a hole-in-one worth $1 million. Bohn dropped his amateur status and golf scholarship on the spot and turned professional. He graduated from Alabama in 1995.
Professional career
While playing the Canadian Tour, Bohn shot a 58 in the final round to win the 2001 Bayer Championship. He also played the Nationwide Tour before earning promotion to the PGA Tour, where he has played since 2004. In 2005 he won the PGA Tour's B.C. Open.
During the 2009 season Bohn lost in a playoff at the Wyndham Championship along with Kevin Stadler to Ryan Moore.
In April 2010, Bohn won the 2010 Zurich Classic of New Orleans wire to wire, when he birdied three of the last four holes to win by two shots.
At the Greenbrier Classic in July 2015, Bohn shot a nine under par 61 during the third round that moved him from the cutline into the co-lead entering the final round. The round of 61 was Bohn's lowest ever career round on the PGA Tour. He also had his best FedEx Cup finish of 40th.
Professional wins (6)
PGA Tour wins (2)
PGA Tour playoff record (0–2)
Nationwide Tour wins (1)
Nationwide Tour playoff record (0–2)
Canadian Tour wins (2)
Other wins (1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Results in World Golf Championships
"T" = Tied
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.
See also
2003 Nationwide Tour graduates
2004 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
References
External links
American male golfers
Alabama Crimson Tide men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golfers from Pennsylvania
Golfers from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Cobb County, Georgia
1973 births
Living people
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5379499
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavin
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Cavin
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In fortification, a cavin is a hollow way, adapted to cover troops, and facilitate their approach to a place.
Sources
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. 1913.
Fortification (architectural elements)
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3988320
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Rowe
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Gordon Rowe
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Charles Gordon Rowe (30 June 1915 – 9 June 1995) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in one Test match in 1946 against Australia. He also represented New Zealand at hockey.
Life and career
Early life and war service
Rowe was born at Glasgow in Scotland in 1915 and died at Palmerston North in New Zealand in 1995 aged 79. He served overseas in the New Zealand Army in the Second World War. At the time he was a policeman in Auckland.
Cricket
A middle-order batsman, Rowe made his first-class cricket debut in 1944–45, and had played six first-class matches for Wellington before being selected for the Test team, having scored 324 runs at an average of 27.00 runs per innings, with his top score of 72 made against Otago at Wellington. He had also scored 102 and 79 in a non-first-class match for Wellington against Canterbury in 1944–45.
In his Test match, also played in Wellington, he was dismissed for a pair, bowled by Bill O'Reilly each time. He is one of the ten players to be dismissed for a pair in their only Test. The only other New Zealander in that list is Len Butterfield, who played in the same match.
He played no further first-class matches for six seasons, but returned to captain Central Districts in 1952–53. He had little success with the bat, but in his last match he led the team to an innings victory against Otago, which ensured Central Districts second place in the Plunket Shield.
Rowe stood as an umpire in three matches in the 1982 Women's Cricket World Cup held in New Zealand.
Hockey
Rowe was also a hockey player. He represented New Zealand against India in 1938. He scored four goals when Wairarapa defeated the touring Australian team 6–3 at Masterton in August 1948. He retired from representative hockey in 1958.
See also
List of Test cricketers born in non-Test playing nations
References
External links
1915 births
1995 deaths
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Central Districts cricketers
Wellington cricketers
Cricketers from Glasgow
New Zealand male field hockey players
Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
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3988321
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif%20Arne%20Hel%C3%B8e
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Leif Arne Heløe
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Leif Arne Heløe (born 8 August 1932) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. He was the Norwegian Minister of Social Affairs from 1981-1986. He also served as the County Governor of Troms county from 1991 until 2000.
Heløe was born in Harstad in Troms county, and he was a dentist before launching his political career.
References
1932 births
Living people
People from Harstad
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Government ministers of Norway
Mayors of Harstad
County Governors of Norway
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5379501
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAR%20High%20School
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SAR High School
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Salanter Akiba Riverdale High School (SAR High School) is an Orthodox Jewish day school located in Riverdale, New York City. It was founded in 2003 by Rabbi Naftali (Tully) Harcsztark. The school is affiliated with SAR Academy, which is also in Riverdale.
The high school's founding and current principal is Rabbi Tully Harcsztark. In fall 2019, previous assistant principal Rabbi Jonathan Kroll, returned to the school to serve as its Co-Principal.
As of the 2017–18 school year, the school had an enrollment of 539 students and 121.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 4.45:1.
Extracurricular activities
Students have the opportunity to contribute to a wide variety of publications including Ruach Searah, the Dvar Torah newsletter; 'SAR Broadcasting club'where students learn how to work cameras how to setup a broadcasting setup and broadcast sting/games played at the school. The Buzz, the official school newspaper; The Science Journal; Math Mag, an award-winning publication; the literary journal, Euphrates; The Israel Activism Committee's HaOketz'' covering Israel current events; "House Divided," the first student run publication dedicated to political and historical dialogue; SARcasm, the school satire magazine, and the Global Awareness and Action Committee's (GAAC) publication. Clubs include Model United Nations, Debate, Mock Trial, College Bowl, and countless others. SAR also has many charity clubs, including the Cookies For A Cause Club, which has won multiple grants and awards, including the Optimum Charity Champions grant in 2015. In 2019, SAR's Economics Club won the National Championships in the Personal Finance Challenge, beating over 18,000 other students nationwide.
In February 2021, The EPG (elections, politics, and governance) club held a town hall for the New York City mayoral election. Several candidates, including Andrew Yang, Eric Adams, and Maya Wiley, were in attendance.
Sports
All of SAR's teams are members of the Metropolitan Yeshiva High School Athletic League, which is composed of many of the Jewish day schools throughout the New York metropolitan area.
SAR teams compete in baseball, softball, hockey, soccer, Swim, volleyball, basketball, track, tennis, and wrestling.
SAR's College Bowl team was featured in the 2012–2013 season of MSG Varsity's the Challenge. They were the Bronx/Brooklyn champions but lost in the following round.
SAR also has a Fencing Team that competes once a year with other Jewish day schools.
Controversies
In 2013, SAR High School made news by allowing female students to put on tefillin during morning prayers, becoming the first Modern Orthodox school to do so. This decision was generally supported by most, however it did cause the school to receive significant backlash from the more traditional community.
External Links
SAR High School Home Page
References
Educational institutions established in 2003
Private high schools in the Bronx
Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools in the United States
Riverdale, Bronx
2003 establishments in New York City
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3988325
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Burtt
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Tom Burtt
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Thomas Browning Burtt (22 January 1915 – 24 May 1988) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in ten Tests from 1947 to 1953.
Domestic career
In his last first-class match, for Canterbury against the MCC in 1954–55, he hit 24 off one over from Johnny Wardle.
In first-class cricket, he played 84 games, mostly for Canterbury, between 1943 and 1955, taking 408 wickets at 22.19. His brother Noel also played for Canterbury, as did his nephew Wayne Burtt.
In 1937 and 1938 he also represented New Zealand at hockey.
Trivia
His 128 wickets taken on the 1949 tour of England is a record for New Zealand. In Wisden, Charles Bray said of him, "The bulk of the bowling fell on the tubby, cheerful T.B. Burtt, slow left-arm, immaculate length, good flight, who attacked the off-stump so accurately that he constantly tied down the opposing batsmen."
International career
He played ten consecutive Tests over six years, bowling long spells, taking wickets, and scoring useful runs in the tail, until he was dropped after the First Test against South Africa in 1952–53. According to Richard Boock in his biography of Bert Sutcliffe, Burtt was one of several players at the time who "paid the ultimate price for being overweight". He was overlooked for the next season's tour of South Africa, the inexperienced spinners Eric Dempster, Matt Poore and Bill Bell going instead, and did not play another Test.
References
External links
1915 births
1988 deaths
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Canterbury cricketers
South Island cricketers
New Zealand male field hockey players
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3988327
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode
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Bode
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Bode may refer to:
People
Bode (surname)
Bode Miller (born 1977), American skier
Bode Sowande (born 1948), Nigerian writer and dramatist
Bode Thomas (1918–1953), Nigerian politician
Geography
Böde, village in Zala County, Hungary
Bode, Iowa, city in Humboldt County, Iowa, United States
Bode, Nepal, city in Bhaktapur District, Nepal
Bode (river), a major river in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, tributary of the Saale
Bode (Wipper), a small river in Thuringia, Germany, tributary of the Wipper
Other
Bode (crater), lunar crater
Bode plot, graph used in electrical engineering and control theory
Bode (fashion brand), American clothing company
See also
Bodie (disambiguation)
Bodhi
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3988332
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Scott
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Roy Scott
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Roy Hamilton Scott (6 May 1917 – 5 August 2005) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in one Test in 1947.
Cricket career
Scott was a middle-order right-handed batsman and a medium-pace bowler who played first-class cricket for Canterbury from 1940–41 to 1954–55. He had a good Plunket Shield season in 1946–47, making 86 against Otago and 85 against Auckland and taking 6 for 99 against Wellington in the three matches.
His single Test came at the end of that season when New Zealand played one Test against England led by Wally Hammond. The match was ruined by rain; Scott scored 18 batting at number eight and, opening the bowling with Jack Cowie, took one wicket, that of Bill Edrich.
He was picked for the trial match for the 1949 New Zealand tour of England but, despite top-scoring in the New Zealand XI's second innings and taking four wickets, he was not picked for the tour, and retired after the match, re-emerging for one more first-class match in 1953-54 and a final one in 1954–55.
See also
One-Test wonder
References
External links
1917 births
2005 deaths
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Canterbury cricketers
South Island Army cricketers
South Island cricketers
New Zealand Services cricketers
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3988333
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconolite
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Zirconolite
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Zirconolite is a mineral, calcium zirconium titanate; formula CaZrTi2O7. Some examples of the mineral may also contain thorium, uranium, cerium, niobium and iron; the presence of thorium or uranium would make the mineral radioactive. It is black or brown in color.
References
Calcium minerals
Zirconium minerals
Titanium minerals
Oxide minerals
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5379523
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Piece%3A%20Pirates%27%20Carnival
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One Piece: Pirates' Carnival
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was made for the PlayStation 2 and GameCube. It is a party game inspired by the popular One Piece anime. One Piece: Pirates' Carnival comprises over 30 different minigames, which support up to four players, and includes a Reversi-like board game mode in which winning minigames lets you take control of squares and recruit pirates for your ship's crew. It uses the opening in the Japanese version.
Gameplay
The main style of gameplay is the Board Game, which features a massive gameboard consisting of dozens of panels. The objective of the game is to have as much money as possible when every tile belongs to a player. Each player has two varieties of money - the money earned from winning a minigame and the money earned from simply owning a panel. Note that while the latter is easily increased (and just as easily decreased), only three effects in the entire game can affect the former.
Each of the four players take turns uncovering panels around the gameboard; who goes first is determined by a minigame at the beginning that takes place at the center panel. While at the beginning, players can only uncover panels that are close to the central one, as the game goes on, more panels may be uncovered. A panel owned by a player is marked by being bordered with the player's colors; if the color is gray, then nobody owns it and anyone can select it.
Similar to One Piece: Grand Battle! Rush, some gameplay items and features were removed from the American version because the American version of the Anime had not progressed as far as the Japanese version (Everything past the Skypiea Arc of the Anime was removed) and the soundtrack of the introduction of the game was changed because 4kids' version of the anime never used any of the original theme songs.
Game boards
There are 5 kinds of boards in the game, each one representation a place from the story. The shape and size of each board is different for the others'.
They are based in East Blue, Calm Belt to Alabasta, Skypiea, Water 7 and Longring Longland.
Panels
There are three types of panels on the gameboard:
Event: These panels, when uncovered, results in the player who uncovered them immediately gaining ownership of them. All event panels have some sort of effect, from increasing/decreasing the player's money to gaining ownership of a panel that an opponent owns.
Mini-Game: These panels, when uncovered, list a trio of minigames, one of which the player that uncovered it chooses to engage in with all the other players. The winner of the minigame gains ownership of the panel.
Captain: These panels, when uncovered, result in a special minigame where the player who uncovers them plays as the captain of the game, and follows different rules than all the other players. If the captain wins, the player who uncovered the panel earns ownership of it, while if one of the other players win, they gain ownership of it. Note that captain panels are always found in pairs, and that if a player gains ownership of one, the other is also revealed and brought under ownership of him/her. Similarly, captain panels also change ownership/get destroyed/get frozen in unison.
Note that if two panels of the same color are in line with one another, all uncovered panels between them with different colors switch to the color of the two panels on the edges, and are brought under ownership of the player with the color.
Versus Game
Any game that the player has participated is automatically added to the Versus Game section, to be played whenever they feel like it. The games are classified into these categories:
Mini-Game
Usually only uncovered by the Mini-Game panel. These include:
Ship Battle Royale: Players battle each other on board the Going Merry.
Pirates' Concentration: Players take turns flipping over tiles featuring members of the Straw Hat crew on a giant raft, searching for matches.
Going Merry Shooting Gallery: Players use the Going Merry's cannon to shoot islands & ships to gain points.
The Great Smoke Escape: Players search for keys in the Loguetown Marine HQ while avoiding Smoker/Chaser.
Snowcap Battle Hiking: Players climb up the Drum Rockies, encountering various obstacles (such as hiking bears and Lapahns) along the way.
Yuba Sand Digout: Players dig for water in Yuba while avoiding sandstorms.
Kung Fu Dugong Punch Out: Players have their own territory and take out the Kung-Fu Dugongs in order to win with less Dugongs.
Supersonic Ledge Race: Players ride spot-billed ducks up the Alubarna Plateau.
Sunken Treasure Salvage: Players explore a sunken ship in diving suits, searching for treasure while avoiding the punches of Masira.
Balloon Dive Chicken Race: Players use the octopus balloon to descend from Skypiea and onto the Going Merry.
Battle of the Long Stilts: Players walk within a ring on massive stilts, attempting to knock each other over.
Where Is Pandaman?: Players use a telescope to search for Pandaman in a large crowd.
Straw Hat Members' Games
Unlike the other Captain Games, the Straw Hats' panels cannot be uncovered in a board game. The only way to play these games is to challenge a member's tile over a Davy Back Fight.
In "Gum Gum Carnival", players try to select certain beats in a tune while avoid being hit by Luffy. The last one standing is the winner.
"Thundering Swordplay" is played in a ring, which is slippery from the rain. There, players must put Zoro/Zolo out of the ring. Whoever defeats him wins, unless he defeats the other players. If so then he wins.
In "Loguetown Treasure Chase", Nami is chased by players on the streets of Loguetown. The players who successfully steals Nami's treasure three times wins, unless she makes it to the Going Merry. If so then she wins.
In "Defend Usopp Factory!", players attempt to steal treasure from one of three doors. Usopp stands in the middle, and must choose a door to protect.
"Cooking Fighter" is played in the Baratie, where the players attempt to steal food aboard the Baratie as Sanji throws it to Patty. Forks can be used to slow down the other players. Whoever steals three dishes first wins, unless Sanji delivers five dishes to Patty before then. If so then he wins.
"Wave the Pirate Flag!" takes place in Drum Island, where the players attempt to steal a pirate flag from Chopper upon Drum Castle and wave it to fill a gauge. Chopper himself must place the flag upon each of the castle's seven sections and turn the snow pink.
In "The Ancient Ruin Mystery", players attempt to steal treasure from the ruins of Shandora and bring it back to their own camp while Robin is deciphering ponecliffs. The player who acquires 100,000 berries wins, unless Robin completely deciphers the ponecliffs. If so then she wins.
Captain Games
The player who uncovers a captain tile gets to play as the captain. All the other players face off against them in a mini-game. Once in a while, captains will mutiny, and all four players battle against them.
Chop-Chop Festival: Players battle Buggy by stepping on either his head or lower body. Buggy himself can attack of his own will and go into a "berserker" mode whenever he is hit. Mohji and Cabaji will also be firing cannonballs at the players.
The Cat Out of the Bag: Players battle Kuro in Kaya's front yard while avoiding Jango's hypnosis. Kuro himself can create a trail of light when he starts running, and can surround players with it, attacking them all at once with his "Out of the Bag Attack".
Beware the MH5!: Players jump across the pieces of Baratie's fins and Krieg's ship to reach Don Krieg himself. The entire stage is covered with poison gas, and players must periodically acquire gas masks to deplete their poison meter, or they will die. Krieg himself can hinder players with spears and (if he acquires one) bombs.
Arlong Darts Park: Players engage in a game of darts at Arlong Park. Arlong himself takes his turn after all three players, and only gets three shots as opposed to the other players getting four. However, he can knock down other players' darts to steal their points, and the three spots that he chose form a triangle. Any darts within the triangle instantly have their score stolen by Arlong.
Little Garden Bomb Battle: Players battle the giants Dorry and Brogy on Little Garden by tossing bombs at the giants' feet. Dorry and Broggy can retaliate by stepping on the players, guided by a skull mark.
Wapol's Munch-Munch Factory: Players battle a rotating Wapol (in the center of the stage) by hitting his heart, which pops out at a random spot every time he attacks. In addition to using cannons and hammers, Wapol can also devour anyone who he is facing, filling up a gauge. When the gauge is filled, Wapol can engage in a secret technique that attacks all opponents.
Clone-Clone Panel Shootout: Players engage in a guessing game with Mr. 2 Bon Clay at the Sandora River, trying to guess which face he has transformed into.
Mr. 4's Batter Up!: Players attempt to deflect exploding baseballs that Mr. 4 hits toward them. In addition to normal baseball bombs, Mr. 4 can also have Lasso sneeze out up to three "tornado shots" that automatically explode.
Crocodile's Sand Trap: Players battle Crocodile with water guns while attempting to not get sucked into the "Desert Girasole". Crocodile himself can dodge water shots and retaliate with Desert Spada and sandstorms.
Chomp It Up! Pie Eatout: Players engage in a pie-eating contest with Blackbeard, and must avoid bombs. Blackbeard himself can use an apple bomb whenever Doc Q shows up, causing three apples to appear before each of the players, at least one of which is a bomb (the exploding apples do not reveal themselves until a few seconds later).
Spring Hopper Daredevil: Players attempt to dodge Bellamy's bouncing attacks in Mock Town while trying to make it through all three sections. Bellamy himself creates a hole in the dock wherever he lands if he does not hit anybody, and these holes cause instant death if a player falls through them. If two or more have survived all three sections of Mock Town, Bellamy goes into a frenzied "Spring Hopper" that does not stop until there is only one player left standing.
Wyper Strikes!: Players must stop Wyper from destroying the Going Merry by absorbing his bazooka shots. Wyper himself can fire an extra-potent shot if he stops firing for a while.
Illusion Forest, Ordeal of Orbs: Players must knock exploding Surprise Orbs toward Satori. Satori himself can either deflect them with his cane or connect Surprise Orbs to the one that he is standing on, and once he has connected four, he can use the Orb Dragon technique, which allows him to hurt players just by touching them.
Light the Shandorian Fire!: Players must reach the Golden Bell by climbing up Giant Jack and avoiding a rotating thunder cloud. Enel follows the players on another cloud, and attacks them with "30,000,000 Volt Hino" (which is horizontal) and "El Thor" (which is vertical).
The Suitcase Scramble: Players must take three suitcases full of money back to their own area. Smoker/Chaser (Paulie in the Japanese version) snatches the suitcases away from the players. Hammers can be used to attack him, attack other players, or knock a suitcase out of another player's area.
Chop-Chop Harpoon Mayhem!: Players collect treasure while avoiding Buggy's attacks (Franky's attacks in the Japanese version) and the junk fired out of the cannons. He can grab players and toss them into the cannon, firing them out.
Pandaman's Panic Maze: Players avoid flames while breaking down doors in a maze-like burning mansion. When a blue arrow appears, players can escape the mansion by getting to it in time. Pandaman (Blueno in the Japanese version) travels through walls to attack the players, and can alter the direction of the flames up to three times.
Twirling Whips of Flame: Players must avoid Mohji & Cabaji (Kaku & Kalifa in the Japanese version) running over them with a whip while attempting to toss them into a fire. The duo can stop at any time and start spinning in a circle, increasing the range of their attack.
Lucci's game (Original version only): Players run through a devastated and burning Galley-la building, while Rob Lucci chases them and attempts to stop them by throwing burning furniture and utilizing his six form techniques.
Reception
The game was met with very mixed to negative reception upon release. GameRankings gave it a score of 51% and 47 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version, and 45% and 49 out of 100 for the GameCube version. In Japan, Famitsu gave the game a score of one seven and three sixes, bringing it to a total of 25 out of 40. Famitsu Cube + Advance, however, gave the GameCube version a score of one nine, two eights, and one seven, bringing it to a total of 32 out of 40.
References
Notes
External links
Bandai America's Official Website (archived)
Bandai Official Website (Japanese)
2005 video games
PlayStation 2 games
GameCube games
Pirates Carnival
Party video games
Toei Animation video game projects
Video games developed in Japan
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5379548
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Kong
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Queen Kong
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Queen Kong is a 1976 British-German adventure comedy film parodying King Kong. The film was never released theatrically in the United Kingdom, due to legal action by Dino De Laurentiis, producer of the 1976 King Kong remake and RKO, the copyright holder of King Kong at the time. It got a limited release in Italy and Germany. The film has since resurfaced on DVD.
The film has a cult following in Japan. In 1998, a troupe of Japanese comedians produced their own Japanese dialogue for the film, in a similar spirit to Woody Allen's What's Up, Tiger Lily?; this version with the new Japanese dialogue was released on DVD in 2001. The film was novelized by James Moffat and published by Everest Books in 1977.
It was shot at Shepperton Studios and on location around London and Newhaven. In addition, miniature sets were created utilising the scale model of London at the now long-defunct Bournemouth theme park Tucktonia.
Plot
This film switches the traditional roles of females and males and reverses all the genders of the original cast of King Kong, the main character Ray Fay plays the damsel in distress which tends to usually be played by women. He is kidnapped by film director Luce Habit to star in her new African jungle movie, he then finds himself the amorous attraction of a giant female gorilla that pursues him across London.
Main cast
Robin Askwith as Ray Fay
Rula Lenska as Luce Habit
Valerie Leon as Queen of the Nabongas
Roger Hammond as Woolf
Linda Hayden as the Singing Nun
John Clive as Comedian
Carol Drinkwater as Ima Goodbody
Anthony Morton as Antique Dealer
Vicki Michelle as Crew Girl
Anna Bergman as Crew Girl
Geraldine Gardner as Crew Girl
Jeannie Collings as Crew Girl
References
External links
Queen Kong on Nanarland
Fictional queens
1976 films
1970s fantasy-comedy films
1970s monster movies
British films
English-language films
King Kong (franchise) films
1970s parody films
1970s adventure comedy films
British parody films
Constantin Film films
Films set in London
1976 comedy films
Films shot at Shepperton Studios
British monster movies
British natural horror films
British comedy horror films
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3988336
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%20Smith
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Brun Smith
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Frank Brunton Smith (13 March 1922 – 6 July 1997) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in four Tests between 1947 and 1952. He played first-class cricket for Canterbury from 1946 to 1953. His father Frank played for Canterbury in the 1920s; Brun's son Geoff played for Canterbury in the 1970s.
Cricket career
An aggressive middle-order batsman, Brun Smith played for Canterbury in the Plunket Shield from 1946-47 to 1952-53. After scoring 106 out of a Canterbury total of 194 against Auckland in January 1947, he made his Test debut against England a few weeks later, scoring 18. He was not in the original selected team, but was included just before the match to replace the injured Stewie Dempster. His highest first-class score was 153 for Canterbury against Otago in Christchurch in the 1948-49 season, when his 392 runs at 56.00 helped Canterbury to win the Plunket Shield.
He toured England in 1949, scoring 1008 runs at 28.00, and playing two Tests. In the First Test at Headingley he scored 96 in two hours in the first innings and 54 in the second. He made 23 in the Second Test, and was then replaced by John Reid, who was making his Test debut, for the Third and Fourth Tests.
He played in the First Test against the West Indies at Christchurch in 1951-52, top-scoring in the second innings with 37 despite a strained leg muscle. It was his last Test. His Test average of 47.40 places him third (after Stewie Dempster and Martin Donnelly) among New Zealanders with 200 or more Test runs. He succeeded Walter Hadlee as captain of Canterbury during the 1951-52 season and led them to victory in the Plunket Shield.
Dick Brittenden said, "Smith's batting was always violent, usually brilliant. Not that it was always a sound proposition." In 1952 The Cricketer's New Zealand correspondent noted that, while the 1951-52 Plunket Shield season was characterized by an excess of cautious batting, "Smith, perhaps, went to the other extreme". He once scored a century before lunch for Canterbury, and hit 155 in 62 minutes in a club game in Christchurch.
Outside cricket
Smith attended Christchurch Boys' High School, where in 1940 he received the Deans Scholarship, which is awarded annually to a boy in his final year "who in the highest degree exhibits the qualities of intellect, athletic ability, leadership and character". He served in the New Zealand Army in World War II as a signalman. Later he was a primary school teacher and principal in Christchurch.
References
External links
1922 births
1997 deaths
Canterbury cricketers
Cricketers from Rangiora
New Zealand cricketers
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
New Zealand schoolteachers
New Zealand Test cricketers
People educated at Christchurch Boys' High School
South Island Army cricketers
South Island cricketers
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5379568
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Courageous%20%28S50%29
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HMS Courageous (S50)
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HMS Courageous (S50) is a decommissioned nuclear fleet submarine in service with the Royal Navy from 1971.
Operational history
In 1982, Courageous along with her sister ship, , was sent with the British task force to retake the Falkland Islands from the occupying Argentine forces. She returned home later in the year without damage. Courageous was retired from service in 1992. She is now a museum ship at Devonport Dockyard.
During the HMNB Devonport Navy Days 2006, one of the members of the team restoring HMS Courageous pointed out that HMS Valiant was one of the first Royal Navy submarines to have her reactor removed. As Valiant had been cosmetically wrecked by this work, HMS Courageous was selected for the museum ship to represent the nuclear submarine fleet of the Royal Navy during the Cold War. Components were removed from HMS Valiant to restore Courageous. HMS Courageous was due to be moved in 2007 from her current berth to a new berth, due to development of the HMNB Devonport area where she resided.
External links
HMS Courageous Society website - Click here for society news, Courageous history and shop.
Royal Navy website - HMS Courageous page
References
HMS Courageous: A Cold War Veteran. Published by the Courageous Society 2008.
Churchill-class submarines
Museum ships in the United Kingdom
Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom
1970 ships
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5379574
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20of%20Selenhofen
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Arnold of Selenhofen
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Arnold of Selenhofen (c. 1095/1100 – 24 June 1160) was the archbishop of Mainz from 1153 to his assassination in the Benedictine abbey St. Jakob, where he took shelter from the raging crowd.
He was born to a wealthy Mainz family. He studied at the University of Paris and became the treasurer of the archdiocese of Mainz, then provost of the cathedral. Conrad III made him archchancellor of Germany in 1151 and Frederick Barbarossa made him archbishop in 1153.
His administration of justice was unforgiving. While he was away in Italy working for the recognition of the Antipope Victor IV in 1159, the leading citizens rebelled. When he returned, he was murdered in front of the monastery of St. Jakob. He was buried in the church of St. Maria ad gradus (St. Mary of the Steps).
Literature
Johann Friedrich Böhmer: Martyrium Arnoldi Archiepiscopi Moguntini. Stuttgart 1853. (Fontes Rerum Germanicarum 3), pp. 173–217
Burkhardt, Stefan, Mit Stab und Schwert. Bilder, Träger und Funktionen erzbischöflicher Herrschaft zur Zeit Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossas. Die Erzbistümer Köln und Mainz im Vergleich (Mittelalter-Forschungen 22), Ostfildern 2008.
Burkhardt, Stefan, Vita Arnoldi archiepiscopi Moguntinensis, Schnell + Steiner, 2014,
12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Holy Roman Empire
11th-century births
1160 deaths
Archbishops of Mainz
Assassinated German people
Assassinated religious leaders
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5379576
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%20Stevens
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Lord Stevens
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Lord Stevens or Baron Stevens may refer to:
David Stevens, Baron Stevens of Ludgate (born 1936)
John Stevens, Baron Stevens of Kirkwhelpington (born 1942)
Simon Stevens, Baron Stevens of Birmingham (born 1966)
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3988345
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano%20Battaglia
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Stefano Battaglia
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Stefano Battaglia (born 1965 in Milan) is an Italian classical and jazz pianist.
He performed as a soloist with the European Youth Orchestra in Barcelona (1981). He won the J.S. Bach Festival award in Düsseldorf for best new pianist of the year (1986) and the Brussels National Radio Award as the best young European pianist (1997).
He has taught at the Siena Jazz summer program.
Battaglia is a founder of the jazz group Triplicity and Theatrum as part of the Permanent Workshop for Musical Research in Siena. He also recorded with Michele Rabbia.
Discography
As leader
References
External links
Official site
"Stefano Battaglia", The World, PRI
1965 births
Living people
21st-century pianists
Avant-garde jazz pianists
Free jazz pianists
Italian musicians
Mainstream jazz pianists
Musicians from Milan
Post-bop pianists
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3988351
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodorus%20horizontalis
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Echinodorus horizontalis
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Echinodorus horizontalis is a species of plant in the Alismataceae family. It is native to northern South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, northern Brazil).
Description
The leaves are 25 – 40cm long. The blades join the petiole at an obtuse angle so that they stand nearly horizontally. They are ovate or cordate, on the tip acuminate, the base truncate or shortly lobate, usually with 7 veins, 10 – 17cm long x 5 – 8cm wide. Stem recurved, proliferous, 25 – 60cm long. The inflorescence is racemose, having 2 – 4 whorls containing only 3 – 6 flowers each. The bracts are shorter than pedicels, which are 1 – 1.5cm long. The sepals are ovate, membraneous, 4 – 6mm long, having 18 – 24 ribs. During ripening the sepals enlarge and cover partly the aggregate fruit. The petals are white, ovate, corolla 1.5 – 1.8cm in diameter, stamens 26 – 30cm. Anthers oblong, 5 – 10 x shorter than filaments. The aggregate fruit is globular, 0.7 – 0.9cm in diameter, achenes 3mm long x 1mm wide, having 3 – 4 ribs and usually 6 glands in 2 rows. Young leaves are red and brown, while older leaves are green.
Cultivation
The plant needs a deep bed of rich substrate, and plenty of light and water on the more acidic and soft side, and tropical temperatures. It will grow well emersed or submersed. Propagation is mainly by adventitious plantlets, which form on the inflorescence. A rather demanding species, it is now rarely seen.
The flowers, normally emersed, open in the later morning hours only for about 2 hours. After this, it closes completely. E. horizontalis opens its flowers even under water. The plant is self-fertile.
Seed germination seems variable, but Rataj & Horemann report most success at higher temperatures (28 C).
Without flowers it can be confused with other species such as E. tunicatus, and rarely seems to be offered as the true species in the trade.
References
External links
Echinodorus site
horizontalis
Plants described in 1969
Flora of Colombia
Flora of Guyana
Flora of Ecuador
Flora of Peru
Flora of Brazil
Flora of Venezuela
Freshwater plants
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3988355
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudmund%20Hernes
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Gudmund Hernes
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Gudmund Hernes (born 25 March 1941 in Trondheim) is a Norwegian professor and politician for the Labour Party. He was the state secretary to the Secretariat for Long-Term Planning 1980–1981, Minister of Education and Research and Ministry of Church and Cultural Affairs (church affairs) 1990, Minister of Education, Research and Church Affairs 1991-1995 and Minister of Health and Social Affairs (health affairs) 1995-1996 and 1996–1997.
Gudmund Hernes got his PhD in sociology at Johns Hopkins University in 1971. He became a professor at the University of Bergen in 1971, and later at the University of Oslo. He has been a Fellow at The Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford (1974–75) and Visiting Professor at Harvard University in 1986 and 1990.
From 1999 to 2005 he was the Director of UNESCO's International Institute of Educational Planning in Paris, and UNESCO's Coordinator on HIV/AIDS.
He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, Agder Academy of Sciences and Letters, and The Norwegian Scientific Academy for Polar Research . Gudmund Hernes is researcher at the Fafo Institute in Oslo, and Adjunct Professor at BI Norwegian Business School. During 2006-2011 he was president of The International Social Science Council From 2017 he has been the Chair of the University Board (Konsistorium) at Uppsala University. Hernes is an honorary doctor at Umeå University and the University of Bergen. Among his other awards are an Honorary Member of the Norwegian Fulbright Association, The Honorary Price of the Norwegian Sociological Association and Honorary Fellow of the European Academy of Sociology. He has been a columnist in several Norwegian papers, and for the last thirteen years in the Norwegian Weekly Morgenbladet.
References
1941 births
Living people
Norwegian business theorists
Norwegian sociologists
Government ministers of Norway
Ministers of Health and Care Services of Norway
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
BI Norwegian Business School faculty
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Ministers of Education of Norway
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3988367
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Snedden
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Colin Snedden
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Colin Alexander Snedden (7 January 1918 – 24 April 2011) was a New Zealand Test cricketer.
His father, Nessie Snedden, and brother, Warwick Snedden, both played first-class cricket; Warwick's son, Martin Snedden, played in 25 Tests and 93 One Day Internationals for New Zealand.
Cricket career
Born in Auckland, Snedden played first-class cricket for the Auckland cricket team. A tall and strongly built man who bowled quick off-breaks, he played one match before the Second World War, then resumed his career eight seasons later in 1946–47. He took five wickets against Otago then eight wickets against Canterbury, including 6 for 59 off 34 overs in the second innings.
He was selected for the single Test for New Zealand against England, at Christchurch in March 1947. Five other New Zealanders made their debut in the same match. New Zealand declared their first innings at 345 for 9; Snedden was the number 11 batsman so did not bat. He bowled 16 overs, but the third and fourth days were washed out, and the match was abandoned as a draw.
He played a few matches in two more seasons before retiring.
Later life and death
Following his retirement from playing, Snedden was a radio commentator on cricket and rugby for many years.
On the death of Eric Tindill on 1 August 2010, Snedden became the oldest surviving New Zealand Test cricketer. On 24 April 2011, he died in his sleep at the age of 93.
See also
List of Auckland representative cricketers
One-Test wonder
References
External links
Colin Snedden at Cricket Archive
Colin Snedden's obituary
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Auckland cricketers
New Zealand cricket commentators
1918 births
2011 deaths
North Island cricketers
Colin
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5379595
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan%20Sanyal
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Narayan Sanyal
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Narayan Sanyal (26 April 1924 – 7 February 2005) was an Indian writer of modern Bengali literature as well as a civil engineer.
Biography
Narayan Sanyal was born in Krishnagar to Chittasukh Sanyal and Basantalata Devi. His name was initially Narayandas Sanyal in school life. His family consisted of wife Sabita Sanyal; elder daughter Anindita Basu, son-in-law Amitabha Basu, son Tirtharenu Sanyal, daughter-in-law Sharmila Sanyal, younger daughter Mou Sanyal Talukdar, son-in-law Soumitra Talukdar. His granddaughter is Ayoshi Talukdar.
Although Sanyal is known mostly as a novelist, he was also an eminent civil engineer by profession. After graduating in science from the University of Calcutta, he passed Bachelor of Engineering from Bengal Engineering College in 1948. Thereafter he joined Public Works Department and later National Buildings Organisation, Ministry of Works and Housing, Eastern Region, Govt of India. He was a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India) and a Fellow of the Association of Engineers (India). He also wrote books in Civil Engineering such as Vaastu Vigyan.
A biography of Narayan Sanyal was written by Pradip Dutta – Ami Narayan Sanyal Ke Dekhechi.
A Documentary on Writer Narayan Sanyal was screened on the 18th Kolkata International Film Festival on 15 November 2012 at Bangla Academy . The film " CHOKHER DEKHA PRANER KOTHA .... Narayan Sanyal " in Bengali named by his elder son-in-law Amitabha basu, was directed by his younger son-in-law Soumitra Talukdar and produced by his younger daughter Mou Sanyal.
Overview of his works
Sanyal wrote numerous books that dealt with various topics, such as children, science, art and architecture, travels, psychiatry, technology, refugee problems, history, biographical pieces, encyclopaedia of animals, social novel and Devadasi-related.
This author also preferred writing books on deep shadow of many world-famous works. One of the most popular Sci-Fictions Nakshatraloker Debatatma [নক্ষত্রলোকের দেবতাত্মা], is based on the transformation of human race from primitive creature to civilised intelligent species controlling the whole earth. Then it deals with Jupiter exploration and a super intelligent Computer HAL. The three parted book is an inspiration of 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke. In his book, Sanyal named HAL as Jantra-Na, in his mother tongue Bengali, it ambiguously means 'not a machine' as well as 'pain'.
His most popular work is Biswasghatak [বিশ্বাসঘাতক] written about the Manhattan project that developed the first US Atom Bomb. This book is based on the shadow of Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists (1970), by Austrian Robert Jungk.
Another book Timi Timingil is on Whales. This stands on an article published in Readers Digest.
He also wrote a series of detective fiction called the Kanta [কাঁটা] (Thorn) series. Most of the stories were inspired from various foreign novels of Erle Stanley Gardner and Agatha Cristie. The protagonist of Kanta series thriller, Barrister P.K. Basu was based on the character Perry Mason.
Apart from this series, he wrote Bishupal Bodh: Uposonghar [বিশুপাল বধ: উপসংহার], which is basically a completion of Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay's unfinished Byomkesh Bakshi story: Bishupal Bodh. Narayan Babu fulfilled some terms given by Bandyopadhyay's friend Pratul Chandra Gupta, who edited Bandyopadhyay's works. Samaresh Basu, as the editor (also a friend of Sanyal) of Mahanagar, a magazine, published it in a Puja issue.
Sanyal did not simply copy foreign works; he took the central themes and adapted them for a proper Bengali atmosphere, which would be familiar to Bengali readers. For this reason, some changes in the original plot and a few anachronisms (that suit, e.g. offering a chair to the accused & the witness at the courtroom in India—- which is not generally the practice) necessarily occur in his writings. He always mentioned the source, the changes he made in his script, and why these were necessary. He also tried to keep the nomenclature resembling the original so as to offer his gratitude. He often referred to P. K. Basu as "the Perry Mason of the East", as it was Erle Stanley Gardner's masterpiece that inspired him to create Basu.
It is undoubtedly accepted by all that Narayan Babu was one of the finest authors in Bengali and he was a class apart from the flock of contemporary Bengali writers those who were too dependent on sentiment and emotional overdose in their writings and too dependent on monopolist Bengali media/publication groups in commercial front.
Accolades
He received several awards for literature including Rabindra Puraskar (for Aporupa Ajanta in 1969), Bankim Puraskar (for Rupmanjari in 2000), and Narasingha Dutta Award. Many of his books were filmed and he won the Best Film Story Writer Award (for Satyakaam) by Bengal Film Journalists.
List of works
Adaptations in movies
Satyakam, his novel, was adapted into Hindi film, Satyakam (1969), directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee, starring Dharmendra, Sharmila Tagore as Ranjana, Rabi Ghosh and Ashok Kumar.
His another novel, Nagchampa was turned into Jadi Jantem, a Bengali Film released on 1 March 1974. This film was directed by Yatrik and starred by Uttam Kumar as P. K. Basu, Ruma Guha Thakurta as Ranu, Soumitra Chatterjee as Koushik Mitra, Supriya Choudhury as Sujata, Basanta Choudhury, Kamal Mitra and Haradhan Banerjee. Sanyal also wrote the dialogue.
The plot of Ashleelotar Daye was adopted to a Chiranjit starred film with the same name (1983).
Neelimay Neel was turned into a Tapas Paul, Indrani Haldar & Anup Kumar starred film in 1991.
Pashanda Pandit was filmed by director Shibaprasad Sen. Soumitra Chatterjee starred film in 1993.
Gajamukta was released in 1994 by director Ajit Lahiri.
Children and teenage literature
Sherlock Hebo [শার্লক হেবো] (1971)
Origami (1982; with Pradip Dutta)
Disneyland [ডিসনেল্যান্ড] (1985)—A delightful account on his trip to Disneyland, California. The book contains some of his pencil sketches.
Nak Unchu [নাক উঁচু] (1985)
Hati Aar Hati [হাতি আর হাতি] (1989)
Scientific articles and science fictions
Biswasghatak [বিশ্বাসঘাতক] (1974)—This is a book about the story of the Manhattan Project in the US during the 1930s and has a good insight on the type of collective intellect that worked together to make the project a success. This book also displays the win of economics and politics over "common sense" and the disastrous aftermath of such an action.
He Hansabalaka [হে হংসবলাকা] (1974)
Obak Prithibee [অবাক পৃথিবী] (1976)
Nakshatraloker Debotatma [নক্ষত্রলোকের দেবতাত্মা] (1976)
Aji Hote Shatobarsho Pore [আজি হতে শতবর্ষ পরে] (1985)
Charles Augustus Lindebark
Painting, sculpture, architecture
Ajanta Aparupa [অজন্তা অপরূপা] (1968)
La-jawab Dehli Aparupa Agra [লা-জবাব দেহ্লি অপরূপা আগ্রা] (1982)
Immortal Ajanta (1984)
Erotics in Indian Temples (1984)
Bharatiyo Bhaskarje Mithun [ভারতীয় ভাস্কর্যে মিথুন] (1980)
Prabanchak [প্রবঞ্চক] (1987)—This contains two articles, one on the original story of stealing the Mona Lisa & the other one is on the greatest forgery in the history of paintings.
Travel
DandokShabori [দণ্ডকশবরী] (1962)
Pother Mohaprosthan [পথের মহাপ্রস্থান] (1965)
Japan Theke Fire [জাপান থেকে ফিরে] (1971)—This is an account of a trip to Japan during Exposition, 1970.
Nostalgic
Shat Ekshotti [ষাট একষট্টি] (1984)
Abar Se Esechhe Firiya [আবার সে এসেছে ফিরিয়া] (1989)
Psychological
Monami [মনামী] (1960)
Antarleena [অন্তর্লীনা] (1966)
Tajer Swapno [তাজের স্বপ্ন] (1969)
Detective
All books of the Kanta series are of Prasanna Kumar Basu (famously known as P. K. Basu), Bar at Law.
1.Nagchampa [নাগচম্পা] (Published: 1968)
This novel is the first P. K. Basu story by Sanyal, though he called it as a "trial ball". It was later adopted in a Bengali movie, Jadi Jantem in 1974. Here, Basu is shown to be an old, unmarried man; who solves the death mystery of a businessman. Sujata, who is an essential character of the following stories, was accused of murder. Koushik, in a disguise of a driver, also helps her. Koushik is a typical example of bulk of the engineers who fails to manage any satisfiable job.
2.Sonar Kanta [সোনার কাঁটা] (Written:1974 Published:October 1974; Inspiration: mousetrap by Agatha Christie; Dedication: Late Byomkesh Bakshi)
After Jodi Jantem, he changed the character Basu to be an aged lawyer, whose wife Ranu is made invalid & Suborna alias Mithu, their only daughter is died in an accident. This novel marks the proper starting of the series. This is based on a murder of Ramen Guha, a policeman and some other incidents at The Repose, a hotel at Ghum, Darjeeling, run by the Mitra couple, Sujata & Koushik Mitra.
3.Machher Kanta [মাছের কাঁটা] (Written:1974, Published:March 1975; Dedication: Samarjit Gupta)
Mitra couple returns Kolkata, after selling the hotel and starts a private detective agency, named Sukoushali [সুকৌশলী] at Basu's residence at New Alipore. This story revolves about Supriya Dashgupta [সুপ্রিয় দাশগুপ্ত], a manager of a Bombay based farm. At the end of the story, the caught person is proved to be different than the original culprit.
4.Pother Kanta [পথের কাঁটা] (Written:1975, Published:January 1976; Dedication: Mukul Chakraborty)
Old Jagadananda Sen lives with granddaughter Nilima Sen, nephew Jogananda and Jogananda's relative Shyamal. Mahendra, his ex-employee, whom he revoked, suddenly comes back and starts blackmailing Jagadananda. He, then seeks help from Basu. Meanwhile, police arrests Jagadananda in charge of killing his own nephew Jogananda. Joydeep, Nilima's fiance shadows another ex-employee of Jagadananda, Yu Siang, a Burmese, who is also supposed to come India to blackmail the old man. Finally, Basu succeeds to make him free catching the culprit.
5.Ghorir Kanta [ঘড়ির কাঁটা] (Written:1976, Published:January 1977; Dedication: Suresh Prasad Lahiri Chaudhuri)
Rabi Bosu, a police inspector, who is prevalent in some later stories, is introduced. This story is about a ticket of lottery and a murder. Basu makes Prakash Sengupta, a doctor free from all charges of killing his friend, Kamalesh Mitter.
6.Kuler Kanta [কুলের কাঁটা] (Written:1977, Published:May 1978; Dedication: Kamal Hossain)
Minati Roychaudhury, alias Minti, a lost granddaughter of GokulChandra Roychaudhury is found back. This story has a very little to do with Basu.
7.Uler Kanta [উঁলের কাঁটা] (Written: 1978, Published:May 1980; Inspiration: The Case of the Perjured Parrot by Erle Stanley Gardner; Dedication: Sheela & Gourdas BosuMallik)
Mahadeo Prasad Khanna, an ex-M. P. was murdered in a lonely cottage in Kashmir. A parrot is taught in such a way that Rama Khanna, a Bengali lady, supposed to be married by Khanna is kept in the lock-up. Basu finally solves the issue by tracing some clues at the cottage, that includes a pair of wool knitting sticks (in Bengali, which are called Uler Kanta).
8.Aw-Aaw-Kaw Khuner Kanta [অ-আ-ক-খুনের কাঁটা] (Written: 1986, Published: Kolkata Book Fair, 1987; Inspiration: The A.B.C. Murders by Agatha Christie; Dedication: Prafulla Roy)
ChandraaChoor Chatterjee [চন্দ্রচূড় চ্যাটার্জী] of Chandannagar was murdered by his brother in law Bikash Mukherjee. Bikash makes an excellent plan to put the blame on a retired Mathematics teacher Shibajee Protap Chakraborty. Chakraborty has a bit psychological problems and has past records of attempt of murder unconsciously. Bikash takes full advantage of this, by sending some letters to Basu. These letters apparently seem to be a childish or lunatic job, as it contain quotations & pictures from Sukumar Ray's writings for children and some hotchpotch of Sanskrit & English, but the thing turns serious when murders are made in Asansol and Burdwan (these two names are mentioned in the letters).
9.Sarmeyo Genduker Kanta [সারমেয় গেণ্ডুকের কাঁটা] (Written: April 1988, Published: Kolkata Book Fair, 1989; Inspiration: Dumb Witness by Agatha Christie; Dedication: Late Probodh Chandra Basu)
Miss Pamela Johnson of Merinagar, a hypothetical township near Kanchrapara, West Bengal dies at age 72. She donates all her belongings to her servants and non-profitable organisations, totally unexpectedly, as everyone anticipates that the old lady would give it to her relatives: Suresh Haldar, Smrituku Haldar alias Tuku & Hena Thakur. This novel is unique in a way as it is written in a first person speech of Koushik Mitra.
10.Koutuholi Koner Kanta [কৌতূহলী কনের কাঁটা] (Published: 1993 from Ujjwal Sahitya Mandir; Dedication: Aloka & Ananta Prasad Tribedi) ()
A distressed lady, Chhanda, is presently married to Tridib Narayan Rao, son of Tribikram Narayan Rao who is an aristocrat Rajput and also a business tycoon. She is accused of a murder of her previous husband Kamalendu Biswas alias Kamalskha Kar alias Kamal Chandra Ghosh, who also had previous marriages. Basu saves the poor lady.
Abhi Purbak Nee Dhatu Aw-er Kanta [অভি পূর্বক নী ধাতু অ-য়ের কাঁটা] (Inspiration: The Case of the Restless Redhead by Erle Stanley Gardner).
Jadu Eto Boro Ronger Kanta [যাদু এতো বড় রঙ্গের কাঁটা]
Ristedarer Kanta [রিস্তেদারের কাঁটা] (Published: 1992; Inspiration: The Case of the Beautiful Beggar by Erle Stanley Gardner).
Dress Rehearsaler Kanta [ড্রেস রিহার্সালের কাঁটা] (Inspiration: Three Act Tragedy by Agatha Christie).
NyayNishtha Nyasnasheer Kanta [ন্যায়নিষ্ঠ ন্যাসনাশীর কাঁটা] (Published: 1994).
Sokol Kanta Dhyonyo Kore [সকল কাঁটা ধন্য করে]
Kantay Kantay (in 6 volumes) [কাঁটায় কাঁটায়] -A collection of all Kanta books, published by Dey's Publishing.
Kantay Kantay 1 (Published: 1990): Sonar Kanta, Machher Kanta, Pother Kanta, Ghorir Kanta, Kuler Kanta.
Kantay Kantay 2 (Published: 1990): Uler Kanta, Aw-Aaw-Kaw Khuner Kanta, Sarmeyo Genduker Kanta.
Research related
Netaji Rahasyo Sandhane [নেতাজি রহস্য সন্ধানে] (1970)
Chin-Bharat Long March [চিন-ভারত লং মার্চ] (1977)
Poyomukhm [পয়োমুখম] (1987)
Refugee problems
Bolmeek [বল্মীক] (1955)
Bakultala P.L. Camp [বকুলতলা পি. এল. ক্যাম্প] (1955)
AronyoDondok [অরণ্যদণ্ডক] (1961)
Historical
Mohakaler Mondir [মহাকালের মন্দির] (1964)
Hanseshwaree [হংসেশ্বরী] (1977)
AnandaSwarupini [আনন্দস্বরূপিণী] (1978)
Ladley Begum [লাডলী বেগম] (1986)
RupManjari [রূপমঞ্জরী]
Mrityorma Amritam
Biographical
Ami Netajike Dekhechhi [আমি নেতাজিকে দেখেছি] (1970)
Ami Rasbeharike Dekhechhi [আমি রাসবিহারীকে দেখেছি] (1973)
Lindeberg [লিন্ডবার্গ] (1978)
Devdasi related
Sutonuka Ekti Devdasir Nam [সুতনুকা একটি দেবদাসীর নাম] (1983)
Sutonuka Kono Devdasir Nam Noy [সুতনুকা কোন দেবদাসীর নাম নয়] (1984)
Dramas
Muskil Aasan [মুস্কিল আসান] (1954)
Ek Dui Tin [এক দুই তিন] —An adoption in Bengali of the play by George Orwell-Animal Farm.
Essay collections
Swargiyo Naraker Dwar Ebong... [স্বর্গীয় নরকের দ্বার এবং...] (1992)
Leonardor Noteboi Ebong... [লেঅনার্দোর নোটবই এবং...] (1992)
Na Manush (Not Human) related
Gajomukta [গজমুক্তা] (1973)
Timi Timingil [তিমি তিমিঙ্গিল] (1979)
Raskel [রাস্কেল] (1984)
Na-Manushi Bishwokosh (Ek) [না-মানুষী বিশ্বকোষ এক] (1988)
Na-Manushi Bishwokosh (Dui) [না-মানুষী বিশ্বকোষ দুই] (1990)
Na-Manusher Kahini [না-মানুষের কাহিনী] (1988)
Social novels
Bryatya [ব্রাত্য] (1959)
Alokananda [অলকানন্দা] (1963)
Neelimay Neel [নীলিমায় নীল] (1964)
Satyakam [সত্যাকাম] (1965)
Pashanda Pandit [পাষণ্ড পণ্ডিত] (1970)
Asleelotar Daye [অশ্লীলতার দায়ে] (1975; Inspiration: Seven Minutes by Irving Wallace).
Lal Trikon [লাল ত্রিকোণ] (1975)
Parabola Sir [প্যারাবোলা স্যার] (1977)
Aabar Jodi Ichcha Karo [আবার যদি ইচ্ছা কর]
Milanantak [মিলনান্তক] (1985)
Chonbal [ছোঁবল] (1989)
Chhoytaner Chaoyal [ছয়তানের ছাওয়াল] (1989)
Emonta To Hoyei Thake [এমনটা তো হয়েই থাকে] (1992)
Amrapali [আম্রপালি] (1992)
Maan Mane Kachu [মান মানে কচু] (1992)
References
External links
An obituary on BE College
Another obituary on The Hindu
WorldCat Booklist
Autograph of Narayan Sanyal
Bengali novelists
Bengali-language writers
Bengali writers
Bengali detective fiction writers
Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar
1924 births
2005 deaths
University of Calcutta alumni
People from Nadia district
Writers from Kolkata
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian crime fiction writers
Krishnagar Government College alumni
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3988368
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Christian%20Egede%20Hertzberg
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Nils Christian Egede Hertzberg
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Nils Christian Egede Hertzberg (26 October 1827 – 8 July 1911) was a Norwegian theologian, educator and politician.
Background
He was born in Ullensvang in Hordaland, Norway. He was a son of vicar and politician Niels Hertzberg (1759–1841) and Anna Christine Egede Thomsen (1789–1860). His sister Maja Elisabeth Weinwich Hertzberg (1824–1881) was the wife of author Claus Pavels Riis (1826–86).
The family moved to Bergen when he was nine. He enrolled in Bergen Cathedral School in 1841 and took the examen artium here in 1846. He later graduated from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.theol. degree in 1851.
Career
He was a teacher at the Norwegian Military Academy from 1853, and Asker Seminary from 1860. He was an avid outdoorsman, and took further education in 1865 when he attended the Central Gymnastic School. After that he took over the physical education for the future teachers at Asker Seminary, and organized both gymnastics, shooting and hikes. He also helped start teachers' courses in Centralforeningen for Udbredelse af Legemsøvelser og Vaabenbrug. Physical education was officially included in the teacher seminary curricula in 1867.
In 1867 Hertzberg took over as headmaster of Hamar Teachers' College. In Hamar city, he was an opposing force of the Grundtvigianism proposed by Olaus Arvesen and Herman Anker who founded Norway's first folk high school in the city. Hertzberg propagated his views in the periodical Norsk Skoletidende, started by him in 1869 and edited by him until 1873.
In 1873 he was appointed as deputy under-secretary of state in the Ministry of Church Affairs. In 1882 he was chosen as Minister in the same ministry, as a part of the cabinet of Prime Minister Christian August Selmer. On 1 March 1884 he changed to being a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm. In April 1884 the cabinet was dissolved as it was impeached. He became Minister of Church Affairs and Education in the successor Schweigaard's Cabinet, but in June 1884 it fell because parliamentarism was implemented in Norway for the first time. In the 1885 Norwegian parliamentary election he was elected to the Parliament of Norway from the constituency Kristiania, Hønefoss og Kongsvinger. He was re-elected in 1888, and served two terms.
Personal life
In December 1864 he married Martha Catharina Marie Clauson (1844–1928). They had the sons:
author Nils Christian Egede Hertzberg (1866-1941), missionary priest Arthur Johan Hertzberg (1870-1940), rector Johan Hertzberg (1872-1954) clergyman Mikael Skjelderup Hertzberg (1874-1927) and colonel Jens Skjelderup Hertzberg (1877-1940).
Hertzberg wrote several books, mostly after retiring as a government minister. His memoirs were published in two volumes in 1909 and 1910; Fra min Barndoms og Ungdoms Tid 1827–1856 and Minder fra min Skolemestertid 1844–1873.
Hertzberg was a fellow of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1883, and an honorary member of Centralforeningen and Animal Protection Norway. He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1877 and promoted to Commander in 1893. He died in July 1911 in Kristiania.
References
1827 births
1911 deaths
People from Ullensvang
Civil servants from Bergen
People educated at the Bergen Cathedral School
University of Oslo alumni
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Oslo
Heads of schools in Norway
Norwegian magazine editors
Norwegian non-fiction writers
Norwegian memoirists
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Norwegian Military Academy faculty
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal
Ministers of Education of Norway
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3988374
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Taylor%20%28cricketer%29
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Don Taylor (cricketer)
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Donald Dougald Taylor (2 March 1923 – 5 December 1980) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in 3 Tests from 1947 to 1956. His nickname was "Bloke", because of his frequent use of the word.
Cricket career
A middle-order batsman, Taylor made his first-class debut in 1946–47, when he scored 205 runs at 51.25 to help Auckland win the Plunket Shield. In their last match of the season Auckland needed 236 to beat Canterbury and were 76 for 4 when Taylor came to the wicket. He scored 98 not out in an unbroken match-winning partnership of 161 with Bert Sutcliffe.
Later that season he made 12 batting at number five in his first Test, against England. He was recalled nine years later in 1955–56 against the West Indies after making 254 runs at 36.28 that season in the Plunket Shield. Batting at number four in the Third Test he made 43 and 77, top-scoring for New Zealand, and he was retained for the Fourth Test, which was New Zealand's first Test victory; Taylor made 11 and 16.
He played for Auckland from 1946–47 to 1948–49, then as a professional for Warwickshire from 1950 to 1953, without establishing himself in the county side, then returned to New Zealand to play for Auckland from 1953–54 to 1960–61.
Batting for Auckland against Canterbury in 1948-49 he and his partner Bert Sutcliffe achieved a world record by taking part in two opening partnerships of over 200 runs in the one match – 220 and 286. His 143 in the second innings of this match was his only first-class century.
See also
List of Auckland representative cricketers
References
External links
Don Taylor at Cricket Archive
Don Taylor at Cricinfo
1923 births
1980 deaths
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Auckland cricketers
Warwickshire cricketers
North Island cricketers
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3988377
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohoopee%20River
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Ohoopee River
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The Ohoopee River is a river in east-central Georgia in the United States. It is a tributary of the Altamaha River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean.
Course
The Ohoopee River rises in Washington County, about south of Tennille, and flows generally southeastwardly, through or along the boundaries of Johnson, Emanuel, Treutlen, Candler, Toombs and Tattnall Counties. It joins the Altamaha River south of Reidsville.
In Emanuel County, it collects the Little Ohoopee River, about long, which rises in Washington County and flows generally southeastwardly through Johnson and Emanuel Counties, past Kite.
In popular culture
The Ohoopee River is referenced in Larry Jon Wilson's song, "Ohoopee River Bottomland", which appears on Wilson's 1975 album, New Beginnings. Wilson also sings the song in the 1980 documentary, Heartworn Highways. Wilson was born in Swainsboro, just north of the Ohoopee River.
The river valley has recently become the site of a yearly music festival known as "Curly Fest" featuring regional artists.
Local people pronounce the double o as short, not long. That is, more like "foot," than "boot." They also call it the 'Hoopee for short.
See also
List of Georgia rivers
References
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (2003). Georgia Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
Rivers of Georgia (U.S. state)
Rivers of Candler County, Georgia
Rivers of Emanuel County, Georgia
Rivers of Johnson County, Georgia
Rivers of Tattnall County, Georgia
Rivers of Toombs County, Georgia
Rivers of Treutlen County, Georgia
Rivers of Washington County, Georgia
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3988379
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Otto%20Hesselberg
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Nils Otto Hesselberg
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Nils Otto Hesselberg (1844-1929) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party. He was Chief of Kristiania Police department (1883-1906), secretary to Norway's Council of State (1906-1920), and was appointed state secretary in the first government of Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen (1908-1910).
References
1844 births
1929 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Politicians from Tønsberg
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3988383
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osip%20Abdulov
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Osip Abdulov
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Osip Naumovich Abdulov (; in Łódź – 14 June 1953 in Moscow) was a Soviet actor.
Biography
Osip Naumovich Abdulov was born to a Jewish family in Łódź, Poland (then part of the Russian Empire) in 1900. He briefly studied at Moscow University (now Moscow State University) in 1917 before turning his interest to acting.
Abdulov began working at the Shalyapin studio in 1918, where he had first performing role in 1919. He worked at various theaters in Moscow during the 1920s and 1930s and joined the company of the Theater of the Mossovet in 1943.
Abdulov additionally worked for Soviet radio broadcasting (first as an announcer and actor, then as a director) in 1924. He was involved in radio plays based on the dramatic works of Romain Rolland, Alphonse Daudet, Charles Dickens, Nikolay Gogol, and Maxim Gorky and took part in organizing artistic broadcasting for children. Abdulov worked as a news reader on Soviet radio during World War II.
Abdulov began to appear in films in 1933.
He became a People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1944. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1949 and a Stalin State Prize (second degree) in 1951.
Osip Abdulov's son Vsevolod Osipovich Abdulov (1942 - 2002) also became a notable actor. Both were interred at the Vvedenskoye Cemetery in Moscow.
Notable roles
Theater roles
Film roles
References
External links
Biography
1900 births
1953 deaths
Actors from Łódź
20th-century Polish Jews
People's Artists of the RSFSR
Stalin Prize winners
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Soviet male actors
Jewish Russian actors
Soviet Jews
Burials at Vvedenskoye Cemetery
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5379598
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo%2C%20Paran%C3%A1
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Toledo, Paraná
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Toledo is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Paraná. It is located in the western region of the state, near Cascavel. Its population is 142,645 inhabitants, as estimated by IBGE.
The road distance to the state capital is 540 km.
History
Toledo is located in a region of recent settlement, and received its first residents in 1946, Gaucho settlers from the city of San Marcos, then within Caxias do Sul, then for the Território Federal do Iguaçu. In 1951, the city was liberated from Foz do Iguaçu by Law No. 790, signed by the governor of Paraná Bento Munhoz da Rocha Neto.
The first election was held on November 9, 1952, and the official installation of December 14, 1952, when he saw the inauguration of Mayor Ernesto Dalloglio (1952/1956).
In the late 1960s, the region had only five counties: Foz do Iguaçu, Cascavel, Toledo, Guaíra and Guaraniaçu.
Toledo came when Industrial lumber mill and Colonization Rio Paraná S / A - Maripá acquired from a British real estate company a tract of land called Farm Britain, then started the occupation and clearing of bringing settlers to the area of Rio Grande do Sul.
The initial activity was the logging markets to meet the Argentina and Uruguay. The plan colonization was based on small farms averaging 10 acres in São Paulo.
Thereafter the development occurred rapidly, initially around the economics of farming communities, which lent the company a strong spirit herd.
In the late 1960 to 1970 the modernization of production printed new relationships and expertise in the field favored the monoculture and the concentration of ownership, causing the exodus and accelerated urbanization.
Pig farming, which was complementary activity to the pioneers, developed rapidly in the 1950s, culminating with the founding of the Pioneer Refrigerated S / A, which had its controlling interest acquired by the company Sadia in the year of 1964, which came to implement the system integration in the areas of poultry and pork, and a manufacturing facility that has installed the largest industry in the city. Initially Frigobrás worked through, but after the merger of the Sadia SA, the purchasing department was transferred to another location. More recently the merger between Sadia and Perdigao, Current BRF, led to the transfer of the administration to Curitiba, but the factory complex remains inalteraldo, with about 7000 workers, whose production meets the domestic and foreign markets. In the 90 Sadia started to invest in the expansion of pig and Toledo area expanded their flock of 100 000 to more than 400 thousand heads.
Education
The municipal education stands out in Paraná. The Development Index IDEB (Basic Education), which is evaluated every two years, has the rate of 6.7 in the city, above the national rate
Higher education
Universidade Federal do Paraná (Federal University of Paraná) (UFPR)
Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (Federal Technological University of Paraná) (UTFPR)
Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (State University of West of Paraná) (UNIOESTE)
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná) (PUC-PR)
Universidade Paranaense (University of Paraná) (UNIPAR)
Centro Universitário Fundação Assis Gurgacz (University Assis Gurgacz) (FAG)
Faculdade das Industrias (University of Industries) (SENAI)
Universidade Norte do Paraná (University North of Paraná) (UNOPAR)
Geography
The city of Toledo is located in Western Paraná, bordering:
North: Maripá and Nova Santa Rosa;
South: Santa Tereza do Oeste and São Pedro do Iguaçu;
East: Assis Chateaubriand, Tupãssi and Cascavel;
West: Quatro Pontes, Marechal Cândido Rondon and Ouro Verde do Oeste.
Hydrography
Major rivers, and creek that sanghas cuts the city of Toledo are:
Rio Toledo - Tanks nearly all regions of the municipality;
Rio São Francisco - It has a hydroelectric power plant in operation and another off;
Sanga Panambi - With spring in the Garden City, supplies Lake City;
Arroio Marreco - Old Point leisure, rural property and some supplies New Lake.
Numbers of the city
23rd place in the ranking of Best Cities in Brazil, according to Istoé / Austin Rating.
49th place among the top 100 municipalities in Brazil to invest, according to Exame magazine.
94,688 vehicles
10th place in the state and 91st national in the ranking of development according to IFDM-FIRJAN.
3rd place in the human development index (IDH) among the 10 largest cities in Parana.
1 freshwater aquarium in the southern region.
9th place in the collected tax on movement of goods and services (ICMS) of Paraná.
10th in gross domestic product (GDP) total of Parana.
1st place in the industrial park in western Paraná.
1 in the agricultural GDP of Parana and the southern region and 11th in the country.
1 in the VBP Paraná reaching 1 billion.
3rd place in value added of agriculture in Brazil.
1 in the swine herd of Parana.
1 in the flock of chickens Paraná.
3rd largest milk producer in Paraná, producing 70 million liters / year.
1 in fish farming in Paraná.
Owned by several years the largest refrigerated poultry in Latin America, with capacity to slaughter 360,000 birds / day.
Evolution of the population of Toledo
* Variation in the last six years, according to IBGE estimates.
Demographics
According to the IBGE, the population of Toledo is formed of the following ethnicities.
Source: Instituto Paranaense de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social
Television
RPC TV (Cascavel) (Globo) - Streaming digital (HDTV)
TV Naipi (SBT) - Streaming digital (HDTV)
RIC TV Toledo (Rede Record) - Streaming digital (HDTV)
Rede Vida - Streaming digital (HDTV)
CATVE (TV Cultura)
TV Tarobá Cascavel (Band) - Streaming digital (HDTV)
Transportation
Road
BR-467 Excerpt Toledo - Cascavel (Highway José Neves Formighieri)
PR-182 Excerpt Toledo - Palotina (Highway Alberto Dalcanale)
PR-317 Excerpt Toledo - Santa Helena (Highway Dr. Ivo Rocha)
PR-585 Excerpt Toledo - São Pedro do Iguaçu (Highway Egon Pudell)
BR-163 Excerpt Toledo - Quatro Pontes (Highway Ernesto Dalloglio)
PR-486 Excerpt Toledo - Assis Chateaubriand (Highway Moacir Micheletto)
Air
Toledo has the Aeroporto Luiz Dalcanalle Filho, which operates by instruments and night flights.
Projects of federal and state governments indicate that, in 10 years, western Paraná will have a large airport with passenger and cargo flights.
Rail
There are studies that Toledo count on the extent of Ferroeste - Ferrovia Paraná Oeste, which will join the city to the Brazilian railway network.
Subdivisions
The city has 23 districts:
Besides this, there are 10 district :
(source: Law 1941 December 27, 2006)
* ** (source: Law 2016 June 23, 2016 )
Main Avenues and Streets of Toledo
Av. Parigot de Souza
Av. Maripá
Av. J.J. Muraro
Av. Ministro Cirne Lima
Av. Senador Attílio Fontana
Av. Egydio Geronymo Munaretto
Av. Nossa Senhora de Fátima
Av. Tiradentes
Rua Primeiro de Maio
Rua Barão do Rio Branco
Rua São João
Rua Santos Dumont
Largo São Vicente de Paulo
Administration
Mayors
Ernesto Dall 'Oglio (1952/1956) - 1st Mayor;
Pudell Egon (1956/1960);
Willy Barth (1960/1962) - died on April 2, 1962;
Ernesto Dall 'Oglio (1962/1964) - Elected to replace Willy Barth;
Avelino Campagnolo (1964/1969);
Pudell Egon (1969/1973);
Wilson Charles Kuhn (1973/1977);
Duílio Genari (1977/1983); - Arnoldo Bohnen as interim May 1982 to January 1983
Albino Corazza Neto (1983/1989);
Luiz Alberto de Araújo (1989/1992);
Albino Corazza Neto (1993/1996);
Antonio Derli Donin (1997/2000);
Antonio Derli Donin (2000/2004) - Re-elected;
Jose Carlos Schiavinato (2005/2008)
Jose Carlos Schiavinato (2009/2012) - Reelected;
Luis Adalberto Beto Lunitti Pagnussatt (2013-2016)
Lucio de Marchi (2017-2020)
Political representation
Congressman Dilceu Sperafico (PP)
State Representative Jose Carlos Schiavinato (PP)
Tourism - Sports - Leisure - Culture
Tourism
The city of Toledo is preparing for the "Industry of the Third Millennium", with several options for tourism, leisure, gastronomy, culture, sport and business events.
It has natural beauty, such as jumps, waterfalls, ecological trails in the São Francisco River, with emphasis on the Ecological Park Diva Paim Barth, fully central region, with a lake, forest and other attractions that make it a meeting point of the population.
Culture
Municipal Theatre
Inaugurated on November 26 of 1999, is the 3rd largest theater of the State of Paraná, with total area of 2974.18 square meters, between stage, audience, dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, administrative and other dependencies.
It seats 1,022 people and also has seats for obese patients and those with special needs.
Willy Barth History Museum
Located in its own headquarters on Guarani Avenue, its purpose is to portray the history of the colonization of the city and region. Having already established their own projects, with more space for their collection and study.
House of Culture
Officially opened on December 4 of 1976 was the first of its kind to be created in the State of Paraná.
It houses the headquarters of the Municipal Culture of Toledo.
Libraries
The Municipal Library was established in December 12 of 1960 and recorded in the Instituto Nacional do Livro (National Institute of Paper). It has its headquarters at the Cultural Center Oscar Silva, in the city center.
Sports
Account with the Estádio Municipal 14 de Dezembro, with capacity for 20,000 spectators. Opened in 1968 and renovated in the late 1980, is where the Toledo Colonia Work sends his games. It has track and the Olympic Athletics, formed by a public pool, a soccer field and an Olympic Center Rhythmic Gymnastics which houses part of the sport today gives greater visibility within the city through sports contributions and achievements in national and international competitions with their athletes. Currently, the technique Kliemann Anita, who is from Toledo, is the coach of the Brazilian GR. Among the most outstanding athletes of the project of GR in Toledo are the medalists Brazil Angelica Kvieczynski (6 gold medals in the South American Games in Medellin, Colombia in 2010, three bronze and one silver at the Pan American Games in Guadalajara in 2011), Nicolle Muller (3 gold medals in all the Pan American Games in Brazil in 2007) and Ana Paula Scheffer (bronze medal at the Pan American Games in Brazil in 2007).
In the city there are several gyms belonging to organizations and companies, as well as slopes covered in schools, benefiting 11,000 children and adolescents with activities in 35 sports:
GymnasiumJaime Zeni (Basketball)
Gym Hugo Zeni (Volleyball)
Gym Euzébio Garcia
Gym CCR
Gym Alcides Pan
Gym Lauri José Simon
The city is home to an indoor soccer team, the Futsal Association of Toledo, founded in 2009 with the aim of rescuing the sport, a sports project featuring new and different from previous ones. He rode with local athletes and teams has partnered with various schools of the city futsal.
In its first year of activities, participated in the Bronze Key Campeonato Paranaense de Futsal and has already won one of two places, along with the Green Club of Ponta Grossa, for the Silver Key in 2011.
Send your games in gymnasiums:
Aldanir Angelo Rossoni (Gymnasium CCR) - capacity 4500 spectators
Alcides Pan - capacity of 6000 spectators
JAP'S
In 2011 the final phase of the JAP'S (Paraná Open Games) was held in Toledo, between 11–20 November. Competition among 78 cities, had male and female athletes of various sports.
Brazil Trophy of Gymnastics
Toledo was the first city inside of Brazil to receive this competition that usually occurs in capitals.com national renown of Daiane dos Santos, Daniele Hypolito, Jade Barbosa, Lais Souza, Sérgio Sasaki and Angelica Kvieczynski, the tournament will serve as selective to Olympics London 2012.
Rugby
Rugby is an emerging sport and rapidly growing in Toledo after it was brought to the city by a South African, Pieter van Wyk. Clube de Rugby Toledo was established in 2010 and since, Toledo hosted the first pilot rugby championship within the JAP's in 2011 and in addition various other State Rugby championships throughout 2011 and 2012. Currently rugby in Toledo is represented by three categories: Orge Knights (adult male team); Harpias (female adult team) and Rhinos (youth team).
Polo Gastronomic
Toledo offers a variety of dishes based on typical products of agriculture Logal, such as pork, beef, poultry, fish and fresh produce.
Major festivals
Festa Nacional do Porco no Rolete (National Festival of the Pig in Roller) - One of the great gastronomic events in the state, the celebration is held since 1974. It is said that the event was born of a contest where the winner would be the one to produce the most delicious recipe pig roasted whole. The event was the subject of the plot of the United Samba School Bridge, carnival in 1995.
Concórdia Fest - is a gastronomic event, held in the District of West Concord.
Festa do Leitão na Estufa (Festival of the Pig in the Greenhouse) - held in the district of Vila Nova, which has pork in one of its main sources of economy. The festival provides another shows the great variety of dishes can be prepared based on pork.
Festa do Frango (Party of Chicken) - held at the District Ten May. Based in large poultry production in the District, the board of SOCEDEMA (Society for Cultural and Sports Ten May), decided to create an event capable of providing, in addition to the entertainment community, another way to raise funds to improve infrastructure and boost the club's activities. The festival also offers visitors a very special café colonial, and commercial and industrial exposure. It was the forerunner of the party district.
Bruderfest - typical festival held in the German town of Two Brothers, cultivates the Germanic traditions inherited from the pioneers and has attractions such as gastronomy, music and beer, with an audience of more than 4 million people.
Ipirangafest - is a popular festival of the town of Vila Ipiranga held to encourage the productive activities of the community, especially poultry and swine, with an audience estimated at more than 3 million people.
Michel'sFest - held in the district of San Miguel, on the occasion of the passing of its patron, the community has its party, to offer as the main dish costelão roast in the oven.
Festa da Ovelha e Costelão a Fogo de Chão (Feast of the Sheep and Costelão the Fire Ground) - held at the St. Louis District of the West, when the community celebrates the Day of the Settler and the driver, where is the blessing to the cars and the audience can sample the dishes offered, plus beer.
Festa do Milho (Feast of the Corn) - held in the town of Good Principle, the annual event brings together nearly 3 million people who have the opportunity to participate in cultural activities and folk. The party is made from corn because Toledo is a major producer of grains in Brazil.
Festa do Leitão à Sarandi (Feast of the Pig Sarandi) - started in 1996, brings together approximately 7 million people. The suckling pig is prepared whole, grilled and seasoned to provide a very peculiar flavor.
Festa do Leitão à Paraguaia (Feast of the Paraguayan Piglet) - held in the community of San Salvador, is growing every year, becoming a party with great acceptance by the population of the municipality. The suckling pig is roasted without spices, that only minutes before serving is injected.
Festa do Leitão à Italiana (Italian Feast of the Pig) - is held annually, usually in October, in the Parish of Infant Jesus in the Garden Porto Alegre. Conceived by Nilton Gregorio and Martin Welter, in the year 2006. The main course consisted of roast suckling pig and stuffed with polenta and Bacon. The public is around 1500 people. In the 2011 edition of the audience was around 4,000 people and is one of the biggest issues so far.
References
External links
Official site of the city - in Portuguese
Commercial and Business Association of Toledo - in Portuguese
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5379599
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Marsh
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Jesse Marsh
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Jesse Marsh (July 27, 1907 – April 28, 1966) was an American comics artist and animator. His main claim to fame is his work on the early Tarzan and related books for Western Publishing that saw print through Dell Comics and later Gold Key Comics. He was the first artist to produce original Tarzan comic books. Up to that time, all Tarzan comics were reprints from the newspaper strips. He also worked on the Gene Autry comic book for many years.
Prior to working for Western, he had worked for the Walt Disney Company, doing animation work for Make Mine Music and some Pluto cartoons as well.
He would turn the Tarzan series over to Russ Manning in 1965 due to failing health.
In 2009, Dark Horse Comics announced an archive reprint series of his work on Tarzan entitled Tarzan: The Jesse Marsh Years.
Collected editions
Tarzan: The Jesse Marsh Years
Volume 1 collects Four Color #134 and 161 and Tarzan #1–4, 256 pages, January 2009,
Volume 2 collects Tarzan #5–10, 224 pages, May 2009,
Volume 3 collects Tarzan #11–16, 240 pages, September 2009,
Volume 4 collects Tarzan #17–21, 232 pages, November 2009,
Volume 5 collects Tarzan #22–27, 240 pages, February 2010,
Volume 6 collects Tarzan #28–32 and Tarzan's Jungle Annual #1, 248 pages, August 2010,
Volume 7 collects Tarzan #33–38, 224 pages, November 2010,
Volume 8 collects Tarzan #39–43, 224 pages, February 2011,
Volume 9 collects Tarzan #44–46 and Tarzan’s Jungle Annual #2, 240 pages, May 2011,
Volume 10 collects Tarzan #47–51, 224 pages, December 2011,
Volume 11 collects Tarzan #52–56 and March of Comics #125, 224 pages, July 2012,
References
Further reading
Panels #2 (1981) contains a tribute and analysis of Marsh's work by Alex Toth.
Batmania #1 (1964) contains Russ Manning's analysis of Marsh's style. It was reprinted in Sense of Wonder #12 (1972).
External links
1907 births
1966 deaths
20th-century American artists
American comics artists
Animators from Alabama
Disney comics artists
Golden Age comics creators
People from Florence, Alabama
Silver Age comics creators
Walt Disney Animation Studios people
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5379602
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statement%20of%20Faith%20of%20the%20United%20Church%20of%20Christ
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Statement of Faith of the United Church of Christ
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The Statement of Faith of the United Church of Christ is a Christian confession of faith written in 1959 to express the common faith of the newly founded United Church of Christ, formed in 1957 by the union of the Evangelical and Reformed Church with the Congregational Christian Churches. The statement was prepared by a 28-member commission elected at the Uniting General Synod in 1957 and was formally ratified by the Second General Synod in 1959. The commission, chaired by Elmer J. F. Arndt (Evangelical and Reformed) and vice-chaired by Douglas Horton (Congregational Christian), had equal representation from the two predecessor bodies, and included six women.
Since the original version was adopted in 1959, two further revisions of the statement have been written in order to make the statement's language more gender-inclusive (that is, to remove references to God and to humanity that are exclusively masculine). The 1976 version drafted by then-UCC president Robert Moss retains the original statement's confession-of-faith language form, while the 1981 version transformed the language of the statement into a doxological prayer form. The statement has also been translated into Spanish.
The 1959 Original Version
We believe in God, the Eternal Spirit,
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ and our Father,
and to his deeds we testify:
He calls the worlds into being,
creates man in his own image
and sets before him the ways of life and death.
He seeks in holy love to save all people from aimlessness and sin.
He judges men and nations by his righteous will
declared through prophets and apostles.
In Jesus Christ, the man of Nazareth, our crucified and risen Lord,
he has come to us
and shared our common lot,
conquering sin and death
and reconciling the world to himself.
He bestows upon us his Holy Spirit,
creating and renewing the church of Jesus Christ,
binding in covenant faithful people of all ages, tongues, and races.
He calls us into his church
to accept the cost and joy of discipleship,
to be his servants in the service of men,
to proclaim the gospel to all the world
and resist the powers of evil,
to share in Christ's baptism and eat at his table,
to join him in his passion and victory.
He promises to all who trust him
forgiveness of sins and fullness of grace,
courage in the struggle for justice and peace,
his presence in trial and rejoicing,
and eternal life in his kingdom which has no end.
Blessing and honor, glory and power be unto him.
Amen.
The 1976 "Robert V. Moss" Version
This revision of the Statement of Faith was prepared by Robert V. Moss, Jr., President of the United Church of Christ from 1969–1976, in order to express the statement in more 'inclusive' language, removing all references to the masculinity of God.
We believe in God, the Eternal Spirit,
who is made known to us in Jesus our brother,
and to whose deeds we testify:
God calls the worlds into being,
creates humankind in the divine image,
and sets before us the ways of life and death.
God seeks in holy love to save all people from aimlessness and sin.
God judges all humanity and all nations by that will of righteousness
declared through prophets and apostles.
In Jesus Christ, the man of Nazareth, our crucified and risen Lord,
God has come to us
and shared our common lot,
conquering sin and death
and reconciling the whole creation to its Creator.
God bestows upon us the Holy Spirit,
creating and renewing the church of Jesus Christ,
binding in covenant faithful people of all ages, tongues, and races.
God calls us into the church
to accept the cost and joy of discipleship,
to be servants in the service of the whole human family,
to proclaim the gospel to all the world
and resist the powers of evil,
to share in Christ's baptism and eat at his table,
to join him in his passion and victory.
God promises to all who trust in the gospel
forgiveness of sins and fullness of grace,
courage in the struggle for justice and peace,
the presence of the Holy Spirit in trial and rejoicing,
and eternal life in that kingdom which has no end.
Blessing and honor, glory and power be unto God.
Amen.
The 1981 Version "In the Form of a Doxology"
This version of the Statement of Faith was approved by the United Church of Christ Executive Council in 1981 for use in connection with the twenty-fifth anniversary of the denomination. It expresses another path toward shaping the statement in more 'inclusive' language, this time changing most references to God to 'you', and removing the line referring to creation.
We believe in you, O God, Eternal Spirit,
God of our Savior Jesus Christ and our God,
and to your deeds we testify:
You call the worlds into being,
create persons in your own image,
and set before each one the ways of life and death.
You seek in holy love to save all people from aimlessness and sin.
You judge people and nations by your righteous will
declared through prophets and apostles.
In Jesus Christ, the man of Nazareth, our crucified and risen Savior,
you have come to us
and shared our common lot,
conquering sin and death
and reconciling the world to yourself.
You bestow upon us your Holy Spirit,
creating and renewing the church of Jesus Christ,
binding in covenant faithful people of all ages, tongues, and races.
You call us into your church
to accept the cost and joy of discipleship,
to be your servants in the service of others,
to proclaim the gospel to all the world
and resist the powers of evil,
to share in Christ's baptism and eat at his table,
to join him in his passion and victory.
You promise to all who trust you
forgiveness of sins and fullness of grace,
courage in the struggle for justice and peace,
your presence in trial and rejoicing,
and eternal life in your realm which has no end.
Blessing and honor, glory and power be unto you.
Amen.
En Español: La Declaración de Fe de la Iglesia Unida de Cristo
Creemos en Dios, el Espíritu Eterno,
Padre de nuestro Señor Jesucristo y nuestro Creador;
y de sus obras testificamos:
Dios llama los mundos para que existan,
creó al ser humano a su imagen y semejanza,
y puso ante la humanidad los caminos de la vida y la muerte.
Busca en su santo amor salvar a todas las personas de su desorientación y pecado.
Dios juzga al ser humano y a las naciones por medio de su justa voluntad
declarada a través de los profetas y los apóstoles.
En Jesucristo, el hombre de Nazaret, nuestro Señor crucificado y resucitado,
Dios ha venido y ha compartido nuestra suerte,
venció el pecado y la muerte
y reconcilió al mundo para sí mismo.
Dios nos concedió el Espíritu Santo,
que crea y renueva la iglesia de Jesucristo
y une en un pacto de fidelidad a personas de todas las edades, idiomas y razas.
Dios nos llama como iglesia
para que aceptemos el costo y la alegría del discipulado,
para que seamos sus servidores al servicio del ser humano,
para proclamar el evangelio a todo el mundo
y resistir los poderes del maligno,
para compartir el bautismo de Cristo, comer en su mesa,
y unirnos a Jesús en su pasión y victoria.
Dios promete a toda persona que confía en Jesús
el perdón de los pecados y la plenitud de su gracia,
valor en la lucha por la justicia y la paz,
su presencia en las tristezas y en las alegrías,
y vida eterna en su reino que no tiene fin.
Bendición y honor, gloria y poder sean dados a Dios.
Amén.
Notes and references
Full text of the four versions of the Statement of Faith taken from: http://www.ucc.org/beliefs_statement-of-faith. The three English versions can also be found in Book of Worship: United Church of Christ, ©1986 United Church of Christ Office for Church Life and Leadership, New York (admin. Cleveland, OH: Local Church Ministries, United Church of Christ), pp. 512–514.
United Church of Christ
Christian statements of faith
1959 documents
1959 in Christianity
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5379611
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%20Bhasha
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Sant Bhasha
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Sant Bhasha (Sant Bhāṣā) is a language composed of vocabulary common to northern Indian languages, which was extensively used by saints and poets to compose religious verses. It can be understood by readers with a background in either Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu.
Sant Bhasha is most prominently used in the central Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib. The languages used include Punjabi, Lahnda, regional Prakrits, Apabhramsa, Sanskrit, Hindi languages (Brajbhasha, Old Hindi, Awadhi, Bhojpuri etc.), Sindhi, and Persian.
See also
Sadhukadi
References
Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of India
Sikh culture
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5379615
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson%20Post
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Jefferson Post
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The Jefferson Post was a twice-weekly newspaper printed in West Jefferson, North Carolina. It prints news, announcements and obituaries as the newspaper of record for Ashe County. The Jefferson Post merged with the Ashe Mountain Times and is now called the Ashe Post & Times. The newspaper is owned by Adams Publishing Group and has a circulation of 6,500, according to the company's website.
History
The Jefferson Post began publishing in 1988. The newspaper is the result of a merger between Ashe County's historic weekly newspaper The Skyland Post and a competing weekly of 10 years, the Jefferson Times.
The Skyland Post got its name from an early slogan for mountainous Ashe County, "The Land of the Sky." The Skyland Post was purchased in the 1930s by Ed M. Anderson, whose newspaper empire included The Alleghany News in Sparta, the Spindale Sun in Spindale, the Transylvania Times in Transylvania County, North Carolina, and the Courier in Forest City. Stella W. Anderson was editor of The Skyland Post from her husband's death until the early-1980s when it was purchased by Patty Wheeler, and her husband, Al.
In October 1988 The Skyland Post merged with the Jefferson Times, which had been competing with the Post since August 1978.
The paper was formerly owned by Mid-South Management Company, which was acquired by Heartland Publications in 2007. In 2012 Versa Capital Management merged Heartland Publications, Ohio Community Media, the former Freedom papers it had acquired, and Impressions Media into a new company, Civitas Media. Civitas Media sold its properties in the Carolinas to Champion Media in 2017. Later in 2017, Champion Media sold its Mount Airy area newspapers to Adams Publishing Group.
The newspaper is now called The Ashe Post & Times after combining with the Ashe Mountain Times on December 1, 2017.
References
External links
Jefferson Post
The Park Library's list of North Carolina newspapers, by circulation
Ashe County Newspapers at the North Carolina Newspaper Project
Ashe County, North Carolina
Defunct newspapers published in North Carolina
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5379619
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20S.%20Purcell%20House
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Edna S. Purcell House
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The Edna S. Purcell house (now known as the Purcell–Cutts House) was designed by the firm of Purcell, Feick and Elmslie for architect William Purcell and his family in 1913. It is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
The dwelling is a notable example of Prairie School architecture, featuring a long, narrow floor plan that disregards Victorian concepts about room divisions. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is now part of the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art and has been extensively restored. The museum conducts tours on the second weekend of every month.
History
The “Edna Purcell dwelling,” as it was referred to in its original project files, was built in 1913. William Purcell and partner George Elmslie collaborated on the house, designed for a narrow, 50- by 150-foot city lot near Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis, Minnesota; construction costs totaled $14,500. While George Feick Jr., appears as a partner on the project, he was not involved in the house's design and left the partnership that year.
William Purcell and his wife, Edna, conceived plans for a permanent home in 1911, while they were residing in an apartment building on Humboldt Avenue in Minneapolis. Having adopted their son James that year, they needed a new space for their daily needs that also accommodated their increased social activity and showcased the architectural firm's expertise.
The house was built at 2328 Lake Place, near the residence that Purcell and Feick had built for William Purcell's mother, Catherine Gray, on Lake of the Isles Parkway in 1907. With financial assistance from William Purcell's father, Charles A. Purcell, the firm was able to realize the project. The Purcell family moved into the house at Christmas, 1913. In 1916, a decline in commissions induced Purcell to take a position as advertising manager at Alexander Brothers Leather and Belting Company in Philadelphia. By 1918, his family had all moved to Philadelphia, and the house on Lake Place was put up for sale.
In 1919, Anson Bailey Cutts Sr. (1866–1949), a chief rate clerk with the Great Northern Railway, purchased the Edna S. Purcell house. Cutts and his wife, Edna Browning Stokes (1875–1976), lived in the house with their son, Anson B. Cutts Jr. (1905–1985). Though he left the house to attend Yale and pursue his career, Anson Jr. returned to the house in 1962 to aid his widowed mother when her health was failing. He continued to live there after her death in 1976. In 1985, Cutts bequeathed the house to the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, parent organization of the Minneapolis Institute of Art. It now is part of the museum's collection.
Architecture, design, and ornament
Plan and exterior features
The Edna S. Purcell house, or the “Little Joker,” as Elmslie nicknamed it, is known for its innovative arrangement of space. Occupying a deep, narrow lot, the plan of the house was organized on a single axis, open from one end to the other, evoking spaciousness within the relatively small interior.
Purcell and Elmslie set the house thirty feet behind the front property line, conserving a sense of privacy for its inhabitants and allowing them to look over their neighbors’ gardens to their north and south, rather than through their windows. Likewise, the Purcells and the neighbors could enjoy the home's front garden, created in collaboration with landscape architect Harry Franklin Baker, including a reflecting pool with water plants and small fountain, and native plants and trees. The back porch overlooked the Lake of the Isles, where the Purcells could enjoy a secluded natural haven in the center of Minneapolis, in concordance with Prairie School ideals.
The structure of the house is steel-reinforced, with a buff-colored stucco exterior, built on a concrete foundation. Its overall design and decoration emphasizes a clean, modern aesthetic while serving practical functions and staying in harmony with natural surroundings. Overhanging eaves, with a 7-foot projection of the roof at the front (east) side of the house, emphasize the building's horizontality while also regulating heat and light at its entrance. A front wall of art glass windows connects the dwelling's interior to the garden, with bands of windows on the upper story adding to the sense of horizontality. Wooden piers and trim were all given “jin-di-sugi” treatment, a wood-aging technique based on traditional Japanese techniques using the application of chemicals or burning to artificially age wood.
The exterior features ornamentation created by George Elmslie, including bands of red and blue stenciled square motifs and sawn wood elements. These include playful symbols of Purcell's family life: for example, a sawn wood beam-end decoration above the side gate that includes the motto, “Gray Days and Gold,” in reference to Purcell's grandparents, the Grays, to the colors of the firm's progressive architecture, and to the funds supporting Purcell's architectural practice and house. Two art glass windows flanking the entryway door contain a written message for neighbors and callers: “Peek-a-Boo.”
Interior
Though open-plan, the first-level interior of the Purcell–Cutts House features individual room areas by virtue of alterations in floor level and breadth of floor space, while the tented ceiling maintains the same height throughout. The ground floor living room area at the front of the house features a high ceiling, increasing available space for the repeated pairs of art glass windows that comprise the walls of the front of the living room, while the dining area behind, set a half-story above, has a low ceiling. The pointed prow separating the dining and living areas creates a small nook, reserved as Edna Purcell's writing area. The effect of the main level's design is to maintain intimacy within the larger space, not rendering adjacent spaces automatically visible in main areas of the house, while preserving unity between rooms and the openness of the entire floor.
The second floor is accessed by a stairway on the north side, and includes a small hallway opening to a guest bedroom with sink, a bathroom, and the family bedroom space. The latter is a singular suite which could be divided by a built-in folding screen wall, separating it into children's and master bedrooms. The maid's room is accessed off the stair landing, which is surrounded by wraparound wall of art glass windows.
Decoration, furniture, innovative features
Throughout the house's interior, painted Elmslie-designed stencils repeat along the upper border of walls, with designs differing from room to room. Curtains were originally painted to match the rooms’ respective stencils, or were embroidered with other designs. Windows throughout the house also feature graceful geometric patterns of clear glass, highlighted with subtle colors, which vary slightly from window to window. In the first floor living room space, these patterns echo in art glass doors of the bookcase, built into the prow. Above the mantel-less fireplace, a mural by illustrator Charles Livingston Bull depicts Louisiana herons flying before a lake scene. A wood decoration of semicircular design, decorated with art glass and sawed wood decoration, partially frames the painted scene.
Purcell and Elmslie designed select pieces of furniture for the house, including a small, triangular-backed chair, dubbed a “surprise point” chair by William Purcell, for use in Edna's writing nook. Several noteworthy built-in furnishings include a combined bench and radiator cover beneath the front living room windows; a desk in the writing nook; and a combined bed, writing desk, bookcase, and storage area in the children's room, which Purcell designed after the Pullman-style bed of a train's sleeping car. Purcell brought furniture from his previous home for use in the dining space, and folding chairs were stored in the dining area for impromptu visitors.
Several technological innovations were incorporated into the house's design, including a state-of-the-art heating and cooling system, as well as a central vacuum system. The Purcell home had a telephone nook, an electric call system for the maid, and a spring-loaded pocket door to the kitchen, activated through buttons in the floor.
Alteration and restoration
William Purcell resumed correspondence with the Cutts family around 1953, when he and George Elmslie were honored with an exhibition at the Walker Art Center. The Cutts family had avoided changing the house substantially, except for adding a garage in the 1920s and later filling the reflecting pool in the front garden. The kitchen and bathroom remained nearly untouched, and are rare original service areas in a home of this age.
In 1961 letter, Purcell expressed his gratitude to Edna Cutts for opening her home to students and voiced the desire to have a share in any attempts to restore the house or make it public. Purcell also sketched out a scheme for expanding the space around the house and setting up a trust fund for the building. He imagined reproducing the Purcell and Elmslie dining suite designed for Mrs. William H. Hanna of Chicago. The suite is now in the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art, renting the space to young couples at low rates, and allowing regular public entry.
Though Purcell's plans did not come to fruition in his lifetime, Anson Cutts Jr.’s bequest of the house, along with funds for its restoration, led to a 3-year-long undertaking (lasting from 1987 to 1990) by the Minneapolis Institute of Arts with the firm of MacDonald & Mack Architects. It was opened to the public as the Purcell–Cutts House in September 1990. Their restorative work centered on preventing further deterioration of the roof of the house, stabilizing the main roof and straightening the cantilever of the projecting first-story eaves. Restorers also worked to return surfaces to their original color, re-tinting exterior stucco, and preserving, restoring, or repainting interior stencil friezes as necessary. Wood trims were refinished and waxed, and the mural by Charles Livingston Bull was cleaned. The art glass windows were repaired and cleaned. The landscaping, including the reflecting pool and fountain, were recreated to match historic photographs. Based on historic evidence, the MIA reproduced furniture for the house including a reproduction of the Hanna suite for the dining room. As a part of the house's bequest, mementos of the Cutts family also remain. Public tours are held the second weekend of each month.
Significance
The Edna S. Purcell House was known to architects of its time, published and pictured extensively in the Western Architect. It was also published with several photographs in the March 1917 issue of The Minnesotan. Purcell himself, and later architectural scholars like David Gebhard and H. Allen Brooks, would declare the house to be one of the most complete works of architecture by the firm of Purcell and Elmslie, if not the most complete.
The many modern features of the home, including its open plan, flexible room spaces, built-in furniture, and technologically advanced amenities pointed toward the future of home design. Contrasting it with the expensive houses built concurrently by Frank Lloyd Wright, the Purcell home's modern considerations accommodated for fewer servants and limited daily issues of maintenance, while giving flexibility for use and daily living, providing for the lifestyle of a young early 20th-century family.
References
Bibliography
Brooks, H. Allen. The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972.
Brooks, H. Allen, ed. Prairie School Architecture: Studies from ‘The Western Architect.’ New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1983.
Conforti, Michael, et al. Minnesota 1900: Art and Life on the Upper Mississippi 1890–1915. Newark : University of Delaware Press, 1994.
Gebhard, David. “William Gray Purcell and George Grant Elmslie: Early Progressive Movement in American Architecture from 1900 to 1920, v. 1–2.” Diss. Minneapolis State U, 1957. Print.
Kliment, Stephen A., ed. “At Home on the Prairie.” Architectural Record: Preservation, March 1991: 144–151.
Kohls, Ann. “The Art of Architecture: The Purcell–Cutts House, now part of the museum’s collection, is respectfully restored.” Arts Magazine, August 1990, 12.
Kronick, Richard L. “The Underachieving Cantilever.” Old House Journal, June 1997: 40–45.
Olivarez, Jennifer Komar, et al. Progressive Design in the Midwest: The Purcell–Cutts House and the Prairie School Collection at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Minneapolis, Minn. : Institute of Arts : Distributed by the University of Minnesota Press, 2000.
William Gray Purcell papers, N3, Northwest Architectural Archives, University of Minnesota Libraries, Minneapolis, MN.
“Where Other People Live: Describing briefly the Attractive home of a Minneapolis architect, William Gray Purcell, President of the Minnesota chapter of A.I.A., who designed his own home to express a real and useful idea in planning for the convenience and beauty of home life.” The Minnesotan, March 1917: 21–23.
External links
The Minneapolis Institute of Art. Explore the Collection: The Purcell–Cutts House
Unified Vision: The Architecture and Design of the Prairie School (Minneapolis Institute of Art)
For more details on interior ornament and furnishings, see the online tour of the house, provided by the Minneapolis Institute of Art.
Where Other People Live, article from March, 1917, Minnesotan magazine
Houses completed in 1913
Houses in Minneapolis
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Purcell and Elmslie buildings
Historic house museums in Minnesota
Museums in Minneapolis
Prairie School architecture in Minnesota
1913 establishments in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis
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3988386
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Himle
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Erik Himle
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Erik Himle (10 April 1924 – 30 July 2008) was a Norwegian civil servant and politician for the Labour Party.
Himle graduated with the cand.oecon. degree in 1948, and from the NATO Defence College in 1957. He was never elected as a politician, but worked himself upwards as a civil servant in Norwegian government ministries.
During the third cabinet Gerhardsen he became state secretary to the Minister of Defense 1958–1961 and to the Minister of Transport 1962–1963. In the fourth cabinet Gerhardsen he was appointed Minister of Trade and Shipping 1963–1964 and Minister of Transport 1964–1965. His last period as a state secretary was in the Office of the Prime Minister during the first cabinet Bratteli from 1971 to 1972. He continued as the permanent under-secretary of state in the Ministry of Defence 1967–1971 and 1973–1978 and in the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy 1978–1988.
Eisenhower Fellowships selected Erik Himle in 1966 to represent Norway.
He was born in Fana, and eventually settled in Nesbru. He died there in 2008. He had three children with wife Else Winter.
References
1924 births
2008 deaths
Norwegian state secretaries
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian civil servants
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway
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5379622
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrohalogenation
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Dehydrohalogenation
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In chemistry, dehydrohalogenation is an elimination reaction which removes a hydrogen halide from a substrate. The reaction is usually associated with the synthesis of alkenes, but it has wider applications.
Dehydrohalogenation from alkyl halides
Traditionally, alkyl halides are substrates for dehydrohalogenations. The alkyl halide must be able to form an alkene, thus halides having no C–H bond on an adjacent carbon are not suitable substrates. Aryl halides are also unsuitable. Upon treatment with strong base, chlorobenzene dehydrohalogenates to give phenol via a benzyne intermediate.
Base-promoted reactions to alkenes
When treated with a strong base many alkyl chlorides convert to corresponding alkene. It is also called a β-elimination reaction and is a type of elimination reaction. Some prototypes are shown below:
Here ethyl chloride reacts with potassium hydroxide, typically in a solvent such as ethanol, giving ethylene. Likewise, 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane give propene.
Zaitsev's rule helps to predict regioselectivity for this reaction type.
In general, the reaction of a haloalkane with potassium hydroxide can compete with an SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction by OH− a strong, unhindered nucleophile. Alcohols are however generally minor products. Dehydrohalogenations often employ strong bases such as potassium tert-butoxide (K+ [CH3]3CO−).
Base-promoted reactions to alkynes
Upon treatment with strong base, vicinal dihalides convert to alkynes.
Thermal cracking
On an industrial scale, base-promoted dehydrohalogenations as described above are disfavored. The disposal of the alkali halide salt is problematic. Instead thermally-induced dehydrohalogenations are preferred. One example is provided by the production of vinyl chloride by heating 1,2-dichloroethane:
CH2Cl-CH2Cl → CH2=CHCl + HCl
The resulting HCl can be reused in oxychlorination reaction.
Thermally induced dehydrofluorinations are employed in the production of fluoroolefins and hydrofluoroolefins. One example is the preparation of 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene from 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane:
CF2HCH(F)CF3 → CHF=C(F)CF3 + HF
Other dehydrohalogenations
Epoxides
Chlorohydrins, compounds with the connectivity R(HO)CH-CH(Cl)R', undergo dehydrochlorination to give epoxides. This reaction is employed industrially to produce millions of tons of propylene oxide annually from propylene chlorohydrin:
CH3CH(OH)CH2Cl + KOH → CH3CH(O)CH2 + H2O + KCl
Isocyanides
The carbylamine reaction for the synthesis of isocyanides from the action of chloroform on a primary amine involves three dehydrohalogenations. The first dehydrohalogenation is the formation of dichlorocarbene:
KOH + CHCl3 → KCl + H2O + CCl2
Two successive base-mediated dehydrochlorination steps result in formation of the isocyanide.
References
External links
Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
Elimination reactions
Olefination reactions
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3988388
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Mooney
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Frank Mooney
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Francis Leonard Hugh Mooney (26 May 1921 – 8 March 2004) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in 14 Test matches as a wicket-keeper between 1949 and 1954.
He played for Wellington from 1941–42 to 1954–55, and toured England in 1949 and South Africa in 1953–54.
References
External links
1921 births
2004 deaths
New Zealand Test cricketers
Wellington cricketers
North Island cricketers
Wicket-keepers
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5379641
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewdley%20railway%20station
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Bewdley railway station
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Bewdley railway station serves the town of Bewdley in Worcestershire, England. Until 2014, it was the administrative headquarters of the Severn Valley Railway, after which they were moved to Comberton Hill, Kidderminster. Bewdley is the principal intermediate station on the line.
History
Bewdley station originally opened in 1862 as one of the main intermediate stations on the line between Hartlebury and Shrewsbury. It was operated by the West Midland Railway, before that company was absorbed into the Great Western Railway (GWR).
In 1864, the Tenbury & Bewdley Railway opened, with its route through the Wyre Forest branching off the SVR north of Bewdley station, before crossing the River Severn over the now partially-dismantled Dowles Bridge. Thus Bewdley became a junction station.
In 1878, GWR opened a "loop-line" to Kidderminster, which meant that Bewdley had a direct link with the town and became a double junction. As a legacy of its former junction status, Bewdley station is unique on the SVR in that it has two signal boxes, Bewdley North and Bewdley South.
Bewdley station was at its busiest at weekends and local holiday periods, but traffic declined with the increasing use of cars in the 1950s. As a consequence, rationalisation resulted in the end of through passenger traffic — firstly on the Wyre Forest line in 1962, followed by the Severn Valley line in 1963. Although thought by some to have been a result of the Beeching axe, those closures pre-dated his report.
Until January 1970, British Rail continued to serve the last remaining stations of Stourport-on-Severn, Burlish Halt, Bewdley, Foley Park Halt and Kidderminster.
Stationmasters
Thomas Appleton 1862 - 1897
George Smith 1898 - 1909 (afterwards station master at Chipping Norton)
Frederick Hallett 1909 - 1914
Alfred W. Cooke 1923 - 1937 (formerly station master at Cleobury Mortimer)
E.T. Rose 1939 - 1942 (afterwards station master at Broadway)
William H. Needle until 1956 (afterwards station master at Totnes)
H.E. Ray 1956 - 1960 (afterwards station master at Bridgnorth)
Preservation
Bewdley was disused for only four years before preservationists from the new SVR Company bought the land, track and buildings in 1974, enabling the SVR to extend from Bridgnorth–Hampton Loade to Highley and eventually Bewdley that same year.
From 1980 onwards, occasional bank holiday services were operated to Bewdley, originally from Kidderminster and later from Birmingham New Street. The SVR's own services to Kidderminster could not commence until sugar beet traffic to Foley Park ceased in 1982, and its own station, Kidderminster Town, was opened, which occurred two years later.
During and after preservation:
The station clock on platforms 2 & 3 was brought from Stourbridge Junction railway station.
The longer valancing pieces on the east side of the island platform canopy came from Birmingham Snow Hill station. That is marked on the canopy. The canopy itself was constructed for the opening of the line to Kidderminster and was later extended. It was not brought in from elsewhere, as has been reported.
Bewdley Tunnel
Just to the East of the station lies the -long Bewdley Tunnel.
Future services
Due to heavy congestion in the Wyre Forest, there have been calls for Bewdley station to be returned to the National Rail network. The idea of Kidderminster to Bewdley trains has been discussed at meetings with Central Trains, its successors London Midland, West Midlands Trains and Chiltern Railways. The obstacle was always the question of who would provide the infrastructure and staff. New services could run further than Kidderminster, to Birmingham, Dudley or London. West Midlands Trains says it plans to operate extensions of services from Kidderminster to the station by December 2019.
Famous Media Appearances
Bewdley Railway Station has been used as a location for a number of television and cinema productions. These include the 1992 film Howards End, the 2007 film Woes of the Departed, and, as "Musborough Junction" station, the opening scenes of the 1984 BBC Television adaptation of the John Masefield novel The Box of Delights (keen-eyed viewers will spot the Bewdley station sign reflected in a window).
References
Further reading
External links
Official Station Web Site
Heritage railway stations in Worcestershire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1970
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1974
Former Great Western Railway stations
Severn Valley Railway
Railway station
1862 establishments in England
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3988392
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro%20Magnasco
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Alessandro Magnasco
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Alessandro Magnasco (February 4, 1667 – March 12, 1749), also known as il Lissandrino, was an Italian late-Baroque painter active mostly in Milan and Genoa. He is best known for stylized, fantastic, often phantasmagoric genre or landscape scenes. Magnasco's distinctive style is characterized by fragmented forms rendered with swift brushstrokes and darting flashes of light.
Life
Born in Genoa to a minor artist, Stefano Magnasco, he apprenticed with Valerio Castello, and finally with Filippo Abbiati (1640–1715) in Milan. Except for 1703–09 (or 1709–11) when working in Florence for the Grand Duke Cosimo III, Magnasco labored in Milan until 1735, when he returned to his native Genoa. Magnasco often collaborated with placing figures in the landscapes of Tavella and the ruins of Clemente Spera in Milan.
Mature style
After 1710, Magnasco excelled in producing small, hypochromatic canvases with eerie and gloomy landscapes and ruins, or crowded interiors peopled with small, often lambent and cartoonishly elongated characters. The people in his paintings were often nearly liquefacted beggars dressed in tatters, rendered in flickering, nervous brushstrokes. Often they deal with unusual subjects such as synagogue services, Quaker meetings, robbers' gatherings, catastrophes, and interrogations by the Inquisition. His sentiments regarding these subjects are generally unclear.
A century later he would be described as a "romantic painter: who painted with candid touches, and ingenious expressiveness, little figures in Gothic churches; or in solitude, hermits and monks; or scoundrels assembled in town squares; soldiers in barracks". The art historian and critic Luigi Lanzi described him as the Cerquozzi of his school; thereby signaling him into the circle of followers of the Bamboccianti. He indicates that Magnasco had "figures scarcely more than a span large ... painted with humor and delight", but not as if this effect had been the intention of the painter. Lanzi says these eccentric pieces were favored by the Grand Duke Giovanni Gastone Medici of Florence. Magnasco also found contemporary patronage for his work among prominent families and collectors of Milan, for example the Arese and Casnedi families. This series of patrons underscores the fact that Magnasco was more esteemed by outsiders than by his fellow Genoese; as Lanzi noted, "his bold touch, though joined to a noble conception and to correct drawing, did not attract in Genoa, because it is far removed from the finish and union of tints which (Genoese) masters followed." In the twentieth century, Rudolf Wittkower derided him as "solitary, tense, strange, mystic, ecstatic, grotesque, and out of touch with the triumphal course of the Venetian school" from 1710 onward.
Origins of his style
The influences on his work are obscure. Some suspect the influence of the loose painterly style of his Venetian contemporary Sebastiano Ricci (1659–1734), the Genoese Domenico Piola (1627–1703) and Gregorio de Ferrari, although the most prominent of the three, Ricci, painted in a more monumental and mythic style, and these artists may in fact have been influenced by Magnasco. Magnasco was likely influenced by Milanese il Morazzone (1573–1626) in the emotional quality of his work. Some of his canvases (see ill. (q.)) recall Salvator Rosa's romantic sea-lashed landscapes, and his affinity for paintings of brigands. The diminutive scale of Magnasco's figures relative to the landscape is comparable to Claude Lorraine's more airy depictions. While his use of figures of ragged beggars has been compared with Giuseppe Maria Crespi's genre style, Crespi's figures are larger, more distinct, and individual, and it is possible that Crespi himself may have influenced Magnasco. Others point to the influences of late Baroque Italian genre painters, the Roman Bamboccianti, and in his exotic scenography, the well-disseminated engravings of the Frenchman Callot.
Legacy
Magnasco's work may have influenced Marco Ricci, Giuseppe Bazzani, Francesco Maffei, and the famed painters de tocco (by touch) Gianantonio and Francesco Guardi in Venice.
His depictions of torture in The Inquisition (or perhaps named Interrogations in a Jail) are an atypical subject for Italian baroque paintings, as were his depictions of the religious ceremonies of Jews and Quakers. Yet it remains unsolved, according to Wittkower, "how much quietism or criticism or farce went into the making of his pictures".
Selected works
Notes
References
Raffaello Soprani, Carlo Giuseppe Ratti (a cura di), Vite de Pittori, Scultori ed Architetti Genovesi; In questa seconda Edizione rivedute, accresciute ed arricchite di note da Carlo Giuseppe Ratti Tomo Primo, Stamperia Casamara, dalle Cinque Lampadi, con licenza de superiori, Genova, 1769. Pagine 155-164
Herman Voss, A Re-discovered Picture by Alessandro Magnasco, in The Burlington Magazine, LXXI, pp. 171–177. London 1937
A Loan Exhibition of Paintings by Alessandro Magnasco, exhibition catalogue, Durlacher Bros, New York
Golden Gate International Exhibition, California Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco, 1940
Maria Pospisil, Magnasco. Firenze 1944
Benno Geiger, Magnasco. Bergamo 1949
Antonio Morassi, Mostra del Magnasco, exhibition catalogue, Bergamo 1949
Renato Roli, Alessandro Magnasco, Milano 1964
V.Magnoni, Alessandro Magnasco, Roma 1965
Alessandro Magnasco, exhibition catalogue, Louisville-Ann Arbor, 1967
Fausta Franchini Guelfi, Alessandro Magnasco. Genova 1977
Fausta Franchini Guelfi, Alessandro Magnasco. Soncino (Cr) 1991
L.Muti - D. De Sarno Prignano, Magnasco. Faenza 1994
Alessandro Magnasco 1667-1749. Exhibition catalogue. Milano 1996
C. Geddo, Alessandro Magnasco: una fortuna critica senza confini, ibidem, pp. 39–50
Jane Turner (a cura di), The Dictionary of Art. 20, pp. 95–96. New York, Grove, 1996.
External links
1667 births
1749 deaths
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
18th-century Italian painters
Painters from Genoa
Italian vedutisti
Rococo painters
Italian Baroque painters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Sterling
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Robert Sterling
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Robert Sterling (born William Sterling Hart; November 13, 1917 – May 30, 2006) was an American actor. He was best known for starring in the television series Topper (1953–1955).
In 1960, Sterling was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the television industry.
Early life
Sterling was born William Sterling Hart in New Castle, Pennsylvania, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Pittsburgh. The son of Chicago Cubs baseball player William S. Hart, he attended the University of Pittsburgh and worked as a clothing salesman before pursuing an acting career.
Career
Columbia Pictures
After signing with Columbia Pictures in 1939, he changed his name to Robert Sterling to avoid confusion with silent western star William S. Hart. His name was legally changed while he was a second lieutenant attending flight training in Marfa in West Texas in 1943.
Sterling appeared in small parts for Columbia movies, often uncredited: Blondie Meets the Boss (1939), Romance of the Redwoods (1939), First Offenders (1939), Outside These Walls (1939), The Chump Takes a Bump (1939), That Girl from College (1939), and a serial Mandrake the Magician (1939).
He was in Only Angels Have Wings (1939), Missing Daughters (1939), and a short with Buster Keaton, Pest from the West (1939). Sterling was in Good Girls Go to Paris (1939), The Man They Could Not Hang (1939), Golden Boy (1939), The Gates of Alcatraz (1939), A Woman Is the Judge (1939), The Story of Charles Goodyear (1939), Scandal Sheet (1939), Mr Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Beware Spooks! (1939), Blondie Brings Up Baby (1939), The Amazing Mr Williams (1939), Glove Slingers (1939), The Awful Goof (1939) (a short), and Crime's End (1939).
He was in Nothing But Pleasure (1940) a Buster Keaton short, and The Heckler (1940) a short with Charley Chase,
20th Century Fox
At 20th Century Fox he played the lead in Manhattan Heartbeat (1940) and Yesterday's Heroes (1940). He was in The Gay Caballero (1940)
MGM
In November 1940 , Sterling went to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He appeared in The Penalty (1941) and had the lead in I'll Wait for You (1941), The Getaway (1941), and Ringside Maisie (1941) with Ann Sothern, whom he would later marry.
He had a good support role in Two-Faced Woman (1941) with Greta Garbo and Johnny Eager (1941) with Robert Taylor. Sterling could also be see in Dr. Kildare's Victory (1942) and This Time for Keeps (1942). He was billed third in Somewhere I'll Find You (1942), after Clark Gable and Lana Turner - one of MGM's biggest films of the year. But just as it seemed Sterling was about to break through as a star he joined the service.
Post war
Sterling served in World War II as a United States Army Air Corps flight instructor. He got out of the army in October 1945 and MGM announced him for The Last Time I Saw Paris but the film would not be made for several years, and not with Sterling. He appeared in The Secret Heart (1946) at MGM.
At RKO he had the lead in Roughshod (1949). He made an independent Western, The Sundowners (1950) with Robert Preston and John Drew Barrymore, and did Bunco Squad (1951) at RKO.
He was appearing on Broadway in The Grammercy Ghost when he formed a relationship with actress/singer Anne Jeffreys.
On television, Sterling starred in "The Man Who Had Influence", the May 29, 1950, episode of Studio One. He also appeared on such shows as The Ford Theatre Hour, Showtime, U.S.A., The Clock, The Web (starring in the episode "Homecoming"), Faith Baldwin Romance Theatre, Celanese Theatre, Lights Out (one episode with Grace Kelly), Betty Crocker Star Matinee (an episode with Audrey Hepburn), Suspense, The Gulf Playhouse, Robert Montgomery Presents, Studio One in Hollywood (an adaptation of The Ambassadors), and Climax!.
Sterling had an excellent part as Steve Baker, opposite Ava Gardner as Julie, in the hit MGM 1951 film version of Show Boat. He supported Audie Murphy in Column South (1953). He and his second wife, actor Anne Jeffreys, also developed a night club act.
Topper
Sterling is perhaps most well known for starring with Jeffreys as the spirited George Kerby, to Jeffreys' Marion Kerby in the television program Topper, based on the 1937 original film Topper; Sterling played Cary Grant's role in the TV series, which aired on the CBS network from 1953 to 1955. Leo G. Carroll starred in the title role. Wife Marion Kerby was referred to as "the ghostess with the mostest", while Sterling's character was known as "that most sporty spirit".
In 1955 he and Jeffreys appeared in a TV production of Dearest Enemy, adapted by Neil Simon. He continued to guest star on shows like The Loretta Young Show, Lux Video Theatre, Star Stage, The 20th Century-Fox Hour, The Ford Television Theatre, Cavalcade of America, and Telephone Time.
On December 18, 1957, Sterling and Jeffreys played a couple with an unusual courtship arrangement in "The Julie Gage Story" on the first season of NBC's Wagon Train.
Love That Jill
In 1958, the couple co-starred in another comedy series, Love That Jill on ABC. Sterling and Jeffreys portrayed heads of rival modeling agencies in New York City.
Sterling appeared on The United States Steel Hour, then returned to features at Fox. He had good roles in Return to Peyton Place (1961), as Mike Rossi, husband of Eleanor Parker, and Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (1961) for Irwin Allen.
Ichabod and Me
In the 1961–1962 television season, Sterling co-starred with George Chandler and Reta Shaw in CBS's Ichabod and Me, a sitcom set in New England. He portrayed 44-year-old Bob Major, a newspaper reporter from New York City, who purchased and ran the paper in a small town called Phippsboro.
In 1963, Sterling starred in The Twilight Zone episode "Printer's Devil" alongside Burgess Meredith. He was also in The Alfred Hitchcock Hour and Naked City, plus A Global Affair (1964) with Bob Hope.
Later career
After some additional television work in the early 1960s, Sterling made only sporadic appearances in later shows such as the hospital drama The Bold Ones, the sitcoms Nanny and the Professor, Love, American Style, Diana and The Brian Keith Show, the TV movie Letters from Three Lovers (1973), and the miniseries Beggarman, Thief in 1979.
In the 1970s Sterling was a vice president and the spokesman for a company that implemented the software for one of the first supermarket barcoding and computer inventory systems. He later launched Sterling & Sons, a Santa Monica company that manufactured custom golf clubs.
In the 1980s he guest starred on shows like Fantasy Island, Simon & Simon, Masquerade, Murder, She Wrote, and Hotel.
Sterling's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is located at 1709 Vine Street.
Personal life
Sterling was married twice. His first marriage, in 1943, was to noted actress-singer Ann Sothern. They had a daughter, Patricia, who became an actress. Sothern and Sterling divorced in 1949.
Sterling met actress-singer Anne Jeffreys soon after his Broadway debut, and they wed in 1951 and remained married for 55 years until his death. They had three sons.
Sterling was a Republican who campaigned for Dwight Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
Sterling died Tuesday, May 30, 2006, aged 88, at his home in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California. According to the Associated Press, his son, Jeffrey, indicated that Sterling died of natural causes and also suffered from debilitating shingles for the last decade of his life. He was cremated and his ashes were returned to his family in residence.
References
External links
1917 births
2006 deaths
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male comedy actors
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from Pennsylvania
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
People from New Castle, Pennsylvania
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Pennsylvania Republicans
California Republicans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk%20Leon%20Strasburger
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Henryk Leon Strasburger
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Henryk Leon Strasburger (27 May 1887 – 2 May 1951) was a Polish economist, General Commissioner in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk) and delegate to the League of Nations. He was also a member of the Polish government in exile during World War II. According to the New York Times, he was among the earliest and most outspoken of Poles to recognise the Hitler menace to his country. His warning was clear in his book The Case of Danzig, published some months before the outbreak of World War II.
Early years
He was born on 25 May 1887 in Warsaw, to Juljan Teofil Strasburger (half-brother of Eduard Adolf Strasburger) and Marja (Julia Maria) Simmler, daughter of Joseph Simmler. Their ancestors were of German ethnics which had assimilated into Polish people. His schooling was at Heidelberg and Kharkov universities.
Career
From 1916 to 1918, he was the Director of the Polish Industrial Association. After World War I, Strasburger was a member of the first Polish government, as Undersecretary in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry from 1918 to 1923, as well as holding the position of Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1923. He was a member of the Polish peace delegation at Riga in 1921, and a delegate to the League of Nations in 1923 and 1924. He conducted commercial treaty negotiations with Italy, France, Romania, Yugoslavia, Finland, Belgium, and Japan.
He then joined the Polish Foreign Office, and from 1924 to 1932 he was General Commissioner (Commissariat) of the Polish Republic (Komisarz Generalny Rzeczpospoltej Polskiej), responsible for the liaison between the Senate and the Polish government in the Free City of Danzig. He resigned in 1932 and was replaced by Dr. Kazimierz Papée. This was an unusual move that drew international attention since it seemed to mark an important change in Polish policy towards Danzig, as the supposedly Free City was becoming a centre for Berlin Nationalist activities.
Strasburger had been allowed a free hand in dealing with Danzig authorities, and during his first few years in office had had success in improving Danzig-Polish relations, but difficulties increased in his last two years in office, caused by the new Nationalist Senate of the free city, which became a stronghold of the German Nationalists and Hitlerites. The Senate became increasingly hostile towards Poland, and after a public dispute in 1931 between Strasburger and the President of Danzig, Dr. Ernst Ziehm, Strasburger offered his resignation but it was not accepted. When he tried again to resign in 1932, the Polish Government decided that Danzig-Polish policies would be made in Warsaw, not in Danzig. From 1932 to 1939, he was the President of the Central Organisation of Polish Industries.
After the 1939 German invasion of Poland, Strasburger became part of the Polish government in exile. From 1939 to 1942 he was the Polish Minister of Finance, Industry and Commerce in the Sikorski Government. In 1942, he was the individual who announced to the world in New York City that over one million Polish Jews had been killed.
In 1943, he became the "Minister in the Middle East,". Following the war he made the choice of serving the Warsaw Government controlled by the Communists, as ambassador to Great Britain in 1945 and 1946. He broke with this Government in 1949 and stayed in London with his wife and children.
He died on 2 May 1951, in London, while still in exile.
Family
Around 1926, he married Olga Dunin (1902–1972), daughter of Rodryg Dunin. They had two children, Henryk and Teresa.
Writing
"German Designs on Pomerania; An Analysis of Germany's Revisionistic Policy", 1934, Torun, The Baltic institute
"The Core of a Continent: Problems of Central and Eastern Europe", 1943, Philadelphia, The American academy of political and social science
The Case of Danzig, 1936
Foreign Trade in the Service of National Economy, 1939
References
Fifth Session of the Assembly
League of Nations delegates, 1923 (Fourth Session)
(Polish) "Turowiecki emigrant"
New York Times, 13 February 1942, "Poland to Exercise a Firmer Hand in Danzig; Policy Seen in Naming of New Commissioner". (PDF)
New York Times, 28 November 1942, "Poland in Appeal on Nazi Outrages" (PDF)
TIME magazine, 30 November 1942, "Little Men, What Now?"
The New York Times, 28 November 1942, "Finance Minister Strasburger, on Visit Here, Says Germans' Killings Total 1,400,000" (PDF)
The New York Times, 4 May 1951, "Dr. H. Strasburger, Polish ex-envoy, 63; Ambassador to London, 1944 to 1946, Dies There in Exile – Warned of Hitler Menace" (PDF)
International Who's Who'', 1945–1946 ("Strasburger, Henryk", LL.D), p. 843
External links
Family tree
1887 births
1951 deaths
Writers from Warsaw
Politicians from Warsaw
Polish people of German descent
People from Warsaw Governorate
Ambassadors of Poland to the United Kingdom
Finance Ministers of Poland
Polish male writers
Polish people of World War II
Polish exiles
Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
National University of Kharkiv alumni
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5379650
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohida
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Rohida
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Rohida is a historic village situated in Sirohi district of Indian state of Rajasthan.
The village is known for Audichya Rodwal Brahman Community residing there.
The Maharaja of Sirohi State has provided the land to the Rodwal Brahmins.
Rohida has been named after King Rohida, the Son of Satayavadi Raja Harish Chandra who lived his last years of life at Rohida.
Rohida is the birthplace of the historian Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha.
In 1922 Motilal Tejawat started Eki Movement to unit tribals at Rohida.
The village is known for historical temples of Hindu community such as Somnath Mahadev, Rajrajeshwar Mahadev and Sugreeveshwar Mahadev.
After independence, when Panchayati Raj established, the village elected Ravishankar Yagnik, one of freedom fighters from Rodwal community as first Sarpanch (Head of Gram Panchayat) of the village, who also has been elected the first Tehsil Pradhan of the Pindwara Tehsil, after he represented the constituency to Rajasthan Assembly and requested for Backward Status for Sirohi District that has been approved by Assembly. Here, Marwadi language is spoken which is quite similar to Mewadi & Gujarati language in pronunciation and words.
Devnagari script has been used to write the history of Rohida.
Rohida is also related to Lord Parshuram, at the period of Mahabharata, Parshuram visited Rohida and established Lord Shiva temple and named it Jabeshwar Mahadev Mandir which is around 4 km from Rohida.
References
Rohida village
Rohida PIN
Rohida in freedom movement
Villages in Sirohi district
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3988394
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav%20Hindahl
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Olav Hindahl
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Olav Hindahl (17 October 1892, Stavanger – 14 June 1963, Oslo) was a Norwegian trade unionist and politician for the Labour Party.
He started his career as a typographer, and became involved in the local labour union. He rose up the ladder and became leader of the Norwegian Central Union of Book Printers, and then of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions in 1934. He left in 1939 to become Minister of Labour in the cabinet Nygaardsvold. During the German occupation of Norway he also headed, in exile, the Ministry of Trade. He relinquished both posts in 1945, but from 1946 to 1963 he directed the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority.
On the local level he was a member of Stavanger city council from 1923 to 1925 and Aker municipal council from 1929 to 1931.
References
1892 births
1963 deaths
Norwegian trade unionists
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Stavanger
Politicians from Aker
Government ministers of Norway
Directors of government agencies of Norway
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3988396
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen%20McCormack
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Ellen McCormack
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Ellen Cullen McCormack (September 15, 1926 – March 27, 2011) was an American politician who was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1976.
Early life
On September 15, 1926, Eleanor Rose Cullen was born in The Bronx borough of New York City, to Irish immigrants William and Ellen Cullen. In 1949, she married Francis J. McCormack, after meeting him at a dance, and had four children with him.
Career
On July 14, 1975, McCormack filed with the Federal Election Commission to run in the 1976 presidential primary, and formally announced her candidacy at a news conference in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 16. She was the first woman to receive federal matching funds, which she received $244,125 in, and appeared on the ballot in twenty states. She ran on an exclusively "pro-life" platform, and won no primaries, but had her name placed into nomination and received 22 votes from delegates at the 1976 Democratic National Convention, and engaged in a debate that also included future President Jimmy Carter.
During the 1980 presidential election, she ran as the presidential nominee of the New York State Right to Life Party, with Carroll Driscoll as her running mate. They received 32,327 votes.
She had been a chairwoman of the New York Right to Life Party, and was their candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1978.
Later life
On March 27, 2011, she died in an assisted-living facility in Avon, Connecticut, after a long period with a heart ailment which originated during one of her pregnancies.
References
1926 births
2011 deaths
Candidates in the 1976 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
Female candidates for President of the United States
New York State Right to Life Party politicians
People from the Bronx
American anti-abortion activists
People from Long Island
Activists from New York (state)
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American women
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5379666
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickhill
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Pickhill
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Pickhill is a village in North Yorkshire, England, west of Thirsk. It forms part of Hambleton District, and is a part of the civil parish of Pickhill with Roxby.
History
The Roman road, Dere Street, passed close to the village following the route of the modern A1(M) motorway.
The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Picala. The manor at the time of the Norman invasion was split between Sprot and Thor. Afterwards it passed to Count Alan of Brittany. Up to the 16th century, the manor was largely owned by the Neville family, with some having been given to Fountains Abbey. Thereafter it was split in two and was the possession of the Byerley and Meynell families until the 18th century.
Pickhill with Roxby was a large ancient parish, which comprised the townships of Ainderby Quernhow, Holme, Howe, Pickhill with Roxby, Sinderby and Swainby with Allerthorpe. All these townships became separate civil parishes in 1866.
The village used to have a station in the North Eastern Railway region on the Ripon to Northallerton Line. The old Station House can be found on Cross Lane. It was functioning between March 1875 and September 1959.
Roxby
Roxby is a deserted medieval village about west of the village, recorded in 1198. By the 20th century it was reduced to a single farmhouse, Roxby House. The farmhouse was demolished in 1994 to make way for the construction of the A1(M) motorway.
Governance
The village lies within the Richmond (Yorks) UK Parliament constituency. It is also within the Bedale electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council and the Tanfield ward of Hambleton District Council.
Geography
The village is located a mile east of the A1(M), and its nearest neighbours are Sinderby to the south, Holme to the south-east and Ainderby Quernhow to the south. Pickhill Beck runs through the village before joining the nearby River Swale
The 2001 UK Census recorded the population as 411, of which 318 were over the age of sixteen years. There were 157 dwellings of which 112 were detached.
Education
The village has one school, Pickhill CE Primary School, which is within the catchment area of Thirsk School for secondary education.
Religion
There is a church in the village dedicated to All Saints. Built around the 12th century, it is a Grade II* listed building that has been restored several times. There was a Wesleyan Chapel erected in the village around 1864, now disused.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Hambleton District
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5379680
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwood%20Halt%20railway%20station
|
Northwood Halt railway station
|
Northwood Halt is an unstaffed request stop on the Severn Valley Railway in Worcestershire, situated a little to the north of Bewdley on the outskirts of the Wyre Forest at the north end of North Wood. There is an ungated level crossing just to the south of the single platform. It is the only surviving original halt on the line.
History
The halt first opened in June 1935 and was in use until the end of British Railways passenger services north of Bewdley in 1963. Although thought by some people to have been closed as part of the Beeching axe in 1963 its planned closure pre-dated his report. It was well used by fishermen, ramblers and tourists, and was reopened immediately after the SVR's southerly extension of services in 1974. Northwood Halt is not included in the public timetable.
The level crossing is now protected by light signals and an audible warning; this system replaced hand-operated gates, the scene of two serious accidents in 1947 and 1964.
Upon reopening the only shelter for passengers awaiting trains was a wooden shed. This was subsequently replaced with a GWR style pagoda that was constructed by volunteers at Kidderminster.
References
Further reading
External links
Visitor guide to Northwood Halt
Heritage railway stations in Worcestershire
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1935
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1974
Former Great Western Railway stations
Severn Valley Railway
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5379684
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holme%2C%20North%20Yorkshire
|
Holme, North Yorkshire
|
Holme (or Holme on Swale) is a small village and civil parish in the Hambleton District of North Yorkshire, England. It is located near Pickhill, Sinderby and Ainderby Quernhow, on the west bank of the River Swale. The population of the civil parish was estimated at 60 in 2014.
Hambleton Ales is a small brewery which started life in Holme. It has now moved to Melmerby.
Holme was historically a township in the ancient parish of Pickhill with Roxby in the North Riding of Yorkshire. At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 it belonged to the Bishop of Durham as part of his manor of Hutton Conyers and Howgrave. The township formed a detached part of the wapentake of Allertonshire, and retained a detached part at Howgrave, west of the village, apparently only a single farm, into the 19th century. The township was for that reason referred to as Holme cum Howgrave. Holme became a separate civil parish in 1866.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
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3988397
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Hjelmtveit
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Nils Hjelmtveit
|
Nils Hjelmtveit (21 July 1892–30 October 1985) was a Norwegian educator and politician for the Labour Party. He was mayor of Stokken, MP from 1925 to 1930, Minister of Education and Church Affairs from 1935 to 1945 and County Governor of Aust-Agder from 1945 to 1961.
Early career
He was born at Hopland in Alversund municipality as a son of farmer Nils Hjelmtveit, Sr. (1861–1911) and his wife Ingebjørg Herland (1865–1893). He graduated from Stord Teacher's College in 1913, and was hired as a teacher in Eydehamn in the same year. He was promoted to headmaster in 1918. In December 1918, he married Karen Adelma Andersen (1894–1991).
National politics
From 1919 to 1920 he also published the temperance weekly magazine Egden. Hjelmtveit was a member of Stokken municipal council from 1919 to 1937, and served as mayor from 1923 to 1928 and 1932 to 1935. He also chaired the school board from 1921 to 1922. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Aust-Agder in 1924 and 1927, serving two terms. In 1935, when Nygaardsvold's Cabinet assumed office, Hjelmtveit was appointed Minister of Education and Church Affairs. He reportedly had to be strongly persuaded by Johan Nygaardsvold. Some of the cases that were decided during Hjelmtveit's tenure were naming of the committees that prepared the University of Bergen, Riksteatret and the Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund, closing of the teachers' colleges at Hamar and Notodden, the language reform of 1938, poet's grant to Arnulf Øverland, construction of Kringkastingshuset and the signing of a Norwegian-Czechoslovak cultural cooperation treaty.
From 1940 to 1945 Hjelmtveit was exiled in London together with the rest of Nygaardsvold's Cabinet, because of the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. Hjelmtveit later defended the cabinet's actions on 9 April 1940, when they fled from the invading Germans. The war memoirs Vekstår og vargtid came in 1969. While exiled he wrote the book Education in Norway, published 1946. Between the war's end (8 May 1945) and Hjelmtveit's return to Norway, Alv Harald Helland and Terje Wold filled in as Minister of Education and Research. He stepped down in June 1945, when Gerhardsen's First Cabinet took over. On 1 December 1945 he became County Governor of Aust-Agder, a post he held until 1961. He headed the Norwegian delegation to found UNESCO in London in 1945, and also headed the delegation for UNESCO's 1st General Conference in Paris in 1946.
Hjelmtveit was a temperance activist, and was a local board member of the International Organisation of Good Templars. He was a member of the council of Vinmonopolet from 1929, deputy chair from 1932 to 1935, and then chair from 1946. He was also a board chairman of the newspaper from 1929 to 1934, a board member of the Norse Federation, deputy chair of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1946 to 1957 and chair from 1957 to 1965. In the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s he wrote local history books about Nordhordland. He was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1954, and died in 1985 at Flosta.
References
1892 births
1985 deaths
People from Lindås
Stord/Haugesund University College alumni
Norwegian educators
Norwegian temperance activists
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of places in Aust-Agder
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Norwegian World War II memoirists
County Governors of Norway
Ministers of Education of Norway
International Organisation of Good Templars
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3988400
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut%20Hoem
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Knut Hoem
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Knut Hoem (27 January 1924 – 20 June 1987) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
He was born in Hammerfest and graduated as cand.jur. in 1950, and was a secretary in the Ministry of Fisheries from 1951 to 1954. He then spent his career working in Norges Råfisklag, a Norwegian fishing cooperative, sitting as CEO from 1964 to 1987.
He was Minister of Fisheries in from March 1971 to January 1972 during the first cabinet Bratteli. He resigned following the negotiation results with the EC. His resignation largely impacted the “no” result in the referendum later that year.
References
1924 births
1987 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
People from Hammerfest
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3988402
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard%20Hans%20Hoff
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Edvard Hans Hoff
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Edvard Hans Hoff (11 April 1838 – 7 June 1933) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. He was Minister of Defence from 1889 to 1891. Hoff was military officer, and was promoted to Lieutenant General (generalløytnant) in 1905. He wrote the first bridge manual in Norway in 1907, titled Bridge - Spillets love, regler og etikette ("Bridge - the Laws, Rules and Etiquette of the game").
References
1838 births
1933 deaths
Defence ministers of Norway
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3988405
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell%20Holler
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Kjell Holler
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Kjell Torbjørn Holler (29 June 1925 – 1 November 2000) was a Norwegian economist and politician with the Norwegian Labour Party.
Biography
Holler was born at Tinn in Telemark, Norway. He graduated with a degree in economics at the University of Oslo in 1950. From 1950 to 1952 Holler was an employee at the daily newspaper Arbeiderbladet. He later handled media relations and community contact at the telecommunications company Televerket. Holler was chairman of Televerket from 1974 until he took over as director general 1980–1991. He served as chairman of the Norwegian Refugee Council from 1991 to 1997.
He was Minister of Industry in the cabinet of Prime Minister Einar Gerhardsen from 1959 to 1963. Holler was forced to resign as a result of the Kings Bay Affair.
The mountain of Hollertoppen in Heer Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, is named after Holler.
References
1925 births
2000 deaths
People from Telemark
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian economists
Norwegian newspaper people
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Businesspeople in telecommunications
Government ministers of Norway
Directors of government agencies of Norway
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway
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3988408
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Holmboe
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Arnold Holmboe
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Arnold Holmboe (11 March 1873 – 27 July 1956) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party. He was mayor of Tromsø, two-term member of the Norwegian Parliament as well as Minister of Justice from 1922 to 1923 and Minister of Finance from 1924 to 1926.
Personal life
He was born in Malm as the son of farmer Anton Christian Holmboe (1839–1911) and his wife Elen Berthine Arntsdatter Stjernen (1849–1902). He had several younger sisters. He was a distant relative of Otto Holmboe (1710–1773), and his grandfather Hans Fredrik was a third cousin of academics Bernt Michael and Christopher Andreas Holmboe.
In 1904 Arnold Holmboe married Dagmar Theodora Dahlmann. The couple had one son.
Career
He took higher education, graduated as cand.jur. in 1900 and then worked in Steigen for one year and Harstad for two years. In 1903 he was hired as an attorney in Tromsø. He was a member of Tromsø city council from 1907 to 1922, serving as mayor in the periods 1907 to 1908, 1913 to 1914 and 1916 to 1917. He was also CEO of the local savings bank Tromsø Sparebank from 1913 to 1928.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1922, representing the Market towns of Nordland, Troms and Finnmark. On 24 August the same year, he was appointed Minister of Justice and the Police in the second cabinet Blehr. His seat in Parliament was taken by Knut Nilsen Evanger. Holmboe later lost the job when the second cabinet Blehr fell in March 1923. However, in July 1924 Holmboe returned as Minister of Finance and Customs in the first cabinet Mowinckel. That cabinet fell in March 1926. Holmboe then stood for election to Parliament, and served one last term from 1928 to 1930.
From 1928 to 1943 he was the CEO of Vinmonopolet.
As a part of the legal purge in Norway after World War II, Holmboe was a member of the Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945.
References
1873 births
1956 deaths
Members of the Storting
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Government ministers of Norway
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Tromsø
Mayors of places in Troms
Norwegian jurists
Ministers of Justice of Norway
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3988410
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter%20dollar
|
Quarter dollar
|
Quarter dollar may refer to ¼ unit of currencies that are named dollar. Normally 1 dollar is divided into 100 cents, making a quarter dollar equal to 25 cents. Coins or banknotes of that amount may be denominated in either of the two expressions.
See also
Newfoundland twenty-five cents
Quarter (Canadian coin)
Quarter (United States coin)
Twenty-five cent coin (Netherlands)
Twenty-five-cent coins
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3988412
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Holmboe
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Cornelius Holmboe
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Cornelius Holmboe (17 April 1881 – 16 November 1947) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. He was Minister of Justice in 1928.
Personal life
He was born in Tromsø as the youngest son of physician Johannes Michael Holmboe (1844–1918) and his wife Helga Dybwad (1849–1881). He had several brothers and sisters, and, after the death of his mother, several half-siblings. His grandfather Leonhard Christian Borchgrevink Holmboe was involved in politics, so were his granduncles Even Hammer Holmboe and Hans Holmboe.
In 1907 he married Ingeborg Elieson Dybwad. The couple had two daughters and one son.
Career
Holmboe finished his secondary education in Tromsø in 1898, enrolled in law studies and graduated as cand.jur. in 1903. He then worked as a jurist and newspaper editor, editing Solungen from 1907 to 1908 and Den 1ste Mai from 1908 to 1909. In 1909 he was hired as an attorney in Tromsø. He worked as a defender in the court of appeal from 1915 and the district court from 1923. He was also chairman of the board of the savings bank Tromsøsundets Sparebank from 1924 to 1937.
On 28 January 1928 he was appointed Minister of Justice and the Police in the cabinet Hornsrud. The cabinet Hornsrud was the first Labour Party cabinet in Norway. Fearing widespread socialism in Norway, the other parliamentary parties defeated the cabinet Hornsrud already after eighteen days, in February 1928, on a vote of no confidence. As an effect, Holmboe was not allowed to continue as Minister of Justice.
Cornelius Holmboe later became district stipendiary magistrate (sorenskriver) of Nord-Hedmark, from 1937.
He died in 1947 in Oslo.
References
1881 births
1947 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Politicians from Tromsø
Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian newspaper editors
Cornelius
20th-century lawyers
Ministers of Justice of Norway
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3988430
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny%20Hoyston
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Jenny Hoyston
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Jenny Hoyston is an American producer, vocalist, guitarist, and trumpeter based in Austin, Texas, United States. She composed, recorded, and toured as part of the San Francisco, California, political punk and no wave band Erase Errata from 1999-2015 and records and performs with William Elliott Whitmore as Hallways of Always, with former Erase Errata bandmate Ellie Erickson as Hey Jellie, and as a solo artist, at times under the name Paradise Island. She also co-produces FABULOSA Fest near Yosemite every year since 2008.
Biography
Hoyston began her road and recording career in 1994 as the bassist and back-up vocalist for Michigan-based all-Women punk band, day twenty-eight, and appears on PEEP, the 1995 Youth Rendition Records release by the band.
After relocating to San Francisco, Hoyston formed noise-rock duo California Lightening with future Erase Errata drummer Bianca Sparta in 1997. California Lightening released singles on Troubleman Unlimited and Sound on Sound and appeared on releases by Mr. Lady Records and other independent labels. The duo also self-released This Is A True Story in a limited edition of 300 cassette tapes. In 2005, the band released Four Virgins, a split 7-inch with fellow San Franciscan duo Sic. Alps which stirred controversy over fully nude images of members of both bands on the record's artwork. In 1999 Hoyston joined Darkwave quintet Subtonix (Troubleman Unlimited) and is credited with guitar on one 7-inch release by the all-Women band.
Later in 1999, she formed Erase Errata with Sara Jaffe, Ellie Erickson and Sparta. The band was formed during an impromptu session at Club Hott, the warehouse venue Hoyston and Sparta inhabited with Seth Bogart (Gravy Train!!!!, Hunx and His Punx, Wacky Wacko) and Luis Illades (Pansy Division, Avengers). Other Erase Errata collaborators have included Christina Files, Weasel Walter, Eric Bauer, and Archie McKay. Erase Errata toured the U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Erase Errata's final release was the Lost Weekend (2015) on their own label. The band played a string of dates in 2015 with Hannah Blilie of The Gossip and Lisa Schonberg (Explode Into Colors, Thao & the Get Down Stay Down) on double-drums and Mlee Marie of Houston-based Hearts of Animals on saxophone in addition to original members Erickson and Hoyston.
Hoyston's self-recorded and produced a solo LP for Dim Mak in 2003 under the project name Paradise Island, titled "Lines Are Infinitely Fine." In 2007, she released Isle Of under her own name on Southern Records. The LP received thumbs up in Rolling Stone, "Spin," and other music rags. In 2010, Hoyston was named one of the 50 Most Important Queer Women in Music by AfterEllen.com.
In addition to her work on stage and in the studio, Hoyston has produced the annual, women-centered FABULOSA Fest near Yosemite, California, since 2008. The event raises money for charity and features 6 days of bands, DJs, yoga, massage, camping, and swimming.
According to her Facebook page, she currently lives in Austin, Texas.
Musical style
Erase Errata typically features no wave and angular punk styles. With the Paradise Island solo project Hoyston explores different sounds including off-kilter rock and pop, lo-fi electronica and folk.
Discography
Hallways of Always
S/T (2006) Southern Records
Magical Mind (2010) Long Play Records
Invisible Light (2019) Long Play Records
Paradise Island
Purple Prize (2002) Troubleman Unlimited
Getup (2003) Dim Mak
Lines Are Infinitely Fine (2003) Dim Mak
Beast (2005) Cochon
Seeing Spots (2006) Southern UK/Latitudes
Jenny Hoyston
Isle of (2007) Southern Records
Hold On, Loosely (2019) Great Hereafter Music
References
External links
Official Website
Fabulosa
The 50 Most Important Queer Women In Music
Interview with Jenny Hoyston by DIRTY webzine on 18 February, 2008
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women guitarists
American women singers
American punk rock singers
Women punk rock singers
American lesbian musicians
American punk rock guitarists
21st-century LGBT people
21st-century American women
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3988434
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zircophyllite
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Zircophyllite
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Zircophyllite is a complex mineral, formula . It crystallizes in the triclinic - pinacoidal crystal class as dark brown to black micaceous plates. It has perfect 001 cleavage, a Mohs hardness of 4 to 4.5 and a specific gravity of 3.34. Its indices of refraction are nα=1.708 nβ=1.738 nγ=1.747 and it has a 2V optical angle of 62°.
It occurs with natrolite in alkali pegmatites. It was discovered in 1972 in the Korgeredabinsh massif, Tuva, Russia and is named for its zirconium content and its relationship to astrophyllite. It is also known from the Mont Saint-Hilaire intrusive complex of Québec, Canada.
Zircophyllite is radioactive, but the radioactivity is barely detectable.
References
Inosilicates
Potassium minerals
Sodium minerals
Manganese minerals
Iron minerals
Zirconium minerals
Titanium minerals
Niobium minerals
Triclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 2
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3988442
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Touchstone
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Steve Touchstone
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Steve Touchton is an American musician who currently resides in Los Angeles. He was a founding member of the bands XBXRX and Kit. His current projects include the Noise music trio Remainderless and the Experimental music series Ex Im Ot.
References
External links
Bandcamp page
Swaps page at Joyful Noise Recordings
Remainderless page at Oxen Label
Kit page at Upset! the Rhythm
xbxrx
Statewide Sound Masters Unite at UCSD
Dog Star Orchestra concert review
Living people
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Musicians from Mobile, Alabama
Guitarists from Alabama
Year of birth missing (living people)
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3988444
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship%20Troopers%20%28OVA%29
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Starship Troopers (OVA)
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is a six-part anime OVA produced by Sunrise and released in 1988. It is based on the 1959 book Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein. The OVA was dedicated to Heinlein who died before the first part of the series was released.
Mecha design
Kazutaka Miyatake of Studio Nue originally designed the mobile infantry powered armors in the OVA for a Japanese edition of the novel (published by Hayakawa Publishing, Japan's largest science fiction publisher) in the early eighties. A mecha based on this design also appears on the DAICON III and IV Opening Animations from 1981 and 1983, a few years before the OVA was released.
Episode list
"Johnny"
"Hendrick"
"Maria"
"Greg"
"Cherenkov"
"Carmencita"
References
External links
Starship Troopers at Gears Online
Armored Fighting Suit (Archived)
Armored Fighting Suit Cont.. (Archived)
1988 anime OVAs
Mecha anime and manga
Starship Troopers television series
Sunrise (company)
Anime film and television articles using incorrect naming style
Anime based on novels
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3988445
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinda%20of%20Meerbeke
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Berlinda of Meerbeke
|
Saint Berlinda (; also known as Bellaude; died 702 AD) was a Benedictine nun of noble descent. Her feast day is 3 February. According to legend she was a niece of Saint Amandus, and was disinherited by her father, Count Odelard, after he became sick with leprosy and believed that she would not take proper care of him.
Berlinda fled to a convent at Moorsel, near Aalst, and became a nun. After her father died, she became a hermit at Meerbeke, where her father had been buried. Her tradition states that she spent her life helping the poor and suffering.
References
Literature
Van Droogenbroeck, F. J., 'Paltsgraaf Wigerik van Lotharingen, inspiratiebron voor de legendarische graaf Witger in de Vita Gudilae', Eigen Schoon en De Brabander 93 (2010) 113–136.
Van Droogenbroeck, F. J., 'Hugo van Lobbes (1033-1053), auteur van de Vita Amalbergae viduae, Vita S. Reinildis en Vita S. Berlendis', Eigen Schoon en De Brabander 94 (2011) 367–402.
External links
Berlinda at Saints.SQPN.com
7th-century births
702 deaths
Belgian Roman Catholic saints
Belgian hermits
7th-century Christian saints
Year of birth unknown
Benedictine nuns
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
People from East Flanders
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3988448
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20litigation
|
Roman litigation
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The history of Roman law can be divided into three systems of procedure: that of legis actiones, the formulary system, and cognitio extra ordinem. Though the periods in which these systems were in use overlapped one another and did not have definitive breaks, the legis actio system prevailed from the time of the XII Tables (c. 450 BC) until about the end of the 2nd century BC, the formulary procedure was primarily used from the last century of the Republic until the end of the classical period (c. AD 200), and cognitio extra ordinem was in use in post-classical times.
Legis Actiones
The remarkable aspect of a trial of an action under the legis actio procedure (and also later under the formulary system) was characterized by the division of the proceedings into two stages, the first of which took place before a magistrate, under whose supervision all the preliminaries were arranged, the second, in which the issue was actually decided, was held before a judge. The magistrate in question taking part in the preliminary stage was typically the consul or military tribune, almost exclusively the praetor upon the creation of this office. The judge was neither a magistrate nor a private lawyer, but an individual agreed upon by both parties.
Summons
Summons under the legis actiones system were in the form of in ius vocatio, conducted by voice. The plaintiff would request, with reasons, that the defendant come to court. If he failed to appear, the plaintiff could call reasons and have him dragged to court. If the defendant could not be brought to court, he would be regarded as indefensus, and the plaintiff could, with the authorization of the praetor, seize his property. The defendant may elect a representative to appear in his place, or seek a vadimonium - a promise to appear on a certain day with a threat of pecuniary penalty if he failed to appear.
Preliminary hearing
At the first stage of the case, a hearing took place before the praetor, in order to agree the issue and appoint a judge. This was conducted through exchanges of ritual words, the two different types being known as the declarative which were the legis actio sacramento (which could be in rem or in personam), legis actio per iudicis arbitrive postulationem and legis actio per condictionem and the executive type legis actio per pignoris capionem and legis actio per manus iniectionem. All of these involved, essentially, statements of claim by both parties, and the laying down of a wager by the plaintiff. Then, a judge was appointed who was agreeable to both parties, the praetor making a decision in the event of a disagreement. Judges were chosen from a list called the album iudicum, consisting of senators, and in the later Republic, men of equestrian rank.
Full trial
Once the judge had been appointed, the full trial could begin. This was fairly informal compared to the preliminary hearing, and was supposed under the Twelve Tables to take place in public (the Forum Romanum was frequently used). While the witnesses could not be subpoenaed, the dishonorable status of intestabilis would be conferred on a witness who refused to appear. There were few rules of evidence (and both oral and written evidence were permitted, although the former was preferred) aside from the plaintiff having the burden of proof. The trial consisted of alternating speeches by the two advocates, after which the judge gave his decision.
Execution
Unlike in the modern legal systems, victorious parties had to enforce the verdict of the court themselves. However, they were entitled to seize the debtor and imprison him until he repaid the debt. After sixty days of imprisonment, the creditor was entitled to dismember the debtor or sell him into slavery, although after the Lex Poetelia of 326 BC, the creditor could take no action other than continued imprisonment of the debtor.
Formulary system
Due to the faults of the legis actiones system, namely its excessive formality, archaic nature, and limited effectiveness, a new system was introduced. This was known as the formulary system. The formula was a written document by which in a civil trial authorization was given to a judge to condemn the defendant if certain factual or legal circumstances appeared proved, or to absolve him if this was not the case.
Origins
The formulary system was originally used by the peregrine praetor (who was responsible for the affairs of foreigners in Rome) to deal with cases involving foreigners, which often involved substantial sums of money. This allowed the use of formulae, standardized written pleadings, to speed up cases. This was soon, by popular demand, adopted by the urban praetor for use by all Roman citizens. The lex Aebutia, of an uncertain date but somewhere between 199 BC and 126 BC, is connected with the reform of civil procedure, and it can be stated that it abolished the legis actiones and introduced the formulary procedure. The reform was completed by two statutes of Augustus under the name of leges Iuliae iudiciariae.
Summons
Defendants were summoned under the formulary system in a similar manner to under the legis actiones. The defendant was still summoned orally, but had an extra option; rather than immediately going to court, he could make a vadimonium, or promise, to appear in court on a certain day, on pain of a pecuniary forfeit. Although the plaintiff could still physically drag his opponent to court, this was scarcely used. Instead, the plaintiff could be given permission by the praetor to take possession of the defendant's estate, with a possible right of sale.
Preliminary hearing
Just like in the old legis actiones system, this took place before the praetor. During the hearing, a formula was agreed on. It consisted of up to six parts: the nominatio, intentio, condemnatio, demonstratio, exceptio, and praescriptio.
Nominatio
This part appointed a judge, in a similar matter to before, with the plaintiff suggesting names from the official list until the defendant agreed. If there was no agreement, the praetor would decide.
Intentio
This was the plaintiff's statement of claim, where he stated the allegation on which his claim was based. An example of an intentio could be, "If it appears that the property which is disputed belongs to Aulus Agerius at civil law,".
Condemnatio
The condemnatio gave the judge authority to condemn the defendant to a certain sum or to absolve him. An example of a condemnatio could be, "[If it appears that he is guilty], Condemn Numerius Negidius to Aulus Agerius for 200 denarii; otherwise absolve him."
Demonstratio
The demonstratio was used only in unliquidated, in personam claims, and stated the facts out of which the claim arose.
Exceptio and replicatio
If the defendant wished to raise a specific defense (such as self-defence), he would do so in an exceptio. However, if the plaintiff was desirous of refuting the defence, he could file a replicatio, explaining why the defence was not valid. The defendant could then file another exceptio, and so on. The last of these to be proved on the facts "won".
Praescriptio
This somewhat legalistic clause limited the issue to the matter in hand, avoiding litis contestatio, where the plaintiff was prevented from bringing another case against the same defendant on a similar issue.
Oath-taking
The case could sometimes be settled entirely through the preliminary hearing. The plaintiff could challenge the defendant to take an oath supporting his case. If the defendant was willing to swear the oath, he won, and, if not, lost. However, he had a third option - he could tender the oath back to the plaintiff, who similarly won if he took the oath and lost if he did not (he could not return the oath to the defendant). Justinian had this to say about the taking of oaths:
While it may seem odd to a modern observer to decide a case merely through the taking of oaths, it is important to note that a solemn oath before the Gods was regarded by the Romans as a serious matter, and even a rogue would be unwilling to perjure himself in such a fashion, and the penalties for perjury were severe.
Full trial
Full trials under the formulary system were essentially the same as under legis actiones.
Execution
While the creditor was still essentially responsible for executing the judgement, there was now a remedy he could look to. This was called bonorum vendito. Thirty days after the judgement, the creditor would apply for an actio iudicati, giving the debtor a last chance to pay. If he failed to meet the debt, the creditor could apply to the praetor for missio in possessionem ("sending into possession"). He would then publicise the bankruptcy, giving other creditors a chance to come forward, thirty days after which the creditors would meet to appoint an executor.
This executor would prepare an inventory of the debtor's estate, and then hold a public auction, with the entire estate going to the bidder who was prepared to meet the greatest proportion of the debt. However, the debtor remained liable for any portion of the debt which was not met. The reason for this was probably that the bonorum vendito remedy could be used as a threat to encourage a debtor to pay up.
Cognitio
The cognitio system was introduced some time after the Republic was replaced by the Empire. The main philosophical difference between the cognitio systems and those that had gone before was that, whereas the previous two essentially consisted of the State providing a system under which the two parties could resolve disputes between themselves - the basis of the case was agreed, but the case was then handed over to a private judge, and no judgement in default was available. In the cognitio, however, the State basically resolved the entire case, in the same manner as our current systems.
Summons
As in modern legal systems, the summons was served upon the defendant by the court. No longer did the plaintiff have to physically drag the defendant to court. Instead, he would lodge a libellus conventionis (a statement of claim), which would be served on the defendant by a court official, who could arrest him if he failed to appear. If he was unable to be brought to court on three separate occasions, Judgement-in-default could be entered against him. This highlights the philosophical difference between the cognitio and earlier systems—whereas before a trial required the consent of both parties, it could now be imposed by the state.
Trial
In the cognitio system, the trial took place before a magistrate, rather than a lay judge. The process tended to be less adversarial than before, as the magistrate had sole control over the case, and could admit whatever evidence he pleased. Documentary evidence was now considered to be of vital importance (indeed, a rule was introduced to the effect that a document could not be defeated by oral testimony alone). The magistrate's decision was read out in court and given in writing to both parties. As he was not bound by a formula, the magistrate could hand down a more discretionary ruling than was possible before.
Enforcement
Whereas before the victor was responsible for enforcing payment himself, he could now ask the court bailiffs to seize the defendant's property to be sold at auction.
Appeals
Under the cognitio system, an appeals procedure was available for the parties. The appeals process was extremely complex, but essentially consisted of the progression of the case through higher and higher courts, possibly culminating in the Emperor himself.
Notes
References
External links
Roman law
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3988450
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Beard
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Don Beard
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Donald Derek Beard (14 January 1920 – 15 July 1982) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in four Tests from 1952 to 1956.
Early life and career
Don Beard grew up in the country near Palmerston North, cycling 15 miles a day to attend Palmerston North Boys' High School. After teacher training in Auckland, he attended Victoria University in Wellington, from where he completed a Diploma in Education in 1946 and a Master of Arts in 1948. His thesis was on the history of physical education in New Zealand primary schools.
An accurate fast-medium bowler and useful lower-order batsman, Beard was selected to make his first-class debut for Wellington in the first round of Plunket Shield matches after the Second World War in December 1945, but he had not fully recovered from burns he had received while fighting a fire, and was replaced by Ray Buchan. He made his first-class debut a few weeks later in a friendly match against Auckland. He did not play Plunket Shield cricket until 1950–51, when he played for Central Districts in their inaugural match.
International career
In the 1951–52 Plunket Shield season he took 16 wickets at 27.25 and was selected for the two Tests against the touring West Indies side, taking four wickets.
He was a stalwart of the Central Districts team until 1960–61, taking 15 wickets and scoring 255 runs at 51.00 in 1953–54 when Central Districts won the Plunket Shield for the first time. He hit his top first-class score of 81 not out against Wellington during the season. Dick Brittenden said Beard specialised in the sweep shot, and "would have made more runs in his colourful career had he not expended so much of his patience on bowling".
He topped the bowling averages in the Plunket Shield in 1955–56 with 28 wickets at 10.64, "and 110 of his 217 overs were maidens".
After the visiting West Indies side won the first two Tests by an innings, they played Central Districts at Wanganui, where Beard top-scored in each innings, making 25 and 67, and took 3 for 52 and 2 for 59 (match figures of 50.1–20–111–5). He returned to the Test team for the last two Tests, and played an important role in New Zealand's first-ever Test victory in the Fourth Test, making 31 and 6 not out and taking 1 for 20 and 3 for 22. But that was his last Test.
Later career
His best innings and match figures came in 1956–57 against Otago in Dunedin, when he took 7 for 56 and 4 for 43 (match figures of 61.4–26–99–11) in a match that Otago nevertheless won.
In 1961 he became principal of Te Aroha College in Waikato, and played a few games for Northern Districts. In 1961–62 he took 5 for 70 and 6 for 71 against Auckland, and 5 for 60 and 3 for 36 in the next match against Wellington. He played his last game in the 1964–65 season, just after turning 45.
He also played Hawke Cup cricket for Wanganui, Manawatu and Thames Valley.
He stood nearly six feet three inches tall. He played basketball for New Zealand, was a notable amateur golfer, and played rugby union for Wellington, Wanganui (as captain) and North Island.
He died in 1982 while on holiday in England after retiring as principal of Te Aroha College. His son Derek also played first-class cricket in New Zealand.
References
External links
1920 births
1982 deaths
People educated at Palmerston North Boys' High School
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
Cricketers from Palmerston North
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Central Districts cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers
Wellington cricketers
People from Te Aroha
New Zealand schoolteachers
New Zealand men's basketball players
North Island cricketers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens%20Holmboe
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Jens Holmboe
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Jens Holmboe (14 July 1821 – 13 July 1891) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party. A jurist by education, he was a member of the Norwegian Parliament for five terms, and held several different government posts from 1874 to 1884.
Personal life
He was born in Tromsøe as the son of Michael Wide Holmboe (1791–1863) and his wife Anna Rasch Schjelderup (1794–1878). He had several brothers and sisters, including businessman Hans Conrad Holmboe. His grandfather of the same name was a bailiff, and his uncles Even Hammer Holmboe and Hans Holmboe and Leonhard Christian Borchgrevink Holmboe became involved in politics.
In 1851 he married Bergithe Caroline Killengren from Tromsøe. The couple had a son Michael Holmboe and one daughter. Bergithe died in 1853, a week after giving birth to the daughter. In 1856 Jens Holmboe married Caroline Juell, who hailed from Kragerø. The couple had one daughter. Caroline Juell died after giving birth to her. Michael Holmboe later had a son named Jens in 1880, who became a noted botanist.
Career
Jens Holmboe graduated as cand.jur. in 1845, and was appointed as bailiff () and district stipendiary magistrate (sorenskriver) in the northern city of Hammerfest in 1856. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1859, 1862 and 1868, representing the constituency of Finmarkens Amt. which at that time included both Finnmark and Troms. When Finmarkens Amt was split in two in 1866, Holmboe became County Governor of Finnmark. He held this position until 1874.
He then began a career in the executive branch of government. He was appointed Minister of Justice and the Police on 30 April 1874. He left on 30 September the same year, only to become member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm the next day. He held this position for exactly one year, except for a period between 26 May and 20 July 1875. Then, on 1 October 1875, he was appointed Minister of Finance and Customs. On 1 November 1876 he was appointed Minister of Church and Education, and on 1 October the next year he became Minister of the Navy and Postal Affairs. Exactly one year after that he was moved to the Council of State Division in Stockholm. On 1 September 1879 he was appointed Minister of Finance and Customs for the second time, a position he held until 31 August the next year. On 1 November 1880 he became Minister of Church and Education again, leaving exactly one year later, and with a short hiatus in September 1881. Ten months as Minister of the Navy and Postal Affairs followed, before one year as Minister of Justice and the Police. From 1 September 1883 he was a member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm for the third time. Ultimately, he was impeached in March 1884, together with the rest of the cabinet Selmer. Some sources state that he, during this period, headed each government ministry in Norway, but this is not true. He was never Minister of Defence, nor Minister of Auditing.
Having been impeached from his government seat, he again stood for election to Parliament, and was elected for the term 1886–1888. He was appointed stipendiary magistrate () in Arendal, and then district stipendiary magistrate in Moss. He was elected for one final term in Parliament in 1889, representing the constituency Smaalenenes Amt.
He died in 1891 in Kristiania.
References
1821 births
1891 deaths
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
County Governors of Norway
Finnmark politicians
Politicians from Tromsø
Østfold politicians
Norwegian jurists
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Jens
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Ministers of Education of Norway
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3988471
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%20the%20Music%20On
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Get the Music On
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"Get the Music On" is a pop–dance song by Australian singer Sophie Monk, and was the second single from her debut album Calendar Girl (2003). It was co-written and produced by Ray "Madman" Hedges (who previously worked with Monk on the Bardot single "I Need Somebody").
The single was released on 31 March 2003 and debuted at number 11 on the ARIA Charts in April 2003 and peaked a week later at number 10. Monk co-wrote the B-side "Shake".
Music video
The video features Monk with a long red dress, red lips and a tight sleek ponytail walking through a nightclub. While Monk is seen in color, the background and the other people are in black and white.
Track listing
"Get the Music On" – 3:45
"Shake" – 3:25
"Get the Music On" (Chilli Hifly Radio Remix) – 4:14
"Get the Music On" (Stadium Remix) – 4:16
"Get the Music On" (Chilli Hifly Extended Remix) – 6:37
Charts
References
2003 songs
Songs written by Ray Hedges
Song recordings produced by Ray Hedges
Songs written by Nigel Butler
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3988476
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni%20Coscia
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Gianni Coscia
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Gianni Coscia (born January 23, 1931, in Alessandria) is an Italian jazz accordionist. Originally a lawyer, Coscia began focusing full-time on jazz music. Expresses an interest in developing "the remote values of cultural and popular tradition through the language of jazz." Has toured widely on the international jazz circuit. Of interest: the liner notes to his first CD were written by his former classmate Umberto Eco and he collaborated with Luciano Berio in the writing of the music of a stage show against antisemitism. Since 1995 he has collaborated with wood-player Gianluigi Trovesi mainly on the label ECM Records and since 2006 he has been a member of the Council of the Chigiana Music Academy in Siena.
Discography
As leader
L'altra fisarmonica (Dire, 1985)
La briscola (Phrase, 1989)
Il bandino (DDD, 1993)
Radici with Gianluigi Trovesi (Egea, 1995)
Come una volta with Gabrielle Mirabassi, Battista Lena, and Enzo Pietropaoli (Egea, 1996)
A Kramer piaceva cosi (GE, 1998)
La bottega (Egea, 1999)
Round About Weill with Gianluigi Trovesi (ECM, 2005)
In cerca di cibo (ECM, 2006)
La bancarella di Gianni Coscia (Egea, 2007)
Frescobaldi Per Noi (with Dino Piana, Fulvio Sigurta, Enzo Pietropaoli (Giotto, 2007)
Something to Remember: Prima che il tempo cambi with Anna Maria Castelli, Renato Sellani (Audiophile, 2009)
Frère Jacques: Round About Offenbach with Gianluigi Trovesi (ECM, 2011)
L' Archiliuto di Gianni Coscia (Egea, 2013)
Ansema with Tre Martelli (Felmay, 2014)
La Misteriosa Musica Della Regina Loana (ECM, 2019)
As sideman
Banda Sonora, Battista Lena (Label Bleu, 1996)
Incontra Gianni Coscia (Iktis, 1997)
L'anima delle cose with Max De Aloe, Massimo Moriconi, Stefano Bagnoli (Abeat, 2003)
References
External links
Gianni Coscia career
Jazz accordionists
Italian accordionists
Italian musicians
Living people
Folk jazz musicians
1931 births
21st-century accordionists
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3988481
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Henrik%20Rye%20Holmboe
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Johan Henrik Rye Holmboe
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Johan Henrik Rye Holmboe (28 November 1863 – 29 May 1933) was a Norwegian businessperson and politician for the Free-minded Liberal Party. He was a city council member in Tromsø for 42 years, a three-term member of Parliament, Minister of Provisioning from 1920 to 1921, and Minister of Trade from 1923 to 1924.
Personal life
He was born in Tromsø as the son of businessman Hans Conrad Holmboe (1828–1923) and his wife Jakobine Henrikke ("Rikka") Harris (1835–1913). He had several brothers and sisters. Johan Henrik Rye Holmboe was named after his maternal great-grandfather, politician Johan Henrik Rye. His paternal granduncles Even, Hans and Leonhard were involved in politics too, so were his paternal uncle Jens Holmboe and maternal grandfather Anton Theodor Harris. His cousin Thorolf Holmboe was a painter.
In 1893 he married Johanne Adolfa Holmboe, who hailed from Ålesund. Her paternal grandfather being Leonhard Christian Borchgrevink Holmboe; she was a cousin of Johan Henrik Rye Holmboe. The couple had several sons and daughters, who wrote their last names with a hyphen; Rye-Holmboe.
Career
Johan Henrik Rye Holmboe started his career working in his father's company. In 1888 he established a barrel factory of his own, followed by a factory for cod liver oil and herring meal in 1907. He was also involved in shipping, and was vice consul for the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. He was also involved in organizational life, chairing both the Tromsø Fishers' Association, the Tromsø Commercial Association and the Federation of North Norwegian Commercial Associations. In local politics, he was a member of Tromsø city council from 1889 to 1931, mostly serving in the executive committee.
He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1919, representing the constituency of Tromsø. From June 1920 to June 1921 he was Minister of Provisioning in the first cabinet Bahr Halvorsen. During this period his seat in parliament was taken by Thorvald Bernhard Moe.
Holmboe was elected again in 1922, representing the Market towns of Nordland, Troms and Finnmark. In March 1923 he was appointed Minister of Trade, Shipping, Industry, Craft and Fisheries in the second cabinet Bahr Halvorsen. However, Prime Minister Otto Bahr Halvorsen died already in May the same year. The cabinet was dissolved, but Holmboe retained his position in the cabinet Berge, which left office in July 1924. During this period his seat in parliament had been filled by Anders Pedersen Brandt. In 1926, Abraham Berge and six of his former cabinet members, including Holmboe, were tried for impeachment—but found not guilty. At that time, Holmboe was President of the Lagting, having been elected in 1925 to serve one final term in parliament. However, since the President of the Lagting is a member of the Constitutional Court of the Realm that handles impeachment cases, the position went to Nils Erik Flakstad.
Johan Henrik Rye Holmboe died in 1933 in Tromsø.
References
1863 births
1933 deaths
Government ministers of Norway
Members of the Storting
Politicians from Tromsø
Free-minded Liberal Party politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Norwegian businesspeople
Johan Henrik Rye
Ministers of Trade and Shipping of Norway
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5379687
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Vakulenko
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Julia Vakulenko
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Julia Olegovna Vakulenko (; born July 10, 1983, in Yalta) — is a Ukraine-born female tennis player. She achieved her career-high ranking of No. 32 in November 2007.
In April, 2008, Vakulenko renounced her Ukrainian citizenship, and then announced her decision to acquire the citizenship of Spain where she's lived for the last 10 years.
Career
At the 2006 French Open, Vakulenko reached the third round.
At Wimbledon 2006, she withdrew during the first round due to injury.
Julia became Kim Clijsters' last opponent in her professional career (before Clijsters' return in 2009). Julia won 7–6(3), 6–3 in the second round of J&S Cup in Warsaw, Poland on 3 May 2007. This earned her the nickname "Kimmie Killer".
A week later, Julia defeated world No. 3, Amélie Mauresmo, at the German Open in Berlin 2–6, 6–1, 6–2 (her career best) and then defeated Dinara Safina 6–3, 5–7, 6–3, before retiring in the first set in the semifinals to eventual champion Ana Ivanovic due to an injury.
On 28 August 2007, in the first round of the US Open, Julia defeated ninth seed Daniela Hantuchová, 6–4, 3–6, 6–1. She eventually reached the fourth round, her best performance at a major, before falling to Ágnes Szávay.
At the final event of the season, the Bell Challenge held in Quebec City, Julia reached the first WTA Tour final of her career. En route, she beat Rossana de los Ríos, home favourite Stéphanie Dubois, Olga Govortsova and Julie Ditty. In the final, she lost 4–6, 1–6 to three-time Grand Slam champion Lindsay Davenport, who was playing in only her third event since giving birth.
After changing of her citizenship from Ukraine to Spain in April 2008, she planned to play for Spain in the Fed Cup, but wasn't able to compete in the 2008 Olympics due to lack of time to be included in Spain's application.
WTA career finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ITF Finals
Singles (7–6)
Doubles (0–1)
Singles performance timeline
1 Doha became a Tier I tournament in 2008, replacing San Diego and Zürich
Head-to-head record against other players
Dinara Safina 1–1
Jelena Kostanić 1–0
Svetlana Kuznetsova
Flavia Pennetta 2–1
Daniela Hantuchová 1–1
Elena Dementieva 0–1
Patty Schnyder
Francesca Schiavone
Anna Chakvetadze 1–0
Maria Sharapova 0–1
Ai Sugiyama 1–0
Jelena Janković 1–1
Amélie Mauresmo 1–1
Kim Clijsters 1–1
Caroline Wozniacki 0–1
Anna Kournikova 0–1
Lindsay Davenport 0–1
Ana Ivanovic 0–1
Justine Henin 0–1
Serena Williams 0–1
Petra Kvitová 0–1
Mary Pierce 0–1
Kimiko Date-Krumm
Paola Suárez
Alicia Molik
Marion Bartoli 0–1
Top 10 wins
References
External links
1983 births
Spanish female tennis players
Ukrainian female tennis players
Ukrainian expatriates in Spain
Ukrainian emigrants to Spain
People who lost Ukrainian citizenship
Living people
People from Yalta
Tennis players from Barcelona
Spanish people of Ukrainian descent
Ukrainian people of Spanish descent
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3988482
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Mason%20High%20School%20%28Mason%2C%20Ohio%29
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William Mason High School (Mason, Ohio)
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William Mason High School, also known as Mason High School (WMHS or MHS), is a four-year public high school located in the Mason City Schools district in Mason, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio.
History
Mason High School's first commencement was held May 21, 1886, at the Mason Presbyterian Church. The seven graduates completed the three-year high school program and each read their topic paper at the graduation ceremony. Professor Louis Coleman was the school superintendent and possibly the only teacher in the high school.
Current
The current Mason High School facility opened for the 2002-03 school year with 379,000 square feet on a 73-acre campus. In 2009, a $30 million expansion project added 49 classrooms in two new, three-story wings. Opened in 2003, and connected to the high school, is the 149,000 square-foot Mason Community Center, which features an Olympic-sized competition swimming pool, therapy pools, six basketball courts, fitness rooms and exercise equipment. It was a joint project of the City of Mason and Mason City Schools.
As of the 2020-21 school year, Mason High School's enrollment is 3,507 students. It is the largest high school by enrollment in the state of Ohio.
Mason High School features 27 AP courses, College Credit Plus, a student-run bank, renowned orchestra, a science volunteering club TUSK, a speech and debate team, a student-run store, a student-run website, internships, community service, 70 other school-sanctioned extracurriculars, 67 athletic teams, a marching band, orchestra, arts, choral and drama programs.
Athletics
The Comets participate in the Greater Miami Conference, in which they have won 15 consecutive All-Sports titles through 2021-22. Previously, Mason was a charter member of the Fort Ancient Valley Conference from 1965-66 to 2006-07.
Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships/Team
Boys Tennis 2021, 2019, 2018
Boys Cross Country, 2021, 2014, 2008
Boys Soccer, 2013
Girls Swimming and Diving, 2019, 2018
Girls Cross Country, 2013, 2012
Girls Golf, 2010, 2009, 2008
Girls Track and Field, 2004
Girls Basketball, 2000
Non-OHSAA State Championships/Team
Girls Tennis, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 (Ohio Tennis Coaches Association tournament)
Boys Lacrosse, 2004
Girls Water Polo, 2013
Boys Ultimate Frisbee, 2017
Notable alumni
Angela Bizzarri (class of 2006), NCAA national champion, 9-time All-American cross country and track runner at the University of Illinois
Percy Coleman (class of 1894), MLB pitcher
Brant Daugherty (class of 2004), actor, Pretty Little Liars, Army Wives, Dancing with the Stars
Josh Kline (class of 2008), NFL offensive lineman; member of 2015 Super Bowl-winning New England Patriots
Elijah Nkansah (class of 2013), NFL offensive lineman
Dan Patrick (class of 1974), sports broadcaster and host, NBC Sports and ESPN, TV/radio host of The Dan Patrick Show
T. J. Zeuch (class of 2013), MLB pitcher
References
High schools in Warren County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio
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3988484
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhdev%20Thapar
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Sukhdev Thapar
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Sukhdev Thapar (15 May 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian revolutionary who worked to make India independent from the British Raj along with his best friends and partners Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru. A senior member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, he participated in several actions alongside Singh and Rajguru, and was hanged by the British government on 23 March 1931 at the age of 23.
Early life
Sukhdev Thapar was born in Ludhiana, Punjab, British Raj on 15 May 1907 to Ramlal Thapar and Ralli Devi.
He belonged to a Punjabi Khatri family of Hindu community and he was brought up by his uncle Lala Achintram after the death of his father.
Revolutionary activities
Hindustan Socialist republican association
Sukhdev Thapar was a member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) and Naujawan Bharat Sabha (NJSB), and organised revolutionary cells in Punjab and other areas of North India. He was the chief of Punjab unit of HSRA and instrumental in taking decisions.
Sukhdev participated in numerous revolutionary activities such as a prison hunger strike in 1929; he is best known for his assaults in the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929–1930). He is best remembered for his involvement in the assassination of Assistant Superintendent of Police, J. P. Saunders, on 17 December 1928, by Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru, undertaken in response to the violent death of the veteran leader Lala Lajpat Rai.
Lahore Conspiracy Case
Sukhdev was the prime accused in the Lahore Conspiracy Case of 1929, whose official title was "Crown versus Sukhdev and others." The first information report (FIR) of the case, filed by Hamilton Harding, Senior Superintendent of police, in the court of R.S. Pandit, the Special Magistrate in April 1929, mentions Sukhdev as accused number 1. It describes him as Swami alias villager, son of Ram Lal, caste Thapar Khatri. After the Central Assembly Hall bombings in New Delhi (8 April 1929), Sukhdev and his accomplices were arrested, convicted, and sentenced to death.
On 23 March 1931, Thapar was hanged in Lahore Central Jail, along with Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru. Their bodies were secretly cremated at the banks of the River Sutlej.
Reactions to the executions
The executions were widely reported in the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the Indian National Congress in Karachi. The New York Times reported:
B. R. Ambedkar, writing in an editorial in his newspaper Janata, blamed the British government for its decision to go ahead with the executions, despite strong popular support for the revolutionaries. He felt that the decision to execute the trio was not taken in the true spirit of justice, but was driven by the Labour Party-led British government's fear of backlash from the Conservative Party and a need to appease public opinion in England. The Gandhi-Irwin pact, signed just weeks before the execution, was viewed by the Conservatives as having dented the prestige of the British Empire. In such a situation, if the British government or the Viceroy of India commuted the death sentence awarded to the trio convicted of assassinating a British policeman, it would have given the Conservatives more ammunition to criticize an already weak British government in the parliament.
Legacy
National Martyrs Memorial is located at Hussainiwala, where Sukhdev, along with Bhagat Singh and Rajguru, were cremated. A Martyrs' Day (Shaheed Diwas) is observed on March 23 in their memory. Tributes and homage is paid at the memorial.
Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies, a constituent college of the University of Delhi, is named in memory of Sukhdev. It was established in August 1987.
Amar Shaheed Sukhdev Thapar Inter-State Bus Terminal is the main bus stand of Ludhiana city, the birthplace of Sukhdev.
See also
Ashfaqulla Khan
Kakori Train Robbery
Naujawan Bharat Sabha
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
References
Further reading
Punjabi Hindus
Punjabi people
1907 births
1931 deaths
Executed revolutionaries
Indian revolutionaries
People from Ludhiana
20th-century executions by British India
Executed Indian people
People executed by British India by hanging
People executed for murdering police officers
National College of Arts alumni
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3988488
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Meuli
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Ted Meuli
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Edgar Milton Meuli (20 February 1926 – 15 April 2007) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in one Test in 1953. He played 42 matches of first-class cricket in New Zealand between 1945 and 1959.
Cricket career
Ted Meuli was born in Hawera and raised in New Plymouth where he attended New Plymouth Boys' High School, captaining the school's First XI. He was a right-handed batsman and occasional leg-spin bowler who made his first-class debut in 1945–46, playing three games for Auckland. His next first-class matches were in 1950–51 for Central Districts when they made their first appearance in the Plunket Shield. He spent the rest of his first-class career, which finished in 1959–60, with Central Districts. He also played for Taranaki in the non-first-class Hawke Cup from 1946–47 to 1968–69.
In the Plunket Shield in 1952–53 he made 317 runs at 52.83, including 154 against Auckland, batting at number three, out of a team total of 319 in a low-scoring match that Central Districts won by an innings. A week earlier he had taken 6 for 67 against Otago.
He was selected in the team for the First Test against South Africa in Wellington in 1952–53, making 15 and 23 batting in the middle order, and not bowling, although South Africa's innings lasted 174 overs. He was one of five players who lost their places for the Second Test; along with Eric Fisher, the Wellington Test was his sole appearance for New Zealand.
Meuli hit one more century, in 1956–57 against Northern Districts, once again in a low-scoring match that Central Districts won by an innings. It was the first century scored against Northern Districts, who were playing their first season in the Plunket Shield.
Later life
Meuli spent his working life as a school teacher in New Plymouth. He died in April 2007, survived by Nerida, his wife of 53 years, and their three sons.
See also
List of Auckland representative cricketers
One-Test wonder
Moturoa AFC
References
External links
Ted Meuli at Cricinfo
1926 births
2007 deaths
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Auckland cricketers
Central Districts cricketers
Cricketers from Hāwera
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3988489
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Theodor%20Holst
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Peter Theodor Holst
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Peter Theodor Holst (7 December 1843 - 9 January 1908) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party. He was Minister of Defence 1891-1893 and 1898-1900. Holst was an officer by profession, and was made Major General in 1899.
References
1843 births
1908 deaths
Defence ministers of Norway
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3988501
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Fisher%20%28cricketer%29
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Eric Fisher (cricketer)
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Frederick Eric Fisher (28 July 1924 in Johnsonville, New Zealand – 19 June 1996 in Palmerston North, Manawatu) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in one Test in 1953. He was a medium-pace bowler and useful lower-order batsman.
Cricket career
He played for Wellington from 1951–52 to 1953–54, and Central Districts in 1954–55. In the four matches of the Plunket Shield in 1952-53 he made 138 runs at 27.60 and took 29 wickets at 10.20, including 4 for 26 and 7 for 48 against Auckland (as well as scoring 68 and 19 not out), and 8 for 34 and 3 for 31 against Canterbury.
He was selected to open the bowling in the First Test against the visiting South Africans in March 1953 but took only one wicket in an innings defeat and was never selected again. According to Richard Boock in his biography of Bert Sutcliffe, Fisher was one of several players at the time who "paid the ultimate price for being overweight".
He played in the Hawke Cup from 1955–56 to 1966–67, representing successively Hawke's Bay, Poverty Bay and Southern Hawke's Bay. He also played for Rochdale in the Central Lancashire League.
See also
One-Test wonder
References
External links
Eric Fisher at Cricket Archive
Eric Fisher at Cricinfo
1924 births
1996 deaths
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Central Districts cricketers
Wellington cricketers
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3988504
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Dempster
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Eric Dempster
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Eric William Dempster (25 January 1925 – 15 August 2011) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in five Test matches in 1953 and 1954.
Cricket career
A left-arm spinner and useful lower-order batsman, Dempster played for Wellington from 1947–48 to 1960–61. His best first-class bowling figures of 5 for 46 came in the match against Orange Free State at Bloemfontein in 1953–54, and he scored his only century, 105, for Wellington against Canterbury at Wellington in 1956–57.
He made his Test debut in the Second Test against South Africa in Auckland in 1952–53, and toured South Africa the following season, playing in four of the five Tests. His best performance in Tests was in the Fourth Test in 1953–54 in Johannesburg: he made 21 not out batting at number eight in the first innings then, when New Zealand followed on, he opened and top-scored with 47 in the second innings.
After cricket
Dempster became an umpire and officiated in several of Otago's home first-class and one-day matches from 1971–72 to 1979–80. He also umpired three One Day International matches in Dunedin and Christchurch between 1973–74 and 1975–76.
Dempster worked in Dunedin as the manager of the artificial limb service which was attached to Dunedin Hospital. In the 1986 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to the disabled and cricket. He died in Dunedin on 15 August 2011, and was buried at Green Park Cemetery.
See also
List of One Day International cricket umpires
References
External links
1925 births
2011 deaths
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Wellington cricketers
New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand One Day International cricket umpires
Burials at Green Park Cemetery
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3988507
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8D%20Yoshimura
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Yō Yoshimura
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was a Japanese voice actor who was born in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. As a youth, he was a member of a performing arts troupe. Yoshimura died at age 37 from a subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1991.
Anime
TV
Aoi Blink (Satchi)
F (manga) (Yasuda)
Moero! Top Striker (unknown)
Machine Robo: Revenge of Cronos (Magna Rock)Ojamanga Yamada-kun (Fukuda)Ranma ½ (Maomolin (1st voice) (later replaced by Masahiro Anzai after his death), Ebiten, Wu)Tsuide ni Tonchinkan (Nukesaku Aida)Zettai Muteki Raijin Ō (Taidā)
OVACapricorn (anime) (unknown)Zettai Muteki Raijin Ō (Taidā)
Live action moviesOsu!! Karate BuVoice-oversThe A-Team (unknown)Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze'' (Donatello)
References
1954 births
1991 deaths
Japanese male voice actors
Male actors from Kyoto Prefecture
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3988508
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apimondia
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Apimondia
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Apimondia or International Federation of Beekeepers' Associations promotes scientific, ecological, social and economic apicultural development in all countries and the cooperation of beekeepers` associations, scientific bodies and of individuals involved in apiculture worldwide. The name Apimondia is a compound word made from two words; api, referring to honey bees, and mondia, referring to the world.
The federation issues a journal, Apiacta. The 2003 and 2004 issues are available online free of charge.
Since 1897, every other year Apimondia organizes beekeepers' congresses, hosted by different countries.
Apimondia maintains seven scientific commissions and five regional commissions for the purposes of furthering scientific understanding of apiculture and to facilitate exchange of information.
The scientific commissions include:
Beekeeping Economy
Bee Health
Bee Biology
Pollination and Bee Flora
Beekeeping Technology and Quality
Apitherapy
Beekeeping for Rural Development
List of congresses
References
External links
APIMONDIA Home page
Beekeeping organizations
International organisations based in Italy
Agricultural organisations based in Italy
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3988513
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajguru
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Rajguru
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Rajguru, also spelled as Rajyaguru, is an ancient title and surname of the Indian subcontinent which means royal priest.
Notable people
Rajguru Aggavamsa Mahathera, Bangladeshi Buddhist
Rajguru Priyo Ratana Mahathera, Buddhist guru
Basavaraj Rajguru (1917–1991), Hindustani singer
Hari Rajguru (born 1939), Indian cricketer
Jayi Rajaguru (1739–1806), Indian independence activist
Prakash Rajguru (1939—2006), Indian cricketer
Rinku Rajguru (born c. 2000), Indian film actress
Satyanarayana Rajguru, Indian litterateur, epigraphist and historian
Shaktipada Rajguru (1922–2014), Indian Bengali writer
Shivaram Rajguru (1908–1931), Indian revolutionary
References
Indian royal advisors
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3988520
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Beck%20%28cricketer%29
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John Beck (cricketer)
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John Edward Francis Beck (1 August 1934 – 24 April 2000) was a New Zealand cricketer who played in eight Test matches between 1953 and 1956.
International career
An attacking left-handed batsman and fine fieldsman, John Beck was selected for the tour to South Africa in 1953–54 at the age of 19 and before he had played a first-class match: chosen "on the basis of his schoolboy form and his raw promise". In the Third Test at Cape Town he was run out for 99 after he and John Reid had put on 174 for the fifth wicket, including 165 in the two hours between lunch and tea on the second day.
In New Zealand's first ever Test victory, against the West Indies at Auckland in 1955–56, he made 38 in the first innings, adding 104 for the fifth wicket with Reid, the highest partnership of the low-scoring match.
Domestic career
He played for Wellington with mixed success from 1954–55 to 1961–62. His highest score was 149 against Canterbury in 1955–56.
Beck has been referred to as "one of the great mystery players of the age – he promised everything and achieved almost nothing." It was widely felt that he lacked the discipline to make the most of his talents.
References
Sources
Brooke, R. "Book Reviews", The Cricket Statistician, The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians: West Bridgford, Nottingham.
External links
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Wellington cricketers
1934 births
2000 deaths
North Island cricketers
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3988531
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Leggat
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Ian Leggat
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Ian Bruce Leggat (born 7 June 1930) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played in one Test match in 1954. His cousin, Gordon Leggat, also played Test cricket for New Zealand.
Early life
Leggat was born in Invercargill, New Zealand. He attended Nelson College from 1944 to 1948, where he was a prefect and played for the school's 1st XI cricket and 1st XV rugby teams.
Cricket career
Leggat played first-class cricket for Central Districts from 1950–51 to 1961–62. In 1952–53 he and Harry Cave added 239 for the ninth wicket for Central Districts against Otago at Dunedin. Leggat scored 142 not out batting at number 10. It was his first fifty in first-class cricket; he did not score another until 1958–59. This innings helped him to score 212 runs at 53.00 in 1952–53; he also took 7 wickets at 40.14.
He was a surprise selection for the tour of South Africa in 1953-54. In eight first-class games on the tour he made 138 runs at 12.54 and took 5 wickets at 33.60. He played in the Third Test, making a duck and taking no wickets in three overs, and taking two catches.
He scored one more century, 115 against Canterbury in 1959–60, and took his best bowling figures, 5 for 60, against Canterbury in 1961–62. He played in the trial match in 1958-59 and took 4 for 21 and 3 for 27 for South Island against North Island, but was not selected for the subsequent Tests against England.
He also played for Nelson in the Hawke Cup from 1947 to 1969. He holds the record for the number of runs in the competition, 2336, and is third in the bowling, with 166 wickets. When a Hawke Cup "team of the century" was selected to mark the centenary of the competition in 2011, he was one of the 11 players chosen.
Leggat is the last surviving player from Central Districts' inaugural first-class team in December 1950.
See also
One-Test wonder
References
External links
1930 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Central Districts cricketers
People educated at Nelson College
Cricketers from Invercargill
South Island cricketers
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3988533
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul%20Christian%20Holst
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Poul Christian Holst
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Poul Christian Holst (21 January 1776 – 7 August 1863) was a Norwegian government official who held several positions in the period 1814–1848.
Holst led negotiations over debt with Denmark in 1817, after the dissolution of the union between the two countries in 1814.
Biography
Holst was born at Røyken in Buskerud, Norway. He was the son of parish priest Christian Holst (1743–1824) and Marthe Grønbech (1743–1886). He studied both theology and law at the University of Copenhagen from which he graduated in 1798.
In 1806 as, he was bailiff at Akershus Castle. In 1813, he was appointed acting district governor in Akershus.
He was the functioning head of the First Ministry (finance and taxes) in 1814, state secretary 1814–1822, member of the Council of State Division in Stockholm in various periods between 1823–1844, Minister of the Navy 1824–1825, Minister of Justice 1825–1826, 1827–1832, 1833–1836 and 1837–1838, and Minister of Education and Church Affairs 1822–1823, 1835, 1836–1839, 1840–1843 and 1844–1848.
Personal life
He was married in 1804 to Bodil Cecilie Klinck (1781–1856), daughter Jens Peter Klinck (1742–1804) and Christiane Amalie Schmidt (1742–1802).
He died in Christiania (now Oslo) in 1863 and was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund. His memoires were published posthumously, in the years 1875 and 1876, under the title P. C. Holsts Efterladte Optegnelser om sit Liv og sin Samtid ("P. C. Holts' Surviving Writings about His Life and His Times'').
References
1776 births
1863 deaths
People from Røyken
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Government ministers of Norway
Norwegian lawyers
University of Copenhagen alumni
Ministers of Justice of Norway
Ministers of Education of Norway
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5379719
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20production
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Hydrogen production
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Hydrogen production is the family of industrial methods for generating hydrogen gas. As of 2020, the majority of hydrogen (∼95%) is produced from fossil fuels by steam reforming of natural gas and other light hydrocarbons, partial oxidation of heavier hydrocarbons, and coal gasification. Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification, zero-CO2-emission methane pyrolysis, and electrolysis of water. The latter processes, methane pyrolysis as well as water electrolysis can be done directly with any source of electricity, such as solar power.
The production of hydrogen plays a key role in any industrialized society, since hydrogen is required for many essential chemical processes. In 2020, roughly 87 million tons of hydrogen was produced worldwide for various uses, such as oil refining, and in the production of ammonia (NH3) (through the Haber process) and methanol (CH3OH) (through reduction of carbon monoxide [CO]), and also as a fuel in transportation. The global hydrogen generation market was valued at US$135.94 billion in 2021, and expected to grow to US$219.2 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2021 to 2030.
Methods of hydrogen production
There are four main sources for the commercial production of hydrogen: natural gas, oil, coal, and electrolysis; which account for 48%, 30%, 18% and 4% of the world's hydrogen production respectively. Fossil fuels are the dominant source of industrial hydrogen. Carbon dioxide can be separated from natural gas with a 70–85% efficiency for hydrogen production and from other hydrocarbons to varying degrees of efficiency. Specifically, bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of methane or natural gas.
Steam methane reforming
Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method of producing hydrogen from natural gas, which is mostly methane (CH4). It is currently the cheapest source of industrial hydrogen. Nearly 50% of the world's hydrogen is being produced by this method. The process consists of heating the gas to between in the presence of steam and a nickel catalyst. The resulting endothermic reaction breaks up the methane molecules and forms carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen (H2). The carbon monoxide gas can then be passed with steam over iron oxide or other oxides and undergo a water-gas shift reaction to obtain further quantities of H2. The downside to this process is that its byproducts are major atmospheric release of CO2, CO and other greenhouse gases. Depending on the quality of the feedstock (natural gas, rich gases, naphtha, etc.), one ton of hydrogen produced will also produce 9 to 12 tons of CO2, a greenhouse gas that may be captured.
For this process, high temperature steam (H2O) reacts with methane (CH4) in an endothermic reaction to yield syngas.
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2
In a second stage, additional hydrogen is generated through the lower-temperature, exothermic, water-gas shift reaction, performed at about :
CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
Essentially, the oxygen (O) atom is stripped from the additional water (steam) to oxidize CO to CO2. This oxidation also provides energy to maintain the reaction. Additional heat required to drive the process is generally supplied by burning some portion of the methane.
Other production methods from fossil fuels
Methane pyrolysis
Pyrolysis of methane is a hydrogen production process from natural gas. Hydrogen separation occurs in one step via flow through a molten metal catalyst in a "bubble column". It is a "no-greenhouse-gas" approach for potentially low-cost hydrogen production being measured for its capability to scale up and for operation at scale. The process is conducted at higher temperatures (1065 °C or 1950 °F). Other forms of methane pyrolysis, such as the thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane, however, are able to operate at a reduced temperature between 600 °C - 1000 °C depending on the chosen catalyst.
(g) → C(s) + 2 (g) ΔH° = 74.8 kJ/mol
The industrial quality solid carbon can then be sold as manufacturing feedstock or landfilled, it is not released into the atmosphere and does not pollute groundwater in landfills.
Partial oxidation
Hydrogen production from heavy hydrocarbons, which are unsuitable for catalytic steam reforming, is achieved by partial oxidation. A fuel-air or fuel-oxygen mixture is partially combusted, resulting in a hydrogen- and carbon monoxide-rich syngas. More hydrogen and carbon dioxide are then obtained from carbon monoxide (and water) via the water-gas shift reaction. Carbon dioxide can be co-fed to lower the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio.
The partial oxidation reaction occurs when a substoichiometric fuel-air mixture or fuel-oxygen is partially combusted in a reformer or partial oxidation reactor. A distinction is made between thermal partial oxidation (TPOX) and catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX). The chemical reaction takes the general form:
CnHm + n/2 O2 → n CO + m/2 H2
Idealized examples for heating oil and coal, assuming compositions C12H24 and C24H12 respectively, are as follows:
C12H24 + 6 O2 → 12 CO + 12 H2
C24H12 + 12 O2 → 24 CO + 6 H2
Plasma reforming
The Kværner process or Kvaerner carbon black & hydrogen process (CB&H) is a plasma reforming method, developed in the 1980s by a Norwegian company of the same name, for the production of hydrogen and carbon black from liquid hydrocarbons (CnHm). Of the available energy of the feed, approximately 48% is contained in the hydrogen, 40% is contained in activated carbon and 10% in superheated steam. CO2 is not produced in the process.
A variation of this process is presented in 2009 using, plasma arc waste disposal technology for the production of hydrogen, heat and carbon from methane and natural gas in a plasma converter.
From coal
For the production of hydrogen from coal, coal gasification is used. The process of coal gasification uses steam and oxygen to break molecular bonds in coal and form a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide and pollutants may be more easily removed from gas obtained from coal gasification versus coal combustion. Another method for conversion is low-temperature and high-temperature coal carbonization.
Coke oven gas made from pyrolysis (oxygen free heating) of coal has about 60% hydrogen, the rest being methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, molecular nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Hydrogen can be separated from other impurities by the pressure-swing adsorption process. Japanese steel companies have carried out production of hydrogen by this method.
From petroleum coke
Petroleum coke can also be converted to hydrogen-rich syngas via coal gasification. The produced syngas consists mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and H2S from the sulfur in the coke feed. Gasification is an option for producing hydrogen from almost any carbon source.
From water
Methods to produce hydrogen without the use of fossil fuels involve the process of water splitting, or splitting the water molecule (H2O) into its components oxygen and hydrogen. When the source of energy for water splitting is renewable or low-carbon, the hydrogen produced is sometimes referred to as green hydrogen. The conversion can be accomplished in several ways, but all methods are generally more expensive than fossil-fuel based production methods.
Electrolysis
Around 8 GW of electrolysis capacity is installed worldwide in 2020, accounting for around 4% of global hydrogen production.
Electrolysis consists of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Electrolysis of water is 70–80% efficient (a 20–30% conversion loss) while steam reforming of natural gas has a thermal efficiency between 70–85%. The electrical efficiency of electrolysis is expected to reach 82–86% before 2030, while also maintaining durability as progress in this area continues at a pace.
Water electrolysis can operate between , while steam methane reforming requires temperatures between . The difference between the two methods is the primary energy used; either electricity (for electrolysis) or natural gas (for steam methane reforming). Due to their use of water, a readily available resource, electrolysis and similar water-splitting methods have attracted the interest of the scientific community. With the objective of reducing the cost of hydrogen production, renewable sources of energy have been targeted to allow electrolysis.
There are three main types of electrolytic cells, solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs), polymer electrolyte membrane cells (PEM) and alkaline electrolysis cells (AECs). Traditionally, alkaline electrolysers are cheaper in terms of investment (they generally use nickel catalysts), but less-efficient; PEM electrolysers, conversely, are more expensive (they generally use expensive platinum group metal catalysts) but are more efficient and can operate at higher current densities, and can therefore be possibly cheaper if the hydrogen production is large enough.
SOECs operate at high temperatures, typically around . At these high temperatures, a significant amount of the energy required can be provided as thermal energy (heat), and as such is termed high-temperature electrolysis. The heat energy can be provided from a number of different sources, including waste industrial heat, nuclear power stations or concentrated solar thermal plants. This has the potential to reduce the overall cost of the hydrogen produced by reducing the amount of electrical energy required for electrolysis. PEM electrolysis cells typically operate below . These cells have the advantage of being comparatively simple and can be designed to accept widely varying voltage inputs, which makes them ideal for use with renewable sources of energy such as photovoltaic solar panels. AECs optimally operate at high concentrations of electrolyte (KOH or potassium carbonate) and at high temperatures, often near .
Industrial output and efficiency
Efficiency of modern hydrogen generators is measured by energy consumed per standard volume of hydrogen (MJ/m3), assuming standard temperature and pressure of the H2. The lower the energy used by a generator, the higher would be its efficiency; a 100%-efficient electrolyser would consume of hydrogen, . Practical electrolysis typically uses a rotating electrolyser, where centrifugal force helps separate gas bubbles from water. Such an electrolyser at 15 bar pressure may consume , and a further if the hydrogen is compressed for use in hydrogen cars.
Conventional alkaline electrolysis has an efficiency of about 70%, however advanced alkaline water electrolyser with efficiency of up to 82% are available. Accounting for the use of the higher heat value (because inefficiency via heat can be redirected back into the system to create the steam required by the catalyst), average working efficiencies for PEM electrolysis are around 80%, or 82% using the most modern alkaline electrolysers.
PEM efficiency is expected to increase to approximately 86% before 2030. Theoretical efficiency for PEM electrolysers is predicted up to 94%.
As of 2020, the cost of hydrogen by electrolysis is around $3–8/kg. Considering the industrial production of hydrogen, and using current best processes for water electrolysis (PEM or alkaline electrolysis) which have an effective electrical efficiency of 70–82%, producing 1 kg of hydrogen (which has a specific energy of 143 MJ/kg or about 40 kWh/kg) requires 50–55 kWh of electricity. At an electricity cost of $0.06/kWh, as set out in the Department of Energy hydrogen production targets for 2015, the hydrogen cost is $3/kg. The US DOE target price for hydrogen in 2020 is $2.30/kg, requiring an electricity cost of $0.037/kWh, which is achievable given recent PPA tenders for wind and solar in many regions. The report by IRENA.ORG is an extensive factual report of present day industrial hydrogen production consuming about 53 to 70 kWh per kg could go down to about 45 kWh/kg H2. The thermodynamic energy required for hydrogen by electrolysis translates to 33 kWh/kg, which is higher than steam reforming with carbon capture and higher than methane pyrolysis.
One of the advantages of electrolysis over hydrogen from steam methane reforming (SMR) is that the hydrogen can be produced on-site, meaning that the costly process of delivery via truck or pipeline is avoided.
Steam methane reforming is between $1–3/kg on average. This makes production of hydrogen via electrolysis cost competitive in many regions already, as outlined by Nel Hydrogen and others, including an article by the IEA examining the conditions which could lead to a competitive advantage for electrolysis.
Chemically assisted electrolysis
In addition to reduce the voltage required for electrolysis via the increasing of the temperature of the electrolysis cell it is also possible to electrochemically consume the oxygen produced in an electrolyser by introducing a fuel (such as carbon/coal, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, glycerol, etc.) into the oxygen side of the reactor. This reduces the required electrical energy and has the potential to reduce the cost of hydrogen to less than 40~60% with the remaining energy provided in this manner. In addition, carbon/hydrocarbon assisted water electrolysis (CAWE) has the potential to offer a less energy intensive, cleaner method of using chemical energy in various sources of carbon, such as low-rank and high sulfur coals, biomass, alcohols and methane (Natural Gas), where pure CO2 produced can be easily sequestered without the need for separation.
Radiolysis
Nuclear radiation can break water bonds through radiolysis. In the Mponeng gold mine, South Africa, researchers found bacteria in a naturally occurring high radiation zone. The bacterial community which was dominated by a new phylotype of Desulfotomaculum, was feeding on primarily radiolytically produced hydrogen.
Thermolysis
Water spontaneously dissociates at around 2500 °C, but this thermolysis occurs at temperatures too high for usual process piping and equipment resulting in a rather low commercialization potential.
Thermochemical cycle
Thermochemical cycles combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split water into its hydrogen and oxygen components. The term cycle is used because aside from water, hydrogen and oxygen, the chemical compounds used in these processes are continuously recycled. If electricity is partially used as an input, the resulting thermochemical cycle is defined as a hybrid one.
The sulfur-iodine cycle (S-I cycle) is a thermochemical cycle processes which generates hydrogen from water with an efficiency of approximately 50%. The sulfur and iodine used in the process are recovered and reused, and not consumed by the process. The cycle can be performed with any source of very high temperatures, approximately 950 °C, such as by Concentrating solar power systems (CSP) and is regarded as being well suited to the production of hydrogen by high-temperature nuclear reactors, and as such, is being studied in the High-temperature engineering test reactor in Japan. There are other hybrid cycles that use both high temperatures and some electricity, such as the Copper–chlorine cycle, it is classified as a hybrid thermochemical cycle because it uses an electrochemical reaction in one of the reaction steps, it operates at 530 °C and has an efficiency of 43 percent.
Ferrosilicon method
Ferrosilicon is used by the military to quickly produce hydrogen for balloons. The chemical reaction uses sodium hydroxide, ferrosilicon, and water. The generator is small enough to fit a truck and requires only a small amount of electric power, the materials are stable and not combustible, and they do not generate hydrogen until mixed. The method has been in use since World War I. A heavy steel pressure vessel is filled with sodium hydroxide and ferrosilicon, closed, and a controlled amount of water is added; the dissolving of the hydroxide heats the mixture to about 93 °C and starts the reaction; sodium silicate, hydrogen and steam are produced.
Photobiological water splitting
Biological hydrogen can be produced in an algae bioreactor. In the late 1990s it was discovered that if the algae are deprived of sulfur it will switch from the production of oxygen, i.e. normal photosynthesis, to the production of hydrogen. It seems that the production is now economically feasible by surpassing the 7–10 percent energy efficiency (the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen) barrier. with a hydrogen production rate of 10–12 ml per liter culture per hour.
Photocatalytic water splitting
The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy systems. However, if this process is assisted by photocatalysts suspended directly in water instead of using photovoltaic and an electrolytic system the reaction is in just one step, it can be made more efficient.
Biohydrogen routes
Biomass and waste streams can in principle be converted into biohydrogen with biomass gasification, steam reforming, or biological conversion like biocatalysed electrolysis or fermentative hydrogen production.
Among hydrogen production methods such as steam methane reforming, thermal cracking, coal and biomass gasification and pyrolysis, electrolysis, and photolysis, biological ones are more eco-friendly and less energy intensive. In addition, a wide variety of waste and low-value materials such as agricultural biomass as renewable sources can be utilized to produce hydrogen via biochemical pathways. Nevertheless, at present hydrogen is produced mainly from fossil fuels, in particular, natural gas which are non-renewable sources. Hydrogen is not only the cleanest fuel but also widely used in a number of industries, especially fertilizer, petrochemical and food ones. This makes it logical to investigate alternative sources for hydrogen production. The main biochemical technologies to produce hydrogen are dark and photo fermentation processes. In dark fermentation, carbohydrates are converted to hydrogen by fermentative microorganisms including strict anaerobe and facultative anaerobe bacteria. A theoretical maximum of 4 mol H2/mol glucose can be produced and, besides hydrogen, sugars are converted to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and alcohols as by-products during this process. Photo fermentative bacteria are able to generate hydrogen from VFAs. Hence, metabolites formed in dark fermentation can be used as feedstock in photo fermentation to enhance the overall yield of hydrogen.
Fermentative hydrogen production
Biohydrogen can be produced in bioreactors. The process involves bacteria consuming hydrocarbons and producing hydrogen and CO2. The CO2 and hydrogen can be separated.
Fermentative hydrogen production is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen manifested by a diverse group of bacteria using multi enzyme systems involving three steps similar to anaerobic conversion. Dark fermentation reactions do not require light energy, so they are capable of constantly producing hydrogen from organic compounds throughout the day and night. Photofermentation differs from dark fermentation because it only proceeds in the presence of light. For example, photo-fermentation with Rhodobacter sphaeroides SH2C can be employed to convert small molecular fatty acids into hydrogen.
Fermentative hydrogen production can be done using direct biophotolysis by green algae, indirect biophotolysis by cyanobacteria, photo-fermentation by anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria and dark fermentation by anaerobic fermentative bacteria. For example, studies on hydrogen production using H. salinarium, an anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria, coupled to a hydrogenase donor like E. coli, are reported in literature. Enterobacter aerogenes is another hydrogen producer.
Enzymatic hydrogen generation
Diverse enzymatic pathways have been designed to generate hydrogen from sugars.
Biocatalysed electrolysis
Besides dark fermentation, electrohydrogenesis (electrolysis using microbes) is another possibility. Using microbial fuel cells, wastewater or plants can be used to generate power. Biocatalysed electrolysis should not be confused with biological hydrogen production, as the latter only uses algae and with the latter, the algae itself generates the hydrogen instantly, where with biocatalysed electrolysis, this happens after running through the microbial fuel cell and a variety of aquatic plants can be used. These include reed sweetgrass, cordgrass, rice, tomatoes, lupines and algae.
Nanogalvanic aluminum alloy powder
An aluminum alloy powder invented by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory in 2017 was shown to be capable of producing hydrogen gas upon contact with water or any liquid containing water due to its unique nanoscale galvanic microstructure. It reportedly generates hydrogen at 100 percent of the theoretical yield without the need for any catalysts, chemicals, or externally supplied power.
Environmental impact
As of 2020, most hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, resulting in carbon dioxide emissions. This is often referred to as grey hydrogen when emissions are released to the atmosphere, and blue hydrogen when emissions are captured through carbon capture and storage (CCS). Blue hydrogen has been estimated to have a greenhouse gas footprint 20% greater than burning gas or coal for heat and 60% greater when compared to burning diesel for heat, assuming US up- and mid-stream methane leakage rates and production via steam methane reformers (SMR) retrofitted with carbon dioxide capture. The use of autothermal reformers (ATR) with integrated capture of carbon dioxide allow higher capture rates at satisfactory energy efficiencies and life cycle assessments have shown lower greenhouse gas emissions for such plants compared to SMRs with carbon dioxide capture. Application of ATR technology with integrated capture of carbon dioxide in Europe has been assessed to have a lower greenhouse gas footprint than burning natural gas, e.g. for the H21 project with a reported reduction of 68% due to a reduced carbon dioxide intensity of natural gas combined with a more suitable reactor type for capture of carbon dioxide.
Hydrogen produced using the newer, non-polluting technology methane pyrolysis is often referred to as turquoise hydrogen. High quality hydrogen is produced directly from natural gas and the associated non-polluting solid carbon is not released into the atmosphere and can then be sold for industrial use or stored in landfill.
Hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is often referred to as green hydrogen. There are two practical ways of producing hydrogen from renewable energy sources. One is to use power to gas, in which electric power is used to produce hydrogen from electrolysis of water, and the other is to use landfill gas to produce hydrogen in a steam reformer. Hydrogen fuel, when produced by renewable sources of energy like wind or solar power, is a renewable fuel. Hydrogen produced from nuclear energy via electrolysis is sometimes viewed as a subset of green hydrogen, but can also be referred to as pink hydrogen. The Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant made an agreement in January 2022 to supply commercial pink hydrogen in the order of kilograms per day.
, estimated costs of production are $1–1.80/kg for grey hydrogen and blue hydrogen, and $2.50–6.80 for green hydrogen.
Use of hydrogen
Hydrogen is used for the conversion of heavy petroleum fractions into lighter ones via hydrocracking. It is also used in other processes including the aromatization process, hydrodesulfurization and the production of ammonia via the Haber process, the primary industrial method for the production of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer for growing 47 percent of food worldwide.
Hydrogen may be used in fuel cells for local electricity generation or potentially as a transportation fuel.
Hydrogen is produced as a by-product of industrial chlorine production by electrolysis. Although requiring expensive technologies, hydrogen can be cooled, compressed and purified for use in other processes on site or sold to a customer via pipeline, cylinders or trucks. The discovery and development of less expensive methods of production of bulk hydrogen is relevant to the establishment of a hydrogen economy.
See also
Ammonia production
Artificial photosynthesis
Biohydrogen
Hydrogen analyzer
Hydrogen compressor
Hydrogen embrittlement
Hydrogen leak testing
Hydrogen pipeline transport
Hydrogen purifier
Hydrogen purity
Hydrogen safety
Hydrogen sensor
Hydrogen storage
Hydrogen station
Hydrogen tank
Hydrogen tanker
Hydrogen technologies
Hydrogen valve
Industrial gas
Liquid hydrogen
Next Generation Nuclear Plant (partly for hydrogen production)
Hy4Heat
Lane hydrogen producer
Linde–Frank–Caro process
Underground hydrogen storage
References
https://www.hfpeurope.org/infotools/energyinfos__e/hydrogen/main03.html
External links
U.S. DOE 2012-Technical progress in hydrogen production
U.S. NREL article on hydrogen production
Further reading
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3988534
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern%20sandwich
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Tavern sandwich
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A tavern sandwich (also called a loose meat sandwich or loosemeat) is a sandwich consisting of ground beef on a bun, mixed with sauteed onions, and sometimes topped with pickles, ketchup, mustard, and cheese.
The tavern sandwich is unlike a hamburger, because a tavern's meat is cooked loose rather than formed into a compact patty. It more closely resembles a sloppy joe, without the tomato-based sauce.
History
Carroll Dietz of Missoula, Montana, created the precursor to the tavern sandwich in 1920, referred to as a "steamed hamburger." In 1926, Fred Angell began selling his version of the sandwich at the first Maid-Rite restaurant in Muscatine, Iowa, under the name "loose meat sandwich." The name "tavern" for the sandwich is credited to David Heglin. Heglin sold the sandwiches at his Sioux City, Iowa, restaurant in 1924. After Heglin died, Abe Kaled bought the business in 1934 and renamed the restaurant Ye Olde Tavern after the sandwich. Kaled perfected the recipe for the ground beef, and the tavern sandwich spread to restaurants and bars across the Sioux City area.
The sandwich is now well known throughout the Midwestern United States, and is served not only in small, local establishments but also in franchise restaurant locations such as Dairy Queen and Maid-Rite. The Wichita, Kansas-based chain Nu Way Cafe serves a version of the tavern/loose meat sandwich called a "Nu Way". In Illinois, the sandwich is also known as a "loose hamburger sandwich". In Iowa, it is sometimes referred to as a Maid-Rite.
Cultural references
In later seasons of the American sitcom Roseanne, Roseanne Conner (Roseanne Barr) co-owns a restaurant called the "Lanford Lunch Box" in the fictional town of Lanford, Illinois, which specializes in loose meat sandwiches. The inspiration for Lunch Box was a real-life restaurant called Canteen Lunch in the Alley in Ottumwa, Iowa. In 1993, Roseanne and then-husband Tom Arnold opened Roseanne and Tom's Big Food Diner (based on the fictional Lanford Lunchbox) in Eldon, Iowa (less than 20 miles southeast of Ottumwa's Canteen Lunch), also specializing in loose meat sandwiches.
Iowa's loose meat sandwich figures in The Good Wife, season 7, episode 11, in which a presidential candidate completing the full Grassley is forced to eat a loose meat sandwich at each stop.
See also
List of American sandwiches
List of beef dishes
List of sandwiches
References
Bibliography
American sandwiches
Iowa culture
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Food and drink in Iowa
Beef sandwiches
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3988536
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Charles%20Wroughton
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Robert Charles Wroughton
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Robert Charles Wroughton (15 August 1849, in Naseerabad – 15 May 1921) was an officer in the Indian Forest Service from 10 December 1871 to 1904.
He was a member of the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and was interested in Hymenoptera, particularly ants and then later took an interest in scorpions due to his interaction with Reginald Innes Pocock.
His major work was on the mammals of India and after his retirement in 1904, became a regular worker at the Natural History Museum in London. He initially took an interest in African mammals and there was little material from India. He persuaded his friends in India to collect specimens and this led to a collaborative mammal survey in 1911. Interest in small mammals was also raised by work on plague particularly due to the work of Captain Glen Liston who delivered a special address to the members of the BNHS. Collectors for the small mammal survey included C. A. Crump (Khandesh, Darjeeling), Sir Ernest Hotson (Baluchistan), R. Shunkara Narayan Pillay (Travancore), J. M. D. Mackenzie (Burma), Captain Philip Gosse (Poona, Nilgiris), S. H. Prater (Satara), Charles McCann and others and the survey went on until 1923. It is believed to be the first collaborative biodiversity study in the world. The project accumulated 50,000 specimens over 12 years, especially of the smaller mammals and the information was published in 47 papers. Wroughton was also helped by his brother-in-law T. B. Fry who continued to work after his death in 1921. Several new species were discovered in the process.
Numerous species are named after him including
Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat (Otomops wroughtoni)
Many ant species: (Aenictus wroughtonii, Camponotus wroughtonii, Cardiocondyla wroughtonii, Carebara wroughtonii, Chronoxenus wroughtonii, Crematogaster wroughtonii, Hypoponera confinis wroughtonii, Lepisiota rothneyi wroughtonii, Monomorium wroughtoni, Monomorium wroughtonianum, Pheidole wroughtonii, Platythrea wroughtonii, Polyrhachis wroughtonii, Rhoptromyrmex wroughtonii, Tapinoma wroughtonii, Temnothorax wroughtonii)
Publications
Wroughton R C 1912a. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 1. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21(2):392-410.
Wroughton R C 1912b. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 2. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21(3):820-825.
Wroughton R C 1912c. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 3. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21(3):826-844.
Wroughton R C 1912d. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 4. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21(3):844-851.
Wroughton R C 1912e. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 5. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21(4):1170-1195.
Wroughton R C and K V Ryley 1913a. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 6. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 22(1): 29-44.
Wroughton R C and K V Ryley 1913b. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 7. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 22(1): 45-47.
Wroughton R C and K V Ryley 1913c. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 8. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 22(1): 58-66.
Wroughton R C. 1913. Scientific results from the mammal survey # III. J. Bombay Nat. Hist Soc. 22(1): 13-21.
Wroughton R C 1914. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 15. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 23(2):282-301.
Wroughton R C 1915a. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 16. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 23(3):413-416.
Wroughton R C 1915b. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 17. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 23(4):695-720.
Wroughton R C. 1915c. Scientific results from the mammal survey # XI. J. Bombay Nat. Hist Soc. 24(1): 29-65.
Wroughton R C 1915d. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 18. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24(1):79-96.
Wroughton R C 1915e. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 19. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24(1):96-110.
Wroughton R C 1916a. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 20. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24(2):291-309.
Wroughton R C 1916b. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India:Report 21. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24(2):309-310.
Wroughton R C 1916c. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India:Report 22. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24(2):311-316.
Wroughton R C 1916d. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India:Report 23. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24(3):468-493.
Wroughton R C 1916e. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 24. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24(4):749-758.
Wroughton R C 1916f. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India:Report 25. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24(4):758-773.
Wroughton R C 1916g. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 26. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 24(4):773-782.
Wroughton R C. 1917a. Scientific results from the mammal survey # XV. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 25(1): 40-51
Wroughton R C 1917b. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 27. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 25(1):63-71.
Wroughton R C 1917c. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 28. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 25(2):274-278.
Wroughton R C. 1918a. Scientific results from the mammal survey # XVII. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 25(3): 361.
Wroughton R C 1918b. Summary of the results from the Indian mammal survey of Bombay natural History Society, Part I. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 25(4): 547-598.
Wroughton R C 1918c. Summary of the results from the Indian mammal survey of Bombay natural History Society, Part II. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 26(1): 19-58.
Wroughton R C 1919. Summary of the results from the Indian mammal survey of Bombay natural History Society, Part III. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 26(2): 338-378.
Wroughton R C 1920a. Summary of the results from the Indian mammal survey of Bombay natural History Society, Part VI. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27(1): 57-85.
Wroughton R C 1920b. Summary of the results from the Indian mammal survey of Bombay natural History Society, PartVII. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27(2): 301-313.
Wroughton R C 1920c. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 32.J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27(2):314-322.
Wroughton R C 1921a. Summary of the results from the Indian mammal survey of Bombay natural History Society, Appendix. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27(3):520-534.
Wroughton R C 1921b. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 33. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27(3):545-549.
Wroughton R C 1921c. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 34. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27(3):549-553.
Wroughton R C 1921d. Bombay Natural History Society's Mammal Survey of India: Report 35. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27(3):553-554.
Wroughton R C. 1921e. Scientific results from the mammal survey # XXVI. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27(3): 599-601.
Wroughton R C. 1921f. Scientific results from the mammal survey # XXVIII. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27(4): 773-777.
Wroughton R C. 1921g. Scientific results from the mammal survey # XXIX. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28(1): 23-25
References
Naturalists of British India
1849 births
1921 deaths
Imperial Forestry Service officers
Members of the Bombay Natural History Society
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3988545
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peder%20Holt
|
Peder Holt
|
Peder Ragnar Holt (25 January 1899–24 March 1963) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. He was the first person from Finnmark county to be the Governor of Finnmark, a position he held from 1948 until his death in 1963. He was instrumental in the reconstruction and rebuilding of Finnmark after World War II.
Personal life
He was born in the town of Vardø in Finnmark county in the far northern part of Norway. He participated in the Left Communist Youth League's military strike action in 1924. He agitated for it through the newspaper Finmarken, and was convicted for this crime and sentenced to 50 days of light detention. He died on 24 March 1963 in the town of Vadsø where he was serving as county governor. He was a Commander of the 1st class of the Order of the Lion of Finland.
Education and career
He worked in fish farming in his youth, but then he went on and got an education. He worked as the editor of the newspaper Finmarken from 1924 until 1940. He served as the mayor of Vardø Municipality from 1930 to 1940. During the occupation of Norway he was forced to resign all of his jobs (newspaper editor and mayor) because he refused to support the Nasjonal Samling government.
In 1943, Holt was drawn into the Norwegian government in exile's secret preparation for the liberation of Finnmark. On the way to such a meeting in Vadsø in May 1944, the freight vessel Holt was aboard was attacked by Soviet navy vessels, and the crew and passengers were led to Murmansk. In November the same year, while the liberation of camps throughout Øst-Finnmark continued and the Germans were burning towns, a Soviet vessel brought Holt back to Vardø. Once there, he led a three-member administration council for the liberated areas of Finnmark, according to a plan developed at a secret meeting in Tromsø the year before and approved by the government-in-exile in London. Shortly after this, Holt was named the acting County Governor of Finnmark since the actual governor, Hans Gabrielsen, was still imprisoned by the Germans. He held this post from November 1944 until September 1945. During this time, he was granted extra-ordinary powers for a governor and he was able to appoint municipal mayors and the county council so that the civil administration of the county could be restored quickly.
After the German occupation of Norway and the war ended, he was appointed Consultative Minister of Supplies and Reconstruction for northern Troms and Finnmark from 1945–1948 during Gerhardsen's Second Cabinet. In 1948, Governor Hans Gabrielsen was appointed as the Governor of Oppland county and Holt was appointed to replace him as the county governor of Finnmark. Several years later in 1951, he was appointed to be the Minister of Fisheries in Torp's Cabinet. Dag Tønder was installed as acting governor in Finnmark while he was in the cabinet. In 1955, he left the cabinet and resumed his duties as Governor of Finnmark, a position he held until his death in 1963.
References
1899 births
1963 deaths
People from Vardø
County Governors of Norway
Government ministers of Norway
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Norway
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3988551
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Theodor%20Holtfodt
|
Christian Theodor Holtfodt
|
Christian Theodor Holtfodt (17 October 1863 - 24 February 1930) was a Norwegian officer and a politician for the Liberal Party. He was Minister of Defence 1914–1919. He was said to be "Norway's most independent man", and fought for a strong defence to protect Norwegian neutrality.
References
1863 births
1930 deaths
Defence ministers of Norway
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