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SQuAD
There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions.
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How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?
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[ "four" ]
SQuAD
Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :
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Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?
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[ "technology" ]
SQuAD
EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands.
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What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands?
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[ "The Geophysics Institute" ]
SQuAD
In Greece, there are 2 "Polytechnics" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - Ν. 3549/2007 - N. 3685/2008 - N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).
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What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?
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[ "Higher Education Reform Act" ]
SQuAD
Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.
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What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?
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SQuAD
Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.
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What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?
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[ "collaborative institute-industry projects" ]
SQuAD
Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.
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How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?
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[ "180" ]
SQuAD
Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.
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How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?
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[ "160" ]
SQuAD
One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.
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What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?
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SQuAD
One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.
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What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?
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[ "National Polytechnic School" ]
SQuAD
One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.
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When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?
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[ "1873" ]
SQuAD
Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are
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What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?
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[ "Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.
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c3d1beec12234a64b7a734ee1126f420
In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?
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[ "Finland" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.
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354d47ff64ca40679a8b8645fc9fe1d2
What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?
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{ "text": [ "ammattikorkeakoulus" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 541 ], "end": [ 559 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 96 ], "end": [ 96 ] } ] }
[ "ammattikorkeakoulus" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.
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221108a68fb64f7fbae6daa616af1677
What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?
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{ "text": [ "yrkeshögskola" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 153 ], "end": [ 165 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }
[ "yrkeshögskola" ]
SQuAD
Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
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97145d04a7464de1adde42358e46942c
What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?
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{ "text": [ "Fachhochschule" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "Fachhochschule" ]
SQuAD
Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
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ea5e572a960b49c78721698b3b591ba1
In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?
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{ "text": [ "master's degrees" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 268 ], "end": [ 283 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 48 ] } ] }
[ "master's degrees" ]
SQuAD
However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi.
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8e378cb68e564589aa9c7c62a46ddde0
Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?
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{ "text": [ "three" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 163 ], "end": [ 167 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "three" ]
SQuAD
The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.
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9e399582e42d41ba86ac0ee23943d41e
What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?
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{ "text": [ "University of Technology, Mauritius" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 84 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "University of Technology, Mauritius" ]
SQuAD
The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.
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c4e9aaae4cc2406cb56c22e0bad5831e
What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?
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{ "text": [ "technology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 190 ], "end": [ 199 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "technology" ]
SQuAD
Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
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a2da48cdf05f498e843cf60d197a5716
Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?
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{ "text": [ "1970s" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "1970s" ]
SQuAD
Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
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fc87eb4bd2964798a25a5bc24873adff
Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?
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{ "text": [ "teaching" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 247 ], "end": [ 254 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "teaching" ]
SQuAD
Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
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In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?
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{ "text": [ "business" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 156 ], "end": [ 163 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "business" ]
SQuAD
Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).
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When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?
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[ "2004" ]
SQuAD
Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.
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In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located?
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[ "Quebec" ]
SQuAD
Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.
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c5e022233433493cb808ca0e439db13f
In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?
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[ "public funding" ]
SQuAD
In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.
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1f207a7c968d4ca79be664850474304d
What are an institute of technology called in France?
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{ "text": [ "institut universitaire de technologie" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 145 ], "end": [ 181 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "institut universitaire de technologie" ]
SQuAD
In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.
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What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?
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{ "text": [ "IUT" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 184 ], "end": [ 186 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }
[ "IUT" ]
SQuAD
In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate.
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What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?
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{ "text": [ "Diploma in Engineering" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 107 ], "end": [ 128 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "Diploma in Engineering" ]
SQuAD
Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).
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In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?
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{ "text": [ "Polytechnicum" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 322 ], "end": [ 334 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "Polytechnicum" ]
SQuAD
Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).
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What century in France's history included the French École polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?
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{ "text": [ "18th" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 99 ], "end": [ 102 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ] }
[ "18th" ]
SQuAD
Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).
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What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?
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{ "text": [ "Escola Politécnica" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 286 ], "end": [ 303 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ] }
[ "Escola Politécnica" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
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What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?
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{ "text": [ "Malaysia" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "Malaysia" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
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What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?
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[ "UNESCO" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
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918de7eee98446199a7950db59197aec
In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?
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[ "Ipoh" ]
SQuAD
China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.
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In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?
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{ "text": [ "1895" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "1895" ]
SQuAD
China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.
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7fa3101d18a44200b2ca2e787da3a2af
What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?
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{ "text": [ "Capital University" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 188 ], "end": [ 205 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "Capital University" ]
SQuAD
China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.
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What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?
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[ "half" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.
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58156ed100f8461fb71a85fbb9c7a096
What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?
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{ "text": [ "Millennia Institute" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 678 ], "end": [ 696 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 117 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ] }
[ "Millennia Institute" ]
SQuAD
In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.
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5db55ca9a6f841a7ab0a4e16527f7c91
What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?
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[ "Cambodia" ]
SQuAD
There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.
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How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?
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{ "text": [ "17" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "17" ]
SQuAD
There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.
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What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?
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[ "290,000" ]
SQuAD
There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.
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880aaaa6bc924b619231369f5812e2c2
Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?
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{ "text": [ "Saxony" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 145 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }
[ "Saxony" ]
SQuAD
The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.
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What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?
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{ "text": [ "bacharelatos" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 412 ], "end": [ 423 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 72 ] } ] }
[ "bacharelatos" ]
SQuAD
The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.
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f3e251f0df174717b0638d961553e67b
What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?
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{ "text": [ "Bologna Process" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 474 ], "end": [ 488 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 82 ], "end": [ 83 ] } ] }
[ "Bologna Process" ]
SQuAD
MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.
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c5645a0540644503b451c1fee23b32e3
MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?
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[ "50" ]
SQuAD
In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.
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1641ac18819a4f2b8903c83d7134690d
In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?
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{ "text": [ "1992" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 576 ], "end": [ 579 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 93 ] } ] }
[ "1992" ]
SQuAD
In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.
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646258917f7c4e3aa72283ad7881a934
What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?
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{ "text": [ "University of Westminster" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 772 ], "end": [ 796 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 127 ], "end": [ 129 ] } ] }
[ "University of Westminster" ]
SQuAD
In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.
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702f447ab696439188dc737fca422deb
What street is the University of Westminster on?
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{ "text": [ "Regent Street" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 822 ], "end": [ 834 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 136 ], "end": [ 137 ] } ] }
[ "Regent Street" ]
SQuAD
In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.
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What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?
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[ "Genoa" ]
SQuAD
Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.
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If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?
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[ "the country's development" ]
SQuAD
Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.
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What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?
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[ "Dublin Institute of Technology" ]
SQuAD
The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.
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What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?
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[ "copper" ]
SQuAD
The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.
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What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?
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{ "text": [ "1735" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 152 ], "end": [ 155 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "1735" ]
SQuAD
The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.
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Who established the Berg-Schola?
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{ "text": [ "Court Chamber of Vienna" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 125 ], "end": [ 147 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "Court Chamber of Vienna" ]
SQuAD
In Japan, an institute of technology (工業大学, kōgyō daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.
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What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?
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[ "Imperial College of Engineering" ]
SQuAD
In Japan, an institute of technology (工業大学, kōgyō daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.
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What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?
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[ "sciences" ]
SQuAD
In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.
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What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?
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{ "text": [ "Affiliate Schools" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "Affiliate Schools" ]
SQuAD
The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.
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What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?
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{ "text": [ "Auckland University of Technology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }
[ "Auckland University of Technology" ]
SQuAD
Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:
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9e950933c4fb43bd841c58d5d2a38c96
What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?
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{ "text": [ "Politechnika" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "Politechnika" ]
SQuAD
Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).
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Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?
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{ "text": [ "technical colleges" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 64 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "technical colleges" ]
SQuAD
Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).
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What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?
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[ "bachelor's degrees" ]
SQuAD
Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).
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5445db8589f04208a6a74e112a8c3fb1
What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?
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[ "Pathumwan Institute of Technology" ]
SQuAD
In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
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6943717608b549918ccab43f25b27eef
In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?
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[ "non-Commonwealth countries" ]
SQuAD
In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
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6b18655b312e40e09a8bb1bcfbc8a0db
What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?
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[ "Right Honourable" ]
SQuAD
In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
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f8988cc110834d2f926650e1218c4aac
What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?
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[ "Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council" ]
SQuAD
In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
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6e3ad81c08794fc7b6601068689303bd
What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?
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[ "Canada" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.
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a0479f89ad514b04aca8cf749c639ca2
In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?
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{ "text": [ "1824" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 501 ], "end": [ 504 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 84 ], "end": [ 84 ] } ] }
[ "1824" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.
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83143ea9cc3248b8adf13a51fafb001a
Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?
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[ "Massachusetts Institute of Technology" ]
SQuAD
As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.
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aae91a8681194e5ca166e1e1f4c0c19f
In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?
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[ "three petabytes" ]
SQuAD
As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.
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e91fd4d662e640b8bea110bea36a685d
As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?
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{ "text": [ "12 terabytes/month" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 180 ], "end": [ 197 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }
[ "12 terabytes/month" ]
SQuAD
As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.
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Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?
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[ "PetaBox rack systems" ]
SQuAD
As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.
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Who makes PetaBox rack systems?
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[ "Capricorn Technologies" ]
SQuAD
Ireland has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms "IT" and "IT's" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.
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What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?
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SQuAD
Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:
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How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?
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[ "5" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:
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How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?
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[ "three" ]
SQuAD
Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.
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What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?
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[ "TU" ]
SQuAD
Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.
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What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?
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[ "research" ]
SQuAD
After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.
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What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering courses?
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[ "BE" ]
SQuAD
The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".
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In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?
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[ "19th century" ]
SQuAD
The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".
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What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?
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[ "École Polytechnique" ]
SQuAD
The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".
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What language does the French word polytechnique come from?
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[ "Greek" ]
SQuAD
Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)
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What school did Massey University combine with?
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[ "Wellington Polytechnic" ]
SQuAD
Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)
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In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?
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[ "1990s" ]
SQuAD
Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)
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66c5f414641a479787f28d712c33e2c6
What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?
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{ "text": [ "Central Institute of Technology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 192 ], "end": [ 222 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 35 ] } ] }
[ "Central Institute of Technology" ]
SQuAD
Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)
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6ca8e3ec382f4c8887f2fedba36c2c00
What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?
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[ "North Island" ]
SQuAD
In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: • To what degree is technology defined as a concept? • What is the scope of technology discourse? • What is the place and relation of science with technology? • How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? • Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? • Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?
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f83aebdcc46b40e1b389e8a59ddad4f5
What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?
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{ "text": [ "polytechnics" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 131 ], "end": [ 142 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "polytechnics" ]
SQuAD
Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.
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416d5f2849e94351ba8d0830144c4c03
What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?
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[ "middle class" ]
SQuAD
Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.
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53da8457ee434ffab3bbb85aabcdef99
When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?
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[ "1950s" ]
SQuAD
Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.
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bdd6cf6f79d545b6a1ff38ce14850faf
What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?
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{ "text": [ "Instituts de technologie" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 185 ], "end": [ 208 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }
[ "Instituts de technologie" ]
SQuAD
There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).
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ab9b7a06c7d34f2da30b657964da3e3f
What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?
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{ "text": [ "King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 212 ], "end": [ 259 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi" ]
SQuAD
There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).
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209db6a842154cb5a5e93c7d07965eee
What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?
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{ "text": [ "Institute of Technology and Vocational Education" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 158 ], "end": [ 205 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "Institute of Technology and Vocational Education" ]
SQuAD
University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.
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935d70baed394da9b41d3ff397bbb269
What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?
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{ "text": [ "F.Sc" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 454 ], "end": [ 457 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 69 ], "end": [ 69 ] } ] }
[ "F.Sc" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.
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2c93b95fede14c0c9791be557cbfc89a
What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?
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{ "text": [ "the Further and Higher Education Act 1992" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "the Further and Higher Education Act 1992" ]
SQuAD
Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.
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944419fb8c24423f8cf3d0eb0627c01a
The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?
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{ "text": [ "CNAA" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 181 ], "end": [ 184 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "CNAA" ]
SQuAD
New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.
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960d846bb4ba4b7ea480bd1cc6415677
What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?
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[ "New Zealand" ]
SQuAD
New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.
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83dfdea6b31c462794c3f1b8ecd639bd
What does UCOL stand for?
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[ "Universal College of Learning" ]
SQuAD
New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.
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2c9b5e5d6b514bf3933048d4ad3ad636
In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?
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{ "text": [ "1989" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "1989" ]
SQuAD
The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).
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695228b3c4e84168a5b2fad3e402b661
Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?
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{ "text": [ "medicine" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 382 ], "end": [ 389 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ] }
[ "medicine" ]
SQuAD
The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).
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a0476094db544877956b3ff7a569da12
How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?
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{ "text": [ "nine" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "nine" ]