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SQuAD
The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.
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25ed9f94697c4052b54de0dad2082e31
Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?
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{ "text": [ "Woodlands Boys School" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 330 ], "end": [ 350 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ] }
[ "Woodlands Boys School" ]
SQuAD
Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.
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052fbcb5058e4b888d70c58f1e91bc4b
What type of school is the Gesamtschule?
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{ "text": [ "comprehensive" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ] }
[ "comprehensive" ]
SQuAD
Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.
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f0004188dc5c488fb3201b9887593066
What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?
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{ "text": [ "remedial" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 349 ], "end": [ 356 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "remedial" ]
SQuAD
Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.
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32e6f089b8c245789ad4cd831ef69ae9
What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?
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{ "text": [ "the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 470 ], "end": [ 530 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 84 ] } ] }
[ "the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur" ]
SQuAD
In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.
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fe8ead80a09c42019f6ac9c70aeba31e
In what decade were community schools conceived?
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{ "text": [ "1970s" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 161 ], "end": [ 165 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "1970s" ]
SQuAD
In Ireland comprehensive schools were an earlier model of state schools, introduced in the late 1960s and largely replaced by the secular community model of the 1970s. The comprehensive model generally incorporated older schools that were under Roman Catholic or Protestant ownership, and the various denominations still manage the school as patrons or trustees. The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity. The model was adopted to make state schools more acceptable to a largely conservative society of the time.
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92a59e1c7ff847b5a46fe99f04891fd2
Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?
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{ "text": [ "The state" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 363 ], "end": [ 371 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 58 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }
[ "The state" ]
SQuAD
The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.
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6315120b718048729ad536dd24bf77ac
What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?
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{ "text": [ "the denominational basis of the schools" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 84 ], "end": [ 122 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "the denominational basis of the schools" ]
SQuAD
The introduction of the community school model in the 1970s controversially removed the denominational basis of the schools, but religious interests were invited to be represented on the Boards of Management. Community schools are divided into two models, the community school vested in the Minister for Education and the community college vested in the local Education and Training Board. Community colleges tended to be amalgamations of unviable local schools under the umbrella of a new community school model, but community schools have tended to be entirely new foundations.
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d1cfc089bc9542649ed603d7eb53a8f0
What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?
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{ "text": [ "Community colleges" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 390 ], "end": [ 407 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ] }
[ "Community colleges" ]
SQuAD
A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]
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f793927ada0d4949854e26153fa252ac
What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?
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{ "text": [ "comprehensive school" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "comprehensive school" ]
SQuAD
A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]
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457fedb6c2dd41d7b4373e4ff3f34b5f
What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?
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{ "text": [ "selective school system" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 150 ], "end": [ 172 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }
[ "selective school system" ]
SQuAD
A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]
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672bbd7e7dbb44d5a64bd23ce4665373
What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?
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{ "text": [ "England and Wales" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 282 ], "end": [ 298 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ] }
[ "England and Wales" ]
SQuAD
A comprehensive school is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule.[citation needed]
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8ee9c86ac2ae4666b70d7e0168fbaace
How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?
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{ "text": [ "90%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 427 ], "end": [ 429 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 75 ], "end": [ 76 ] } ] }
[ "90%" ]
SQuAD
The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
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06178ae7ea47454eab8c831f0b06206e
On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?
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{ "text": [ "August 15, 1960" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "August 15, 1960" ]
SQuAD
The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
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9f7ec28d86804e91a7342a6b13f9a43f
Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?
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{ "text": [ "Fulbert Youlou" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 98 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "Fulbert Youlou" ]
SQuAD
The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
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0380694e44ad4f25b2f761b17c07d306
Who replaced Youlou?
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{ "text": [ "Alphonse Massamba-Débat" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 354 ], "end": [ 376 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ] }
[ "Alphonse Massamba-Débat" ]
SQuAD
The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
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81255fc3f9ef4ead95ad4dfe320ebdc5
Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?
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{ "text": [ "labour elements and rival political parties" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 145 ], "end": [ 187 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "labour elements and rival political parties" ]
SQuAD
The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
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488593eafff14b538339861d7b33230b
Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?
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{ "text": [ "Congolese military" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 242 ], "end": [ 259 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "Congolese military" ]
SQuAD
By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.
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54094ecd35274b0090b0ddb5e58f9b03
By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?
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{ "text": [ "1975" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "1975" ]
SQuAD
By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.
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56ab109184894c079f03f65bca4a4485
What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?
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{ "text": [ "neighbourhood comprehensives" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 244 ], "end": [ 271 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "neighbourhood comprehensives" ]
SQuAD
By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.
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3654c7fd78aa4ad889444a8c0fcb2c36
Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?
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{ "text": [ "comprehensive schools" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 675 ], "end": [ 695 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ] }
[ "comprehensive schools" ]
SQuAD
By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to accommodate a growing school population. By the mid-1970s the system had been almost fully implemented, with virtually no secondary modern schools remaining. Many grammar schools were either closed or changed to comprehensive status. Some local authorities, including Sandwell and Dudley in the West Midlands, changed all of its state secondary schools to comprehensive schools during the 1970s.
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What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?
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[ "Sandwell and Dudley" ]
SQuAD
Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.
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All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?
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[ "comprehensive" ]
SQuAD
Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.
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What has Scotland refused to adopt?
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[ "specialist schools" ]
SQuAD
Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.
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When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?
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[ "2005" ]
SQuAD
Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product." Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
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What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?
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[ "credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs." ]
SQuAD
Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product." Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
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abb60958fdeb478daa534bb255c44738
Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what?
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[ "derivatives" ]
SQuAD
Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product." Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
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Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans?
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{ "text": [ "Portfolio Magazine" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 125 ], "end": [ 142 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "Portfolio Magazine" ]
SQuAD
Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product." Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
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What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers?
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[ "derivatives" ]
SQuAD
Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product." Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.
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What are some names of derivatives?
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{ "text": [ "credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 516 ], "end": [ 587 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 97 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ] }
[ "credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs" ]
SQuAD
In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.
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c4a355225a974459afec344a2a3a67c2
How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?
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{ "text": [ "164" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 673 ], "end": [ 675 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 115 ], "end": [ 115 ] } ] }
[ "164" ]
SQuAD
In these schools children could be selected on the basis of curriculum aptitude related to the school's specialism even though the schools do take quotas from each quartile of the attainment range to ensure they were not selective by attainment. A problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective school system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria, most commonly a cognitive test or tests. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, there are 164 selective grammar schools that are still in operation.[citation needed] (though this is a small number compared to approximately 3500 state secondary schools in England). Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to 16, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 18, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively. With the advent of key stages in the National Curriculum some local authorities reverted from the Middle School system to 11–16 and 11–18 schools so that the transition between schools corresponds to the end of one key stage and the start of another.
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ea9327990b6f415080e477945e66fab1
In what year were comprehensive schools first created?
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{ "text": [ "1965" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 657 ], "end": [ 660 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 111 ], "end": [ 111 ] } ] }
[ "1965" ]
SQuAD
When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as "Carénage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.
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60a7179aba0a4aedbd209f6f1b26d38e
What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?
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{ "text": [ "1785" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 322 ], "end": [ 325 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "1785" ]
SQuAD
When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as "Carénage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.
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c97370b64cd54eaa80cd24ede971dd97
What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts?
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{ "text": [ "Carénage" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 433 ], "end": [ 440 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ] }
[ "Carénage" ]
SQuAD
When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as "Carénage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.
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5d9ce8dc42cd4cefaf655693dc5f3e45
What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation?
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{ "text": [ "Gustavia" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 469 ], "end": [ 476 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 81 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ] }
[ "Gustavia" ]
SQuAD
When the British invaded the harbour town in 1744[verification needed], the town’s architectural buildings were destroyed[verification needed]. Subsequently, new structures were built in the town around the harbour area[verification needed] and the Swedes had also further added to the architectural beauty of the town in 1785 with more buildings, when they had occupied the town. Earlier to their occupation, the port was known as "Carénage". The Swedes renamed it as Gustavia in honour of their king Gustav III. It was then their prime trading center. The port maintained a neutral stance since the Caribbean war was on in the 18th century. They used it as trading post of contraband and the city of Gustavia prospered but this prosperity was short lived.
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6c0405ecec6544c0b3273ceeec71a2c6
What war occurred in the 18th century?
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{ "text": [ "the Caribbean war" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 597 ], "end": [ 613 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 105 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ] }
[ "the Caribbean war" ]
SQuAD
The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.
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ad5b09991e9149b2a06079fa9ea0d716
What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?
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{ "text": [ "Bantu" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "Bantu" ]
SQuAD
The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.
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ff3ee0f10adc44ff98ec5a73695acd0a
When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?
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[ "1960" ]
SQuAD
The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.
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01d712329e6b429496d635fc991183c3
Who is the ruler of the Congo?
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{ "text": [ "Denis Sassou Nguesso" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 539 ], "end": [ 558 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 102 ], "end": [ 104 ] } ] }
[ "Denis Sassou Nguesso" ]
SQuAD
The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Congo-Brazzaville was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Upon independence in 1960, the former colony of French Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist–Leninist one-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multi-party elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War and President Denis Sassou Nguesso has ruled for 26 of the past 36 years.
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844b89788f4147d290f7f6bb9957b044
What title does Nguesso hold?
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[ "President" ]
SQuAD
The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.
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0c6d50fe959a4e6191515a334e5f4cab
What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?
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{ "text": [ "République du Congo" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "République du Congo" ]
SQuAD
The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.
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bbc36a06aba243709c0fa65c71f85ab4
Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?
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{ "text": [ "Central African Republic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 269 ], "end": [ 292 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }
[ "Central African Republic" ]
SQuAD
The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.
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29a250b8353741abb8002c774f61ce4e
Whic country lies on Congo's western border?
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{ "text": [ "Gabon" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 219 ], "end": [ 223 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "Gabon" ]
SQuAD
The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.
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10decc447461444fb8cf1ed6a38c9bf1
Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?
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{ "text": [ "Cameroon" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 238 ], "end": [ 245 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ] }
[ "Cameroon" ]
SQuAD
The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.
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12011a7ba5824fefb21e4d3a4797be77
In what part of Africa is the Congo located?
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{ "text": [ "Central Africa" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 169 ], "end": [ 182 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "Central Africa" ]
SQuAD
The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.
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788d65530aa843c7a4ac7e6eed5ca85b
When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?
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{ "text": [ "18th century" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "18th century" ]
SQuAD
The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.
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4d58a2b6f4834cafa06d948059768e69
Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?
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{ "text": [ "Sir Robert Walpole" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 178 ], "end": [ 195 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "Sir Robert Walpole" ]
SQuAD
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.
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c0fcc05d43e642aaa3801a75bb1dc960
What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?
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{ "text": [ "Westminster system" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "Westminster system" ]
SQuAD
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.
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8bfd2ac5004d4b5bb5029b3df6f4e769
What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?
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{ "text": [ "ceremonial" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 322 ], "end": [ 331 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ] }
[ "ceremonial" ]
SQuAD
The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.
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007471e6daf045f5866cc6be7ffae1b5
What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?
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{ "text": [ "fourth" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 98 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "fourth" ]
SQuAD
The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.
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8c9c922d89e44ec9aea9a68394c80f01
What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?
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{ "text": [ "oil revenues" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 291 ], "end": [ 302 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "oil revenues" ]
SQuAD
Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.
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389ed8f2e7094d77bb050b8642a72010
What law enables parents full control over their child's education?
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{ "text": [ "Education Reform Act" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "Education Reform Act" ]
SQuAD
Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.
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309c42416a5143deb61e3e101f6b9bc4
In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?
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{ "text": [ "1988" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "1988" ]
SQuAD
Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.
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23dcfba0b50b4886ac1c0b43a2be3bdf
What concept does the government currently support for education?
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{ "text": [ "specialisation" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 559 ], "end": [ 572 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ] }
[ "specialisation" ]
SQuAD
Since the 1988 Education Reform Act, parents have a right to choose which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all and to home educate them instead. The concept of "school choice" introduces the idea of competition between state schools, a fundamental change to the original "neighbourhood comprehensive" model, and is partly intended as a means by which schools that are perceived to be inferior are forced either to improve or, if hardly anyone wants to go there, to close down. Government policy is currently promoting 'specialisation' whereby parents choose a secondary school appropriate for their child's interests and skills. Most initiatives focus on parental choice and information, implementing a pseudo-market incentive to encourage better schools. This logic has underpinned the controversial league tables of school performance.
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f68f695960c443d0ad54edf8c120ebd3
Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?
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{ "text": [ "league tables of school performance" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 841 ], "end": [ 875 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 149 ], "end": [ 153 ] } ] }
[ "league tables of school performance" ]
SQuAD
Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.
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5ec472d486e64f348cb8093489c4fca6
What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?
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[ "Duplications" ]
SQuAD
Duplications play a major role in shaping the genome. Duplication may range from extension of short tandem repeats, to duplication of a cluster of genes, and all the way to duplication of entire chromosomes or even entire genomes. Such duplications are probably fundamental to the creation of genetic novelty.
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5a259ab5d7f04d67948b1ee0ad78822e
What is a possible product of duplications?
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{ "text": [ "genetic novelty" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 293 ], "end": [ 307 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ] }
[ "genetic novelty" ]
SQuAD
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.
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Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?
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{ "text": [ "Eastern Bloc" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }
[ "Eastern Bloc" ]
SQuAD
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.
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15b50212790f4a8d8dff7ac7b122feb9
Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?
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{ "text": [ "the Soviet Union" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 103 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "the Soviet Union" ]
SQuAD
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.
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What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?
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{ "text": [ "dictatorship" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 223 ], "end": [ 234 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }
[ "dictatorship" ]
SQuAD
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.
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What was an important tool of the Sassou government?
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{ "text": [ "political repression" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 164 ], "end": [ 183 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "political repression" ]
SQuAD
Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".
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Who won the presidential election in 2009?
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{ "text": [ "Sassou" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "Sassou" ]
SQuAD
Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".
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Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?
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{ "text": [ "Congolese Observatory of Human Rights" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 119 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ] }
[ "Congolese Observatory of Human Rights" ]
SQuAD
Sassou also won the following presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".
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What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?
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{ "text": [ "very low" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 183 ], "end": [ 190 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "very low" ]
SQuAD
In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.
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What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?
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{ "text": [ "neighbourhood" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "neighbourhood" ]
SQuAD
In principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as "neighbourhood" schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Current education reforms with Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges will no doubt have some impact on the comprehensive ideal but it is too early to say to what degree.
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What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?
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{ "text": [ "Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 157 ], "end": [ 223 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges" ]
SQuAD
Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.
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What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?
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{ "text": [ "multi-party" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }
[ "multi-party" ]
SQuAD
Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.
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Which party does Sassou belong to?
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{ "text": [ "Congolese Labour Party" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 277 ], "end": [ 298 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ] }
[ "Congolese Labour Party" ]
SQuAD
Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail) as well as a range of smaller parties.
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What is the French term for Sassou's political party?
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{ "text": [ "Parti Congolais du Travail" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 309 ], "end": [ 334 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ] }
[ "Parti Congolais du Travail" ]
SQuAD
The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
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Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?
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{ "text": [ "Diogo Cão" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }
[ "Diogo Cão" ]
SQuAD
The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
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What was Diogo Cao's nationality?
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{ "text": [ "Portuguese" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Portuguese" ]
SQuAD
The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
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What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?
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[ "commodities, manufactured goods, and people" ]
SQuAD
The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
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When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?
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{ "text": [ "late 19th century" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 386 ], "end": [ 402 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ] }
[ "late 19th century" ]
SQuAD
The Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484. Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
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Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?
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{ "text": [ "Bantu societies" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 443 ], "end": [ 457 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ] }
[ "Bantu societies" ]
SQuAD
In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.
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d0be1d96947d4800a9f1b41b07b05ee0
Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008
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{ "text": [ "the government" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "the government" ]
SQuAD
In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.
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How many government TV stations exist?
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{ "text": [ "one" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 126 ], "end": [ 128 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "one" ]
SQuAD
In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but many more privately run forms of media were being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.
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How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?
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{ "text": [ "10" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 177 ], "end": [ 178 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "10" ]
SQuAD
Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.
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What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?
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{ "text": [ "Pygmy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 145 ], "end": [ 149 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "Pygmy" ]
SQuAD
Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.
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When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?
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{ "text": [ "1500 BC" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 165 ], "end": [ 171 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "1500 BC" ]
SQuAD
Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.
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The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?
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[ "Bantu" ]
SQuAD
Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".
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What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?
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[ "corruption revelations" ]
SQuAD
Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".
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d93650e83e9b405cb6cfba319fd374e8
What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?
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{ "text": [ "France" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 194 ], "end": [ 199 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "France" ]
SQuAD
Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.
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145ec96c887f49c2b34a7171f5c5764d
Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?
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{ "text": [ "Bantus" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "Bantus" ]
SQuAD
Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.
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c6251a1508f44204810daad91d2e633d
The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?
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{ "text": [ "pets" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 184 ], "end": [ 187 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "pets" ]
SQuAD
Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.
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17d21f42669e4cefa0d39d21b2947269
When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?
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{ "text": [ "December 30, 2010" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 198 ], "end": [ 214 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }
[ "December 30, 2010" ]
SQuAD
On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.
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8fef7e4cfc3e4ba094a5aba2efb57d1a
When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution?
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{ "text": [ "March 27, 2015" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }
[ "March 27, 2015" ]
SQuAD
On March 27, 2015 Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum to change the country's 2002 constitution and allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. On October 25 the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal as approved by 92 percent of voters with 72 percent of eligible voters participating. The opposition, who had boycotted the referendum claimed that the government's statistics were false and that the vote was a sham.
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6d1c3aae6153481abb23369a68ff3757
Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?
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{ "text": [ "third" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 156 ], "end": [ 160 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "third" ]
SQuAD
Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.
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d7dff309a58b4ca0af7d7072c40f39ec
When was the Fifth Republic founded?
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{ "text": [ "1958" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 89 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "1958" ]
SQuAD
Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.
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c8486cde7eb94c3c9e46ba1e50054d5b
What was disbanded in 1958?
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{ "text": [ "the AEF" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 101 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "the AEF" ]
SQuAD
Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.
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2497784fdc2f4cb4a5f5c8b588ccee49
In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?
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{ "text": [ "the Republic of the Congo" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 263 ], "end": [ 287 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 48 ] } ] }
[ "the Republic of the Congo" ]
SQuAD
Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.
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c577bf0f05dd401aa8aeb6d01ec35555
When did the Congo establish its first constitution?
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{ "text": [ "1959" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 337 ], "end": [ 340 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ] }
[ "1959" ]
SQuAD
The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.
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e9b8d8bfe23a4fc3b50ef48480a30abe
What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?
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{ "text": [ "coastal plain" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }
[ "coastal plain" ]
SQuAD
The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.
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63b843f9e821444fb275cdb960cfa055
Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?
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{ "text": [ "Kouilou-Niari River" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 86 ], "end": [ 104 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "Kouilou-Niari River" ]
SQuAD
The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.
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3323d7022ab84f2f85c31abc33bc0372
The middle of the country features what kind of geography?
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{ "text": [ "plateau" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 157 ], "end": [ 163 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }
[ "plateau" ]
SQuAD
The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.
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0a57e3c1848e42e58747727473455912
What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?
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[ "Forests" ]
SQuAD
During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.
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20b94e043bed4065a848fe77527724dd
What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?
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{ "text": [ "Brazzaville" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 58 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "Brazzaville" ]
SQuAD
During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.
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c1733e33869548f9b3ce6d25ac9b3265
What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?
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{ "text": [ "Brazzaville Conference of 1944" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 147 ], "end": [ 176 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "Brazzaville Conference of 1944" ]
SQuAD
During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.
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be20ad95271d40a1a0e0477fb391e3a0
When did Brazzaville get its own local government?
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{ "text": [ "1946" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 498 ], "end": [ 501 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 81 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ] }
[ "1946" ]
SQuAD
During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.
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44ad928c635546b99579b073b67d4082
What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?
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{ "text": [ "the Fourth Republic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 533 ], "end": [ 551 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 87 ] } ] }
[ "the Fourth Republic" ]
SQuAD
Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.
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163669bf397a4745a0e0a6dd02903ae6
Who became president of the Congo in 1968?
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{ "text": [ "Marien Ngouabi" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Marien Ngouabi" ]
SQuAD
Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the People's Republic of the Congo, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi survived an attempted coup in 1972 but was assassinated on March 16, 1977. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.
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bc76616c6b7149d8922255367ee69b84
What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?
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{ "text": [ "People's Republic of the Congo" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 186 ], "end": [ 215 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 37 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }
[ "People's Republic of the Congo" ]