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SQuAD
At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."
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63c73222f75b47b090d71d6d39a8e551
How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review?
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{ "text": [ "comparative study of their several structures" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 363 ], "end": [ 407 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }
[ "comparative study of their several structures" ]
SQuAD
At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."
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b1afc9a60ac84d7f8a8d78d06102b173
What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"?
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[ "\"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\"" ]
SQuAD
At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."
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45d79be2c6df4967a706c95b4f441cdd
Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?
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{ "text": [ "expand algebraic structures" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 101 ], "end": [ 127 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 17 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "expand algebraic structures" ]
SQuAD
At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."
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1cfe119525434163be8445be6bb8916b
What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed?
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{ "text": [ "unity of design" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 470 ], "end": [ 484 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 84 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ] }
[ "unity of design" ]
SQuAD
At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."
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514ef77d10c7499c8ca505d37da3662b
Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?
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{ "text": [ "several structures" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 390 ], "end": [ 407 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }
[ "several structures" ]
SQuAD
In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.
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21a56f9967754ccdae02e79031278a7d
In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?
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{ "text": [ "University of London system" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 166 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }
[ "University of London system" ]
SQuAD
In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.
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50bc1c6c0a3a4a6e8d31db1e84a0c926
What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?
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{ "text": [ "Dean of the Faculty of Science" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 243 ], "end": [ 272 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "Dean of the Faculty of Science" ]
SQuAD
In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.
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48af528fa6b0435db387efeb797affd2
What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?
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{ "text": [ "chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 407 ], "end": [ 460 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 87 ] } ] }
[ "chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council" ]
SQuAD
In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.
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d8be7b58831f41b4812107f712bf3f58
In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?
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[ "1924" ]
SQuAD
In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.
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1b1917eb0b204e329a173ddf5587da9b
What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?
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[ "Bachelor of Science" ]
SQuAD
In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.
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ba60243a5d5b4a0cb658c7e488e483e3
When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?
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[ "1918" ]
SQuAD
In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.
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b1b11acfa9db477b877f7700f465712c
What was he elected at the University of London?
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{ "text": [ "Dean of the Faculty of Science" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 243 ], "end": [ 272 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "Dean of the Faculty of Science" ]
SQuAD
In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.
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e5813eb32951453cba770ed07783bf12
Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?
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[ "University of London" ]
SQuAD
In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.
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b82c7dcb75a84a8f85e466f2d7ca4823
When did Whitehead go to America?
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[ "1924" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."
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189826b4c7a94f419921b6699ca3cd47
What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?
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{ "text": [ "reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 210 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."
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152204d3d37549e4ab334d9e92d78315
What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?
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{ "text": [ "event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 246 ], "end": [ 370 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 37 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ] }
[ "event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."
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31dbc3a8e903474288c31a9065f35465
How did whitehead define "experience"?
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[ "He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."
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4b64306db8bb4ce39c43b369ef772125
How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?
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{ "text": [ "two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 725 ], "end": [ 817 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 124 ], "end": [ 137 ] } ] }
[ "two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."
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a08c4600ab294f36951dc212d6273a22
How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?
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{ "text": [ "\"philosophy of organism\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 869 ], "end": [ 892 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 146 ], "end": [ 150 ] } ] }
[ "\"philosophy of organism\"" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."
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bb7ff40a8c924e91a9e1ec913a7fac7a
What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?
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{ "text": [ "Cartesian idea" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 89 ], "end": [ 102 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "Cartesian idea" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."
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3bb3e915ee4a4800865497d59a00e047
Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?
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{ "text": [ "an event-based or \"process\" ontology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 243 ], "end": [ 278 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "an event-based or \"process\" ontology" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."
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87623a9c8b494df3ab586a81ea9ed8fd
Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?
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{ "text": [ "interrelated and dependent" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 330 ], "end": [ 355 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ] }
[ "interrelated and dependent" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."
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fdff2a4781554161b3707f036bfcb8e0
Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?
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{ "text": [ "experiential" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 451 ], "end": [ 462 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 75 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ] }
[ "experiential" ]
SQuAD
Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."
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c6684df8e86b4f299402f123286eee38
Whitehead's system as "philosophy of organism" became widely known as what term?
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{ "text": [ "process philosophy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 937 ], "end": [ 954 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 161 ], "end": [ 162 ] } ] }
[ "process philosophy" ]
SQuAD
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:
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3cf5a9487bde498a8591e57575453e19
What is the general materialistic view of an object?
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{ "text": [ "Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 153 ], "end": [ 246 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things" ]
SQuAD
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:
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6f9d7b59e7d74985ac3c5911ed842346
How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?
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{ "text": [ "The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 249 ], "end": [ 398 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything" ]
SQuAD
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:
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d6d01ae403f040a9a109695063e3e0c8
What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?
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{ "text": [ "in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 405 ], "end": [ 510 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 91 ] } ] }
[ "in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves" ]
SQuAD
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:
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c182f60aad84468eb93f6557f9cc6f3f
What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?
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{ "text": [ "It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 151 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects." ]
SQuAD
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:
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What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?
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{ "text": [ "it obscures the importance of relations" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 80 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "it obscures the importance of relations" ]
SQuAD
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:
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2a73934dedf34c8e9ffb3b5b15eaff8d
What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?
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{ "text": [ "materialism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }
[ "materialism" ]
SQuAD
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:
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05e79fb43729419dae9447f4faecf9d9
What does Materialism see each object as?
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{ "text": [ "distinct and discrete" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 107 ], "end": [ 127 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "distinct and discrete" ]
SQuAD
A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:
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How is each object related to other things?
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{ "text": [ "externally" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 213 ], "end": [ 222 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "externally" ]
SQuAD
However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.
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d2846c72ad9a4bd1a7cfd83daf8022ab
In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?
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{ "text": [ "solitariness" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 65 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "solitariness" ]
SQuAD
However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.
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1bc8fbbb4fb54b90baebd5d31cb5a197
What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?
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{ "text": [ "\"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 264 ], "end": [ 383 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ] }
[ "\"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\"" ]
SQuAD
However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.
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5ee8c3c84ef34b95b2d8be76e84a4904
What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?
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{ "text": [ "meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 524 ], "end": [ 630 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 88 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ] }
[ "meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community" ]
SQuAD
However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.
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How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?
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[ "The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself" ]
SQuAD
However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.
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What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?
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[ "the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent" ]
SQuAD
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
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How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?
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[ "God's reception of the world's activity" ]
SQuAD
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
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What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?
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[ "God saves and cherishes all experiences forever" ]
SQuAD
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
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How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?
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[ "It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." ]
SQuAD
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
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What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?
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{ "text": [ "those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 358 ], "end": [ 427 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ] }
[ "those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world" ]
SQuAD
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.
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What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?
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[ "God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance." ]
SQuAD
In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).
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3be3a62aaf1d422fa4d53f93a870376c
Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?
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{ "text": [ "causal relationships" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1126 ], "end": [ 1145 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 225 ], "end": [ 226 ] } ] }
[ "causal relationships" ]
SQuAD
In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).
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5252caeff15d41c28384d96d853f7298
What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?
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{ "text": [ "symbolic reference" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 100 ], "end": [ 117 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "symbolic reference" ]
SQuAD
In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).
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f42580e44dfe4067838e217c1e24efe1
What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "dominates", "more", "basic", "mentality", "in", "symbolic", "reference", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 15, 20, 26, 36, 39, 48, 57 ] }
{ "text": [ "causal relationships" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1126 ], "end": [ 1145 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 225 ], "end": [ 226 ] } ] }
[ "causal relationships" ]
SQuAD
In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).
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0349c3f5de9e4128ad4449818a50b1bc
What does symbolic reference link appearance with?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "does", "symbolic", "reference", "link", "appearance", "with", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 19, 29, 34, 45, 49 ] }
{ "text": [ "causation" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 149 ], "end": [ 157 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "causation" ]
SQuAD
In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).
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d8b9dbfb680a4300a03094ba961463ce
What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?
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{ "text": [ "higher grade mentality" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1263 ], "end": [ 1284 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 249 ], "end": [ 251 ] } ] }
[ "higher grade mentality" ]
SQuAD
In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).
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011d44f65b40433e89d3a0f64840b4e9
What is the purpose of symbolic reference?
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{ "text": [ "links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 127 ], "end": [ 255 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it" ]
SQuAD
In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).
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0a363011fc8e44c2b93cec0a59969e5b
How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?
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{ "text": [ "An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 347 ], "end": [ 438 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 64 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ] }
[ "An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair" ]
SQuAD
In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).
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c414d777eb5c4c7f81cae039b40e3ffd
How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?
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{ "text": [ "\"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 543 ], "end": [ 632 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 107 ], "end": [ 124 ] } ] }
[ "\"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\"" ]
SQuAD
In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).
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b6fb33bb13a94bd7aec86941faf46152
How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?
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[ "\"would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such.\"" ]
SQuAD
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.
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What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?
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[ "A Treatise on Universal Algebra" ]
SQuAD
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With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?
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[ "Bertrand Russell" ]
SQuAD
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.
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Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?
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[ "professional mathematicians" ]
SQuAD
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.
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What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?
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[ "An Introduction to Mathematics" ]
SQuAD
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What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?
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[ "regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century" ]
SQuAD
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91bc7ef7b93045d3b7eef4a6f264658a
What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?
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[ "mathematics" ]
SQuAD
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How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?
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[ "three" ]
SQuAD
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.
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83250c14c3664e9f97c6fa7eb4c4748b
Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?
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{ "text": [ "Bertrand Russell" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 178 ], "end": [ 193 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "Bertrand Russell" ]
SQuAD
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.
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e75da31050994d4c911a089277a9ace7
Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?
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{ "text": [ "Principia Mathematica" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 498 ], "end": [ 518 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 87 ], "end": [ 88 ] } ] }
[ "Principia Mathematica" ]
SQuAD
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.
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06a8d2dba2d848a8bfd03063cf5883e1
When did Whitehead write his first book?
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[ "1898" ]
SQuAD
It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.
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65406af216ad462b9706cbf33d96a207
What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity?
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{ "text": [ "creativity is the absolute principle of existence" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 151 ], "end": [ 199 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "creativity is the absolute principle of existence" ]
SQuAD
It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.
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28193ffce6eb43d890b1d90892c7f343
An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?
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{ "text": [ "reaction to them." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 118 ], "end": [ 134 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "reaction to them." ]
SQuAD
It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.
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a53fdfae43eb4ef599a3dbac5850a22f
Most entities do not have what?
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{ "text": [ "consciousness" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 434 ], "end": [ 446 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 91 ], "end": [ 91 ] } ] }
[ "consciousness" ]
SQuAD
It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.
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8928104b7d8544889229c0aa1db4d24e
All entities, being unable to predict behavior, are because of what?
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{ "text": [ "the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 762 ], "end": [ 811 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 158 ], "end": [ 165 ] } ] }
[ "the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities" ]
SQuAD
It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.
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6b5c9f5adf4e4a3c8276b9a79082d3a2
Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead?
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{ "text": [ "creativity is the absolute principle of existence" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 151 ], "end": [ 199 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "creativity is the absolute principle of existence" ]
SQuAD
It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.
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8f79817edc8146feaf73c446ae7cfcc4
Other than the combination of its relations, what else defines an entity?
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[ "an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them" ]
SQuAD
It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.
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9cac0808fe7c4a1da5b070d852df3900
What did Whitehead believe about an entity's relation to other entities?
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{ "text": [ "has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 273 ], "end": [ 394 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ] }
[ "has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws" ]
SQuAD
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.
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be0fb4427b53403594fc0a497703c556
What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients?
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{ "text": [ "continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 744 ], "end": [ 818 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 124 ], "end": [ 138 ] } ] }
[ "continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments" ]
SQuAD
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.
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3af8c9eb8eb140968d41f0ba171f6429
What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?
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{ "text": [ "a conflict of interest" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "a conflict of interest" ]
SQuAD
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.
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fbbfc442fad847aea8ecb29944984d7e
Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management?
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{ "text": [ "Professional investment managers" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 229 ], "end": [ 260 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "Professional investment managers" ]
SQuAD
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.
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What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management?
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{ "text": [ "to maximize their compensation" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 445 ], "end": [ 474 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ] }
[ "to maximize their compensation" ]
SQuAD
Moreover, a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital, led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets. Professional investment managers generally are compensated based on the volume of client assets under management. There is, therefore, an incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management in order to maximize their compensation. As the glut in global investment capital caused the yields on credit assets to decline, asset managers were faced with the choice of either investing in assets where returns did not reflect true credit risk or returning funds to clients. Many asset managers chose to continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments, to the detriment of their clients, in order to maintain their assets under management. This choice was supported by a "plausible deniability" of the risks associated with subprime-based credit assets because the loss experience with early "vintages" of subprime loans was so low.
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0f62424ea4c54566b701c4a81cd7ac1c
What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use?
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{ "text": [ "plausible deniability" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 940 ], "end": [ 960 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 163 ], "end": [ 164 ] } ] }
[ "plausible deniability" ]
SQuAD
It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.
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222767ba14c941c9a049ff00593b2833
What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?
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{ "text": [ "God is not necessarily tied to religion" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 91 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "God is not necessarily tied to religion" ]
SQuAD
It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.
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ee8d5148fd6d42d18ee16ad37a391f97
In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?
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{ "text": [ "primordial nature of God" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 429 ], "end": [ 452 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 75 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }
[ "primordial nature of God" ]
SQuAD
It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.
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4b1a5586e0e54b94a8ebb32625720e6c
What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?
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{ "text": [ "the consequent nature" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 604 ], "end": [ 624 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 108 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ] }
[ "the consequent nature" ]
SQuAD
It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.
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What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?
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[ "dipolar" ]
SQuAD
It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.
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Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?
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{ "text": [ "His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 208 ], "end": [ 351 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ] }
[ "His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities." ]
SQuAD
Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
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52e8f6f1102c49e195850d29b7890030
What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?
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{ "text": [ "\"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 210 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "\"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\"" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
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c3886f007fa54088913ef74dd1a86d62
What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?
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[ "religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
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9f0121b537e84061b1cb189a31dcdda1
What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?
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[ "a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
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What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy?
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[ "It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people." ]
SQuAD
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.
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Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?
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{ "text": [ "Countrywide Financial" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 128 ], "end": [ 148 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "Countrywide Financial" ]
SQuAD
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.
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On what date did IndyMac fail?
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{ "text": [ "July 11, 2008" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 352 ], "end": [ 364 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "July 11, 2008" ]
SQuAD
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.
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Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States?
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[ "IndyMac" ]
SQuAD
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.
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ef7b7f6a58e946cbb27a502c58a012a1
Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?
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[ "IndyMac Bank" ]
SQuAD
The first visible institution to run into trouble in the United States was the Southern California–based IndyMac, a spin-off of Countrywide Financial. Before its failure, IndyMac Bank was the largest savings and loan association in the Los Angeles market and the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States. The failure of IndyMac Bank on July 11, 2008, was the fourth largest bank failure in United States history up until the crisis precipitated even larger failures, and the second largest failure of a regulated thrift. IndyMac Bank's parent corporation was IndyMac Bancorp until the FDIC seized IndyMac Bank. IndyMac Bancorp filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2008.
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b5dcb33866f14819953886bb83ded7e6
Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?
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[ "IndyMac Bancorp" ]
SQuAD
This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."
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ac29c91632d545a2b607dc061d97e2bf
What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?
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{ "text": [ "Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 410 ], "end": [ 457 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 82 ], "end": [ 88 ] } ] }
[ "Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order" ]
SQuAD
This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."
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18e2358130ec427f87fb1d5134b6579d
What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?
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{ "text": [ "Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 98 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology" ]
SQuAD
This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."
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3145009a36184cfd9a222969f0bdc278
On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?
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{ "text": [ "For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 232 ], "end": [ 335 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future" ]
SQuAD
This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."
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cf98bfb558044ba59477e6f5db5ccfca
What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?
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{ "text": [ "Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 499 ], "end": [ 571 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 109 ] } ] }
[ "Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy" ]
SQuAD
This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."
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What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?
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{ "text": [ "to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 593 ], "end": [ 660 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 116 ], "end": [ 130 ] } ] }
[ "to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\"" ]
SQuAD
In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.
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What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. written books on other than process theology?
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{ "text": [ "biology and economics" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 216 ], "end": [ 236 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "biology and economics" ]
SQuAD
In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.
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What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead's ideas?
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{ "text": [ "poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 298 ], "end": [ 352 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory" ]
SQuAD
In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.
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What was Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?
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{ "text": [ "geneticist" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 397 ], "end": [ 406 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "geneticist" ]
SQuAD
In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.
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afad6e8b4fab49aa9bc7e7720aaf52ff
Who authored "Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age"?
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{ "text": [ "Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 533 ], "end": [ 565 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 89 ], "end": [ 93 ] } ] }
[ "Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist" ]
SQuAD
In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.
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Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ?
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{ "text": [ "process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 141 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests" ]
SQuAD
Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): "We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS [commercial mortgage-backed securities] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis." Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate. Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reports: "The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006. Three years later, commercial real estate started feeling the effects. Denice A. Gierach, a real estate attorney and CPA, wrote:
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Who believed that the growth of the commercial real estate bubble indicated that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis?
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[ "Krugman" ]
SQuAD
Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): "We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS [commercial mortgage-backed securities] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis." Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate. Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reports: "The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006. Three years later, commercial real estate started feeling the effects. Denice A. Gierach, a real estate attorney and CPA, wrote:
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When did Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders issue a report about commercial mortgage-backed securities?
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{ "text": [ "December 2010" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 304 ], "end": [ 316 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "December 2010" ]
SQuAD
Krugman's contention (that the growth of a commercial real estate bubble indicates that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis) is challenged by additional analysis. After researching the default of commercial loans during the financial crisis, Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders reported (in December 2010): "We find limited evidence that substantial deterioration in CMBS [commercial mortgage-backed securities] loan underwriting occurred prior to the crisis." Other analysts support the contention that the crisis in commercial real estate and related lending took place after the crisis in residential real estate. Business journalist Kimberly Amadeo reports: "The first signs of decline in residential real estate occurred in 2006. Three years later, commercial real estate started feeling the effects. Denice A. Gierach, a real estate attorney and CPA, wrote:
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024d03a2f9134d7fb53176ea5b8d2e6c
According to business journalist Kimberly Amadeo, when did the first signs of decline in real estate occur?
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{ "text": [ "2006" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 742 ], "end": [ 745 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 126 ], "end": [ 126 ] } ] }
[ "2006" ]