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SQuAD
In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness").
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024c6cc523e948709e72ca3100c9961b
Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?
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{ "text": [ "change" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 151 ], "end": [ 156 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 35 ] } ] }
[ "change" ]
SQuAD
In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness").
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a8c8ca05bfba4712a0dbe06169b5bf60
What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?
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[ "quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\"" ]
SQuAD
In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness").
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d40599a3d1c64842995365756f4398db
What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?
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{ "text": [ "society" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 692 ], "end": [ 698 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 133 ], "end": [ 133 ] } ] }
[ "society" ]
SQuAD
In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness").
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b179fcfc29e14b27b5a1d28a9e3a385d
Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?
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{ "text": [ "continuum of overlapping events" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 425 ], "end": [ 455 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 86 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ] }
[ "continuum of overlapping events" ]
SQuAD
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.
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6a5ae696bbb2438981a4b6ba06671a2c
How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?
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{ "text": [ "Over 100" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 222 ], "end": [ 229 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 35 ] } ] }
[ "Over 100" ]
SQuAD
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.
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764706734a594c6eb17924b9600090e3
Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?
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{ "text": [ "Bear Stearns" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 314 ], "end": [ 325 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "Bear Stearns" ]
SQuAD
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.
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fe8658047af04b00925c49594b9bae65
When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?
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{ "text": [ "September and October 2008" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 451 ], "end": [ 476 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 75 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }
[ "September and October 2008" ]
SQuAD
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.
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9df88a8a041f4d1fa68d10a9bfda16ed
When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman?
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{ "text": [ "Oct. 6, 2008" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 713 ], "end": [ 724 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 123 ], "end": [ 126 ] } ] }
[ "Oct. 6, 2008" ]
SQuAD
Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.
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da76cae095e546c98a87761c292199fc
What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?
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{ "text": [ "Lehman Brothers" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 745 ], "end": [ 759 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 131 ], "end": [ 132 ] } ] }
[ "Lehman Brothers" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":
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52b006da1ebe4a688269c2fe7c98f5da
What was Whitehead's description of God?
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{ "text": [ "\"the brief Galilean vision of humility\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 520 ], "end": [ 558 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 90 ], "end": [ 97 ] } ] }
[ "\"the brief Galilean vision of humility\"" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":
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f5e94d31377b4dedaa33d20043235f96
What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?
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{ "text": [ "\"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 160 ], "end": [ 238 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "\"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\"" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":
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a6c7fb1756624a3f8ac29e55e9bb46ac
What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?
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{ "text": [ "primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 303 ], "end": [ 404 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ] }
[ "primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power" ]
SQuAD
Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").
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914714fc70e74b79879c53ca821f5479
What is the origin of the word "prehension"?
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{ "text": [ "comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning \"to seize.\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 228 ], "end": [ 278 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning \"to seize.\"" ]
SQuAD
Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").
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438308d274764e05a269ab59be80cc22
What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?
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{ "text": [ "the mind only has private ideas about other entities" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 519 ], "end": [ 570 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 99 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ] }
[ "the mind only has private ideas about other entities" ]
SQuAD
Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").
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c8f0bd5e4e1e42e1981987b95f393310
What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?
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{ "text": [ "prehension" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 209 ], "end": [ 218 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "prehension" ]
SQuAD
Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").
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1f1e4509eff04be4946936fa4c29d42c
What language does the term "prehensio" come from?
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{ "text": [ "Latin" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 243 ], "end": [ 247 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "Latin" ]
SQuAD
Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").
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6fb09fbd653249f4bbf06529bcf7611a
What does the word "Prehensio" translate into?
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{ "text": [ "to seize" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 269 ], "end": [ 276 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ] }
[ "to seize" ]
SQuAD
Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").
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2dedb0db31b24ea188c5186050ea276e
What entities does the term prehension apply to?
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{ "text": [ "conscious or unconscious" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 343 ], "end": [ 366 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "conscious or unconscious" ]
SQuAD
Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").
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3824818aa13c4498992f8ebd41b16e68
How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?
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[ "two" ]
SQuAD
Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").
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8af07f985e25468d93a6e578aef13fc7
What is prehension used to define?
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{ "text": [ "a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 310 ], "end": [ 407 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }
[ "a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons" ]
SQuAD
Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").
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6d00dca896564878bcabf53b133aedbc
What does the term "prehension" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?
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{ "text": [ "entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 718 ], "end": [ 815 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 135 ], "end": [ 149 ] } ] }
[ "entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them" ]
SQuAD
Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").
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a5a9e2999121403da29d36acd6459c00
What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception?
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{ "text": [ "causal efficacy (or \"physical prehension\") and presentational immediacy (or \"conceptual prehension\")" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 883 ], "end": [ 982 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 162 ], "end": [ 180 ] } ] }
[ "causal efficacy (or \"physical prehension\") and presentational immediacy (or \"conceptual prehension\")" ]
SQuAD
In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:
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5f7f4ff50790490cac99c5c214eb7a58
Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008?
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{ "text": [ "Timothy Geithner" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 78 ], "end": [ 93 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "Timothy Geithner" ]
SQuAD
In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:
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5667ac796ea74a0bb10185f4a885e6b3
What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary?
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{ "text": [ "2009" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 102 ], "end": [ 105 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "2009" ]
SQuAD
In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:
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22605a73806348e4b0b70070395fed0e
In a June 2008 speech, Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system?
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{ "text": [ "\"parallel\" banking system" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 248 ], "end": [ 272 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 53 ] } ] }
[ "\"parallel\" banking system" ]
SQuAD
In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:
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16299f6fd16540979bcbf89e5a4d6043
What is the "parallel" banking system also called?
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{ "text": [ "shadow banking system" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 291 ], "end": [ 311 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 58 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "shadow banking system" ]
SQuAD
In a June 2008 speech, President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank Timothy Geithner—who in 2009 became Secretary of the United States Treasury—placed significant blame for the freezing of credit markets on a "run" on the entities in the "parallel" banking system, also called the shadow banking system. These entities became critical to the credit markets underpinning the financial system, but were not subject to the same regulatory controls. Further, these entities were vulnerable because of maturity mismatch, meaning that they borrowed short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term, illiquid and risky assets. This meant that disruptions in credit markets would make them subject to rapid deleveraging, selling their long-term assets at depressed prices. He described the significance of these entities:
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470cab7750954563a098221e276aa7bb
What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets?
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{ "text": [ "maturity mismatch" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 507 ], "end": [ 523 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 94 ] } ] }
[ "maturity mismatch" ]
SQuAD
The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007. "The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand." With a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico.
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c5e28e87e18d48679e100b9fd36d2e8b
According to The Brookings Institution report in June 2009, how much growth did U.S. consumption account for between 2000 and 2007?
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[ "more than a third" ]
SQuAD
The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007. "The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand." With a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico.
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43ba0d384e5b4a1fa62f8fd740d48658
For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Germany?
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{ "text": [ "14.4%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 525 ], "end": [ 529 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 99 ], "end": [ 100 ] } ] }
[ "14.4%" ]
SQuAD
The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007. "The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand." With a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico.
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9d7e684e08e645cdb9f1aff9ef1aa3f8
For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Mexico?
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{ "text": [ "21.5%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 616 ], "end": [ 620 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 127 ], "end": [ 128 ] } ] }
[ "21.5%" ]
SQuAD
The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007. "The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand." With a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico.
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fd49792141ea483197f03a4955409117
Who depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand?
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{ "text": [ "the rest of the world" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 241 ], "end": [ 261 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }
[ "the rest of the world" ]
SQuAD
The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007. "The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand." With a recession in the U.S. and the increased savings rate of U.S. consumers, declines in growth elsewhere have been dramatic. For the first quarter of 2009, the annualized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 18% in Latvia, 9.8% in the Euro area and 21.5% for Mexico.
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7342bfaa8d52488db3cd5ee2c28ca926
What is one reason for the decline in growth around the world in 2009?
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{ "text": [ "recession in the U.S." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 331 ], "end": [ 351 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "recession in the U.S." ]
SQuAD
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.
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e809c3771a4b4af193f6f381c8c147f0
What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?
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{ "text": [ "IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 108 ], "end": [ 132 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB" ]
SQuAD
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.
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40c6fb3566a94bed95005de178e4d99f
What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?
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{ "text": [ "US$100,000" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 599 ], "end": [ 608 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 112 ], "end": [ 113 ] } ] }
[ "US$100,000" ]
SQuAD
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.
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d0fc00dce3534c598a45f2f719d87c8d
How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?
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{ "text": [ "roughly 10,000 depositors" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 662 ], "end": [ 686 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 124 ], "end": [ 126 ] } ] }
[ "roughly 10,000 depositors" ]
SQuAD
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.
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bd994c4c297646f3b7bc1cdb7ced6b51
On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?
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{ "text": [ "July 11, 2008" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }
[ "July 11, 2008" ]
SQuAD
On July 11, 2008, citing liquidity concerns, the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship. A bridge bank, IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, was established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, its secured liabilities, and its insured deposit accounts. The FDIC announced plans to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB on July 14, 2008. Until then, depositors would have access their insured deposits through ATMs, their existing checks, and their existing debit cards. Telephone and Internet account access was restored when the bank reopened. The FDIC guarantees the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000, and has declared a special advance dividend to the roughly 10,000 depositors with funds in excess of the insured amount, guaranteeing 50% of any amounts in excess of $100,000. Yet, even with the pending sale of Indymac to IMB Management Holdings, an estimated 10,000 uninsured depositors of Indymac are still at a loss of over $270 million.
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3b68abbb15654f7699f47144d9d9a994
On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?
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{ "text": [ "July 14, 2008" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 316 ], "end": [ 328 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ] }
[ "July 14, 2008" ]
SQuAD
By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%.
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06e1fece777847aeb8b66684fd82c887
How much had average U.S. housing prices declined by September 2008?
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{ "text": [ "over 20%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "over 20%" ]
SQuAD
By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%.
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1bfa79172fb740b2904e3fbf4d12f5a5
When was the peak of U.S. housing prices?
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{ "text": [ "mid-2006" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "mid-2006" ]
SQuAD
By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%.
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affc3f02cc0e4200830bb604fa69418f
How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in 2007?
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{ "text": [ "nearly 1.3 million" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 322 ], "end": [ 339 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ] }
[ "nearly 1.3 million" ]
SQuAD
By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%.
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1d08909a686e444e9f144948840788f2
What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008?
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{ "text": [ "81%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 421 ], "end": [ 423 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 77 ] } ] }
[ "81%" ]
SQuAD
By September 2008, average U.S. housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. As prices declined, borrowers with adjustable-rate mortgages could not refinance to avoid the higher payments associated with rising interest rates and began to default. During 2007, lenders began foreclosure proceedings on nearly 1.3 million properties, a 79% increase over 2006. This increased to 2.3 million in 2008, an 81% increase vs. 2007. By August 2008, 9.2% of all U.S. mortgages outstanding were either delinquent or in foreclosure. By September 2009, this had risen to 14.4%.
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24cb6328bce24e50a53d9575c1e7e23c
How many U.S. mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by September 2009?
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[ "14.4%" ]
SQuAD
From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings for AAA securities. The shift from first-loss tranches to AAA tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, about 30% of USA nominal GDP for 2007. Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated, Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire-sale prices, and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks, subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation. With the exception of Lehman, these companies required or received government support. Lehman reported that it had been in talks with Bank of America and Barclays for the company's possible sale. However, both Barclays and Bank of America ultimately declined to purchase the entire company.
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5cb6736d569b4cb497b47130d49d6bad
How many U.S. investment banks significantly increased their financial leverage from 2004 to 2007?
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{ "text": [ "five" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "five" ]
SQuAD
From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings for AAA securities. The shift from first-loss tranches to AAA tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, about 30% of USA nominal GDP for 2007. Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated, Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire-sale prices, and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks, subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation. With the exception of Lehman, these companies required or received government support. Lehman reported that it had been in talks with Bank of America and Barclays for the company's possible sale. However, both Barclays and Bank of America ultimately declined to purchase the entire company.
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82e56acc1c3046edb597ce5ce2607017
U.S. investment banks Increased their financial leverage and also increased their vulnerability to what?
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{ "text": [ "financial shock" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 164 ], "end": [ 178 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "financial shock" ]
SQuAD
From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings for AAA securities. The shift from first-loss tranches to AAA tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, about 30% of USA nominal GDP for 2007. Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated, Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire-sale prices, and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks, subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation. With the exception of Lehman, these companies required or received government support. Lehman reported that it had been in talks with Bank of America and Barclays for the company's possible sale. However, both Barclays and Bank of America ultimately declined to purchase the entire company.
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14f47b6dd92e41b89c0d6668f44fb005
Changes in what intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts?
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{ "text": [ "capital requirements" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 192 ], "end": [ 211 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "capital requirements" ]
SQuAD
From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings for AAA securities. The shift from first-loss tranches to AAA tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, about 30% of USA nominal GDP for 2007. Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated, Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire-sale prices, and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks, subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation. With the exception of Lehman, these companies required or received government support. Lehman reported that it had been in talks with Bank of America and Barclays for the company's possible sale. However, both Barclays and Bank of America ultimately declined to purchase the entire company.
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b45e4593e3a24cfba21a670fbc9b689b
How much debt did the top five U.S. investment banks report in fiscal year 2007?
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{ "text": [ "over $4.1 trillion" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 503 ], "end": [ 520 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ] }
[ "over $4.1 trillion" ]
SQuAD
From 2004 to 2007, the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage (see diagram), which increased their vulnerability to a financial shock. Changes in capital requirements, intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts, allowed lower risk weightings for AAA securities. The shift from first-loss tranches to AAA tranches was seen by regulators as a risk reduction that compensated the higher leverage. These five institutions reported over $4.1 trillion in debt for fiscal year 2007, about 30% of USA nominal GDP for 2007. Lehman Brothers went bankrupt and was liquidated, Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch were sold at fire-sale prices, and Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley became commercial banks, subjecting themselves to more stringent regulation. With the exception of Lehman, these companies required or received government support. Lehman reported that it had been in talks with Bank of America and Barclays for the company's possible sale. However, both Barclays and Bank of America ultimately declined to purchase the entire company.
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97cb3c650cc04236ba6a92a2d05de1fe
What financial institution went bankrupt and was liquidated in 2007?
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{ "text": [ "Lehman Brothers" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 591 ], "end": [ 605 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 104 ], "end": [ 105 ] } ] }
[ "Lehman Brothers" ]
SQuAD
In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: "There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007... While many banks are obviously at the brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth.
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68155f0d579b4a5ab4cc76b92dbdef89
According to economist Dean Baker, a homeowner who has no equity if this type default risk?
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{ "text": [ "serious" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 584 ], "end": [ 590 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 113 ], "end": [ 113 ] } ] }
[ "serious" ]
SQuAD
In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: "There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007... While many banks are obviously at the brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth.
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df5520fb6a2a407ab9c3db83d0084cb6
What is one of the major problems with the economy in November 2008?
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{ "text": [ "loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 985 ], "end": [ 1030 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 185 ], "end": [ 194 ] } ] }
[ "loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth" ]
SQuAD
In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: "There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007... While many banks are obviously at the brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth.
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fe50203677ba4ced84854f109af9e441
How many homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago, have little no equity as of November 2008?
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{ "text": [ "Tens of millions" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 100 ], "end": [ 115 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "Tens of millions" ]
SQuAD
In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: "There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007... While many banks are obviously at the brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth.
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4efdd75d93d34721837ecb6b3d72f955
What does the creditworthiness of businesses depend on?
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{ "text": [ "future profits" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 673 ], "end": [ 686 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 128 ], "end": [ 129 ] } ] }
[ "future profits" ]
SQuAD
In November 2008, economist Dean Baker observed: "There is a really good reason for tighter credit. Tens of millions of homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago have little or nothing today. Businesses are facing the worst downturn since the Great Depression. This matters for credit decisions. A homeowner with equity in her home is very unlikely to default on a car loan or credit card debt. They will draw on this equity rather than lose their car and/or have a default placed on their credit record. On the other hand, a homeowner who has no equity is a serious default risk. In the case of businesses, their creditworthiness depends on their future profits. Profit prospects look much worse in November 2008 than they did in November 2007... While many banks are obviously at the brink, consumers and businesses would be facing a much harder time getting credit right now even if the financial system were rock solid. The problem with the economy is the loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth and an even larger amount of stock wealth.
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03d9a7301a834c24be4f1e561f5a499b
How did profit prospects for businesses look in November 2008 compared to November 2007?
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{ "text": [ "much worse" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 711 ], "end": [ 720 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 134 ], "end": [ 135 ] } ] }
[ "much worse" ]
SQuAD
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.
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467e1aa2150a471baa0c9d54cfc9f8f2
The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?
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{ "text": [ "money market funds" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 105 ], "end": [ 122 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }
[ "money market funds" ]
SQuAD
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.
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8460c5fff1b54c009b52000ffd17cbf7
What do money market funds frequently invest in?
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{ "text": [ "commercial paper issued by corporations" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 152 ], "end": [ 190 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "commercial paper issued by corporations" ]
SQuAD
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.
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1219c4d38fad404fbd9f65952a325788
When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?
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{ "text": [ "September 2008" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "September 2008" ]
SQuAD
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.
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dcbddc3b33e84f27965813e16b966a08
How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?
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{ "text": [ "$144.5 billion" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 266 ], "end": [ 279 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }
[ "$144.5 billion" ]
SQuAD
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.
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87eb5a39f2674150a02ca94117dc22ad
What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?
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{ "text": [ "4.65%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 822 ], "end": [ 826 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 147 ], "end": [ 148 ] } ] }
[ "4.65%" ]
SQuAD
European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn’t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments (see European sovereign-debt crisis) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution.
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17bf4a7b42e449e2be9f21c3bd2c94b8
Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address which problem?
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{ "text": [ "faulty risk-weightings" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 292 ], "end": [ 313 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "faulty risk-weightings" ]
SQuAD
European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn’t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments (see European sovereign-debt crisis) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution.
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89b3fa25229b423f80efc6b93ca448a2
What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral?
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{ "text": [ "financial engineering" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 370 ], "end": [ 390 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }
[ "financial engineering" ]
SQuAD
European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn’t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments (see European sovereign-debt crisis) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution.
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What did European regulators introduce to increase the oversight of banks?
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{ "text": [ "Basel III regulations" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "Basel III regulations" ]
SQuAD
European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn’t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments (see European sovereign-debt crisis) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution.
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Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments?
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{ "text": [ "Johan Norberg" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 643 ], "end": [ 655 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 117 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ] }
[ "Johan Norberg" ]
SQuAD
European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn’t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments (see European sovereign-debt crisis) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution.
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bfd9a84cfb594d5a9d477754e7f69997
What was increased by Basel III regulations?
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{ "text": [ "capital ratios" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "capital ratios" ]
SQuAD
The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama declared on January 27, 2010, "the markets are now stabilized, and we've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks."
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When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end?
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{ "text": [ "June 2009" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "June 2009" ]
SQuAD
The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama declared on January 27, 2010, "the markets are now stabilized, and we've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks."
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797751d7ad8841d1834b50da62bae0a7
When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?
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{ "text": [ "June 2009" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "June 2009" ]
SQuAD
The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama declared on January 27, 2010, "the markets are now stabilized, and we've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks."
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52ce085ef24847fdb7e1741f0d83d31f
When does the United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission date the crisis to?
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{ "text": [ "2008" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 370 ], "end": [ 373 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 69 ], "end": [ 69 ] } ] }
[ "2008" ]
SQuAD
The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama declared on January 27, 2010, "the markets are now stabilized, and we've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks."
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c431a314afee4366bc30239fb869c4f5
What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over?
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{ "text": [ "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 239 ], "end": [ 294 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ] }
[ "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\"" ]
SQuAD
The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama declared on January 27, 2010, "the markets are now stabilized, and we've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks."
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35a72b49af6b4793b897ebadb69ab9d7
On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized?
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{ "text": [ "January 27, 2010" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 411 ], "end": [ 426 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 79 ] } ] }
[ "January 27, 2010" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
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9c1ed9c2760a4e4f93e6e809d30bae42
What observation did Whitehead make about life?
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{ "text": [ "\"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 98 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "\"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\"" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
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b48777830234497abed251972ea4c74f
What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?
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{ "text": [ "they are actively engaged in modifying their environment" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 462 ], "end": [ 517 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 88 ], "end": [ 95 ] } ] }
[ "they are actively engaged in modifying their environment" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
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5564889a02d64b3f8f9a5bffa3442c4d
What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?
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{ "text": [ "living, living well, and living better" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 593 ], "end": [ 630 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 111 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ] }
[ "living, living well, and living better" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
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01d1bee2b54942a0bcfc41bcdef7f673
What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?
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{ "text": [ "increasing its own satisfaction" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 703 ], "end": [ 733 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 133 ], "end": [ 136 ] } ] }
[ "increasing its own satisfaction" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
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5b8688f1240a429ba5a465d69e5bb925
Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?
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{ "text": [ "survival value" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 96 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "survival value" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
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b24dcce8af7b43b28fbf12c428144290
What are higher life forms actively engaged in?
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{ "text": [ "modifying their environment" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 491 ], "end": [ 517 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 95 ] } ] }
[ "modifying their environment" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
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344c2aeb88764267ae36e8748043f2de
How many goals of living is there?
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{ "text": [ "three" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 574 ], "end": [ 578 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ] }
[ "three" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
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2faf5e28f24244449d01ee68d4549e11
Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?
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{ "text": [ "increasing its own satisfaction" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 703 ], "end": [ 733 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 133 ], "end": [ 136 ] } ] }
[ "increasing its own satisfaction" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
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afd2618af4654ac595c64345c60a4825
Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?
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{ "text": [ "unintelligible" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 793 ], "end": [ 806 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 151 ], "end": [ 151 ] } ] }
[ "unintelligible" ]
SQuAD
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.
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7ea8d9e7111748bdb6fe999f2d2d4282
What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?
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[ "\"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\"" ]
SQuAD
The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became riskier to speculate in housing. U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst.
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28f7d96de684416caab33cb3384fd5bf
When did the Fed begin raising Fed funds rate significantly?
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{ "text": [ "July 2004" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 69 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "July 2004" ]
SQuAD
The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became riskier to speculate in housing. U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst.
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3c0b317739224caa931367c5ade421e5
What does ARM stand for:
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{ "text": [ "adjustable-rate mortgage" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 162 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "adjustable-rate mortgage" ]
SQuAD
The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became riskier to speculate in housing. U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst.
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11238ab133ed4c77a59b9b789a2cca73
How do asset prices generally move in relation to interest rates?
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{ "text": [ "inversely" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 342 ], "end": [ 350 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ] }
[ "inversely" ]
SQuAD
The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became riskier to speculate in housing. U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst.
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808697769a1a42338c9d93c49748add2
Beginning in July 2004, what did the Fed do to make ARM rates more expensive for homeowners?
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{ "text": [ "raised the Fed funds rate" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "raised the Fed funds rate" ]
SQuAD
The Fed then raised the Fed funds rate significantly between July 2004 and July 2006. This contributed to an increase in 1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) rates, making ARM interest rate resets more expensive for homeowners. This may have also contributed to the deflating of the housing bubble, as asset prices generally move inversely to interest rates, and it became riskier to speculate in housing. U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst.
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1a05e06752c948a7be0f372a8a3a248a
How did U.S. housing and financial assets react to the housing bubble burst?
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{ "text": [ "dramatically declined in value" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 452 ], "end": [ 481 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 81 ], "end": [ 84 ] } ] }
[ "dramatically declined in value" ]
SQuAD
Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.
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8c6ad44d99984a9dbc8815b31a4fdf9b
Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis?
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{ "text": [ "\"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 81 ], "end": [ 117 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "\"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies" ]
SQuAD
Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.
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43c45a942c1a4962b680f9f0e846303e
How much global GDP did emerging and developing economies account for from 2007 to 2014?
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{ "text": [ "69%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 342 ], "end": [ 344 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "69%" ]
SQuAD
Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.
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279d8fbed0634b22a07fe2525ad99ab4
What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?
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{ "text": [ "global economic growth" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "global economic growth" ]
SQuAD
Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.
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1eaa43889e784a8c987c0d7c1d92a022
How much global GDP did "advanced" economies account for from 2007 to 2014?
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{ "text": [ "31%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 270 ], "end": [ 272 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "31%" ]
SQuAD
Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.
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679c68df0df944dfaa53bca2b72df8d8
What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis?
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[ "Advanced economies" ]
SQuAD
The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States—decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period.
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15650e54989e4c308fb4d8f71fb181ef
What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009?
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{ "text": [ "10.1%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 279 ], "end": [ 283 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "10.1%" ]
SQuAD
The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States—decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period.
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2ee9a85d142642febd874b6341b17751
What was the average hours per work week in October 2009?
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{ "text": [ "33" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 413 ], "end": [ 414 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 81 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ] }
[ "33" ]
SQuAD
The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States—decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period.
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a80217e8a8bc4bd1b1745b6f6afda1f6
What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009?
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{ "text": [ "6%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 138 ], "end": [ 139 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "6%" ]
SQuAD
The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States—decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period.
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1ed5bc40dab64e03ab5526f26e9430b0
The U.E. employment rate was 10.2% in October 2009, which was the highest rate since what year?
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{ "text": [ "1983" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 325 ], "end": [ 328 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 63 ] } ] }
[ "1983" ]
SQuAD
The output of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States—decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago periods. The U.S. unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. With the decline of gross domestic product came the decline in innovation. With fewer resources to risk in creative destruction, the number of patent applications flat-lined. Compared to the previous 5 years of exponential increases in patent application, this stagnation correlates to the similar drop in GDP during the same time period.
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7b26ce6a0b8b430ab039ba0bce149e9f
The decline of gross domestic product also caused a decline in innovation, evidenced by the flat-lining of what?
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{ "text": [ "patent applications" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 633 ], "end": [ 651 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 121 ], "end": [ 122 ] } ] }
[ "patent applications" ]
SQuAD
The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers.
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c1e9e520947749f69d09b2c985cadbe8
What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?
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{ "text": [ "Arab World" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "Arab World" ]
SQuAD
The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers.
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03d60bad757141338327f7307abdaf94
What does the abbreviation FDI stand for?
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{ "text": [ "Foreign Direct Investment" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 291 ], "end": [ 315 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 51 ] } ] }
[ "Foreign Direct Investment" ]
SQuAD
The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers.
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6dce5f97e0f04693be48c54158875fc4
Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this?
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{ "text": [ "global downturn" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 596 ], "end": [ 610 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ] }
[ "global downturn" ]
SQuAD
The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers.
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5bc1880d3e514cc3bfe382dc05560ffe
What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis?
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{ "text": [ "lower oil prices" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 688 ], "end": [ 703 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 123 ], "end": [ 125 ] } ] }
[ "lower oil prices" ]
SQuAD
The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers.
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91517e86728f440895839a56ac832da1
What is the single most important determinant of economic performance?
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[ "oil prices" ]
SQuAD
Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
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1aa929d4bdd94826847c4dc6e206abe9
What is Mary Parker Follett known for?
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[ "pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior" ]
SQuAD
Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
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What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?
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{ "text": [ "ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 265 ], "end": [ 421 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 71 ] } ] }
[ "ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\"" ]
SQuAD
Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
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What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?
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{ "text": [ "Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 492 ], "end": [ 563 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 84 ], "end": [ 92 ] } ] }
[ "Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration" ]