Datasets:

---

mrqa-workshop

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Machine Reading for Question Answering Workshop 2

{ "tokens": [ "In", "empirical", "therapy", ",", "a", "patient", "has", "proven", "or", "suspected", "infection", ",", "but", "the", "responsible", "microorganism", "is", "not", "yet", "unidentified", ".", "While", "the", "microorgainsim", "is", "being", "identified", "the", "doctor", "will", "usually", "administer", "the", "best", "choice", "of", "antibiotic", "that", "will", "be", "most", "active", "against", "the", "likely", "cause", "of", "infection", "usually", "a", "broad", "spectrum", "antibiotic", ".", "Empirical", "therapy", "is", "usually", "initiated", "before", "the", "doctor", "knows", "the", "exact", "identification", "of", "microorgansim", "causing", "the", "infection", "as", "the", "identification", "process", "make", "take", "several", "days", "in", "the", "laboratory", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 13, 20, 22, 24, 32, 36, 43, 46, 56, 65, 67, 71, 75, 87, 101, 104, 108, 112, 124, 126, 132, 136, 151, 154, 160, 171, 175, 182, 187, 195, 206, 210, 215, 222, 225, 236, 241, 246, 249, 254, 261, 269, 273, 280, 286, 289, 299, 307, 309, 315, 324, 334, 336, 346, 354, 357, 365, 375, 382, 386, 393, 399, 403, 409, 424, 427, 441, 449, 453, 463, 466, 470, 485, 493, 498, 503, 511, 516, 519, 523, 533 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "happens", "when", "a", "doctor", "does", "n't", "know", "the", "microorganism", "yet", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 13, 18, 20, 27, 31, 35, 40, 44, 58, 61 ] }

{ "text": [ "broad spectrum antibiotic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 309 ], "end": [ 333 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 50 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ] }

[ "broad spectrum antibiotic" ]

{ "tokens": [ "In", "empirical", "therapy", ",", "a", "patient", "has", "proven", "or", "suspected", "infection", ",", "but", "the", "responsible", "microorganism", "is", "not", "yet", "unidentified", ".", "While", "the", "microorgainsim", "is", "being", "identified", "the", "doctor", "will", "usually", "administer", "the", "best", "choice", "of", "antibiotic", "that", "will", "be", "most", "active", "against", "the", "likely", "cause", "of", "infection", "usually", "a", "broad", "spectrum", "antibiotic", ".", "Empirical", "therapy", "is", "usually", "initiated", "before", "the", "doctor", "knows", "the", "exact", "identification", "of", "microorgansim", "causing", "the", "infection", "as", "the", "identification", "process", "make", "take", "several", "days", "in", "the", "laboratory", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 13, 20, 22, 24, 32, 36, 43, 46, 56, 65, 67, 71, 75, 87, 101, 104, 108, 112, 124, 126, 132, 136, 151, 154, 160, 171, 175, 182, 187, 195, 206, 210, 215, 222, 225, 236, 241, 246, 249, 254, 261, 269, 273, 280, 286, 289, 299, 307, 309, 315, 324, 334, 336, 346, 354, 357, 365, 375, 382, 386, 393, 399, 403, 409, 424, 427, 441, 449, 453, 463, 466, 470, 485, 493, 498, 503, 511, 516, 519, 523, 533 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "happens", "in", "empirical", "therapy", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 13, 16, 26, 33 ] }

{ "text": [ "a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 123 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }

[ "a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified" ]

{ "tokens": [ "In", "empirical", "therapy", ",", "a", "patient", "has", "proven", "or", "suspected", "infection", ",", "but", "the", "responsible", "microorganism", "is", "not", "yet", "unidentified", ".", "While", "the", "microorgainsim", "is", "being", "identified", "the", "doctor", "will", "usually", "administer", "the", "best", "choice", "of", "antibiotic", "that", "will", "be", "most", "active", "against", "the", "likely", "cause", "of", "infection", "usually", "a", "broad", "spectrum", "antibiotic", ".", "Empirical", "therapy", "is", "usually", "initiated", "before", "the", "doctor", "knows", "the", "exact", "identification", "of", "microorgansim", "causing", "the", "infection", "as", "the", "identification", "process", "make", "take", "several", "days", "in", "the", "laboratory", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 3, 13, 20, 22, 24, 32, 36, 43, 46, 56, 65, 67, 71, 75, 87, 101, 104, 108, 112, 124, 126, 132, 136, 151, 154, 160, 171, 175, 182, 187, 195, 206, 210, 215, 222, 225, 236, 241, 246, 249, 254, 261, 269, 273, 280, 286, 289, 299, 307, 309, 315, 324, 334, 336, 346, 354, 357, 365, 375, 382, 386, 393, 399, 403, 409, 424, 427, 441, 449, 453, 463, 466, 470, 485, 493, 498, 503, 511, 516, 519, 523, 533 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "When", "is", "empirical", "started", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 8, 18, 25 ] }

{ "text": [ "before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 375 ], "end": [ 439 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }

[ "before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "advances", "in", "medicinal", "chemistry", ",", "most", "modern", "antibacterials", "are", "semisynthetic", "modifications", "of", "various", "natural", "compounds", ".", "These", "include", ",", "for", "example", ",", "the", "beta", "-", "lactam", "antibiotics", ",", "which", "include", "the", "penicillins", "(", "produced", "by", "fungi", "in", "the", "genus", "Penicillium", ")", ",", "the", "cephalosporins", ",", "and", "the", "carbapenems", ".", "Compounds", "that", "are", "still", "isolated", "from", "living", "organisms", "are", "the", "aminoglycosides", ",", "whereas", "other", "antibacterials", "—", "for", "example", ",", "the", "sulfonamides", ",", "the", "quinolones", ",", "and", "the", "oxazolidinones", "—", "are", "produced", "solely", "by", "chemical", "synthesis", ".", "Many", "antibacterial", "compounds", "are", "relatively", "small", "molecules", "with", "a", "molecular", "weight", "of", "less", "than", "2000", "atomic", "mass", "units.[citation", "needed", "]" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 14, 17, 27, 36, 38, 43, 50, 65, 69, 83, 97, 100, 108, 116, 125, 127, 133, 140, 142, 146, 153, 155, 159, 163, 164, 171, 182, 184, 190, 198, 202, 214, 215, 224, 227, 233, 236, 240, 246, 257, 258, 260, 264, 278, 280, 284, 288, 299, 301, 311, 316, 320, 326, 335, 340, 347, 357, 361, 365, 380, 382, 390, 396, 410, 411, 415, 422, 424, 428, 440, 442, 446, 456, 458, 462, 466, 480, 481, 485, 494, 501, 504, 513, 522, 524, 529, 543, 553, 557, 568, 574, 584, 589, 591, 601, 608, 611, 616, 621, 626, 633, 638, 654, 660 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "are", "antibiotics", "in", "chemical", "terms", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 21, 24, 33, 38 ] }

{ "text": [ "semisynthetic modifications" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 69 ], "end": [ 95 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }

[ "semisynthetic modifications" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "advances", "in", "medicinal", "chemistry", ",", "most", "modern", "antibacterials", "are", "semisynthetic", "modifications", "of", "various", "natural", "compounds", ".", "These", "include", ",", "for", "example", ",", "the", "beta", "-", "lactam", "antibiotics", ",", "which", "include", "the", "penicillins", "(", "produced", "by", "fungi", "in", "the", "genus", "Penicillium", ")", ",", "the", "cephalosporins", ",", "and", "the", "carbapenems", ".", "Compounds", "that", "are", "still", "isolated", "from", "living", "organisms", "are", "the", "aminoglycosides", ",", "whereas", "other", "antibacterials", "—", "for", "example", ",", "the", "sulfonamides", ",", "the", "quinolones", ",", "and", "the", "oxazolidinones", "—", "are", "produced", "solely", "by", "chemical", "synthesis", ".", "Many", "antibacterial", "compounds", "are", "relatively", "small", "molecules", "with", "a", "molecular", "weight", "of", "less", "than", "2000", "atomic", "mass", "units.[citation", "needed", "]" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 14, 17, 27, 36, 38, 43, 50, 65, 69, 83, 97, 100, 108, 116, 125, 127, 133, 140, 142, 146, 153, 155, 159, 163, 164, 171, 182, 184, 190, 198, 202, 214, 215, 224, 227, 233, 236, 240, 246, 257, 258, 260, 264, 278, 280, 284, 288, 299, 301, 311, 316, 320, 326, 335, 340, 347, 357, 361, 365, 380, 382, 390, 396, 410, 411, 415, 422, 424, 428, 440, 442, 446, 456, 458, 462, 466, 480, 481, 485, 494, 501, 504, 513, 522, 524, 529, 543, 553, 557, 568, 574, 584, 589, 591, 601, 608, 611, 616, 621, 626, 633, 638, 654, 660 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "type", "of", "antibiotics", "include", "penicilin", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 13, 25, 33, 42 ] }

{ "text": [ "beta-lactam antibiotics" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 159 ], "end": [ 181 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }

[ "beta-lactam antibiotics" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "advances", "in", "medicinal", "chemistry", ",", "most", "modern", "antibacterials", "are", "semisynthetic", "modifications", "of", "various", "natural", "compounds", ".", "These", "include", ",", "for", "example", ",", "the", "beta", "-", "lactam", "antibiotics", ",", "which", "include", "the", "penicillins", "(", "produced", "by", "fungi", "in", "the", "genus", "Penicillium", ")", ",", "the", "cephalosporins", ",", "and", "the", "carbapenems", ".", "Compounds", "that", "are", "still", "isolated", "from", "living", "organisms", "are", "the", "aminoglycosides", ",", "whereas", "other", "antibacterials", "—", "for", "example", ",", "the", "sulfonamides", ",", "the", "quinolones", ",", "and", "the", "oxazolidinones", "—", "are", "produced", "solely", "by", "chemical", "synthesis", ".", "Many", "antibacterial", "compounds", "are", "relatively", "small", "molecules", "with", "a", "molecular", "weight", "of", "less", "than", "2000", "atomic", "mass", "units.[citation", "needed", "]" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 14, 17, 27, 36, 38, 43, 50, 65, 69, 83, 97, 100, 108, 116, 125, 127, 133, 140, 142, 146, 153, 155, 159, 163, 164, 171, 182, 184, 190, 198, 202, 214, 215, 224, 227, 233, 236, 240, 246, 257, 258, 260, 264, 278, 280, 284, 288, 299, 301, 311, 316, 320, 326, 335, 340, 347, 357, 361, 365, 380, 382, 390, 396, 410, 411, 415, 422, 424, 428, 440, 442, 446, 456, 458, 462, 466, 480, 481, 485, 494, 501, 504, 513, 522, 524, 529, 543, 553, 557, 568, 574, 584, 589, 591, 601, 608, 611, 616, 621, 626, 633, 638, 654, 660 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "are", "the", "type", "of", "antibiotics", "which", "are", "taken", "from", "still", "living", "things", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 18, 21, 33, 39, 43, 49, 54, 60, 67, 73 ] }

{ "text": [ "aminoglycosides" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 365 ], "end": [ 379 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }

[ "aminoglycosides" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "advances", "in", "medicinal", "chemistry", ",", "most", "modern", "antibacterials", "are", "semisynthetic", "modifications", "of", "various", "natural", "compounds", ".", "These", "include", ",", "for", "example", ",", "the", "beta", "-", "lactam", "antibiotics", ",", "which", "include", "the", "penicillins", "(", "produced", "by", "fungi", "in", "the", "genus", "Penicillium", ")", ",", "the", "cephalosporins", ",", "and", "the", "carbapenems", ".", "Compounds", "that", "are", "still", "isolated", "from", "living", "organisms", "are", "the", "aminoglycosides", ",", "whereas", "other", "antibacterials", "—", "for", "example", ",", "the", "sulfonamides", ",", "the", "quinolones", ",", "and", "the", "oxazolidinones", "—", "are", "produced", "solely", "by", "chemical", "synthesis", ".", "Many", "antibacterial", "compounds", "are", "relatively", "small", "molecules", "with", "a", "molecular", "weight", "of", "less", "than", "2000", "atomic", "mass", "units.[citation", "needed", "]" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 14, 17, 27, 36, 38, 43, 50, 65, 69, 83, 97, 100, 108, 116, 125, 127, 133, 140, 142, 146, 153, 155, 159, 163, 164, 171, 182, 184, 190, 198, 202, 214, 215, 224, 227, 233, 236, 240, 246, 257, 258, 260, 264, 278, 280, 284, 288, 299, 301, 311, 316, 320, 326, 335, 340, 347, 357, 361, 365, 380, 382, 390, 396, 410, 411, 415, 422, 424, 428, 440, 442, 446, 456, 458, 462, 466, 480, 481, 485, 494, 501, 504, 513, 522, 524, 529, 543, 553, 557, 568, 574, 584, 589, 591, 601, 608, 611, 616, 621, 626, 633, 638, 654, 660 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "How", "are", "the", "slufonamides", ",", "quinolones", ",", "and", "oxazolidinones", "created", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 25, 35, 37, 41, 56, 63 ] }

{ "text": [ "synthesis" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 513 ], "end": [ 521 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 84 ], "end": [ 84 ] } ] }

[ "synthesis" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "advances", "in", "medicinal", "chemistry", ",", "most", "modern", "antibacterials", "are", "semisynthetic", "modifications", "of", "various", "natural", "compounds", ".", "These", "include", ",", "for", "example", ",", "the", "beta", "-", "lactam", "antibiotics", ",", "which", "include", "the", "penicillins", "(", "produced", "by", "fungi", "in", "the", "genus", "Penicillium", ")", ",", "the", "cephalosporins", ",", "and", "the", "carbapenems", ".", "Compounds", "that", "are", "still", "isolated", "from", "living", "organisms", "are", "the", "aminoglycosides", ",", "whereas", "other", "antibacterials", "—", "for", "example", ",", "the", "sulfonamides", ",", "the", "quinolones", ",", "and", "the", "oxazolidinones", "—", "are", "produced", "solely", "by", "chemical", "synthesis", ".", "Many", "antibacterial", "compounds", "are", "relatively", "small", "molecules", "with", "a", "molecular", "weight", "of", "less", "than", "2000", "atomic", "mass", "units.[citation", "needed", "]" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 14, 17, 27, 36, 38, 43, 50, 65, 69, 83, 97, 100, 108, 116, 125, 127, 133, 140, 142, 146, 153, 155, 159, 163, 164, 171, 182, 184, 190, 198, 202, 214, 215, 224, 227, 233, 236, 240, 246, 257, 258, 260, 264, 278, 280, 284, 288, 299, 301, 311, 316, 320, 326, 335, 340, 347, 357, 361, 365, 380, 382, 390, 396, 410, 411, 415, 422, 424, 428, 440, 442, 446, 456, 458, 462, 466, 480, 481, 485, 494, 501, 504, 513, 522, 524, 529, 543, 553, 557, 568, 574, 584, 589, 591, 601, 608, 611, 616, 621, 626, 633, 638, 654, 660 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "Besides", "semisytetic", "modifications", ",", "what", "advances", "in", "medicinal", "chemistry", "regarding", "antibacterials", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 8, 20, 33, 35, 40, 49, 52, 62, 72, 82, 96 ] }

{ "text": [ "various natural compounds" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 100 ], "end": [ 124 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }

[ "various natural compounds" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "advances", "in", "medicinal", "chemistry", ",", "most", "modern", "antibacterials", "are", "semisynthetic", "modifications", "of", "various", "natural", "compounds", ".", "These", "include", ",", "for", "example", ",", "the", "beta", "-", "lactam", "antibiotics", ",", "which", "include", "the", "penicillins", "(", "produced", "by", "fungi", "in", "the", "genus", "Penicillium", ")", ",", "the", "cephalosporins", ",", "and", "the", "carbapenems", ".", "Compounds", "that", "are", "still", "isolated", "from", "living", "organisms", "are", "the", "aminoglycosides", ",", "whereas", "other", "antibacterials", "—", "for", "example", ",", "the", "sulfonamides", ",", "the", "quinolones", ",", "and", "the", "oxazolidinones", "—", "are", "produced", "solely", "by", "chemical", "synthesis", ".", "Many", "antibacterial", "compounds", "are", "relatively", "small", "molecules", "with", "a", "molecular", "weight", "of", "less", "than", "2000", "atomic", "mass", "units.[citation", "needed", "]" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 14, 17, 27, 36, 38, 43, 50, 65, 69, 83, 97, 100, 108, 116, 125, 127, 133, 140, 142, 146, 153, 155, 159, 163, 164, 171, 182, 184, 190, 198, 202, 214, 215, 224, 227, 233, 236, 240, 246, 257, 258, 260, 264, 278, 280, 284, 288, 299, 301, 311, 316, 320, 326, 335, 340, 347, 357, 361, 365, 380, 382, 390, 396, 410, 411, 415, 422, 424, 428, 440, 442, 446, 456, 458, 462, 466, 480, 481, 485, 494, 501, 504, 513, 522, 524, 529, 543, 553, 557, 568, 574, 584, 589, 591, 601, 608, 611, 616, 621, 626, 633, 638, 654, 660 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "is", "included", "in", "the", "beta", "-", "lactam", "antibiotics", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 8, 17, 20, 24, 28, 29, 36, 47 ] }

{ "text": [ "penicillins" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 202 ], "end": [ 212 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }

[ "penicillins" ]

{ "tokens": [ "With", "advances", "in", "medicinal", "chemistry", ",", "most", "modern", "antibacterials", "are", "semisynthetic", "modifications", "of", "various", "natural", "compounds", ".", "These", "include", ",", "for", "example", ",", "the", "beta", "-", "lactam", "antibiotics", ",", "which", "include", "the", "penicillins", "(", "produced", "by", "fungi", "in", "the", "genus", "Penicillium", ")", ",", "the", "cephalosporins", ",", "and", "the", "carbapenems", ".", "Compounds", "that", "are", "still", "isolated", "from", "living", "organisms", "are", "the", "aminoglycosides", ",", "whereas", "other", "antibacterials", "—", "for", "example", ",", "the", "sulfonamides", ",", "the", "quinolones", ",", "and", "the", "oxazolidinones", "—", "are", "produced", "solely", "by", "chemical", "synthesis", ".", "Many", "antibacterial", "compounds", "are", "relatively", "small", "molecules", "with", "a", "molecular", "weight", "of", "less", "than", "2000", "atomic", "mass", "units.[citation", "needed", "]" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 14, 17, 27, 36, 38, 43, 50, 65, 69, 83, 97, 100, 108, 116, 125, 127, 133, 140, 142, 146, 153, 155, 159, 163, 164, 171, 182, 184, 190, 198, 202, 214, 215, 224, 227, 233, 236, 240, 246, 257, 258, 260, 264, 278, 280, 284, 288, 299, 301, 311, 316, 320, 326, 335, 340, 347, 357, 361, 365, 380, 382, 390, 396, 410, 411, 415, 422, 424, 428, 440, 442, 446, 456, 458, 462, 466, 480, 481, 485, 494, 501, 504, 513, 522, 524, 529, 543, 553, 557, 568, 574, 584, 589, 591, 601, 608, 611, 616, 621, 626, 633, 638, 654, 660 ] }

{ "tokens": [ "What", "is", "penicillins", "produced", "by", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 8, 20, 29, 31 ] }

{ "text": [ "fungi" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 227 ], "end": [ 231 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }

[ "fungi" ]

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{ "tokens": [ "What", "does", "the", "potency", "of", "antibacterials", "depend", "upon", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 14, 22, 25, 40, 47, 51 ] }

{ "text": [ "concentration" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 605 ], "end": [ 617 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 91 ], "end": [ 91 ] } ] }

[ "concentration" ]

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{ "text": [ "bacterial infection" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 521 ], "end": [ 539 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 80 ] } ] }

[ "bacterial infection" ]

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{ "text": [ "bacterial growth phase" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 308 ], "end": [ 329 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }

[ "bacterial growth phase" ]

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[ "division of bacterial cells" ]

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[ "concentration" ]

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[ "host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial" ]

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[ "several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy" ]

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[ "structural conditions" ]

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[ "psychological and social" ]

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[ "Ervin Staub" ]

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{ "text": [ "devaluation of the group" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 469 ], "end": [ 492 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ] }

[ "devaluation of the group" ]

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[ "humanizing a devalued group" ]

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[ "Jonassohn and Björnson" ]

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[ "their focus" ]

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{ "text": [ "R. J. Rummel" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 395 ], "end": [ 406 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 65 ] } ] }

[ "R. J. Rummel" ]

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{ "text": [ "Ted Gurr" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 503 ], "end": [ 510 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 84 ], "end": [ 85 ] } ] }

[ "Ted Gurr" ]

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{ "text": [ "Intrinsic antibacterial resistance" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 64 ], "end": [ 97 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }

[ "Intrinsic antibacterial resistance" ]

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{ "text": [ "antibacterial resistance genes" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 712 ], "end": [ 741 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 112 ], "end": [ 114 ] } ] }

[ "antibacterial resistance genes" ]

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{ "text": [ "antibiotic target" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 171 ], "end": [ 187 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }

[ "antibiotic target" ]

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{ "text": [ "vertical transmission" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 581 ], "end": [ 601 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 93 ] } ] }

[ "vertical transmission" ]

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{ "text": [ "mutation" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 265 ], "end": [ 272 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }

[ "mutation" ]

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{ "text": [ "vertical transmission of mutations" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 581 ], "end": [ 614 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 95 ] } ] }

[ "vertical transmission of mutations" ]

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{ "text": [ "carry several different resistance genes" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 869 ], "end": [ 908 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 134 ], "end": [ 138 ] } ] }

[ "carry several different resistance genes" ]

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{ "text": [ "resistance of bacteria" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 17 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }

[ "resistance of bacteria" ]

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[ "1943" ]

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{ "text": [ "penicillin and erythromycin" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 669 ], "end": [ 695 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 101 ], "end": [ 103 ] } ] }

[ "penicillin and erythromycin" ]

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[ "evolutionary processes" ]

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[ "survive high doses of antibiotics" ]

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[ "1943" ]

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[ "Luria–Delbrück" ]

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[ "mold" ]

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[ "Alexander Fleming" ]

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[ "penicillin" ]

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[ "chemotherapy" ]

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[ "superbugs" ]

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[ "tuberculosis" ]

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[ "half a million" ]

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[ "MDR-TB" ]

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{ "text": [ "decreased effectiveness" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 94 ], "end": [ 116 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }

[ "decreased effectiveness" ]

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{ "text": [ "moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 147 ], "end": [ 228 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }

[ "moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics" ]

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{ "text": [ "there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 231 ], "end": [ 331 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }

[ "there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects" ]

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[ "widespread" ]

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{ "text": [ "decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 94 ], "end": [ 138 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }

[ "decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy" ]

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{ "text": [ "alcohol consumption" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 156 ], "end": [ 174 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ] }

[ "alcohol consumption" ]

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{ "text": [ "alcohol and antibiotics" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 511 ], "end": [ 533 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 80 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ] }

[ "alcohol and antibiotics" ]

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[ "alcohol" ]

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{ "text": [ "specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 241 ], "end": [ 331 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }

[ "specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects" ]

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{ "text": [ "alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 511 ], "end": [ 555 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 80 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ] }

[ "alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed" ]

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{ "text": [ "Prontosil" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }

[ "Prontosil" ]

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[ "IG Farben" ]

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{ "text": [ "Gerhard Domagk" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 121 ], "end": [ 134 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }

[ "Gerhard Domagk" ]

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{ "text": [ "1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 232 ], "end": [ 260 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }

[ "1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine" ]

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{ "text": [ "prophylactic antibiotics" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }

[ "prophylactic antibiotics" ]

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{ "text": [ "failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 101 ], "end": [ 164 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }

[ "failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage" ]

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[ "failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery" ]

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{ "text": [ "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 419 ], "end": [ 452 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }

[ "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment" ]

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{ "text": [ "prescribe antibiotics" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 621 ], "end": [ 641 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 101 ], "end": [ 102 ] } ] }

[ "prescribe antibiotics" ]

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{ "text": [ "About 30" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }

[ "About 30" ]

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{ "text": [ "several plea bargains" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 160 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }

[ "several plea bargains" ]

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[ "aiding and abetting genocide" ]

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[ "German courts" ]

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[ "US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance" ]

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[ "US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)" ]

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[ "bacterial functions or growth processes" ]

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[ "penicillins and cephalosporins" ]

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[ "polymyxins" ]

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[ "(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines" ]

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{ "text": [ "Adam Mickiewicz" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 368 ], "end": [ 382 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }

[ "Adam Mickiewicz" ]