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SQuAD
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.
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1f78247376b8438d90339db1d021d124
What did Frédéric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?
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{ "text": [ "songs" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 458 ], "end": [ 462 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 83 ], "end": [ 83 ] } ] }
[ "songs" ]
SQuAD
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.
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7974d0e107b14276bbaf684287fbbe17
What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?
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[ "Adam Mickiewicz" ]
SQuAD
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.
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35b21f4746464df9ad7cc57b30b610f5
What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?
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[ "Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny" ]
SQuAD
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.
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6bb46e5bb2fc49da817c79134d17ee08
What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?
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{ "text": [ "Adam Mickiewicz" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 368 ], "end": [ 382 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 67 ] } ] }
[ "Adam Mickiewicz" ]
SQuAD
In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures, and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity. During his years in Paris he was to become acquainted with, among many others, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny. Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.
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60c3998afe2f4a5eb59a3b73faa79901
What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?
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{ "text": [ "principal of the Polish Literary Society" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 385 ], "end": [ 424 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 69 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ] }
[ "principal of the Polish Literary Society" ]
SQuAD
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
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b2ca64e6bbc34da2b26ff6dc81d5b3d2
What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?
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[ "medicinal folklore" ]
SQuAD
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
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b1f9648842a74685948794af3c6d5af9
When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?
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{ "text": [ "over 2000 years ago" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 198 ], "end": [ 216 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "over 2000 years ago" ]
SQuAD
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
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dcd38ab15e284dad97c1173166e1c987
What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "type", "of", "things", "did", "Egyptians", "and", "Greeks", "use", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 13, 20, 24, 34, 38, 45, 48 ] }
{ "text": [ "mold and plant materials and extracts" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 318 ], "end": [ 354 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "mold and plant materials and extracts" ]
SQuAD
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
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0b3bda04cab942848ca69ea953d067ce
What does antibiosis mean?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "does", "antibiosis", "mean", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 21, 25 ] }
{ "text": [ "against life" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 727 ], "end": [ 738 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 117 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ] }
[ "against life" ]
SQuAD
Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.
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64a8874756d542f6b384fc6ac4eda9ef
Who came up with the term antibiosis?
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{ "text": [ "Jean Paul Vuillemin" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 786 ], "end": [ 804 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 127 ], "end": [ 129 ] } ] }
[ "Jean Paul Vuillemin" ]
SQuAD
During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
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f7e2cf618c504bdfa42a1de0753a0fae
Who was Frédéric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?
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{ "text": [ "Dominik Dziewanowski" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 158 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "Dominik Dziewanowski" ]
SQuAD
During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
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f1f3ab0196e54fd497893409af2932de
In which village did Frédéric first experience rural Polish folk music?
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{ "text": [ "Szafarnia" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 110 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "Szafarnia" ]
SQuAD
During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
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29cd35dbb6784e7e8339b0e2df9f8711
To whom did Frédéric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?
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{ "text": [ "his family" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 390 ], "end": [ 399 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 80 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ] }
[ "his family" ]
SQuAD
During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
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1f2082b4fc904995ab5ffeafb6ac1ac9
What did Frédéric write parodies of in his letters?
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{ "text": [ "Warsaw newspapers" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 428 ], "end": [ 444 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 87 ], "end": [ 88 ] } ] }
[ "Warsaw newspapers" ]
SQuAD
During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
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7e07a2cb587c44e7a35eed111e88fcc5
During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?
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{ "text": [ "Dominik Dziewanowski" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 158 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "Dominik Dziewanowski" ]
SQuAD
During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
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What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?
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{ "text": [ "Polish rural folk music" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 228 ], "end": [ 250 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }
[ "Polish rural folk music" ]
SQuAD
During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
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0dbc66fd2d2e485683211d27d980388c
What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?
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{ "text": [ "Dominik Dziewanowski" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 158 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "Dominik Dziewanowski" ]
SQuAD
During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
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a0c72248bcb94272bf892ff7d3c76184
What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?
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{ "text": [ "The Szafarnia Courier" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 314 ], "end": [ 334 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 64 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "The Szafarnia Courier" ]
SQuAD
During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 4] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time he encountered Polish rural folk music. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title "The Szafarnia Courier"), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary gift.
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38685d05572b4e749062af3bd6b7d6c7
Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?
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{ "text": [ "Szafarnia" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 110 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "Szafarnia" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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730b437e23964f3b9cc9c0e88213cac0
Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?
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{ "text": [ "The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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37ebe5592acc4af0ad48fb991da5fd99
What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?
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{ "text": [ "about 1%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 197 ], "end": [ 204 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "about 1%" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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ca57e952b7844a95a5554d5cc65c4814
What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?
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{ "text": [ "reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 563 ], "end": [ 606 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 98 ], "end": [ 104 ] } ] }
[ "reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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9330c0b212f342abbe540feecaf816c1
Have these potential effects been proven through testing?
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{ "text": [ "inconclusive and controversial" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 666 ], "end": [ 695 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 116 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ] }
[ "inconclusive and controversial" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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9a2e1a15fa7e46de9d1a9d323dc21dd2
What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?
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{ "text": [ "extra contraceptive measures" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 731 ], "end": [ 758 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 124 ], "end": [ 126 ] } ] }
[ "extra contraceptive measures" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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d2a1815bf2b447f5b5b5071c4096c6e4
What do antibiotics interfere with?
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{ "text": [ "contraceptive pills" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 63 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "contraceptive pills" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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0d6009e3a37c41b9b67f5d9f882c66d2
What percent is the failure rate of contraceptive pills?
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{ "text": [ "about 1%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 197 ], "end": [ 204 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "about 1%" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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20ea81233796473d913a7aeb2efc93d0
Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?
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{ "text": [ "absorption of estrogens" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 571 ], "end": [ 593 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 99 ], "end": [ 101 ] } ] }
[ "absorption of estrogens" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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0ae43c76f4ed4a0ba35944696d89fb4c
In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?
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{ "text": [ "oral contraceptives" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 845 ], "end": [ 863 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 140 ] } ] }
[ "oral contraceptives" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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db7da67e16ef4eb68b12718d909f6152
Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?
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{ "text": [ "antibiotics do interfere" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "antibiotics do interfere" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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11f032e93a7647ac9be5bbc5a6af15c1
What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?
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{ "text": [ "extra contraceptive measures" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 731 ], "end": [ 758 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 124 ], "end": [ 126 ] } ] }
[ "extra contraceptive measures" ]
SQuAD
The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills, such as clinical studies that suggest the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low (about 1%). In cases where antibacterials have been suggested to affect the efficiency of birth control pills, such as for the broad-spectrum antibacterial rifampicin, these cases may be due to an increase in the activities of hepatic liver enzymes' causing increased breakdown of the pill's active ingredients. Effects on the intestinal flora, which might result in reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon, have also been suggested, but such suggestions have been inconclusive and controversial. Clinicians have recommended that extra contraceptive measures be applied during therapies using antibacterials that are suspected to interact with oral contraceptives.
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4a23b767cb1e4d4ea60debdb5d4c0887
What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?
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{ "text": [ "about 1%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 197 ], "end": [ 204 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "about 1%" ]
SQuAD
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
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ceadc5670c2e46779a18ecf125f75b15
Who regulates antibiotic approval?
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[ "FDA" ]
SQuAD
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
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11bb8edf41c441f7883b47c349b1d488
What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?
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[ "economic incentives" ]
SQuAD
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
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67fca2508956403f9c747a3dec0fe7ab
What are resistant bacteria called in the media?
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[ "superbugs" ]
SQuAD
Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing threat of 'superbugs'. Under this Act, FDA can approve antibiotics and antifungals treating life-threatening infections based on smaller clinical trials. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. The FDA antibiotics labeling process, 'Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Microbial Organisms' or 'breakpoints', will provide accurate data to healthcare professionals. According to Allan Coukell, senior director for health programs at The Pew Charitable Trusts, "By allowing drug developers to rely on smaller datasets, and clarifying FDA's authority to tolerate a higher level of uncertainty for these drugs when making a risk/benefit calculation, ADAPT would make the clinical trials more feasible."
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a11cc545172041a49dd3f13c2545ffad
Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts?
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[ "Allan Coukell," ]
SQuAD
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.
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b49b439f159f4f3696f9deadd8e01486
When was penicillin G first purified?
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[ "1942" ]
SQuAD
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.
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56adb9168f7e4352a9b15716d864df8b
When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?
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[ "1945" ]
SQuAD
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.
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7092c58da3b54be1a62fbc803bfbe7bd
Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?
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{ "text": [ "Norman Heatley" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 172 ], "end": [ 185 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 32 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "Norman Heatley" ]
SQuAD
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.
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c7c3ef787a7b49778f33c4d13f2f9162
When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?
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[ "1945" ]
SQuAD
Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. The discovery of such a powerful antibiotic was unprecedented, and the development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming. Florey credited Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin.
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8a25306602144c24a7478df86516e242
Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?
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{ "text": [ "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 328 ], "end": [ 351 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin" ]
SQuAD
Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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564aa3b1f53d4f0ea7f43dfefaa103b4
What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?
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{ "text": [ "Phage therapy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Phage therapy" ]
SQuAD
Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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45b14030ba0a4810ae0c1d81ae84379d
How have researchers been doing this?
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{ "text": [ "infecting pathogenic bacteria" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 148 ], "end": [ 176 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "infecting pathogenic bacteria" ]
SQuAD
Phage therapy is another option that is being looked into for treating resistant strains of bacteria. The way that researchers are doing this is by infecting pathogenic bacteria with their own viruses, more specifically, bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are precisely bacterial viruses that infect bacteria by disrupting pathogenic bacterium lytic cycles. By disrupting the lytic cycles of bacterium, phages destroy their metabolism, which eventually results in the cell's death. Phages will insert their DNA into the bacterium, allowing their DNA to be transcribed. Once their DNA is transcribed the cell will proceed to make new phages and as soon as they are ready to be released, the cell will lyse. One of the worries about using phages to fight pathogens is that the phages will infect "good" bacteria, or the bacteria that are important in the everyday function of human beings. However, studies have proven that phages are very specific when they target bacteria, which makes researchers confident that bacteriophage therapy is the definite route to defeating antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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23c29be38ce74708862b277d5db3bfc0
What is a worry of using phages?
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{ "text": [ "phages will infect \"good\" bacteria" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 801 ], "end": [ 834 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 141 ], "end": [ 147 ] } ] }
[ "phages will infect \"good\" bacteria" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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516d77ffac30415eb812e3eacbd6dad9
What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?
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{ "text": [ "indirect" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 173 ], "end": [ 180 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "indirect" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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045c3ced0a1041799980ee133dda14d4
What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?
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{ "text": [ "his love life and his early death" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 212 ], "end": [ 244 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ] }
[ "his love life and his early death" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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a70555f67f90424f98d9f763e775dc4e
In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?
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{ "text": [ "Romantic era" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 314 ], "end": [ 325 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "Romantic era" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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ca137dcfe7964ce79e144fa21ea832c9
In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of?
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[ "films and biographies" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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e601ebe1f68b47329fb555cd7b1418bb
Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?
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{ "text": [ "France" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "France" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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e5ecdf0a76cf46c6bb831e391b24fc25
Chopin is a native of what country?
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{ "text": [ "Poland" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ] }
[ "Poland" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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71500efc888045e794997b938245b54e
He had a non-direct association with what?
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{ "text": [ "political insurrection" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 188 ], "end": [ 209 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }
[ "political insurrection" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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165cab73d9ab445a93a2790f635cddd9
Chopin is closely associated with what era?
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{ "text": [ "Romantic era" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 314 ], "end": [ 325 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "Romantic era" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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ba93682290db472b8332f7225c326cbb
Where did Chopin create most of his works?
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{ "text": [ "France" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "France" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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ac51399a8b8446ab854916174dffdcda
Chopin was indirectly related to what?
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{ "text": [ "political insurrection" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 188 ], "end": [ 209 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 41 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }
[ "political insurrection" ]
SQuAD
In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.
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45b34dfd9ad947d5bdb83c1f31b1a63d
Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?
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{ "text": [ "Romantic era" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 314 ], "end": [ 325 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 66 ] } ] }
[ "Romantic era" ]
SQuAD
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
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b298b61918424a63a5e645b9297624d6
What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?
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{ "text": [ "increased body mass" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "increased body mass" ]
SQuAD
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
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8f98a68c778d44ff9be4e96ea4b408b6
What does STAT stand for?
{ "tokens": [ "What", "does", "STAT", "stand", "for", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 10, 15, 21, 24 ] }
{ "text": [ "subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 235 ], "end": [ 269 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }
[ "subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment" ]
SQuAD
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
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918b23a78afd445bb58f2bb07882b130
What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?
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{ "text": [ "penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 291 ], "end": [ 361 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ] }
[ "penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline" ]
SQuAD
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
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b6c6c6af67614ea48aa8e01e3423b8bb
Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?
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{ "text": [ "unclear" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 858 ], "end": [ 864 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 147 ], "end": [ 147 ] } ] }
[ "unclear" ]
SQuAD
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
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bf1506ad9976402b91000358817ad3f5
Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven?
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{ "text": [ "weighed against the beneficial effects" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1541 ], "end": [ 1578 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 266 ], "end": [ 270 ] } ] }
[ "weighed against the beneficial effects" ]
SQuAD
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
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01bd2bf1847548f5bd931edd0633c553
What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?
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{ "text": [ "increased body mass" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 75 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "increased body mass" ]
SQuAD
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
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2af8d48cff8d46dfa94c78357d685eaa
When do intestinal microbiota develop?
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{ "text": [ "Early life" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 105 ], "end": [ 114 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "Early life" ]
SQuAD
Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
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64ca8c1ca49748f487ec062ff845cdca
Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?
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{ "text": [ "unclear" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 858 ], "end": [ 864 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 147 ], "end": [ 147 ] } ] }
[ "unclear" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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8e6b8da167f041d7a5945c33697f8af4
What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?
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{ "text": [ "tuberculosis" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 151 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "tuberculosis" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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8a2118b6a21a482d8e2fe4b3f716fea8
What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?
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{ "text": [ "overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 220 ], "end": [ 301 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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754ca31e2fd3426b8d914c632486c7fb
What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'
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{ "text": [ "World Health Organization" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 411 ], "end": [ 435 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ] }
[ "World Health Organization" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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b40c695ea903449e943b2584bdce629e
In which century were antibiotics first introduced?
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[ "20th century" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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647229afde5e482d807637a940ee8d84
What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?
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[ "anyone, of any age, in any country" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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dcbe1d54895644fc9b7d9656b26c943a
What does there medicines do for livestock?
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{ "text": [ "develop resistance" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 284 ], "end": [ 301 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "develop resistance" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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a375a02303f64684a4d3a7c6d0699ed6
What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??
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[ "World Health Organization" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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4094e95d43f2480f95e48eb40ac78da9
In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?
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{ "text": [ "20th" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "20th" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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c177a6d25b38450a992559b6633f7bad
Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause?
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{ "text": [ "antibiotic resistance" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 363 ], "end": [ 383 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 57 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ] }
[ "antibiotic resistance" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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04b501c2fff24480b45f159f30c49b21
What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?
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[ "vaccination" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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ebecf683cec542f895e2875f5ff5d1b5
When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?
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{ "text": [ "20th century" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "20th century" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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993e999b4c514a22bd7544bccdc03278
What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?
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{ "text": [ "develop resistance" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 284 ], "end": [ 301 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "develop resistance" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?
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{ "text": [ "World Health Organization" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 411 ], "end": [ 435 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 66 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ] }
[ "World Health Organization" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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90bab19bfa004955892f24a1a9ff3cf7
What regions in the world does this apply in?
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{ "text": [ "every region of the world" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 573 ], "end": [ 597 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 96 ], "end": [ 100 ] } ] }
[ "every region of the world" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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d540cc7fa35948abaffed4f0d9410af3
When were antibiotics created?
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[ "20th century" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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2a0dee930dd748c4bcf38c1546b0136e
What is a common problem in antibiotic use?
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[ "antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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d9a9a4d767de4c499d3f0e14fbf8e3cb
Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?
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{ "text": [ "livestock raising" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 243 ], "end": [ 259 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "livestock raising" ]
SQuAD
Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".
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246b1b24f62743598f9dd156a98c0947
What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?
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[ "tuberculosis" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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2c7136b1b48144848464c73fb2cddd4c
Who did Frédéric visit Berlin with in September 1828?
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[ "Feliks Jarocki" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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18049893d8684f44a87dd5d85bb912ed
Which opera director did Frédéric see works of during his stay in Berlin?
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{ "text": [ "Gaspare Spontini" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 155 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "Gaspare Spontini" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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68b86e9d29a3413b99d05d395067a204
Who was Frédéric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?
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{ "text": [ "Prince Antoni Radziwiłł" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 299 ], "end": [ 321 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "Prince Antoni Radziwiłł" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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ee839302230643a293f40c2a6f970368
What piece did Frédéric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?
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[ "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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2c1e0a13ddfa49c087f53bf7d2814c3a
When did Chopin visit Berlin?
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[ "September 1828" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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120550cf414b45bb80012afb5595c0df
With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?
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[ "Feliks Jarocki" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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ba7f13b1bd4f425da1880b132f9b009f
While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?
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{ "text": [ "Gaspare Spontini" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 155 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "Gaspare Spontini" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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61da6655c51240f3a1b566d6a0a2d05f
In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?
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{ "text": [ "Prince Antoni Radziwiłł" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 299 ], "end": [ 321 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "Prince Antoni Radziwiłł" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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5b6c2283ded0461487f47755b7327a02
What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?
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[ "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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9bff9d745d5e4c3babfbcc28e9452df9
What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student?
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{ "text": [ "1828" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 2 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "1828" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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30da7c49cac547f5ba4e7e12603363aa
Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?
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{ "text": [ "Feliks Jarocki" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 96 ], "end": [ 109 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "Feliks Jarocki" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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1884f8f72df94a479461d42460003814
What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?
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[ "zoologist" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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78a7620689374065b8a4504c3d518383
Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin?
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{ "text": [ "Gaspare Spontini" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 140 ], "end": [ 155 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "Gaspare Spontini" ]
SQuAD
In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist. For the prince and his pianist daughter Wanda, he composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3.
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96bc5d0f044849d39d77bfb3795d768d
What year did Chopin return to Berlin?
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{ "text": [ "1829" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 253 ], "end": [ 256 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "1829" ]
SQuAD
In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments:
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5d5adb8491f3498587be1c86e9abf450
How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years?
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{ "text": [ "2" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 192 ], "end": [ 192 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "2" ]
SQuAD
In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments:
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000924f6bca74a6f99965e6cad86ea12
How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB?
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{ "text": [ "seven" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 353 ], "end": [ 357 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "seven" ]
SQuAD
In April 2013, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) reported that the weak antibiotic pipeline does not match bacteria's increasing ability to develop resistance. Since 2009, only 2 new antibiotics were approved in the United States. The number of new antibiotics approved for marketing per year declines continuously. The report identified seven antibiotics against the Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) currently in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials. However, these drugs do not address the entire spectrum of resistance of GNB. Some of these antibiotics are combination of existent treatments:
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4209d2923714403a8005ae4cae191f68
What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?
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[ "2013" ]
SQuAD
In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.
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fc2b24a5d0bb44eab9446289987325e9
During what month did Frédéric move to Warsaw with his family?
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[ "October" ]
SQuAD
In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.
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0252c232a446483e9315ebe69c1272bb
What language did Frédéric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?
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[ "French" ]
SQuAD
In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk's birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin; the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.
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Where did Frédéric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?
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{ "text": [ "the Palace grounds" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 218 ], "end": [ 235 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "the Palace grounds" ]