id
int64 0
8.19k
| input_1
stringlengths 76
2.05k
| instruction
stringclasses 1
value | output
stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
5,100 | have been proposed as potential alternatives to the Turing Test, specifically targeting its potential weaknesses and inadequacy [1]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,101 | PBN is widely used for ROS scavenging, and most importantly, has been shown to reverse the age-related oxidative changes and to reduce oxidative damage from ischemia/reperfusion injury.(40-44) The antioxidant activity of PBN protects biologically important molecules from oxidative damage. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,102 | Western blot analysis was performed as described (20, 24), using 10 mg of protein per lane. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,103 | (Chen et al., 2009; de Bruijn et al., 2002; Sugiyama et al., 2003; Zovein et al., 2008) species indicate that IAHCs derive from hemogenic ECs through an Endothelial-to-Hematopoietic Transition (EHT). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,104 | More details about the acquisition protocol can be found in Ferizi et al. (2015). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,105 | The identification of a single chicken 50-RACE product contrasts with our previous identification of four different noncoding exons by 50 RACE of human and mouse transcripts (Drews et al. 2005), and suggests that mammalian exon 1c represents the ancestral exon. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,106 | associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and in particular the intestinal immune system, develops immune tolerance to dietary antigens and components of the bacterial Xora to which epithelial tissues are exposed constantly (Dubois et al. 2003). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,107 | PKBR1, however, also becomes activated upon cAMP stimulation by phosphorylation in both the AL site by PdkA and in the HM site by TorC2 (Kamimura et al., 2008, 2010; Cai et al., 2010; Liao et al., 2010). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,108 | Because the degree of reorientation depends on the z position within the liquid crystal layer, the total phase delay G generated by a cell of thickness d results from the following integration (27, 28): | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,109 | …on school nurses (n = 167) and their preparedness to teach within the context of sexual health care revealed that although over 75% of the participants were involved in the provision of sex education, over half expressed the need for further development and education in this area (McFayden 2004). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,110 | Importantly, brain atrophy measures based on T1w images are shown to correlate with the amount of tau deposition and neuropsychological deficits, thus validating its use as a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Frisoni et al., 2010). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,111 | This is consistent with the absence of a θ-globin gene from the region between platypus α1- and ω-globin, its expected location based on its position in marsupial αglobin clusters [12,56]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,112 | We compare KCDML not only with the state-of-art methods including our current work—CDML [38], Huang's method [43] and PCA combined with RBF (PCA-RBF) [43], but also with important baseline methods, such as PCA Kernel PCA (KPCA), LPP, Kernel LPP (KLPP) [44] and LDA. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,113 | Eyelid suture, on the other hand, produces a novel pattern of thin dark columns alternating with wide pale columns (Horton, 1984; Hendry and Jones, 1986; Crawford et al., 1989; Trusk et al., 1990, Tigges et al., 1992). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,114 | In vivo, 8 bp sequences have ∼100 accidental matches within a bacterial genome (20); however, almost no 20 bp sequence has an accidental match. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,115 | Syllables with a voiced onset developed a low tone, and those with a voiceless initial induced a high tone, resulting in a six-way tonal contrast (2 pitch heights x 3 contours).1
(Kang 2014, Kim 2000, Oh 2011, Silva 2006, Wright 2007). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,116 | Previously, verbal autopsy in Ethiopia has been used to estimate HIV/AIDS and Malaria caused mortality and to evaluate the impact of AntiRetroviral Therapy (ART) interventions [11,12]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,117 | …and provides significant gains even in the NIST data setting, showing that this method can be effectively applied directly on the sentence level to large training
5An avenue of future work would condition the sentence topic distribution on a document distribution over topics (Teh et al., 2006). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,118 | Under the notation in equation (13), the good-deal bounds are a coherent risk measure of Artzner et al. (1999), which searches for the infimum of all risk measures over an acceptance set. Delbaen (2002) further shows that any coherent risk measure can be expressed as a worst expected loss over a given set of probabilities and Jaschke and Küchler (2001) link the good-deal bounds to coherent risk measures by showing that the good-deal bounds are coherent valuation bounds. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,119 | This rhythm is present in ovigerous blue crabs during all stages of egg development, in many crabs between clutches of eggs and continues as crabs cycle through successive clutches (Hench et al. 2004; Forward et al. 2005). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,120 | biofuel production is in the form of ethanol derived from starch- or grain-based feedstocks, with over 90% of the biofuels produced and used domestically coming from corn (Groom et al., 2008). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,121 | …virulence and colonization factor of C. jejuni for promoting infections in humans and chickens is a flagellum located at one or both poles of the bacterium that promotes motility (Black et al., 1988; Nachamkin et al., 1993; Wassenaar et al., 1993; Hendrixson and DiRita, 2004; Wösten et al., 2004). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,122 | Patients at an increased risk of developing T2DM may therefore benefit from such early meaningful interventions- especially since these patients benefit more from treatments which reduce the risk of CAD [16]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,123 | CDKs are core components of the cell cycle machinery and the vital regulators driving cell cycle progression (Malumbres and Barbacid, 2001; Olashaw and Pledger, 2002; Chulu and Liu, 2009; Malumbres and Barbacid, 2009). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,124 | However, in humans, MMA and DMA are the most relevant metabolites (Cohen et al., 2006; Tapio and Grosche, 2006). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,125 | Similar observations have been made in the USA, where gonorrhoea and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been shown in multiple studies to be concentrated in certain geographical areas (Rothenberg 1983; Potterat et al. 1985; Bernstein et al. 2004; Kerani et al. 2005). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
5,126 | The electrostatic surface representations of the CRV-ZWE-157 protein structure and the DRBP template were produced by the Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver (APBS) plugin [43] in PyMOL [44]
List of Abbreviations aa: amino acid; APBS: Adaptive Poisson-Boltzmann Solver; BLASTp: Basic local alignment search tool protein; CRV: Crocodilepox virus; CRV-ZWE: Crocodilepox virus strain Zimbabwe; DGCR8: DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8; DRBP: double-stranded RNA-binding proteins; dsRNA: doublestranded RNA; KSDSSP: Kabsch and Sander algorithm for defining the secondary structure of proteins; MCV: Molluscum contagiosum virus; MSA: Multiple sequence alignments; MUSCLE: multiple sequence comparison by log-expectation; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information; PSIBLAST: Position specific iterated-BLAST; RMSD: Root mean square deviation; RNAi: RNA interference; TRBP: TAR RNA Binding Protein; VACV: Vaccinia virus; VBRC: Viral bioinformatics resource center; VOCs: Viral Orthologous Clusters
Acknowledgements This work was funded by a Canadian NSERC Discovery grant. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,127 | Methylation-Specific AFLP We employed a methylation-specific AFLP analysis that has been commonly used to survey patterns of methylation in a range of non-model species (Salmon et al., 2008; Herrera and Bazaga, 2010; Lira-Medeiros et al., 2010). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,128 | Risk factors for CVD are more prevalent among PLWH [2], and use of various antiretroviral (ARV) drugs has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of CVD [3]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,129 | Induction of specific genes by shear stress in endothelial cells is mediated by activation of mechanosensitive signaling pathways that include at least three members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and Big MAP kinase 1 (11, 14, 15, 22, 38, 44). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,130 | This study adds new knowledge of two distal factors, neighborhood affluence and disadvantage, in the social environment that may, in the future, be confirmed as underlying causes (Link & Phelan, 1995) of poor birth outcomes and risky maternal pre-
natal health behaviors. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,131 | Because controlling for extraneous variables is not possible in studies with only one group, these are susceptible to confounding and tend to exaggerate the beneficial effects of interventions [58]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,132 | The patients’ paroxetine plasma concentrations at week 6 were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method developed in our laboratory [51,52]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,133 | …1964) and increases with age in in neurological diseases whereas others found it in non-complex sphingolipids as well but with a 50:50 ratio (Rosenberg & Stern 1966, Schwarz et al. 1967) for both chain lengths or even a much lower
A cc
ep te
d A
rt ic
le
This article is protected by… | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,134 | The skull region was removed from images using the FSL-Brain Extract Tool (Smith, 2002), and two-class segmentation of the whole brain was performed, into cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue using the FSL-FAST segmentation algorithm after correction for image non-uniformity (Zhang et al., 2001). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,135 | …are involved in many functional aspects of the cellular physiology, such as protein misfolding (HSPB1, HSPB8), axonal transport (HSPB1; dynactin subunit 1, DNCT1) and RNA metabolism (senataxin, SETX; glycyl tRNA syntetase, GARS) (see Rossor et al., 2012 for a detailed review on dHMN-related genes). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,136 | This contradicts to existing methods [21, 27] which limit the attention to the subgraph induced by the infected nodes. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
5,137 | Many scholars question whether or not firms could self-regulate and be socially
responsible on their own, and consider policy intervention a more effective solution (Chatterji and Listokin, 2007; Fleming and Jones, 2013; Karnani, 2007). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,138 | These results are in accordance with the ones previously reported by Al-Moslih and Al-Huraibi [22] from Yamen, where the majority of the reported cases were chronic and the number of acute cases was 19. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
5,139 | FDB nerve-muscle preparations were dissected and maintained in equilibrated MPS until used for electrophysiological analysis as described above, and previously (Gillingwater et al., 2002; Ribchester et al., 2004). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,140 | de quadratic measure of dependency QR [15] in general produce scores that are not comparable across subspaces of different dimensionality. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,141 | Therefore, the spectral data is widely used in material identification, biological sciences, criminal investigation, environmental monitoring and many other fields [6, 11, 12, 16, 28]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,142 | Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD; OMIM 136800) is a slowly progressive late-onset disorder that is a leading indication for corneal transplantation in the United States [1,2]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,143 | However, in the case of RCG-dominated wetlands, Askaer et al. (2011) found that the diurnal variability of CH4 fluxes was not significant in spite of a significant share of plant-mediated CH4 transport. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,144 | , 2000) (serine 102/glutamine 103), which corresponds to the serine 88/glutamine 89 of HMGA1, phosphorylated by ATM (Pentimalli et al., 2008). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,145 | …G19 directed against the TLA from chicken inner ear hair cells, mAb D10 directed against the avian hair-cell antigen, and antisera to protocadherin-15-CD1 (PB303) were characterized and validated as reported previously (Richardson et al., 1990; Ahmed et al., 2003; Goodyear and Richardson, 2003). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,146 | 418f), Abeler et al. (2010) provide controlled evidence in favor of this intuition. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,147 | The presence of multiple structural suites with unique characteristic wavelengths was interpreted to indicate a progressive thickening
of the layer with continued cooling [e.g., Hansen and Willis, 1998; Ghent and Hansen, 1999; Hansen et al., 2000]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,148 | The modulation of Notch levels in LSC/CSC derived from Tax-transgenic mice suggests that Notch may contribute in the development of ATLL similar to its role in other T-cell malignancies such as T-ALL [133,134]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,149 | [20] estimate that over the course of a year a victimized child suffers a mean number of three different kinds of victimization. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,150 | Several reports showed that TRPA1 antagonists, such as ruthenium red, HC-030031, AMG5445, A967079 and camphor, possess analgesic properties [26-31]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,151 | distances were calculated between all population pairs considering the likely routes of human migration out of Africa, following the criteria set by Ramachandran et al. (2005). The test was performed with the software Passage version 2. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,152 | Up to 40% of A-T patients develop malignant disease over the course of their lives [1,8,9] and 10–15% of them develop a lymphoid malignancy (leukemia or lymphoma) in childhood or early adulthood [1]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,153 | In this case, FLNA(16-23) showed more rapid association and slower dissociation rates to the β-arr2/ICL3 complex than to ICL3 alone (Figure 7D), suggesting that the FLNA fragment interacts with β-arr2 rather than with ICL3. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,154 | …message-passing (Wainwright et al., 2005b)
• Fractional belief propagation (Wiegerinck & Heskes, 2002)
• Power EP (Minka, 2004)
One way to understand these algorithms is to view their cost functions as free-energy functions from statistical physics (Yedidia et al., 2004; Heskes, 2003). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,155 | Ishizawa [71] 1 First laparoscopic experience with NIRF-C during cholecystectomy. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,156 | …microbial traits (Martiny et al., 2006; Green et al., 2008), competitive species interactions are argued to be important drivers of antibiotic inhibition, resistance, and resource use among Streptomyces (Wiener et al., 1998; Davelos et al., 2004a; Schlatter et al., 2013; Kinkel et al, accepted). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,157 | Comparison of relative testes size across 24 lemur species revealed that fork-marked lemurs had small testes, as did all pair-living species in this sample and as do pair-living primates in general (Harcourt et al. 1981; Harvey and Harcourt 1984; Kappeler 1997a). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,158 | Among the recently introduced approaches, the impressive learning estimation and modeling capabilities least squares support vector machines (LS-SVMs) makes then a suitable choice for system identification applications [8]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,159 | …forms (as sulfate or glucuronide) in the urine (Azouz et al. 1955; Kimura et al. 1979; Hawkins et al. 1980; Klos and Dekant 1994; Hissink et al. 1997; Bomhard et al. 1998) and to some extent in the feces (Kimura et al. 1979; Hawkins et al. 1980; Klos and Dekant 1994; Hissink et al. 1997). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,160 | …characterized by a mono-exponential function following steady-state exercise at “moderate” and “heavy” exercise intensities (Ozyener et al. 2001; rossiter et al. 2002). the starting point of the curve was made to equal the average VO2 over the final 3 min of exercise to minimize the… | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,161 | Some researchers have explored audio skimming techniques [Arons, 1993], but not for the particular case of primarily backward skimming that would dominate a near-term reminder application like PAL. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,162 | Neurabin I has been shown to be phosphorylated in vitro by protein kinase A (PKA), which decreases its binding to PP1c (33). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,163 | First of all, the percentage of parents’ positive attitudes towards vaccinations was exceptionally high compared with other similar studies [7-9]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
5,164 | 2B, D) resembled those due to loss of other STAT negative regulators (Silver et al., 2005; Starz-Gaiano et al., 2008; Yoon et al., 2011; Montell et al., 2012; Monahan and Starz-Gaiano, 2013), but looked different from the phenotypes caused by misregulation of EGF or PDGF/ VEGF signaling (Duchek and Rørth, 2001; Duchek et al. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,165 | In consistent with these results, the decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed in rat liver (Fetoui et al., 2009), in rat kidney (Fetoui et al., 2010) and in fish liver (Oreochromis niloticus) (Piner and √úner, 2012). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
5,166 | In fact, some scholars have considered young people’s conviction that they can resolve their mental health problems on their own to be a barrier to seeking professional help [13,30,31]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,167 | Studies conducted at finer scales could help to elucidate the relative importance of these relationships in our study area, because other finer-scale studies have shown that elk group size directly responds to variation in predation risk from wolves (Creel & Winnie 2005). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
5,168 | For example, Dearman and Pierce [1] found that users might benefit from sharing web browser state between users‟ devices; our data can help suggest how and when this state might be shared when one of the devices in question is a mobile phone. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,169 | When applying linear models to binary data, the predictions generated may not lie within a plausible range (\0 or [1) (McDonald 1999; Sharp et al. 2006). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,170 | Human CD4+Foxp3+ T cells are phenotypically heterogeneous and include the CD45RO+ and CD45RA+ T cell subtypes [22,23]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,171 | All stimuli were presented using Psychophysics Toolbox [46] running under Matlab (Mathworks, Natick, MA) on an Apple Macbook Pro. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,172 | performed as described previously [38] from wild-type (WT) animals with anti-NG2 beads from the same vendor according to the Miltenyi protocol. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,173 | Recent dictionary learning methods achieve the discrimination by either enforcing structural constraints on the dictionary or imposing class separation criterion in the sparse coding formulation [27, 26, 23]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,174 | Some previous studies reported temporal and spatial variations of gaseous and particulate matter pollutants in China (Chai et al., 2014; Chen and Xie, 2014; Han et al., 2009; Johansson et al., 2007; Karar et al., 2006; Lewne et al., 2004; Li et al., 2014; Martini et al., 2015; Meng et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2008, 2014d; Zhang et al., 2014; Zheng et al., 2013), but detailedly observational data were scarce. Additionally, most of the studies were only limited in one single city or air pollutant. For example, based on dailymean concentrations of PM10, NO2 and SO2 for five fixed-site air monitoring stations in urban area of Guangzhou from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2011, Li et al. (2014) analyzed timescale-dependent relationships between air pollution index (API) and a variety of meteorological factors by the wavelet analysis, and found temperature, RH (relative humidity), precipitation and wind speed were negatively correlated with API. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
5,175 | However, the apparent absence of multiple spatially periodic extensional fabrics [Ghent and Hansen, 1999] argues against | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,176 | Similarly, Tilahun et al. (2013) concluded that a combination of manure (15 t ha-1 year-1) and inorganic fertilizer (120 kg N ha-1 year-1 and 100 kg P ha-1 year-1) gives high yield of lowland rice in the Fogera plains of Ethiopia. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,177 | The first three MPLs correspond to the type of willingness-to-pay tasks used in Meier and Sprenger (2010). Each list is a series of binary choices. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,178 | however, been shown to be essential for the entry and replication of Salmonella Typhi in epithelial cells [43] and for the survival and virulence of Mycobacterium bovis in mice [44,45]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,179 | When the discrepancy between cues was intentionally manipulated to be large, switching back has been observed experimentally (Cheng 1988; Cheng et al. 1987; Chittka and Geiger 1995a, 1995b; Etienne et al. 1990; Healy and Hurly 1998; Kamil and Jones 1997; Mackintosh 1973; also see Cheng et al. 2007). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,180 | We perform extensive comparative studies with a number of state-of-the-art algorithms as benchmarks: PA [Crammer et al., 2006], SCW [Wang et al., 2012], OGD [Zinkevich, 2003], AROW [Crammer et al., 2009; Crammer et al., 2013] (we use the implementation in LIBOL library [Hoi et al., 2014] for these algorithms,
default value for parameters are used if available), and Online Bagging [Oza and Russell, 2005] (we use the implementation in MOA library [Bifet et al., 2010]). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,181 | In a spectroscopic or imaging experiment one could then mask out the undesired sideband echoes, and recover solely the centerband’s signal [22]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,182 | Repartnering may also increase family complexity (e.g., it may add half-siblings, step-siblings, and grandparents of step-siblings) and therefore lead to negative implications for children (Brown et al. 2015). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,183 | 1 is formed by UV or light irradiation of tryptophan [17] and, following activation of AhR, can increase expression of CYP1A1 to induce its own metabolism [7, 18] and provide a feedback mechanism to | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,184 | 1998) and to some extent in the feces (Kimura et al. 1979; Hawkins et al. 1980; Klos and Dekant 1994; Hissink et al. 1997). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,185 | In Reference [7], with the same system model as in References [5,6], we have presented two anti-jamming coding techniques, namely, rateless coding and piecewise coding. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,186 | Following digestion, the cDNA was then cloned into an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP; Clontech, Mountain View, CA) vector creating a plasmid where eGFP was linked to TDAG51 protein (termed eGFP-TDAG51), as previously described (31). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,187 | …flavonol-type compound that was identified by comparison to the proposed fragmentation pattern in the literature, was kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (Schmidt et al., 2010) (41, M = 448.09 Da, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl b-D-glucopyranoside) at
Rt = 9.57 min, identified… | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,188 | We also hypothesized that ongoing selection for seed size will have resulted in a narrowing of seed size variation among populations within bioregions and among individual plants within populations in the most arid and unfavourable environments relative to populations from a more favourable core habitat [29,30]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,189 | The degenerated primers were designed from conserved regions in the primary structure of urease sequences from the heterobasidiomycete F. neoformans (Cox et al. 2000) and the ascomycetes C. immitis (Yu et al. 1997) and S. pombe (Tange and Niwa 1997). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,190 | For example, in a web page most of the terms (without the terms in a stop list [12]) will occur once, some terms happen twice, and fewer terms repeat three times or more. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,191 | : +33-1-49813658 Fax: +33-1-49813685
also stimulates dopamine release from rat nucleus accumbens after i.p. administration (Ladurelle et al. 1997). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,192 | To deal with the high computational complexity of 3D geometrybased matching techniques, existing works typically adopt a pre-processing stage to quickly identify a small set of candidates which are later refined with geometry-based matching [3, 11, 7]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,193 | Briefly, 7-mm-thick sections were deparaffinized according to our established protocols (Faul et al., 2011). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,194 | The gene EF1a (At1g07930), encoding elongation factor 1a, was used for quantitative normalization (Curie et al., 1991). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,195 | …Scurr, & Smith, 2009) is commonly used to make recommendations on improvements to breast support design (Zhou et al., 2012a) and to investigate the effect of breast support levels on breast kinematics and exercise-induced breast pain (Bridgman et al., 2010; Scurr et al., 2010; White et al., 2009). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,196 | 1996, 1997), and the main metabolite of p-DCB is 2,5-DCP, which is excreted both as the free substance and in conjugated forms (as sulfate or glucuronide) in the urine (Azouz et al. 1955; Kimura et al. 1979; Hawkins et al. 1980; Klos and Dekant 1994; Hissink et al. 1997; Bomhard et al. 1998) and to some extent in the feces (Kimura et al. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,197 | In this study, we used the Knowledge Map Concept Indexer (KMCI) (Denny et al., 2009), a general-purpose NLP engine, to process all paper titles from American Journal of Epidemiology (AJE). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
5,198 | [32], based on a study of decedent Medicare beneficiaries, found that such treatment-limiting ADs only had a significant impact in high spending regions characterised by aggressive end-of-life-care. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
5,199 | For Amboseli, this value is approximately 50 mm (see also Dunbar 1992; Bronikowski and Altmann 1996). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.