id
int64 0
8.19k
| input_1
stringlengths 76
2.05k
| instruction
stringclasses 1
value | output
stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|---|
4,700 | Using simulations based on our PK model, we designed an infusion protocol of two consecutive constantrate infusions, the first of 125 mg kg 1 h 1 for 15 min followed by 25 mg kg 1 h 1 with the subjects at rest for 35 min, thereafter continuing the infusion during exercise until this phase was terminated by subject fatigue [2–4]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,701 | Lu and group [11] demonstrated that fibroblasts derived from keloids or hypertrophic scars have considerably lower quantities of Cx43 compared with counterparts derived from normal skin. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,702 | During the fast phase, furrow ingression rapidly increases andmembrane addition is targeted to an apicolateral location (Lecuit and Wieschaus, 2000). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,703 | Moreover, there is emerging recognition that putrescine is an alternative precursor source of GABA (53, 67), a major neurotransmitter that has an important reproductive role because of its stimulatory actions on gonadotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone release in goldfish (46). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,704 | A recent storytelling task by Hendriks et al. (2014) confirmed this overall pattern but also highlighted that other factors can modulate this effect of the discourse stages. In the task used by Hendriks et al. (2014), participants were asked to tell picturebased stories featuring two characters of the same gender to a hypothetical listener. The six pictures of each story were shown one at a time. The first and second pictures displayed the first character only. A second character entered the story in the third picture, and in the fourth and fifth pictures he performed an action. The final picture showed again the first character alone. Hendriks et al. (2014) analyzed the references to the two characters at five positions in the story: Introduction and maintaining of first character, introduction and maintaining of second character, and re-introduction of first character1. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,705 | Moreover, the approach can be improved by incorporating critical processes such as dispersal and population dynamics (Guisan and Thuiller 2005; Cheung et al. 2008a). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,706 | Many Sulfolobus chromatin proteins and transcription factors are post-translationally modified (Bell et al., 2002; Botting et al., 2010; Esser et al., 2012; Reimann et al., 2012; Niu et al., 2013; Reimann et al., 2013). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,707 | Different from other content-based Web page clustering approaches [5, 13, 14], the SOM-based approach clusters Web pages based on users’ browsing patterns. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,708 | However, the results of studies by Sajedi and Alizad,[20] Ghahramani
and Tavakolizade,[21] Amir Ali Akbari et al.,[15] Nouhjah et al.,[30] Ozbek et al.,[39] Hediger et al.,[18] Potijk et al.[25] and Richter and Janson[24] are in contradiction with the above results. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,709 | Since the first ON1 location in
Ontario [Eshaghi et al., 2012], geographical dispersion has been reported worldwide [Choudhary et al., 2013; Cui et al., 2013; Valley-Omar et al., 2013; Agoti et al., 2014; Auksornkitti et al., 2014]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,710 | It is clear from these results and those from previous studies Bagwell et al. 1998; 2001; Bergholz et al. 2001 that numerous diazotrophs inhabiting the rhizoplanes of salt marsh plants are strongly influenced by specific properties of the plant host and somewhat less influenced by the abiotic… | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,711 | For control purposes, the viruses RV-DUS2–11 (Falk et al., 2002) and RVHd65 (Besold et al., 2007) were employed. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,712 | The limits of detection for superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID), optical pumped magnetometer (OPM), Fluxgate, and magneto-impedance (MI) sensors at 10 Hz are approximately 1 fT/ √ Hz [1], 10 fT/ √ Hz [2], 5 pT/ √ Hz [3], and 10 pT/ √ Hz [4], respectively. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,713 | UV A radiation is absorbed by DNA and reacts with non-DNA chromophores, leading to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which damage DNA, proteins, and lipids in the skin [4,5]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,714 | LMM is an extension of typical linear regression analysis which includes random effects in the structure of the mean rather than the fixed effects.([17,19,25,26]) LMM was used to determine factors affecting growth trends over time. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,715 | …leukoariosis), metabolic disorder (diabetes), psychiatric disorder (Axis I disorders except phobias), Mini Mental Status Exam score< 28, and over two years of piano playing within the past five years due to potentially atypical signal dynamics in primary sensorimotor cortex (Krampe et al. 2002). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,716 | Additional support for Öhman’s view comes from electromyographic and neuroimaging studies of unconscious processing of masked facial expressions (Morris et al., 1998; Whalen et al., 1998; Dimberg, 2000; Dimberg et al., 2000). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,717 | The steps of octasaccharide synthesis and modification are well-defined genetically (10, 11, 12, 67, 68, 94, 103, 113). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,718 | Central motor conduction time (CMCT, in milliseconds) was calculated according to the F-wave method.(26) Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,719 | Such a mechanism could account for the nucleation dependency of the aggregation and secondary structural transformation of fibroin observed in vitro and postulated to occur in vivo (54). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,720 | Baumann et al (17) reported a single-center series of patients treated with the XTRACT procedure for ALI and showed similar results as the present study, with 78% efficacy (85.0% below the knee and 53.9% above the knee). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,721 | …by other field surveys also showed that Aurelia spp. polyps were primarily located on the undersides of artificial structures in the coastal waters of Japan, the UK, and the Mediterranean Sea (Miyake et al., 2002; Purcell et al., 2009;
Duarte et al., 2012; Malej et al., 2012; Marques et al., 2015). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,722 | …intriguing are the recent observations showing
extensive polymorphisms in the circadian clock genes in humans including Period (Per) genes that have been shown to be involved in alcohol-induced changes in circadian rhythms in rodents (Perreau-Lenz et al., 2009; Spanagel et al., 2005a,b). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,723 | Up to almost 70 percent of patients with NS-associated FSGS may attain complete or partial remission and maintain stable renal function for about 10 years when given a prolonged therapy with steroid or immunosuppressive drugs (19). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,724 | Intrinsic properties of NT MSNs (n = 59) were not significantly different from those measured from both hWT (n = 62) and hMT neurons both from coronal and parasagittal slices (n = 76, 27, respectively) (Table 1), and did not differ from those previously described for mouse MSN in tissue slice preparations (Goldberg et al., 2005; Bonsi et al., 2008). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,725 | included questions around ‘clear strategies and policies in government’ as well as ‘access to ICT in everyday life’ among the indices with the highest priority.(3) Developing countries require consideration of assessment within the context of rural areas. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,726 | To infer the most likely number of groups (K) we compared the log probability LnP(D) of different values for K using an ad hoc statistic (DK, [26]) that calculates the second order rate of change of LnP(D). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,727 | Madsen
et al. (2004) combined these data from trained delphinids with click parameters derived from wild false killer whales and Risso’s dolphins to estimate the ranges at which different prey targets may be detected by foraging toothed whale predators. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,728 | Postoperative intubation time (hrs) median (IQR [range]) 13 (10-18 [4-91]) 11 (9-14 [5–29]) 18 (14-23[4-91]) <0. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,729 | In view of the results in rats and humans showing the FFA dependency of GSIS in the prolonged fasting state (18, 19, 42, 43) plus the very low fasting FFA levels caused by glucoseinduced hyperinsulinemia in the control group in Boden’s study, it is possible that this condition favored a maintenance of the difference between their heparinIntralipid study vs. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,730 | Sound is an attribute of every landscape (Slabbekoorn & Ripmeester 2008; Pijanowski et al. 2011). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,731 | This result supports previous observations [24, 39], and shows that the mutase only produces the (R)-enantiomer. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,732 | Because the two structural suites are spatially correlative and share the same principal strain orientations, they could represent phases in a progressive deformation, with layer thickness as the evolving parameter [Ghent and Hansen, 1999]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,733 | including reports of deWcient cortical processing speciWc to prosody (Erwin et al. 1991; Wang et al. 2001; Kujala et al. 2005; Korpilahti et al. 2006). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,734 | The significantly better survival in younger patients in our study is in accordance with previous results [8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 30, 31, 33, 34]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,735 | Considering the growing interest in developing modulators of PPIs [54, 55], it will be important to design network-based approaches for the identification of ‘‘druggable’’ PPIs, selectively relevant for cells in pathological conditions. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,736 | thermophilus acyl-CoA synthetase was also propionylated (Okanishi et al. 2014). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,737 | The in-person sessions for the RCT counselees lasted between 60–90 min [18]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,738 | This might be because females of many species usually work close to their maximum capacity regardless of their work load (e.g., brood size), while males tend to increase their amount of care with increasing work load (Santos and Nakagawa 2012). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,739 | Similar results were observed among the general population and it may be related to late diagnosis in men [25], women’s best access to the health care services [26], and women’s greater concern with body image [27]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,740 | chlorophenolicus T99, a mutant with a transposon insertion in a gene encoding a hydroxyquinol dioxygenase, resulting in an inability to grow on or degrade 4-CP (Nordin et al. 2005). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,741 | Examination of plaque formation and growth curves were performed by standard methods as previously described (10, 35). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,742 | This result is consistent with earlier empirical evidence (Pruitt & Gitman, 1991; Al-Twaijry, 2007; Ahmed & Javid, 2009). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,743 | cholerae that is required for Hcp secretion [12], for killing of amoeba and bacteria [12,20], and also contributes to the inflammatory diarrhea in infant mice and rabbits [24,25]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,744 | Dogmatism, the tendency for individuals to be close-minded and driven by adherence to ideology in their beliefs, was measured using the 20-item version (Troldahl & Powell, 1965) of the Dogmatism Scale (DS; Rokeach, 1960; Rokeach & Fruchter, 1956). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,745 | Our results show that strong WM deficits are produced, thus lending support to the hypothesis (37, 38) that low-frequency oscillations in subregions of the thalamus are causal in producing symptoms of SZ. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,746 | studied nonverbal behavior during counseling sessions, and found high correlation between embodied synchrony (such as body movement coordination, similarity of voice strength and coordination and smoothness of response timing) and feeling of trust [144]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,747 | This table shows that the mechanism of Abdullah (1966) produces sound in the frequency range of our observations and suggests that a limited range of frequencies will occur for a considerable range of vortex properties. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,748 | Serum HCV RNA level was quantified by the LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics Applied Science, Penzberg, Germany) with the detection limit of 86 copies/ml (that is, 34 IU/ml) [32]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,749 | For example, Peña and Brody (Peña & Brody, 2014) show that users perceive norm-deviant posts by others to their individual profiles as inconsiderate and as damaging their relationship with the deviate. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,750 | In phase III studies, nivolumab has demonstrated an overall survival (OS) benefit in squamous NSCLC (9), nonsquamous NSCLC (10), melanoma (11), RCC (12), and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (13), and is being developed for several other tumor types. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,751 | Linear subspaces generated from shape and albedo information recovered from a single image: (a) The (re-scaled) first 9 dimensions of an 11D approximation of the illumination cone [8] (b) The first 9 harmonic images [2] (c) Synthesised images of a subject illuminated by lights from the universal configuration [11]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,752 | In [3] and [4], the authors introduce the idea of Early Application Identification and classify traffic flows by looking only at the lengths of the first packets in a flow; classification is performed by using clustering techniques such as K-means, Hidden Markov Models (HMM) and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,753 | MD studies were performed for many GQ native structures (54,64–67), potential four-stranded intermediates with strand slippage (58,60) and G-triplexes (42,57,61). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,754 | …0.07– 0.97, 0.45–4.1, 7.4–8.9, 2.97–18.92 and 12–35 mg/kg) in leafy green plants from Malaysia, Sri Lanka, China, Kathmandu, India and Turkey, respectively (Aweng et al. 2011; Kananke et al. 2014; Zhuang et al. 2009; Shakya and Khwaounjoo 2013; Yadav et al. 2013; Türkdoğan et al. 2002). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,755 | The first method used the CADP (bisimulation) equivalence checker to compare the models MI that we learned for the mutant implementations I with the model MR learned for the reference implementation R.2 For each of the mutants, CADP quickly found a counterexample trace illustrating the difference between the models of the mutant and the model of the reference implementation (for each mutant it takes around 3 seconds to find the counterexample). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,756 | All of the aforementioned methodologies assign a primary role to observation (Baker, 2006), which is defined as the “systematic recording of observable phenomena or behavior | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,757 | Trials reported successful models of collaborative care which commonly involved a PCP, a mental health professional and a case manager (4,5). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,758 | The performance of RPSA is compared with that of the state-of-the-art multi-modality analysis techniques: CCA, PLS, BLM, Semantic Matching (SM) (Rasiwasia et al, 2010), Semantic Correlation Matching (SCM) (Rasiwasia et al, 2010), Generalized Multi-view Marginal Fisher Analysis (GMMFA) (Sharma and Kumar, 2012) and Generalized Multi-view LDA (GMLDA) (Sharma and Kumar, 2012) in Table 6. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,759 | Neurotrauma is a significant public health problem(Andelic et al., 2009; Selassie et al., 2008). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,760 | More informative for the study of midbrain development was the discovery that a subtle shifting of Otx2's caudal expression boundary effects mDA neuron population size; a caudal shift results in an increase in population and a rostral one a reduction [19-21]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,761 | To avoid this, while not losing the inside-plot variation information, we applied the nested design, in line with Colegrave and Ruxton (2018). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,762 | Therefore, Induct RDR which derives rules directly from an extension of Cendrowska’s Prism algorithm [3] was made to be close to the bottom. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,763 | …et al., 2009), executive functions/working memory (Martis et al., 2003; Bloch et al., 2008), procedural learning (O’Connor et al., 2005), language (Triggs et al., 1999), memory (Triggs et al., 1999; Martis et al., 2003; Fabre et al., 2004; Kuroda et al., 2006,), motor speed (Martis et al.,… | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,764 | This approach has been used in a range of clinical settings to develop practice (Coyer et al., 2007; Day et al., 2009; Kelly and Simpson, 2001) and to develop practitioner roles (Williamson et al., 2004). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,765 | Even though there are now multiple variants of MRF (2,3,28,29), here an MRF sequence with a TrueFISP readout was implemented, as in the original MRF presenta- | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,766 | These results are however encouraging, and they have to be balanced with the literature illustrating the challenge related to reduce the metabolic cost of free walking with an assistive device [9, 37, 38, 51]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,767 | , 2012a) and to investigate the effect of breast support levels on breast kinematics and exercise-induced breast pain (Bridgman et al., 2010; Scurr et al., 2010; White et al., 2009). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,768 | In this study, compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in the level of P in the 2.5 mg and 5 mg letorzole treated groups, consistent with other results [Fatemi et al. 2008; Garcia-Velasco et al. 2009; Wang et al. 2013]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,769 | These results are in agreement with the observations in many cell types that agonist-induced AA release is mainly mediated by cPLA2 (Ui et al., 1995; Wu-Wong et al., 1996; Kramer and Sharp, 1997; Trevisi et al., 2002). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,770 | We use LM-Cut (Helmert and Domshlak 2009) for h, the LM-Count heuristic for ĥ, and the FF-heuristic (ignoring action costs) for d̂. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,771 | The implementation extends the simpler EnerJ type system [21] and is similarly based on Java 8’s extensible type annotations [7]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,772 | …intrinsic activity for MOPr agonists (Traynor and Nahorski, 1995; Yu et al., 1997; Kovoor et al., 1998; Zaki et al., 2000; Clark et al., 2006; Saidak et al., 2006), however this parameter is not able to differentiate full agonists in terms of efficacy and can be highly dependent upon… | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,773 | The term lesser known species does not imply that the species are unknown, but rather they presently constitute the bulk of wood that finds no economic use (Barany et al. 2003). Hansom (1983) and ITTO (2007) described lesser-known species as those species for which current commercial demand is below their forest production potentials. Freezaillah (1984) also defined an LKS as a commercially less accepted species left in the forest after a logging operation. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,774 | Other alternatives include an extension of the well-known (μ + λ) evolution strategy (ES) for mixed integer problems, MIES (Li et al., 2013) and the covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy CMA-ES (Hansen, 2011). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,775 | We splite the MARC with non-causal side information at the encoders into two MACs with non-causal side information and use the obtained results in [5] for MAC with non-causal side information at the encoders. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,776 | With the exception of a previously published analysis of the first of our two pooled studies (10); other investigations have associated parity with decreases in risk of colon and rectal cancer combined (6, 8, 21), or colon cancer alone (3, 15, 19-21, 27) but not rectal cancer. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,777 | …for ovarian and other similar cancer cell lines have shown an increase in infectivity through CAR-independent transduction, achieving higher reporter gene expression by several orders of magnitude in the primary tumor cells (Dmitriev et al., 1998; Kasono et al., 1999; Vanderkwaak et al., 1999). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,778 | Israel is considered to be a lowto-intermediate incidence area of NPC; however, the incidence in North Africa is relatively higher [1, 2]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,779 | sufficient to disrupt core PCP asymmetry and result in a loss or reversal of structural polarity (Adler et al., 2000; Bastock et al., 2003; Strutt and Strutt, 2007; Tree et al., 2002). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,780 | In fact, as it has been previously demonstrated in many different studies, peripheral blood lymphocytes are hosts to viral replication (14-17), while granulocytes may be passively carrying the different forms of HBV DNA as a result of their phagocytic activity on dead hepatocytes in the liver. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,781 | If charge is screened at the site of blocker interaction, rates of dissociation are unaffected (Anderson et al., 1988). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,782 | If we choose a sufficiently large β which eliminates consistencies between all worker pairs, Algorithm 1 collapses to the traditional semi-supervised algorithm [25] by treating all workers independently. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,783 | …that relates the dependent variable (e.g., hand opening or pointing distance) to physical variations of the target sizes used in the experiment (Bruno & Franz, 2009; Dewar & Carey, 2006; Franz, 2003a,
2003b; Franz, Scharnowski, & Gegenfurtner, 2005; Glover & Dixon, 2002; Schenk et al., 2011). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,784 | Relationships of tri-phasic parameters to force production
In previous work, we hypothesized that phase 1 frequency would impact force greatly (Krans and Chapple 2005). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,785 | In the worst case, bank con icts may delay a memory request by hundreds or even thousands of nanoseconds [16, 37, 66, 129]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,786 | Laboratory findings include antibody serologies that are positive for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and frequently anti-Sm and anti-double stranded DNA (antidsDNA) [3, 4]. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,787 | The oceans are currently the most extensively explored biome in regards to phage–bacteria interactions.(3) Studies based on prophage induction by DNA-damaging agents suggest that lytic infections are more common in high nutrient availability conditions, whereas lysogeny is more frequent in oligotrophic conditions. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,788 | 4: we use a concatenation
of 16-bin histograms as in (Gray and Tao, 2008; Prosser et al., 2010; Zheng et al., 2011) (see also Fig. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,789 | Furthermore, it differs from the characteristics of apparent “active” urea transporters in the kidneys of amphibians (Schmidt-Nielsen and Shrauger 1963) and teleost fish (McDonald et al. 2000; McDonald et al. 2002), where thiourea is transported more effectively than acetamide. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,790 | This is in comparison to previous work (Pan et al., 2006a) using a one-stage organosolv pretreatment of poplar where 90% of the original cellulose was recovered in the final water insoluble fraction. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,791 | Analyses of apn2 and apn2/matIGS were rooted in TNT and RAxML to strain 4766, which exploratory nrITS and tub2 analyses and a previous study of the group [14] indicated is a suitable outgroup for inferring phylogenetic relationships within C. gloeosporioides s.l. Statistical support for the inferred nodes was determined in RAxML–HPC2 by bootstrapping with the number of replicates for the independent gene trees determined by implementation of the extended majority rule (– | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,792 | …extensive isozyme (Lessios 1979, 1981a; Bermingham and Lessios 1993), mtDNA (Bermingham and Lessios 1993; McCartney et al. 2000), and bindin (McCartney and Lessios 2004) sampling has never identified a hybrid among postmetamorphic sea urchins in the Caribbean, which suggests that… | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,793 | The VG-cluster system of Kyoto University [10] was used for rendering and evaluation. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,794 | We used a blunt probe to lift the ventral scale that covers the opening to her cloaca such that a male could easily intromit one of his two hemipenes (Friesen et al. 2014b). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| method |
4,795 | Currently, the majority of U.S. biofuel production is in the form of ethanol derived from starch- or grain-based feedstocks, with over 90% of the biofuels produced and used domestically coming from corn (Groom et al., 2008). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,796 | Importantly, the same effect is observed in hydroxyurea-treated sld3-A dbf4–4A cells (42), in which the checkpoint kinases are activated normally but the key Rad53 phosphorylation sites in the initiation factors Sld3 and Dbf4 have been mutated (47), leading to the firing of late origins and an increase in DNA replication stress. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,797 | This is not surprising and may simply be due to the fact that unlike past studies, our sample comprised women who had already had an adult sexual assault at the start of the study, so their risk level was likely higher from the start, and the sample was more homogeneous than past studies of women in general (Livingston et al., 1997; Messman-Moore et al., 2010). | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| result |
4,798 | While many researchers have focused on retrieval of information regarding natural disasters [12,14,18], few have focused on the survivors’ behaviors and their mental condition. | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
4,799 | In fact, Underwood (1957) made this very point when he observed that the sleeping subjects in Jenkins and Dallenbach’s (1924) classic sleep study did not avoid learning material that was similar to the study list, so avoidance of retroactive interference could not explain why sleep facilitates… | Citations can describe a {{answer_choices[0]}}, a {{answer_choices[2]}}, or {{answer_choices[1]}}.
What is the citation below describing?
"{{input_1}}"
| background |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.