manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9849_356	to employ thirty mercenary crossbowmen. With the rise of scutage, it became the dominant element of
9849_357	the Venetian military.
9849_358	In the early modern period, the Republic's military strength was well out of proportion with its
9849_359	demographic weight. In the late 16th century, it ruled over a population of about 2 million people
9849_360	throughout its empire. In 1571, while preparing for war against the Ottomans, the Republic had
9849_361	37,000 soldiers and 140 galleys (manned by tens of thousands of sailors and oarsmen), excluding
9849_362	urban militias. The Venetian peacetime army strength of 9,000 was able to quadruple in the course
9849_363	of a few months by drawing upon professional hired soldiers and territorial militias
9849_364	simultaneously. These troops generally showed marked technical superiority over their primarily
9849_365	Turkish opponents, as demonstrated in battles such as the 18-month Siege of Famagusta, in which the
9849_366	Venetians inflicted outsized casualties and only were defeated when they exhausted their gunpowder.
9849_367	Like other states of the period, the Republic's military strength peaked during wars, only to
9849_368	quickly go back to peacetime levels due to costs. The level of garrisons stabilized after 1577 at
9849_369	9,000, with 7,000 infantry and the rest cavalry. In 1581 there were 146 galleys and 18 galleasses
9849_370	in the navy, requiring a third of the Republic's revenue.Gregory Hanlon. "The Twilight Of A
9849_371	Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." Routledge: 1997. Pages
9849_372	19-20, 25, 87. During the Cretan War (1645-1669), the Republic fought mostly alone against the
9849_373	undivided attention of the Ottoman Empire, and though it lost, managed to keep fighting after
9849_374	losing 62,000 troops in the attrition, while inflicting about 240,000 losses on the Ottoman army
9849_375	and sinking hundreds of Ottoman ships. The cost of the war was ruinous, but the Republic was
9849_376	eventually able to cover it. The Morean War further confirmed the Republic's position as a military
9849_377	power well into the late 17th century.
9849_378	Venetian military strength underwent a terminal decline in the 18th century. The combined effect of
9849_379	prolonged peace and the abandonment of military careers by patricians meant that Venetian military
9849_380	culture ossified. Its army in that period was poorly maintained. The troops, serving under
9849_381	non-martial officers, were not regularly drilled and worked various odd jobs to supplement their
9849_382	salaries. Its navy did not decline to as drastic a degree, but still never came close to its
9849_383	relative power in the 16th and 17th centuries. In a normal 18th century year there were about 20
9849_384	ships of the line (each of 64 or 70 cannons), 10 frigates, 20 galleys, and 100 small craft, which
9849_385	mostly participated in patrols and punitive expeditions against Barbary corsairs. When Napoleon
9849_386	invaded in 1796, the Republic surrendered without a fight.Hanlon, p. 176-177.
9849_387	Economy
9849_388	The republic of Venice was active in the production and trading of salt, salted products, and other
9849_389	products along trade routes established by the salt trade. Venice produced its own salt at Chioggia
9849_390	by the seventh century for trade, but eventually moved on to buying and establishing salt
9849_391	production throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. Venetian merchants bought salt and acquired salt
9849_392	production from Egypt, Algeria, the Crimean peninsula, Sardinia, Ibiza, Crete, and Cyprus. The
9849_393	establishment of these trade routes also allow Venetian merchants to pick up other valuable cargo,
9849_394	such as Indian spices, from these ports for trade. They then sold or supplied salt and other goods
9849_395	to cities in the Po Valley - Piacenza, Parma, Reggio, Bologna, among others - in exchange for
9849_396	salami, prosciutto, cheese, soft wheat, and other goods.
9849_397	The Golden Bull of 1082, issued by Alexios I Komnenos in return for their defense of the Adriatic
9849_398	Sea against the Normans, granted Venetian merchants with duty-free trading rights, exempt from tax,
9849_399	throughout the Byzantine Empire in 23 of the most important Byzantine ports, guaranteed them
9849_400	property-right protections from Byzantine administrators, and given them buildings and wharfs
9849_401	within Constantinople. These concessions greatly expanded Venetian trading activity throughout the
9849_402	Eastern Mediterranean.
9849_403	Heraldry
9849_404	The winged Lion of St. Mark, which had appeared on the Republic's flag and coat of arms, is still
9849_405	featured in the red-yellow flag of the city of Venice (which has six tails, one for each sestier of
9849_406	the city), in the coat of arms of the city and in the yellow-red-blue flag of Veneto (which has
9849_407	seven tails representing the seven provinces of the region).
9849_408	The winged lion also appears in the naval ensign of the Italian Republic, alongside the coat of
9849_409	arms of three other medieval Italian maritime republics (Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi).
9849_410	See also References Citations Sources Primary sources
9849_411	Contarini, Gasparo (1599). The Commonwealth and Government of Venice. Lewes Lewkenor, translator.
9849_412	London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes". The most important contemporary account of Venice's
9849_413	governance during the time of its blossoming; numerous reprint editions; online facsimile.
9849_414	Secondary sources
9849_415	Brown, Patricia Fortini (2004). Private Lives in Renaissance Venice: art, architecture, and the
9849_416	family.
9849_417	Chambers, D. S. (1970). The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380–1580. London: Thames & Hudson. The best
9849_418	brief introduction in English, still completely reliable.
9849_419	Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). Venice Misappropriated. Trames 6(2):192–201. A scathing review of
9849_420	Martin & Romano 2000; also a good summary on the most recent economic and political thought on
9849_421	Venice.
9849_422	Garrett, Martin (2006). Venice: a Cultural History. Revised edition of Venice: a Cultural and
9849_423	Literary Companion (2001).
9849_424	Grubb, James S. (1986). When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography. Journal of
9849_425	Modern History 58, pp. 43–94. The classic "muckraking" essay on the myths of Venice.
9849_426	Howard, Deborah, and Sarah Quill (2004). The Architectural History of Venice.
9849_427	Hale, John Rigby (1974). Renaissance Venice. .
9849_428	Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973). Venice: Maritime Republic. . A standard scholarly history with an
9849_429	emphasis on economic, political and diplomatic history.
9849_430	Laven, Mary (2002). Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent.
9849_431	The most important study of the life of Renaissance nuns, with much on aristocratic family networks
9849_432	and the life of women more generally.
9849_433	Mallett, M. E. and Hale, J. R. (1984). The Military Organisation of a Renaissance State, Venice c.
9849_434	1400 to 1617. .
9849_435	Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds.) (2002). Venice Reconsidered: The History and
9849_436	Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. Johns Hopkins UP. The most recent collection on
9849_437	essays, many by prominent scholars, on Venice.
9849_438	Melisseides Ioannes A. (2010), E epibiose:odoiporiko se chronus meta ten Alose tes Basileusas
9849_439	(1453–1605 peripu), (in Greek), epim.Pulcheria Sabolea-Melisseide, Ekd.Vergina Athens, (Worldcat,
9849_440	Greek National Bibliography 9217/10, Regesta Imperii, etc.), p. 91–108,
9849_441	Muir, Edward (1981). Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice. Princeton UP. The classic of Venetian
9849_442	cultural studies, highly sophisticated.
9849_443	Prelli, Alberto. Sotto le bandiere di San Marco, le armate della Serenissima nel '600, Itinera
9849_444	Progetti, Bassano del Grappa, 2012
9849_445	Rosand, David (2001). Myths of Venice: The Figuration of a State. How foreign writers have
9849_446	understood Venice and its art.
9849_447	Tafuri, Manfredo (1995). Venice and the Renaissance. On Venetian architecture.
9849_448	Tafel, Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich, and Georg Martin Thomas (1856). Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und
9849_449	Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig.
9849_450	Tomaz, Luigi (2007). Il confine d'Italia in Istria e Dalmazia. Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri.
9849_451	Conselve: Think ADV.
9849_452	Tomaz, Luigi. In Adriatico nel secondo millennio. Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri.
9849_453	Tomaz, Luigi (2001). In Adriatico nell'antichità e nell'alto medioevo. Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri.
9849_454	Conselve: Think ADV.
9849_455	External links

9849_356

to employ thirty mercenary crossbowmen. With the rise of scutage, it became the dominant element of

9849_357

the Venetian military.

9849_358

In the early modern period, the Republic's military strength was well out of proportion with its

9849_359

demographic weight. In the late 16th century, it ruled over a population of about 2 million people

9849_360

throughout its empire. In 1571, while preparing for war against the Ottomans, the Republic had

9849_361

37,000 soldiers and 140 galleys (manned by tens of thousands of sailors and oarsmen), excluding

9849_362

urban militias. The Venetian peacetime army strength of 9,000 was able to quadruple in the course

9849_363

of a few months by drawing upon professional hired soldiers and territorial militias

9849_364

simultaneously. These troops generally showed marked technical superiority over their primarily

9849_365

Turkish opponents, as demonstrated in battles such as the 18-month Siege of Famagusta, in which the

9849_366

Venetians inflicted outsized casualties and only were defeated when they exhausted their gunpowder.

9849_367

Like other states of the period, the Republic's military strength peaked during wars, only to

9849_368

quickly go back to peacetime levels due to costs. The level of garrisons stabilized after 1577 at

9849_369

9,000, with 7,000 infantry and the rest cavalry. In 1581 there were 146 galleys and 18 galleasses

9849_370

in the navy, requiring a third of the Republic's revenue.Gregory Hanlon. "The Twilight Of A

9849_371

Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." Routledge: 1997. Pages

9849_372

19-20, 25, 87. During the Cretan War (1645-1669), the Republic fought mostly alone against the

9849_373

undivided attention of the Ottoman Empire, and though it lost, managed to keep fighting after

9849_374

losing 62,000 troops in the attrition, while inflicting about 240,000 losses on the Ottoman army

9849_375

and sinking hundreds of Ottoman ships. The cost of the war was ruinous, but the Republic was

9849_376

eventually able to cover it. The Morean War further confirmed the Republic's position as a military

9849_377

power well into the late 17th century.

9849_378

Venetian military strength underwent a terminal decline in the 18th century. The combined effect of

9849_379

prolonged peace and the abandonment of military careers by patricians meant that Venetian military

9849_380

culture ossified. Its army in that period was poorly maintained. The troops, serving under

9849_381

non-martial officers, were not regularly drilled and worked various odd jobs to supplement their

9849_382

salaries. Its navy did not decline to as drastic a degree, but still never came close to its

9849_383

relative power in the 16th and 17th centuries. In a normal 18th century year there were about 20

9849_384

ships of the line (each of 64 or 70 cannons), 10 frigates, 20 galleys, and 100 small craft, which

9849_385

mostly participated in patrols and punitive expeditions against Barbary corsairs. When Napoleon

9849_386

invaded in 1796, the Republic surrendered without a fight.Hanlon, p. 176-177.

9849_387

Economy

9849_388

The republic of Venice was active in the production and trading of salt, salted products, and other

9849_389

products along trade routes established by the salt trade. Venice produced its own salt at Chioggia

9849_390

by the seventh century for trade, but eventually moved on to buying and establishing salt

9849_391

production throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. Venetian merchants bought salt and acquired salt

9849_392

production from Egypt, Algeria, the Crimean peninsula, Sardinia, Ibiza, Crete, and Cyprus. The

9849_393

establishment of these trade routes also allow Venetian merchants to pick up other valuable cargo,

9849_394

such as Indian spices, from these ports for trade. They then sold or supplied salt and other goods

9849_395

to cities in the Po Valley - Piacenza, Parma, Reggio, Bologna, among others - in exchange for

9849_396

salami, prosciutto, cheese, soft wheat, and other goods.

9849_397

The Golden Bull of 1082, issued by Alexios I Komnenos in return for their defense of the Adriatic

9849_398

Sea against the Normans, granted Venetian merchants with duty-free trading rights, exempt from tax,

9849_399

throughout the Byzantine Empire in 23 of the most important Byzantine ports, guaranteed them

9849_400

property-right protections from Byzantine administrators, and given them buildings and wharfs

9849_401

within Constantinople. These concessions greatly expanded Venetian trading activity throughout the

9849_402

Eastern Mediterranean.

9849_403

Heraldry

9849_404

The winged Lion of St. Mark, which had appeared on the Republic's flag and coat of arms, is still

9849_405

featured in the red-yellow flag of the city of Venice (which has six tails, one for each sestier of

9849_406

the city), in the coat of arms of the city and in the yellow-red-blue flag of Veneto (which has

9849_407

seven tails representing the seven provinces of the region).

9849_408

The winged lion also appears in the naval ensign of the Italian Republic, alongside the coat of

9849_409

arms of three other medieval Italian maritime republics (Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi).

9849_410

See also References Citations Sources Primary sources

9849_411

Contarini, Gasparo (1599). The Commonwealth and Government of Venice. Lewes Lewkenor, translator.

9849_412

London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes". The most important contemporary account of Venice's

9849_413

governance during the time of its blossoming; numerous reprint editions; online facsimile.

9849_414

Secondary sources

9849_415

Brown, Patricia Fortini (2004). Private Lives in Renaissance Venice: art, architecture, and the

9849_416

family.

9849_417

Chambers, D. S. (1970). The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380–1580. London: Thames & Hudson. The best

9849_418

brief introduction in English, still completely reliable.

9849_419

Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). Venice Misappropriated. Trames 6(2):192–201. A scathing review of

9849_420

Martin & Romano 2000; also a good summary on the most recent economic and political thought on

9849_421

Venice.

9849_422

Garrett, Martin (2006). Venice: a Cultural History. Revised edition of Venice: a Cultural and

9849_423

Literary Companion (2001).

9849_424

Grubb, James S. (1986). When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography. Journal of

9849_425

Modern History 58, pp. 43–94. The classic "muckraking" essay on the myths of Venice.

9849_426

Howard, Deborah, and Sarah Quill (2004). The Architectural History of Venice.

9849_427

Hale, John Rigby (1974). Renaissance Venice. .

9849_428

Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973). Venice: Maritime Republic. . A standard scholarly history with an

9849_429

emphasis on economic, political and diplomatic history.

9849_430

Laven, Mary (2002). Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent.

9849_431

The most important study of the life of Renaissance nuns, with much on aristocratic family networks

9849_432

and the life of women more generally.

9849_433

Mallett, M. E. and Hale, J. R. (1984). The Military Organisation of a Renaissance State, Venice c.

9849_434

1400 to 1617. .

9849_435

Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds.) (2002). Venice Reconsidered: The History and

9849_436

Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797. Johns Hopkins UP. The most recent collection on

9849_437

essays, many by prominent scholars, on Venice.

9849_438

Melisseides Ioannes A. (2010), E epibiose:odoiporiko se chronus meta ten Alose tes Basileusas

9849_439

(1453–1605 peripu), (in Greek), epim.Pulcheria Sabolea-Melisseide, Ekd.Vergina Athens, (Worldcat,

9849_440

Greek National Bibliography 9217/10, Regesta Imperii, etc.), p. 91–108,

9849_441

Muir, Edward (1981). Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice. Princeton UP. The classic of Venetian

9849_442

cultural studies, highly sophisticated.

9849_443

Prelli, Alberto. Sotto le bandiere di San Marco, le armate della Serenissima nel '600, Itinera

9849_444

Progetti, Bassano del Grappa, 2012

9849_445

Rosand, David (2001). Myths of Venice: The Figuration of a State. How foreign writers have

9849_446

understood Venice and its art.

9849_447

Tafuri, Manfredo (1995). Venice and the Renaissance. On Venetian architecture.

9849_448

Tafel, Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich, and Georg Martin Thomas (1856). Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und

9849_449

Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig.

9849_450

Tomaz, Luigi (2007). Il confine d'Italia in Istria e Dalmazia. Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri.

9849_451

Conselve: Think ADV.

9849_452

Tomaz, Luigi. In Adriatico nel secondo millennio. Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri.

9849_453

Tomaz, Luigi (2001). In Adriatico nell'antichità e nell'alto medioevo. Foreword by Arnaldo Mauri.

9849_454

Conselve: Think ADV.

9849_455

External links