manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9849_156	Venice expanded as well along the Dalmatian coast from Istria to Albania, which was acquired from
9849_157	King Ladislaus of Naples during the civil war in Hungary. Ladislaus was about to lose the conflict
9849_158	and had decided to escape to Naples, but before doing so, he agreed to sell his now practically
9849_159	forfeit rights on the Dalmatian cities for the reduced sum of 100,000 ducats.
9849_160	Venice exploited the situation and quickly installed nobility to govern the area, for example,
9849_161	Count Filippo Stipanov in Zara. This move by the Venetians was a response to the threatening
9849_162	expansion of Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan. Control over the northeast main land routes was
9849_163	also a necessity for the safety of the trades. By 1410, Venice had a navy of 3,300 ships (manned by
9849_164	36,000 men) and taken over most of what is now the Veneto, including the cities of Verona (which
9849_165	swore its loyalty in the Devotion of Verona to Venice in 1405) and Padua.
9849_166	The situation in Dalmatia had been settled in 1408 by a truce with King Sigismund of Hungary, but
9849_167	the difficulties of Hungary finally granted to the republic the consolidation of its Adriatic
9849_168	dominions. At the expiration of the truce in 1420, Venice immediately invaded the Patriarchate of
9849_169	Aquileia, and subjected Traù, Spalato, Durazzo, and other Dalmatian cities. In Lombardy, Venice
9849_170	acquired Brescia in 1426, Bergamo in 1428, and Cremona in 1499.
9849_171	Slaves were plentiful in the Italian city-states as late as the 15th century. Between 1414 and
9849_172	1423, some 10,000 slaves, imported from Caffa, were sold in Venice.
9849_173	In 1454, a conspiracy for a planned rebellion against Venice was dismantled in Candia. The
9849_174	conspiracy was led by Sifis Vlastos as an opposition to the religious reforms for the unification
9849_175	of Churches agreed at the Council of Florence.
9849_176	In 1481, Venice retook nearby Rovigo, which it had held previously from 1395 to 1438; in February
9849_177	1489, the island of Cyprus, previously a crusader state (the Kingdom of Cyprus), was added to
9849_178	Venice's holdings.
9849_179	League of Cambrai, the loss of Cyprus, and Battle of Lepanto
9849_180	The Ottoman Empire started sea campaigns as early as 1423, when it waged a seven-year war with the
9849_181	Venetian Republic over maritime control of the Aegean, the Ionian, and the Adriatic Seas. The wars
9849_182	with Venice resumed after the Ottomans captured the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, and lasted until a
9849_183	favorable peace treaty was signed in 1479 just after the troublesome siege of Shkodra. In 1480 (now
9849_184	no longer hampered by the Venetian fleet), the Ottomans besieged Rhodes and briefly captured
9849_185	Otranto. By 1490, the population of Venice had risen to about 180,000 people.
9849_186	War with the Ottomans resumed from 1499 to 1503. In 1499, Venice allied itself with Louis XII of
9849_187	France against Milan, gaining Cremona. In the same year, the Ottoman sultan moved to attack Lepanto
9849_188	by land, and sent a large fleet to support his offensive by sea. Antonio Grimani, more a
9849_189	businessman and diplomat than a sailor, was defeated in the sea battle of Zonchio in 1499. The
9849_190	Turks once again sacked Friuli. Preferring peace to total war both against the Turks and by sea,
9849_191	Venice surrendered the bases of Lepanto, Durazzo, Modon, and Coron.
9849_192	Venice's attention was diverted from its usual maritime position by the delicate situation in
9849_193	Romagna, then one of the richest lands in Italy, which was nominally part of the Papal States, but
9849_194	effectively divided into a series of small lordships which were difficult for Rome's troops to
9849_195	control. Eager to take some of Venice's lands, all neighbouring powers joined in the League of
9849_196	Cambrai in 1508, under the leadership of Pope Julius II. The pope wanted Romagna; Emperor
9849_197	Maximilian I: Friuli and Veneto; Spain: the Apulian ports; the king of France: Cremona; the king of
9849_198	Hungary: Dalmatia, and each one some of another's part. The offensive against the huge army
9849_199	enlisted by Venice was launched from France.
9849_200	On 14 May 1509, Venice was crushingly defeated at the battle of Agnadello, in the Ghiara d'Adda,
9849_201	marking one of the most delicate points in Venetian history. French and imperial troops were
9849_202	occupying Veneto, but Venice managed to extricate itself through diplomatic efforts. The Apulian
9849_203	ports were ceded in order to come to terms with Spain, and Pope Julius II soon recognized the
9849_204	danger brought by the eventual destruction of Venice (then the only Italian power able to face
9849_205	kingdoms like France or empires like the Ottomans).
9849_206	The citizens of the mainland rose to the cry of "Marco, Marco", and Andrea Gritti recaptured Padua
9849_207	in July 1509, successfully defending it against the besieging imperial troops. Spain and the pope
9849_208	broke off their alliance with France, and Venice regained Brescia and Verona from France, also.
9849_209	After seven years of ruinous war, the Serenissima regained its mainland dominions west to the Adda
9849_210	River. Although the defeat had turned into a victory, the events of 1509 marked the end of the
9849_211	Venetian expansion.
9849_212	In 1489, the first year of Venetian control of Cyprus, Turks attacked the Karpasia Peninsula,
9849_213	pillaging and taking captives to be sold into slavery. In 1539, the Turkish fleet attacked and
9849_214	destroyed Limassol. Fearing the ever-expanding Ottoman Empire, the Venetians had fortified
9849_215	Famagusta, Nicosia, and Kyrenia, but most other cities were easy prey. By 1563, the population of
9849_216	Venice had dropped to about 168,000 people.
9849_217	In the summer of 1570, the Turks struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than
9849_218	a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Mustafa Pasha
9849_219	landed unopposed near Limassol on 2 July 1570, and laid siege to Nicosia. In an orgy of victory on
9849_220	the day that the city fell – 9 September 1570 – 20,000 Nicosians were put to death, and every
9849_221	church, public building, and palace was looted. Word of the massacre spread, and a few days later,
9849_222	Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. Famagusta, however, resisted and put up a
9849_223	defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571.
9849_224	The fall of Famagusta marked the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus. Two months later, the
9849_225	naval forces of the Holy League, composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and papal ships under the
9849_226	command of Don John of Austria, defeated the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Lepanto. Despite
9849_227	victory at sea over the Turks, Cyprus remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries. By
9849_228	1575, the population of Venice was about 175,000 people, but partly as a result of the plague of
9849_229	1575–76 dropped to 124,000 people by 1581.
9849_230	17th century
9849_231	According to economic historian Jan De Vries, Venice's economic power in the Mediterranean had
9849_232	declined significantly by the start of the 17th century. De Vries attributes this decline to the
9849_233	loss of the spice trade, a declining uncompetitive textile industry, competition in book publishing
9849_234	due to a rejuvenated Catholic Church, the adverse impact of the Thirty Years' War on Venice's key
9849_235	trade partners, and the increasing cost of cotton and silk imports to Venice.
9849_236	In 1606, a conflict between Venice and the Holy See began with the arrest of two clerics accused of
9849_237	petty crimes, and with a law restricting the Church's right to enjoy and acquire landed property.
9849_238	Pope Paul V held that these provisions were contrary to canon law, and demanded that they be
9849_239	repealed. When this was refused, he placed Venice under an interdict which forbade clergymen from
9849_240	excersing almost all priestly duties. The Republic paid no attention to the interdict or the act of
9849_241	excommunication, and ordered its priests to carry out their ministry. It was supported in its
9849_242	decisions by the Servite monk Paolo Sarpi, a sharp polemical writer who was nominated to be the
9849_243	Signoria's adviser on theology and canon law in 1606. The interdict was lifted after a year, when
9849_244	France intervened and proposed a formula of compromise. Venice was satisfied with reaffirming the
9849_245	principle that no citizen was superior to the normal processes of law.
9849_246	Rivalry with Hapsburg Spain and the Holy Roman Empire led to Venice's last significant wars in
9849_247	Italy and the northern Adriatic. Between 1615 and 1618 Venice fought Archduke Ferdinand of Austria
9849_248	in the Uskok war in the northern Adriatic and on the Republic's eastern border, while in Lombardy,
9849_249	to the west, Venetian troops skirmished with the forces of Don Pedro de Toledo Osorio, Spanish
9849_250	governor of Milan, around Crema in 1617 and in the countryside of Romano di Lombardia in 1618. A
9849_251	fragile peace did not last, and in 1629 the Most Serene Republic returned to war with Spain and the
9849_252	Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Mantuan succession. During the brief war a Venetian army led by
9849_253	provveditore Zaccaria Sagredo and reinforced by French allies was disastrously routed by Imperial
9849_254	forces at the battle of Villabuona and Venice's closest ally Mantua was sacked, but reversals
9849_255	elsewhere for the Holy Roman empire and Spain ensured the Republic suffered no territorial loss and

9849_156

Venice expanded as well along the Dalmatian coast from Istria to Albania, which was acquired from

9849_157

King Ladislaus of Naples during the civil war in Hungary. Ladislaus was about to lose the conflict

9849_158

and had decided to escape to Naples, but before doing so, he agreed to sell his now practically

9849_159

forfeit rights on the Dalmatian cities for the reduced sum of 100,000 ducats.

9849_160

Venice exploited the situation and quickly installed nobility to govern the area, for example,

9849_161

Count Filippo Stipanov in Zara. This move by the Venetians was a response to the threatening

9849_162

expansion of Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan. Control over the northeast main land routes was

9849_163

also a necessity for the safety of the trades. By 1410, Venice had a navy of 3,300 ships (manned by

9849_164

36,000 men) and taken over most of what is now the Veneto, including the cities of Verona (which

9849_165

swore its loyalty in the Devotion of Verona to Venice in 1405) and Padua.

9849_166

The situation in Dalmatia had been settled in 1408 by a truce with King Sigismund of Hungary, but

9849_167

the difficulties of Hungary finally granted to the republic the consolidation of its Adriatic

9849_168

dominions. At the expiration of the truce in 1420, Venice immediately invaded the Patriarchate of

9849_169

Aquileia, and subjected Traù, Spalato, Durazzo, and other Dalmatian cities. In Lombardy, Venice

9849_170

acquired Brescia in 1426, Bergamo in 1428, and Cremona in 1499.

9849_171

Slaves were plentiful in the Italian city-states as late as the 15th century. Between 1414 and

9849_172

1423, some 10,000 slaves, imported from Caffa, were sold in Venice.

9849_173

In 1454, a conspiracy for a planned rebellion against Venice was dismantled in Candia. The

9849_174

conspiracy was led by Sifis Vlastos as an opposition to the religious reforms for the unification

9849_175

of Churches agreed at the Council of Florence.

9849_176

In 1481, Venice retook nearby Rovigo, which it had held previously from 1395 to 1438; in February

9849_177

1489, the island of Cyprus, previously a crusader state (the Kingdom of Cyprus), was added to

9849_178

Venice's holdings.

9849_179

League of Cambrai, the loss of Cyprus, and Battle of Lepanto

9849_180

The Ottoman Empire started sea campaigns as early as 1423, when it waged a seven-year war with the

9849_181

Venetian Republic over maritime control of the Aegean, the Ionian, and the Adriatic Seas. The wars

9849_182

with Venice resumed after the Ottomans captured the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1463, and lasted until a

9849_183

favorable peace treaty was signed in 1479 just after the troublesome siege of Shkodra. In 1480 (now

9849_184

no longer hampered by the Venetian fleet), the Ottomans besieged Rhodes and briefly captured

9849_185

Otranto. By 1490, the population of Venice had risen to about 180,000 people.

9849_186

War with the Ottomans resumed from 1499 to 1503. In 1499, Venice allied itself with Louis XII of

9849_187

France against Milan, gaining Cremona. In the same year, the Ottoman sultan moved to attack Lepanto

9849_188

by land, and sent a large fleet to support his offensive by sea. Antonio Grimani, more a

9849_189

businessman and diplomat than a sailor, was defeated in the sea battle of Zonchio in 1499. The

9849_190

Turks once again sacked Friuli. Preferring peace to total war both against the Turks and by sea,

9849_191

Venice surrendered the bases of Lepanto, Durazzo, Modon, and Coron.

9849_192

Venice's attention was diverted from its usual maritime position by the delicate situation in

9849_193

Romagna, then one of the richest lands in Italy, which was nominally part of the Papal States, but

9849_194

effectively divided into a series of small lordships which were difficult for Rome's troops to

9849_195

control. Eager to take some of Venice's lands, all neighbouring powers joined in the League of

9849_196

Cambrai in 1508, under the leadership of Pope Julius II. The pope wanted Romagna; Emperor

9849_197

Maximilian I: Friuli and Veneto; Spain: the Apulian ports; the king of France: Cremona; the king of

9849_198

Hungary: Dalmatia, and each one some of another's part. The offensive against the huge army

9849_199

enlisted by Venice was launched from France.

9849_200

On 14 May 1509, Venice was crushingly defeated at the battle of Agnadello, in the Ghiara d'Adda,

9849_201

marking one of the most delicate points in Venetian history. French and imperial troops were

9849_202

occupying Veneto, but Venice managed to extricate itself through diplomatic efforts. The Apulian

9849_203

ports were ceded in order to come to terms with Spain, and Pope Julius II soon recognized the

9849_204

danger brought by the eventual destruction of Venice (then the only Italian power able to face

9849_205

kingdoms like France or empires like the Ottomans).

9849_206

The citizens of the mainland rose to the cry of "Marco, Marco", and Andrea Gritti recaptured Padua

9849_207

in July 1509, successfully defending it against the besieging imperial troops. Spain and the pope

9849_208

broke off their alliance with France, and Venice regained Brescia and Verona from France, also.

9849_209

After seven years of ruinous war, the Serenissima regained its mainland dominions west to the Adda

9849_210

River. Although the defeat had turned into a victory, the events of 1509 marked the end of the

9849_211

Venetian expansion.

9849_212

In 1489, the first year of Venetian control of Cyprus, Turks attacked the Karpasia Peninsula,

9849_213

pillaging and taking captives to be sold into slavery. In 1539, the Turkish fleet attacked and

9849_214

destroyed Limassol. Fearing the ever-expanding Ottoman Empire, the Venetians had fortified

9849_215

Famagusta, Nicosia, and Kyrenia, but most other cities were easy prey. By 1563, the population of

9849_216

Venice had dropped to about 168,000 people.

9849_217

In the summer of 1570, the Turks struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than

9849_218

a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Mustafa Pasha

9849_219

landed unopposed near Limassol on 2 July 1570, and laid siege to Nicosia. In an orgy of victory on

9849_220

the day that the city fell – 9 September 1570 – 20,000 Nicosians were put to death, and every

9849_221

church, public building, and palace was looted. Word of the massacre spread, and a few days later,

9849_222

Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. Famagusta, however, resisted and put up a

9849_223

defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571.

9849_224

The fall of Famagusta marked the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus. Two months later, the

9849_225

naval forces of the Holy League, composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and papal ships under the

9849_226

command of Don John of Austria, defeated the Turkish fleet at the Battle of Lepanto. Despite

9849_227

victory at sea over the Turks, Cyprus remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries. By

9849_228

1575, the population of Venice was about 175,000 people, but partly as a result of the plague of

9849_229

1575–76 dropped to 124,000 people by 1581.

9849_230

17th century

9849_231

According to economic historian Jan De Vries, Venice's economic power in the Mediterranean had

9849_232

declined significantly by the start of the 17th century. De Vries attributes this decline to the

9849_233

loss of the spice trade, a declining uncompetitive textile industry, competition in book publishing

9849_234

due to a rejuvenated Catholic Church, the adverse impact of the Thirty Years' War on Venice's key

9849_235

trade partners, and the increasing cost of cotton and silk imports to Venice.

9849_236

In 1606, a conflict between Venice and the Holy See began with the arrest of two clerics accused of

9849_237

petty crimes, and with a law restricting the Church's right to enjoy and acquire landed property.

9849_238

Pope Paul V held that these provisions were contrary to canon law, and demanded that they be

9849_239

repealed. When this was refused, he placed Venice under an interdict which forbade clergymen from

9849_240

excersing almost all priestly duties. The Republic paid no attention to the interdict or the act of

9849_241

excommunication, and ordered its priests to carry out their ministry. It was supported in its

9849_242

decisions by the Servite monk Paolo Sarpi, a sharp polemical writer who was nominated to be the

9849_243

Signoria's adviser on theology and canon law in 1606. The interdict was lifted after a year, when

9849_244

France intervened and proposed a formula of compromise. Venice was satisfied with reaffirming the

9849_245

principle that no citizen was superior to the normal processes of law.

9849_246

Rivalry with Hapsburg Spain and the Holy Roman Empire led to Venice's last significant wars in

9849_247

Italy and the northern Adriatic. Between 1615 and 1618 Venice fought Archduke Ferdinand of Austria

9849_248

in the Uskok war in the northern Adriatic and on the Republic's eastern border, while in Lombardy,

9849_249

to the west, Venetian troops skirmished with the forces of Don Pedro de Toledo Osorio, Spanish

9849_250

governor of Milan, around Crema in 1617 and in the countryside of Romano di Lombardia in 1618. A

9849_251

fragile peace did not last, and in 1629 the Most Serene Republic returned to war with Spain and the

9849_252

Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Mantuan succession. During the brief war a Venetian army led by

9849_253

provveditore Zaccaria Sagredo and reinforced by French allies was disastrously routed by Imperial

9849_254

forces at the battle of Villabuona and Venice's closest ally Mantua was sacked, but reversals

9849_255

elsewhere for the Holy Roman empire and Spain ensured the Republic suffered no territorial loss and