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234_14	References External links The IreAtlas Townland Data Base Townlands of County Westmeath
235_0	"If I Told You That" is a 2000 duet by American singer Whitney Houston and British singer George Michael. The song was released as the first UK single and the second US single from Houston's Whitney: The Greatest Hits album. The song first appeared on Houston's 1998 multi-Platinum My Love Is Your Love album, where she sang it solo. George Michael's vocals were later recorded and added to the song when it was being included on Houston's greatest hits package. In addition to adding Michael's vocals to the newer version of the song, the arrangement of the song was also modified, albeit only very slightly. The song was originally to feature Michael Jackson. "If I Told You That" peaked at number 1 in Iceland, Croatia and Poland. While Houston performed the song in concert, the two never collaborated on a live version. Michael never performed the song live at any of his concerts. Although "If I Told You That" was a hit, it did not appear on Michael's compilation album Twenty Five.
235_1	Critical reception
235_2	Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that "whatever magic might be found in this effort most certainly is going to come from the fine vocal performances. Houston scats and offers shout-outs that give "If I Told You That" a spontaneity and energy [...], while Michael still stands tall as one of the finer soul men to step in front of the mike. This pairing is mightily inspired[.], adding that "the track's instrumental palette is definitely of the moment, with a driving shuffle beat and layered vocals[.] The hook is catchy enough, with a chorus that's simple and easy to sing along with." J. D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun felt that "If I Told You That" is a song on which Houston is "faking attraction with George Michael". LA Weekly in its review for Whitney: The Greatest Hits commented that "[o]n paper, the Houston-Michael coupling is inspired[.] But Michael simply adds his pinched, nasal vocals to the track [...], the result of which is two people singing at one another and daring the
235_3	listener to care".
235_4	The Baltimore Sun wrote: "when she sings in "If I Told You That" about giving in to temptation and having a fling with a friend, we shouldn't suppose she's thinking of any friend in particular."
235_5	Music video The music video directed by Kevin Bray features Houston and Michael in a nightclub, eventually meeting on the dance floor, similar to that of Mary J. Blige and Michael's UK hit "As". The US DVD single for Houston's song "Fine" includes the music video for "If I Told You That". The video is also included on George Michael's video compilation Twenty Five. The music video on YouTube has 36 million views as of May 2021. Live versions Houston performed the song regularly in her set for the My Love Is Your Love World Tour in 1999, and performed the song during her four-date promotional Greatest Hits Live in 2000 and the Soul Divas Tour in 2004. Track listings and formats Australian maxi single "If I Told You That" (album version) — 4:33 "Fine" (album version) — 3:35 "If I Told You That" (Johnny Douglas Mix) — 4:48 "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (Dronez Mix) — 5:05
235_6	European maxi single "If I Told You That" (album version) — 4:33 "If I Told You That" (Johnny Douglas Mix) — 4:48 "Fine" (album version) — 3:35 Promo CD single "If I Told You That" (radio edit) — 4:05 "If I Told You That" (album version) — 4:38 Personnel Produced by Rodney Jerkins for Darkchild Entertainment Inc. Additional production: George Michael Remix recorded by Dexter Simmons at The Hit Factory Criteria, Miami, FL Mixed by Jon Douglas Mix engineer: Ren Swan All instruments: Rodney Jerkins Charts Covers Filipino R&B Band Freestyle covered their version of their song from their 2000 live album, "Freestyle Live". References External links If I Told You That at Discogs
235_7	2000 singles Whitney Houston songs George Michael songs Song recordings produced by Rodney Jerkins Song recordings produced by George Michael Vocal duets Songs written by Rodney Jerkins Songs written by Fred Jerkins III Arista Records singles Songs written by LaShawn Daniels 2000 songs Number-one singles in Iceland
236_0	The plague of Amwas (), also spelled plague of Emmaus, was a bubonic plague epidemic that afflicted Islamic Syria in 638–639, during the first plague pandemic and toward the end of the Muslim conquest of the region. It was likely a reemergence of the mid-6th-century Plague of Justinian. Called after Amwas in Palestine, the principal camp of the Muslim Arab army, the plague killed up to 25,000 soldiers and their relatives, including most of the army's high command, and caused considerable loss of life and displacement among the indigenous Christians of Syria. The appointment of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan to the governorship of Syria in the wake of the commanders' deaths paved the way for his establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, while recurrences of the disease may have contributed to the Umayyad dynasty's downfall in 750. Depopulation in the Syrian countryside may have been a factor in the resettlement of the land by the Arabs unlike in other conquered regions where the Arabs
236_1	largely secluded themselves to new garrison cities.
236_2	The plague of Amwas received more attention in the Arabic sources than any other epidemic until the 14th-century Black Death. Traditional narratives about reactions to the plague of Amwas by Caliph Umar and his top commander Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah informed medieval Muslim theological responses to epidemics, including the Black Death. Principles derived from the narratives were cited in debates about predestination and free will, prohibitions on fleeing or entering plague-affected lands and contagion. Origins and political setting
236_3	The plague of Amwas (ta'un Amwas in Arabic) was likely a bubonic plague epidemic, though the sources do not elaborate on specific symptoms of the disease. It was the second recorded plague of the Islamic era, which began in the 620s, and the first to directly afflict the Muslims. It was likely a reemergence of the Plague of Justinian, which originated in Pelusium (near modern Suez) in 541 AD and spread west to Alexandria and east to Palestine before reaching the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 541–542 and afflicting the rest of Europe and the Sasanian Empire, as noted by the Byzantine historian Procopius (d. ). The Plague of Justinian recurred in at least nine to twelve cycles throughout the mid-6th century and the 7th century.
236_4	The first caliph (head of the Muslim community) Abu Bakr () dispatched four armies from Medina led respectively by Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah to conquer Byzantine Syria (Abu Ubayda may not have been dispatched until after the accession of Abu Bakr's successor Caliph Umar in mid-634). Amwas, the Arabic name for Emmaus-Nicopolis, had been a fortified Roman army camp in the 1st century AD, which grew into a small city by the early 3rd century. It was captured by the Muslims from the Byzantines following the Battle of Ajnadayn in 634 or the Battle of Yarmouk in 636. At the onset of the plague, the site served as the principal camp of the Arab Muslim troops in Syria where spoils were divided and soldiers paid.
236_5	Chronology The plague of Amwas occurred in the Islamic calendar years of 17 AH/638 AD and/or 18 AH/639 AD. According to the 8th-century historian Sayf ibn Umar, it struck in Muharram–Safar 17 AH/January–February 638, then dissipated before returning once more and inflicting numerous deaths "to the advantage of the enemy [the Byzantines]." Al-Suyuti (d. 1505) holds the plague had reemerged not long after its initial outbreak, which Dols suggests "accounts for the two dates [638 and 639]".
236_6	The plague struck at some point during a nine-month drought in Syria referred to by the Arabs as the 'Year of the Ashes'. Widespread famine in Syria–Palestine possibly set the stage for the plague due to weakened immune resistance and the stockpiling of food reserves in towns and villages, which could attract plague-infected rodents and bring them into contact with the human population, according to Dols. It spread across Syria and also affected Iraq and Egypt, before subsiding in Shawwal 18 AH/ October 639. Consequences Response and immediate impact
236_7	According to one of the main narratives of the Islamic traditional sources, Umar, intending to prevent the illness and death of his top commander Abu Ubayda, summoned the latter to Medina; Abu Ubayda, aware of Umar's intent, refused to abandon his men. Umar subsequently embarked for Syria to assess the situation, meeting with the army leaders at a desert way-stop called Sargh (thirteen days' march north of Medina). His first consultations were with leaders from the Muhajirun and Ansar factions, collectively the earliest Muslim converts and elite of the nascent Muslim state, who argued against fleeing the plague-affected areas. Disagreeing with their recommendations, he next consulted the leaders of the later converts from the Quraysh, the tribe to which the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the caliphs belonged, who proposed that the army should withdraw from the area of the epidemic, which Umar accepted. Abu Ubayda protested the army's withdrawal on the basis of a purported prohibition by
236_8	Muhammad on Muslims fleeing or entering a plague-affected land. Umar retorted that a person would naturally choose the green side of a valley rather than the barren side, but regardless of the person's decision it would be God's will. This narrative was used by medieval Muslim scholars as a precedent justifying flight from an epidemic. The summit at Sargh concluded with Umar ordering Abu Ubdaya to lead the army to healthier grounds and the caliph's return to Medina.
236_9	Abu Ubayda moved to encamp the army at the old Ghassanid capital of Jabiya in the highland region of the Hauran. Due to its healthy climate, Jabiya effectively acted as a sanatorium for plague-stricken troops and the center for the distribution of war spoils. On the way there, in 639, Abu Ubayda succumbed to the plague. His successor Mu'adh ibn Jabal and two of Mu'adh's wives and son (or his entire family) died immediately after, followed by Mu'adh's successor Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan. Shurahbil also died from the plague. Among the other prominent Muslims and companions of Muhammad in the army to succumb were Suhayl ibn Amr, Suhayl's son Abu Jandal, al-Fadl ibn Abbas, al-Harith ibn Hisham, and many of al-Harith's seventy family members who had settled in Syria. Amr ibn al-As is credited for leading the surviving Muslim troops to Jabiya. In December 639, he embarked on the conquest of Egypt, either with Umar's reluctant sanction or without the caliph's authorization.
236_10	The Islamic traditional accounts maintain between 20,000 and 25,000 Muslim soldiers in Syria and their family members died in the plague. By 639, 4,000 Muslim troops were left in Jabiya out of some 24,000 in 637, though the modern historian Fred Donner notes that it is unclear how many of the missing troops had died or had temporarily fled and returned to Syria eventually. The plague caused substantial loss of life among the local Christian population in Syria. It also resulted in price rises and hoarding, prompting Umar to prohibit hoarding. According to al-Tabari (d. 923), after returning to Medina from Sargh, Umar informed his advisers of his intention to visit his troops in Syria–Palestine and assess the chaos wrought by the plague. During his purported visit in 639, he gave directions on the disposition of the estates of the Muslims who died in the epidemic and settled suspicious claims by some of the troops.
236_11	Long-term political and societal effects As a result of the deaths of his top commanders in Syria, Umar appointed Yazid's brother and deputy, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, commander of the army there, ultimately laying the foundation for the establishment of the Syria-centered Umayyad Caliphate by Mu'awiya in 661. The historian Wilferd Madelung surmises that the plague in Syria had precluded Umar from deploying commanders more preferable to him from Medina and he thus appointed Mu'awiya in lieu of a suitable alternative. The losses among the Muslim troops in Syria caused by the Amwas plague contributed to Mu'awiya's heavy military reliance on older-established, formerly Byzantine-allied and Christian Arab tribes in Syria, particularly the Banu Kalb, who had largely stayed neutral during the fighting between the Muslims and the Byzantines in Syria during the 630s.
236_12	The heavy toll on the indigenous Christian population and increased emigration from Syria as a result of the plague of Amwas may have been a contributing factor in the increased settlement of Syria by the Arabs and their penetration of local society during Umayyad rule (640s–750). According to the historian Lawrence Conrad, the Arabs, relying on revenue from the poll tax collected from the non-Arabs in the conquered regions, may not have intended to settle Syria, but were forced to repopulate the deserted countryside in the aftermath of the plague. The policy of settling Arab tribesmen on the land proved exceptional; in other conquered areas, such as Iraq, early Arab settlement was mostly confined to newly built garrison cities.
236_13	Amwas was replaced as the Arabs' headquarters in Palestine first by Lydda and/or Jerusalem, followed by Ramla, which was founded by the Umayyad caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik in the early 8th century. As late as the 1870s a well in the village of Amwas bore the name bir al-ta'un (well of the plague). Jabiya remained the Arabs' principal military camp in Syria until the reign of Sulayman. Recurrences
236_14	There were recurrences of the plague in Syria–Palestine about every decade between 688/89 and 744/45. "The Umaiyad [sic] dynasty was literally plagued by this disease", in the words of Dols. The deaths of the Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya II (), Marwan I (), Abd al-Malik (), Sulayman () and the Umayyad governors in Iraq al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba () and Ziyad ibn Abihi () may all possibly have been caused by the plague epidemics in Syria and Iraq. The caliphs routinely withdrew from the cities to their desert palaces when the plague emerged during the summer months. Notable among them was Caliph Hisham (), who preferred his palace at Rusafa over Damascus because he viewed the latter to be unhealthy.
236_15	Dols speculates that the frequent recurrences may have consistently undercut natural population growth in Syria–Palestine, the center of the Umayyad Caliphate, and weakened Umayyad power. Concurrently, Arab tribal migrations into the far eastern province of Khurasan, which was apparently spared from the plague epidemics, may have led to the lopsided growth and predominance of the eastern half of the Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Movement there, which ultimately toppled the Umayyads in 750. In the view of Conrad, by the end of these plague cycles, the Umayyads has lost practical control of the eastern Caliphate and "it is tempting to view the interminable plagues of the last years of the dynasty as an important factor in the victory of the Abbasid revolution".
236_16	Theological interpretations Modern historians concur that the actual circumstances of the plague of Amwas are not reconstructable and largely focus on the descriptions of the event in the 8th–10th-century Islamic histories and collections of hadith (traditions and sayings of Muhammad) in the context of theological debates on predestination, the status of Muslim sinners, and contagion. The plague of Amwas received more attention in medieval Arabic literature than any other epidemic until the 14th-century Black Death. Representations of the plague by the sources were "varied and contradictory", according to the historian Justin K. Stearns. The narratives of the response to the plague by Muhammad's companions Umar, Abu Ubayda, Amr and Mu'adh informed Muslim religious and legal interpretations of plague throughout the Middle Ages, including the response to the Black Death.
236_17	Medieval Muslim scholars derived three principals from the contemporary reactions to the plague of Amwas: the first was that the plague was a form of divine mercy or martyrdom for the Muslim faithful and a punishment to non-believers; the second was the prohibition on Muslims entering or fleeing plague-stricken lands; and the third was the plague was not a contagion, rather it was directly imposed by God. The tenets consistently caused theological disagreements throughout the epidemic recurrences of the Middle Ages as a result of the difficulty in accepting plague as divine mercy or punishment and observable contagion.
236_18	In the assessment of Dols, native Christian and Jewish attitudes and natural human anxieties likely influenced aspects of the first principle, namely that plague represented divine punishment or warnings. Muslims in this camp related the plague to lax morals among the Muslim troops in Syria, such as the consumption of wine, which supposedly led Umar to order the lashing of drinkers. On the other hand, the interpretation of plague as mercy or martyrdom is evident in Abu Ubayda's speeches to the troops at Amwas and in the council at Sargh. A poem about the plague of Amwas recorded by the Damascene historian Ibn Asakir (d. 1175) reflects the martyrdom belief: How many brave horsemen and how many beautiful, chaste women were killed in the valley of 'Amwas They had encountered the Lord, but He was not unjust to them When they died, they were among the non-aggrieved people in Paradise. We endure the plague as the Lord knows, and we were consoled in the hour of death.
236_19	On the principle of predestination, the events of Amwas were used to argue that whether a person fled or remained in a plague-affected area their death had already been decreed by God. During an episode of plague in the Iraqi garrison city of Kufa, the prominent statesman and scholar Abu Musa al-Ash'ari (d. 662) turned away visitors to his home due to someone in his household having the plague, and he justified Muslims fleeing plague on the basis of Umar's actions at Sargh. According to Dols, this also implied a recognition of contagion despite the contradiction with the purported hadith rejecting contagion as a pre-Islamic theory. References Bibliography 638 639 630s in the Rashidun Caliphate 7th-century disasters First plague pandemic Health disasters in Asia Medieval health disasters Medieval Palestine Medieval Syria 7th century in Asia
237_0	The Georgia State Panthers represent the NCAA Division I sports teams of Georgia State University. Almost all GSU teams are members of the Sun Belt Conference, a conference of which they were a charter member. Previously, GSU was a member of the CAA, and prior to that, the ASUN Conference (then known as the Trans America Athletic Conference, or TAAC). Two GSU sports play outside the Sun Belt, both in sports not sponsored by that league; both teams joined their current conference homes in July 2021. The women's beach volleyball team joined the newly launched beach volleyball league of Conference USA after having been members of the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association, a conference that sponsors only that sport plus men's and women's swimming & diving. The men's soccer team, which had competed in the Sun Belt through the 2020–21 school year, moved to the Mid-American Conference following the demise of the Sun Belt men's soccer league. History
237_1	Prior to conference affiliation Georgia State became a fully accredited NCAA Division I athletics program in 1963, which saw the university give scholarships at the highest level of competition for college athletics. However, sports did exist at GSU prior to becoming an NCAA member; In 1956, the Panthers began a baseball team, the oldest sport played at Georgia State. Prior to joining the NCAA, no scholarships were given and no sports were part of any national affiliate. When GSU did join the NCAA, only basketball, cross country, golf, and tennis were played as NCAA sports (only men's teams were allowed to compete in the NCAA until 1980). In 1975, five women's sports also joined, playing in the New South Women's Athletic Conference, or NSWAC, a conference of the AIAW.
237_2	Founding of the Sun Belt Conference In 1976, the Sun Belt Conference was formed with Georgia State being one of its founding members. However, in 1980, the Panthers left the Sun Belt, with the most cited reason being that the conference encouraged its members to play in the largest basketball venue in town; in the case of the Panthers, that was the 16,500 seat Omni Coliseum, an NBA venue where the Atlanta Hawks played. With only a few hundred fans attending each game, this became a joke to media outlets, who purposefully tried to get pictures of the action with a lack of a crowd in the background. After leaving the Sun Belt, the Panthers played as independents for three years before joining the TAAC.
237_3	Addition of football
237_4	Once Georgia State entered the CAA, a recurring question of whether the university should add football was brought up, leading to the commissioning of a feasibility study in 2006. After gauging student and alumni interest, the administration found enough support to continue onwards with the effort, leading to the hire of former Atlanta Falcons head coach Dan Reeves as a consultant. This culminated in the official launch of the football program on April 17, 2008. Due to GSU's membership as a part of the CAA, membership into the football division of the conference was sought after, leading to the Panthers being invited to become a football participant for the 2012 season. Due to the addition of men's scholarships (63 full scholarship equivalents for inclusion in the FCS), Title IX regulations required the university to have additional women's scholarships added, leading to the addition of beach volleyball (then called "sand volleyball" and, at the time, a non-NCAA sport).
237_5	With the addition of football, a rebrand of athletics took place, changing the logos, fight song, and mascot design. The university also decided to go back on one of its previous institutional name rules in making GSU a secondary name for the university. In February 2012, the university announced that it had commissioned a study to find the feasibility of moving up to the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), the highest level of collegiate football, citing that the shifts in landscape due to conference realignment offered opportunities that should be carefully considered. The study was conducted by Collegiate Consulting, who concluded that the university was in a good position to move up to the FBS. On April 9, 2012, Georgia State officially accepted an invitation to rejoin the Sun Belt Conference on July 1, 2013.
237_6	Relocation to Downtown Atlanta
237_7	Although the athletic department was housed within the GSU Sports Arena, the limited space available in Downtown Atlanta forced different sports to be played in different areas around Metropolitan Atlanta. A complex in the Panthersville community housed a baseball field, soccer pitch, and softball field, as well as intramural fields, approximately 7 miles from the central campus and not regularly accessible by campus transportation. With the relocation of the Atlanta Braves from Turner Field in Downtown to SunTrust Park, an opportunity for the different Panther athletic programs to relocate to the central campus opened. Georgia State, along with Carter, a real estate company in Atlanta, would bid for the stadium and surrounding lands, eventually purchasing all 68-acres (including the stadium) for $30 million. Between the 2016 and 2017 season, Turner Field would be converted to Center Parc Stadium, a football specific stadium with an initial capacity of 25,000 (that will be increased
237_8	to 35,000 after future renovations). The stadium also hosts the athletics department (which moved from GSU Sports Arena), and will host the School of Hospitality. The purchase also included the surrounding parking lots, including the footprint of Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, which housed the Atlanta Braves when they first moved to Atlanta, and where Hank Aaron would break Babe Ruth's home run record. The university plans to erect a new baseball stadium in this footprint for the GSU baseball team to play at.
237_9	Conference membership Sun Belt Conference (1976–1981) Independent (1981–1983) TAAC/Atlantic Sun (1983–2005) Colonial Athletic Association (2005–2013) Sun Belt Conference (2013–present) Sports sponsored Basketball Men's basketball First season: 1963 Conference Championships (6) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2014, 2015, 2019 Conference Tournament Championships (5) 1991, 2001, 2015, 2018, 2019 NCAA Tournament Appearances (5) 1991 (1st round) 2001 (2nd round) 2015 (3rd round) 2018 (1st round) 2019 NIT Appearances (2) 2002 (1st round) 2014 (1st round) CIT Appearances (2) 2012 (2nd round) 2017 (1st round) Retired Jerseys 3 Rodney Hamilton 5 Thomas Terrell 13 Kevin Morris Women's basketball First season: 1975 Conference Championships (2) 2002, 2003 Conference Regular Season Champions 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 NCAA/AIAW Appearances (4) 1981 (1st Round) 2001 (1st Round) 2002 (1st Round) 2003 (1st Round) WNIT Appearances (1) 2000 Baseball
237_10	First season: 1965 Conference Championships (1) 2009 NCAA Tournament Appearances (1) 2009 Retired Jerseys 30 Mike Hurst (head coach) Beach volleyball First season: 2013 AVCC National Championship Appearances (1) 2015 NCAA National Championship Appearances (1) 2016 Football First Season: 2010 Move to FBS: 2013 Bowl Games (4) 2015 – Cure Bowl – San Jose State, L 2017 – Cure Bowl – Western Kentucky, W 2019 – Nova Home Loans Arizona Bowl – Wyoming, L 2020 – Lending Tree Bowl – Western Kentucky, W Golf Men's golf Records for men's golf are incomplete between 1968 and 1988
237_11	Conference Championships (9) 1998, 2000, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2014, 2017 NCAA Regionals 1999, 13th place 2000, 5th place 2001, 18th place 2003, 13th place 2004, 7th place 2005, 4th place 2006, 11th place 2007, 9th place 2008, 17th place 2009, 6th place 2010, 26th place (individual, Tom Sherreard) 2014, 2nd place NCAA Championship 2000, unranked 2004, 11th place 2005, 13th place 2007, unranked 2008, 13th place (individual, Joel Sjoholm) 2014, 23rd place Women's golf Conference Championships (5) 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010 NCAA Regionals 2003, 18th place 2005, 17th place 2006, 11th place 2008, 14th place 2009, 9th place 2010, 21st place 2011, 87th place (individual) 2012, unranked (individual) NCAA Championship 2006, 43rd place (individual) Soccer Men's soccer First Season: 1968 Conference Championships (6) 1983, 1986, 1987, 1997, 2000, 2018 NCAA Appearances (4) 1997, 2000, 2011, 2018
237_12	Women's soccer First Season: 1994 Conference Championships (1) 1997 NCAA Appearances (1) 1997 Softball First Season: 1985 Conference Championships (6) 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2011 NCAA Tournament Appearances (2) 1994, 2011 NISC Tournament Appearances (1) 2017 Tennis Men's tennis Records for men's tennis are incomplete between 1984 and 1987 First Season: 1959 Conference Championships (8) 1989, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2013, 2017 NCAA Appearances (7) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2013, 2017 Individual NCAA Appearances (2) 2007 (Martin Stiegwardt), 2013 (Victor Valente) Women's tennis Sun Belt Conference Championships (2) 2014, 2016 Rivalries Georgia State has Sun Belt rivalries with all of the East Division schools (Coastal Carolina, Appalachian State, Georgia Southern, Troy, and South Alabama). Georgia State's main Sun Belt rivals are Georgia Southern and South Alabama. Georgia Southern
237_13	Although Georgia State has only played football since 2010, rivalries have been formed on the basketball court, most notably against Georgia Southern. Both schools participated in the Atlantic Sun Conference (then the TAAC, now the ASUN) between 1983 and 1992. Since the rivalry began, the two teams have played each other 51 times (after the 2015–16 season), with Southern holding the series at 34–17. Since both schools can be abbreviated GSU, a point of conflict between the two schools is that both fan-bases claim that their university is, in fact, the real GSU. Georgia State lays claim to the initials as it became a university (and therefore GSU) long before Georgia Southern did (in 1990; Georgia State became a university in 1969). Also, Georgia State's URL and official logo's both contain the acronym. Georgia Southern doesn't officially recognize GSU as an abbreviation for the school, actively discouraging it in its identification standards, and generally uses GS in its own branding.
237_14	The beginning of the football rivalry was initiated after the hire of former Appalachian State (a major rival of Georgia Southern) athletic director Charlie Cobb to the same position at GSU. During Georgia State's press release introducing Cobb, he revealed that Georgia Southern's athletic director Tom Kleinlein told him "welcome, now the war is on." The two teams met on the gridiron during the 2014 football season at Georgia Dome. During the run up to the game, fans from both teams expressed their dislike for the other over social media outlets such as Twitter, at times trending with tags of "SouthernNotState" and "StateNotSouthern" both of which were used as slogans for shirts given out by both universities. During the period before the game, fans dubbed the matchup as "Modern Day Hate," a play on the rivalry between Georgia Tech and UGA, Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate. The game would go on to draw the second largest crowd of any Georgia State game at 28,427, ending with Georgia Southern
237_15	beating Georgia State by a final score of 69 to 31. In 2015, Georgia State beat Georgia Southern 34–7, the worst home defeat for Georgia Southern in school history. Currently, Georgia State holds a 3–1 lead in the football series.
237_16	In October 2015, it was announced that Georgia State and Georgia Southern would begin a rivalry series spanning all of the sports played between the two schools. Each match-up would be worth a point, except football, which would be worth two, and baseball and softball, to which points would be allocated based on the series winner. Any competition in which all competing teams are ranked, the team that ranks higher would earn that point. Bonus points are awarded if a contest occurs during the conference tournament, with an extra bonus point being awarded if the competition results in one of the schools winning an automatic bid a national tournament. The previous years trophy is awarded during a half-time presentation at the two schools football match-up. After its second year, Georgia State leads the series 2–0.
237_17	South Alabama Both Georgia State and South Alabama's football teams were founded and played their first games within a year of each other, with South Alabama's first season starting in 2009 and Georgia State's first season starting in 2010. After finishing their first season without a loss, South Alabama faced Georgia State on October 30, 2010, who until that point had a 5–3 record. The game was held at South Alabama's home field, Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile, Alabama. The final score, a loss of 34–39, kept South Alabama's perfect record intact while Georgia State fell in their first season to 5–4. This set the stage for the 2011 season game between the two programs.
237_18	Georgia State set their home match against South Alabama as their homecoming game. Although South Alabama had already suffered their first loss earlier in the season, Georgia State's record going into the game of 1–5 left the odds in favor of a South Alabama win. However, after seemingly winning the game in regulation time by an interception by Mark Hogan with 8 seconds on the clock, the referees called a false start penalty negating the play. In the second overtime period, Hogan intercepted another ball to win the game, giving one of only three wins on the season, and setting the record at 1–1. During the 2011–12 offseason, it was announced that Georgia State would join the Sun Belt Conference, the same conference to which South Alabama belonged, setting up yearly games between the two teams.
237_19	During the 2014 offseason, South Alabama set their home game against GSU during the 2014–15 season as their homecoming game, announcing the title "Clash of the Claws" to represent the scrimmage, referencing both schools' use of big cats as their mascots. In 2015, South Alabama visited the Georgia Dome holding a season record of 5–4. A victory by the Jaguars would have granted them instant bowl eligibility. However, Georgia State won the game 24–10. South Alabama would go on to lose the remainder of its 2015 games and be denied a bowl slot. The series record in football currently stands at 3–4 in South Alabama's favor. Traditions Nickname and mascot
237_20	The nickname "Panthers" has existed as the name for all Georgia State teams since 1963, when the university held a student vote to determine what the representing mascot should be. It wasn't until 1989 that an official mascot appeared in the form of Urbie, a crimson panther. This was later replaced in 1993 by an early iteration of the current mascot, Pounce, a blue panther. Pounce's appearance has changed twice since his debut, most recently in 2009 when the current incarnation was presented during a basketball game against Georgia Southern. The first team name to represent Georgia State was the Owls, used between 1940 and 1947, used as a representation of the schools title at the time of "Georgia Evening College." Between 1947 and 1963, GSU teams went by the name "Ramblers," although no reasoning for why has been presented. The teams were also briefly referred to as the "Crimson Panthers" during the Urbie era. Logo
237_21	The primary athletics logo contains a picture of the newest incarnation of Pounce, the university's mascot. This primary logo is interchangeable with the words Georgia State beneath Pounce. The secondary logo is an italicized, capitalized GSU in white with blue outlining with a red streak beneath. The new logos replaced the face of Pounce prior to 2009, as a highly stylized cartoon panther beneath the old Georgia State wordmark.
237_22	Facilities Men's and women's basketball and volleyball: compete on campus at the 3,854 person capacity GSU Sports Arena
237_23	Football: Since the 2017 season, Center Parc Stadium has been the home stadium for the Panthers. This is the third incarnation of a venue originally built for the 1996 Olympics and Paralympics as Centennial Olympic Stadium and reconfigured into the baseball-specific Turner Field for Major League Baseball's Atlanta Braves, opening in that form in 1997. Following the Braves' move to the venue now known as Truist Park after their 2016 season, GSU bought Turner Field and adjacent property for a major campus expansion project. In its football form, Center Parc Stadium seats slightly more than 24,000, with possible future expansion to 33,000. Before the move to Center Parc Stadium, the Panthers played at the Georgia Dome, an off-campus facility located less than a mile from the central campus that was demolished in 2017 with the completion of Mercedes-Benz Stadium nearby. The Georgia Dome had a capacity of 71,228, but seating for most GSU home games was set at 28,155 unless overflow was
237_24	needed. Practice fields owned by the school are located south of the main campus on Martin Luther King Drive.
237_25	Softball: Competes at Bob Heck field, a school owned off campus facility located east of campus in Panthersville, Georgia. Baseball: Currently competes at the Georgia State University Baseball Complex, a school owned off campus facility located east of campus in Panthersville, Georgia. As part of the Turner Field purchase, the university also acquired the former site of Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, which had been home to the Braves before the opening of Turner Field and the NFL's Atlanta Falcons before the opening of the Georgia Dome. GSU plans to build a new baseball park on the stadium site, incorporating a preserved section of the former stadium wall marking the landing site of Hank Aaron's 715th career home run, then an MLB record. Men's and women's soccer: Compete at the GSU Soccer Field, a school owned off-campus facility located east of campus in Panthersville, Georgia.
237_26	Men's and women's tennis: Compete at the Sharon Lester Tennis Center at Piedmont Park, a city owned park to the north of campus in the Midtown neighborhood Men's and women's golf: Compete at Eagles Landing Country Club, a 27-hole golf course in Stockbridge, Georgia. Beach volleyball: Competes at the 340-person capacity Sand Volleyball Complex, located behind the GSU Sports Arena
237_27	Facilities master plan On May 7, 2014, Georgia State announced its intentions to purchase Turner Field and the surrounding parking lots after the Atlanta Braves announced that they would move to the new SunTrust Park in Cobb County, west of Atlanta. This would include re-purposing Turner Field into a 30,000 seat stadium that would house the Georgia State Football program as well as the school's soccer programs. It would also include rebuilding a baseball stadium in the footprint of the old Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium that was knocked down after the 1996 Summer Olympics. The plan would maintain the famous Hank Aaron wall that still stands in the Turner Field parking lot. The proposal would also include private dorms, public housing, shopping areas, and academic buildings.
237_28	On December 21, 2015, the Atlanta-Fulton County Recreation Authority announced that Georgia State's bid to redevelop Turner Field had been accepted. On August 18, 2016, Georgia State and the Recreation Authority reached a tentative purchase agreement for Turner Field, and the purchase and redevelopment plan was approved by the Board of Regents on November 9, 2016. On January 5, 2017, the sale of Turner Field, now renamed Center Parc Stadium, to Georgia State was officially closed, with the stadium conversion project beginning in February 2017. The first phase of construction for Center Parc Stadium was completed in time for Georgia State's 2017 season opener on August 31. On January 31, 2018, Georgia State officially announced its intention to build a new Arena and Convocation Center that would host the school's basketball games. The arena will be built on land acquired from the city north of the Turner Field site that was converted into a football stadium for the football team.
237_29	References External links
238_0	Liebfrauenkapelle ("St. Mary Chapel") is a chapel in Rapperswil, Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, which dates back to the ossuary that was built by the House of Rapperswil around 1253 AD. Geography The chapel is located next to the Stadtpfarrkirche Rapperswil ( away to the west) and next to the Rapperswil Castle ( away to the east). It is situated on the Lindenhof hill's eastern slope named Herrenberg, just west of the Stadtmuseum Rapperswil. The Catholic city cemetery is situated to the north, hence, the chapel is used as cemetery chapel. History
238_1	The chapel respectively the ossuary was built around 1253 or earlier when the parish passed from the Busskirch church to the Rapperswil church and accordingly a cemetery was established inside the town walls of the medieval city of Rapperswil. The first chapel was associated to the Rapperswil Castle, but it was built outside of the castle'swalls, as a castle chapel for its inhabitants, probably as the family chapel for the members of the House of Rapperswil, later also for the citizens of Rapperswil. The preceding building of the Liebfrauenkapelle was built as an ossuary around 1220 to 1253. The charnel house was first mentioned as intra cymeterium ecclesia, meaning the church in the cemetery. The present chapel was erected above the ossuary, and latter was rebuilt in our times into a funeral service room. In the second half of the 15th century, the supposedly preceding building (maybe the second one) was mentioned as capellum novam in ceometerio ("new cemetery chapel"). From the
238_2	ossuary a staircase led in the overlying interior of the chapel; in turn, the access to the ossuary took place from the south via another staircase. The construction of the new building, presumably the third construction phase of the small church, was initiated by the religious Brotherhood of Our Lady (German: Bruderschaft Unserer Lieben Frau) which was founded in 1489 to probably finance the present Liebfrauenkapelle.
238_3	Architecture The chapel stands on an approximately high base – that in fact are the foundation walls of the ossuary – as a rectangular single naved church. It measures about x , with an eaves height of about , having an east-facing apse, a small ridge turret with a single bell and a steep gable roof. The late Gothic stone building was built in 1489. The consecration to the Virgin Mary took place on 20 June 1493. The altar was ordained to Mary, the apostles Peter and Paul, Sebastian, Christophorus, Anna and All Saints. On its eastern side, a five-sided closed choir was added in 1675. Two ogival north-facing windos and one south-facing window illuminate the nave, two arched windows illuminate the choir. The interior is decorated with neo-Gothic furniture and, on occasion of the extensive renovation works in 1917, with Art Nouveau paintings.
238_4	In 1875, just before the adjacent parish church burned down, the sloping terrain had to be refilled for an extension of the cemetery. For this reason, a staircase to the lower part of the churchyard was built on the west side, and the access to the ossuary was made now one level higher than before. After the fire of 1882 some of the epitaphs of the parish church were attached to the outside wall of the chapel. The former ossuary was converted into a storage facility for the funeral service in 1964. The outside decoration of the chapel was renewed in 1978/79. On occasion of the exterior renovation, the grave stones, except one at the entrance, were removed and two epitaphs moved into the former ossuary in the basement of the chapel.
238_5	The crucifixion scene at the staircase on the south side was created in the 17th century when Maria and Magdalena were painted on plaster on either side of a wooden crucifix. On the cross hung a corpus from the period around 1490, part of the late Gothic decoration of the neighbouring parish church where it found a place in its choir in 1979. The small church is used as the cemetery chapel of the Roman Catholic city cemetery and is popular for weddings.
238_6	Interior
238_7	In 1916/17 the interior with the small choir was redesigned fundamentally as the then designers sought a "stylistic unification" with the parish church that had to be renewed in 1885. The original plaster ceiling was replaced by a wooden ceiling according to the Gothic style, as well as the seating and the vault of the choir. Jean Rotenfluh, a native of Rapperswil, carried out the decorations, only the decorative painting, as the angel in the choir arch, have Art Nouveau elements. The semicircular chancel arch is decorated on its side walls with the figure of a guardian angel with child and a statue of Joseph with the infant Jesus. The originally Baroque altar stands today in the Saint Pancras church in Bollingen; it was replaced by a neo-gothic altarpiece whose center is a lovely statue of Our Lady. Due to the liturgical reform in 1979, a simple altar table was added. The original Gothic windows were widened, and the interior designed for the purposes of historicism. Inside the
238_8	church, the wall paintings from the 17th century were unfortunately removed, and the walls decorated with oil paintings from the late Gothic and the Baroque periods with religious motifs: The wooden relief with Christ on the Mount of Olives by an unknown woodcarver originates around 1530, just as the late-Gothic Crucifixion panel. One painting on the back wall dates from the Baroque and presents Mary as intercessor for the poor souls, the oval image of Aloysius Gonzaga may be a work by the Rapperswil artist Elisa (Louise) Fornaro (1726–1796).
238_9	Mariensäule Mariensäule (literally Maria column) is situated between the castle's exterior walls, the parish church and Liebfrauenkapelle and was moved from Bern to its present location in 1914. Cultural heritage The Stadtpfarrkirche Rapperswil and the chapel are listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as Class B objects of regional importance. Literature Peter Röllin: Kulturbaukasten Rapperswil-Jona. Rapperswil-Jona 2005. Die Liebfrauenkapelle beim Stadtfriedhof Rapperswil. Brochure published by Katholische Kirchgemeinde Rapperswil-Jona. References External links
238_10	Churches in the canton of St. Gallen Buildings and structures in Rapperswil-Jona House of Rapperswil Roman Catholic chapels in Switzerland 15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Switzerland Roman Catholic churches completed in 1489 Cultural property of regional significance in the canton of St. Gallen Tourist attractions in Rapperswil-Jona Gothic architecture in Switzerland
239_0	Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya () (1 April 1915 – 17 July 1996) was an Indian statistician who worked at the Indian Statistical Institute in the 1930s and early 40s. He made fundamental contributions to multivariate statistics, particularly for his measure of similarity between two multinomial distributions, known as the Bhattacharyya coefficient, based on which he defined a metric, the Bhattacharyya distance. This measure is widely used in comparing statistical samples in biology, physics, computer science, etc.
239_1	Distance between statistical distributions had been addressed in 1936 by Mahalanobis, who proposed the D2 metric, now known as Mahalanobis distance. Subsequently, Bhattacharyya defined a cosine metric for distance between distributions, in a Calcutta Mathematical Society paper in 1943, expanding on some of the results in another paper in Sankhya in 1946. Bhattacharyya's two major research concerns were the measurement of divergence between two probability distributions and the setting of lower bounds to the variance of an unbiased estimator.
239_2	Life Bhattacharyya was born to Bhavanath and Lilavati, sometime in March–April 1915 (in the month Chaitra Bengali: চৈত্র of the year 1321, the exact date is not known) at Bhatpara in the district of 24 Parganas of West Bengal. He passed the Matriculation Examination of Calcutta University in 1932 and I. Sc. Examination in 1934 from Hooghly Mohshin College. In 1936 he ranked first in the First Class at the B.A./B.Sc. examination from the same college and went over to the renowned Science College, Calcutta University for an M.Sc. in Mathematics. Here he had F. W. Levi and Raj Chandra Bose as his teachers and passed the M.A. Examination in 1938 with the first rank in the First Class.
239_3	In 1939, at Levy's suggestion, Bhattacharyya met P. C. Mahalanobis and joined Indian Statistical Institute as an honorary worker. In 1941, he was made a part-time lecturer in the newly formed Statistics Department of Calcutta University, headed by Mahalanobis. Here he had C. R. Rao, H. K. Nandi and T. P. Choudhury, as his students. He went to Patna to take up the job of Statistical Officer of Bihar Government, in December 1943 and, in 1946, he returned to Calcutta to join Indian Statistical Institute as Superintending Statistician (in charge of training). Mahalanobis requested him to concurrently take classes in the Statistics Department of Presidency College. After the post was created, Bhattacharyya was made a whole-time Senior Professor and Head of the Department in 1949. He occupied the post of Senior Professor until his retirement in March 1974, but in 1967 he stepped down from the leadership, apparently piqued by certain moves of the West Bengal Government's Education
239_4	Department. Almost since his retirement from Government service, he had been associated with the Narendrapur Ramakrishna Mission Residential College as a guest teacher, where a Memorial Scholarship is awarded in his name.
239_5	Works "A note on Ramamurti's problem of maximal sets", Sankhya, 6 (1942) 189 - 192. "On a measure of divergence between two statistical populations defined by their probability distributions", Bull. Cal. Math. Soc, 35 (1943) 99 - 109. "On some sets of sufficient conditions leading to the normal bivariate distribution", Sankhya, 6 (1943) 399 - 406. "A note on the distribution of the sum of chi-squares", Sankhya, 7 (1945), 27 - 28. In this paper, an expression of the distribution function of sum two dependent Chi-square random variables was given in the form of a convergent series in Laguerre polynomials. "On some analogues of the amount of information and their uses in statistical estimation" I, Sankhya, 8 (1946) 1 - 14. "On some analogues of the amount of information and their uses in statistical estimation" II, Sankhya, 8 (1947) 201 - 218. "On some analogues of the amount of information and their uses in statistical estimation" III, Sankhya, 8 (1948) 315 - 328.
239_6	"On a measure of divergence between two multinomial populations", Sankhya, 7 (1946), 401 - 406. "Unbiased statistics with minimum variance", Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., A, 63 (1950), 69 - 77. "The theory of regression in statistical population admitting local parameters", Bull. Int. Stat. Inst., 33, Part II (1951). "On some uses of the t-distribution in multivariate analysis", Sankhya, 12 (1952), 89 - 104. "Notes on the use of unbiased and biased statistics in the binomial population", Cal. Stat. Assoc. Bull., 5 (1954), 149 - 164. "Some uses of the 'amount of information' in the statistical inference", (address of the Sectional President), Proc. Ind. Sc. Cong., 46th Session (1959). "On a geometrical representation of probability distribution and its use in statistical inference", Cal. Stat. Assoc. Bull., 40 (1990–91), 23 - 49. References External links Essays on probability and statistics: Festschrift in honour of Professor Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya
239_7	Anil Kumar Bhattacharyya (1915-1996): A Reverent Remembrance by Pranab K. Sen Bengali scientists Indian Statistical Institute faculty Indian statisticians 1915 births 1996 deaths People from Bhatpara University of Calcutta alumni University of Calcutta faculty 20th-century Indian mathematicians Scientists from West Bengal
240_0	Mendoza (, ), officially the City of Mendoza () is the capital of the province of Mendoza in Argentina. It is located in the northern-central part of the province, in a region of foothills and high plains, on the eastern side of the Andes. As of the , Mendoza had a population of 115,041 with a metropolitan population of 1,055,679, making Greater Mendoza the fourth largest census metropolitan area in the country. Ruta Nacional 7, the major road running between Buenos Aires and Santiago, runs through Mendoza. The city is a frequent stopover for climbers on their way to Aconcagua (the highest mountain in the Western and Southern Hemispheres) and for adventure travelers interested in mountaineering, hiking, horse riding, rafting, and other sports. In the winter, skiers come to the city for easy access to the Andes.
240_1	Two of the main industries of the Mendoza area are olive oil production and Argentine wine. The region around Greater Mendoza is the largest wine-producing area in South America. As such, Mendoza is one of the eleven Great Wine Capitals, and the city is an emerging enotourism destination and base for exploring the region's hundreds of wineries located along the Argentina Wine Route. History
240_2	On March 2, 1561, Pedro del Castillo founded the city and named it Ciudad de Mendoza del Nuevo Valle de La Rioja after the governor of Chile, Don García Hurtado de Mendoza. Before the 1560s the area was populated by tribes known as the Huarpes and Puelches. The Huarpes devised a system of irrigation that was later developed by the Spanish. This allowed for an increase in population that might not have otherwise occurred. The system is still evident today in the wide trenches (acequias), which run along all city streets, watering the approximately 100,000 trees that line every street in Mendoza.
240_3	It is estimated that fewer than 80 Spanish settlers lived in the area before 1600, but later prosperity increased due to the use of indigenous and slave labor, and the Jesuit presence in the region. When nearby rivers were tapped as a source of irrigation in 1788 agricultural production increased. The extra revenues generated from this, and the ensuing additional trade with Buenos Aires, Viceroyalty on which it depended since its creation and transfer from the Captaincy General of Chile in 1776, no doubt led to the creation of the state of Cuyo in 1813 with José de San Martín as governor. It was from Mendoza that San Martín and other Argentinian and Chilean patriots organized the army with which they won the independence of Chile and Peru.
240_4	Mendoza suffered a severe earthquake in 1861 that killed at least 5,000 people. The city was rebuilt, incorporating innovative urban designs that would better tolerate such seismic activity. Mendoza was rebuilt with large squares and wider streets and sidewalks than any other city in Argentina. Avenue Bartolomé Mitre and additional small squares are examples of that design.
240_5	Tourism, wine production, and more recently the exploitation of commodities such as oil and uranium ensure Mendoza's status as a key regional centre. Important suburbs such as Godoy Cruz, Guaymallén, Las Heras and Luján de Cuyo have in recent decades far outpaced the city proper in population. Comprising half the metro population of 212,000 in 1947, these suburbs grew to nearly ⅞ of the total metro area of over 1,000,000 by 2015, making Mendoza the most dispersed metro area in Argentina.
240_6	Culture Mendoza has several museums, including the Museo Cornelio Moyano, a natural history museum, and the Museo del Área Fundacional (Historical Regional Foundation Museum) on Pedro del Castillo Square. The Museo Nacional del Vino (National Wine Museum), focusing on the history of winemaking in the area, is southeast of Mendoza in Maipú. The Casa de Fader, a historic house museum, is an 1890 mansion once home to artist Fernando Fader in nearby Mayor Drummond, south of Mendoza. The mansion is home to many of the artist's paintings. The Fiesta Nacional de la Vendimia (The National Grape Harvest Festival) occurs in early March each year. Part of the festivities include a beauty pageant, where 17 beauty queens from each department of Mendoza Province compete, and one winner is selected by a panel of about 50 judges. The queen of Mendoza city's department does not compete and acts as host for the other queens.
240_7	In 2008, National Geographic listed Mendoza as one of the top 10 historic destinations in the world. Urban structure The city is centred around Plaza Independencia (Independence Plaza) with Avenida Sarmiento running through its centre east–west, with the east side pedestrianized (peatonal). Other major streets, running perpendicular to Sarmiento, include Bartolomé Mitre, San Martín, and 9 de Julio (July 9th), those running parallel include Colón, and Las Heras. Four smaller plazas, San Martín, Chile, Italia, and España, are located 2 blocks off each corner of Independence Plaza. Unique to Mendoza are the exposed stone ditches, essentially small canals, which run alongside many of the roads supplying water to the thousands of trees.
240_8	Parque General San Martín (General San Martín Park) was designed by Carlos Thays. Its grounds include the Mendoza Zoological Park and a football stadium, and it is also the home of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. A view of the city is available from the top of Cerro de la Gloria (Mt. Glory).
240_9	One common point of interest is the Teatro Independencia ("Independence Theatre"), the premier performing arts venue in Mendoza. Supervised by the nation's Ministry of Public Works, the project was commissioned to architect Alfredo Israel, and its plans were approved in October 1923. The theatre was, as were many public works of this type in Argentina at the time, designed in a French Academy style. Its façade included a Neoclassical frontis featuring four Corinthian columns on a green marble base, a rococo frieze, the provincial escutcheon in bas-relief, and a balustrade above. The design for the interiors was based on those prevailing in Italian opera houses, and the formal vestibule is overlooked by grand marble steps leading to the concert hall. The auditorium itself includes four tiers of balconies, and its seating capacity is 730. The theatre serves as the home of the Provincial Philharmonic Orchestra. In addition, the theatre has received international personalities such as
240_10	Erlend Øye and John Malkovich.
240_11	Education Mendoza has a number of universities, including the major Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, as well as University of Mendoza, a branch of Universidad Congreso, Aconcagua University, UTN (Universidad Tecnologica Nacional) and Champagnat University. Mendoza is a popular place to learn Spanish, and there are a number of Spanish language schools, including Intercultural, Green Fields and SIMA. Transportation Mendoza is from Buenos Aires (14 hours by bus) and from Santiago, Chile (6–7 hours by bus). Gov. Francisco Gabrielli International Airport serves Mendoza, with flights to/from Buenos Aires taking less than 2 hours and less than 1 hour to/from Santiago. The public transport system includes buses, the Mendoza trolleybus system, and taxis. The trolleybuses are more comfortable than the diesel buses, but are slower, not as numerous nor is the system as extensive. In 2008, TransLink of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, sold most of its old trolleybus fleet to Mendoza.
240_12	A heritage railway, El Tren del Vino (The Wine Train), is being planned which will also provide local transportation; it will run through wine-producing districts of Mendoza. Metrotranvía A light rail line, the Metrotranvía Mendoza, opened for regular service in October 2012. It serves the areas of Las Heras, Godoy Cruz and Maipú in the Greater Mendoza conurbation, as well as the central area of Mendoza itself. The line runs from Avellaneda station in the Panquehua neighborhood of Las Heras to Gutiérrez in Maipú, stopping also at the Mendoza Railway Station at the site of the former intercity passenger train station, near the city centre. The bright red railcars, Siemens-Duewag U2s, were purchased from the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) in 2010. They were built in 1980.
240_13	Transandine Railway Mendoza's development was helped partly due to its position at the start of the Transandine Railway linking it to Santa Rosa de Los Andes in Chile. The only railway operable between Argentina and Chile, after many years of inactivity, it remains currently abandoned. The railway is a line, with sections of Abt rack, whilst the railways it links with are both broad gauge. A journey from Buenos Aires to Chile involved two breaks-of-gauge, and therefore two changes of train, one at Mendoza, and the other at Santa Rosa de Los Andes. Wine industry
240_14	Argentina's Malbec wines originate from Mendoza's high-altitude wine regions of Lujan de Cuyo and the Uco Valley. These districts are located in the foothills of the Andes mountains between 2,800 and 5,000 feet elevation. Vintner Nicolas Catena Zapata is considered the pioneer of high-altitude growing and was the first, in 1994, to plant a malbec vineyard at 5,000 feet above sea level in the Mendoza region. His family is also credited with making world-class wines and giving status to the wines of Argentina. The subject of elevation is of much interest to the wine world because with increased altitude, the intensity of the sunlight increases. The role of this increased light intensity is currently being investigated by Catena Zapata's research and development department headed up by Laura Catena, Alejandro Vigil and Fernando Buscema.
240_15	In film Seven Years in Tibet, directed by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud and starring Brad Pitt, was shot in and around Mendoza. Several dozens of sets were built, ranging from a long recreation of the Tibetan capital city of Lhasa (built in the foothills of the Andes), to a recreation of the Hall of Good Deeds in the Potala, the ancient palace of the Dalai Lama (built in an abandoned garlic warehouse outside the city). Climate
240_16	Mendoza's climate is characterised as an arid (Köppen climate classification BWk); with continental characteristics. Most precipitation in Mendoza falls in the summer months (November–March). Summers are hot and humid where mean temperatures exceed . Average temperatures for January (summer) are during daytime, and at night. Winters are cold and dry with mean temperatures below . Night time temperatures can occasionally fall below freezing during the winter. Because winters are dry with little precipitation, snowfall is uncommon, occurring once per year. July (winter) the average temperatures are and , day and night respectively. Mendoza's annual rainfall is only , so extensive farming is made possible by irrigation from major rivers. The highest temperature recorded was on January 30, 2003 while the lowest temperature recorded was on July 10, 1976. Sports See
240_17	In 1978 Mendoza hosted six matches of the 1978 FIFA World Cup. The six were played at the Malvinas Argentinas Stadium. The city boasts at least two significant football clubs—Independiente Rivadavia and Gimnasia y Esgrima de Mendoza, although neither currently plays in the Primera División. A club from the nearby city of Godoy Cruz, Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba, is currently in the 1st division. International rugby test matches featuring the Argentina national rugby team have also been held in Mendoza. People See International relations Mendoza is twinned with: Tarija, Bolivia São Paulo, Brazil Nashville, US See also 1985 Mendoza earthquake 2006 Mendoza earthquake References Sources V. Letelier (1907). Apuntes sobre el terremoto de Mendoza. Santiago V. Blasco Ibánez (1910). Argentina y sus Grandezas. Madrid External links
240_18	Audio slideshow: Mendoza City, Argentina- An earthquake hotspot. Travel writer Christabelle Dilks discusses how earthquakes have shaped the city of Mendoza. Royal Geographical Society's Hidden Journeys project Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Tourism office Populated places in Mendoza Province Capitals of Argentine provinces Populated places established in 1561 1561 establishments in the Spanish Empire 1561 establishments in South America
241_0	The Museum of the Peaceful Arts was a museum in Manhattan, New York City. Established at 24 West 40th St. around 1920, it was later relocated to the Daily News Building at 220 E. 42nd St. It was later closed, and superseded by the New York Museum of Science and Industry. History The project was originally envisioned as a complex of twenty museums to be located on the west side of Manhattan in Riverside Park, or, according to later plans, near the Jerome Park Reservoir in the Bronx. The original charter shows the scope of the museum system:
241_1	Dr. George Frederick Kunz proposed the organization of an entirely new museum, the "Museum of the Peaceful Arts" or the "Museums of the Peaceful Arts." As there are museums dedicated to science, war and industry, this would be one devoted to the study and exhibition of the peaceful arts. "…Mr. Julius Rosenwald's industrial museum gift paralleled the $2,500,000.00 bequest of the late Henry R. Towne, lock and hardware man, to New York for a Museum of Peaceful Arts. Mr. Towne had been interested in such a museum by Dr. George F. Kunz, mineralogist and gem expert, an honorary fellow of the American Museum of Natural History, who has visited every world's fair since the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876. Announcement of the Towne bequest sent experts in agriculture, animal industry, mining and metallurgy, transportation, engineering, aeronautics, etc., etc., flocking to Europe to study exhibits in such places as the German Museum in Munich, which contains replicas or originals of
241_2	epochal contrivances, including James Watt's first steam engine, Diesel's oil-compression engine, Dunlop's original tires. The findings of these experts will assist Chicago's industrialists as well as New York's, in assembling a record of material ascendancy of mankind, a record that is to be made practical rather than theoretical, with many working models of machinery, to afford inventors an industrial laboratory."

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