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230_17 | On June 23, 2012, T.I.'s track, titled "Go Get It" was previously leaked and T.I. later released the track as the first official single from the album, releasing it on iTunes Store on July 17, 2012. The song was produced by Canadian hip hop and R&B producer T-Minus, who T.I. has previously collaborated with on the song "Poppin Bottles" featuring Drake, from his previous album No Mercy (2010). Before the video's release, the rapper uploaded a teaser video, followed by a behind-the-scenes video. The music video, directed by Alex Nazari, was released on August 16, 2012, via his YouTube account. |
230_18 | On June 21, 2012, it was announced by record producer Rico Love that the album's second single will be for the track, titled "Ball". The song features guest vocals from fellow American rapper Lil Wayne, with the production handled from Rico Love and Earl & E. On June 29, 2012, T.I. unveiled the single's original artwork, which was later changed on October 8, 2012, along with the announcement of the single's release date. T.I. previewed the song in the second season of his reality television series T.I. and Tiny: The Family Hustle on episode 5. The episode premiered on September 25, 2012, featuring the preview of it at a listening session in Chicago. On September 28, 2012, behind the scenes footage of the music video was released, after the photos of the video shoot were released. The video was shot at Hollygrove in New Orleans, featuring cameo appearances from Rico Love, Trae tha Truth, Mack Maine, Birdman and T.I.'s sons. The single was released on October 15, 2012, and was available |
230_19 | to purchase at iTunes Store on October 16, 2012. The music video was released on October 22, 2012. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in April 2013. |
230_20 | The album's third single was announced by T.I. on November 9, 2012, when he unveiled the single's artwork via his Twitter account. The song, titled "Trap Back Jumpin'", previously leaked on September 14, 2012, before he performed it at the BET Hip Hop Awards. The single was available for digital download on November 13, 2012, as the album's third single. |
230_21 | On November 19, 2012, T.I. announced the next two singles for the album would be "Sorry". The song features a guest verse from fellow American rapper André 3000, with the production handled from frequent collaborator Jazze Pha, followed by "Hello" featuring vocals from Cee Lo Green and production from Pharrell Williams. "Sorry" was released as a single via iTunes on November 27, 2012. "Sorry" subsequently debuted at #36 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. On January 2, 2013, Andre 3000's Outkast cohort, Big Boi, took to his Twitter account to reveal he would be adding a verse to "Sorry", the song in which 3000 apologizes to him for past mistakes. |
230_22 | On December 20, 2012, in an interview with Power 105's The Breakfast Club, T.I. spoke on which song will be the next single off Trouble Man. He said he was deciding between the Cee Lo Green featured "Hello" or "Can You Learn" with R. Kelly. He also stated the tracks "Guns and Roses" with American singer-songwriter Pink and "Hallelujah" would have music videos released in the near future, with the former set to be released as a single. "Hello" featuring Cee-Lo Green was released to iTunes on December 11, 2012, as the fifth official single. According to T.I., the Cee Lo Green-featured song was selected due to its heavy radio play. In March he also revealed he would soon be filming the music video for "Hello". On March 19, 2013, T.I. performed "Hello" on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. |
230_23 | Promotional singles
"We Don't Get Down Like Y'all", which features guest vocals from Grand Hustle recording artist B.o.B, was released to iTunes as a promotional single on August 9, 2011, while T.I. was still incarcerated. The album's second promotional single, released on October 4, 2011, from T.I. was "I'm Flexin'", which features its guest vocals and production from Mississippi-based rapper-producer Big K.R.I.T. It was the first song to be released from T.I. after his 11-month prison sentence, and reached number 66 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The third promotional single to not make the album, "Here Ye, Hear Ye" featuring The Neptunes' Pharrell Williams under the alias Sk8brd, was released to iTunes on October 20, 2011. These three songs all failed to appear on the final track listing. |
230_24 | Other songs
Upon the release of Trouble Man: Heavy Is the Head, three songs from the album charted on various charts. "G Season" featuring Meek Mill debuted at number 22 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. While the song "Wildside" featuring ASAP Rocky debuted at number 5 on the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles. As it announced to be one of the possible future single "Guns and Roses" featuring P!nk debuted at number 8 on the Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles. In Australia, the song debuted at number 24 and peaked at number 15 on the Australian ARIA singles chart, due to strong digital downloads. The song has been certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 70,000 copies.
Critical reception |
230_25 | Trouble Man: Heavy Is the Head received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 64, based on 16 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". Despite criticizing T.I.'s "half-hearted stabs at Hot 100 success", Patrick Bowman of Idolator commended Trouble Man: Heavy Is the Head for showing "flashes of brilliance amidst brief instances of lingering stagnation", as well as noting the album to mark an important stage in T.I.'s career. William E. Ketchum III of HipHopDX observed T.I.'s "vitriolic, multisyllabic snarl [to be] still intact" and that he "sounds[...] as comfortable spitting the trap rap that earned him his reputation" on his earlier albums, although he felt that in some instances, T.I. "takes hit-making formulaic approaches to songs that he would have uniquely bodied during his peak points". Andy Kellman of AllMusic rated the |
230_26 | album 3 out of 5, saying "This is a step forward from the MC's previous effort, but it's been six years since the he has made an album that must be heard." XXL named it one of the top five hip hop albums of 2012. |
230_27 | Commercial performance
The album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 179,000 copies in the United States. As of August 27, 2013, it has sold 501,000 copies. On September 2, 2013 XXL reported that Trouble Man: Heavy Is the Head had sold over 500,000 copies. The album was certified gold by the RIAA on November 7, 2013.
Track listing
Notes
(*) Co-producer
(**) Additional production
"Hallelujah" features additional vocals performed by Netta Brielle
Sample credits
"The Introduction" contains a sample of "Trouble Man" performed by Marvin Gaye.
"Ball" contains a sample of "Drag Rap" performed by The Showboys.
"G Season" contains a sample of "Shiftless, Shady, Jealous Kind of People" performed by The O'Jays.
"Can You Learn" contains a sample of "I Choose You" performed by Willie Hutch.
"Wonderful Life" contains a sample of "Your Song" performed by Elton John.
"Hallelujah" contains a sample of "Hallelujah" performed by Leonard Cohen. |
230_28 | Personnel
Credits for Trouble Man: Heavy Is the Head adapted from AllMusic. |
230_29 | Kory Aaron – assistant
Akon – featured artist
André 3000 – featured artist
ASAP Rocky – featured artist
Diego Avendaño – assistant
Stacy Barthe – primary artist
Jamezz Bonn – additional production
Leslie Brathwaite – mixing
Netta Brielle – hook
Tommy Brown – producer
Nathan Burgess – assistant
Greg Gigendad Burke – art direction, design
Cardiak – producer
Elliot Carter – engineer, vocal engineer
Chinky P – producer
Clef – producer
Andrew Coleman – arranger, digital editing, engineer
Alex Dilliplane – mixing assistant
DJ Montay – drum programming, engineer, producer
DJ Toomp – keyboards, producer, vocal engineer
Lamar Edwards – producer
The Futuristiks – producer
Chris Gehringer – mastering
Jason Geter – executive producer, management
Casey Giannola – assistant
Eric Goudy II – keyboards, programming
Cee Lo Green – featured artist
Dionnee Harper – marketing
Trehy Harris – assistant
Jevon Hill – producer
Earl Hood – keyboards, programming
Matt Huber – assistant
Jaycen Joshua – mixing |
230_30 | Jazze Pha – producer
Po Johns – producer
Matt Jones – photography
K Tracks – producer
Keke – production coordination
R. Kelly – featured artist
Brian Kidd – producer
Mike Larson – arranger, digital editing
Lil' C – producer
Lil Wayne – featured artist
Rico Love – producer, background vocals
Fabian Marasciullo – mixing
Robert Marks – mixing
Tristan McClain – engineer
Thurston McCrea – engineer
PJ McGinnis – assistant
Meek Mill – featured artist
Mr. Jonz – additional production
No I.D. – producer
Ken Oriole – engineer
Pharrell – producer
P!nk – featured artist
José Quintero – assistant
Gee Roberson – executive producer
Rock City – producer
Sanchez – producer
Travis Sayles – producer
Miguel Scott – assistant
Ray Seay – mixing
Nikhil Seetharam – producer
Bill Sienkiewicz – illustrations
Elliot Stroud – engineer
T.I. – primary artist
T.I.P. – executive producer
T-Minus – engineer, producer
Carolyn Tracey – package production
John X. Volaitis – assistant
Miles Walker – mixing |
230_31 | Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 2013 (U.S.)
List of number-one rap albums of 2013 (U.S.)
References
2012 albums
Albums produced by DJ Toomp
Albums produced by Jazze Pha
Albums produced by No I.D.
Albums produced by Pharrell Williams
Albums produced by Rico Love
Albums produced by T-Minus (record producer)
T.I. albums
Atlantic Records albums
Grand Hustle Records albums
Albums produced by Lil' C (record producer)
Albums produced by Mars (record producer)
Albums produced by 1500 or Nothin'
Albums produced by Cardiak |
231_0 | Chiquita Brands International Sàrl (), formerly known as Chiquita Brands International Inc., is an American producer and distributor of bananas and other produce. The company operates under a number of subsidiary brand names, including the flagship Chiquita brand and Fresh Express salads. Chiquita is the leading distributor of bananas in the United States.
Chiquita is the successor to the United Fruit Company. It was formerly controlled by American businessman Carl H. Lindner, Jr., whose majority ownership of the company ended when Chiquita Brands International exited a prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy on 19 March 2002. In 2003, the company acquired the German produce distribution company, Atlanta AG. Fresh Express salads was purchased from Performance Food Group in 2005. Chiquita's former headquarters were located in Charlotte, North Carolina. |
231_1 | On 10 March 2014, Chiquita Brands International Inc. and Fyffes plc announced that the Boards of Directors of both companies unanimously approved a definitive agreement under which Chiquita will combine with Fyffes, in a stock-for-stock transaction that is expected to result in Chiquita shareholders owning approximately 50.7% of ChiquitaFyffes and Fyffes shareholders owning approximately 49.3% of the proposed ChiquitaFyffes, on a fully diluted basis. The agreement would have created the largest banana producer in the world and would have been domiciled in Ireland. An intervening offer by Brazilian companies Cutrale and Safra Group of $611 million in August 2014 was rejected by Chiquita, with the company saying it would continue with its merger with Fyffes. On 24 October, Chiquita announced that the shareholders at a Company Special Meeting had rejected the merger with Fyffes. Instead the Cutrale-Safra acquisition offer was then accepted by the shareholders.
History |
231_2 | Chiquita Brands International's history began in 1870 when ship's captain Lorenzo Dow Baker purchased 160 bunches of bananas in Jamaica and resold them in Jersey City eleven days later. In 1873 Central American railroad developer Minor C. Keith began to experiment with banana production in Costa Rica. Later, he planted bananas alongside a Costa Rican railroad track to provide revenue for the railroad. In 1878, Baker partnered with Andrew Preston to form the Boston Fruit Company.
United Fruit Company was founded in 1899 when the Boston Fruit Company and various fruit exporting concerns controlled by Keith merged. In 1903, United Fruit Company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange and became the first company to use refrigeration during open sea transport. |
231_3 | In 1928, workers went on strike in protest against poor pay and working conditions in the company plantations Ciénaga (Colombia). The company lobbied U.S. government forces to assist with repressing the outbreak; however, the Colombian government opted to quell the strike on its own, sending military forces into the town of Ciénaga, where the strikers had gathered, on 6 December. The repression resulted in the deaths of scores of plantation workers and their families. This episode is known in the history of Colombia as the Masacre de las Bananeras (Banana massacre). Gabriel García Márquez alludes to the event in his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude by describing a military suppression that resulted in the death of 3,000 plantation workers in the fictional town of Macondo. While García Márquez has stated that the deaths in his novel are potential overestimations, the actual number of deaths has never been confirmed. Estimates gathered from oral histories to primary sources vary |
231_4 | widely, from 47 to upwards of 1,000 casualties. |
231_5 | By 1930, the company's fleet had grown to 95 ships.
In 1944, the company premiered the "Chiquita Banana" advertising jingle, which extolled the virtues of the fruit as well as when to eat them and how to store them. The song, which had an infectious calypso beat, began with the words "I'm Chiquita Banana, and I've come to say." The brand name Chiquita was registered as a trademark in 1947. |
231_6 | By 1955, United Fruit Company was processing 2.7 billion pounds (1.2 billion kilograms) of fruit a year. In 1966, the company expanded into Europe. Eli Black came in 1968 and was made chairman, president, and CEO. In 1970, the company merged with AMK Corporation and changed its name to United Brands Company. Black took a controlling interest by outbidding two other conglomerates, Zapata Corporation and Textron. After the suicide of Black in 1975, the company was acquired by Seymour Milstein and Paul Milstein. In 1980, Chiquita was an official sponsor of the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York.
In 1984, Cincinnati investor Carl Lindner, Jr. became the controlling investor in United Brands. |
231_7 | In 1990, the company renamed itself Chiquita Brands International, as it undertook major investments in Costa Rica. However, the company began to see a decline in Honduran operations during the first half of 1990. As a result, Chiquita initiated the "Banana Wars" with rival company Fyffes over the limited banana supply. Chiquita began illegally seizing and destroying Fyffes' shipments, as well as bribing judges to validate detention orders on Fyffes' ships. This culminated in the destruction of ten million dollars worth of produce. Fyffes manager Ernst Otto Stalinski alleged that Chiquita used a falsified arrest warrant in a kidnapping attempt, and he filed suit several times. |
231_8 | In 1993, the company was hit by European tariffs on the import of Latin American bananas. In 1994, some Chiquita farms were certified by the Rainforest Alliance's Better Banana Project as being environmentally friendly. In 1995, the company sold the John Morrell meat business that was part of the original AMK Corporation. In 1998, the world's largest banana processing facility debuted in Costa Rica. In 2001, the EU dismantled their banana import policy that favored European companies. This ended any ongoing banana disputes.
Restructuring
In November 2001, Chiquita filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in order to restructure the company. It emerged from the bankruptcy on 19 March 2002, ending Cincinnati businessman Carl H. Lindner, Jr.'s control of the company. Also in 2002, Chiquita joined the Ethical Trading Initiative and was named as a top "green stock" by The Progressive Investor. |
231_9 | In 2003, Chiquita acquired the German produce distribution company, Atlanta AG. It also sold its processed foods division to Seneca Foods that year. In 2004, 100% of Chiquita farms were certified compliant with the SA8000 labor standard and the company earned the "Corporate Citizen of the Americas Award" from a Honduran charity. Fresh Express salads was purchased from Performance Food Group in 2005. |
231_10 | Acquisition |
231_11 | In March 2014, Chiquita Brands International and Fyffes announced that their boards of directors had unanimously approved a merger agreement. In the stock-for-stock transaction, former Chiquita shareholders will own approximately 50.7% of the new company, ChiquitaFyffes, while Fyffes shareholders will own 49.3% of the new company. The all-stock purchase was valued at US$526 million. The agreement would have created the largest banana company in the world with projected annual revenues of US$4.6 billion and have been domiciled in Ireland but be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Chiquita's CEO Ed Lonergan would have served as Chairman and Fyffes Executive Chairman David McCann would have become the CEO of the proposed entity. Lonergan called this a "milestone transaction" and that "the combined company will also be able to provide customers with a more diverse product mix and choice;" while McCann added that both companies will benefit from their "joint expertise, complementary |
231_12 | assets and geographic coverage to develop a business". According to Chiquita, the deal will "provide substantial operational efficiencies and cost savings". The combined company will have tax savings from being domiciled in Ireland, similar to the 2013 acquisition by US drug-maker Perrigo of Irish company Élan. The deal is a corporate inversion, as the takeover company (Chiquita, United States), is relocating its domicile to that of purchased company (Fyffes, Ireland). |
231_13 | A$611 million takeover offer by Cutrale of Brazil and Safra group in August 2014 was rejected outright by Chiquita, with the company refusing to meet with the bidders to discuss the offer. Chiquita said it was pressing on with its merger with Fyffes. However, shortly after Chiquita shareholders rejected the Fyffes merger the Cutrale-Safra offer of $14.50 per share was accepted. Yet the North Carolina Economic Development board asserted that if the headquarters was moved away, the company would be due to return N.C. and local incentive money. Former Charlotte City Council member John Lassiter, who heads the board, said the new owners would inherit Chiquita's responsibilities under a 2011 deal that brought the company to the city. The agreement stipulates that it received more than $23 million in incentives from Charlotte and Mecklenburg County for moving its headquarters and hundreds of high-paying jobs from Cincinnati and if it moved again within 10 years it must repay the "clawback" |
231_14 | provision. Lassiter said of the matter: "It’s not a question of opinion. It’s 'What does the agreement say?’ I would expect both the city (of Charlotte) to impress its position (on the new owners) and for the (new ownership) to follow expectations under its provisions of the agreement." |
231_15 | Operations
Chiquita Brands International operates in 70 countries and employs approximately 20,000 people as of 2018. The company sells a variety of fresh produce, including bananas, ready-made salads, and health foods. The company's Fresh Express brand has approximately $1 billion of annual sales and a 40% market share in the United States. |
231_16 | On 29 November 2011, the North Carolina Economic Investment Committee approved $22 million in incentives for Chiquita to move its headquarters to Charlotte, North Carolina. The same day, Chiquita officially announced their move to the city, with the new headquarters residing in the NASCAR Plaza tower. Research and development was also moved to the Charlotte area. In addition to the incentives, the company cited the growing airport as a reason for the move. According to the company's 2012 annual report, the company was aiming to "transform [itself] into a high-volume, low-cost operator" and to "minimize investments outside of [its] core product offerings".
By 2019, the company's main offices left the United States and relocated to Switzerland. |
231_17 | Logo
The company mascot "Miss Chiquita", now Chiquita Banana, was created in 1944 by Dik Browne, who is best known for drawing the popular comic strips Hi and Lois and Hägar the Horrible. Miss Chiquita started as an animated banana with a woman's dress and legs. Vocalist Patti Clayton was the original 1944 voice of Miss Chiquita, followed by Elsa Miranda, June Valli and Monica Lewis. Advertisements featured the trademark banana character wearing a fruit hat. The banana with a fruit hat was changed into a woman in 1987. A new Miss Chiquita design was unveiled in 1998. Peel-off stickers with the logo started being placed on bananas in 1963. They are still placed by hand today to avoid bruising the fruit. |
231_18 | A commercial in 1947 with a theme song in English ended with the lyrics "si, si" emphasizing for consumers the origin of the bananas as Latin America. Another commercial featured a man of Latin descent with exaggerated stereotypical features. As times changed throughout the 1960s, so did the iconography and publications of Chiquita and their produce, of bananas.
Criticism
Monopolistic practices
In 1976, the European Commission held that United Brands had been abusing a dominant market position, contrary to Article 86 of the EEC Treaty; in particular, by imposing unfair conditions on its customers, by refusing to supply certain customers, and by charging dissimilar prices for equivalent transactions. In 1978, the commission's decision was upheld by the European Court of Justice. |
231_19 | Cincinnati Enquirer charges
On 3 May 1998, The Cincinnati Enquirer published an eighteen-page section, "Chiquita Secrets Revealed" by investigative reporters Michael Gallagher and Cameron McWhirter. The section accused the company of mistreating workers on its Central American plantations, polluting the environment, allowing cocaine to be brought to Borneo on its ships, bribing foreign officials, evading foreign nations' laws on land ownership, forcibly preventing its workers from unionizing, and a host of other misdeeds. Chiquita denied all the allegations, and sued after it was revealed that Gallagher had repeatedly hacked into Chiquita's voicemail system. A special prosecutor was appointed to investigate, because the elected prosecutor at the time had ties to Carl Lindner, Jr. |
231_20 | Gallagher had claimed to have obtained over 2,000 voicemails from a Chiquita executive, but in truth he had obtained them by hacking into Chiquita's voicemail system as often as 35 times a day. He had continued hacking into the system despite being explicitly directed not to do so by editors and lawyers. According to McWhirter, he also refused to give straight answers about his source to editors and outside lawyers–facts that aroused the suspicions of McWhirter and other reporters. |
231_21 | Six weeks after the stories ran, Gannett reached a settlement with Chiquita, averting a lawsuit. Under the terms of the settlement, on 28 June 1998, the Enquirer retracted the entire series of stories and published a front-page apology saying it had "become convinced that [the published] accusations and conclusions are untrue and created a false and misleading impression of Chiquita's business practices". The Enquirer also agreed to pay a multi-million-dollar settlement. The exact amount was not disclosed, but Chiquita's annual report mentions "a cash settlement in excess of $10 million". Gallagher was fired and prosecuted and the paper's editor, Lawrence K. Beaupre, was transferred to the Gannett's headquarters amid allegations that he ignored the paper's usual procedures on fact-checking. |
231_22 | In an article examining the Chiquita series, Salon.com said the "Chiquita Secrets Revealed" series "presents a damning, carefully documented array of charges, most of them 'untainted' by those purloined executive voice mails."
Payments to foreign terrorist groups |
231_23 | In the 1990s and early 2000s, faced with an unstable political situation in Colombia, Chiquita and several other corporations including the Dole Food Company, Fresh Del Monte Produce and Hyundai Motor Corporation made payments to paramilitary organizations in the country, most notably the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC). Chiquita paid the AUC $1.7 million in a ten-year period. Although official accounts from the company state they only made these payments as the AUC was extorting payments from Chiquita in order to ensure their security, these claims are disputed as Chiquita also allowed AUC to use their loading facilities to transport AK-47s. Indeed, the Chiquita's United States counsel had warned them against using this extortion defense in cases where the company benefitted from these payments, and the company's lawyer reportedly told them to stop making the payments. Chiquita's dealings with AUC continued even after it was officially designated as a terrorist |
231_24 | organization in the United States. Although the company eventually voluntarily disclosed their involvement with AUC to the United States Department of Justice, they still sent over $300,000 to the organization even after the Justice Department instructed them to halt all payments. |
231_25 | On 14 March 2007, Chiquita Brands was fined $25 million as part of a settlement with the United States Justice Department for having ties to Colombian paramilitary groups. According to court documents, between 1997 and 2004, officers of a Chiquita subsidiary paid approximately $1.7 million to the right-wing United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), in exchange for local employee protection in Colombia's volatile banana harvesting zone. Similar payments were also made to the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), as well as the National Liberation Army (ELN) from 1989 to 1997, both left-wing organizations. All three of these groups are on the U.S. State Department's list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Chiquita sued to prevent the United States government from releasing files about their illegal payments to Colombian left-wing guerrillas and right-wing paramilitary groups. |
231_26 | On 7 December 2007, the 29th Specialized District Attorney's Office in Medellín, Colombia subpoenaed the Chiquita board to answer questions "concerning charges for conspiracy to commit an aggravated crime and financing illegal armed groups". Nine board members named in the subpoena allegedly personally knew of the illegal operations. One executive for the company penned a note which proclaimed that the payments were the "cost of doing business in Colombia" and also noted the "need to keep this very confidential – people can get killed."
In 2013 and 2014, Chiquita spent $780,000 lobbying against the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act, hiring lobbyists from Covington and Burling, a high-powered white shoe law firm. |
231_27 | On 24 July 2014, a US appeals court threw out a lawsuit against Chiquita by 4,000 Colombians alleging that the corporation was aiding the right-wing paramilitary group responsible for the deaths of family members. The court ruled 2-1 that US federal courts have no jurisdiction over Colombian claims.
In 2016, Judge Kenneth Marra of the Southern District of Florida ruled in favor of allowing Colombians to sue former Chiquita Brand International executives for the company's funding of the outlawed right-wing paramilitary organization that murdered their family members. He stated in his decision that “'profits took priority over basic human welfare' in the banana company executives' decision to finance the illegal death squads, despite knowing that this would advance the paramilitaries' murderous campaign."
In February 2018, an agreement between Chiquita and the families of the victims had been reached. |
231_28 | Information about who was behind the Chiquita payments to terrorist groups was made available by the National Security Archive, a nongovernmental research organization, in a series of document releases related to Chiquita's operations.
In 2018, Colombia's Office of the Attorney General filed charges against 13 Chiquita Brands International executives and administrators after tracing payments made by a local Chiquita affiliate to the paramilitary group AUC, some of which was used to buy machine guns.
Workers' rights
A recurrent issue in agricultural large-scale production are workers' rights violations, in which Chiquita has been involved as well. |
231_29 | In May 2007, the French non-governmental organization (NGO) Peuples Solidaires (fr) publicly accused the Compañia Bananera Atlántica Limitada (COBAL), a Chiquita subsidiary, of knowingly violating "its workers' basic rights" and endangering their families' health and their own. According to the charge, the banana firm carelessly exposed laborers at the Coyol plantation in Costa Rica to highly toxic pesticides on multiple occasions. Additionally, COBAL was accused of using a private militia to intimidate workers. Finally, Peuples Solidaires claimed that Chiquita ignored some union complaints for more than a year.
Another, more recent case of exploitative working conditions dates from April 2019. The Swiss magazine Beobachter publicised severe labour rights issues on Ecuador's banana plantations, some of which supply Chiquita. These violations involve 12-hour workdays, poverty wages and employment without contracts.
Environmental issues |
231_30 | In 1998, a coalition of social activist groups, led by the European Banana Action Network (EUROBAN), targeted the banana industry in general and Chiquita in particular, aiming to create a new climate of corporate social responsibility. Their strategy was to encourage small farming of bananas rather than large scale monoculture, and to push for subsidies and other government relief to level the field for small producers. The fair trade movement, which sought to influence consumers to purchase the products of smallholders, also joined in the action. |
231_31 | Chiquita responded to the activism with changes in corporate management and new patterns of global competition, according to J. Gary Taylor and Patricia Scharlin. Chiquita partnered with the Rainforest Alliance, an environmental group dedicated to preserving the rainforest, and made major reforms in the way they plant and protect their bananas. The changes focused on the use of pesticides but also affected corporate culture. In 2000, Chiquita adopted a new code of conduct that included Social Accountability International's SA8000 labor standard. Also in 2000, Chiquita achieved Rainforest Alliance certification for environmentally friendly practices on 100% of its farms. In 2001, Wal-Mart named Chiquita as the "Environmental Supplier of the Year". |
231_32 | Chiquita has more recently been involved in the hazardous use of pesticides: The Danish media and research centre Danwatch, who specialise in investigative journalism, published a report on pesticide use on banana plantations in Ecuador, some of which supply Chiquita. They found aerial spraying of pesticides without warnings to workers, and the handling of pesticides without proper protections or equipment. Among the pesticides sprayed is Paraquat, a highly hazardous pesticide forbidden in Switzerland and the EU. When approached for comment, Chiquita would neither confirm nor deny the allegations, but reportedly began an internal investigation, the results of which have not been made public.
See also
Grand Nain
Paramilitarism in Colombia
Union of Banana Exporting Countries
United Fruit Company
References
Further reading |
231_33 | Mike Gallagher & Cameron McWhirter, "Chiquita Secrets Revealed," Cincinnati Enquirer, 3 May 1998.
"The Business and Human Rights Management Report—Chiquita Brands International", Ethical Corporate Magazine, Nov. 2004.
"The Importance of Corporate Responsibility", Economist Intelligence Unit, January 2005.
"Chiquita Brands: A Turnaround That Is Here to Stay", Winslow Environmental News, January 2004.
"The banana giant that found its gentle side", Financial Times, December 2002
'"Chiquita Wins Raves for Outstanding Sustainability Reporting", Greenbiz.com, 3 April 2003
Media
External links
Chiquita Brands International website
United Fruit Historical Society: This site contains a detailed chronology of the history of Chiquita, biographies of the company's main protagonists, and an extensive bibliography. |
231_34 | Food and drink companies established in 1871
Food manufacturers of the United States
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Agriculture companies of the United States
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001
Multinational food companies
United Fruit Company
Fruit production
Banana production
2014 mergers and acquisitions
Agriculture companies established in the 19th century
Agriculture companies disestablished in the 21st century |
232_0 | Hydraulic shock (colloquial: water hammer; fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion, usually a liquid but sometimes also a gas is forced to stop or change direction suddenly; a momentum change. This phenomenon commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe.
This pressure wave can cause major problems, from noise and vibration to pipe rupture or collapse. It is possible to reduce the effects of the water hammer pulses with accumulators, expansion tanks, surge tanks, blowoff valves, and other features. The effects can be avoided by ensuring that no valves will close too quickly with significant flow, but there are many situations that can cause the effect.
Rough calculations can be made using the Zhukovsky (Joukowsky) equation, or more accurate ones using the method of characteristics.
History |
232_1 | In the 1st century B.C., Marcus Vitruvius Pollio described the effect of water hammer in lead pipes and stone tubes of the Roman public water supply.
Water hammer was exploited before there was even a word for it.
The Alhambra, built by Nasrid Sultan Ibn al-Ahmar of Granada beginning AD1238, used a hydram to raise water. Through a first reservoir, filled by a channel from the Darro River, water emptied via a large vertical channel into a second reservoir beneath, creating a whirlpool that in turn propelled water through a much smaller pipe up six metres whilst most water drained into a second, slightly larger pipe. |
232_2 | In 1772, Englishman John Whitehurst built a hydraulic ram for a home in Cheshire, England. In 1796, French inventor Joseph Michel Montgolfier (1740–1810) built a hydraulic ram for his paper mill in Voiron. In French and Italian, the terms for "water hammer" come from the hydraulic ram: coup de bélier (French) and colpo d'ariete (Italian) both mean "blow of the ram". As the 19th century witnessed the installation of municipal water supplies, water hammer became a concern to civil engineers. Water hammer also interested physiologists who were studying the circulatory system. |
232_3 | Although it was prefigured in work by Thomas Young, the theory of water hammer is generally considered to have begun in 1883 with the work of German physiologist Johannes von Kries (1853–1928), who was investigating the pulse in blood vessels. However, his findings went unnoticed by civil engineers. Kries's findings were subsequently derived independently in 1898 by the Russian fluid dynamicist Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky (1847–1921), in 1898 by the American civil engineer Joseph Palmer Frizell (1832–1910), and in 1902 by the Italian engineer Lorenzo Allievi (1856–1941). |
232_4 | Cause and effect
When a pipe with water flowing through it is suddenly closed at the outlet (downstream), the mass of water before the closure is still moving, thereby building up pressure and a resulting shock wave. In domestic plumbing this shock wave is experienced as a loud banging resembling a hammering noise. Water hammer can cause pipelines to break if the pressure is high enough. Air traps or stand pipes (open at the top) are sometimes added as dampers to water systems to absorb the potentially damaging forces caused by the moving water. |
232_5 | In hydroelectric generating stations, the water traveling along the tunnel or pipeline may be prevented from entering a turbine by closing a valve. For example, if there is of tunnel of diameter full of water travelling at , that represents approximately of kinetic energy that must be arrested. This arresting is frequently achieved by a surge shaft open at the top, into which the water flows. As the water rises up the shaft its kinetic energy is converted into potential energy, which causes the water in the tunnel to decelerate. At some hydroelectric power (HEP) stations, such as the Saxon Falls Hydro Power Plant In Michigan, what looks like a water tower is actually one of these devices, known in these cases as a surge drum.
At home, a water hammer may occur when a dishwasher, washing machine or toilet shuts off water flow. The result may be heard as a loud bang, repetitive banging (as the shock wave travels back and forth in the plumbing system), or as some shuddering. |
232_6 | On the other hand, when an upstream valve in a pipe closes, water downstream of the valve attempts to continue flowing creating a vacuum that may cause the pipe to collapse or implode. This problem can be particularly acute if the pipe is on a downhill slope. To prevent this, air and vacuum relief valves or air vents are installed just downstream of the valve to allow air to enter the line to prevent this vacuum from occurring. |
232_7 | Other causes of water hammer are pump failure and check valve slam (due to sudden deceleration, a check valve may slam shut rapidly, depending on the dynamic characteristic of the check valve and the mass of the water between a check valve and tank). To alleviate this situation, it is recommended to install non-slam check valves as they do not rely on gravity or fluid flow for their closure. For vertical pipes, other suggestions include installing new piping that can be designed to include air chambers to alleviate the possible shockwave of water due to excess water flow.
Water hammer can also occur when filling an empty pipe that has a restriction such as a partially open valve or an orifice that allows air to pass easily as the pipe rapidly fills, but once full the water suddenly encounters the restriction and the pressure spikes.
Related phenomena |
232_8 | Steam distribution systems may also be vulnerable to a situation similar to water hammer, known as steam hammer. In a steam system, this phenomenon most often occurs when some of the steam condenses into water in a horizontal section of the piping. The rest of the steam forces this liquid water along the pipe, forming a "slug", and hurls this at high velocity into a pipe fitting, creating a loud hammering noise and greatly stressing the pipe. This condition is usually caused by a poor condensate drainage strategy: having more condensate in the pipe makes the slug easier to form. Vacuum caused by condensation from thermal shock can also cause a steam hammer. |
232_9 | Steam hammer can be avoided by using sloped pipes and installing steam traps. Where air-filled traps are used, these eventually become depleted of their trapped air over a long period through absorption into the water. This can be cured by shutting off the supply, opening taps at the highest and lowest locations to drain the system (thereby restoring air to the traps), and then closing the taps and re-opening the supply. |
232_10 | On turbocharged internal combustion engines, a "gas hammer" can take place when the throttle is closed while the turbocharger is forcing air into the engine. There is no shockwave but the pressure can still rapidly increase to damaging levels or cause compressor surge. A pressure relief valve placed before the throttle prevents the air from surging against the throttle body by diverting it elsewhere, thus protecting the turbocharger from pressure damage. This valve can either recirculate the air into the turbocharger's intake (recirculation valve), or it can blow the air into the atmosphere and produce the distinctive hiss-flutter of an aftermarket turbocharger (blowoff valve). |
232_11 | From a jet of water
If a stream of high velocity water impinges on a surface, water hammer can quickly erode and destroy it. In the 2009 Sayano-Shushenskaya power station accident, the lid to a 640 MW turbine was ejected upwards, hitting the ceiling above. During the accident, the rotor was seen flying through the air, still spinning, about 3 meters above the floor. Unrestrained, per second of water began to spray all over the generator hall. The geyser caused the structural failure of steel ceiling joists, precipitating a roof collapse around the failed turbine. |
232_12 | During an explosion
When an explosion happens in an enclosed space, water hammer can cause the walls of the container to deform. However, it can also impart momentum to the enclosure if it is free to move. An underwater explosion in the SL-1 nuclear reactor vessel caused the water to accelerate upwards through of air before it struck the vessel head at with a pressure of . This pressure wave caused the steel vessel to jump 9 feet and 1 inch (2.77 m) into the air before it dropped into its prior location. It is imperative to perform ongoing preventive maintenance to avoid water hammer, as the aftermaths of these powerful explosions have resulted in fatalities. |
232_13 | Mitigation measures
Water hammer has caused accidents and fatalities, but usually damage is limited to breakage of pipes or appendages. An engineer should always assess the risk of a pipeline burst. Pipelines transporting hazardous liquids or gases warrant special care in design, construction, and operation. Hydroelectric power plants especially must be carefully designed and maintained because the water hammer can cause water pipes to fail catastrophically. |
232_14 | The following characteristics may reduce or eliminate water hammer:
Reduce the pressure of the water supply to the building by fitting a regulator.
Lower fluid velocities. To keep water hammer low, pipe-sizing charts for some applications recommend flow velocity at or below
Fit slowly closing valves. Toilet fill valves are available in a quiet fill type that closes quietly.
Non-slam check valves do not rely on fluid flow to close and will do so before the water flow reaches significant velocity.
High pipeline pressure rating (does not reduce the effect but protects against damage).
Good pipeline control (start-up and shut-down procedures).
Water towers (used in many drinking water systems) or surge tanks help maintain steady flow rates and trap large pressure fluctuations. |
232_15 | Air vessels such as expansion tanks and some types of hydraulic accumulators work in much the same way as water towers, but are pressurized. They typically have an air cushion above the fluid level in the vessel, which may be regulated or separated by a bladder. Sizes of air vessels may be up to hundreds of cubic meters on large pipelines. They come in many shapes, sizes and configurations. Such vessels often are called accumulators or expansion tanks.
A hydropneumatic device similar in principle to a shock absorber called a 'Water Hammer Arrestor' can be installed between the water pipe and the machine, to absorb the shock and stop the banging.
Air valves often remediate low pressures at high points in the pipeline. Though effective, sometimes large numbers of air valves need be installed. These valves also allow air into the system, which is often unwanted. Blowoff valves may be used as an alternative.
Shorter branch pipe lengths. |
232_16 | Shorter lengths of straight pipe, i.e. add elbows, expansion loops. Water hammer is related to the speed of sound in the fluid, and elbows reduce the influences of pressure waves.
Arranging the larger piping in loops that supply shorter smaller run-out pipe branches. With looped piping, lower velocity flows from both sides of a loop can serve a branch.
Flywheel on a pump.
Pumping station bypass. |
232_17 | Magnitude of the pulse
One of the first to successfully investigate the water hammer problem was the Italian engineer Lorenzo Allievi.
Water hammer can be analyzed by two different approaches—rigid column theory, which ignores compressibility of the fluid and elasticity of the walls of the pipe, or by a full analysis that includes elasticity. When the time it takes a valve to close is long compared to the propagation time for a pressure wave to travel the length of the pipe, then rigid column theory is appropriate; otherwise considering elasticity may be necessary.
Below are two approximations for the peak pressure, one that considers elasticity, but assumes the valve closes instantaneously, and a second that neglects elasticity but includes a finite time for the valve to close.
Instant valve closure; compressible fluid
The pressure profile of the water hammer pulse can be calculated from the Joukowsky equation |
232_18 | So for a valve closing instantaneously, the maximal magnitude of the water hammer pulse is
where ΔP is the magnitude of the pressure wave (Pa), ρ is the density of the fluid (kg/m3), a0 is the speed of sound in the fluid (m/s), and Δv is the change in the fluid's velocity (m/s). The pulse comes about due to Newton's laws of motion and the continuity equation applied to the deceleration of a fluid element.
Equation for wave speed
As the speed of sound in a fluid is , the peak pressure depends on the fluid compressibility if the valve is closed abruptly.
where
a = wave speed,
B = equivalent bulk modulus of elasticity of the system fluid–pipe,
ρ = density of the fluid,
K = bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid,
E = elastic modulus of the pipe,
D = internal pipe diameter,
t = pipe wall thickness,
c = dimensionless parameter due to on wave speed. |
232_19 | Slow valve closure; incompressible fluid
When the valve is closed slowly compared to the transit time for a pressure wave to travel the length of the pipe, the elasticity can be neglected, and the phenomenon can be described in terms of inertance or rigid column theory:
Assuming constant deceleration of the water column (dv/dt = v/t), this gives
where:
F = force [N],
m = mass of the fluid column [kg],
a = acceleration [m/s2],
P = pressure [Pa],
A = pipe cross-section [m2],
ρ = fluid density [kg/m3],
L = pipe length [m],
v = flow velocity [m/s],
t = valve closure time [s].
The above formula becomes, for water and with imperial unit,
For practical application, a safety factor of about 5 is recommended:
where P1 is the inlet pressure in psi, V is the flow velocity in ft/s, t is the valve closing time in seconds, and L is the upstream pipe length in feet. |
232_20 | Hence, we can say that the magnitude of the water hammer largely depends upon the time of closure, elastic components of pipe & fluid properties.
Expression for the excess pressure due to water hammer
When a valve with a volumetric flow rate Q is closed, an excess pressure ΔP is created upstream of the valve, whose value is given by the Joukowsky equation:
In this expression:
ΔP is the overpressurization in Pa;
Q is the volumetric flow in m3/s;
Z is the hydraulic impedance, expressed in kg/m4/s.
The hydraulic impedance Z of the pipeline determines the magnitude of the water hammer pulse. It is itself defined by
where
ρ the density of the liquid, expressed in kg/m3;
A cross sectional area of the pipe, m2;
B equivalent modulus of compressibility of the liquid in the pipe, expressed in Pa. |
232_21 | The latter follows from a series of hydraulic concepts:
compressibility of the liquid, defined by its adiabatic compressibility modulus Bl, resulting from the equation of state of the liquid generally available from thermodynamic tables;
the elasticity of the walls of the pipe, which defines an equivalent bulk modulus of compressibility for the solid Bs. In the case of a pipe of circular cross-section whose thickness t is small compared to the diameter D, the equivalent modulus of compressibility is given by the formula , in which E is the Young's modulus (in Pa) of the material of the pipe;
possibly compressibility Bg of gas dissolved in the liquid, defined by
γ being the specific heat ratio of the gas,
α the rate of ventilation (the volume fraction of undissolved gas),
and P the pressure (in Pa).
Thus, the equivalent elasticity is the sum of the original elasticities: |
232_22 | As a result, we see that we can reduce the water hammer by:
increasing the pipe diameter at constant flow, which reduces the flow velocity and hence the deceleration of the liquid column;
employing the solid material as tight as possible with respect to the internal fluid bulk (solid Young modulus low with respect to fluid bulk modulus);
introducing a device that increases the flexibility of the entire hydraulic system, such as a hydraulic accumulator;
where possible, increasing the fraction of undissolved gases in the liquid.
Dynamic equations
The water hammer effect can be simulated by solving the following partial differential equations.
where V is the fluid velocity inside pipe, is the fluid density, B is the equivalent bulk modulus, and f is the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor. |
232_23 | Column separation |
232_24 | Column separation is a phenomenon that can occur during a water-hammer event. If the pressure in a pipeline drops below the vapor pressure of the liquid, cavitation will occur (some of the liquid vaporizes, forming a bubble in the pipeline, keeping the pressure close to the vapor pressure). This is most likely to occur at specific locations such as closed ends, high points or knees (changes in pipe slope). When subcooled liquid flows into the space previously occupied by vapor the area of contact between the vapor and the liquid increases. This causes the vapor to condense into the liquid reducing the pressure in the vapor space. The liquid on either side of the vapor space is then accelerated into this space by the pressure difference. The collision of the two columns of liquid (or of one liquid column if at a closed end) causes a large and nearly instantaneous rise in pressure. This pressure rise can damage hydraulic machinery, individual pipes and supporting structures. |
232_25 | Many repetitions of cavity formation and collapse may occur in a single water-hammer event. |
232_26 | Simulation software
Most water hammer software packages use the method of characteristics to solve the differential equations involved. This method works well if the wave speed does not vary in time due to either air or gas entrainment in a pipeline. The wave method (WM) is also used in various software packages. WM lets operators analyze large networks efficiently. Many commercial and non-commercial packages are available.
Software packages vary in complexity, dependent on the processes modeled. The more sophisticated packages may have any of the following features:
Multiphase flow capabilities.
An algorithm for cavitation growth and collapse.
Unsteady friction: the pressure waves dampens as turbulence is generated and due to variations in the flow velocity distribution.
Varying bulk modulus for higher pressures (water becomes less compressible).
Fluid structure interaction: the pipeline reacts on the varying pressures and causes pressure waves itself. |
232_27 | Applications
The water hammer principle can be used to create a simple water pump called a hydraulic ram.
Leaks can sometimes be detected using water hammer.
Enclosed air pockets can be detected in pipelines.
See also
Blood hammer
Cavitation
Fluid dynamics
Hydraulophone – musical instruments employing water and other fluids
Impact force
Transient (civil engineering)
Watson's water hammer pulse
References
External links
What Is Water Hammer and Why Is It Important That You Prevent it?
Use accumulator to prevent water hammer in pipeline
What Is Water Hammer/Steam Hammer?
"Water hammer"—YouTube (animation)
"Water Hammer Theory Explained"—YouTube; with examples
Hydraulics
Irrigation
Plumbing
Physical phenomena |
233_0 | Doors of Perception is a design conference in Europe and India which brought together grassroots innovators to work with designers to imagine sustainable futures – and take practical steps to meet basic needs in new and sustainable ways. Its founder and first director is John Thackara.
This hybrid community of practice was inspired by two related questions: "we know what new technology can do, but what is it for?" and, "how do we want to live?". The results are published on the Doors of Perception website, and discussed at the Doors of Perception conference.
Numerous people and organizations contributed over the years to the conferences and its organisation. The first editions were supported by the Netherlands Design Institute and Mediametic and people such as Jules Marshall and Gert Staal. In the new millennium the Center for Knowledge Societies organized three of the later conferences in India.
History |
233_1 | Key Doors of Perception events
The first Doors of Perception from 1993 to 2000 took place in Amsterdam. After the first edition they all had a theme of their own. The first conference and theme were:
Doors 1 (Amsterdam, 1993)
Doors 2 "Home" (Amsterdam, 1994)
Doors 3 "Info-Eco" (Amsterdam, 1994)
Doors 4 "Speed" (Amsterdam, 1996)
Doors 5 "Play" (Amsterdam, 1998)
Doors 6 "Lightness" (Amsterdam, 2000)
In the year 2000 a dual conference was held in India, called 'Doors East,' and in the year 2002 there were two conferences as well. The tradition to focus on one central theme continued.
Doors East (Ahmedabad, India, 2000)
Doors 7 "Flow" (Amsterdam, 2002)
Doors East 2 "Tomorrow's Services" (Bangalore, 2002)
Doors 8 "Infra" (Bangalore, 2005)
Doors 9 "Food" (Delhi 2007) |
233_2 | The separate editions
In every edition multiple subjects were under debate, such as:
1993
Tomorrow's Literacies - lectures and exhibition at Frankfurt Book Fair
Eternally Yours - conference and book on product endurance
The New Old report and conference (with UK DesignAge Network)
Materials of Invention: seminar series and book
The Cultural Economy Of The Applied Arts - report
Design And The Culture Industries - international professional meeting
Doors of Perception 1: plus DoP CDRom
1994
European Community Design Prize (with EU)
European Design Industry Summit (with EU)
Design Across Europe - report on the European design industry
Toshio Iwai: Media Artist - exhibition for opening of Institute's building
Action-Reaction - exhibition in Japan
Doors of Perception 2 "Home"
Smart Matter - smart materials seminar, with Stedelijk Museum |
233_3 | 1995
Doors of Perception 3- "Info-Eco"
The Flat Space - exhibition and CDRom of design for electronic screens
The Prototype- workshop series
From Dada To Data, conference, with Virtual Platform & Council of Europe
1996
World Internet Expo: Dutch Pavilion
Doors of Perception 4 - "Speed"
Legible City - conference on cities and information
Things That Think : design/business workshops on smart materials
Doors of Perception 4 - 'Speed'''
1997
Design In The Knowledge Economy - seminar series
The Flat Space 2 - screen design futures
European Design Industry Summit
European Design Prize
Winners! - book published
Wisseltroom - design scenarios for the future of mobility
Eternally Yours – conference and book on long-life products
1998
Doors of Perception 5 - "play" O2 Website - for eco-designers worldwide
Lightness – book + lectures
Young Designers and Industry 18 European companies + scenarios
From Practice To Policy - new media conference with Virtual Platform |
233_4 | 1999Presence – European project on elderly and internetMaypole - European project on social computingTrespassers - publication on design scenarios for sustainabilityWisselstroom - design scenarios for transport intersectionsKust op de Kaart - website and knowledge map of coastal projects If/Then'' - Europe/USA publication of "yearbook of the near future"
Hong Kong Design Task Force. 2000
Thackara was the expert advisor to the Hong Kong Design Task Force (chair: Victor Lo) which developed a new innovation and research policy for the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The task force plotted the best way for Hong Kong and China to move up the value chain from a product-based to a service-and-flow based economy. Following the report, Hong Kong launched a "DesignSmart" initiative with the creation of a HK$250million (25 million euros) fund. |
233_5 | Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, Italy, 2001–04
Thackara was an advisor and then served on the start-up Steering Committee (chaired by Franco Debenedetti) of this start-up postgraduate institute founded by Telecom Italia. Its founding director was Gillian Crampton Smith. Thackara's specific tasks were to help develop and articulate the institute's basic concept and organisational form; define and articulate the roles of, and benefits to, industry sponsors; organize an international workshop of experts to refine the research programme; and produce an inaugural event |
233_6 | Designs of The Time (Dott 07) North East England 2005–08
During 2005–2007 Thackara was programme director of Designs of the Time (Dott 2007) in North East England. Dott 07 was a two-year programme of sustainability projects commissioned by the Design Council and the region's economic Regional development agency, One NorthEast. Dott 07 culminated in a two-week festival on the banks of the River Tyne in North East England and was visited by 30,000 people. Dott was inspired by two questions: "what might life in a sustainable region be like? (and) what design steps might get us there?". |
233_7 | City Eco Lab (St Etienne, France) 2007–08
As Commissioner of France's main design biennial, Thackara curated an event called City Eco Lab. Conceived as a 'nomadic market of projects’, City Eco Lab made projects visible to the wider populace and started people talking about ways they might be improved or about doing similar projects themselves. 46 live projects from the St Etienne region were shown side-by-side with best practice projects from other parts of the world. The event was hosted by the Cite du Design; its designers were Exyzt and Gaelle Gabillet.
References
External links
Doors of Perception
DOTT
Design institutions |
234_0 | Clare () is a townland in Killare, Rathconrath, County Westmeath, Ireland.
Geography
Clare is bounded on the north by Clonickilroe and Clonnamanagh townlands, on the west by Ballinlig Lower and Clonybane townlands, on the south by Ballinaspick townland and on the east by Dungaghy, Rackavra, Rathskeagh Upper and Taghnafearagh townlands. Its chief geographical features are Clare Hill which reaches a height of 433 feet, small streams, forestry plantations and dug wells. Clare is traversed by the local L1240 road, minor public roads and rural lanes. The townland covers 854 acres.
History |
234_1 | The earliest surviving mention of Clare is in the Táin Bó Cúailnge set in the first century A.D. which states (lines 4227-4230)- Is and sain ra gabsatar cethri ollchóiceda Hérend dúnad & longphort ac Cláthra in n-aidchi sin. Ra fácsatar fiallach foraire & freccométa úathu ra hagid Ulad ná tístais Ulaid gan robud gan rathugud dá saigid, ('Then the four great provinces of Ireland made their encampment at Clártha that night. They left a band to keep watch and guard against the Ulstermen lest they should come upon them unawares'). (Line 4150) states- Is hí inn adaig cétna rabert Dubthach Dáel Ulad na briathra sa oc feraib Hérend i Slemain Mide in n-aidchi sin: Móra maitne maitne Mide. Móra ossud ossud Cullend. Móra cundscliu cundscliu Chláthra. Móra echrad echrad Assail. Móra tedmand tedmand Tuath Bressi. Móra in chlóe clóe Ulad im Chonchobor. Cossénait a mná. Raseisset a n-éiti for Gárig & Ilgárig isin matin se monairther, ('On that same night, Dubthach Doel ('the Scorpion') of Ulster |
234_2 | uttered these words in his sleep among the men of Erin at Slemain Mide that night: "Great be the morn, The morn of Meath! Great be the truce The truce of Culenn! Great be the fight, The fight of Clartha! Great, too, the steeds, The steeds of Assal!" '). |
234_3 | A legendary explanation for the townland name is give in the tale Bruiden Da Choca (The destruction of Da Coca's hostel) which also occurred about the same time as the Táin Bó Cúailnge. It states Clare Hill was named after the hero Clartha Cloen- Do-rochair Clartha Claon la Cet mac Magach i Clathra conid uaid ainmnighther, ('Clartha Cloen was slain by Cet Mac Maga in Clartha, and that hill is named after him').
Urard Mac Coise the Chief Ollam of Ireland lived in Clare townland and died 990 A.D. He refers to Clare in his poem Airec Menman ('The Strategem of Urard (Irard) mac Coisse'), about a cattle raid on his farm c. 956 A.D., as follows- Irard mac Coisi arrainic ind urec menmansa do ceneol iarna indred co hindligthech i cinaidh Muiredaigh mic Eogain do guin do co nairnecht indliged friss co rucsat a bú a seotu 7 gur airgset a dún feissin .i. Clarthá, (The homestead of the poet Urard mac Coisse in Clartha is raided by the family of ard-rí Domnall úa Néill). |
234_4 | Maol Milscothach d'eis a bó itir Chlartha ocus Chló.
Massa neach uaibh rug a bhú.
Nicon marfot a ócu.
A óca batar.
('Maol Milscothach lost his cattle,
between Clártha and Cló.
If it was one of you who took them away,
his warriors will not survive
"O you warriors" ')
The Annals of the Four Masters for 1544 A.D. states- Rory O'Melaghlin was slain at Clartha, by Richard Dalton and his kinsmen, in a nocturnal assault; and it was for the interests of Kedagh O'Melaghlin they committed this slaughter, (Rudhraighe Ó Maoíleachlainn do mharbhadh h-i c-Clartha lá Risderd Dalatún, & lá a bhraithribh ar amus oidhche, & as ar mhaith do Chédach Ua Maoíleachlainn do-rónsat an marbhadh íshin). |
234_5 | On 8 December 1600 Queen Elizabeth I of England granted pardons to the following residents of Clare townland for fighting against the Queen's forces- Robert Tuite, Gillemorey O'Greadie, Teig O'Connor, Redmund Magroice, Tibbott Dalton, Phillme Dalton, Shane mac Morish Dalton, Patrick Duffe O'Machaghane, Brian boye O'Dirrevane and Simon Tuite and on 13 November 1602 she also pardoned the following Clare residents for the same offence- Donill O'Carbry, Moyllmory O'Cluane, Edmund Tuite, James Tuite and William McShane buye.
The owner of the townland from 1625 to 1650 was the Protestant bishop of Meath, Anthony Martin (bishop), and the townland remained in the ownership of the Bishops of Meath until the 20th century.
The Down Survey 1656 map of Killare parish depicts the townland as Clare and shows Clare Castle. |
234_6 | The 1659 Pender's Census of Ireland gives a population of 40 adults over the age of 15 in Clare townland, all of whom were Irish, (in general the percentage of the Irish population aged under 15 runs at about 20% so the total population in 1659 would have been about 48).
The Clare Valuation Office books are available for 1840-1841.
Griffith's Valuation of 1857 lists ten landholders in the townland.
A local folktale about the imprint of a giant's foot is found in the 1937 Dúchas collection.
Census
In the Census of Ireland, 1901, there were seven families listed in the townland.
In the 1911 census of Ireland, there were eight families listed in the townland.
Antiquities |
234_7 | Clare Castle (Caisleán Chlártha) founded by the Dalton family.(National Monuments reference number RMP WM024–078). The Annals of Westmeath, ancient and modern, by James Woods, (1907, page 206) states- "A mile south of Ballymore lies the ruins of the old castle of Clare, on a farm belonging to Mr. Charles Kelly, J. P., Lunestown. I searched all the old records in my possession, but failed to discover its past history. I inquired of an old woman if she knew anything about it, and she told me confidently that a remarkable traveller lived there once, celebrated in street ballad lore, and she showed me a bush where a ghost had taken up its residence to scare night walkers". The Heritage Council of Ireland website describes it as- "Clare Castle, also known as Mullaghcloe, situated on NE edge of a steep sided hillock, in pasture, with extensive views in all directions. Poorly preserved castle ruins standing on NE angle of bawn (approx. dims. 27m N-S x 33m E-W) which is defined by the |
234_8 | grass-covered remains of a collapsed wall. The bawn is divided internally by a slight bank with the footings of a stone wall running E-W in the N quadrant." Castle described in 2004 as a "tower measuring 12.4m by 8m over walls 1.8m thick partly projects out from the east side of a hill-top bawn 40m by 50m marked by a stoney bank" (Salter 2004, 147). See attached plan and profile of monument surveyed and drawn by the ASI. |
234_9 | Six medieval earthen ringforts, one of which is probably the residence of the aforementioned Urard Mac Coise. Descriptions of each are on The Heritage Council of Ireland website. |
234_10 | Vernacular House built c. 1860. www.buildingsofireland.ie describes it as- Detached three-bay two-storey house, built c.1860, with three gable fronted dormer windows with pitched natural slate roofs and a single-bay gable-fronted entrance porch to the main elevation (northwest). Single-storey outbuilding attached to the southwest side. Now derelict and out of use. Pitched natural slate roof with cast-iron rainwater goods and a single rendered chimneystack. Rendered walls over smooth rendered plinth. Square-headed window openings with cut stone sills and remains of one-over-one pane timber sliding sash windows. Square-headed opening to the northeast face of porch with timber sheeted door. Gable fronted projecting entrance porch has remains of timber door. Fronts onto yard to the northwest having three rubble stone outbuildings with natural slate or corrugated roofs. Structure to northeast side of yard comprises five-bay single-storey building with yellow brick dressing to |
234_11 | square-headed and segmental-headed openings. Structure to northwest side of yard with rendered chimneystack may be original dwelling house, c.1800. Single-bay single-storey structure to northeast side of yard has cut stone voussoirs to head of openings. Located to the southeast of Ballymore. Appraisal- An interesting vernacular house and farmyard, representing a good example of its type, which retains much of its early form and character. These buildings are well-built using local materials and the retention of much of the original fabric enhances the quality of the site and makes it an important element of the vernacular heritage of County Westmeath. The form the two-storey house suggests that it was originally a single-storey structure. The single-storey building forming the northwest side of yard, having a rendered chimneystack, may have been the original dwelling house on site. The wrought-iron gate and rubble limestone boundary walls complete the setting of this composition. |
234_12 | Stone bridge on the border with Ballinlig Lower townland, built 1787. www.buildingsofireland.ie describes it as- Single-arch road bridge over small river/stream, dated 1787. Constructed using rubble limestone with dressed limestone voussoirs to arches. Rubble limestone coping over parapets. Date stone to parapet engraved '1787'. Located to the southeast of Ballymore. Appraisal. A well-built small-scale bridge, which retains its early form and fabric. It is well-built using local rubble limestone, attesting to the skillful craftsmanship available at the time of its construction. This bridge is very typical of the many small-scale bridges that were built by the Grand Juries to improve the transport system in Ireland, particularly during the late eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, a period of relative economic prosperity. According to local sources, a stone missing to the arch was removed by the I.R.A, c.1920, who planted a bomb in its place and attempted to blow up a Black and |
234_13 | Tan unit that was to travel over the bridge by foot. However, the Black and Tan patrol never turned up. |
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