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9584_2 | Standard combinations
Single ("loner", "solo"): A single card. Singles can be beaten by singles that are higher in rank.
Pair ("double", "dubs"): A combination of exactly 2 cards of the same rank (e.g. 4♥ 4♣). A pair can only be beaten by a higher-ranking pair (e.g. 8♦ 8♠ beats 5♥ 5♦). The rank of a pair is determined by the highest-ranking card. For example, 9♣ 9♦ can be beaten by 9♠ 9♥ because 9♥ ranks higher than 9♦.
Triple ("trio", "trips", "three-of-a-kind"): A combination of exactly three cards of the same rank (e.g. K♠ K♣ K♥). A triple can only be beaten by a higher-ranking triple. For example, to beat 4♥ 4♦ 4♣, a player would need 5♠ 5♣ 5♦ or higher. |
9584_3 | Run ("sequence", "straight"): A combination of at least three cards that are in a numerical sequence (e.g. 5♠ 6♥ 7♥ 8♣). The cards can be of any suit. The highest possible ending card in a run is an Ace, and the lowest beginning card is a 3. 2s cannot be played in runs. A run can only be beaten by a higher-ranking run (e.g. 10♠ J♦ Q♥ beats 8♠ 9♦ 10♠). As with pairs, the rank of a run is determined by the highest-ranking card. For example, 7♥ 8♦ 9♣ can be beaten by 7♠ 8♣ 9♥ because 9♥ ranks higher than 9♣. |
9584_4 | 2s and Bombs
Double sequences (i.e. three or more consecutive pairs) and four-of-a-kinds are known as "bombs". Bombs can be played on top of 2s. A double sequence of three cards (e.g. 10♠ 10♣ J♠ J♥ Q♠ Q♦) or a four-of-a-kind (e.g. 5♠ 5♣ 5♦ 5♥) can be played on top of a single 2. A double sequence of four cards (e.g. 9♥ 9♦ 10♠ 10♣ J♠ J♥ Q♠ Q♦) can be played on top of two 2s. A double sequence of five cards (e.g. 8♠ 8♥ 9♥ 9♦ 10♠ 10♣ J♠ J♥ Q♠ Q♦) can be played on top of three 2s.
As with regular sequences, bombs can be defeated by higher-ranking bombs. |
9584_5 | 3-card double sequences (vi: ba đôi thông) can defeat single 2s and weaker 3-card double sequences.
Four-of-a-kinds (vi: tứ quý) can defeat single 2s and weaker four-of-a-kinds. In some variations, they can also defeat pairs of 2s and 3-card double sequences.
4-card double sequences (vi: bốn đôi thông) can defeat pairs of 2s, single 2s, and weaker 4-card double sequences.
5-card double sequences can defeat triple 2s, pairs of 2s, single 2s, and weaker 5-card double sequences. |
9584_6 | Playing
The player who has the 3♠ starts the game. The 3♠ must be part of the first play, either on its own or as part of a combination.
Play moves anti clockwise to the next player.
During a turn, a player can choose to pass. A player who has passed cannot reenter the game until all the remaining players have passed.
When a player plays a combination and everyone else passes, he or she has control and can play any legal combination.
The first person to shed all thirteen cards is declared the winner. The game continues until all players but one have gone out.
Common variation: the winner of the previous round starts the next round instead of the player holding the 3♠.
Instant wins (vi: tới trắng)
The following hands grant the player an instant win.
Four 2s (vi: tứ quý heo)
6 Pairs (vi: sáu đôi)
Dragon (vi: sảnh rồng): A sequence that runs from 3 to Ace
In some variations of the game, the following hands also grant an instant win. |
9584_7 | Four 3s
Double sequence with 3 of spades
Four consecutive pairs (e.g. 44,55,66,77)
Three consecutive triples (e.g. 444,555,666)
Twelve or thirteen cards of the same color
Points System |
9584_8 | If x is the bet:
First place receives x points from every loser, there is no 2nd, 3rd, or 4th place;
2x points are received from players with over 13 (or 10) cards in their hand. (Optional rule)
If a player has an unused black 2 in their hand at the end of the game, x additional points are lost.
If a player has an unused red 2 in their hand at the end of the game, 2x additional points are lost.
If a player has an unused bomb in their hand at the end of the game, 2x additional points are lost.
When cutting a black 2, x points are immediately received
When cutting a red 2, x points are immediately received
Each bomb is worth 2x points if it gets bombed against
Variation rules: Cutting or bombing another cutup results in double the points the other player would have received for his/her cut up before being cut (i.e. if player 1 plays 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, receiving x points, then player 2 can re-cut or bomb by gaining 2x points.) |
9584_9 | Kneeling System (Quỳ)
This is a punishment variant to play instead of playing for points or money.
The loser (4th place) has to kneel on both knees during the next and subsequent plays.
3rd place player has to deal the cards.
A person that gets chopped or bombed has to start kneeling on both knees starting on the next game and subsequent plays.
A second chop or bomb can save the first person that got chopped or bombed.
Only the person that gets first place can sit permanently.
Players can sit (temporarily if in kneeling position):
When they run out of cards.
Game has ended.
While the cards are being dealt.
Variations
House rules
There are many variations and house rules that are agreed upon before playing. The names tien len, thirteen, VC, etc., are generally used interchangeably and do not necessarily imply any particular set of rules. Some combinations of rules would by their nature be conflicting, so one or the other must be chosen. Some variations from the above rules are: |
9584_10 | When requested, a player must reveal the number of cards in his or her hand.
Straights must be of the same suit.
Pairs must be of the same color.
Two sequential pairs is a play.
2s may be used at the top of a straight but not on the bottom.
Instant wins are not allowed.
If a person is chopped, then the last person to be chopped owes the person who chopped them card(s) in the next round.
The person receiving the cards can return any card of their choice to player from which it came. A player can only claim an instant win with four 2s when dealt the four 2s and when not owing anybody.
Cards-owed variations:
Highest 2
Any 2
Highest card
Variations on number of cards owed:
Stacking – add a card owed for each 2 or chop above the first 2.
Doubling – double the number of card owed for each 2 or chop above the first 2.
No stacking – one card is owed regardless of layering. Two card for pairs, etc. |
9584_11 | The loser owes the winner a 2 if they still have a 2 in his hand when the game is finished. If the loser have two 2s then they owe the winner two 2s, and three 3s if they have three 3s.
Alternate instant win hand -5 consecutive pairs (not including 2's).
Four consecutive pairs cannot chop a single 2. It must be broken up. Same for five consecutive pairs and a pair of 2s
Four consecutive pairs can beat a pair of 2s and can also go out of turn to beat a single or pair of 2s, that is if the person has been locked out of a round, the player can go back in to beat the 2.
Four consecutive pairs can chop a single 2 or smaller chop even if the player has previously passed.
Four consecutive pairs can chop any four-of-a-kind, 3 consecutive pairs, or lower four consecutive pairs.
Five consecutive pairs can chop triple, double, single 2s or a smaller chop (three consecutive pairs, four consecutive pairs, or smaller five consecutive pairs) even if the player has previously passed. |
9584_12 | Three consecutive pairs can be played at the beginning of the game without being the lead. This variant is widely accepted but rarely used so there is no universal agreement on whether this applies to 3 consecutive pairs only or all chops. This variant came from the book Killers for Dummies.
If three consecutive pairs, they can be played at the beginning of the game without being the lead or having three of spades, it cannot be used to defeat a single 2.
A "lock" is when a straight flush is played. Only higher straight flushes can be played after this. Alternate versions are that the player can choose to "lock" or "unlock" the set as desired. You do not need to lead to lock a straight. Most versions of the game do not allow for locking. Locking is taken from the game of Big Two, in which a straight flush beats a straight, as it is rarer. |
9584_13 | The straight pairs can beat any single card, not just 2s. These are called 2-killers or bombs, but must be agreed upon by all players before dealing.
Along with the above listed type of "bomb", four-of-a-kind can defeat any combination of 2s for example if a person plays 2 or 3 2s, someone else can play a four-of-a-kind.
In some parts of Vietnam, a four-of-a-kind can also defeat a double sequence of three cards.
The first game is led by the player with the lowest card and every hand after that is led by the winner. If a player leaves the game and a new player joins, it starts by who has the lowest card again.
In some variants, some plays do not need a turn to be played:
Four-of-a-kind
Four consecutive pairs
Five consecutive pairs
Four-of-a-kind does not need turn, four consecutive pairs need turn.
Less common variations:
If a player passes they do not forfeit their right to play.
The first play of a game cannot be a double sequence.
Three-of-a-kind can beat a single ace. |
9584_14 | Trading is only allowed right after the cards are dealt or before the game begins.
There are no combinations that can beat a double 2 or triple 2. |
9584_15 | Double Deck 13
In Double Deck 13, two decks are used, one with a red back, one blue. This game requires 8 players, and the same rules are followed as regular thirteen with the following exceptions:
Play begins with the lowest card, the 3 of spades, blue back.
In the case of a tie, the card with a red back wins.
There are no instant wins.
The blue back King of Diamonds is considered the only single card killer.
Killer (Hawaiian variant)
In Hawaii, each player is dealt 13 cards, regardless of the total number of players (2 or 4). Some of the basic rules include:
The first play of any game must contain the lowest card any player has (normally a 3), as a single, pair, or sequence.
Straights cannot contain 2s.
Four-of-a-kind and three (or more) consecutive pairs are "bombs".
Only a bomb, and not three of the same suit, can beat a 2.
The four-of-a-kind bomb is stronger than the three consecutive pairs bomb.
There are no trading or "locks". |
9584_16 | There are some less common variations as well:
When a player passes, they are not locked out from playing again in the same round.
Two consecutive four-of-a-kinds can beat a pair of 2s. Three consecutive four-of-a-kinds can beat triple 2s.
A sequence of four consecutive pairs can beat a pair of 2s. Five consecutive pairs can beat triple 2s.
Killer (San Diego Variant)
This is a variant of the Hawaiian version of Killer that originated in the north county of San Diego and has become popular in San Diego, Long Beach and specific enclaves of the Bay Area. |
9584_17 | For games of two or three people, 16 cards each are dealt
For games of four or more people, all cards are dealt.
The winner of the game shuffles and deals the next game
Bombs can be played to beat any card or cards played during that round, including other bombs or any number of 2s.
When a player passes, they are not locked out from playing again in the same round.
The first play of any game must contain the lowest card any player has (normally a 3 of spades), as a single, pair, or sequence.
Straights cannot contain 2s.
Four-of-a-kind and three (or more) consecutive pairs are "bombs"
The four-of-a-kind bomb is stronger than the three consecutive pairs bomb.
Suits are only taken into account on face cards, aces and 2s
Once a player sheds their final card(s), the game is considered over
Sequences do not have to be the same suit to be played
No trading
No instant wins |
9584_18 | Tournament rules
In tournament rules, the individual with the most cards remaining is out. If a tie, then a game of dice (usually Spitfire) is played. Played until all players, other than the victor, are eliminated.
Up to 8 players in tournaments
Buy-backs are allowed when agreed to prior to start of tournament |
9584_19 | Akita International University variant
In a version of 13 played by students at Akita International University, the rules for dealing and beginning a game are the same. However some of the basic rules are different:
Card trading is not allowed.
When beating pairs, the suits do not need to match (i.e. if there is a heart and club being played, your pair does not also need to contain a heart and a club).
To beat a pair with the same numbers, the suit of your highest card must rank higher than the suit of their higher card (i.e. if a 4 of clubs and diamonds are played, it can be beaten with the 4 of spades and hearts).
Both four-of-a-kinds and three consecutive pairs are bombs. However, no more than 3 consecutive pairs may be used as a bomb (i.e. 4 or 5 consecutive pairs are not a stronger bomb and 6 consecutive pairs would be 2 separate bombs).
Dragons, due to how infrequently they appear, are also considered bombs. |
9584_20 | Bombs can be played to beat any card or cards played during that round, including other bombs or any number of 2s.
There is no bomb hierarchy. If a bomb is played, any bomb can be played during that round to beat it regardless of type, rank or suit.
2s cannot be used in straights.
2s cannot be used in consecutive pair bombs. They can, however, be used in four-of-a-kind bombs.
Any three-of-a-kind can be played to beat a single Ace.
Straights need not be of the same suit to be played. However, if a suited straight is played, any subsequently played straights must also be suited for the remainder of the round. Suit hierarchy does come into play here (i.e. a straight consisting of 3♣4♣5♣ is higher than a straight consisting of 3♠4♠5♠).
Passing does not lock one from playing again in the same round.
Once a player sheds their final card(s), the round is considered over and the next player is free to play whatever card(s) they choose. |
9584_21 | The loser of the game is required to shuffle the cards and deal the next hand. |
9584_22 | South-eastern Metropolitan Melbourne variant
A variant popular in the South-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia, where the following variations apply: |
9584_23 | The player with the 3 of spades or the lowest card still starts the game, however the winner of that game is able to start the following game. However, if a new player swaps in for the player who comes last, the player with the 3 of spades starts again.
The player with the 3 of spades may use any legal combination with the card to start the game (i.e. 3 4 5).
If a player chooses to pass once in a round, they are unable to play for the remainder of that round.
Pairs do not have to be the same colour to be played.
Sequences do not have to be the same suit to be played, however, if a sequence of cards with all the same suit is played (i.e. 4 5 6 of diamond), players can only play sequences with their own matching suit to beat it (i.e. 6 7 8 of spades or other). This is known as a "police". |
9584_24 | When beating a sequence of cards with the same numbers, only the suit of the highest card needs to rank higher than the suit of the other higher card (i.e. a sequence ending in K of diamonds or above beats a sequence ending in K of clubs or below).
2s cannot be played in sequences.
Bombs, known locally as "chops", apply to Aces as well. A singular Ace can be chopped using a three-of-a-kind (i.e. 5 5 5)
Only singular 2s can be chopped, using four-of-a-kind or a triple-double sequence (i.e. 10 10 J J Q Q).
Chops for Aces and 2s above singles are not valid, however can still be played as a sequence of their own (i.e. 4 consecutive pairs is legal)
Chops cannot be used out-of-turn, or after a pass.
Chops can only be beaten by another chop of the same sequence type (i.e. a 10 10 J J Q Q does not beat a 5 5 5 5, but a 6 6 6 6 does). |
9584_25 | Once a player plays their final card(s) and wins the game, the round is continued by the rest of the players with the winner's final card(s). If no player is able to beat the winners final card(s), the next player is able to play any legal combination. |
9584_26 | Amsterdam Variant/ Vietnamese Poker (VP)
In this version, played in pubs around Amsterdam, many of the rules are the same, except one big variation exists. Both red 3s (that being 3♥ and 3♦) are used as ultimate trumps. While the 2s still exist as the highest single cards (though cannot be used in straights), the red 3s can be played on any combination. 3♥ cannot be beaten by anything, while 3♦ can only be beaten by 3♥. The only exception to this is a chop (three consecutive pairs such as 4♥, 4♠, 5♣, 5♦, 6♠, 6♣, or four-of-a-kind such as K♥, K♦, K♣, K♠) that has been played on (and can only be played on) a single two. Red 3s cannot beat chops, only higher chops can beat chops.
Order and dealing of the cards is the same
The player with the 3♠ automatically commences play
Strength of suits (highest to lowest) ♥ > ♦ > ♣ > ♠
Card trading never allowed
No instant wins
a minimum of 3 players can play, provided one hand remains unused or 'dead'
Maximum of 4 players |
9584_27 | Straights do not have to be of the same suit
Pairs do not have to be of the same colour
Stakes for this game are €1, given by the loser of each round to the winner
A chop also incurs an immediate €1 fine, payable by the chopped to the chopper
A chop can be 'double chopped' if a higher chop is played onto the original chop (it can also be triple chopped) - the highest card must be higher than that of the preceding chop. A double chop brings the fine to €2 and a triple chop €3 (always payable by the chopped to the chopper. In the case of a double chop, the person who laid the original chop then owes the double chopper €2. If a third, higher chop is played, the double chopper then owes the triple chopper €3. In theory, a quadruple chop could occur, although it would be considered pretty incredible and rare)
It is common practice to constantly bang the table and shout 'Mao!', especially if another player is taking too long to play his or her cards.
It is meant to be a quick game |
9584_28 | UT Pike/OC Intern variant
This variation is referred to as Viet Cong.
Order and dealing of cards the same.
Card trading never allowed.
No instant wins.
2-4 may play a single game, regardless of number of players though; exactly four 13 card hands are dealt. If three people are playing, then the fourth hand remains unused. If two people are playing, two hands are used for a first game, and then the remaining two hands are used for the second game without any reshuffling or dealing. The losing player of the first game does not have to disclose unused cards from first game. Never can more than 4 people play a single game; if more than four people wish to play, a non-player must call “loser’s spot” and may replace the losing player of the current game in the following game. The new person must always shuffle and deal.
Pairs need not be same color. |
9584_29 | When multiple card combinations are played (pairs, trips, straights etc.), higher combination decided by highest card played. King of Hearts and King of Spades pair would beat King of Diamonds and King of Clubs pair.
Straights need not be same suit. However, if a suited straight (a “lock”) is played, any subsequently played straights must also be suited for the remainder of the round. Just because a straight is a lock, does not mean it can beat a straight with a higher top card or be played on top of a straight used with a different number of cards.
2s never allowed in a straight.
Passing locks a person out of the round.
Once a player sheds his final card(s), the round is not considered over. If all remaining players pass, then the person playing clockwise to the player who just “went out” then “has the power” and may play whatever they wish or “reset the table.” |
9584_30 | Only three consecutive pairs considered “bombs.” Bombs can either be led, used on a single 2, or played on top of a lower bomb.
More so than winning, the goal is to not lose. The loser must shuffle and deal the cards for the next game (or lose his or her spot in the game if a person calls “losers spot”). Generally, the cards are pushed in front of the loser and the phrase “Shuffle Bitch” is used. It is very shameful and humiliating to lose and have to shuffle and deal the cards. It is even more shameful and embarrassing for a person to lose then have someone else shuffle and deal for him or her. Denying the shamefulness of having to shuffle and deal the cards is reason enough to banish a person from playing the game ever again (Greg Harden Rule). There is no shame in shuffling and dealing to begin the first game or shuffling and dealing when one is the new person to the table of people who have already been playing. |
9584_31 | When playing with two players, the shuffling and dealing is shared and not shameful or embarrassing until one person wins both “games” dealt from one round of shuffling and dealing. The other person must shuffle and deal (with shame) until he or she wins both games.
Optional Rule: have person shuffling and dealing in shame wear bowl, dunce cap or some other visible sign of shame while shuffling and dealing. |
9584_32 | Asian Deuces Variant
The winner of the hand determines whether the cards in the next game are cleared after each round or at the end of the game. During the very first game the player with the 3♠ determines the card clearing procedure for that game.
Draw Pile Thirteen (San Jose Style)
Draw Pile Thirteen does not change basic rules of play.
3 Players
Each Player is dealt thirteen cards to Start
There is a Draw Pile of thirteen cards
Whenever a player passes a turn, that player must pick up a card from the draw pile. When there are no more cards left in the draw pile game resumes to standard thirteen. |
9584_33 | Pro-Play Thirteen
Pro Play Thirteen does not change the dealing or basic rules of play. The variations generally expand the combinations available to play:
No instant wins.
Pairs need not be of the same color as the previously played pair.
2s can be played at the end of straights.
Straights ending in 2s can be bombed.
Bombs can be re-bombed. Hierarchy is as follows, high to low:
† Note multiple quads can be played as one bomb and do not have to be consecutive, for example: 4444 + 9999 can be played together |
9584_34 | ProPlay Point System
Players play for 1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th. No extra points for holding 2s or having extra cards unless one did not get in as stated below in the 'Got to Get In' rule. First place gets 2 points, 2nd gets 1 point, 3rd gets minus 1 point and 4th gets minus 2 points. Variations of the points can be increased as long as it is still a zero-sum game. One extra point is given to someone who bombs someone's two. Points compound using the hierarchy of bombs listed above.
Guaransheeds are a special case in which a player believes he or she can guarantee a first place win. If the Guaransheeding player is successful, the Guaransheeding player will receive an additional point from each player in the game. If unsuccessful, the Guaransheeding player must give 2 point to each player in the game. A Guaransheed must be approved by all players before play begins. |
9584_35 | Blind Guaransheeds are similar to Guaransheeds except the Guaransheeding player has not seen his or her hand before guaranteeing the victory. If the Blind Guaransheeding player is successful, that player will receive two additional points from each player in the game. Otherwise the Guaransheeding player must give two points to each player in the game.
Got to Get In: If a player goes out and any of the players has not yet played a card, each player who has not played forfeits two points to the player who is going out.
White - out: If a player does not hit a single card before another player finishes, they are automatically eliminate from the game. For scoring, they will owe x2 the "set amount" for a normal loss.
Cambodian Switcheroo: Occurs when a player suggests another pass, insinuating they will go low or hit a card another likes, sometimes even by showing the card, only to switch it at the last moment for another. |
9584_36 | Casual rules
Popular in south-central USA, this rule set aims to be simpler for players just starting. Standard rules apply, as well as: |
9584_37 | Players choice to have previous winner or low card start
Loser shuffles and deals
Player direction reverses each game
Trading allowed or banned; agreed on before play
Instant wins allowed or banned; agreed on before play. Additionally:
Dragons only require a 13-card run; the cards may be in any combinations of suits
4-triples are required for an instant win, instead of 3-triples. Additionally, three 4-pair/bombs are an instant win.
6-pair, 4-triples, or 3-bombs do not need to be in sequence
"Chops" are 3 or more pair runs in any combination of suits, "bombs" are four-of-a-kind
Chops beat any hand aside from instant wins and bombs. Higher chops with the same number of pairs can be played on lower chops.
Bombs beat any hand aside from instant wins. Higher number bombs can be played on lower number bombs.
High card (number, then suit) is used in pairs, runs, chops, and bombs to determine whether one hand beats another |
9584_38 | IE, if 33-44-55 with a 5 of clubs and spades was played, then 5 of clubs is considered the high card. Therefore, 33-44-55 with a 5 of hearts or diamonds or 44-55-66, etc., would beat the initial chop.
Players who pass may not play again until all players pass / the next round starts
A player emptying their hand does not end the game; players continue to play until only one player is left
No point system; only wins are tracked if wished |
9584_39 | See also
Khanhoo
Winner
References
Shedding-type card games
Vietnamese games
Vietnamese words and phrases
Climbing games |
9585_0 | The Colonial Pipeline is the largest pipeline system for refined oil products in the U.S. The pipeline – consisting of two tubes – is 5,500 miles (8,850 km) long and can carry 3 million barrels of fuel per day between Texas and New York.
It is operated by Colonial Pipeline Company, which is headquartered in Alpharetta, Georgia. The company was founded during 1961 and construction of the pipeline began in 1962.
In May 2021, the pipeline was the subject of a ransomware cyberattack that provoked a shutdown of their operations for five days, which resulted in a temporary fuel shortage along the East Coast.
Background |
9585_1 | Colonial consists of more than 5,500 mi (8,850 km) of pipeline, originating at Houston, Texas, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and terminating at the Port of New York and New Jersey. The pipeline travels through the coastal states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. Branches from the main pipeline also reach Tennessee. It delivers a daily average of 100×106 (100,000,000) US gallons (3.8×108 L) of gasoline, home heating oil, aviation fuel and other refined petroleum products to communities and businesses throughout the South and Eastern United States. |
9585_2 | The main lines are and in (inner) diameter, with one devoted primarily to gasoline and the other carrying distillate products such as jet fuel, diesel fuel, and home heating oil. The pipeline connects directly to major airports along the system. Fifteen associated oil terminals store more than of fuel and provide a 45-day supply for local communities.
Products move through the main lines at a rate of about . It generally takes from 14 to 24 days for a batch to get from Houston, Texas to the New York harbor, with 18.5 days the average time.
Ownership
Colonial Pipeline's owners are: |
9585_3 | Koch Industries (a.k.a. Koch Capital Investments Company LLC, 28.09% stake ownership)
South Korea's National Pension Service and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (a.k.a. Keats Pipeline Investors LP, 23.44% stake ownership)
Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (16.55% stake ownership via CDPQ Colonial Partners LP, acquired in 2011)
Royal Dutch Shell (a.k.a. Shell Pipeline Company LP, 16.12% stake ownership)
IFM Investors (a.k.a. IFM (US) Colonial Pipeline 2 LLC, 15.80% stake ownership, acquired in 2007)
History and timeline |
9585_4 | Eight major oil companies began discussing a Gulf Coast-to-East Coast pipeline in 1956. On June 7, 1961, Sinclair Pipeline Co., Texaco Inc., Gulf Oil Co., American Oil Co., The Pure Oil Co., Phillips Petroleum Co., The Cities Service Co. and Continental Oil Co. filed incorporation papers in Delaware to establish the Suwannee Pipe Line Company "for the purpose of building a 22-inch line from Houston to the Baltimore-Washington area capable of delivering 300,000 barrels of refined products a day." Construction of Colonial Pipeline's original system started in 1961. |
9585_5 | 1962
During February 1962, the board of the Suwannee Pipe Line Company met to rename the company. It chose Colonial Pipeline Company to represent the fact that the proposed pipeline would traverse several states that were former colonies. Mobil joined the other eight companies in 1962.
On March 6, 1962, Colonial Pipeline Company formally announced its plans. A press release stated that the nine companies "launched the largest single, privately financed construction project in the history of the United States." The initial investment by the nine companies was almost $370 million. R.J. Andress was named president of the newly formed company.
Constructing the Colonial Pipeline required 600,000 tons of steel; and trenching 16.7 million cubic yards of earth to bury the pipeline. It initially included 27 pumping stations to move refined product between Houston, Texas and Linden, New Jersey. |
9585_6 | A ceremonial ground-breaking near Atlanta, the pipeline's eventual headquarters, on June 20, 1962, was attended by U.S. Commerce Secretary Luther Hodges and company, city and state officials.
On July 2, 1962, Colonial Pipeline Company solicited bids from contractors to build 15 segments of the pipeline's mainline. Each segment averaged 100 miles and 200–300 workers. Work progressed at roughly one mile per day for each of the segments. The first lengths of pipe were delivered by rail, barge, and on specially constructed trailers to handle 80-foot double joints on the road. Construction started on August 1, 1962, in Mississippi.
In December 1962, Ben "Tex" Leuty was named president of Colonial Pipeline Company. He had earlier served as vice president and general manager overseeing construction of the pipeline. |
9585_7 | 1963
Engineers needed to solve many problems to construct the pipeline. Chief among these was designing and constructing valves capable of opening and closing 2-ton steel gates in a timely manner to prevent substantial intermingling of different products. Electric motors required 3 minutes to close the massive gates; this allowed 2,400 barrels of product to intermix, rendering the product unusable. To reduce this intermixing, Colonial engineers designed a hydraulic system which reduced the intermixing (and loss) to 120 barrels as changes were made in products shipped.
The first "linefill" of Colonial began the morning of September 16, 1963, in Houston. It was shut down that day, because of forecasts of a developing major storm. Two days later Hurricane Cindy struck the Gulf Coast. Product reached Greensboro, North Carolina for the first time in November 1963. During the next several months, product was delivered to markets farther north in the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic states. |
9585_8 | 1964
On April 27, 1964, the first batch of refined product was delivered to the Roanoke, Virginia area. On June 2, 1964, Colonial made its first delivery to the Baltimore, Maryland – Washington, D.C., area. On December 1, 1964, mainline construction of the Colonial Pipeline was completed, and the Linden Junction Tank Farm and Delivery Facility in New Jersey was activated. The Colonial Pipeline system was fully operational on December 18, 1964.
1965
The Colonial system averaged a throughput of 636,553 barrels of refined product a day in 1965, its first full year of operation.
Fred Steingraber was elected president of Colonial Pipeline Company on July 26, 1965, taking control in October. |
9585_9 | 1966
By February 1966, Colonial was averaging a daily throughput of 776,883 barrels of refined product each day, surpassing the 600,000 barrel per day estimated when construction began just a few years before. During May 1966, Colonial began phase one of an expansion project to add 18 intermediate booster stations to add horsepower to the system. This resulted in increasing product flow through the mainline between Selma, North Carolina and Greensboro, North Carolina. The Colonial pipeline board of directors approved phase 2 and 3 of its early expansion projects to increase capacity on its mainline to 1 million barrels per day.
1967
Phase two of the expansion was completed in November 1967, adding additional pump units and a new stubline from Mitchell, Virginia to Roanoke, Virginia. |
9585_10 | 1971
"Looping", or adding a second line parallel to the first, began in 1971. This construction continued through 1980, essentially doubling the capacity of the pipeline system. The second line was staffed by 593 employees.
1972
Colonial's average throughput increased to an average of 1,584,000 barrels per day.
Colonial's ownership increased to 10 shareholders including Atlantic Richfield Company; BP Oil Company; Cities Service Company; Continental Pipe Line Company; Mobil Pipe Line Company; Phillips Investment Company; Texaco, Inc.; The American Oil Company; The Toronto Pipe Line Company and Union Oil Company.
1975
Colonial Pipeline Company named Tom Chilton as president and CEO. |
9585_11 | 1977
Colonial Pipeline announced the construction of a 40-inch loop line from Atlanta, Georgia to Greensboro, North Carolina, and a 16-inch lateral loop between Greensboro, North Carolina and Selma, North Carolina. These improvements were estimated to increase system capacity by nearly 20 percent to two million barrels per day.
1978
On November 3, 1978, the new 40-inch line from Atlanta, Georgia to Greensboro, North Carolina began service. Colonial became the first company to equip gasoline storage tanks with geodesic domes. Colonial updated its Atlanta control center with a new generation of its computerized SCADA system.
1980
An expansion project totaling $670 million neared completion. The Colonial Pipeline system capacity was 83 percent more than when the system first opened in 1964.
1984
Colonial began deliveries to Department of Defense, Defense Fuel Supply Command (DFSC).
1985
Colonial began using caliper and magnetic pigs to detect anomalies in its pipeline system. |
9585_12 | 1987
Donald Brinkley was named president and CEO of Colonial Pipeline Company. Colonial Pipeline Company celebrated its 25th anniversary, serving 79 shipper companies and 67 suppliers.
1988
Colonial's annual throughput attained 635.6 million barrels. During September 1988, Colonial replaced 7,700 feet of mainline pipe across the Delaware River at a cost of $10 million.
1990
Colonial's annual throughput attained 667.8 million barrels, a record volume for the company.
1991
Colonial Pipeline Company relocated its corporate headquarters in Atlanta from Lenox Towers to Resurgens Plaza.
1992
Colonial's annual throughput attained 676.2 million barrels. Colonial completed 4,000 miles of pipeline inspections with caliper pigs and corrosion inspections on 3,000 miles of pipe with magnetic pigs.
1996
Colonial introduced elastic-wave pigs to inspect and detect microscopic cracks in the pipeline walls. |
9585_13 | 1997
On March 26, 1997, Colonial Pipeline Company was one of ten companies recognized for quality service by the Department of Defense, Military Traffic Management Command. Colonial president and CEO Donald Brinkley retires, David Lemmon named president and CEO.
1998
Colonial replaced Pipeline Instruction and Proficiency Examination with a computer-based training program for operations and environmental field staff. Colonial expands crack-pig internal inspection program, a key element of system integrity.
1999
As a precautionary measure, on December 31, 1999, Colonial Pipeline shut down operations for a few hours before and after midnight to prevent any Y2K-related power outages.
2000
Colonial announced plans to increase pump power on the mainline, which would increase daily capacity by 144,000 barrels to 2.35 million barrels per day. On July 27, Colonial Pipeline announced that it acquired Alliance Products Pipeline and Terminal System from BP Amoco. |
9585_14 | 2001
Colonial Pipeline Company was recognized by API for its safety and environmental record, receiving the first "Distinguished Environmental and Safety Award".
During September 2001, Colonial Pipeline Company relocated its headquarters from Atlanta to suburban Alpharetta, Georgia. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Colonial increased security at each of its facilities and created a comprehensive security plan. This was later recognized by the Federal Government as a model for the pipeline industry.
Colonial Pipeline marked a record year with an annual throughput of 2.3 million barrels per day.
2008
After the passage of Hurricane Ike in September 2008, this pipeline was operating at a severely reduced capacity due to a lack of supply from refineries in the Gulf Coast that had closed, causing gasoline shortages across the southeastern United States.
2017
Joe Blount is named CEO.
2021 |
9585_15 | On May 7, 2021, Colonial was the subject of a ransomware cyberattack that resulted in a shutdown of their operations. Approximately 12,000 gas stations were affected directly by the shutdown. Operations were restored on May 13, 2021.
Operations
Colonial Pipeline's field operations are divided into three districts: |
9585_16 | The Gulf Coast District includes Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, and is responsible primarily for the originating deliveries of Colonial. Colonial primarily draws products from refineries along the U.S. Gulf Coast. It also uses a few refineries in the Northeast.
The Southeast District includes Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina. The company's second-largest tank farm is in suburban Atlanta. Local supplies are delivered from here, and it is the origin of pipelines serving Tennessee and southern Georgia. The company's largest tank farm is in Greensboro, North Carolina, where the two mainlines originating in Houston terminate. Deliveries to the Northeast originate from Greensboro. |
9585_17 | The Northeast District's operations include Virginia, Maryland and New Jersey. Colonial's Northeast operations also serve Delaware and Pennsylvania. In Linden, New Jersey, Colonial operates the Intra-Harbor Transfer system, which provides numerous customers the ability to transfer products among themselves and access barge transportation for exporting product. |
9585_18 | Colonial connects directly to several major airports, including Atlanta, Nashville, Charlotte, Greensboro, Raleigh-Durham, Dulles, and Baltimore-Washington. It serves metropolitan New York airports via connections with Buckeye Pipeline.
Colonial's approved product list includes more than 86 different products. Approximately 15 to 20 of these products move with great regularity on the pipeline. Shipments are mainly fungible: fungible shipments are products commingled with other quantities of the same product specifications. However, segregated shipments are possible and occur regularly: segregated batches preserve a fuel property not allowed in the fungible specifications. |
9585_19 | All products delivered by Colonial must pass a rigorous test program to assure quality. Colonial protects the quality of the products it carries to the point of excluding certain products. For example, bio-Diesel fuel contains fatty-acid methyl esters (FAME), which cannot be allowed to mix into jet fuels moving in the same pipeline.
Innovations
1978 – Colonial became the first company to equip gasoline storage tanks with geodesic domes.
1985 – Colonial begins use of caliper and magnetic pigs to detect anomalies in the lines.
1994 – following a historic flood that ruptured a number of pipelines at the San Jacinto River near Houston, Texas, Colonial directionally drilled 30 feet beneath the river and floodplain to install two new 3,100-foot permanent pipelines.
Spill history |
9585_20 | Early on September 2, 1970, residents of Jacksonville, Maryland, detected gasoline odors and noticed gasoline in a small creek flowing beneath a nearby road. That afternoon, a resident notified Colonial at 6:19 p.m. of concern. Colonial had 30-inch-diameter pipeline situated about 1,700 feet east of the point where the creek passed under the road, and shut down the Dorsey Junction, Maryland, pump station (the initial pump station for this section of the pipeline) at 6:34 p.m. About 12 hours later, on the morning of September 3, an explosion and fire occurred in a ditch in which Colonial contract workers were manually digging to expose the pipeline and catch gasoline trickling from the ground. Five persons were injured, none fatally. The leak point was found four days later. The failure resulted in a release of 30,186 gallons (718 barrels) of gasoline and kerosene. |
9585_21 | At 9:51 p.m. on December 19, 1991, Colonial's Line 2, a 36-inch-diameter petroleum products pipeline, ruptured about 2.8 miles downstream of the company's Simpsonville, South Carolina, pump station. The rupture allowed more than 500,000 gallons (13,100 barrels) of Diesel fuel to flow into Durbin Creek, causing environmental damage that affected 26 miles of waterways, including the Enoree River, which flows through Sumter National Forest. The spill also forced Clinton and Whitmire, South Carolina, to use alternative water supplies. |
9585_22 | On Sunday, March 28, 1993, at 8:48 a.m., a pressurized petroleum product pipeline owned and operated by Colonial Pipeline Company ruptured near Herndon, Virginia, a Washington, D.C., suburb. The rupture created a geyser that sprayed diesel fuel more than into the air, coating overhead power lines and adjacent trees, and misting adjacent Virginia Electric & Power Company buildings. The diesel fuel spewed from the rupture into an adjacent storm water management pond and flowed overland and through a network of storm sewer pipes before reaching Sugarland Run Creek, a tributary of the Potomac River. |
9585_23 | In October 1994, after heavy rainfall in the Houston area, failures of eight pipelines occurred with damage to 29 others. Two of the failures included Colonial Pipeline lines. The failures occurred at a crossing of the San Jacinto river. The river, which normally flows at 2.5 feet above sea level, crested at 28 feet above sea level on October 21. The flooding caused major soil erosion. Colonial's 40-inch gasoline pipeline failed on October 20 at 8:31 a.m. and by 9:51 a.m., explosions and fires erupted on the river. Colonial's 36-inch (Diesel) pipeline ruptured about 2 p.m. on the same day, although it had previously been temporarily out of service, limiting the amount of the spill. |
9585_24 | On June 26, 1996, a 36-inch diameter Colonial pipeline ruptured at the Reedy River, near Fork Shoals, South Carolina. The ruptured pipeline released about 957,600 US gallons (3,625,000 L) of fuel oil into the Reedy River and surrounding areas. The spill polluted a 34-mile (55 km) stretch of the Reedy River, causing significant environmental damage. Floating oil extended about 23 miles (37 km) downriver. Approximately 35,000 fish were killed, along with other aquatic organisms and wildlife. The estimated cost to Colonial Pipeline for cleanup and settlement with the State of South Carolina was $20.5 million. No one was injured in the accident. The pipeline was operating at reduced pressure due to known corrosion issues, but pipeline operator confusion led to an accidental return to normal pressure in that pipeline section, causing the rupture. |
9585_25 | On May 30, 1997, Colonial Pipeline spilled approximately 18,900 US gallons (72,000 L) of gasoline, some of which entered an unnamed creek and its adjoining shoreline in the Bear Creek watershed near Athens, Georgia. During the spill, a vapor cloud of gasoline formed, causing several Colonial employees to flee for safety. This spill resulted from a calculation error related to a regular procedure. No one checked the calculations, nor did Colonial have a procedure in place to check such calculations. |
9585_26 | In February 1999, in Knoxville, Tennessee, Colonial spilled approximately 53,550 gallons (1275 barrels) of fuel oil, some of which entered Goose Creek and the Tennessee River, polluting approximately eight miles of the Tennessee River. The released fuel saturated 10 homes in the area and caused the evacuation of six homes. The day before the spill, Colonial found anomalies on the pipeline, including on the area where the rupture later occurred, but did nothing. At the time of the spill, Colonial received information of a sudden drop in pipeline pressure. Despite receiving this information indicating a leak, Colonial continued to send fuel oil through the line. Colonial briefly shut down the pipeline, but reopened it and sent fuel oil again, despite continued indications of a leak, until they were alerted by the Knoxville Fire Department that Colonial's fuel was running into Goose Creek. |
9585_27 | On Wednesday, October 3, 2012, Colonial Pipeline shut down line 19 and 20 in Chattanooga, Tennessee due to reports of gasoline odors. Reuters reported that about 500 gallons of gasoline may have been released. The line carrying gasoline was repaired and the distillate line, which carries Diesel fuel, jet fuel and other products, was inspected and found to be undamaged. Both lines were restarted two days later on October 5, 2012.
September 21, 2015, a leak was discovered in Centreville, Virginia by a local restaurant employee. The leak was estimated to have released 4,000 gallons of hydrocarbon product over the course of the preceding 2 weeks. Product was located and removed from the downstream retention pond adjacent to a townhome community. |
9585_28 | On Friday, September 9, 2016, a leak was detected in Shelby County, Alabama, spilling an estimated 252,000 US gallons (954,000 L) of summer-grade gasoline, requiring a partial shutdown of the pipeline and threatening fuel shortages in the southeastern United States. This was Colonial's "biggest spill in nearly two decades". It caused a "12-day interruption in the flow of about 1.3 million barrels per day of the fuel from the refining hub on the Gulf Coast to the Northeast." |
9585_29 | On October 31, 2016, a Colonial Pipeline mainline exploded and burned in Shelby County, Alabama, after accidentally being hit by a trackhoe during repairs related to the September event. One worker died at the scene, and five others were hospitalized, one of whom later died of his injuries. The explosion occurred several miles from the September 9, 2016 breach. On November 1, 2016, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration had control of the site, where the fire was still burning. The shutdown was affecting primarily the Southeast, as Northeast markets can receive some oil by water. The line returned to service November 6. |
9585_30 | In the summer of 2020, a Colonial Pipeline gasoline pipeline leaked 1.2 million gallons into a nature preserve in Huntersville, North Carolina without detection. After detection by a group of teenagers, it took Colonial five days to repair the 5-foot crack in the pipeline. As of February 2021, Colonial recovered 800,000 gallons of gasoline and 200,000 gallons of contaminated water. Neither NC Department of Environmental Quality nor Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration assessed fines. |
9585_31 | Safety and environmental record
As a result of seven different spills on Colonial Pipeline in four years in the 1990s, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) filed a complaint in 2000 against Colonial for violations of the Clean Water Act. It alleged gross negligence specifically in three cases noted above: 1996 Reedy River, 1997 Bear Creek, and 1999 Goose Creek/Tennessee River. The parties reached a settlement with Colonial Pipeline that was announced on April 1, 2003. Colonial was required to pay a civil penalty of $34 million, the "largest a company has paid in EPA history." "Under the consent decree, Colonial will upgrade environmental protection on the pipeline at an estimated cost of at least $30 million." |
9585_32 | In this period, Colonial received the American Petroleum Institute (API)'s Distinguished Environmental and Safety award for four consecutive years (1999–2002). Some of these awards were made after EPA had filed a complaint against the company for violations of the Clean Water Act, and prior to the landmark civil penalty assessed in the settlement of the civil case. |
9585_33 | In 2005, Hurricane Katrina knocked out power in large parts of Mississippi and Louisiana, forcing Colonial to operate at reduced flow rates. The company rented portable generators to help restore partial service as utilities recovered and restored normal service. When Hurricane Rita hit a month later, Colonial used these generators to help load product stranded in refinery storage tanks that did not have power. By the time hurricanes Gustav and Ike struck in 2008, Colonial owned and operated this set of emergency generators. It purchased a new set of generators in 2012 and stationed them in Mississippi, inland and out of the direct path of most storms.
Representation in media |
9585_34 | The enormous scale of the Colonial Pipeline Project attracted considerable media attention. Fortune magazine featured the project as its cover story in February 1963. Colonial was featured in an August 1964 edition of Time magazine in an article titled, "The Invisible Network: A Revolution Underground". An article in a late 1965 edition of Pipeline Magazine included: "Colonial Pipeline will perhaps do more to change America's transportation and marketing operations in the East and South than any single undertaking in which our country has participated in recent years."
See also
Lists of pipelines
References
External links
Home page |
9585_35 | Kohlberg Kravis Roberts companies
Companies based in Fulton County, Georgia
Oil pipeline companies
Oil pipelines in Texas
Oil pipelines in Louisiana
Pipelines in Mississippi
Pipelines in Alabama
Pipelines in Georgia (U.S. state)
Pipelines in South Carolina
Pipelines in Virginia
Pipelines in Maryland
Oil pipelines in Pennsylvania
Oil pipelines in New Jersey
Pipelines in North Carolina
Pipelines in Delaware
Oil pipelines in Tennessee
Refined oil product pipelines in the United States |
9586_0 | This is a list of foreign ministers in 2001. |
9586_1 | Africa
Algeria - Abdelaziz Belkhadem (2000-2005)
Angola - João Bernardo de Miranda (1999-2008)
Benin - Antoine Idji Kolawolé (1998-2003)
Botswana - Mompati Merafhe (1994-2008)
Burkina Faso - Youssouf Ouedraogo (1999-2007)
Burundi -
Severin Ntahomvukiye (1998-2001)
Thérence Sinunguruza (2001-2005)
Cameroon -
Augustin Kontchou Kouomegni (1997-2001)
François Xavier Ngoubeyou (2001-2004)
Cape Verde -
Rui Alberto de Figueiredo Soares (2000-2001)
Manuel Inocêncio Sousa (2001-2002)
Central African Republic -
Marcel Metefara (1999-2001)
Agba Otikpo Mézodé (2001-2003)
Chad - Mahamat Saleh Annadif (1997-2003)
Comoros - Mohamed El-Amine Souef (1999-2002)
Republic of Congo - Rodolphe Adada (1997-2007)
Democratic Republic of Congo - Léonard She Okitundu (2000-2003)
Côte d'Ivoire - Abou Drahamane Sangare (2000-2003)
Djibouti - Ali Abdi Farah (1999-2005)
Egypt -
Amr Moussa (1991-2001)
Ahmed Maher (2001-2004)
Equatorial Guinea - Santiago Nsobeya Efuman (1999-2003) |
9586_2 | Eritrea - Ali Said Abdella (2000-2005)
Ethiopia - Seyoum Mesfin (1991-2010)
Gabon - Jean Ping (1999-2008)
The Gambia -
Momodou Lamin Sedat Jobe (1998-2001)
Baboucarr-Blaise Jagne (2001-2004)
Ghana -
James Victor Gbeho (1997-2001)
Hackman Owusu-Agyeman (2001-2003)
Guinea - Mahawa Bangoura (2000-2002)
Guinea-Bissau -
Yaya Diallo (2000-2001)
Faustino Imbali (2001)
Antonieta Rosa Gomes (2001)
Malam Mané (2001)
Filomena Mascarenhas Tipote (2001-2002)
Kenya -
Bonaya Godana (1998-2001)
Christopher Obure (2001)
Marsden Madoka (2001-2003)
Lesotho - Tom Thabane (1998-2002)
Liberia - Monie Captan (1996-2003)
Libya - Abdel Rahman Shalgham (2000-2009)
Madagascar - Lila Ratsifandrihamanana (1998-2002)
Malawi - Lilian Patel (2000-2004)
Mali - Modibo Sidibe (1997-2002)
Mauritania -
Ahmed Ould Sid'Ahmed (1998-2001)
Dah Ould Abdi (2001-2002)
Mauritius - Anil Gayan (2000-2003)
Morocco - Mohamed Benaissa (1999-2007)
Western Sahara - Mohamed Salem Ould Salek (1998–present) |
9586_3 | Mozambique - Leonardo Simão (1994-2005)
Namibia - Theo-Ben Gurirab (1990-2002)
Niger -
Nassirou Sabo (2000-2001)
Aïchatou Mindaoudou (2001-2010)
Nigeria - Sule Lamido (2000-2003)
Rwanda - André Bumaya (2000-2002)
São Tomé and Príncipe -
Joaquim Rafael Branco (2000-2001)
Patrice Trovoada (2001-2002)
Senegal - Cheikh Tidiane Gadio (2000-2009)
Seychelles - Jérémie Bonnelame (1997-2005)
Sierra Leone -
Sama Banya (1998-2001)
Ahmed Ramadan Dumbuya (2001-2002)
Somalia - Ismail Mahmud Hurre (2000-2002)
Somaliland -
Mahmud Salah Nur (1997-2001)
Abdihamid Garad Jama (2001-2002)
South Africa - Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma (1999-2009)
Sudan - Mustafa Osman Ismail (1998-2005)
Swaziland -
Albert Nhlanhla Shabangu (1998-2001)
Abednego Ntshangase (2001-2003)
Tanzania - Jakaya Kikwete (1995-2006)
Togo - Joseph Kokou Koffigoh (2000-2002)
Tunisia - Habib Ben Yahia (1999-2004)
Uganda -
Eriya Kategaya (1996-2001)
James Wapakhabulo (2001-2004)
Zambia - Keli Walubita (1997-2002) |
9586_4 | Zimbabwe - Stan Mudenge (1995-2005) |
9586_5 | Asia
Afghanistan -
Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil (1999-2001)
Abdullah Abdullah (2001-2006)
Armenia - Vartan Oskanian (1998-2008)
Azerbaijan - Vilayat Guliyev (1999-2004)
Nagorno-Karabakh - Naira Melkumyan (1997-2002)
Bahrain - Sheikh Muhammad ibn Mubarak ibn Hamad Al Khalifah (1971-2005)
Bangladesh -
Abdus Samad Azad (1996-2001)
Latifur Rahman (2001)
A.Q.M. Badruddoza Chowdhury (2001)
Morshed Khan (2001-2006)
Bhutan - Jigme Thinley (1998-2003)
Brunei - Pengiran Muda Mohamed Bolkiah (1984–2015)
Cambodia - Hor Namhong (1998–2016)
China - Tang Jiaxuan (1998-2003)
East Timor - José Ramos-Horta (2000-2006)
Georgia - Irakli Menagarishvili (1995-2003)
Abkhazia - Sergei Shamba (1997-2004)
South Ossetia - Murat Dzhioyev (1998-2012)
India - Jaswant Singh (1998-2002)
Indonesia -
Alwi Shihab (1999-2001)
Hassan Wirajuda (2001-2009)
Iran - Kamal Kharazi (1997-2005)
Iraq -
Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf (1992-2001)
Tariq Aziz (acting) (2001)
Naji Sabri (2001-2003)
Israel - |
9586_6 | Shlomo Ben-Ami (2000-2001)
Shimon Peres (2001-2002)
Japan -
Yōhei Kōno (1999-2001)
Makiko Tanaka (2001-2002)
Jordan - Abdul Ilah Khatib (1998-2002)
Kazakhstan - Erlan Idrisov (1999-2002)
North Korea - Paek Nam-sun (1998-2007)
South Korea -
Yi Jeong-bin (2000-2001)
Han Seung-soo (2001-2002)
Kuwait - Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (1978-2003)
Kyrgyzstan - Muratbek Imanaliyev (1997-2002)
Laos - Somsavat Lengsavad (1993-2006)
Lebanon - Mahmoud Hammoud (2000-2003)
Malaysia - Syed Hamid Albar (1999-2008)
Maldives - Fathulla Jameel (1978-2005)
Mongolia - Luvsangiin Erdenechuluun (2000-2004)
Myanmar - Win Aung (1998-2004)
Nepal -
Chakra Bastola (2000-2001)
Sher Bahadur Deuba (2001-2002)
Oman - Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah (1982–2020)
Pakistan - Abdul Sattar (1999-2002)
Philippines -
Domingo Siazon, Jr. (1995-2001)
Teofisto Guingona, Jr. (2001-2002)
Qatar - Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani (1992-2013) |
9586_7 | Saudi Arabia - Prince Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1975–2015)
Singapore - S. Jayakumar (1994-2004)
Sri Lanka -
Lakshman Kadirgamar (1994-2001)
Tyronne Fernando (2001-2004)
Syria - Farouk al-Sharaa (1984-2006)
Taiwan - Tien Hung-mao (2000-2002)
Tajikistan - Talbak Nazarov (1994-2006)
Thailand -
Surin Pitsuwan (1997-2001)
Surakiart Sathirathai (2001-2005)
Turkey - İsmail Cem (1997-2002)
Turkmenistan -
Batyr Berdiýew (2000-2001)
Raşit Meredow (2001–present)
United Arab Emirates - Rashid Abdullah Al Nuaimi (1980-2006)
Uzbekistan - Abdulaziz Komilov (1994-2003)
Vietnam - Nguyễn Dy Niên (2000-2006)
Yemen -
Abdul Qadir Bajamal (1998-2001)
Abu Bakr al-Qirbi (2001-2014) |
9586_8 | Australia and Oceania
Australia - Alexander Downer (1996-2007)
Fiji - Kaliopate Tavola (2000-2006)
French Polynesia - Gaston Flosse (2000-2004)
Kiribati - Teburoro Tito (1994-2003)
Marshall Islands -
Alvin Jacklick (2000-2001)
Gerald Zackios (2001-2008)
Micronesia - Ieske K. Iehsi (2000-2003)
Nauru -
Bernard Dowiyogo (2000-2001)
René Harris (2001-2003)
New Zealand - Phil Goff (1999-2005)
Cook Islands - Robert Woonton (1999-2004)
Niue - Sani Lakatani (1999-2002)
Palau - Temmy Shmull (2001-2009)
Papua New Guinea -
Bart Philemon (2000-2001)
John Pundari (2001)
John Waiko (2001-2002)
Samoa - Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi (1998–2021)
Solomon Islands -
Danny Philip (2000-2001)
David Sitai (2001)
Alex Bartlett (2001-2002)
Tonga - Prince 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata (1998-2004)
Tuvalu -
Lagitupu Tuilimu (2000-2001)
Faimalaga Luka (2001)
Koloa Talake (2001-2002)
Vanuatu -
Serge Vohor (1999-2001)
Alain Mahe (2001-2002) |
9586_9 | Europe
Albania -
Paskal Milo (1997–2001)
Arta Dade (2001–2002)
Andorra -
Albert Pintat (1997–2001)
Juli Minoves Triquell (2001–2007)
Austria - Benita Ferrero-Waldner (2000–2004)
Belarus - Mikhail Khvostov (2000–2003)
Belgium - Louis Michel (1999–2004)
Brussels-Capital Region - Guy Vanhengel (2000–2009)
Flanders -
Patrick Dewael (1999–2001)
Paul Van Grembergen (2001–2002)
Bosnia and Herzegovina -
Jadranko Prlić (1996–2001)
Zlatko Lagumdžija (2001–2003)
Bulgaria -
Nadezhda Mihailova (1997–2001)
Solomon Passy (2001–2005)
Croatia - Tonino Picula (2000–2003)
Cyprus - Ioannis Kasoulidis (1997–2003)
Northern Cyprus - Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu (1998–2004)
Czech Republic - Jan Kavan (1998–2002)
Denmark -
Mogens Lykketoft (2000–2001)
Per Stig Møller (2001–2010)
Estonia - Toomas Hendrik Ilves (1999–2002)
Finland - Erkki Tuomioja (2000–2007)
France - Hubert Védrine (1997–2002)
Germany - Joschka Fischer (1998–2005)
Greece - George Papandreou (1999–2004) |
9586_10 | Hungary - János Martonyi (1998–2002)
Iceland - Halldór Ásgrímsson (1995–2004)
Ireland - Brian Cowen (2000–2004)
Italy -
Lamberto Dini (1996–2001)
Renato Ruggiero (2001–2002)
Latvia - Indulis Bērziņš (1999–2002)
Liechtenstein -
Andrea Willi (1993–2001)
Ernst Walch (2001–2005)
Lithuania - Antanas Valionis (2000–2006)
Luxembourg - Lydie Polfer (1999–2004)
Macedonia -
Srgjan Kerim (2000–2001)
Ilinka Mitreva (2001)
Slobodan Čašule (2001–2002)
Malta - Joe Borg (1999–2004)
Moldova -
Nicolae Cernomaz (2000–2001)
Iurie Leancă (acting) (2001)
Nicolae Dudău (2001–2004)
Transnistria - Valeriy Litskai (2000–2008)
Netherlands - Jozias van Aartsen (1998–2002)
Norway -
Thorbjørn Jagland (2000–2001)
Jan Petersen (2001–2005)
Poland -
Władysław Bartoszewski (2000–2001)
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (2001–2005)
Portugal - Jaime Gama (1995–2002)
Romania - Mircea Geoană (2000–2004)
Russia - Igor Ivanov (1998–2004)
San Marino - Gabriele Gatti (1986–2002) |
9586_11 | Slovakia - Eduard Kukan (1998–2006)
Slovenia - Dimitrij Rupel (2000–2004)
Spain - Josep Piqué (2000–2002)
Sweden - Anna Lindh (1998–2003)
Switzerland - Joseph Deiss (1999–2002)
Ukraine - Anatoliy Zlenko (2000–2003)
United Kingdom -
Robin Cook (1997–2001)
Jack Straw (2001–2006)
Scotland - Jack McConnell (2000–2001)
Vatican City - Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran (1990–2003)
Yugoslavia - Goran Svilanović (2000–2004)
Montenegro - Branko Lukovac (2000–2002) |
9586_12 | North America and the Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda - Lester Bird (1991-2004)
The Bahamas - Janet Bostwick (1994-2002)
Barbados - Billie Miller (1994-2008)
Belize - Said Musa (1998-2002)
Canada - John Manley (2000-2002)
Quebec - Louise Beaudoin (1998-2003)
Costa Rica - Roberto Rojas López (1998-2002)
Cuba - Felipe Pérez Roque (1999-2009)
Dominica -
Pierre Charles (2000-2001)
Osborne Riviere (2001-2005)
Dominican Republic - Hugo Tolentino Dipp (2000-2003)
El Salvador - María Eugenia Brizuela de Ávila (1999-2004)
Grenada - Elvin Nimrod (2000-2008)
Guatemala - Gabriel Orellana Rojas (2000-2002)
Haiti -
Fritz Longchamp (1995-2001)
Joseph Philippe Antonio (2001-2004)
Honduras - Roberto Flores Bermúdez (1999-2002)
Jamaica -
Paul Robertson (2000-2001)
Keith Desmond Knight (2001-2006)
Mexico - Jorge Castañeda Gutman (2000-2003)
Nicaragua - Francisco Aguirre Sacasa (2000-2002)
Panama - José Miguel Alemán Healy (1999-2003)
Saint Kitts and Nevis - |
9586_13 | Sam Condor (2000-2001)
Timothy Harris (2001-2008)
Saint Lucia -
George Odlum (1997-2001)
Julian Hunte (2001-2004)
Puerto Rico –
Angel Morey (1999–2001)
Ferdinand Mercado (2001–2003)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -
Allan Cruickshank (1998-2001)
Louis Straker (2001-2005)
Trinidad and Tobago -
Mervyn Assam (2000-2001)
Knowlson Gift (2001-2006)
United States -
Madeleine Albright (1997-2001)
Colin Powell (2001-2005) |
9586_14 | South America
Argentina -
Adalberto Rodríguez Giavarini (1999-2001)
José María Vernet (2001-2002)
Bolivia -
Javier Murillo de la Rocha (1997-2001)
Gustavo Fernández Saavedra (2001-2002)
Brazil -
Luiz Felipe Palmeira Lampreia (1995-2001)
Luiz Felipe de Seixas Corrêa (acting) (2001)
Celso Lafer (2001-2003)
Chile - Soledad Alvear (2000-2004)
Colombia - Guillermo Fernández de Soto (1998-2002)
Ecuador - Heinz Moeller Freile (2000-2003)
Guyana -
Clement Rohee (1992-2001)
Rudy Insanally (2001-2008)
Paraguay -
Juan Esteban Aguirre Martínez (2000-2001)
José Antonio Moreno Ruffinelli (2001-2003)
Peru -
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (2000-2001)
Diego García Sayán (2001-2002)
Suriname - Marie Levens (2000-2005)
Uruguay - Didier Opertti (1998-2005)
Venezuela -
José Vicente Rangel (1999-2001)
Luis Alfonso Dávila (2001-2002)
2001 in international relations
Foreign ministers
2001 |
9587_0 | Lombardy elected its third delegation to the Italian Senate on May 25, 1958. This election was a part of national Italian general election of 1958 even if, according to the Italian Constitution, every senatorial challenge in each Region is a single and independent race.
Lombardy obtained two more seats to the Senate, following the redistricting subsequent to the 1951 Census.
The election was won by the centrist Christian Democracy, as it happened at national level. All Lombard provinces gave a majority or at least a plurality to the winning party.
Background
Even if Amintore Fanfani's Christian Democracy weakened in this election, Lombardy remained a stronghold for the national leading party. |
9587_1 | As it happened five years before, the Communists obtained some seats in the agricultural south, while the Socialists remarked their strength in the Milanese industrial neighbourhood. The centre-left Italian Democratic Socialist Party obtained two seats in Milan, a city led by Democratic Socialist mayor Virgilio Ferrari, while the rightist Italian Social Movement and the Italian Liberal Party obtained some good results in the bourgeois center of Milan.
Electoral system
The electoral system for the Senate was a strange hybrid which established a form of proportional representation into FPTP-like constituencies. A candidate needed a landslide victory of more than 65% of votes to obtain a direct mandate. All constituencies where this result was not reached entered into an at-large calculation based upon the D'Hondt method to distribute the seats between the parties, and candidates with the best percentages of suffrages inside their party list were elected.
Results |
9587_2 | |-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Party
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|votes
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|votes (%)
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|seats
!rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"|swing
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Christian Democracy
|valign="top"|1,805,779
|valign="top"|44.8
|valign="top"|16
|valign="top"|=
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Italian Socialist Party
|valign="top"|747,266
|valign="top"|18.5
|valign="top"|7
|valign="top"|1
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Italian Communist Party
|valign="top"|746,880
|valign="top"|18.5
|valign="top"|6
|valign="top"|=
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Italian Democratic Socialist Party
|valign="top"|248,824
|valign="top"|6.2
|valign="top"|2
|valign="top"|1
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Italian Liberal Party
|valign="top"|184,701
|valign="top"|4.6
|valign="top"|1
|valign="top"|1
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Italian Social Movement
|valign="top"|151,330
|valign="top"|3.8 |
9587_3 | |valign="top"|1
|valign="top"|=
|-
!align="left" valign="top"|Others
|valign="top"|147,523
|valign="top"|3.6
|valign="top"|-
|valign="top"|1
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total parties
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|4,032,303
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|33
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|2
|} |
9587_4 | Sources: Italian Ministry of the Interior
Constituencies |
9587_5 | |-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!align="left" valign="top"|N°
!align="center" valign="top"|Constituency
!align="center" valign="top"|Elected
!align="center" valign="top"|Party
!align="center" valign="top"|Votes %
!align="center" valign="top"|Others
|-
|align="left"|1
|align="left"|Bergamo
|align="left"|Cristoforo Pezzini
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|55.7%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|2
|align="left"|Clusone
|align="left"|Pietro Bellora
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|67.4%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|3
|align="left"|Treviglio
|align="left"|Daniele Turani
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|63.1%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|4
|align="left"|Brescia
|align="left"|Angelo Buizza
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|46.7%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|5
|align="left"|Breno
|align="left"|Angelo Cemmi
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|61.2%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|6
|align="left"|Chiari |
9587_6 | |align="left"|Pietro Cenini
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|59.1%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|7
|align="left"|Salò
|align="left"|Francesco Zane
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|53.8%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|8
|align="left"|Como
|align="left"|None elected
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|Pasquale Valsecchi (DC) 45.9%
|-
|align="left"|9
|align="left"|Lecco
|align="left"|Pietro Amigoni
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|58.1%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|10
|align="left"|Cantù
|align="left"|Lorenzo SpallinoUgo Bonafini
|align="left"|Christian DemocracyItalian Socialist Party
|align="left"|56.4%20.9%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|11
|align="left"|Cremona
|align="left"|Bruno GombiEmilio Zanoni
|align="left"|Italian Communist PartyItalian Socialist Party
|align="left"|26.2%21.3%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|12
|align="left"|Crema
|align="left"|Ennio Zelioli
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|52.5% |
9587_7 | |align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|13
|align="left"|Mantua
|align="left"|Alceo Negri
|align="left"|Italian Socialist Party
|align="left"|24.4%
|align="left"|Ernesto Zanardi (PCI) 23.7%
|-
|align="left"|14
|align="left"|Ostiglia
|align="left"|Teodosio AimoniUnconstitutional result
|align="left"|Italian Communist Party
|align="left"|32.1%24.8%
|align="left"| Seat ceded to Bonafini
|-
|align="left"|15
|align="left"|Milan 1
|align="left"|Giorgio Bergamasco
|align="left"|Italian Liberal Party
|align="left"|16.5%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|16
|align="left"|Milan 2
|align="left"|Gastone Nencioni
|align="left"|Italian Social Movement
|align="left"|7.4%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|17
|align="left"|Milan 3
|align="left"|Edgardo Savio
|align="left"|Italian Democratic Socialist Party
|align="left"|9.9%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|18
|align="left"|Milan 4
|align="left"|Edgardo Lami Starnuti
|align="left"|Italian Democratic Socialist Party
|align="left"|9.9%
|align="left"|
|- |
9587_8 | |align="left"|19
|align="left"|Milan 5
|align="left"|None elected
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|20
|align="left"|Milan 6
|align="left"|'''Piero MontagnaniGiuseppe Roda
|align="left"|Italian Communist PartyItalian Socialist Party
|align="left"|28.6%23.8%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|21
|align="left"|Abbiategrasso
|align="left"|None elected
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|Emanuele Samek Lodovici (DC) 44.8%Carlo Arnaudi (PSI) 20.7%
|-
|align="left"|22
|align="left"|Rho
|align="left"|Guido CorbelliniArialdo Banfi
|align="left"|Christian DemocracyItalian Socialist Party
|align="left"|46.2%20.9%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|23
|align="left"|Monza
|align="left"|Gianmaria Cornaggia
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|48.9%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|24
|align="left"|Vimercate
|align="left"|Cesare Merzagora
|align="left"|Christian Democracy (Indep.)
|align="left"|54.8%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|25
|align="left"|Lodi |
9587_9 | |align="left"|Francesco Scotti
|align="left"|Italian Communist Party
|align="left"|26.3%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|26
|align="left"|Pavia
|align="left"|Pietro Vergani
|align="left"|Italian Communist Party
|align="left"|28.0%
|align="left"|Giuseppe Faravelli (PSDI) 5.1%
|-
|align="left"|27
|align="left"|Voghera
|align="left"|''None elected
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|28
|align="left"|Vigevano
|align="left"|Carlo Lombardi
|align="left"|Italian Communist Party
|align="left"|36.0%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|29
|align="left"|Sondrio
|align="left"|Attilio Piccioni
|align="left"|Christian Democracy
|align="left"|57.7%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|30
|align="left"|Varese
|align="left"|Noè PajettaAntonio Greppi
|align="left"|Christian DemocracyItalian Socialist Party
|align="left"|45.5%21.5%
|align="left"|
|-
|align="left"|31
|align="left"|Busto Arsizio
|align="left"|Natale SanteroMario Grampa |
9587_10 | |align="left"|Christian DemocracyItalian Socialist Party
|align="left"|47.8%22.9%
|align="left"|
|} |
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