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9573_1 | History
At the time of historic contact with Europeans, the Preserve was within the territory of the Central Pomo people. Central Pomo speakers occupied land from the southern Mendocino coast at the mouth of the Gualala River, extending north just above the Navarro River and east to the crest of the Russian River divide, approximately 40 miles (64 km) inland. The redwood-covered mountains between the coast and the valleys were only seasonally inhabited and were accessed along defined trail routes. Villages and campsites were more common in the warmer interior on the eastern border of the redwood belt, with permanent villages in more favorable locations. |
9573_2 | Several villages and campsites occurred near the Preserve along Rancheria Creek and areas southwest of Yorkville. Late, the principal village in this area, was located on the west bank of Rancheria Creek approximately one mile west of Yorkville. The people of Late were referred to as Danokeya, or “upstreamers,” by coastal Pomo. Other villages and camps nearby included Polma, on the west side of Rancheria Creek 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of Yorkville; Kalaicolem, 1.25 miles (2 km) south‐southwest of Yorkville; and Lali, near the head of Rancheria Creek 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of the town of Whitehall. The tribelet community consisted of several villages of 100 to 2,000 people belonging to one or more extended kin groups. A headman in each extended family acted as leader and formed a tribal council with other extended family leaders. |
9573_3 | The Central Pomo had amicable interactions with their neighbors, often venturing seasonally into the territories belonging to other Pomo groups to hunt and gather. Relationships with groups living in more distant areas were maintained through social and economic exchange. The Clear Lake area was regularly visited for its distinctive fisheries, as well as the unusual mineral resources available there (magnesite, steatite, and two sources of obsidian). Trips to the coast were made to collect clams and other sea food.
Because the nearest mission was far to the south in the town of Sonoma (Mission San Francisco de Solano), the Central Pomo were largely spared the conflicts endured by other tribes during the Spanish Mission Period. However, in the mid 1840s, Mexico granted three land grants as far north as Mendocino County: the Sanel Valley, Yokaya and an unnamed grant in Point Arena. Central Pomo may have been recruited to work for these Mexican ranchos. |
9573_4 | The United States assumed control of Alta California in 1848 and the first American settlers began to claim lands in the area. The earliest structures recorded on the Preserve are the “Livingston’s house” and an old trail. Both appear on the General Land Office map in 1884. Features within 1 mile of the Preserve include the “Leaford’s house”, an old road to Whitehall, a road to Cloverdale, a spring, and old trail.
Similar to other areas in the region, Douglas fir and redwood were heavily logged between the late 1800s and early 1900s. |
9573_5 | Fred Burckhalter Galbreath, who worked in the marine insurance industry in San Francisco, bought the land in 1944 as a working sheep ranch and undertook a wide variety of projects to improve the health of habitats on the property. He reduced sedimentation by undertaking drainage improvement projects, removed the invasive wild boars through hunting, and engaged in selective forestry to reduce downed woody debris and remove old and diseased trees. Throughout his life, Galbreath valued protection of natural resources and the knowledge needed to make wise land management decisions. He also sought to protect his land in perpetuity as a site for higher education.
After he died at the age of 98, the Galbreath Wildlands Preserve was donated to Sonoma State University through a living trust, by Galbreath's family (Bob and Sue Johnson, and Nancy and Kleve Johnson). The lands are now managed for research and educational value. |
9573_6 | Land
The Galbreath Wildlands Preserve lies in the upper Navarro Watershed in the Coast Range of northern California. Located approximately inland from the Pacific Ocean in southern Mendocino County, this topographically diverse landscape ranges from 900 to 2,200 feet (275 to 670 meters) in elevation and includes coniferous forests (Douglas-fir and redwood), mixed hardwood-conifer forests (Douglas-fir, tanoak, madrone), oak woodlands (mostly black and Oregon white oaks), and annual grasslands and riparian woodland. Rancheria Creek flows northward through the preserve, along with numerous seasonal tributaries, and drains into the Navarro River. The nearest towns are Cloverdale (20 miles/32 km) and Boonville (18 miles/29 km). The small outpost of Yorkville is 5 miles (8 km) from the Preserve. |
9573_7 | Geology
The Navarro River watershed contains the highly erodible Franciscan mélange (a jumbled matrix of rock types created as the Pacific tectonic plate subducts beneath the North American plate) and alluvial fill, as well as the Coastal Belt of the Franciscan Assemblage, which is more stable and resistant to erosion. Although serpentine outcrops, which are characteristic of this formation, are common locally, exposed serpentine has not been found on the Preserve. Alluvial fill occurs in Anderson Valley and low-lying areas of major tributaries, such as Rancheria Creek, and Franciscan melange is associated with middle and upper Rancheria Creek. Most of the rest of the watershed contains soil derived from the Coastal Belt of the Franciscan Assemblage. |
9573_8 | Hydrology |
9573_9 | The Galbreath Preserve lies in the upper Rancheria sub-basin of the Navarro Watershed, and contains 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th order streams. Rancheria Creek flows northward through the Preserve and drains into the Navarro River. Rancheria Creek dries up during the summer, but its tributaries, such as Yale Creek, which lie in steep canyons, can remain wet throughout the summer. Since 1951, a USGS stream flow gage has been maintained about nine miles upstream of the mouth of the Navarro. Throughout the Navarro watershed, recent alluvium, stream channel, and terrace deposits provide groundwater recharge to surface streams and supply wells and springs. Only minor amounts of groundwater are contributed by the Franciscan Formation. Flows dry up in tributaries during summer months, with the only surface water present derived from springs. Only the mainstem Navarro River, North Fork Navarro River, and lower reaches of Anderson, Rancheria, and Indian Creeks contain year-round surface water. |
9573_10 | Two natural ponds occur on ridgeline in the southern portion of the Preserve. Wood Duck Pond is fed by a spring and contains water year-round. An unnamed pond nearby dries seasonally.
Vegetation
Vegetation occurs in mosaics representative of the inner North Coast Range (NCoRI) and the outer North Coast Range (NCoRO) geo-floristic districts. Vegetation types in the watershed roughly follow soil type. Franciscan mélange derived soils support grassland, the Franciscan Coastal Belt derived soils support grass-scrub or forested vegetation, and valley fill supports mixed forest.
Preserve vegetation types in order of abundance are: |
9573_11 | Pacific Douglas Fir Forest (1980 acres, 51.4%) - Over half the Preserve is Douglas fir (Pseuotsuga menziezii) forest, characterized by a higher, irregular overstory of Douglas fir and lower overstory of sclerophyllous broad leaved evergreen trees, such as tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii). Sugar pines (Pinus lambertiana) occur in isolated locations on some ridgelines. |
9573_12 | Hardwood Forests (1600 acres, 42%) – Hardwood forest types on the Preserve include Interior Mixed Hardwood, Montane Mixed Hardwood, and Single Dominant Hardwood. Montane hardwood habitat typically consists of an evergreen hardwood tree layer, a patchy shrub layer, and sparse herbaceous cover. Canyon oak is the usual dominant on steep slopes, replaced by huckleberry oak at higher elevations and pines at still higher elevations. Associates include tanoak, Pacific madrone, Douglas-fir, and California black oak (Quercus kelloggii). Some areas of the Preserve support single species dominants, including California Bay laurel (Umbellaria californica), Tanoak, Valley Oak (Quercus lobata), Canyon Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis), Interior Live Oak (Quercus wislizeni var. wislizeni), Oregon White Oak (Quercus garyana) and Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia). Sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum) was recently documented on the Preserve and is the subject of on-going monitoring. |
9573_13 | Annual Grasslands and Forbs (160 acres, 4%) - Annual grassland habitat is open and composed primarily of annual plant species. Non-native forage grasses are usually dominant, including European grasses and some invasive perennials such as Harding grass (Phalaris aquatic). Areas dominated by native perennial grasses are patchy. |
9573_14 | Redwood Douglas Fir Forest (57 acres, 1.5%) – Redwood forest is a composite name for a variety of conifer species growing in the coastal zone and is usually a mixture of several tree species, including redwood, Sitka spruce, grand fir, red alder, and Douglas-fir. Redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) are the dominant tree species near the coast and in flood plants, and are mostly limited to drainages and north slopes on the northern portion of the preserve. Inland and higher in the watershed, Douglas-fir becomes dominant, where tanoak and madrone are its primary associates. They also co-occur with Douglas fir. Field reconnaissance suggests that redwoods are underestimated in the Calveg data. |
9573_15 | Vertebrates
Grasslands, woodlands, forests and aquatic habitats support a diversity of plants and animals. The Preserve is relatively unexplored and knowledge about species occurrences and distributions on the property is still being compiled. Species lists are available for vascular plants, special status plants, vertebrates, and fungi. A wildlife camera on the site has documented the presence of American black bear, wild boar, bobcat, coyote, mule deer, gray fox, and wild turkey. |
9573_16 | Top predators are still present within the landscape, and include mountain lion (Puma concolor), black bear (Ursus americanus), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), coyote (Canis latrans), bobcat (Lynx rufus) and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). |
9573_17 | Rancheria Creek and its tributaries support anadromous fish that make the journey inland from the ocean to breed and over-summer in cool waters of the upper watershed. Northern California Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and California Coastal Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) – both listed as federally threatened - were once abundant in Rancheria Creek. Between 1948 and 1952, large numbers of Coho and Steelhead were rescued from drying areas of Rancheria Creek by California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Today, Coho have largely disappeared from the upper watershed. Steelhead are still present and have been documented by CDFW in Rancheria Creek in 1994, 2000, and 2001. The NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service considers Rancheria Creek a “critical habitat” for the Northern California Steelhead. |
9573_18 | Riparian areas include coastal species, such as Merganzers (Mergus merganser), that fly inland along the Navarro River. Most species observed, however, are typical of riparian inland areas, such as yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii), western pond turtle (Emys marmorata), garter snakes (Thamnophis atratus, Thamnophis sirtalis), and red-bellied newts (Taricha rivularis). Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon ensatus) breed along water courses and retreat to burrows in the cool canyons. Natural and man-made ponds attract breeding newts (Taricha granulosa and Taricha torosa), garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans), and wood ducks (Aix sponsa). Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), which are non-native and known to feed on a variety of native amphibians and reptiles, are found in Rancheria Creek. |
9573_19 | Upland habitats are dominated by a patchwork of Douglas fir, redwood, and hardwood forests. The majority of Douglas fir and redwood forests are secondary growth, decreasing the potential for federally threatened marbled murrelets and northern spotted owls. Species occurring in redwood and Douglas fir forests include red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and violet-green swallows (Tachycineta thalassina) in the overstory; pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus), red-breasted sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber) and western grey squirrel (Sciurus griseus) in the understory canopy; and brown creepers (Certhia americana) and white-breasted nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) in the shrub layer. Blue grouse (Dendragapus obscura), which eat conifer needles in the winter, are found in forest clearings. |
9573_20 | Nine species of oaks occur in woodlands and forests of the Preserve. Acorns are a key resource for black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus), black bear (Ursus americanus), scrub jays (Aphelocoma californica), California quail (Callipepla californica), band-tailed pigeons (Columba fasciata), and acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) among others. Non-native feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), which also are avid acorn eaters, can occur in large numbers throughout Preserve. In some years, ground disturbance from feral pigs is extensive.
At-risk Species
The following species have been documented at the Preserve, and are considered at risk of extinction. |
9573_21 | Land use
The Galbreath Wildlands Preserve is representative of the Upper Rancheria and Navarro watersheds. Within the Rancheria Creek sub-basin, major land uses include sheep and cattle ranching, timber harvest, and open space and rural residential homes, with only a few locations in field and row crops. Like much of the rest of the North Coast of California, timber harvest began in the mid-nineteenth century and has continued to the present. By the 1870s, sheep and cattle ranching had begun. Only recently have agriculture practices begun. Between 1984 and 1996, the number of new vineyards drastically increased in the upper sub-basin and numbers continue to rise. Present day land use in the Navarro watershed is 70% forestry, 25% ranching, and 5% row crops, orchards and vineyards, with a small percent rural residential development. |
9573_22 | Relatively steep, low order headwater streams have been affected by timber harvest, roads, and grazing management. Agricultural practices, grading, and other land disturbances also contribute to high levels of sedimentation in the Navarro River watershed. Sediment production rates decreased during the 1980s and '90s from historic highs during the 1950s through '70s due to changes in harvest practices and improved construction and maintenance of active logging roads. Another key management challenge is controlling feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and invasive plants, such as scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and yellow-star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis). Sudden oak death was recently discovered on the Preserve and declines in some oak species, especially tanoak is anticipated, causing an increase in standing deadwood. |
9573_23 | Climate
Rainfall and floods are seasonal, falling primarily between October and May, and are typical of the wet Mediterranean-type climate of north coastal California. The Navarro River watershed receives about 40 inches of rainfall with about 60% falling during winter months from mid-December through the end of March. In nearby Yorkville the warmest months are July and August (91/90 F average high and 55/56 F average low respectively) and coolest are in December and January (55/56 F average high and 37/37 F average low respectively). The highest recorded temperature was 115 °F in 1955 and the lowest recorded temperature was 13 °F in 1972. Rainfall average is 40.2 inches, with the lowest average monthly rainfall in July (0.02 in) and August (0.09 in) and the highest average is December (7.91 in). Large storms and floods are episodic. Since the 1950s significant floods have occurred frequently, on a temporal scale of about once a decade. |
9573_24 | Facilities
Facilities at the Preserve are limited to two campgrounds for overnight stays or day use. The larger campground is located along Rancheria Creek and includes a fire ring. The small campground is located approximately 0.5 miles from the entrance and includes a composting toilet. For both sites, all water must be brought in by visitors. A small storage shed is available for researchers interested in leaving equipment on site.
An 8-mile road traverses most of the Preserve and is 4-wheel drive accessible only. Access may be restricted immediately after a rain. Phone service is not available. Cell phone reception is possible at only two sites within the Preserve. |
9573_25 | Facility planning is currently in process for developing on-site utilities and buildings to support educational and research use of the site. As part of this effort, we are including plans for an astronomical observatory that will be used for advanced research, instruction, and outreach. The observatory will be a remotely operated telescope for finding extra-solar planets and near-Earth asteroids.
See also
Fairfield Osborn Preserve
Los Guillicos Preserve
References
External links
Official website
Protected areas established in 2004
Protected areas of Mendocino County, California
Sonoma State University |
9574_0 | Institutional economics focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior. Its original focus lay in Thorstein Veblen's instinct-oriented dichotomy between technology on the one side and the "ceremonial" sphere of society on the other. Its name and core elements trace back to a 1919 American Economic Review article by Walton H. Hamilton. Institutional economics emphasizes a broader study of institutions and views markets as a result of the complex interaction of these various institutions (e.g. individuals, firms, states, social norms). The earlier tradition continues today as a leading heterodox approach to economics. |
9574_1 | "Traditional" institutionalism rejects the reduction of institutions to simply tastes, technology, and nature (see naturalistic fallacy). Tastes, along with expectations of the future, habits, and motivations, not only determine the nature of institutions but are limited and shaped by them. If people live and work in institutions on a regular basis, it shapes their world views. Fundamentally, this traditional institutionalism (and its modern counterpart institutionalist political economy) emphasizes the legal foundations of an economy (see John R. Commons) and the evolutionary, habituated, and volitional processes by which institutions are erected and then changed (see John Dewey, Thorstein Veblen, and Daniel Bromley). Institutional economics focuses on learning, bounded rationality, and evolution (rather than assuming stable preferences, rationality and equilibrium). It was a central part of American economics in the first part of the 20th century, including such famous but diverse |
9574_2 | economists as Thorstein Veblen, Wesley Mitchell, and John R. Commons. Some institutionalists see Karl Marx as belonging to the institutionalist tradition, because he described capitalism as a historically-bounded social system; other institutionalist economists disagree with Marx's definition of capitalism, instead seeing defining features such as markets, money and the private ownership of production as indeed evolving over time, but as a result of the purposive actions of individuals. |
9574_3 | A significant variant is the new institutional economics from the later 20th century, which integrates later developments of neoclassical economics into the analysis. Law and economics has been a major theme since the publication of the Legal Foundations of Capitalism by John R. Commons in 1924. Since then, there has been heated debate on the role of law (a formal institution) on economic growth. Behavioral economics is another hallmark of institutional economics based on what is known about psychology and cognitive science, rather than simple assumptions of economic behavior.
Some of the authors associated with this school include Robert H. Frank, Warren Samuels, Marc Tool, Geoffrey Hodgson, Daniel Bromley, Jonathan Nitzan, Shimshon Bichler, Elinor Ostrom, Anne Mayhew, John Kenneth Galbraith and Gunnar Myrdal, but even the sociologist C. Wright Mills was highly influenced by the institutionalist approach in his major studies.
Thorstein Veblen |
9574_4 | Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929) wrote his first and most influential book while he was at the University of Chicago, on The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899). In it he analyzed the motivation in capitalism for people to conspicuously consume their riches as a way of demonstrating success. Conspicuous leisure was another focus of Veblen's critique. The concept of conspicuous consumption was in direct contradiction to the neoclassical view that capitalism was efficient. |
9574_5 | In The Theory of Business Enterprise (1904), Veblen distinguished the motivations of industrial production for people to use things from business motivations that used, or misused, industrial infrastructure for profit, arguing that the former is often hindered because businesses pursue the latter. Output and technological advance are restricted by business practices and the creation of monopolies. Businesses protect their existing capital investments and employ excessive credit, leading to depressions and increasing military expenditure and war through business control of political power. These two books, focusing on criticism first of consumerism, and second of profiteering, did not advocate change.
Through the 1920s and after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 Thorstein Veblen's warnings of the tendency for wasteful consumption and the necessity of creating sound financial institutions seemed to ring true. |
9574_6 | Thorstein Veblen wrote in 1898 an article entitled "Why is Economics Not an Evolutionary Science" and he became the precursor of current evolutionary economics.
John R. Commons
John R. Commons (1862–1945) also came from mid-Western America. Underlying his ideas, consolidated in Institutional Economics (1934) was the concept that the economy is a web of relationships between people with diverging interests. There are monopolies, large corporations, labour disputes and fluctuating business cycles. They do however have an interest in resolving these disputes.
Commons thought that government should be the mediator between the conflicting groups. Commons himself devoted much of his time to advisory and mediation work on government boards and industrial commissions.
Wesley Mitchell |
9574_7 | Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874–1948) was an American economist known for his empirical work on business cycles and for guiding the National Bureau of Economic Research in its first decades. Mitchell's teachers included economists Thorstein Veblen and J. L. Laughlin and philosopher John Dewey.
Clarence Ayres
Clarence Ayres (1891–1972) was the principal thinker of what some have called the Texas school of institutional economics. Ayres developed on the ideas of Thorstein Veblen with a dichotomy of "technology" and "institutions" to separate the inventive from the inherited aspects of economic structures. He claimed that technology was always one step ahead of the socio-cultural institutions. |
9574_8 | Ayres was heavily influenced by the philosophy of John Dewey. Dewey and Ayres both utilized the instrumental theory of value to analyze problems and propose solutions. According to this theory, something has value if it enhances or furthers the life process of mankind. Therefore, this should become the criterion to be utilized in determining the future courses of action.
It can be argued that Ayres was not an "institutionalist" in any normal sense of the term, since he identified institutions with sentiments and superstition and in consequence institutions only played a kind of residual role in this theory of development which core center was that of technology. Ayres was under strong influence of Hegel and institutions for Ayres had the same function as "Schein" (with the connotation of deception, and illusion) for Hegel. A more appropriate name for Ayres' position would be that of a "techno-behaviorist" rather than an institutionalist.
Adolf Berle |
9574_9 | Adolf A. Berle (1895–1971) was one of the first authors to combine legal and economic analysis, and his work stands as a founding pillar of thought in modern corporate governance. Like Keynes, Berle was at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, but subsequently resigned from his diplomatic job dissatisfied with the Versailles Treaty terms. In his book with Gardiner C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932), he detailed the evolution in the contemporary economy of big business, and argued that those who controlled big firms should be better held to account. |
9574_10 | Directors of companies are held to account to the shareholders of companies, or not, by the rules found in company law statutes. This might include rights to elect and fire the management, require for regular general meetings, accounting standards, and so on. In 1930s America, the typical company laws (e.g. in Delaware) did not clearly mandate such rights. Berle argued that the unaccountable directors of companies were therefore apt to funnel the fruits of enterprise profits into their own pockets, as well as manage in their own interests. The ability to do this was supported by the fact that the majority of shareholders in big public companies were single individuals, with scant means of communication, in short, divided and conquered. |
9574_11 | Berle served in President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's administration through the depression, and was a key member of the so-called "Brain trust" developing many of the New Deal policies. In 1967, Berle and Means issued a revised edition of their work, in which the preface added a new dimension. It was not only the separation of controllers of companies from the owners as shareholders at stake. They posed the question of what the corporate structure was really meant to achieve. |
9574_12 | “Stockholders toil not, neither do they spin, to earn [dividends and share price increases]. They are beneficiaries by position only. Justification for their inheritance... can be founded only upon social grounds... that justification turns on the distribution as well as the existence of wealth. Its force exists only in direct ratio to the number of individuals who hold such wealth. Justification for the stockholder's existence thus depends on increasing distribution within the American population. Ideally the stockholder's position will be impregnable only when every American family has its fragment of that position and of the wealth by which the opportunity to develop individuality becomes fully actualized.”
John Kenneth Galbraith |
9574_13 | John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006) worked in the New Deal administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Although he wrote later, and was more developed than the earlier institutional economists, Galbraith was critical of orthodox economics throughout the late twentieth century. In The Affluent Society (1958), Galbraith argues voters reaching a certain material wealth begin to vote against the common good. He uses the term "conventional wisdom" to refer to the orthodox ideas that underpin the resulting conservative consensus.
In an age of big business, it is unrealistic to think only of markets of the classical kind. Big businesses set their own terms in the marketplace, and use their combined resources for advertising programmes to support demand for their own products. As a result, individual preferences actually reflect the preferences of entrenched corporations, a "dependence effect", and the economy as a whole is geared to irrational goals. |
9574_14 | In The New Industrial State Galbraith argues that economic decisions are planned by a private bureaucracy, a technostructure of experts who manipulate marketing and public relations channels. This hierarchy is self-serving, profits are no longer the prime motivator, and even managers are not in control. Because they are the new planners, corporations detest risk, requiring steady economic and stable markets. They recruit governments to serve their interests with fiscal and monetary policy. |
9574_15 | While the goals of an affluent society and complicit government serve the irrational technostructure, public space is simultaneously impoverished. Galbraith paints the picture of stepping from penthouse villas on to unpaved streets, from landscaped gardens to unkempt public parks. In Economics and the Public Purpose (1973) Galbraith advocates a "new socialism" (social democracy) as the solution, with nationalization of military production and public services such as health care, plus disciplined salary and price controls to reduce inequality and hamper inflation.
New institutional economics
With the new developments in the economic theory of organizations, information, property rights, and
transaction costs, an attempt was made to integrate institutionalism into more recent developments in mainstream economics, under the title new institutional economics.
Institutionalist political economy |
9574_16 | The vacillations of institutions are necessarily a result of the very incentives created by such institutions, and are thus endogenous. Emphatically, traditional institutionalism is in many ways a response to the current economic orthodoxy; its reintroduction in the form of institutionalist political economy is thus an explicit challenge to neoclassical economics, since it is based on the fundamental premise that neoclassicists oppose: that economics cannot be separated from the political and social system within which it is embedded.
Institutionalism today |
9574_17 | The earlier approach was a central element in American economics in the interwar years after 1919, but was marginalized relative to mainstream economics in the postwar period with the ascendence of neoclassical and Keynesian approaches. It continued, however, as a leading heterodox approach in critiquing neoclassical economics and as an alternative research program in economics, most notably through the work of Ha-Joon Chang and Geoffrey Hodgson
The leading Swedish economist Lars Pålsson Syll is a believer in institutional economics.
He is an outspoken opponent to all kinds of social constructivism and postmodern relativism. |
9574_18 | Criticism
Critics of institutionalism have maintained that the concept of "institution" is so central for all social science that it is senseless to use it as a buzzword for a particular theoretical school. And as a consequence, the elusive meaning of the concept of "institution" has resulted in a bewildering and never-ending dispute about which scholars are "institutionalists" or not—and a similar confusion about what is supposed to be the core of the theory. In other words, institutional economics has become so popular because it means all things to all people, which in the end of the day is the meaning of nothing. |
9574_19 | Indeed, it can be argued that the term "institutionalists" was misplaced from the very beginning, since Veblen, Hamilton and Ayres were preoccupied with the evolutionary (and "objectifying") forces of technology and institutions had a secondary place within their theories. Institutions were almost a kind of "anti-stuff"; their key concern was on technology and not on institutions. Rather than being "institutional," Veblen, Hamilton and Ayres’ position is anti-institutional.
Response
According to Thaler and Sunstein, a person is not generally best described as an Econ, a person with mainly self-interest in mind, but rather as a Human. Institutional economics, consistent with Thaler and Sunstein, sees humans as social and part of a community, which has been extracted from neoclassical economics. The Metaeconomics Frame and Dual Interest Theory argues that it is essential to integrate institutional and neoclassical economics. |
9574_20 | Journals
Journal of Economic Issues and article-abstract links to 2008.
Journal of Institutional Economics with links to selected articles and to article abstracts.
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics
See also
Institutional economists (category)
Constitutional economics
Critical juncture theory
History of economic thought
Economic sociology
Historical school of economics, a related school developed in Prussia
Institutional logic
Institutionalist political economy
New institutionalism
Perspectives on Capitalism
Substantivism
Notes |
9574_21 | References
Kapp, K. William (2011). The Foundations of Institutional Economics, Routledge.
Bromley, Daniel (2006). Sufficient Reason: Volitional Pragmatism and the Meaning of Economic Institutions, Princeton University Press.
Chang, Ha-Joon (2002). Globalization, Economic Development and the Role of the State, Zed Books.
Cheung, Steven N. S. (1970). "The Structure of a Contract and the Theory of a Non-Exclusive Resource," Journal of Law and Economics, 13(1), pp. 49–70.
Commons, John R. (1931). "Institutional Economics," American Economic Review Vol. 21 : p pp. 648–57.
_ (1931). "Institutional Economics," American Economic Review, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Dec.), Vol. 26, No. 1, (1936): pp. 237–49.
_ (1934 [1986]). Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy, Macmillan. Description and preview.
Davis, John B. (2007). "The Nature of Heterodox Economics," Post-autistic Economics Review, issue no. 40. |
9574_22 | _, “Why Is Economics Not Yet a Pluralistic Science?”, Post-autistic Economics Review, issue no. 43, 15 September, pp. 43–51.
Easterly, William (2001). "Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict?" Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 49, No. 4), pp. 687–706.
Fiorito, Luca and Massimiliano Vatiero, (2011). "Beyond Legal Relations: Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld's Influence on American Institutionalism". Journal of Economics Issues, 45 (1): 199–222.
Galbraith, John Kenneth, (1973). "Power & the Useful Economist," American Economic Review 63:1–11.
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (1998). "The Approach of Institutional Economics," Journal of Economic Literature, 36(1), pp. 166–92 (close Bookmarks).
_, ed. (2003). Recent Developments in Institutional Economics, Elgar. Description and contents.
_ (2004). The Evolution of Institutional Economics: Agency, Structure and Darwinism in American Institutionalism, London and New York: Routledge. |
9574_23 | Geoffrey M. Hodgson and Thorbjørn Knudsen, "Darwin's Conjecture" The Montreal Review (August, 2011).
Hodgson, Samuels, & Tool (1994). The Elgar Companion to Institutional & Evolutionary Economics, Edward Elgar.
Keaney, Michael, (2002). "Critical Institutionalism: From American Exceptionalism to International Relevance", in Understanding Capitalism: Critical Analysis From Karl Marx to Amartya Sen, ed. Doug Dowd, Pluto Press.
Nicita, A., and M. Vatiero (2007). “The Contract and the Market: Towards a Broader Notion of Transaction?”. Studi e Note di Economia, 1:7–22.
North, Douglass C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press.
Elinor Ostrom (2005). "Doing Institutional Analysis: Digging Deeper than Markets and Hierarchies," Handbook of New Institutional Economics, C. Ménard and M. Shirley, eds. Handbook of New Institutional Economics, pp. 819–848. Springer. |
9574_24 | Rutherford, Malcolm (2001). "Institutional Economics: Then and Now," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Summer), pp. 173–94.
_ (2011). The Institutionalist Movement in American Economics, 1918-1947: Science and Social Control, Cambridge University Press.
Li, Rita Yi Man (2011). "Everyday Life Application of Neo-institutional Economics: A Global Perspective", Germany, Lambert.
Schmid, A. Allan (2004). Conflict & Cooperation: Institutional & Behavioral Economics, Blackwell.
Samuels, Warren J. (2007), The Legal-Economic Nexus, Routledge.
From The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'' (2008):
Polterovich, Victor. "institutional traps." Abstract.
Rutherford, Malcolm. "institutionalism, old." Abstract.
Samuels, Warren J. [1987]. "institutional economics." Abstract. |
9574_25 | External links
Association for Evolutionary Economics
World Interdisciplinary Network for Institutional Research
Douglass North Nobel lecture
Institutional & Behavioral Economics
American Institutional School
Thorstein Veblen, Bibliography
T. Veblen: The Leisureclass
T. Veblen: Why is Economics Not an Evolutionary Science?
T. Veblen: The Beginning of Ownership av Thorstein Veblen
T. Veblen: Theory of Business Enterprise
Geoffrey Hodgson's website
Thorstein Veblen |
9575_0 | SunCommon is a Vermont-based installer of residential solar power systems. It is headquartered in Waterbury, Vermont. The business was co-founded by Duane Peterson and James Moore.
The company originated with advocacy group Vermont Public Interest Research Group (VPIRG), which in September 2010 started a program to install solar power and hot water systems for homeowners. To meet the demand for clean energy, a new entity was needed that could take in outside capital and scale up, so Duane and James launched SunCommon. SunCommon was officially launched in March 2012 after finding funding via private investment; when it began operations, it had 16 employees and annual revenue of about $2 million. SunCommon installed its 1,000th residential solar system in December 2014, and by late 2016 had reached 2,000 installations, with a workforce of about 100. Its 2015 revenue was about $22 million. |
9575_1 | In May 2018, SunCommon expanded into New York after merging with Hudson Solar. As of March 2020, SunCommon employed 189 people and added over 80 Megawatts of solar to the electric grids of Vermont and New York. This number includes over 8,000 residences and 37 Community Solar Arrays.
Products
Residential Solar
SunCommon installs both roof and ground mounted systems in both Vermont and New York. As of March 2020, they have installed over 8,000 residential systems.
Solar Canopy
The Solar Canopy is a unique stand-alone structure with bifacial solar panels. The Solar Canopy comes in single, double, and triple bay sizes and is now offered in both Vermont and New York. The frame is built using sculpted beams from New Energy Works in Rochester, New York. SunCommon Solar Canopies cover the parking lots of notable businesses in Vermont, such as the Hunger Mountain Co-Op and the Alchemist brewery. |
9575_2 | Community Solar
Community Solar is a new way to be powered by solar energy without having to put solar panels on your home. SunCommon has installed many Community Solar Arrays (CSAs) throughout Vermont and New York. Some of their most notable CSAs are in New York.
Orange County Citizens Foundation Community Solar Array
The CSA at the Orange County Citizens Foundation (OCCF) in Sugar Loaf, NY hosts solar panels on the foundation's land, capable of powering over 60 area homes and businesses. SunCommon announced a grant to local artists for an outdoor installation near the CSA at the 55-acre Seligmann Center at OCCF. The winners of the grant were Maxine Leu and Michael Asbill. The sculptures double as a shelter and a food source for local wildlife. One of the installations is planted with blackberries and grapes, and the other element is essentially a giant bird feeder. |
9575_3 | The Pointe of Praise Family Life Center Community Solar Array
This CSA in Kingston, NY was built in two phases and has the capacity to serve about 60 households. "The Pointe of Praise church has received panels in exchange for the use of their land to host the array... They are donating 75 percent of their panels to low- and moderate-income seniors in the congregation. Pollinator-friendly vegetation will be planted around the array."
Red Hook Community Solar Array
In January 2020, SunCommon hosted a ribbon cutting event for their CSA in Red Hook, NY. "The project will power municipal buildings in Tivoli, Red Hook, and local homes. Red Hook officials say this will save the community thousands each year, providing electric bill credits to 270 homes and 16 municipal electric accounts." |
9575_4 | Columbia County's First Community Solar Array
In December 2017, "the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) and Hudson Solar (now SunCommon) announced the completion of the first community solar project in Columbia County. This 214 kilowatt CSA is located on one acre... and can accommodate up to 40 customers. The solar system is located in the town of Clermont and the will provide environmental benefits by removing about 71 metric tons of CO2 from the atmosphere."
Home Energy Storage
SunCommon offers home energy storage in Vermont and New York. The grid-tied solar and battery back-up systems work together to keep the critical loads of a home running during power outages. Homeowners are able to generate clean, automatic, silent back-up power. In February 2019, SunCommon partnered with Vermont's largest utility, Green Mountain Power, to pilot a home energy storage program. |
9575_5 | Small Business & Commercial Solar
SunCommon has helped business owners in every sector, including manufacturing, retail, healthcare, agriculture, office and apartment buildings, hospitality and more, go solar. Some of their most noteworthy commercial installations include:
The Alchemist (Stowe, VT)
The Alchemist brewery teamed up with SunCommon in 2018 to build Vermont’s first large-scale solar-covered parking lot. The parking lot holds two large Solar Canopies made up of nearly 400 solar panels, and covers 31 parking spots.
Caledonia Spirits (Montpelier, VT)
The new Montpelier headquarters of Caledonia Spirits features a roof of solar panels installed by SunCommon.
Other Product Offerings
SunCommon also installs Solar Heating & Cooling, as well as Electric Vehicle (EV) Chargers for residences. |
9575_6 | Awards & Recognitions
SunCommon was #22 on the Real Leaders Top 100 Impact Company in 2019.
SunCommon was named one of the Best Places to Work in Vermont.
SunCommon was recognized as a “Best For The World” B Corp for environmental excellence.
James Moore (SunCommon Co-Founder) received the 2019 Renewable Energy Innovation Award from Renewable Energy Vermont.
Duane Peterson (SunCommon Co-Founder) received the Terry Ehrich Award for Excellence in Socially Responsible Business.
SunCommon is recognized as a NYSERDA Quality Solar Installer. "Contractors that earn the NYSERDA Quality Solar Installers designation consistently meet high standards of quality. Hiring a NYSERDA Quality Solar Installer means you're choosing an installer who exceeds annual quality assurance criteria backed by New York State and consistently provides top tier performance and quality."
SunCommon is registered with the Better Business Bureau. |
9575_7 | Responsible Business Practices
SunCommon is a Certified BCorp (B Corporation) in Vermont and New York State, having passed a rigorous assessment of responsible business practices. Certified B Corporations are a new kind of business that balances purpose and profit. They are legally required to consider the impact of their decisions on their workers, customers, suppliers, community, and the environment. SunCommon is also a Public Benefit Corporation. |
9575_8 | SunCommon's Vermont headquarters is a Net-Positive Office Building, meaning the building produces more energy than it uses. SunCommon's New York office was determined by NESEA (the Northeast Sustainable Energy Association) to have become the first proven zero-net energy commercial building in New York State and the ten northeast United States (October 2008). The building consumes less energy than it generates, using a solar electric system to generate power from the sun, geothermal heating and cooling, and solar thermal collectors to heat all its hot water. SunCommon also created the Drive Electric Pledge, in which they pledged not to purchase or lease any fossil fuel burning vehicles as long as there are viable electric alternatives.
SunCommon offers employees Student Debt Paydown and Paid Family Leave. |
9575_9 | Duane Peterson (SunCommon Co-Founder) participates in Change The Story Vermont's "Champions for Change". This group "uses their personal and collective leadership to elevate gender equity as an issue of social and economic importance in [Vermont]. Champions for Change meets regularly and takes action on pay equity." SunCommon also sponsors organizations such as Vermont Works for Women and their "Women Can Do" and "Rosie's Girls" programs. SunCommon has also worked with the Vermont Youth Lobby to help encourage students to take an active role in their government. Additionally, in 2018, SunCommon built small trailers that brought charging stations, water filtration and lighting to Puerto Rico, which was devastated by Hurricane Maria. Finally, SunCommon frequently hosts Holiday Giving Campaigns. They have partnered with local organizations such as the Vermont Foodbank and Habitat for Humanity to address prevalent issues like food insecurity and the lack of affordable housing. |
9575_10 | Community Event Work
SunCommon participates in community events across New York and Vermont. They have attended educational events, such as the SUNY Educational Summit, and have created their own events, like the SunCarnival and the Climate Action Film Festival.
References
External links
Official website
Companies based in Waterbury, Vermont
Solar energy companies of the United States
Energy companies established in 2011 |
9576_0 | Prince Jerzy Ossoliński h. Topór (15 December 1595 – 9 August 1650) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic), Crown Court Treasurer from 1632, governor (voivode) of Sandomierz from 1636, Reichsfürst (Imperial Prince) since 1634, Crown Deputy Chancellor from 1639, Great Crown Chancellor from 1643, sheriff (starost) of Bydgoszcz (1633), Lubomel (1639), Puck and Bolim (1647), magnate, politician and diplomat. Famous for being extensively educated, he was a skillful politician and a persuasive public speaker.
Biography |
9576_1 | He was sent with diplomatic missions to the Pope in Rome in 1633. He negotiated with Brandenburgians of Duchy of Prussia in 1635 and led another diplomatic mission to Emperor Ferdinand II and his parliament in Regensburg (Polish: Ratyzbona) in 1636. As a leader of the pro-Habsburg faction at the royal court, he found an ally in the first wife of Władysław IV Waza, Cecilia Renata of Austria, daughter of Ferdinand II. In 1639 and 1641 he once again negotiated with envoys from the Duchy of Prussia. A Catholic, he opposed Protestants and advocated limiting their rights and privileges. In his pro-Habsburg and anti-Protestant stance he was allied with Chancellor Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł and Queen Cecilia Renata. |
9576_2 | In 1643 he was appointed Chancellor of the Crown. A close royal adviser, he often supported king Władysław IV Waza from the House of Vasa, arguing for increasing monarch power, although he was known for limiting and withdrawing his support if he knew it was impossible to win. Nonetheless he was among the few who supported Władysław's plans in the late 1640s to wage an offensive war on the Ottoman Empire. He had few friends among the lesser szlachta, whom he mostly disliked and treated the Sejm and regional sejmiks as a 'necessary evil', although he rarely broke any laws. |
9576_3 | From 1644 he switched his alignment from pro-Habsburg to pro-French and supported the second marriage of King Władysław with Ludwika Maria Gonzaga. During his life he became the enemy of Adam Kazanowski and Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, whose power diminished with the marriage between Władysław and Cecylia in 1637. Rival of bishop and chancellor Piotr Gembicki, whom he eventually forced to retire from politics in 1642, receiving his position of Great Crown Chancellor.
He was not the wealthiest of magnates, his possessions were very small compared to those of Radziwiłłs or Wiśniowieckis, but almost none of them were mortgaged or loaned. In 1635 he funded the expansion of his family castle in Ossolin. Between 1639–1642 he funded the palace in the capital city of Warsaw.
After the death of Władysław IV in 1648 he supported the election of his half brother John Casimir and was instrumental in his election. |
9576_4 | Ossoliński also was in favour of treaties with the Cossacks, he took part in the negotiations and was an important contributor to the Treaty of Zborów in 1649.
He was a well regarded speaker and orator (he served twice as the Speaker of the Sejm in 1631 and 1635).
He was also an author of:
Orationess... (1647)
Mercurius Sarmatiae (1716)
Pamiętnik (The Diary or Memoires) 1595–1621 (1952)
He also wrote the diaries of the embassy to Germany (1877) and to Rome (1883).
Brother of Krzysztof Ossoliński (1587–1645), voivode of Sandomierz (1638), and Maksymilian Ossoliński (1588–1665), chorąży sandomierski (1624), Deputy Court Treasurer.
Marriage and issue
Jerzy married Izabella Daniłłowicz h. Sas in 1620 in Lwów and had four children: |
9576_5 | Prince Franciszek Ossoliński (died 1648), married to Katarzyna Działyńska h. Ogończyk
Princess Urszula Brygida Ossolińska, married to Samuel Kalinowski h. Kalinowa (died at the Batih massacre), son of Hetman Marcin Kalinowski
Princess Helena Tekla Ossolińska (died 1687), married to Prince Aleksander Michał Lubomirski
Princess Anna Teresa Ossolińska (died 1651), married to Zygmunt Doenhoff, son of Kasper Doenhoff
Bibliography |
9576_6 | Błażejewski Stanisław, Kutta Janusz, Romaniuk Marek: Bydgoski Słownik Biograficzny. Tom III. Bydgoszcz 1996. , str. 107-109
Bohomolec Franciszek, Życie Jerzego Ossolińskiego, kanclerza wielkiego koronnego, lubelskiego, lubomskiego, lubaczowskiego, bogusławskiego, brodnickiego, ryckiego, derpskiego, adzielskiego, stanisławowskiego i bydgoskiego starosty T. 1 i 2 Kraków 1860
Ludwik Kubala, Szkice historyczne seria 1, wyd.3 Kraków 1896; Jerzy Ossoliński Lwów 1883 T. 1, T. 2, Jerzy Ossoliński wyd. 2 rozszerzone, Warszawa Ossolineum 1924.
Polski Słownik Biograficzny t. 24 s. 403
A True Copy of the Latine Oration of the Excellent George Ossolinski, Count Palatine of Tenizyn, and Sendomyria, Chamberlain to the Kings Maiestie of Poland, and Suethland, and Embassadour to the Kings most Excellent Maiesty. As it was pronounced to his Maiestie at White-Hall by the said Embassadour, on Sunday the 11. of March, 1620.
External links
Ossolinski Gallery of Portraits
References |
9576_7 | 1595 births
1650 deaths
Polish Princes of the Holy Roman Empire
Jerzy
Polish people of the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) |
9577_0 | Ras El Bar ( , ), which translates to "head of land", is a resort city in the Governorate of Damietta, Egypt. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea at the mouth of the Damietta Nile branch. There are approximately 25,000 permanent residents in the city. However, during the summer peak holiday season, from July to September, the population quickly expands to over 250,000.
Geography
Location
Ras El Bar lies in a peninsula on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and it is bordered on the western by the Damietta Nile branch. The area of "Lessan" is located in the extreme northern part of this peninsula, and it is at this point where the Damietta Nile arm flows in the Mediterranean sea, which gives Ras El Bar the shape of a triangle.
Climate
The climate of Ras El Bar is classified as hot desert (BWh) by Köppen-Geiger system although tempered by the proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. |
9577_1 | Geomorphology
While Ras El Bar is within the Nile Delta, its sandy soils are due to predominant coastal processes with much of the city lying on the foreshore dune structures. Older portions of the city are in the natural levee of the Damietta river.
Animals and Plants
Many dolphins visit Ras El Bar shores
Many kinds of wild birds actually live in the Manzala lake
In the fall season, many of the immigrating flocks of European birds pass by Ras El Bar in their course to South Africa
Infrastructure |
9577_2 | Houses
The land renting system started back since 1898, then started building houses and villas that were named "e'sha" (hut). In 1902, the first civic plan for the town was implemented. The plan established that the streets would be straight block style to maintain the town's beauty. At the very beginning those huts were built of wood and other simple materials, had only one floor and hosted only one family. These were temporary structures built at the start of the summer and removed at its end. Eventually, newer permanent villas replaced these using cement and bricks. Now, single blocks may have twelve units with most of them with garages. They are still named "e'sha" (hut) among locals. |
9577_3 | Roads
The main road in Ras El Bar is called "Port Said road". Most of the streets are dirt roads and are numbered. The street numbers start from "El Moderiya Street". Streets north of it have even numbers while streets south of it have odd numbers.
Port Said Street: is the main access in Ras El-Bar and it connects its entrance to the beginning of "Lesan".
Nile Street: primary commercial street running parallel to the river.
External:
Older roads that link Ras El-Bar with other governorates are available all year long.
Sports
There are many kinds of sports like beach sports; swimming competitions which involve crossing the nile from Damietta to Ras El Bar.
Many clubs and gyms for sports like football, volleyball, handball, Kung Fu, karate, judo, etc.
Education
Ras El Bar as a summer resort has a small number of permanent residents, therefore there are few schools and universities. |
9577_4 | Economy
Since early ages, Ras El Bar has been a main port for all kinds of goods that pass through the Nile and/or come from the sea.
Oil and gas exploration
There has been gas and oil exploration going on in Ras El Bar for a number of years.
Fishing
Ras El Bar is a huge centre for fishing boats that leave into the Mediterranean sea and return loaded with different kinds of fish that helped in enriching this industry all over the country. It is also a spot for manufacturing ships of all kinds and sizes, especially fishing ones.
History |
9577_5 | Pharaohs
Ras El Bar has been called many names since the Pharaos. Pharos called it the Mediterranean Sea (the great green sea), then came the Romans and called it "The Romans Sea" on 30 AD, and the spot where sea could meet a river was called (Be Tamosh) and it meant the place between two waves or two seas. The name itself Ras El Bar came from some sailors who felt that this place can be the shelter from the sea's dangers. "Ras" is the start and "El Bar" is the land so it is the start of land and the shelter of any sailor. This place was mentioned in the Quran for three times only to stress out the mighty power of god that made both river and sea meet with a separator that can never be seen and stops them from blending.
Greek and Roman eras
Damietta was known as "Tamiats" during the Greek and Roman eras, and it was known as "Tamiat" during the time of Veterans Copts. |
9577_6 | Islamic era
According to the Historical Documents, "Tamiats" was an important Coptic Bishopric during the Fifth Century. The name "Demt", which means "the ability" in the Syriac Language, was also mentioned in a verse sent to the prophet "Idris" or "Herms". The sense behind the name is the ability that combined the fresh water and the brine water together in that place.
After the revealing of the Quran and before the Islamic conquest of Egypt, it was mentioned that Omar Ibn Al-Khattab recalled the Islamic prophet Muhammad's words as follows "Omar, you will open two ports in Egypt, Alexandria and Damietta. About Alexandria, it was destroyed by barbarians. About Damietta, its people are martyrs. This who does this for a night will be with me along with the other Prophets at Al Kuds". |
9577_7 | According to Anas ibn Malik, who was one of Muhammad's companions, Muhammad said "Muslims will open a port that is considered the "ability" place, in which the olds of my 'Ummah' will live; a one night in this place is better than a thousand months worship; it is the "ability" place for those who sacrifice their souls for God." Then, Anas said "and what is that "ability" place, Prophet?" Muhammad said "It is the place that is spelled with D, M, and T."
Damietta is called Caphtor by several ancient manuscripts including the Bible, Koran, Josephues, and Egyptian texts. The Torah may use the spelling "Kaftor". Being mentioned and described in the three Holy Heavenly religions is a great pride that Damietta has out of many beautiful places
Crusades
Damietta' position on the west bank of the Nile river is a strategic location that urged many enemies' fleets to conquer the city, and that also urged its people to build a number of fortifying castles and towers to protect the city. |
9577_8 | In 1218, The Crusaders started to approach Damietta, and they made a dike surrounded by a bailey to protect them, and they settled there where they initiated their assaults against the strong resistance from the Dumyaty people. The resistance stilled strong for four months, but the Crusaders condensed their attacks and they surrounded the whole city abandoning it and its people from any coming support. However, the Dumyaty people stand strong and kept resisting till the summer season came, and the flood filled the Nile river with water till the baileys were destroyed, and the dike became like an island surrounded with water. After that, the Crusaders were seeking a conciliating treaty to get out of the city and the whole country. After thirty years, the Crusaders came back to conquer Egypt as a starting point for invading Palestine and the other Arab countries. |
9577_9 | In 1248, the king of France at that time, Louis IX, sailed from southern France with a great fleet until he reached Damietta's beaches. At that time, the Prince Fakhr El Din left the city with no army and ran away. However, the Dumyaty people resisted that fleet. They burnt their shops and everything that the enemy could make use of, and they retreated to the jungles and the inner places in the city to inveigle the enemy. Then, they started their enchorial stood out and they beaten the French in a number of battles. The last battle was at Faraskour, which is a city on the Nile River, where Dumyaty people killed a number of ten thousand men from the French, and they captivated the others along with the king Louis IX, and they imprisoned him. Later on, King Louis IX paid four thousand Egyptian Pounds to be released along with his men, and he left the Damietta on May 8, 1250, and that date became the National Day of Damietta later on. |
9577_10 | The battle was known as Mansoura battle it took place at the recent mansoura city on the Nile river and the king of France at that time was imprisoned at Dar Ibn Lokman.
Modern era
Damietta started to create a new path towards peace and safe life after struggling against invaders. The new path is representing its natural rule that it was created for, which is tourism. |
9577_11 | Ras el-Bar is noted as the destination of the celebrated Druze Princess, songstress and film actress Asmahaan (real name, Amaal al-Atrash, q.v.), still revered by many as the greatest Arabic-music singer ever, when she was killed in a car crash in nearby Mansoura, Egypt in July 1944. The two-door car in which she was being chauffeured in the back seat with a female companion went out of control and crashed into a roadside canal there, drowning her and the companion, though the driver managed to escape, giving rise to multiple conspiracy theories as to the cause of the fatality, based on antagonism towards Asmahaan on the part of both the British and Germans during WWII, on the part of Egyptians, Druze and her own family members, including her ex-husband, because of her behavior that they saw as scandalous and dishonorable, and on the part of her great rival the singer Umm Kulthuwm out of jealousy, all which theories are mere speculation, as no evidence of any of them has ever been |
9577_12 | found. |
9577_13 | Recently, an alleyway by the side of the Nile River was made at the city of Ras El Bar. The other side of the alleyway contains a number of shops and restaurants till it reaches the area of "El Lesan". "El Lesan" is the place where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Nile River, and it was also developed to compete with worldwide tourist places.
See also
List of World War II North Africa Airfields LG-238
References
External links
Damietta Governorate
Ras El Bar Fans Facebook Page
Populated places in Damietta Governorate |
9578_0 | Iljo Keisse (born 21 December 1982) is a Belgian racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . Keisse races on the track and on the road, specializing himself until recently in riding six-day races. He notably has won the Six Days of Ghent seven times and reached the podium a total of 12 times.
Biography
Keisse was born in Ghent. Together with his teammate Matthew Gilmore, he won three Six-day races in 2005–2006: Grenoble, Ghent and Hasselt. After his victory in the 2008 Six Days of Ghent, both his A and B samples tested positive for cathine and a diuretic which has been used to mask the presence of doping agents. He was fired by his team on 11 January 2009.
He joined the John Saey-Deschacht-Hyundai team in May 2009. |
9578_1 | On 2 November 2009, Keisse was cleared of any wrongdoing, with investigators finding that the positives were not the result of intentional doping and likely resulted from a contaminated dietary supplement. On 7 July 2010, the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld an appeal by the World Anti-Doping Agency and reinstated Keisse's ban. He is credited for the 11 months he already sat out, meaning he was eligible to return to competition in August 2011. In November, the CAS' decision was overturned by the Belgian Court of Appeals, allowing Keisse to ride the 2010 Six Days of Ghent. Keisse remained banned in Belgium until 27 January 2012, but re-signed with for the 2012 season. |
9578_2 | On 28 April 2012, Keisse won Stage 7 of the Tour of Turkey in dramatic fashion. After leaving the rest of a seven-man breakaway, Keisse crashed on the final corner. He remounted his bike, realized his chain was off, restrung it, and held off the chasing peloton by three bike lengths in a sprint for the line. The first chasers were given the same time as his. This was the first professional win of his career and his last for over two years. His next victory was in the Châteauroux Classic in August 2014. Another win came in 2015, at the Ronde van Zeeland Seaports; he won this race from a group of three riders who had escaped earlier. In the Giro d'Italia, Keisse won the last stage in Milan, upsetting the sprinters' plans. He got clear with 's Luke Durbridge and outsprinted him for the victory.
Major results
Track |
9578_3 | 2004
2nd Six Days of Ghent (with Andreas Beikirch)
2nd Six Days of Fiorenzuola (with Franco Marvulli)
3rd Six Days of Grenoble (with Wouter Van Mechelen)
2005
1st Madison (with Matthew Gilmore), UEC European Track Championships
1st Six Days of Fiorenzuola (with Matthew Gilmore)
1st Six Days of Grenoble (with Matthew Gilmore)
1st Six Days of Ghent (with Matthew Gilmore)
3rd Six Days of Amsterdam (with Matthew Gilmore)
3rd Six Days of Bremen (with Marco Villa)
2006
1st Derny, UEC European Track Championships
1st Points race, National Track Championships
1st Six Days of Hasselt (with Matthew Gilmore)
2nd Six Days of Stuttgart (with Robert Bartko & Leif Lampater)
2nd Six Days of Zürich (with Robert Bartko)
2nd Six Days of Rotterdam (with Matthew Gilmore)
2nd Six Days of Munich (with Franco Marvulli)
2007
1st Six Days of Rotterdam (with Robert Bartko)
1st Six Days of Ghent (with Robert Bartko)
1st Six Days of Amsterdam (with Robert Bartko) |
9578_4 | 2nd Points race, UCI Track World Championships
2nd Derny, UEC European Track Championships
2nd Six Days of Maastricht (with Marco Villa)
2nd Six Days of Zürich (with Robert Bartko)
2nd Six Days of Munich (with Franco Marvulli)
2nd Six Days of Hasselt (with Marco Villa)
3rd Six Days of Bremen (with Robert Bartko)
2008
1st Madison, UEC European Track Championships (with Kenny De Ketele)
National Track Championships
1st Points race
1st Madison (with Kenny De Ketele)
1st Six Days of Stuttgart (with Robert Bartko & Leif Lampater)
1st Six Days of Bremen (with Robert Bartko)
1st Six Days of Ghent (with Robert Bartko)
1st Six Days of Munich (with Robert Bartko)
2nd Six Days of Zürich (with Robert Bartko)
2nd Six Days of Hasselt (with Kenny De Ketele)
2nd Six Days of Fiorenzuola (with Franco Marvulli)
3rd Six Days of Amsterdam (with Robert Bartko)
3rd Six Days of Copenhagen (with Danny Stam)
3rd Six Days of Rotterdam (with Robert Bartko)
2009 |
9578_5 | National Track Championships
1st Points race
1st Madison (with Kenny De Ketele)
2nd Six Days of Ghent (with Roger Kluge)
3rd Six Days of Grenoble (with Gianni Meersman)
2010
1st Six Days of Ghent (with Peter Schep)
1st Six Days of Rotterdam (with Danny Stam)
2nd Six Days of Bremen (with Robert Bartko)
2nd Six Days of Copenhagen (with Robert Bartko)
2011
1st Madison (with Kenny De Ketele), UEC European Track Championships
National Track Championships
1st Derny
1st Madison (with Gert-Jan Van Immerseel)
1st Scratch
1st Six Days of Amsterdam (with Niki Terpstra)
1st Six Days of Grenoble (with Morgan Kneisky)
1st Six Days of Zürich (with Franco Marvulli)
2012
1st Six Days of Ghent (with Glenn O'Shea)
1st Six Days of Grenoble (with Kenny De Ketele)
1st Six Days of Copenhagen (with Marc Hester)
2nd Six Days of Amsterdam (with Niki Terpstra)
3rd Six Days of Bremen (with Leif Lampater)
3rd Six Days of Berlin (with Kenny De Ketele)
2013 |
9578_6 | 1st Six Days of Rotterdam (with Niki Terpstra)
1st Six Days of Zürich (with Silvan Dillier)
2nd Six Days of Ghent (with Wim Stroetinga)
3rd Six Days of Grenoble (with Jasper De Buyst)
2014
National Track Championships
1st Madison (with Jasper De Buyst)
1st Scratch
1st Six Days of Rotterdam (with Niki Terpstra)
1st Six Days of Zürich (with Mark Cavendish)
2nd Six Days of Ghent (with Mark Cavendish)
2015
1st Six Days of Ghent (with Michael Mørkøv)
1st Six Days of Rotterdam (with Niki Terpstra)
1st Revolution Round 2 (with Andy Tennant)
1st Revolution Round 3 (with Wim Stroetinga)
1st Points Race
1st Team Elimination
3rd Six Days of London (with Gijs Van Hoecke)
2016
2nd Overall Revolution Champions League
3rd Six Days of Ghent (with Elia Viviani)
2017
1st Six Days of Bremen (with Marcel Kalz)
2018
1st Six Days of Ghent (with Elia Viviani)
2019
1st Six Days of Bremen (with Jasper De Buyst) |
9578_7 | Six Days results timeline
Road
2004
1st Stage 6 Tour du Loir-et-Cher
5th Overall Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux
2005
9th Bruxelles–Ingooigem
2006
4th Flèche Hesbignonne
6th Overall Tour of Britain
9th Overall Tour de Wallonie
2007
1st Textielprijs Vichte
3rd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
7th Halle–Ingooigem
8th Omloop van het Waasland
2008
1st Textielprijs Vichte
4th GP Briek Schotte
2011
10th Dutch Food Valley Classic
2012
1st Stage 7 Tour of Turkey
2013
1st Omloop Mandel-Leie-Schelde
3rd Münsterland Giro
2014
1st Châteauroux Classic
2nd GP Briek Schotte
2015
1st Ronde van Zeeland Seaports
1st Profronde Deurne
1st Stage 21 Giro d'Italia
1st Stage 1 (TTT) Czech Cycling Tour
Combativity award Stage 5 Vuelta a España
2017
1st Omloop Mandel-Leie-Schelde
1st Textielprijs Vichte
3rd Le Samyn
3rd Halle–Ingooigem
10th Dwars door West-Vlaanderen
2020
2nd Road race, National Road Championships
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
References |
9578_8 | External links
Official website from Iljo Keisse and Matthew Gilmore
Belgian male cyclists
Belgian track cyclists
Living people
1982 births
Sportspeople from Ghent
Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists of Belgium
Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey stage winners
Doping cases in cycling
Belgian sportspeople in doping cases
Belgian Giro d'Italia stage winners |
9579_0 | This List of Castles in Ireland, be they in the Northern Ireland and thus United Kingdom or in the Republic of Ireland, is organised by county within their respective country.
Republic of Ireland
County Carlow
County Cavan
County Clare
County Cork |
9579_1 | Aghamarta Castle
Aghamhaoila Castle
Ballea Castle
Ballinacarriga Castle
Ballincollig Castle
Ballintotis Castle
Ballybeg Castle
Ballyclogh Castle
Ballyhooly Castle
Ballymaloe Castle
Ballynamona Castle
Ballyrobert Castle
Barryscourt Castle, restored castle OPW info
Belvelly Castle
Ballyva Manor, built in the 1850s by Timothy Hurley
Blackrock Castle, restored castle
Blackwater Castle, restored castle
Blarney Castle, restored castle
Buttevant Castle
Carrigacunna Castle
Carrigadrohid Castle
Carrigleamleary castle
Carrignamuck Castle
Carriganass Castle
Carrigaphooca Castle
Carrigboy Castle
Carrignacurra Castle
Carrigrohane Castle
Castle Barrett
Castle Bernard
Castle Cooke
Castle Donovan (Sowagh), ruins which underwent conservation in 2014
Castle Downeen
Castle Eyre
Castle Freke, ruins in process of restoration
Castle Harrison (Charleville), destroyed
Castle Hyde
Castle Kevin
Castle Lishen
Castle Lyons
Castle Magner
Castle Mallow, see Mallow Castle
Castle Mary
Castle Park |
9579_2 | Castle Pook
Castle Richard
Castle Ringaskidy
Castle Salem
Castle Townsend
Castle Warren
Castle Widenham, see Widenham Castle (Castletown Castle)
Castle White
Castle Wrixon
Castlemahon
Castlemartyr
Castleminsters
Castlesaffron
Conna Castle
Coolmaine Castle, restored castle previously owned by Roy Disney
Coppingerstown Castle
Coppingers Court
Cor Castle
Creagh Castle
Cregg Castle
Crowley Castle
Davis' Castle
Desmond Castle, restored castle OPW info
Dripsey Castle
Drishane Castle, restored castle
Dromagh Castle
Dromaneen Castle
Duarrigle Castle
Dunalong Castle
Dunasead Castle
Dunboy Castle
Dundareirke Castle, castle ruins
Dunlough Castle, or Three Castles Head
Dunmahon Castle
Dunmanus Castle, castle ruins
Enchicrenagh Castle ruin
Eustace's Castle
Garryvoe Castle, tower house ruins
Glengarriff Castle
Gortmore Castle
Ightermurragh Castle, castle ruins
Kanturk Castle
Kilbolane Castle
Kilbrittain Castle, restored castle
Kilcaskan Castle
Kilcolman Castle |
9579_3 | Kilkoe castle, = Jeremy Irons' castle
Kilcor Castle
Kilcrea Castle, castle ruins
Kilnannan Castle
Lohort Castle
Lumbard´s Castle
Macroom Castle, castle ruins
Mallow Castle, castle ruins
Milltown Castle
Mistletoe Castle
Mitchelstown Castle, demolished
Mogeely Castle
Monanimy Castle
Monkstown Castle
Mountlong Castle
Rathberry Castle ruin
Ringrone Castle
Rostellan Castle
Siddon's Tower
Tynte's Castle
Wallstown Castle
Widenham Castle, restored castle |
9579_4 | County Donegal
Ballyshannon Castle
Burt Castle
Carrickabraghy Castle
Doe Castle/Caisleán na dTuath, Restored Castle
Donegal Castle, Restored Castle.
Drumboe Castle
Glenveagh Castle, Complete Castle
Monellan Castle
Mongavlin Castle
Greencastle, castle ruins
O'Doherty Castle, castle ruins
Rahan Castle, castle ruins
Raphoe Castle, castle ruins
County Dublin |
9579_5 | Ardgillan Castle, Ardgillan Demesne, Balrothery
Artaine Castle, Artaine
Ashtown Castle, Phoenix Park. OPW info
Athgoe Castle, Newcastle, intact, NIAH survey
Ballyowen Castle, Lucan, ruins incorporated into the Ballyowen Castle Shopping Centre
Balrothery Castle, intact
Baymount Castle, Heronstown, Clontarf
Belgard Castle, Tallaght, HQ of CRH Holdings
Bremore Castle, Balbriggan, under repair
Bullock Castle
Carrickmines Castle, ruins, buried beneath recent road work
Castle Bagot, Kilmactalway, Newcastle, intact, health spa
Castle Mount, Clogh
Castle Park (Castle Perrin), Monkstown, intact, NIAH survey
Castleknock Castle
Cheeverstown
Clonskeagh Castle, Roebuck. 19th century, on site of earlier castle.
Clontarf Castle, Clontarf. Restored Castle, Hotel. NIAH survey
Conn Castle, intact
Corr Castle
Dalkey, 2 remaining of original 7 castles
Donabate, intact
Drimnagh Castle, Drimnagh. Restored Castle. NIAH survey
Drumcondra Castle, Richmond. Conference centre |
9579_6 | Dublin Castle, Dublin City. Restored Castle
Dundrum Castle, Dundrum. Ruins
Dunsoghly Castle, Restored Castle
Howth Castle, Howth.NIAH survey
Grange, intact?
Irishtown Castle, ruin
Kilgobbin Castle, ruin, History
Killiney Castle, Scalpwilliam or Mount Mapas.NIAH survey
Killininny Castle, Firhouse
Kilsallaghan Castle
Knocklyne (Knocklyon) Castle, Knocklyon. Intact, private residence. NIAH survey
Lambay Castle, Lambay Island NIAH survey
Lanestown, intact
Luttrellstown Castle, Restored Castle
Merrion Castle
Malahide Castle, Malahide Demesne. Restored Castle
Merrion Castle, Merrion.
Monkstown Castle, Monkstown Castlefarm. Ruin
Murphystown, ruins, the proposed Luas line B1 runs approximately 28m west of the ruins of Murphystown Castle and through its area of archaeological potential.
Nangor Castle, Nangor.
Portrane castle (Stella's Tower), intact
Puck's Castle, Shankill. brief history & photos, Ruin
Rathfarnham Castle, Rathfarnham Demesne. Restored Castle |
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