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documents · 289k rows

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9579_7	Rathmines Castle, Rathmines West. NIAH survey Robswall, intact Roebuck Castle, Roebuck. Hall of residence UCD campus NIAH survey Sarsfield Castle, intact Seatown Shangannagh Castle, ruins, not to be confused with the late 18th-century house of the same name Shankill Castle, Shankill. NIAH survey, brief history, Ruin Simmonscourt Castle, Smotscourt.NIAH survey Stillorgan Castle, Stillorgan. 18th-century house on site of earlier castle, now incorporated into the modern St John of God hospital complex. NIAH survey Swords Castle, castle ruins, undergoing restoration Tallaght Castle, Tower House, incorporated into the buildings of St. Mary's Priory in Tallaght village Templeogue House NIAH survey Thorncastle Tully's Castle, Clondalkin, ruins, Picture Tymon Castle, Tymon North. Demolished in the 1970s Williamstown Castle, Williamstown.NIAH survey
9579_8	County Galway
9579_9	Abbeyglen Castle, restored castle website Ardamullivan Castle, restored castle Athenry Castle, restored castle info Aughnanure Castle, intact castle Ballindooley Castle, restored castle Ballinfad Castle, intact castle Ballymore Castle, restored castle Ballynahinch Castle, intact castle Caheradangan Castle, intact castle Cargin Castle, restored castle Castle Ellen, restored castle Castle Kirk, castle ruins Castletown Castle, castle ruins Clifden Castle, castle ruins Cloghan Castle, restored castle Cloonacauneen Castle, restored castle Corofin Castle, castle ruins Cregg Castle, restored castle Dunguaire Castle, restored castle Dunsandle Castle, restored castle Eyrecourt Castle, castle ruins Feartagar Castle, castle ruins Fiddaun Castle, castle ruins Garbally Castle, castle ruins Glinsk Castle, castle ruins Hackett Castle, castle ruins Isert Kelly Castle, intact castle Kilcolgan Castle, intact castle Kylemore Abbey, Benedictine Monastery Lynch's Castle, restored castle
9579_10	Menlow Castle (also Menlo or Menlough), castle ruins Monivea Castle, castle ruins Moyode Castle, castle ruins Oranmore Castle, restored castle Portumna Castle, restored castle Thoor Ballylee, W.B. Yeats' former holiday home, restored as a Museum. Currently closed after flooding.
9579_11	County Kerry Ardea Castle Ballybunnion Castle Ballingarry Castle Ballinskelligs Castle Ballybunion Castle Ballycarbery Castle Ballycarty Castle Ballyheigue Castle Ballymalis Castle Ballyseedy Castle, Hotel Cappanacuss Castle Carrigafoyle Castle Carrignass Castle Castle Sybil Castle of the Island Derryquin Castle Dromore Castle Dunbeg Fort Dunkerron Castle Dunloe Castle Gallarus Castle Listowel Castle Minard Castle Parkavonear Castle Ross Castle, restored castle OPW info Staigue Fort County Kildare Barberstown Castle, restored castle Barretstown Castle, restored castle Carbury Castle, castle ruins Grange Castle, castle ruins Jigginstown Castle (Sigginstown House), castle ruins Info Kildare Castle, castle ruins Kilkea Castle, restored castle Kilteel Castle, Intact Castle Info Leixlip Castle, restored castle Maynooth Castle, Intact Castle Rathcoffey Castle, castle ruins Info Reeves Castle, intact castle Rheban Castle, castle ruins Info White's Castle, restored castle
9579_12	County Kilkenny Annaghs Castle, castle ruins Ballinlaw Castle, castle ruins Ballybur Castle, restored castle Ballyragget Castle, castle ruins Burnchurch Castle, intact castle Clara Castle, intact castle Clomantagh Castle, restored castle Coolhill Castle, castle ruins Corluddy Castle, castle ruins Currahill Castle, castle ruins Dunkitt Castle, castle ruins Foulksrath Castle, intact castle Gorteens Castle, castle ruins Gowran Castle, castle ruins Granagh Castle, castle ruins Kilbline Castle, intact castle Kilkenny Castle, restored castle info Kilmurry Castle, castle ruins Maudlin Castle, restored castle Sandfordscourt Castle, castle ruins Shankill Castle, restored castle County Laois
9579_13	Aghmacart Castle, ruins of a tower house Ballaghmore Castle, restored castle Ballinakill Castle, tower house in Ballinakill village Ballyadams Castle, castle ruins Ballyknocken Castle, very ruinous tower house Castle Durrow, 19th Century house on the site of a former castle Castlecuffe, ruins of 17th Century fortified house Castle Fleming, Ruins of fortified house Coolbanagher Castle, Hall House which collapsed in 2014 Clonreher Castle, intact tower house outside Portlaoise Cullahill Castle, castle ruins Dysart Castle, remains consist of a turret of the bawn. Fermoyle Fortified House, ruins of fortified house Gortnaclea Castle, castle ruins Grantstown Castle, ruins of circular tower house Killeany Castle, ruins of tower house along the River Note Lea Castle, massive Norman ruins similar to Carlow Castle Rock of Dunamase, castle ruins Rushall Fortified House, ruins of a 17th Century fortified house Shaen Castle, fragment of tower house Strahane Castle, ruins of tower house
9579_14	Shrule Castle, castle ruins Tinnakill Castle, tower house Clonburren Castle, tower house
9579_15	County Leitrim Lough Rynn Castle, restored castle Manorhamilton Castle, restored castle Parke's Castle, restored castle info County Limerick Adare Manor Askeaton Castle Ballygrennan Castle Black Castle BeaghCastle ruin Bourchier's Castle Carrigogunnell Castle Castle Matrix Rathkeale restored by Sean O'Driscoll USAF. Castle Oliver, also known as Clonodfoy, Castle Troy Croom Castle Desmond Castle Dromore Castle ruin Glin Castle (Old) Glin Castle, Hotel King John's Castle, Limerick City Lisnacullia Castle Oola Castle Rockstown Castle Springfield Castle, available for rent Williamstown Castle County Longford Castle Forbes, restored castle info Moydow Castle, castle ruins County Louth
9579_16	Ardee Castle, restored castle Barmeath Castle, restored castle Castle Bellingham, intact castle Castle Roche, castle ruins Castletown Castle, restored castle Darver Castle, restored castle Hatch's Castle, intact castle King John's Castle, restored castle Knockabbey Castle, restored castle The Mint, restored castle Smarmore Castle, intact castle Taaffe Castle, castle ruins Termonfeckin Castle, survivor of two tower houses, other demolished ca. 1800. County Mayo Aghalard Castle, castle ruins Ahena Castle, castle ruins. Ashford Castle, hotel Belleek Castle, restored castle Crossmolina Castle, castle ruins Deel Castle, castle ruins Doon Castle, castle ruins Kildavnet Castle, intact castle Kinlough Castle, castle ruins Rappa Castle, castle ruins Rockfleet Castle, restored castle Shrule Castle, castle ruins Turin Castle, restored castle Dookinella Castle County Meath
9579_17	The Black Castle, castle ruins Donore Castle, castle ruins Dunsany Castle, restored castle Lynches Castle (Summerhill), castle ruins Durhamstown Castle, intact castle Killeen Castle, restored castle Skryne Castle, restored castle Slane Castle, restored castle Tara, castle ruins Dangan Castle (Summerhill), castle ruins Trim Castle, restored castle OPW info County Monaghan Castle Leslie Rossmore Castle ruin Hope Castle recently burned down County Offaly Ballycowan Castle, castle ruins Birr Castle, restored castle Blundell Castle, castle ruins Charleville Castle, restored castle Clara Castle (County Offaly), castle ruins Cloghan Castle, restored castle Clonmacnoise Castle, castle ruins Clonony Castle, castle ruins Doon Castle, castle ruins Grange Castle, intact castle Kinnitty Castle, restored castle Leap Castle, currently under restoration Sragh Castle, castle ruins County Roscommon
9579_18	Ballintober Castle, castle ruins Castlecoote, Castlecoote House and castle ruins Donamon Castle, restored castle Kilronan Castle, restored castle MacDermott's Castle, Castle Island on Lough Key. castle ruins Roscommon Castle, castle ruins Rindoon Castle, castle ruins Castle Sampson, castle ruins County Sligo Ardtermon Castle, restored castle Ballinafad Castle, castle ruins Ballymote Castle, castle ruins Markree Castle History, restored castle Moygara Castle, castle ruins Castle Website Roslee Castle, castle ruins Temple House Castle, castle ruins Manor & Castle History County Tipperary
9579_19	Annameadle Castle, castle ruins Ardfinnan Castle, intact castle Ballyfinboy Castle, castle ruins with Sheela na gig, near Borrisokane Ballyquirk Castle, castle ruins Ballynahow Castle, intact castle Ballysheedy Castle, castle ruins Black Castle, Templemore, castle ruins Black Castle, Thurles, castle ruins Cahir Castle, restored castle OPW info Carrigeen Castle, restored castle Clonakenny Castle, castle ruins Castle Fogarty, restored castle Cranagh Castle, intact castle Farney Castle , restored castle Kilcash Castle, castle ruins Killaghy Castle , restored castle Killahara Castle, restored castle Knockgraffan, early ráth Lackeen Castle, tower house near Lorrha where the Lorrha Missal was discovered in the 18th century. Lisheen Castle, restored castle Loughmoe Castle, castle ruins Moorstown Castle, castle ruins, located between Clonmel and Cahir. Nenagh Castle, intact castle Ormonde Castle, Manor House. OPW info Redwood Castle, Tower House near Lorrha Rock of Cashel, restored castle
9579_20	Roscrea Castle, intact castle Shanbally Castle, demolished Slevoyre House, restored castle
9579_21	County Waterford
9579_22	Ballycanvan Castle, castle ruins Ballyclohy Castle, castle ruins Ballyheeny Castle, castle ruins Ballymaclode Castle, castle ruins Barnakile Castle, castle ruins Carrowncashlane Castle, castle ruins Clonea Castle, castle ruins Coolnamuck Castle, castle ruins Crooke Castle, castle ruins Cullen Castle, castle ruins Derrinlaur Castle, castle ruins Dungarvan Castle, restored castle Dunhill Castle, castle ruins Dunmore East Castle, castle ruins Faithlegg Castle Feddans Castle, castle ruins Fox's Castle, castle ruins Glen Castle, castle ruins Greenan Castle Kilmeaden Castle, castle ruins Kincor Castle, castle ruins Lismore Castle, restored castle Loughdeheen Castle, castle ruins MacGrath's Castle, castle ruins Mountain Castle, castle ruins Rathgormuck Castle, castle ruins Reginald's Tower OPW info, part of the old city walls of Waterford Rockett's Castle, castle ruins Sleady Castle, castle ruins Strancally Castle, castle ruins Waterford Castle, restored castle, now a hotel
9579_23	County Westmeath County Wexford Adamstown Castle - tower house Baldwinstown Castle - castle ruins Ballyteigue Castle - tower house Ballyhack Castle, restored castle OPW info Ballyhealy Castle, restored Norman castle Bargy Castle, restored castle. Barntown Castle, tower house and castle ruins Clougheast Castle, restored castle Dungulph Castle, intact castle Enniscorthy Castle, restored castle Ferns Castle, restored castle. OPW info Ferrycarrig Castle, castle ruins Johnstown Castle, intact castle Mountgarret Castle (New Ross), castle ruins Rathlannon Castle, castle ruins Rathmacknee Castle, castle ruins Sigginstown Castle, castle ruins Slade Castle, castle ruins Tellarought Castle (New Ross), castle ruins County Wicklow
9579_24	Carnew Castle, Carnew. Tower house ruins, built in the late 16th century. Castle Howard Wicklow, intact castle with the addition of a 19th-century Mansion. Dunganstown Castle, Dunganstown. Remains of a large late-17th century U-plan house and early 17th century tower. Glenart Castle, Arklow. Intact castle in use as a hotel. Fassaroe Castle, Bray. Built in 1536 by 'Master Tresover' currently in ruins. Kiltegan Castle, Kiltegan, intact castle Kiltimon Castle, Newcastle. C.1550, now in use as a folly. Kindlestown Castle, Delgany. Castle ruins Oldcourt Castle, Bray. Built by the Earl of Ormond in 1433 currently in ruins. Ormonde Castle, Arklow. Castle ruins, built in 1169 on an old Viking site and destroyed by Oliver Cromwell's army in the 17th century. Rathdown Castle. Ruined by the 17th century, very little remains. Threecastles Castle, Manor Kilbride, Blessington. Largely intact late 14th/15th-century castle marking the boundary of the Pale.
9579_25	The Black Castle, Wicklow Town (now ruins). In 834 AD the Vikings fortified a strategic rocky promontory at the mouth of the Vartry River in Wicklow Town. Following the Norman invasion a castle was subsequently built, now known as the Black Castle. Between 1295 and 1315 the castle was attacked and burnt down twice by the local O'Byrne Clan.
9579_26	Northern Ireland County Antrim County Armagh County Down County Fermanagh County Londonderry County Tyrone See also Abbeys, priories and historic houses Abbeys and priories in the Republic of Ireland Historic houses in England Historic houses in Northern Ireland Historic houses in the Republic of Ireland Historic houses in Scotland Historic houses in Wales Castles Castles in England Castles in Scotland Castles in Wales History of Ireland List of country estates in Northern Ireland List of castles in the Republic of Ireland List of abbeys and priories in Northern Ireland List of abbeys and priories in the Republic of Ireland Notes Citations References Ireland Castles in Ireland Lists of castles in the United Kingdom Lists of buildings and structures in Northern Ireland Castles Castles Ireland
9580_0	Amaro Macedo (10 May 1914 – 27 June 2014) was a Brazilian botanist who was the best-known collector of the Brazilian Cerrado plant species of the 20th century. He lived in Ituiutaba, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. He started his collection in 1943 when he was a teacher of natural sciences in the Instituto Marden, Ituiutaba. He collected most of his plant material in the Cerrado vegetation of the states of Minas Gerais, Goiás, Maranhão and Pará. He collected also in the regions of the villages of Natividade, Porto Nacional and Filadelfia, at the time part of the state of Goiás, although now part of the state of Tocantins. Plant specimens from his collection are in several herbaria in Brazil and outside. Between 1943 and 2007 he collected 6,008 plant specimens, several of them are considered new species and some were named for him by fellow botanists.
9580_1	Biography
9580_2	Macedo, the son of Otavio Macedo, a farmer from the Triângulo Mineiro in the State of Minas Gerais (MG), and Maria da Gloria Chaves Macedo, was married to Celia Duarte Macedo. The couple had four daughters: Regina, Marilia, Beatriz and Maria do Carmo. He was born Campina Verde, Brazil and attended primary school in Ituiutaba and secondary school in Campanha, Minas Gerais. Afterwards he was a student at the Escola Superior de Viçosa, now known as the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Federal University of Viçosa) - UFV, Minas Gerais, as a technician in agriculture. In 1935 he moved to Ituiutaba, MG, to teach primary school classes at the new Instituto Marden. Soon he was teaching mathematics, sciences and technical design in the secondary classes of the same Institute. He was a teacher of statistics at the Commerce School and was responsible for the administration of the Instituto Marden when his brother-in-law was on leave. At the time he was also responsible for the classes of
9580_3	mathematics and sciences at the Colegio Santa Tereza, a Roman Catholic school run by nuns in Ituiutaba. As a teacher of Natural Sciences he had to teach the scientific names of common plant species; since his pupils were for the most part sons of farmers from the region and they were particularly interested to know the Latin names of the plants that were growing on their farms. He had to study to learn this subject and decided also to have field classes with his students.
9580_4	He wrote to well-known botanists in Brazil asking for help in how to collect and prepare plant specimens. He collected most of his plant material in the cerrado vegetation of the States of Minas Gerais, Goiás, Maranhão and Pará. He collected also in the regions of the villages of Natividade, Porto Nacional and Filadelfia, at the time part of the State of Goiás, although now part of the state of Tocantins. His first plant specimen was collected on May 3, 1943, in Ituiutaba – Roupala tomentosa Pohl. He travelled all over the cerrado region and wrote diaries of his trips in which he describes the plants, the environment, the villages, the customs of the people, the food, the transport, the rivers and so on. When he retired from teaching, he started a new life as a farmer, but continued collecting plant material. One day collecting material in the farm he was struck by a branch of Bauhinia bongardi Steud. which left him totally blind of his left eye.
9580_5	Tributes He has a mention from the British Museum of Natural History for his work with the Brazilian flora. In 1958 he received a medal, Medalha de Mérito Dom João VI, from the Brazilian government for his services to the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden.
9580_6	Exchanges with well-known botanists He learned from and kept an exchange of correspondence with Brazilian botanists, such as Joaquim Franco de Toledo, Oswaldo Handro, Frederico Carlos Hoehne, Graziela Maciel Barroso, Carlos de Toledo Rizzini, Alexandre Curt Brade, Guido Frederico João Pabst, Gil Martins Felippe, and Lúcia Rossi e João Aguiar Nogueira Batista. He also was in frequent touch with botanists outside Brazil, such as Carlos M.D.E. Legrand, from Uruguay, Lorenzo R. Parodi and Arturo E. Burkart, from Argentina, Harold N. Moldenke, Richard Sumner Cowan, Robert E. Woodson Jr., Conrad V. Morton, Jason R. Swallen, and Lyman B. Smith, from the United States, Noel Y. Sandwith, from England, Joseph V. Monachino, an Italian working in the United States, and Erik Asplund, from Sweden.
9580_7	Plant specimens Plant specimens from his collection are all over herbaria of Brazil and outside. In 1963 he donated a herbarium of 1,723 plant specimens to the Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo. Between 1943 and 2007 he collected 6,008 plant specimens, several of them are considered new species and some were named after him by fellow botanists.
9580_8	New species collected by Macedo Acanthaceae Amphiscopia grandis Rizzini Chaetothylax erenthemanthus Rizzini Chaetothylax tocantinus var longispicus Rizzini Hygrophila humistrata Rizzini Lophothecium paniculatum Rizzini Ruellia capitata Rizzini Ruellia rufipila Rizzini Amaryllidaceae Amaryllis minasgerais H.P. Traub Asclepiadaceae Ditassa maranhensis Fontella & C. Valente Bignoniaceae Distictella dasytricha Sandwith Bromeliaceae Bromelia interior L.B. Smith Compositae Gochnatia barrosii Cabrera Tricogonia atenuata G.M.Barroso Connaraceae Rourea psammophila E. Forero Gramineae Luziola divergens J.R. Swallen Olyra taquara Swallen Panicum pirineosense Swallen Paspalum crispulum Swallen Paspalum fessum Swallen Paspalum formosum Swallen Paspalum latipes Swallen Paspalum pallens Swallen Sporobolus hians van Schaack Labiatae Hyptis argentea Epling & Mathias Salvia expansa Epling Liliaceae Herreria latifolia Woodson Melastomataceae Rhynchanthera philadelphensis Brade Velloziaceae
9580_9	Vellozia hypoxoides L.B. Smith
9580_10	New species dedicated to Amaro Macedo Acanthaceae Sericographis macedoana Rizzini — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 8; 357, 1948 Aspidiaceae Polybotrya macedoi Brade — Bradea l: 24, 1969 Bromeliaceae Bromelia macedoi L.B.Sm. — Buli. Bromeliad Soe. 8: 12, 1958 Dyckia macedoi L.B.Sm. — Arch. Bot. São Paulo n. ser. 2: 195, 1952 Compositae Mikania macedoi G.M.Barroso — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16: 247, 1959 Vernonia macedoi G.M.Barroso — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 13: 9, 1954 Wedelia macedoi H.Rob. — Phytologia 55:396, 1984 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea macedoi Hoehne — Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo n s. 2: 110, 1950 Dryopteridaceae Polybotrya macedoi Brade — Bradea 1: 24, 1969 Gramineae Paspatum macedoi Swallen — Phytologia 14: 377, 1967 Lauraceae Aiouea macedoana Vattimo-Gil — Anais 15 Congr. Soc. Bot. Brasil 168, 1967 Leguminosae–Caesalpinioideae Cassia macedoi H.S.Irwin &. Barneby — Mem. New York Bot. Gard, 30; 136,1978
9580_11	Chamaecrista macedoi (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby — Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 654,1982 Leguminosae–Mimosoideae Mimosa macedoana Burkart — Darwiniana 13: 389,1964 Leguminosae–Papilionoideae Arachis macedoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg. — Bonplandia (Corrientes) 8: 55, 1994 Harpalyce macedoi R.S.Cowan — Brittonia 10: 31,1958 Malpighiaceae Banisteriopsis macedoana L.B.Sm. — J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 45: 198, 1955 Stigmaphyllon macedoanum C. E. Anderson — Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 17: 10, 1990 Malvaceae Peltaea macedoi Krapov. & Cristobal —Kurtziana 2:196, 1965 Melastomataceae Macairea macedoi Brade — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16: 31, 1959 Microlicía amaroi Brade — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16:29, 1959 Microlicia macedoi L.B.Sm. & Wurdack — J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 45: 200, 1955 Tococa macedoi Brade — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16: 32, 1959 Myrtaceae Eugenia macedoi Mattos & D.Legrand — Loefgrenia 67: 24,1975 Hexachlamys macedoi D.Legrand — Loefgrenia 55: 1, 1972
9580_12	Marlierea macedoi D.Legrand —Bot. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, 3: 27, 1962 Psidium macedoi Kausel — Lilloa 33: 108, 1971 (publ.1972) Ochnaceae Luxemburgia macedoi Dwyer — J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 45: 198, 1955 Onagraceae Pelozia macedoi Krapov. & Cristóbal — Kurtziana 2: 196, 1965 Opiliaceae Agonandra macedoi Toledo — Arch. Bot. São Paulo n.s. 3:13, 1952 Orchidaceae Cyrtopodium macedoi J.A.N.Bat. & Bianch. — Novon 16: 17, 2006 Piperaceae Peperomia macedoana Yunck. — Bol. Inst. Bot. (São Paulo) 3:189, 1966 Piper macedoi Yunck. — Boi. Inst. Bot. (São Paulo) 3: 51, 1966 Polypodiaceae Pecluma macedoi (Brade) M.KessIer &. A.R.Sm. — Candollea 60: 281, 2005 Polypodium macedoi Brade — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 11: 30, 1951 Rubiaceae Galianthe macedoi E.L.Cabral — Bonplandia (Corrientes) 10:121, 2000 Rutaceae Teclea macedoi Exell & Mendonça — Garcia de Orta. Ser. Bot. 1: 93, 1973 Vepris macedoi (Exell &. Mendonça) W.Mziray —Symb. Bot. Upsal. 30: 73, 1992 Velloziaceae
9580_13	Vellozia macedonis Woodson— Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 398, 1950 Verbenaceae Lippia macedoi Moldenke — Phytologia 6: 327, 1958 Stachytarpheta macedoi Moldenke — Phytologia 3: 276, 1950 Viscaceae Phoradendron macedonis Rizzini — Rodriguesia 18-19: 163, 1956
9580_14	References Brazilian Orchids Orchids News #31. Last visited 2009-07-19. Clifford, H. T. & Bostock, P. D. Etymological Dictionary of Grasses. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. Felippe, Gil e Macedo, Maria do Carmo. Amaro Macedo – o solitário do cerrado, 1.ª edição, Cotia - SP, Brazil. Ateliê Editorial, 2009, Jornal do Pontal 2009-05-22 <https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153327/http://www.jornaldopontal.com.br/index.php?ac=colunas&id=82>. Last visited 2009-07-19. Jusbrasil - Entrega de Títulos Emociona Convidados. Last visited 2009-07-17. Brazilian botanists Brazilian centenarians Men centenarians 1914 births 2014 deaths
9581_0	Sclerophrys vittata, also known as Degen's toad, banded toad, or Lake Victoria toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Uganda, where it is only known from Lira south to Entebbe and the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest. This species may possibly be found in Kenya and its range may even extend into Egypt, but the records from northern Egypt are generally regarded as belonging to S. kassasii. Description Sclerophrys vittata is a small toad with long, narrow parotoid glands, distinctive dark-coloured longitudinal stripes and rows of large tubercles on its upper surface, and a bold patterning of red and dark blotches on its underside. In Egypt the snout vent length of the toads varied between 26 and 36 millimeters. No difference was found between males and females concerning body length.
9581_1	Distribution Sclerophrys vittata is found in Uganda and was first described by George Albert Boulenger in 1906. Its range extends from Lira southwards to Entebbe and the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest. It has also been reported from Katera in the southern foothills of Mount Kenya, but this record is disputed. Some toads found between 1909 and 1912 near Alexandria in Egypt were originally identified as this species but may have been misidentified. From 1989 to 1991, Akef and Schneider investigated the reproductive behavior and analyzed the calls of Bufo vittatus in Egypt in the Al−Fayoum region. In 1993 a new species of toad was described by Sherif Baha el Din from the Nile Delta as Bufo kassasii, and it is thought the original identification of Sclerophrys vittata from Egypt referred to this new species, also known as the Nile Delta toad. However, it is possible that this species has a wider range including parts of the Nile Valley and into Egypt. Calls and calling activity
9581_2	Calls The mating calls have a simple structure. They consist of three to four very short pules separated by intervals. Calls have been recorded at water temperatures of 17 to 27 degrees Celsius. At 24 degrees water temperature the mean call duration measures 120 milliseconds, the intercall interval 300 milliseconds, the calls exhibit two frequency components at about 1100 and 2800 Hertz. There is a correlation between the water temperature and some call parameters. As the water temperature increases the duration of the calls decreases when the calls consisting of three or four pulses are considered separately. The intervals between the calls and between the pulses also decrease, whereas the pulse rate increases. The number of pulses per call and the duration of the pulses do not change.
9581_3	Annual and daily calling activity Calling of the males begins in the first half of February and lasts until October. It reaches a climax in spring and early summer. During this time calling begins shortly after sunset and lasts until 1 to 2 a.m. Later in summer calling ends earlier, around 10 to 11 p.m. and ends in September and October even earlier.
9581_4	Calling behaviour Calling males gather in small shallow ponds, irrigation canals and ditches, rice and corn fields. They form choruses consisting of about 20 males. The calling males maintain a minimum distance of about 0.7 meters. At decreasing calling activity during the year, males continue to form choruses, but the number of choruses decreases. Males call while sitting in the water, the body is erected, the hind limbs and the posterior part of the body are immersed in the water. The males have a single subgular vocal sac. When fully inflated, it is very large in relation to the body length. Pair formation is high in spring and early summer, later on it decreases, but pairs are observed until October.
9581_5	Status Very little is known about this species and its natural history. It inhabits marshy areas and presumably its larvae are aquatic. Its population status, ecology and the threats it faces are unknown and the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists its conservation status as "data deficient". References vittata Frogs of Africa Amphibians of Uganda Endemic fauna of Uganda Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger Amphibians described in 1906 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
9582_0	Scelophysa trimeni, commonly known as the blue monkey beetle, is a species of scarab beetles in the monkey beetle subfamily Rutelinae. It is found exclusively in South Africa, particularly the Namaqualand region. As with other monkey beetles, blue monkey beetles have characteristically moveable and unequally sized tarsal claws, particularly on the strong hind legs of the males. Males of the species are covered in minute sky-blue scales while the scales of the females are sienna brown. Blue monkey beetles are important pollinators of the Namaqualand region, especially for Mesembryanthemum and some daisy species, on which they primarily feed.
9582_1	Taxonomy Scelophysa trimeni is classified under the genus Scelophysa in the tribe Hopliini of the subfamily Rutelinae in the scarab beetle family Scarabaeidae. It was first described in 1885 by Louis Péringuey, a noted French entomologist who was director of the South African Museum for eighteen years. He published his description of the species in the journal of the South African Philosophical Society (now the Royal Society of South Africa). Roland Trimen, another notable entomologist, was a contemporary of Péringuey, preceding him as director of the museum, and it is presumed that the specific epithet trimeni is in honour of Trimen. This may be confirmed by the text of Péringuey's paper, which is not accessible at present.
9582_2	In 1895, Czech entomologist Anton Franz Nonfried published a description of a new species he called Scelophysa ornatissima in the journal Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift (now Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift). It was later determined to be the same species as S. trimeni and S. ornatissima became a synonym. Morphology Blue monkey beetles are small, usually long and wide. Males and females exhibit little sexual dimorphism in overall body size. Very small scales cover most of the body, including the middle and hind pairs of legs, and excepting the head and anterior legs. The scales in males are bright ultramarine to sky blue dorsally, and the underside scales are more silvery. Female colouring is an overall sienna brown, with a mix of brown and yellow-orange scales, and with darker bands of scales found near the pygidium and propygidium. The black legs bear a few thick black hairs. Dense short greyish to silvery white fine hairs cover the margins of the thorax and abdomen.
9582_3	The tibia of each leg bears a single tibial spur. The tarsal claws are double and unequal, with one weak, slender claw pressed against the larger, stronger claw. The claws of the hind legs are particularly large. In males the hind legs are also more strongly developed than in females, swollen and more robust through the femora, tibiae, and tarsi. Little is recorded on the appearance of the larvae. They are commonly known as white grubs, a general term for the larvae of most scarab beetles. Ecology and behaviour Scelophysa trimeni is endemic to South Africa. This is unsurprising considering that 69% of all monkey beetle species can be found in South Africa, and of them 98% are endemic. S. trimeni prefers the sandy and coastal regions of Namaqualand, such as Knersvlakte and Port Nolloth, respectively.
9582_4	Adult blue monkey beetles are typically found grouped in the centres of unscented flowers that bear dark discs and bright petals with spot patterns at the bases. They feed on the pollen, embedding their heads into the discs and browsing, and sometimes supporting themselves by hooking their hind tarsal claws onto the flower petals. Pollen is swept into the mouth by dense setae on the maxillae. The behavioural tendency to congregate is for mating purposes, and it is suggested that male beetles prefer dark-centred flowers with spot patterns because they mistake the glossy discs and bright spots for resting females. Flowers of the genus Mesembryanthemum are common hosts of S. trimeni, as are many of the African daisy species and some Heliophila. For many of these visited species, monkey beetles are key pollinators, responsible for most of the pollination that takes place. Larvae are presumed to feed in the soil on the debris and roots of plants. References External links
9582_5	Beetles described in 1885 Endemic beetles of South Africa Rutelinae
9583_0	Penkridge ( ) is a village and civil parish in South Staffordshire District in Staffordshire, England. It is to the south of Stafford, north of Wolverhampton, west of Cannock and east of Telford. The nearby town of Brewood is also not far away. The wealthiest establishment in Penkridge in the Middle Ages, its collegiate church building survived the abolition of the chantries and is the tallest structure in the village centre. The parish is crossed towards its eastern border by the M6 motorway and a separate junction north of the M6 toll between the West Midlands and Stoke-on-Trent. Penkridge has a railway station on the West Coast Main Line railway next to the Grade I listed medieval church. Penkridge Viaduct and the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal are to either side of Market Street and the Old Market Square and are among its landmarks.
9583_1	Definition Penkridge is a parish unit within the East Cuttleston Hundred of Staffordshire. Its boundaries have varied considerably over the centuries. The ancient parish of Penkridge, defined in 1551, although it existed in much the same form throughout the Middle Ages, was made up of four distinct townships: Penkridge itself, Coppenhall, Dunston, and Stretton. As a place with its own institutions of local government, the parish was also known as Penkridge Borough. Penkridge became a civil parish in the 1830s and in 1866 was shorn of the three smaller townships, which became separate parishes. It was constituted as a parish of four distinct constablewicks: Penkridge, Levedale, Pillaton, and Whiston. In 1934, the civil parish exchanged some territory with the surrounding parishes to rationalise the boundaries, acquiring the whole of the former civil parish of Kinvaston in the process. The civil parish was the merger of the following settlements or entirely farmed manors:
9583_2	Bickford Congreve Drayton Gailey Levedale Longridge Lyne Hill Mitton Otherton. Penkridge Pillaton Whiston Location Penkridge is in the district of South Staffordshire in the county of Staffordshire. It is between Stafford, 5 miles (8 km) to the north and Wolverhampton, south, and lies mostly on the east bank of the River Penk.
9583_3	The development of Penkridge has been closely linked to its relationship to major routes. The town of Penkridge lies on the medieval route between the county towns of Stafford and Worcester, which also passed through Wolverhampton. The Penkridge section became part of the major stagecoach routes linking London and Birmingham with Manchester and Liverpool and is now subsumed into the A449 road. Just to the south, at Gailey, this route crosses the historically still more important Watling Street, now the A5 road, which linked London to Chester, Wales, and ultimately Ireland. The town was also bisected by the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal from 1770. Today Penkridge is grazed on its eastern side by the M6 motorway, the main route between London and the north-west of England and Glasgow. Climate Penkridge has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).
9583_4	Etymology The popular etymology of the village's name derives it from the River Penk, which flows through it. It was assumed that since the town could be said to stand on a ridge by the Penk, it must derive its name from the river. However, this is to reverse the true derivation. The name of the village, or something like it, is attested many centuries before that of the river. The name "Penk" is actually a back-formation from the name of the village.
9583_5	The occupying Romans gave their fort in the area the Latin form Pennocrucium. Cameron argues that this, like similar Latinized Celtic names, was passed by the native British directly, orally in its Celtic form, to the later Anglo-Saxon occupiers—not through the medium of Latin. Thus the name Pennocrucium attests the origins of the name Penkridge, but is not its direct origin. In the indigenous Celtic, the name of the village was almost certainly penn-crug, meaning "the head (or end) of the ridge", or "chief hill or mound", and pronounced roughly penkrik. In very early times of Anglian settlement the inhabitants of the district were known as the Pencersæte. In 958, a charter uses the form Pencric for the settlement. This is obviously close to the modern "Penkridge", and both are closer in pronunciation to the Celtic root than to the Latinized form.
9583_6	The name might reflect the village's location at the terminus of the long ridge of land running along the east side of the river. However, this ridge is not actually very prominent and few visitors would perceive Penkridge as a hill town. Modern toponymists have become convinced that the hill in question was more likely a tumulus—prominent in pre-Roman and Roman times, and perhaps much later. Brewer comments that "none is evident in the locality". However, Margaret Gelling, predisposed to find direct evidence for toponyms in the local landscape, has proposed a precise location for the mound, now destroyed by ploughing, that gave both the town and, ultimately, the river their names. This was a tumulus at Rowley Hill Farm, Ordnance Survey reference GR90251180, approximately , which was still prominent in the 18th century and still discernible in the early 20th. It would have directly overlooked the outlying Roman camp, across the Penk and just north of Pennocrucium on Watling Street,
9583_7	the remains of which are clearly visible in satellite photographs. Certainly, it makes more sense to look for the hill in question in the immediate vicinity of the ancient settlement than that of the modern town, which is well to the north of it. The Rowley Hill tumulus is well documented, and was clearly an extremely important landmark for several millennia.
9583_8	Governance Penkridge is part of the Stafford UK Parliamentary constituency, currently represented by the Conservative Theo Clarke. However, Penkridge area is a part of South Staffordshire district. Penkridge is covered by a Non-metropolitan county two-tier system of local government: The District Council, which forms the lower tier, is South Staffordshire, based in Codsall. Penkridge is divided among three wards for elections to the district council: Penkridge North East and Acton Trussell; Penkridge West; Penkridge South East. Before the Local Government Act 1972 brought about the 1974 reform of local government in England and Wales, Penkridge was part of Cannock Rural District. The upper tier is the non-metropolitan county, colloquially shire county, of Staffordshire. Penkridge constitutes a single electoral division of the county. All of Penkridge's councillors are currently Conservative. History
9583_9	Early settlement Early human occupation of the area around Penkridge has been confirmed by the presence of a Bronze or Iron Age barrow at nearby Rowley Hill. A significant settlement in this vicinity has existed since pre-Roman times, with its original location being at the intersection of the River Penk and what became the Roman military road known as Watling Street (today's A5 trunk road). This would place it between Water Eaton and Gailey, about SSW of the village. The Roman settlement of Pennocrucium and earlier settlements were in the Penkridge area, but not on the same site as present village of Penkridge. Medieval Penkridge Anglo-Saxon origins
9583_10	The village of Penkridge dates back at least to the early Middle Ages, when the area was part of Mercia, although the foundation date is unknown. King Edgar in 958, described it as a "famous place", so it was already of importance by then. In the Tudor period, it was claimed that the founder of the collegiate church of St. Michael at Penkridge was King Eadred (946-55), King Edgar's uncle, which seems plausible. The importance of the church
9583_11	Penkridge's church was of central importance to the town from Anglo-Saxon times and the Norman conquest did not change this. It was of a special status. It was a collegiate church: a church served by a community of priests, known as a chapter. The members were known as canons. They were not monks, but secular clergy. In 1086 the Domesday survey found that most of the farm land at Penkridge was held from the king by the nine priests of St. Michael's, who had six slaves and seven villeins working for them. It was a chapel royal – a place set aside by the monarchs for their own use – generally to pray and to offer mass for their souls. This made it completely independent of the local Bishop of Lichfield – an institution called a Royal Peculiar. In 1280 Penkridge even shut its doors on the Archbishop of Canterbury, when he tried to carry out a tour of inspection (known as a canonical visitation).
9583_12	It was organised like a cathedral chapter. This happened during the 12th century, probably during the Anarchy of Stephen's reign. The reorganised chapter was headed by a Dean. The other canons each received a particular estate to live off, called a prebend, and were known as prebendaries. It was headed by the Archbishop of Dublin from 1226. This was because in 1215 King John gave to Archbishop Henry of London, one of his most trusted administrators, the right to appoint the dean of Penkridge. He made himself dean on the next vacancy, and subsequent archbishops of Dublin automatically became deans of Penkridge.
9583_13	The collegiate church was the most important local institution for most of Penkridge's history: economically powerful and architecturally dominant. All the people of the parish had to be buried there, at considerable cost, so it was where the local magnates installed their memorials. Its area of jurisdiction defined Penkridge parish, which was also the main unit of local government until late Victorian times. The dean and many of the canons were absentees, so they appointed vicars to act for them locally. The focus of worship was prayer and masses on behalf of the dead, not care for the living. Two priests were employed solely to serve in chantries for the monarch and for the Virgin Mary. By the 16th century, the people of Penkridge themselves subscribed to pay a morrow priest to celebrate a daily mass, so that they could worship. Pastoral care and preaching were not taken seriously until the 16th century or later.
9583_14	The grip of the forest Large areas surrounding Penkridge were placed by the Norman kings under Forest Law, a savage penal code designed to protect the ecology and wildlife for the king's enjoyment. These areas were part of the Royal Forest of Cank or Cannock Chase and were known as Gailey Hay and Teddesley Hay. Forest law kept most of south Staffordshire in an economic straitjacket. Conflicts between the barons and kings in the 13th century forced a relaxation, starting with the first issue of the Forest Charter in 1217. So it was in Henry III's reign that Penkridge began to grow economically and probably in population. Local people began to create new fields, called assarts, by clearing the trees and scrub (still a capital crime), and Penkridge acquired an annual fair and weekly market.
9583_15	Manors and magnates
9583_16	Medieval Penkridge was organised on the manorial system. There were a number of manors within the parish, of varying size and importance, each with its own lord, who owed feudal service to his own overlord, but exercised authority over his tenants. A list of the different medieval manors and estates would include: Penkridge Manor, Penkridge deanery manor, Congreve, Congreve Prebendal Manor, Drayton, Gailey, Levedale, Longridge, Lyne Hill or Linhull, Mitton, La More (later Moor Hall), Otherton, Pillaton, Preston, Rodbaston, Water Eaton, Whiston, Coppenhall or Copehale, Dunston, and Stretton. The largest was the manor of Penkridge itself. King John's gift of 1215 to the Archbishop of Dublin included Penkridge manor. The Archbishop decided to divide it, giving about two-thirds to his nephew, Andrew de Blund, and keeping the rest for the deanery. The manor of Penkridge was passed on through the Blund (later called Blount) family and later other families of lay landlords.
9583_17	The Church had large holdings of land. St. Michael's college had not only the deanery manor but also Preston and the Prebendal Manor of Congreve. The other prebends also held lands, but not as lords of the manor. Some manors belonged to Staffordshire monasteries. Burton Abbey held Pillaton, Bickford and Whiston, and also, for a time, Gailey, which later passed to the nuns of Black Ladies Priory at Brewood. Drayton belonged to the Augustinian Priory of St. Thomas, near Stafford.
9583_18	Most of the manors were quite small and often their owners were fairly minor, although some small manors formed part of the wider holdings of great families. Even the most minor of lords had the right to hold manorial courts and to discipline their tenants, but a wealthy and important lord was like a monarch in his own manor. By the late 14th century the lords of Penkridge manor had obtained charters giving them rights to pursue criminals wherever they wished; to inflict the death penalty; to force tenants to take collective responsibility for offenders; and to confiscate stray livestock.
9583_19	Just before 1500, the Littleton family make their first appearance in Penkridge. Richard Littleton brought Pillaton into the family's possession through marriage and Pillaton Hall was the Littleton family seat for about 250 years, the centre of an expanding property empire. Soon they took on the leases of most of St. Michael's church lands and established a family chapel in the church – a statement of their growing importance. They were the most important local representatives of the landed gentry, a class that was to dominate rural life for several centuries. Agriculture
9583_20	Much of the Penkridge area was cultivated under the open field system, although the actual field names are not documented until 16th and 17th centuries, as they were about to be enclosed. In Penkridge manor, for example, there were Clay Field, Prince Field, Manstonshill, Mill Field, Wood Field, and Lowtherne or Lantern Field, Fyland, Old Field, and Whotcroft, and also common grazing areas, Stretton Meadow and Hay Meadow. There are no detailed records of what was grown in medieval Penkridge. In 1801, when the first record was made, nearly half was under wheat, with barley, oats, peas, beans, and brassicas the other major crops – probably similar to the medieval pattern: farmers grew wheat wherever the land in their scattered strips supported it, and other crops elsewhere, with cattle on the riverside meadows and sheep on the heath.
9583_21	The early medieval cultivators were mainly unfree, forced to work on the lord's demesne in return for their strips in the open fields. From the 14th century wage labour replaced the feudal labour system. By the 16th century, most landowners were renting or leasing most of their land and paying cash for labour to cultivate what remained. In 1535, for example, the manor of Drayton was worth £9 4s. 8d. annually, and the lion's share, £5 18s. 2d., came from money rents.
9583_22	Fairs, markets and mills Fairs and markets were a vital part of the medieval economy, but a royal charter was needed for either, so they were highly profitable to the manors which had the right to hold them. The grant of Penkridge manor to the archbishop of Dublin included the right to hold an annual fair. This right was upheld for the Blund family by Edward I in 1278 and by Edward II in 1312. The date varied, but in the Middle Ages it fell around the end of September and lasted for seven or eight days. It began as a general fair but developed into a horse fair by the late 16th century.
9583_23	Henry III granted Andrew le Blund a weekly market in 1244. This was challenged by the burgesses of Stafford, who feared competition, but Penkridge kept its Tuesday market for centuries. After 1500 the market declined, expired and was revived several times, also changing days several times. The market place, still so-named but no longer used, was at the opposite end of the town from the church. The modern market is held on the livestock auction site close to Bull Bridge.
9583_24	Mills were another great source of profit to lords of the manor, who forced their tenants to use them. The River Penk and a number of tributary brooks were able to drive mills. Domesday records mills at Penkridge at Water Eaton. A century later there were two mills at Penkridge and one of them was operated by the More family for centuries, as tenants of the dean. A mill is recorded at Drayton by 1194; at Congreve, Pillaton, and Rodbaston in the 13th century; at Whiston in the 14th; and at Mitton in the 15th. These were all corn mills, but in 1345 Water Eaton had a fulling mill, as well as the corn mill. Reformation and revolution: Penkridge in Tudor and Stuart Times
9583_25	Dissolution
9583_26	The Reformation brought major changes to landownership and social life at Penkridge. First came the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII. This swept away Burton Abbey, and its manor of Drayton was sold in 1538 to the Bishop of Lichfield, who wanted it for his nephews. The College of St. Michael was not threatened at first, as it was not a monastery, but Edward VI's reign brought a more radical phase of the Reformation. In 1547 the Abolition of Chantries Act decreed the end of the chantry churches and their colleges. St. Michael's was still a thriving institution: a major rebuilding was in progress. Its estates enriched the dean (Archbishop of Dublin), seven prebendaries, two chantry canons, an official principal, three vicars choral, three further vicars, a high deacon, a subdeacon, and a sacrist. In 1547 its property was assessed at £82 6s. 8d. annually. All this was swept away in 1548 and the first Vicar of Penkridge, Thomas Bolt of Stafford, was appointed on £16 per
9583_27	annum, with an assistant on £8.
9583_28	The Dudley inheritance Penkridge now became enmeshed in the meteoric career of John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, a key figure in Edward VI's regency council. In 1539, Dudley got control of Penkridge manor by foreclosing on a debt its owners, the Willoughby de Broke family, had owed to his father, Edmund Dudley. Next he grabbed the Deanery Manor and Tedesley Hay, making him the most important landowner in the area, although day-to-day management of the deanery lands stayed with the Littletons, the lessees. Dudley went on to seize almost absolute power in England, and taking the title Duke of Northumberland. Edward's early death in 1553 left Dudley high and dry. Edward's older sister, the Catholic Mary, succeeded but Dudley attempted a coup d'état in favour of Lady Jane Grey. Mary prevailed and Dudley was arrested and beheaded as a traitor. His lands were forfeit to the Crown, the extensive estates at Penkridge among them.
9583_29	Dudley had the foresight to grant various estates to his relatives. So his daughter-in-law, Anne Dudley, Countess of Warwick, was able to keep a lifetime interest in Penkridge, while his wife hung on to Teddesley Hay until her death. Teddesley was bought by Sir Edward Littleton in 1555. A new Sir Edward succeeded in 1558 and his vigorous enclosure policy soon stirred up controversy. Penkridge manor entered into a limbo, prolonged by Anne's insanity. The fate of the deanery manor too was unresolved: it was taken from the Dudleys, but not restored to the Church, as Mary did not re-establish the chantries. So both remained with the Crown for a generation, with no decision on their fate. Not until the 1580s were matters resolved. In 1581 the college property was sold to speculators and in 1585 it was snapped up by Sir Edward Littleton. In 1582, Queen Elizabeth promised Penkridge manor to Sir Fulke Greville, heir to the Willoughby de Brokes, and he took over 1590.
9583_30	Civil war The Grevilles were powerful regionally and nationally. The Fulke Greville who inherited Penkridge in 1606 was a poet and statesman. He served both Elizabeth and James I, who gave him Warwick Castle as a seat and elevated him to the peerage as the 1st Baron Brooke. In 1628 he was murdered by a servant. As he was unmarried and childless, he had adopted his younger cousin Robert as his son and heir to both the title and the great estates in Staffordshire and Warwickshire. Robert was a leading parliamentarian and a Puritan, who promoted emigration to America. When the English Civil War broke out, he took command of a parliamentary army in central England and was killed during the siege of Lichfield Cathedral in 1643. He was succeeded by Francis Greville, 3rd Baron Brooke.
9583_31	The Littletons were purely local landowners and instinctively loyalist. Sir Edward Littleton was made a Baronet by Charles I on 28 June 1627 and was expelled from the House of Commons in 1644 for his royalist sympathies. In May 1645, royalist troops quartered in Penkridge were expelled by small parliamentary force after a brief skirmish. Littleton's estates were sequestrated but he was able to recover them on payment of £1347. The Littletons' holdings were thus preserved and they found themselves in favour again after the restoration of Charles II in 1660. Despite the revolutionary turmoil, the real situation in Penkridge was little changed. An anomaly surviving from before the Reformation was the peculiar jurisdiction of St. Michael's. Although the college was long gone, its privileges survived and were vested in the Littletons, owners of the deanery manor. They appointed vicars and kept bishops at bay, until the royal peculiar was ended in 1858.
9583_32	Changing fortunes: Georgian and Victorian Penkridge Economy and population In 1666, the township of Penkridge had 212 households and the rest of the parish about a hundred, giving a total population of perhaps 1200 to 1500. By the first census, in 1801, it was 2,275. It rose to a peak of 3316 in 1851. A fall thereafter is mainly the result of the parish being reduced in size by the loss of Coppenhall, Stretton and Dunston. Penkridge itself seems to have had a fairly stable population for the century from 1851 to 1951: a decline relative to the country as a whole, but not a collapse.
9583_33	From the 1660s the pace of enclosure quickened, with all of the manors being divided into small farms, usually with the cultivators' consent, and these aggregated gradually into larger units. The second half of the 19th century, and especially the last quarter, were hard times for agriculture, with the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 and the Long Depression from about 1873. The 1831 census found that farmers and agricultural labourers accounted about 60% of the total adult male workforce. Next came shop keepers and artisans, showing that Penkridge remained a small but important commercial centre, although the market had gone. In 1881 agriculture employed about 48% of the working men: a considerable drop. Of the women whose employment is known, 150, the vast majority, were in domestic service. – probably mainly with the local gentry. The hospitality industry was quite important, with 40 men working in food and lodging and 15 working with carriages and horses – reflecting the continuing
9583_34	importance of the inns on a major route. The diversity of trades is marked. No less than 43 – 25 women and 18 men – were involved in dress-making, and there were quarrymen, traders, and many others. However, professionals are numbered at only 14.
9583_35	Penkridge owed much to its transport links, which steadily improved. The main Stafford–Wolverhampton route, now the A449 road was turnpiked under an Act of 1760. Bull Bridge, carrying the road over the Penk, was rebuilt in 1796 and widened in 1822. The improved road attracted more traffic: by 1818 there were stops by coaches on the London – Manchester, Birmingham – Manchester and Birmingham – Liverpool routes. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, opened in 1772, running straight through the parish and the township from north to south, with wharves at Spread Eagle (later called Gailey) and at Penkridge. In 1837, the Grand Junction Railway was opened. It cut through Penkridge on its west side, where Penkridge station was built, and was carried over the River Penk by the large Penkridge Viaduct. It began with two trains daily in each direction, to Stafford and Wolverhampton.
9583_36	Heavy industry expanded in the 18th century, when a forge at Congreve was turning out 120 tons of iron a year, and in the 1820s the mill below Bull Bridge was used for rolling iron. However, this industry tailed off as the Black Country ironworks outstripped it. Extraction of building materials grew in Victorian times, with the Littletons operating quarries at Wolgarston, Wood Bank, and Quarry Heath, as well as a sand pit at Hungry Hill, Teddesley, and a brickyard in Penkridge. Zenith of the Littletons
9583_37	The fortunes of the village and the Littletons remained intertwined. Sir Edward Littleton, the fourth baronet, bought Penkridge manor from the Earl of Warwick in 1749, completing his family's dominance of the area. Soon after he built Teddesley Hall, a much more impressive seat for the family. He survived until 1812, although, his wife died childless in 1781. He adopted his great-nephew, Edward Walhouse, as his heir. Walhouse took the name Littleton and took over the Littleton estates, although not the Littleton baronetcy. He achieved far greater eminence as a politician than any other member of the family, serving as Chief Secretary for Ireland under the Whig Prime Minister Grey in 1833–35. He was elevated to the peerage as Baron Hatherton, a title which remains with the head of the Littleton family to the present, and became an active member of the House of Lords.
9583_38	Hatherton resided at Teddesley, where he established a free agricultural college and farmed successfully. He strongly promoted education in the area, paying for a National School in Penkridge and another at Levedale, and for clothing for some of the school children. However, his lifetime saw a decisive shift in the family's interests. As heir to both the Walhouse family fortune and the Littleton estates, he owned great estates around Penkridge and mineral holdings and much residential property in the Cannock and Walsall areas. He owned coal mines at Great Wyrley, Bloxwich and Walsall; limestone quarries and brickyards in Walsall that were used to build much of the town; hundreds of residential and commercial properties; gravel and sand pits, stone quarries in many places. Unlike Penkridge, Cannock and Walsall were boom towns of the Victorian era, powered by the most modern and profitable industries of the age. The Littletons played a leading part in this phase of the Industrial
9583_39	Revolution and made large profits from it, and this tilted their attention increasingly away from their landed estates.
9583_40	The modern village Penkridge in the 20th and 21st centuries has remained a thriving market village while evolving into a residential centre, but its ties to the land were weakened and those to the landed gentry broken. Residential development began even in Victorian times, with the middle-class villas of the St. Michael's Road area, close to the railway. The main Stafford-Wolverhampton road was greatly improved between the wars, reshaping both Penkridge and Gailey, paving the way for the great boom in private cars and suburbanization after World War II.
9583_41	The war itself prepared the way for changes. Teddesley Hall, no longer the Littleton's family home since 1930, was used to house troops and prisoners of war. The old common lands between the Penk and the Cannock Road were used as a military camp during the war years. This eased their subsequent development as a large housing estate, greatly enlarging the size and population of Penkridge in the 1950s and 1960s. Between 1951 and 1961 the population grew from 2,518 to 3,383 – a rise of over 34% in just ten years. In 1919, the 3rd Lord Hatherton had begun disinvestment in land, often selling farms to their tenants. Over went in the Penkridge area, including land in the Deanery Manor, Congreve, Lower Drayton, Upper Drayton, Gailey, Levedale and Longridge. In 1953 the 4th Lord Hatherton sold off nearly , including Teddesley Hall, which was demolished within a year.
9583_42	The M6 motorway came around Stafford in 1962 and connected with the M1 motorway in 1971, giving the town vastly improved communications. The long-awaited M54 motorway, shadowing the ancient Watling Street, opened in 1983, greatly improving regional links. Penkridge was now very favourably placed on a truly national motorway network. Since the arrival of the M6, the population has more than doubled, as new houses have spread along all the roads, particularly north and south along the A449.
9583_43	Penkridge has remained a substantial commercial and shopping centre. The major supermarket chains have not been allowed to open stores in the town and its only large store is a Co-operative supermarket. Independent shops, cafés, inns and services occupy the area between the old market place to the east and Stone Cross on the A449 to the west. The area between Pinfold Lane and the river, long the site of livestock sales, has emerged as a new market place, attracting large numbers of visitors to Penkridge on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Facilities
9583_44	Penkridge's local market has been revived and is held on Wednesdays and Saturdays, hosting up to 100 stalls. There is also an antiques market every Thursday. The substantial tower of the Grade I listed Church of St. Michael and All Angels on the western edge of town, parts of which date back to the early thirteenth century, is visible even to passing road and rail travelers. A smaller Methodist church is on the largest road (the A449) route through the town, and there are three short streets of buildings dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, from the railway station eastward. Penkridge has its own historical stocks and cells remain in the town centre. The town has several pubs, and there are also numerous sports clubs in Penkridge including cricket, football, rugby union and tennis clubs.
9583_45	On the last Friday in November, for one night, the village centre used to close to traffic to allow a Victorian Night and Christmas Market to take place, in 2010 this event moved to the Market site where it has expanded to include over 70 stalls and a funfair. Notable people
9583_46	Sir Edward Littleton, 1st Baronet (c.1599 – c.1657) a 17th-century English Baronet and politician from the extended Lyttelton family Richard Hurd (1720–1808) was an English divine and writer, and Bishop of Worcester Alethea Lewis (1749–1827) was an English novelist, she also used the pseudonym Eugenia de Acton. Her subject-matter centred on her profound Christianity. Sir Lovelace Stamer (1829-1908) was the first Anglican Bishop of Shrewsbury in the modern era. He died in retirement at Penkridge. Ernest J. Chambers (1862–1925) was a Canadian militia officer, journalist, author, and civil servant. Emigrated aged 8. George Edalji (1876 in Penkridge – 1953) a Parsi English solicitor who served three years' hard labour after being convicted on a charge of injuring a pony. He was pardoned after a campaign well supported by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
9583_47	Rebekah Staton (born 1981) is an English actress, best known for narrating Don't Tell The Bride and appearing as Della in Raised by Wolves Adam Legzdins (born 1986 in Penkridge) is an English professional footballer and goalkeeper, made over 150 professional appearances so far, played for Birmingham City F.C. 2015-2017 Sugarthief (formed 2015) are an Indie-rock band consisting of Jack and Jordi James (brothers), and school friends Luke Owen and Reece Downton.
9583_48	Media In terms of television, Penkridge is served by BBC Midlands Today and ITV Central, both of which are based in Birmingham. Many residents in Penkridge receive their signals from the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, but some use The Wrekin transmitting station, near Telford, to obtain a watchable picture. Local radio is covered by Signal 1, mainly on 96.9 FM from the Pye Green BT Tower, visible from most of Penkridge. The town is also covered by Free Radio Shropshire and Black Country from Oldbury, in the West Midlands, and can receive the West Midland regional stations, like Heart and Smooth, very satisfactory. The local newspapers are the Express and Star, Cannock Chronicle and Staffordshire Newsletter. Transport
9583_49	Penkridge lies on the A449 and is midway between junctions 12 and 13 of the M6 motorway. It is served by National Express long-distance coaches, by D&G Bus service 75 (Cannock-Stafford) and also by occasional services provided by Select Bus from Wolverhampton to Stafford on services 877/878. As from April 2021, service 75 will be replaced by Select Bus service 875. The previous hourly Arriva Midlands service 76 was withdrawn in 2019 due to competition from National Express West Midlands service 54, which was itself withdrawn in 2020 due to funding cuts. Penkridge is served by Penkridge railway station on the West Coast Main Line, and can also be accessed by the Staffordshire & Worcestershire Canal. Otherton Airfield is in Penkridge, it is the home of Staffordshire Aero club.
9583_50	Education Penkridge has three first Schools (Marshbrook, St Michael's and Princefield), one middle school (Penkridge Middle School) and two high schools (Wolgarston High School and The Rural Enterprise Academy). Wolgarston High School has its own swimming pool and the council-run leisure centre is on the same site. Villages and hamlets on the outskirts of Penkridge also use the Middle and High schools. There are several pre-school nurseries in the town, including Turtle's Nursery, based in the former police station. Twin towns Since 1986 Penkridge has been twinned with: See also Listed buildings in Penkridge Pennocrucium Penkridge weather station Penkridge Viaduct Cannock Chase References External links Penkridge Parish Council Penkridge Town Community Website St Michael and All Angels church, Penkridge Villages in Staffordshire Civil parishes in Staffordshire South Staffordshire District History of Staffordshire
9584_0	Tiến lên (Vietnamese: tiến lên, tiến: advance; lên: to go up, up; literally: "go forward"), also known as Vietnamese cards, Thirteen, Poison, Killer 13, Bomb, and Hell is a shedding-type card game popular in Vietnam. It is derived from Chinese card games Winner and Big Two. Considered the national card game of Vietnam, the game is intended for four players, but can be played by two or three. Rules Note: The following discussion makes use of Unicode characters for the four card suits; you may need to switch to or install a more complete Unicode font if you cannot see these characters properly: ♥, ♦, ♣, and ♠. Cards A standard 52-card deck is used. The ranking of the cards from highest to lowest is: 2 A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3. The cards are also ranked by suit. The ranking from highest to lowest is: Hearts ♥, Diamonds ♦, Clubs ♣, Spades ♠. 2♥ is the highest-ranking card and 3♠ is the lowest-ranking card. The card number takes precedence over the suit, so 10♠ is higher than 9♥.
9584_1	The objective of the game is to be the first to get rid of all of one's cards by playing various combinations. Dealing The deck is dealt evenly between four players so that each player has 13 cards. When playing with 2 or 3 players, 13 cards are dealt to each player and the remaining cards are discarded.

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