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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1692923942#15_2986540659 | Title: 10 Ways to Use Google Maps in the Classroom – The Thinking Stick
Headings: 10 Ways to Use Google Maps in the Classroom
10 Ways to Use Google Maps in the Classroom
1. Latitude Longitude Scavenger Hunts
Google Sightseeing blog: View some of the great images from around the world
2. Earth Picker
Yes…Google does have a whole site dedicated to using maps in education
3. Smarty Pins
Create your own mapping game
4. My Maps
5 ways to use My Maps in the classroom
5. Video Tour
Want some training? No problem Google has you covered!
6. Create a map for your community
See how others are using Google Maps to help their communities
7. Create a route
Keep up with what Google is doing with maps
8. Measure Distance and Area
Using Google Maps in math class
9. See your World in 3D
40+ Ways to Use Google Earth and Maps in the classroom
10. Mobile Maps
Ideas of how to use My Maps on mobile devices
Content: Using Google Maps in math class
9. See your World in 3D
My Maps allows you to export your map in KML format. Funny….cause Google Earth allows you to import KML files to give you high resolution images of all your information in a 3D space. Expanding the conversation, expanding knowledge about our world…and beyond. 40+ Ways to Use Google Earth and Maps in the classroom
10. Mobile Maps
Google Maps is downloadable on every mobile device I know of and My Maps is as well ( Android, iOS )! So now you can create maps and use maps on your phone, tablet, watch? No need to have a class set of laptops when every students has a phone in their pocket. Here’s the problem…..this is number 10 and now that we have the ability to make and read maps on a mobile device that has GPS on it…..we just opened up a whole new way to engage with information, create information, and teach students the skills they’ll need for their future in a digital mapping world! Ideas of how to use My Maps on mobile devices
Maps I found in an antique shop. | http://www.thethinkingstick.com/10-ways-to-use-google-maps-in-the-classroom/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1692923942#16_2986542861 | Title: 10 Ways to Use Google Maps in the Classroom – The Thinking Stick
Headings: 10 Ways to Use Google Maps in the Classroom
10 Ways to Use Google Maps in the Classroom
1. Latitude Longitude Scavenger Hunts
Google Sightseeing blog: View some of the great images from around the world
2. Earth Picker
Yes…Google does have a whole site dedicated to using maps in education
3. Smarty Pins
Create your own mapping game
4. My Maps
5 ways to use My Maps in the classroom
5. Video Tour
Want some training? No problem Google has you covered!
6. Create a map for your community
See how others are using Google Maps to help their communities
7. Create a route
Keep up with what Google is doing with maps
8. Measure Distance and Area
Using Google Maps in math class
9. See your World in 3D
40+ Ways to Use Google Earth and Maps in the classroom
10. Mobile Maps
Ideas of how to use My Maps on mobile devices
Content: Mobile Maps
Google Maps is downloadable on every mobile device I know of and My Maps is as well ( Android, iOS )! So now you can create maps and use maps on your phone, tablet, watch? No need to have a class set of laptops when every students has a phone in their pocket. Here’s the problem…..this is number 10 and now that we have the ability to make and read maps on a mobile device that has GPS on it…..we just opened up a whole new way to engage with information, create information, and teach students the skills they’ll need for their future in a digital mapping world! Ideas of how to use My Maps on mobile devices
Maps I found in an antique shop. Yes…paper maps are now considered antiques. Yes…..paper maps days are numbered. Sure they’ll be around for awhile yet but really…that’s for our generations not theirs. They might never touch a paper map…never have to be frustrated with trying to fold it back up, worry about it ripping or whether or not it’s up to date. I know, I know….we loved our paper maps. | http://www.thethinkingstick.com/10-ways-to-use-google-maps-in-the-classroom/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1692923942#17_2986545077 | Title: 10 Ways to Use Google Maps in the Classroom – The Thinking Stick
Headings: 10 Ways to Use Google Maps in the Classroom
10 Ways to Use Google Maps in the Classroom
1. Latitude Longitude Scavenger Hunts
Google Sightseeing blog: View some of the great images from around the world
2. Earth Picker
Yes…Google does have a whole site dedicated to using maps in education
3. Smarty Pins
Create your own mapping game
4. My Maps
5 ways to use My Maps in the classroom
5. Video Tour
Want some training? No problem Google has you covered!
6. Create a map for your community
See how others are using Google Maps to help their communities
7. Create a route
Keep up with what Google is doing with maps
8. Measure Distance and Area
Using Google Maps in math class
9. See your World in 3D
40+ Ways to Use Google Earth and Maps in the classroom
10. Mobile Maps
Ideas of how to use My Maps on mobile devices
Content: Yes…paper maps are now considered antiques. Yes…..paper maps days are numbered. Sure they’ll be around for awhile yet but really…that’s for our generations not theirs. They might never touch a paper map…never have to be frustrated with trying to fold it back up, worry about it ripping or whether or not it’s up to date. I know, I know….we loved our paper maps. But it’s time to let them go and embrace a new digital mapping world. For the sake of our students and their future. Happy Birthday Google Maps….may you continue to lead me around our world! Jeff Utecht
I started blogging in 2005 and found it such a powerful way to reflect and share my thinking about technology, this generation, and how we prepare students for their future not our past. | http://www.thethinkingstick.com/10-ways-to-use-google-maps-in-the-classroom/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1702201673#15_2998086678 | Title: Car Insurance Cancellation and Non-Renewal
Headings: Car Insurance Cancellation and Non-Renewal
Car Insurance Cancellation and Non-Renewal
Car insurance cancellation and non-renewal guidelines are dictated by your state insurance laws. Normally, the insurance company has a 60-day underwriting window to review any policy an insurance agent issues. Your provider can cancel your insurance policy for nearly any “reasonable” concern within the first 60 days of it being issued. Learn more below.
Table of Contents
Car Insurance Cancellation
First 60 Days of Your Insurance Policy
What Are “Reasonable” Concerns?
Cancellation After 60 Days
Car Insurance Non-Renewal
Why Do Insurers Non-Renew Policies?
What’s Next?
Content: There are a couple reasons why an insurance company may choose to non-renew a policy. And it may have absolutely nothing to do with you! An insurer may decide they simply don’t want to write a particular line (home or auto for example) or class of insurance (homes on the gulf, drivers under 25 for example) and non-renew every policy that fits in that category. Also, an insurance company may decide to stop writing insurance in one state altogether, which would result in non-renewal for every policy they have in that state. However, it is possible that something you did during your policy term may have caused your insurer to non-renew you. It depends on the type of insurer your policy is written with. Perhaps you are with a standard carrier, and as a result of a few tickets or accidents during your policy, you no longer fit their risk appetite. You would likely be non-renewed and have to seek coverage from a non-standard carrier ( types of auto insurance companies ). What’s Next? Believe it or not, a cancellation or a non-renewal may be the best thing that ever happened to you. | http://www.thetruthaboutinsurance.com/car-insurance-cancellation-and-non-renewal/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1704943080#0_3002928654 | Title: What Does the PATRIOT Act Allow the Government to Do? – The UltraViolet Newspaper
Headings: What Does the PATRIOT Act Allow the Government to Do?
What Does the PATRIOT Act Allow the Government to Do?
Content: What Does the PATRIOT Act Allow the Government to Do? – The UltraViolet Newspaper
What Does the PATRIOT Act Allow the Government to Do? By Claudia '15 on October 20, 2013
How much can the government see? Graphic by Christina ’14. The 107th Congress passed the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Interfere and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act) on October 26, 2001 in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11 of that same year. The Act allows the various branches of the U.S. government to research and “obstruct” any person, group, or idea believed to support or advertise any domestic or foreign terrorist activities. With a variety of clauses dedicated to preventing terrorism, the PATRIOT Act was signed into action by former President George W. Bush, who stated: “These terrorists [behind the World Trade Center and anthrax attacks] must be pursued, they must be defeated, and they must be brought to justice. That is the purpose of this legislation.” The most important Sections are classified as Section 215, Section 206, and Section 6001. | http://www.theultraviolet.com/wordpress/2013/10/what-does-the-patriot-act-allow-the-government-to-do-2/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1704943080#3_3002934450 | Title: What Does the PATRIOT Act Allow the Government to Do? – The UltraViolet Newspaper
Headings: What Does the PATRIOT Act Allow the Government to Do?
What Does the PATRIOT Act Allow the Government to Do?
Content: Foreign Language Instructor Eric Reinholtz believes the PATRIOT to be a “social contract” in which Americans surrender certain social freedoms to be protected by the government. President Obama and former President Bush have shown support for and endorsed the Act separately, even as representatives of different political parties. “ [President] Obama and [former President] Bush have both been accused of infringing on human rights, but they both understand it is necessary to maintain surveillance and to intrude, to a certain extent, in the privacy of our citizens. I feel safe to fly, so I am willing to make that trade-off,” Reinholtz said. History and Social Sciences Instructor Michael Rindge agrees that it is legitimate for the government to investigate and pursue persons wanting to harm the U.S. and its people but finds the lack of transparency to be the most disconcerting component of the Act. “The problem [with the Act] shown through the NSA leaks shows a real lack of accountability for who is responsible for what. The Act needs to be teased out and explained to the American people more,” Rindge said. Obama’s input on the twelve-year debate regarding the ethically ambiguous sections encourages Americans to understand the PATRIOT’s main goal is a safe and terrorist-free America, not to infringe on citizens’ rights and privacy. He spoke six years ago at the Senate hearing for the USA PATRIOT Act reauthorization and stated, “Either we protect our people from terror, or we protect our most cherished principles. But that is a false choice. | http://www.theultraviolet.com/wordpress/2013/10/what-does-the-patriot-act-allow-the-government-to-do-2/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1705859792#3_3004581968 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Once that happened, people faced a choice they still
face today: In terms of time, money, and other things that they could
do, is it less expensive to make something themselves or to let someone
else produce it and buy it from them? Over the years, most people and
businesses realized that they could make better use of their time and
resources by concentrating on one particular kind of work, rather than
trying to produce for themselves all the items they want to consume. Most people now work in jobs where they do one kind of work; they are
carpenters, bankers, cooks, mechanics, and so forth. Likewise, most
businesses produce only certain kinds of goods or services, such as cars,
tacos, or gardening services. This feature of production is known
as specialization. A high degree of specialization is a key part of the
economic system in the United States and all other industrialized
economies. When businesses specialize, they focus on providing a
particular product or type of product. For instance, some large
companies produce only automobiles and trucks, or even special parts of
cars and trucks, such as tires. | http://www.theusaonline.com/economy/production.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1705859792#4_3004583428 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Likewise, most
businesses produce only certain kinds of goods or services, such as cars,
tacos, or gardening services. This feature of production is known
as specialization. A high degree of specialization is a key part of the
economic system in the United States and all other industrialized
economies. When businesses specialize, they focus on providing a
particular product or type of product. For instance, some large
companies produce only automobiles and trucks, or even special parts of
cars and trucks, such as tires. At almost all businesses, when
goods and services are produced, labor is divided among workers, with
different employees responsible for completing different tasks. This is
known as division of labor. For example, the individual parts of cars
and televisions are made by many different workers and then put together
in an assembly line. Other well-known examples of this specialization
and division of labor are seen in the production of computers and
electrical appliances. But even kitchens in large restaurants have
different chefs for different items, and professional workers such as
doctors and dentists have also become more specialized during the past
century. | http://www.theusaonline.com/economy/production.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1705859792#6_3004586604 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Specialization
and the Division of Labor - Advantages
of Specialization
By
specializing in what they produce, workers become more expert at a
particular part of the production process. As a result, they become more
efficient in these jobs, which lowers the costs of production. Specialization also makes it possible to develop tools and machines that
help workers do highly specialized tasks. Carpenters use many tools that
plumbers and painters do not. Commercial bakeries have much larger ovens
and mixers than those used by people who only bake bread and pies once a
year. And unlike a household kitchen, a commercial bakery has machines
to slice and package bread. All of these tools and machines help workers
and businesses produce more efficiently, and lower the cost of producing
goods and services. The advantages of specialization
have led to the creation of many very large production facilities in the
United States and other industrialized nations. This trend is especially
prevalent in the manufacturing sector. For example, many automobile
factories produce thousands of cars each day, and some shipyards employ
more than 10,000 workers. | http://www.theusaonline.com/economy/production.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1731626369#4_3044164012 | Title: Washington State History
Headings: Washington State History
Washington State History
Content: By 1850, more than 1,000 people lived in Washington. This led to the creation of the Washington Territory in 1853. Government leaders desiring to open more land for white settlement, wanted the Native Americans to sign treaties in 1855. This action led to a war that lasted until 1858, when the Indians surrendered at Four Lakes and moved onto reservations. During the 1860s, thousands of settlers moved to Washington as gold was discovered in Idaho, Oregon, and British Columbia. When large amounts of gold were not found in Washington, many settlers stayed to become farmers and loggers. In 1883, railroad connection with the East brought many new settlers to Washington. Washington became the 42 nd state on Nov. 11, 1889, with Olympia as the state capital. In 1890, Washington’s population reached more than 350,000. Due to irrigation projects during the 1890s, farmers moved to Washington to plant fruit orchards and wheat fields. | http://www.thingstodo.com/states/WA/history.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1731626369#5_3044165236 | Title: Washington State History
Headings: Washington State History
Washington State History
Content: When large amounts of gold were not found in Washington, many settlers stayed to become farmers and loggers. In 1883, railroad connection with the East brought many new settlers to Washington. Washington became the 42 nd state on Nov. 11, 1889, with Olympia as the state capital. In 1890, Washington’s population reached more than 350,000. Due to irrigation projects during the 1890s, farmers moved to Washington to plant fruit orchards and wheat fields. Fishing, lumbering, and mining industries continued to increase as well. Railroad expansion allowed coastal cities to become great port centers, the largest among them being Seattle. During the Alaska gold rush (1897-1898), this great city grew immensely as it became the chief supply center for the prospectors. During World War I (1914-1918), Washington supplied lumber, food, and ships. Camp Lewis was established as a military training center. | http://www.thingstodo.com/states/WA/history.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1731626369#6_3044166428 | Title: Washington State History
Headings: Washington State History
Washington State History
Content: Fishing, lumbering, and mining industries continued to increase as well. Railroad expansion allowed coastal cities to become great port centers, the largest among them being Seattle. During the Alaska gold rush (1897-1898), this great city grew immensely as it became the chief supply center for the prospectors. During World War I (1914-1918), Washington supplied lumber, food, and ships. Camp Lewis was established as a military training center. After the war, many workers lost their jobs and unemployment rose sharply. In the “Seattle Revolution of 1919,” over 60,000 workers protested by walking off their jobs. The Great Depression (1929-1939) also caused many industries to decline and unemployment to increase. The federal government provided thousands of jobs through construction of the Bonneville and Grand Coulee dams. Many jobs were created as the United States entered World War II in 1941. | http://www.thingstodo.com/states/WA/history.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1750250065#0_3079033248 | Title: Why Terrorists Hate America by William Blum
Headings: Why Terrorists Hate America
Why Terrorists Hate America
by William Blum
Internet
Why do terrorists hate America enough to give up their lives in order to deal the country such mortal blows? Of course it,s not America the terrorists hate; it,s American foreign policy. It,s what the United States has done to the world in the past half century -- all the violence, the bombings, the depleted uranium, the cluster bombs, the assassinations, the promotion of torture, the overthrow of governments, and more. The terrorists -- whatever else they might be -- are also rational human beings; which is to say that in their own minds they have a rational justification for their actions. Most terrorists are people deeply concerned by what they see as social, political or religious injustice and hypocrisy, and the immediate grounds for their terrorism is often retaliation for an action of the United States.
Most Americans find it difficult in the extreme to accept the proposition that terrorist acts against the United States can be viewed as revenge for Washington,s policies abroad. They believe that the US is targeted because of its freedom, its democracy, its modernity, its wealth, or just being part of the West.
But government officials know better. A Department of Defense study in 1997 concluded that: "Historical data show a strong correlation between US involvement in international situations and an increase in terrorist attacks against the United States." Former president Jimmy Carter, some years after he left the White House, was unambiguous in his concordance with such a sentiment: "We sent Marines into Lebanon and you only have to go to Lebanon, to Syria or to Jordan to witness first-hand the intense hatred among many people for the United States because we bombed and shelled and unmercifully killed totally innocent villagers -- women and children and farmers and housewives -- in those villages around Beirut. ... As a result of that ... we became kind of a Satan in the minds of those who are deeply resentful."
The terrorists responsible for the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993 sent a letter to the New York Times which stated, in part: "We declare our responsibility for the explosion on the mentioned building. This action was done in response for the American political, economical, and military support to Israel the state of terrorism and to the rest of the dictator countries in the region."
For more than four months the most powerful nation in history rained down a daily storm of missiles upon one of the poorest and most backward people in the world. Eventually, this question pressed itself onto the world,s stage: Who killed more innocent, defenseless people? The terrorists in the United States on September 11 with their flying bombs? Or the Americans in Afghanistan with their AGM-86D cruise missiles, their AGM-130 missiles, their 15,000 pound "daisy cutter" bombs, their depleted uranium, and their cluster bombs? By year's end, the count of the terrorists, victims in New York, Washington and Pennsylvania stood at about 3,000. The total count of civilian dead in Afghanistan was essentially ignored by American officials and just about everyone else, but a painstaking compilation of numerous individual reports from the domestic and international media, aid agencies, and the United Nations, by an American professor -- hunting down the many separate incidents of 100-plus counts of the dead, the scores of dead, the dozens, and the smaller numbers -- arrived at considerably more than 3,500 through early December, and still counting.
The American scorched-earth bombing of Afghanistan may well turn out to be a political train wreck. Can it be doubted that thousands throughout the Muslim world were emotionally and spiritually recruited to the cause of the next Osama bin Laden by the awful ruination and perceived injustice? That is to say, the next generation of terrorists. Indeed, in December, while the American bombs were still falling on Afghanistan, a man -- British citizen Richard Reid, who was a convert to Islam -- tried to blow up an American Airlines plane en route to the United States with explosives hidden in his shoes. At the London mosque that Reid had attended, the cleric in charge warned that extremists were enlisting other young men like Reid and that agents aligned with radical Muslim figures had stepped up recruiting efforts since September 11. The cleric said that he knew of "hundreds of Richard Reids" recruited in Britain. Reid, described in the press as a "drifter," reportedly traveled to Israel, Egypt, the Netherlands, and Belgium before arriving in Paris and boarding the American Airlines plane. This raises the question of who was financing him. The freezing of numerous bank accounts of alleged terrorist groups throughout the world by the United States may have rather limited effect.
Americans do not feel any more secure in their places of work, in their places of leisure, or in their travels than they did a day before their government's bombings began.
Has the power elite learned anything? Here's James Woolsey, former Director of the CIA, speaking in December in Washington, advocating an invasion of Iraq and unconcerned about the response of the Arab world: The silence of the Arab public in the wake of America's victories in Afghanistan, he said, proves that "only fear will re-establish respect for the U.S." What, then, can the United States do to end terrorism directed against it? The answer lies in removing the anti-American motivations of the terrorists. To achieve this, American foreign policy will have to undergo a metamorphosis.
If I were the president, I could stop terrorist attacks against the United States in a few days. Permanently. I would first apologize to all the widows and orphans, the tortured and impoverished, and all the many millions of other victims of American imperialism. Then I would announce, in all sincerity, to every corner of the world, that America's global interventions have come to an end, and inform Israel that it is no longer the 51st state of the USA but now -- oddly enough -- a foreign country. I would then reduce the military budget by at least 90% and use the savings to pay reparations to the victims. There would be more than enough money. One year's military budget of 330 billion dollars is equal to more than $18,000 an hour for every hour since Jesus Christ was born. That's what I'd do on my first three days in the White House. On the fourth day, I'd be assassinated.
William Blum is the author of Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, and Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower
William Blum page
Index of Website
Home Page
Content: Why Terrorists Hate America by William Blum
Why Terrorists Hate America
by William Blum
Internet
Why do terrorists hate America enough to give up their lives in order to deal the country such mortal blows? Of course it,s not America the terrorists hate; it,s American foreign policy. It,s what the United States has done to the world in the past half century -- all the violence, the bombings, the depleted uranium, the cluster bombs, the assassinations, the promotion of torture, the overthrow of governments, and more. The terrorists -- whatever else they might be -- are also rational human beings; which is to say that in their own minds they have a rational justification for their actions. Most terrorists are people deeply concerned by what they see as social, political or religious injustice and hypocrisy, and the immediate grounds for their terrorism is often retaliation for an action of the United States. Most Americans find it difficult in the extreme to accept the proposition that terrorist acts against the United States can be viewed as revenge for Washington,s policies abroad. They believe that the US is targeted because of its freedom, its democracy, its modernity, its wealth, or just being part of the West. But government officials know better. | http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/WhyTerroristsHateAmer.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1750250065#1_3079041549 | Title: Why Terrorists Hate America by William Blum
Headings: Why Terrorists Hate America
Why Terrorists Hate America
by William Blum
Internet
Why do terrorists hate America enough to give up their lives in order to deal the country such mortal blows? Of course it,s not America the terrorists hate; it,s American foreign policy. It,s what the United States has done to the world in the past half century -- all the violence, the bombings, the depleted uranium, the cluster bombs, the assassinations, the promotion of torture, the overthrow of governments, and more. The terrorists -- whatever else they might be -- are also rational human beings; which is to say that in their own minds they have a rational justification for their actions. Most terrorists are people deeply concerned by what they see as social, political or religious injustice and hypocrisy, and the immediate grounds for their terrorism is often retaliation for an action of the United States.
Most Americans find it difficult in the extreme to accept the proposition that terrorist acts against the United States can be viewed as revenge for Washington,s policies abroad. They believe that the US is targeted because of its freedom, its democracy, its modernity, its wealth, or just being part of the West.
But government officials know better. A Department of Defense study in 1997 concluded that: "Historical data show a strong correlation between US involvement in international situations and an increase in terrorist attacks against the United States." Former president Jimmy Carter, some years after he left the White House, was unambiguous in his concordance with such a sentiment: "We sent Marines into Lebanon and you only have to go to Lebanon, to Syria or to Jordan to witness first-hand the intense hatred among many people for the United States because we bombed and shelled and unmercifully killed totally innocent villagers -- women and children and farmers and housewives -- in those villages around Beirut. ... As a result of that ... we became kind of a Satan in the minds of those who are deeply resentful."
The terrorists responsible for the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993 sent a letter to the New York Times which stated, in part: "We declare our responsibility for the explosion on the mentioned building. This action was done in response for the American political, economical, and military support to Israel the state of terrorism and to the rest of the dictator countries in the region."
For more than four months the most powerful nation in history rained down a daily storm of missiles upon one of the poorest and most backward people in the world. Eventually, this question pressed itself onto the world,s stage: Who killed more innocent, defenseless people? The terrorists in the United States on September 11 with their flying bombs? Or the Americans in Afghanistan with their AGM-86D cruise missiles, their AGM-130 missiles, their 15,000 pound "daisy cutter" bombs, their depleted uranium, and their cluster bombs? By year's end, the count of the terrorists, victims in New York, Washington and Pennsylvania stood at about 3,000. The total count of civilian dead in Afghanistan was essentially ignored by American officials and just about everyone else, but a painstaking compilation of numerous individual reports from the domestic and international media, aid agencies, and the United Nations, by an American professor -- hunting down the many separate incidents of 100-plus counts of the dead, the scores of dead, the dozens, and the smaller numbers -- arrived at considerably more than 3,500 through early December, and still counting.
The American scorched-earth bombing of Afghanistan may well turn out to be a political train wreck. Can it be doubted that thousands throughout the Muslim world were emotionally and spiritually recruited to the cause of the next Osama bin Laden by the awful ruination and perceived injustice? That is to say, the next generation of terrorists. Indeed, in December, while the American bombs were still falling on Afghanistan, a man -- British citizen Richard Reid, who was a convert to Islam -- tried to blow up an American Airlines plane en route to the United States with explosives hidden in his shoes. At the London mosque that Reid had attended, the cleric in charge warned that extremists were enlisting other young men like Reid and that agents aligned with radical Muslim figures had stepped up recruiting efforts since September 11. The cleric said that he knew of "hundreds of Richard Reids" recruited in Britain. Reid, described in the press as a "drifter," reportedly traveled to Israel, Egypt, the Netherlands, and Belgium before arriving in Paris and boarding the American Airlines plane. This raises the question of who was financing him. The freezing of numerous bank accounts of alleged terrorist groups throughout the world by the United States may have rather limited effect.
Americans do not feel any more secure in their places of work, in their places of leisure, or in their travels than they did a day before their government's bombings began.
Has the power elite learned anything? Here's James Woolsey, former Director of the CIA, speaking in December in Washington, advocating an invasion of Iraq and unconcerned about the response of the Arab world: The silence of the Arab public in the wake of America's victories in Afghanistan, he said, proves that "only fear will re-establish respect for the U.S." What, then, can the United States do to end terrorism directed against it? The answer lies in removing the anti-American motivations of the terrorists. To achieve this, American foreign policy will have to undergo a metamorphosis.
If I were the president, I could stop terrorist attacks against the United States in a few days. Permanently. I would first apologize to all the widows and orphans, the tortured and impoverished, and all the many millions of other victims of American imperialism. Then I would announce, in all sincerity, to every corner of the world, that America's global interventions have come to an end, and inform Israel that it is no longer the 51st state of the USA but now -- oddly enough -- a foreign country. I would then reduce the military budget by at least 90% and use the savings to pay reparations to the victims. There would be more than enough money. One year's military budget of 330 billion dollars is equal to more than $18,000 an hour for every hour since Jesus Christ was born. That's what I'd do on my first three days in the White House. On the fourth day, I'd be assassinated.
William Blum is the author of Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, and Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower
William Blum page
Index of Website
Home Page
Content: which is to say that in their own minds they have a rational justification for their actions. Most terrorists are people deeply concerned by what they see as social, political or religious injustice and hypocrisy, and the immediate grounds for their terrorism is often retaliation for an action of the United States. Most Americans find it difficult in the extreme to accept the proposition that terrorist acts against the United States can be viewed as revenge for Washington,s policies abroad. They believe that the US is targeted because of its freedom, its democracy, its modernity, its wealth, or just being part of the West. But government officials know better. A Department of Defense study in 1997 concluded that: " Historical data show a strong correlation between US involvement in international situations and an increase in terrorist attacks against the United States." Former president Jimmy Carter, some years after he left the White House, was unambiguous in his concordance with such a sentiment: " We sent Marines into Lebanon and you only have to go to Lebanon, to Syria or to Jordan to witness first-hand the intense hatred among many people for the United States because we bombed and shelled and unmercifully killed totally innocent villagers -- women and children and farmers and housewives -- in those villages around Beirut. ... As a result of that ... we became kind of a Satan in the minds of those who are deeply resentful." | http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Blum/WhyTerroristsHateAmer.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1750263827#6_3079190786 | Title: How Democratic Is the American Constitution? book review
Headings: How Democratic Is the
American Constitution?
Democracy-Proof
The American Prospect magazine, July 2002
***
a review of the book
How Democratic Is the
American Constitution?
by Robert Dahl, Yale University Press
In The Frozen Republic: How the Constitution Is Paralyzing Democracy (1996), Daniel Lazare points out that the U.S. Constitution was adopted unconstitutionally. The Articles of Confederation, our first governing compact, contained a provision that any amendment would require the consent of all 13 states. Yet the Articles were supplanted without unanimous consent of the states. That's because Article VII of the new Constitution provided that it would take effect if ratified by only nine of the 13 states. Wasn't Article VII therefore in violation of the original governing document?
In Federalist 40, Madison dismissed this objection. It would be "absurd," he declared, to "subject the fate of twelve States to the perverseness or corruption of a thirteenth." Surely this was obvious to "every citizen who has felt for the wounded honor and prosperity of his country." End of discussion. So much for the original intention of those who framed the Articles of Confederation.
The new Constitution contained an equally "absurd" provision. According to Article V, "no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate." Each state, regardless of population, was to have two senators. As a result, two centuries later half the U.S. population sends 18 senators to Washington while the other half sends 82. Twenty senators represent 54 percent of the population; another 20 represent less than 3 percent. California gets two senators; the 20 least populous states, which combined have roughly the same number of people as California, get 40 senators. Senators elected by 11 percent of the population can kill proposed legislation with a filibuster; senators elected by as little as 5 percent of the population can block a constitutional amendment. For two centuries this blatantly undemocratic institution- perhaps the most un-representative legislative body in the world," Lazare observes-has survived without serious challenge, thanks partly to elite (especially slaveholder) self-interest and partly to popular Constitution-worship. But by the logic of Federalist 40, a people in earnest about equal representation for all, and therefore determined to reform the Senate, ought not be obstructed.
The composition of the Senate is not the only undemocratic feature of the Constitution, as Robert Dahl reminds us in How Democratic Is the American Constitution? Of the others, the most flagrant is the electoral college. There is nothing to be said for this institution. It has no other purpose or result than to frustrate equal representation for all citizens, and its effect on our political history has been calamitous. It was rejected several times at the Constitutional Convention until it slipped by on a last minute vote. It has never functioned as intended, i.e., as a deliberative body. Within a dozen years it had caused a constitutional crisis (the deadlocked election of 1800). Several decades later, after another deadlocked election in 1876, electoral college horse-trading resulted in the abandonment of federal efforts to enforce civil rights in the South. In four presidential elections, including the last one, the candidate with the greatest number of popular votes was not chosen as president. Overwhelming majorities regularly tell pollsters that the electoral college should be abolished. Seven hundred proposals to reform or abolish it have been introduced in the House, the most recent of which in 1989 passed with an 83 percent majority. As always, the Senate blocked any action. Quo usque tandem?
How Democratic Is the American Constitution? is a short book, not only because Dahl is a masterly expositor but also because the case against Constitution-worship is not very difficult to make. To begin with, the early republic did not worship it. The framers were a gifted and experienced group-though some, such as Alexander Hamilton and Gouverneur Morris, were not particularly well-disposed toward democracy. But divisions among them were sharp: Even Hamilton, for example, said that giving each state the same number of senators "shocks too much the ideas of justice and every human feeling." And some of the most eminent among them, such as Elbridge Gerry and Edmund Randolph, refused to sign or signed only with grave reservations. The debate in the country over ratification was extremely vigorous (see the two splendid Library of America volumes on the subject). The decision was not made by popular vote but by elected delegates, more than a third of whom voted against ratification. In short, our forebears did not in the least regard the Constitution as an inspired deliverance from heaven.
Moreover, there were some distinguished second thoughts. Conservatives endlessly cite Madison's Federalist 10 on the dangers of faction and the need to curb popular majorities. But as Dahl points out, Madison soon reconsidered. Within a few years he was writing in an anti-Federalist journal that "in every political society, parties are unavoidable" ("a natural offspring of Freedom," as he put it still later), and that political competition could be made fairer "by withholding unnecessary opportunities from a few to increase the inequality of property by an immoderate, and especially an unmerited, accumulation of riches," and "by the silent operation of the laws, which, without violating the rights of property, reduce extreme wealth towards a state of mediocrity and raise extreme indigence towards a state of comfort." Madison the radical!
Other democracies do not particularly admire our Constitution, at least to the extent of imitating it. In a chapter titled "The Constitution as a Model: An American Illusion," Dahl notes that "among the countries most comparable to the United States"-he lists 22-"and where democratic institutions have long existed without breakdown, not one has adopted our American constitutional system." Our combination of an executive branch independent of the legislature, a "first-past-the-post" electoral system that practically rules out third parties and coalition governments, extensive judicial review of federal legislative enactments, and strong bicameralism with highly unequal representation in the upper chamber is unique.
So ours is an inefficient and undemocratic system. The Senate and the electoral college merit no further discussion. First-past-the-post, or strictly majoritarian, elections are also plainly unfair. In theory, at least, a party that gained a one-vote plurality in every election district would win 100 percent of the seats in the legislature-an obvious absurdity. In practice, voters know that a vote for any except the two major parties is likely to be "wasted," producing no representation. This is, of course, convenient for the two major parties, but it leaves some (possibly many) voters unrepresented. A proportional system in which each party's legislative membership corresponds to its percentage of votes received would reflect the popular will more accurately without, Dahl contends, any loss of effectiveness. All the established democracies except Canada and (for the time being) the United Kingdom have a proportional, or "consensus," system rather than a majoritarian one.
The steady growth of presidential powers is also an American exception, Dahl contends. Actually, the U.S. government was not designed to have such a powerful chief executive. For all the talk then and now about the separation of powers, Dahl writes, those who framed and ratified the Constitution believed that "the only legitimate representative of the popular will was the Congress, not the president." The "myth of the presidential mandate" is a subsequent creation. Policy-including foreign policy-was (is) supposed to issue from the deliberations of a body of elected lawmakers, not from one elected chief administrator in consultation with his appointees. No other mature democracy, Dahl points out, has a "single popularly elected chief executive with important constitutional powers."
Regardless, the main question remains: Does our constitutional system at least work well for us? Dahl is skeptical, though he has to acknowledge the uncertain relevance of political arrangements to social and economic indicators, as well as the difficulty of comparing countries that differ in size and homogeneity. There's not much data in the book, although its references are helpful on this score. From the work of Arend Lijphart and other social scientists Dahl cites, it is clear, at any rate, that majoritarian democracies such as ours do not generally outperform consensus democracies on such measures as voter satisfaction, accountability, macroeconomic management, or the control of violence.
In any case, Dahl has not come to bury the Constitution, only to undermine complacency about it. Besides, as he acknowledges in the book's sobering conclusion, there's not much we can do. The Constitution is virtually democracy-proof. A Supreme Court that promulgates and upholds a Buckley v. Valeo (not to mention a Bush v. Gore) is all too likely to find constitutional problems with any serious move in the direction of popular sovereignty. It is hard to imagine a Congress unified and determined enough to reassert its primacy over the executive branch. And however indefensible, the Senate in its present form is here to stay.
For all these reasons, Dahl avows a "measured pessimism" about the prospects for a more democratic political system any time soon. The only hope-a long-term one-is to help along the evolution of a more democratic political culture. How? By trying to "reduce the vast inequalities in the existing distribution of political resources." I presume that by "resources" he means information, experience, and money. Unfortunately this intriguing suggestion comes in the book's penultimate paragraph and receives no elaboration. That is disappointing; but then Dahl has spent much of his career elaborating it in other books, many of them as valuable as this one.
During that long career (he is now 87), Dahl has received nearly every accolade for which a political scientist is eligible. I can't forbear adding my mite of praise to the heap. Dahl's work seems to me an admirable, even inspiring blend of normative and analytical, citizenly and scholarly, generous and disinterested. How Democratic Is the American Constitution.?, along with his other books, such as Democracy and Its Critics and A Preface to Economic Democracy, will continue for quite a while to remind the rest of us, gently but persistently, that our professed ideal of democratic equality requires a good deal more in the way of practice than we seem to have noticed.
GEORGE SCIALABBA reviews books for The Boston Globe, the Boston Review, and other publications.
Book Reviews page
Democracy in America
Index of Website
Home Page
Content: It has never functioned as intended, i.e., as a deliberative body. Within a dozen years it had caused a constitutional crisis (the deadlocked election of 1800). Several decades later, after another deadlocked election in 1876, electoral college horse-trading resulted in the abandonment of federal efforts to enforce civil rights in the South. In four presidential elections, including the last one, the candidate with the greatest number of popular votes was not chosen as president. Overwhelming majorities regularly tell pollsters that the electoral college should be abolished. Seven hundred proposals to reform or abolish it have been introduced in the House, the most recent of which in 1989 passed with an 83 percent majority. As always, the Senate blocked any action. Quo usque tandem? How Democratic Is the American Constitution? is a short book, not only because Dahl is a masterly expositor but also because the case against Constitution-worship is not very difficult to make. | http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Book_Reviews/How_Demo_Constitution.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1750263827#12_3079266793 | Title: How Democratic Is the American Constitution? book review
Headings: How Democratic Is the
American Constitution?
Democracy-Proof
The American Prospect magazine, July 2002
***
a review of the book
How Democratic Is the
American Constitution?
by Robert Dahl, Yale University Press
In The Frozen Republic: How the Constitution Is Paralyzing Democracy (1996), Daniel Lazare points out that the U.S. Constitution was adopted unconstitutionally. The Articles of Confederation, our first governing compact, contained a provision that any amendment would require the consent of all 13 states. Yet the Articles were supplanted without unanimous consent of the states. That's because Article VII of the new Constitution provided that it would take effect if ratified by only nine of the 13 states. Wasn't Article VII therefore in violation of the original governing document?
In Federalist 40, Madison dismissed this objection. It would be "absurd," he declared, to "subject the fate of twelve States to the perverseness or corruption of a thirteenth." Surely this was obvious to "every citizen who has felt for the wounded honor and prosperity of his country." End of discussion. So much for the original intention of those who framed the Articles of Confederation.
The new Constitution contained an equally "absurd" provision. According to Article V, "no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate." Each state, regardless of population, was to have two senators. As a result, two centuries later half the U.S. population sends 18 senators to Washington while the other half sends 82. Twenty senators represent 54 percent of the population; another 20 represent less than 3 percent. California gets two senators; the 20 least populous states, which combined have roughly the same number of people as California, get 40 senators. Senators elected by 11 percent of the population can kill proposed legislation with a filibuster; senators elected by as little as 5 percent of the population can block a constitutional amendment. For two centuries this blatantly undemocratic institution- perhaps the most un-representative legislative body in the world," Lazare observes-has survived without serious challenge, thanks partly to elite (especially slaveholder) self-interest and partly to popular Constitution-worship. But by the logic of Federalist 40, a people in earnest about equal representation for all, and therefore determined to reform the Senate, ought not be obstructed.
The composition of the Senate is not the only undemocratic feature of the Constitution, as Robert Dahl reminds us in How Democratic Is the American Constitution? Of the others, the most flagrant is the electoral college. There is nothing to be said for this institution. It has no other purpose or result than to frustrate equal representation for all citizens, and its effect on our political history has been calamitous. It was rejected several times at the Constitutional Convention until it slipped by on a last minute vote. It has never functioned as intended, i.e., as a deliberative body. Within a dozen years it had caused a constitutional crisis (the deadlocked election of 1800). Several decades later, after another deadlocked election in 1876, electoral college horse-trading resulted in the abandonment of federal efforts to enforce civil rights in the South. In four presidential elections, including the last one, the candidate with the greatest number of popular votes was not chosen as president. Overwhelming majorities regularly tell pollsters that the electoral college should be abolished. Seven hundred proposals to reform or abolish it have been introduced in the House, the most recent of which in 1989 passed with an 83 percent majority. As always, the Senate blocked any action. Quo usque tandem?
How Democratic Is the American Constitution? is a short book, not only because Dahl is a masterly expositor but also because the case against Constitution-worship is not very difficult to make. To begin with, the early republic did not worship it. The framers were a gifted and experienced group-though some, such as Alexander Hamilton and Gouverneur Morris, were not particularly well-disposed toward democracy. But divisions among them were sharp: Even Hamilton, for example, said that giving each state the same number of senators "shocks too much the ideas of justice and every human feeling." And some of the most eminent among them, such as Elbridge Gerry and Edmund Randolph, refused to sign or signed only with grave reservations. The debate in the country over ratification was extremely vigorous (see the two splendid Library of America volumes on the subject). The decision was not made by popular vote but by elected delegates, more than a third of whom voted against ratification. In short, our forebears did not in the least regard the Constitution as an inspired deliverance from heaven.
Moreover, there were some distinguished second thoughts. Conservatives endlessly cite Madison's Federalist 10 on the dangers of faction and the need to curb popular majorities. But as Dahl points out, Madison soon reconsidered. Within a few years he was writing in an anti-Federalist journal that "in every political society, parties are unavoidable" ("a natural offspring of Freedom," as he put it still later), and that political competition could be made fairer "by withholding unnecessary opportunities from a few to increase the inequality of property by an immoderate, and especially an unmerited, accumulation of riches," and "by the silent operation of the laws, which, without violating the rights of property, reduce extreme wealth towards a state of mediocrity and raise extreme indigence towards a state of comfort." Madison the radical!
Other democracies do not particularly admire our Constitution, at least to the extent of imitating it. In a chapter titled "The Constitution as a Model: An American Illusion," Dahl notes that "among the countries most comparable to the United States"-he lists 22-"and where democratic institutions have long existed without breakdown, not one has adopted our American constitutional system." Our combination of an executive branch independent of the legislature, a "first-past-the-post" electoral system that practically rules out third parties and coalition governments, extensive judicial review of federal legislative enactments, and strong bicameralism with highly unequal representation in the upper chamber is unique.
So ours is an inefficient and undemocratic system. The Senate and the electoral college merit no further discussion. First-past-the-post, or strictly majoritarian, elections are also plainly unfair. In theory, at least, a party that gained a one-vote plurality in every election district would win 100 percent of the seats in the legislature-an obvious absurdity. In practice, voters know that a vote for any except the two major parties is likely to be "wasted," producing no representation. This is, of course, convenient for the two major parties, but it leaves some (possibly many) voters unrepresented. A proportional system in which each party's legislative membership corresponds to its percentage of votes received would reflect the popular will more accurately without, Dahl contends, any loss of effectiveness. All the established democracies except Canada and (for the time being) the United Kingdom have a proportional, or "consensus," system rather than a majoritarian one.
The steady growth of presidential powers is also an American exception, Dahl contends. Actually, the U.S. government was not designed to have such a powerful chief executive. For all the talk then and now about the separation of powers, Dahl writes, those who framed and ratified the Constitution believed that "the only legitimate representative of the popular will was the Congress, not the president." The "myth of the presidential mandate" is a subsequent creation. Policy-including foreign policy-was (is) supposed to issue from the deliberations of a body of elected lawmakers, not from one elected chief administrator in consultation with his appointees. No other mature democracy, Dahl points out, has a "single popularly elected chief executive with important constitutional powers."
Regardless, the main question remains: Does our constitutional system at least work well for us? Dahl is skeptical, though he has to acknowledge the uncertain relevance of political arrangements to social and economic indicators, as well as the difficulty of comparing countries that differ in size and homogeneity. There's not much data in the book, although its references are helpful on this score. From the work of Arend Lijphart and other social scientists Dahl cites, it is clear, at any rate, that majoritarian democracies such as ours do not generally outperform consensus democracies on such measures as voter satisfaction, accountability, macroeconomic management, or the control of violence.
In any case, Dahl has not come to bury the Constitution, only to undermine complacency about it. Besides, as he acknowledges in the book's sobering conclusion, there's not much we can do. The Constitution is virtually democracy-proof. A Supreme Court that promulgates and upholds a Buckley v. Valeo (not to mention a Bush v. Gore) is all too likely to find constitutional problems with any serious move in the direction of popular sovereignty. It is hard to imagine a Congress unified and determined enough to reassert its primacy over the executive branch. And however indefensible, the Senate in its present form is here to stay.
For all these reasons, Dahl avows a "measured pessimism" about the prospects for a more democratic political system any time soon. The only hope-a long-term one-is to help along the evolution of a more democratic political culture. How? By trying to "reduce the vast inequalities in the existing distribution of political resources." I presume that by "resources" he means information, experience, and money. Unfortunately this intriguing suggestion comes in the book's penultimate paragraph and receives no elaboration. That is disappointing; but then Dahl has spent much of his career elaborating it in other books, many of them as valuable as this one.
During that long career (he is now 87), Dahl has received nearly every accolade for which a political scientist is eligible. I can't forbear adding my mite of praise to the heap. Dahl's work seems to me an admirable, even inspiring blend of normative and analytical, citizenly and scholarly, generous and disinterested. How Democratic Is the American Constitution.?, along with his other books, such as Democracy and Its Critics and A Preface to Economic Democracy, will continue for quite a while to remind the rest of us, gently but persistently, that our professed ideal of democratic equality requires a good deal more in the way of practice than we seem to have noticed.
GEORGE SCIALABBA reviews books for The Boston Globe, the Boston Review, and other publications.
Book Reviews page
Democracy in America
Index of Website
Home Page
Content: In theory, at least, a party that gained a one-vote plurality in every election district would win 100 percent of the seats in the legislature-an obvious absurdity. In practice, voters know that a vote for any except the two major parties is likely to be "wasted," producing no representation. This is, of course, convenient for the two major parties, but it leaves some (possibly many) voters unrepresented. A proportional system in which each party's legislative membership corresponds to its percentage of votes received would reflect the popular will more accurately without, Dahl contends, any loss of effectiveness. All the established democracies except Canada and (for the time being) the United Kingdom have a proportional, or "consensus," system rather than a majoritarian one. The steady growth of presidential powers is also an American exception, Dahl contends. Actually, the U.S. government was not designed to have such a powerful chief executive. For all the talk then and now about the separation of powers, Dahl writes, those who framed and ratified the Constitution believed that "the only legitimate representative of the popular will was the Congress, not the president." The "myth of the presidential mandate" is a subsequent creation. Policy-including foreign policy-was (is) supposed to issue from the deliberations of a body of elected lawmakers, not from one elected chief administrator in consultation with his appointees. | http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Book_Reviews/How_Demo_Constitution.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1750263827#13_3079279657 | Title: How Democratic Is the American Constitution? book review
Headings: How Democratic Is the
American Constitution?
Democracy-Proof
The American Prospect magazine, July 2002
***
a review of the book
How Democratic Is the
American Constitution?
by Robert Dahl, Yale University Press
In The Frozen Republic: How the Constitution Is Paralyzing Democracy (1996), Daniel Lazare points out that the U.S. Constitution was adopted unconstitutionally. The Articles of Confederation, our first governing compact, contained a provision that any amendment would require the consent of all 13 states. Yet the Articles were supplanted without unanimous consent of the states. That's because Article VII of the new Constitution provided that it would take effect if ratified by only nine of the 13 states. Wasn't Article VII therefore in violation of the original governing document?
In Federalist 40, Madison dismissed this objection. It would be "absurd," he declared, to "subject the fate of twelve States to the perverseness or corruption of a thirteenth." Surely this was obvious to "every citizen who has felt for the wounded honor and prosperity of his country." End of discussion. So much for the original intention of those who framed the Articles of Confederation.
The new Constitution contained an equally "absurd" provision. According to Article V, "no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate." Each state, regardless of population, was to have two senators. As a result, two centuries later half the U.S. population sends 18 senators to Washington while the other half sends 82. Twenty senators represent 54 percent of the population; another 20 represent less than 3 percent. California gets two senators; the 20 least populous states, which combined have roughly the same number of people as California, get 40 senators. Senators elected by 11 percent of the population can kill proposed legislation with a filibuster; senators elected by as little as 5 percent of the population can block a constitutional amendment. For two centuries this blatantly undemocratic institution- perhaps the most un-representative legislative body in the world," Lazare observes-has survived without serious challenge, thanks partly to elite (especially slaveholder) self-interest and partly to popular Constitution-worship. But by the logic of Federalist 40, a people in earnest about equal representation for all, and therefore determined to reform the Senate, ought not be obstructed.
The composition of the Senate is not the only undemocratic feature of the Constitution, as Robert Dahl reminds us in How Democratic Is the American Constitution? Of the others, the most flagrant is the electoral college. There is nothing to be said for this institution. It has no other purpose or result than to frustrate equal representation for all citizens, and its effect on our political history has been calamitous. It was rejected several times at the Constitutional Convention until it slipped by on a last minute vote. It has never functioned as intended, i.e., as a deliberative body. Within a dozen years it had caused a constitutional crisis (the deadlocked election of 1800). Several decades later, after another deadlocked election in 1876, electoral college horse-trading resulted in the abandonment of federal efforts to enforce civil rights in the South. In four presidential elections, including the last one, the candidate with the greatest number of popular votes was not chosen as president. Overwhelming majorities regularly tell pollsters that the electoral college should be abolished. Seven hundred proposals to reform or abolish it have been introduced in the House, the most recent of which in 1989 passed with an 83 percent majority. As always, the Senate blocked any action. Quo usque tandem?
How Democratic Is the American Constitution? is a short book, not only because Dahl is a masterly expositor but also because the case against Constitution-worship is not very difficult to make. To begin with, the early republic did not worship it. The framers were a gifted and experienced group-though some, such as Alexander Hamilton and Gouverneur Morris, were not particularly well-disposed toward democracy. But divisions among them were sharp: Even Hamilton, for example, said that giving each state the same number of senators "shocks too much the ideas of justice and every human feeling." And some of the most eminent among them, such as Elbridge Gerry and Edmund Randolph, refused to sign or signed only with grave reservations. The debate in the country over ratification was extremely vigorous (see the two splendid Library of America volumes on the subject). The decision was not made by popular vote but by elected delegates, more than a third of whom voted against ratification. In short, our forebears did not in the least regard the Constitution as an inspired deliverance from heaven.
Moreover, there were some distinguished second thoughts. Conservatives endlessly cite Madison's Federalist 10 on the dangers of faction and the need to curb popular majorities. But as Dahl points out, Madison soon reconsidered. Within a few years he was writing in an anti-Federalist journal that "in every political society, parties are unavoidable" ("a natural offspring of Freedom," as he put it still later), and that political competition could be made fairer "by withholding unnecessary opportunities from a few to increase the inequality of property by an immoderate, and especially an unmerited, accumulation of riches," and "by the silent operation of the laws, which, without violating the rights of property, reduce extreme wealth towards a state of mediocrity and raise extreme indigence towards a state of comfort." Madison the radical!
Other democracies do not particularly admire our Constitution, at least to the extent of imitating it. In a chapter titled "The Constitution as a Model: An American Illusion," Dahl notes that "among the countries most comparable to the United States"-he lists 22-"and where democratic institutions have long existed without breakdown, not one has adopted our American constitutional system." Our combination of an executive branch independent of the legislature, a "first-past-the-post" electoral system that practically rules out third parties and coalition governments, extensive judicial review of federal legislative enactments, and strong bicameralism with highly unequal representation in the upper chamber is unique.
So ours is an inefficient and undemocratic system. The Senate and the electoral college merit no further discussion. First-past-the-post, or strictly majoritarian, elections are also plainly unfair. In theory, at least, a party that gained a one-vote plurality in every election district would win 100 percent of the seats in the legislature-an obvious absurdity. In practice, voters know that a vote for any except the two major parties is likely to be "wasted," producing no representation. This is, of course, convenient for the two major parties, but it leaves some (possibly many) voters unrepresented. A proportional system in which each party's legislative membership corresponds to its percentage of votes received would reflect the popular will more accurately without, Dahl contends, any loss of effectiveness. All the established democracies except Canada and (for the time being) the United Kingdom have a proportional, or "consensus," system rather than a majoritarian one.
The steady growth of presidential powers is also an American exception, Dahl contends. Actually, the U.S. government was not designed to have such a powerful chief executive. For all the talk then and now about the separation of powers, Dahl writes, those who framed and ratified the Constitution believed that "the only legitimate representative of the popular will was the Congress, not the president." The "myth of the presidential mandate" is a subsequent creation. Policy-including foreign policy-was (is) supposed to issue from the deliberations of a body of elected lawmakers, not from one elected chief administrator in consultation with his appointees. No other mature democracy, Dahl points out, has a "single popularly elected chief executive with important constitutional powers."
Regardless, the main question remains: Does our constitutional system at least work well for us? Dahl is skeptical, though he has to acknowledge the uncertain relevance of political arrangements to social and economic indicators, as well as the difficulty of comparing countries that differ in size and homogeneity. There's not much data in the book, although its references are helpful on this score. From the work of Arend Lijphart and other social scientists Dahl cites, it is clear, at any rate, that majoritarian democracies such as ours do not generally outperform consensus democracies on such measures as voter satisfaction, accountability, macroeconomic management, or the control of violence.
In any case, Dahl has not come to bury the Constitution, only to undermine complacency about it. Besides, as he acknowledges in the book's sobering conclusion, there's not much we can do. The Constitution is virtually democracy-proof. A Supreme Court that promulgates and upholds a Buckley v. Valeo (not to mention a Bush v. Gore) is all too likely to find constitutional problems with any serious move in the direction of popular sovereignty. It is hard to imagine a Congress unified and determined enough to reassert its primacy over the executive branch. And however indefensible, the Senate in its present form is here to stay.
For all these reasons, Dahl avows a "measured pessimism" about the prospects for a more democratic political system any time soon. The only hope-a long-term one-is to help along the evolution of a more democratic political culture. How? By trying to "reduce the vast inequalities in the existing distribution of political resources." I presume that by "resources" he means information, experience, and money. Unfortunately this intriguing suggestion comes in the book's penultimate paragraph and receives no elaboration. That is disappointing; but then Dahl has spent much of his career elaborating it in other books, many of them as valuable as this one.
During that long career (he is now 87), Dahl has received nearly every accolade for which a political scientist is eligible. I can't forbear adding my mite of praise to the heap. Dahl's work seems to me an admirable, even inspiring blend of normative and analytical, citizenly and scholarly, generous and disinterested. How Democratic Is the American Constitution.?, along with his other books, such as Democracy and Its Critics and A Preface to Economic Democracy, will continue for quite a while to remind the rest of us, gently but persistently, that our professed ideal of democratic equality requires a good deal more in the way of practice than we seem to have noticed.
GEORGE SCIALABBA reviews books for The Boston Globe, the Boston Review, and other publications.
Book Reviews page
Democracy in America
Index of Website
Home Page
Content: The steady growth of presidential powers is also an American exception, Dahl contends. Actually, the U.S. government was not designed to have such a powerful chief executive. For all the talk then and now about the separation of powers, Dahl writes, those who framed and ratified the Constitution believed that "the only legitimate representative of the popular will was the Congress, not the president." The "myth of the presidential mandate" is a subsequent creation. Policy-including foreign policy-was (is) supposed to issue from the deliberations of a body of elected lawmakers, not from one elected chief administrator in consultation with his appointees. No other mature democracy, Dahl points out, has a "single popularly elected chief executive with important constitutional powers." Regardless, the main question remains: Does our constitutional system at least work well for us? Dahl is skeptical, though he has to acknowledge the uncertain relevance of political arrangements to social and economic indicators, as well as the difficulty of comparing countries that differ in size and homogeneity. There's not much data in the book, although its references are helpful on this score. | http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Book_Reviews/How_Demo_Constitution.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1750908065#5_3084054907 | Title: Grotesque Inequality Corporate Globalization and the Global Gap Between Rich and Poor by Robert Weissman
Headings: Grotesque Inequality
Grotesque Inequality
Corporate Globalization and the Global Gap Between Rich and Poor
by Robert Weissman
Multinational Monitor magazine, July / August 2003
There is something profoundly wrong with a world in which the 400 highest income earners in the United States make as much money in a year as the entire population of 20 African nations-more than 300 million people.
Global inequalities persist at staggering levels. The richest 10 percent of the world's population's income is roughly 117 times higher than the poorest 10 percent, according to calculations performed by economists at the Economics Policy Institute, using data from the International Monetary Fund. This is a huge jump from the ratio in 1980, when the income of the richest 10 percent was about 79 times higher than the poorest 10 percent.
Exclude fast-growing China from the equation, and the disparities are even more shocking. The income ratio from the richest 10 percent to the poorest 10 percent rose from 90:1 in 19S0 to 154:1 in 1999.
Despite these numbers, there is a significant debate among economists about whether overall global inequality is growing in the era of corporate globalization. That is due to the influence of China and India, huge countries which have been growing (very rapidly, in the case of China) while most of the developing world has been stagnant or shrinking economically and most of the rich world has been growing slowly.
Economic inequalities between the richest and poorest people in the world are clearly growing rapidly, however. And, in most parts of the world, inequality within nations is growing-this is true in the rich countries of the United States and the European Union, most (but not all) of the transition economies of the old Soviet bloc, China and India -or persisting at very high levels, as in Latin America and Africa.
Much of the blame for this state of affairs can be laid at the doorstep of corporate globalization-the rules of the global economy as established by organizations like the World Trade Organization, the imposed market fundamentalist demands of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, the dynamics of unregulated global financial and other markets.
There are other factors at work as well, most importantly domestic power struggles over everything from national tax policy to corruption to decisions over investment in healthcare and education.
And not every aspect of corporate globalization pushes in the direction of more inequality. For example, despite the many and varied hardships corporate globalization imposes on women, in many circumstances it may open up opportunities for independence and economic self-sufficiency that traditional arrangements denied to women.
But these caveats notwithstanding, corporate globalization in many ways does generate, contribute to and reinforce rising and persistent grotesque inequalities, both between and within countries. Here is a review of a dozen mechanisms by which this occurs:
1. FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY
Over the last decade, the International Monetary Fund and World Bank have pressured countries to remove restrictions on capital flows. The deregulation of the financial sector has made it much easier to move money into developing countries. In much of Asia and Latin America, and in Russia, foreign investment funds have poured money into short-term investments in various financial instruments. Capital flows to developing countries rose from approximately $2 billion in 1980 to $120 billion in 1997, a jump of 6,000 percent.
Deregulation has also made it easier to move money out of countries. Because so much foreign investment is lodged in financial instruments (as opposed to real property, such as factories), it can easily flee developing countries. Deregulation has displaced capital controls, including, for example, those that might have required foreign investment to remain in a country for a certain period of time. Such rules make it legal for foreign investors to flee.
When things seem uncertain in a country, foreign investors do flee, routinely. Even if the country's objective economic circumstances are not in crisis, the fact of foreign capital flight regularly plunges countries into crisis, or at least crises worse than they would otherwise experience. This has been the case over the last decade in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Russia, Brazil and Argentina, among other countries.
Financial crises in developing countries exacerbate global inequalities-Argentina, for example, has seen its economy sink rapidly in recent years, while Russia suffered a 42 percent decline in Gross Domestic Product. They also tend to increase domestic inequality, since the rich have various ways to protect themselves, including by joining the capital flight out of the country and housing their money in foreign banks. For most of the middle class, however, such options may not be available, and they may find themselves joining the ranks of the poor.
2. DEBT
The developing countries collectively owe $2.3 trillion to foreign creditors. Sub-Saharan African nations owe more than $200 billion to foreign creditors. Developing countries must pay interest on these loans and pay back the principal.
Where loans are directed to sound investments in projects that generate foreign exchange-which is needed to pay back the loans that are made in foreign currencies-taking on debt obligations may make sense. But the history of the last 25 years is replete with large-scale lending operations from official donors and private banks that have been allocated to boondoggle projects (example: an unopened nuclear power plant on an earthquake fault in the Philippines), wasted on military spending or siphoned off by corrupt government officials.
Unfortunately, even bad loans have to be repaid. Debt repayments suck money out of poor countries, denying them monies that could be used for everything from healthcare to delivery of clean water. Sub-Saharan Africa alone doles out more than $10 billion annually in _ debt payments.
Amazingly, although the Third World debt crisis has been a fixture of the financial press since the 1980s, little has been done to address the problem. In better-off countries that received large infusions of foreign loans which they are unable to repay-such as Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Korea and Thailand-private lenders have written down the debts, accepting less than full repayment, or extending repayment periods. For the poorest indebted countries, a group of 42 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC), mostly concentrated in Africa, which owe most of their debt to official creditors, the IMF and World Bank have fashioned a modest debt relief program.
Both the public and private efforts have treated the debt problem as one that requires financial restructuring so that countries can continue to pay back debts-even if the debts were illegitimately contracted (e.g., via loans to dictators), even if there is no prospect of them ever being paid back in full, and irrespective of the impact of payment on the debtor country.
In the case of the HIPC plan, the 42 countries that owed $218 billion in 1996 now owe $180 billion. Countries' annual debt payments-the thing that matters most, since it is the amount they actually pay, rather than the total amount they owe, which is likely never to be repaid- have fallen very modestly under the HIPC plan, by about a quarter. A little more than half of the HIPCs have received some relief under the debt relief plan-but about half of them maintain debt obligations that even the World Bank defines as unsustainable, according to Jubilee Research of the UK.
The benefits flowing from the stingy levels of debt relief that have been granted show what could be done with full debt cancellation.
"While the money released so far is modest-much more is needed through deeper debt cancellation and increased aid-on a local level, the difference it is making to individual people is tangible," concludes "Reality Check," a report by Drop the Debt, a debt campaigning group, issued in 2001. "With scarce resources, not everything can be done at once. In Uganda, new schools have been built, and primary education is now free, which has prompted a huge rise in attendance rates, but the country desperately needs more teachers and materials to maximize the benefits. In Mozambique, there are more health clinics and nurses, but still a lack of drugs for them to work with."
3. ELEVATED INTEREST RATES
In an era of globalizing financial markets, the very high interest rates pursued by the U.S. Federal Reserve in the 1980s meant that the rest of the world would be forced to adopt high interest rates as well.
Although rich countries have steadily reduced interest rates over the last decade, globalized financial markets have led developing countries to maintain high rates. Given the greater risk in developing countries, free-flowing capital demands a higher rate of return. Particularly in the wake of financial crises or near-crises, developing country interest rates have risen to extremely high rates-all in an effort to keep capital from fleeing.
On top of these market demands comes pressure from the International Monetary Fund on developing countries to maintain high interest rates, and not to take steps that could stem capital flight while enabling interest rate reductions. Under such pressures, the new Brazilian government of Lula is maintaining interest rates of 26 percent.
The impacts of high interest rates on inequality-both between and within countries-are severe.
The elevated global rates in the 1980s plunged Latin America into the debt crisis, as interest rate payments on its foreign debt soared.
The high rates that developing countries have maintained have led to a steady flow of interest payments out of the Third World; and, when it has appeared that countries cannot continue to meet foreign debt payments, foreign capital has fled, throwing nations from Thailand to Argentina into crisis.
High interest rates have dramatically slowed economic growth in developing countries. In Brazil, now led by a populist president, high interest rates have left growth rates near zero.
And, within countries, high rates have significantly exacerbated wealth inequalities.
"We know that the distribution of assets in each country is very skewed, and the rate of interest is the return on the assets," says Branko Milanovic, a World Bank economist, in the interview in this issue. "So within each country the rich gained from higher interest rates. On the world level too, rich countries which are by definition capital-rich gained from it. It is of course the rich people in rich countries who gained the most."
4. TRADE LIBERALIZATION I - EXPANDING WAGE GAPS
Trade liberalization has heightened differences among 1 wage earners. Unskilled workers in developing countries and industrialized countries alike have been particularly hard hit by international competition. The UN Conference on
Trade and Development (UNCTAD) reported in its 1997 Trade and Development Report that "in almost all developing countries that have undertaken rapid trade liberalization, wage inequality has increased, most often in the context of declining industrial employment of unskilled workers and large absolute falls in their real wages, of the order of 20-30 percent in some Latin American countries."
The growing gap in wages between skilled and unskilled workers maybe explained in part by extremely intense global competition to perform unskilled work (think of the apparel and shoe companies that switch from sweatshops in Mexico to El Salvador to Indonesia to Bangladesh and China in constant search of cheaper labor).
"As a result of increased participation of several highly populated, low-income countries in world trade in recent years, as much as 70 percent of the labor force employed in sectors participating in world trade is low-skilled," reports the 2002 UNCTAD Trade and Development Report. But because there remains so much surplus labor in developing countries, and because many large countries, notably China and India, are still not fully integrated into the global economy, downward pressure in low-skilled wages is likely to continue for the foreseeable future, UNCTAD concludes.
5. TRADE LIBERALIZATION II - DIVIDING THE PIE BETWEEN CAPITAL AND LABOR
The downward push in labor costs has worked to corporations' advantage. Due to trade liberalization, UNCTAD stated in 1997, "capital has gained in comparison with labor, and profit shares have risen everywhere. In four developing countries out of five, the share of wages in manufacturing value added today is considerably below what it was in the 1970s and early 1980s."
Some of the increased share for capital is going to corporations in developing countries, exacerbating domestic inequality. Much of it is collected by corporations and their owners in industrialized countries, both from the share they are taking from workers in rich countries, and from those in the Third World. While multinational corporations have taken advantage of freer trade regimes to locate production facilities in developing countries, they maintain control of all of the high value-added design and technology.
6. AGRICULTURAL DUMPING AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION
Grain-trading companies from rich countries are increasingly flooding developing countries with below-production-cost food exports. Companies such as Cargill benefit from market arrangements (especially highly concentrated markets among the trading companies ) that drive prices below the cost of production, and enable them to buy and export grains at super-cheap prices to poor nations. Sometimes the trading companies benefit from subsidies that are targeted just to exports.
"Below-cost imports drive developing country farmers out of their local markets," notes a February 2003 report from the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP). "If the farmers do not have access to a safety net, they have to abandon their land in search of other employment. This is happening around the world, in places as far apart as Jamaica, Burkina Faso and the Philippines."
The IATP report documents widespread and extreme levels of dumping by the United States. IATP researchers report the cost of production for a bushel of wheat in 2001 was $6.24, while the export price was only $3.50-a 44 percent level of dumping. In 2001, U.S. exporters dumped corn at 33 percent, soybeans at 29 percent, cotton at 57 percent and rice at 22 percent.
Hypothetically, WTO rules should prevent such dumping, but poor countries generally do not have the capacity to bring complicated cases before the world trade body, and dumping cases in particular turn on very elaborate and empirical economic arguments.
Instead, free trade rules have significantly contributed to the problem of dumping. Global trade rules, and especially International Monetary Fund and World Bank conditions, have required developing countries to remove tariffs on agricultural imports. That has left them vulnerable to accepting the international market price-even if it is the product of a rigged system, and even if it impoverishes the countries' farmers and drives them out of their livelihoods.
Along with the command to open their markets to food imports, the IMF and World Bank have pressured developing countries to orient their agricultural sector (along with the rest of their economies) to exports. Instead of growing food for local consumption, the Fund and Bank instruct,
developing countries should encourage farmers (with subsidies, technical advice and other assistance) to grow produce and other agricultural products-from coffee to flowers- for sale in rich country markets.
In practice, exports usually favor plantations and large-scale farmers. Small farmers often cannot meet the quality standards demanded by rich country supermarkets; they cannot get their products to market fast enough to serve consumers thousands of miles away; and they do not produce in great enough quantity to make it economically rational for multinational food traders to deal with them.
7. LABOR MARKET "FLEXIBILITY"
The IMF and World Bank have pushed developing countries to undermine worker protections in the name of promoting labor market flexibility. The idea is to deregulate the labor market-to make it easier to hire and fire, to remove wage protections, to diminish standards contained in collective bargaining agreements-so that employers have more freedom to maneuver. This kind of deregulation is aimed at freeing up entrepreneurial spirits and promoting economic growth.
Undermining worker power and protections does give employers more room to maneuver, but there is little evidence that this translates into economic dynamism rather than greater worker exploitation-taking money from workers and giving it to management.
In fact, as even the World Bank has noted in formal statements that do not translate into policy, unionization not only tends to enhance worker earnings and reduce wage inequalities, it enables a more stable and productive workforce that provides the foundation for a faster-growing economy.
An April 2003 statement by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) notes numerous Bank and IMF interventions to undermine worker protections:
* "In Croatia, the Bank and the Fund have been pressing the government to reduce worker protection on the grounds that, as the Bank's country director has stated publicly, reduced protection will automatically result in higher economic growth rates."
* In Colombia, the IMF complained in January 2003 that labor market reforms do "not go far enough" because the minimum wage is still indexed to the cost of living.
* Even for Germany, the ICFTU notes, the IMF has recommended "wage moderation," an "aggressive elimination of spending on active labor market policies" and reduced unemployment benefits.
In the context of government employment, IMF and Bank policies often explicitly favor inequality, as they urge nations to pursue a policy of "wage decompression," especially in the public sector. That translates into expanding the gap between low-paid and high-paid employees, on the grounds that higher level officials need to be paid more to retain talented and well-educated staff. In the case of poor countries, where the public sector often represents a significant portion of formal employment, such wage decompression policies can have a discernible impact on domestic inequality.
8. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTIONS
The World Trade Organization requires member countries to provide U.S.-style patents for all inventions, as well as copyright and trade secret protections.
Since the overwhelming amount of research and development occurs in the rich countries, the vast majority of patents are filed by inventors in rich countries, and most important patents are controlled by rich country corporations. In Mexico in 1996, for example, 389 patents came from domestic residents, while more than 30,000 came from foreign residents, mostly in the United States and European Union.
Patents enable the owners to extract royalties and monopoly profits from users-irrespective of whether they are industrial users or consumers-of the patented product. Given the disparity in patent filings, global patent rules force a transfer of royalty payments from poor to rich countries.
The World Bank estimates the United States will net an additional $19 billion a year thanks to WTO-required patents and Japan an additional $5.6 billion, with most of Europe gaining a considerable amount as well. The Bank projects WTO-required patents will cost China more than $5 billion a year, Mexico $2.5 billion annually, and Brazil $500 million a year.
Copyright protection is also increasingly important, as it applies to the content provided over the Internet, as well as movies, books, records and computer programs. The disparities work in the same fashion as for patent privileges, with copyright creating a steady stream of royalty payments from developing countries to the industrialized world.
The costs of intellectual property protections cannot all be measured in static dollar figures. Patent protections for pharmaceuticals are contributing to the denial of essential medicines for millions in developing countries, including for HIV/AIDS treatment. And WTO rules will block developing countries from emulating the example of the United States and most of the industrialized world, which sped their technological development by copying inventions from elsewhere.
9. PRIVATIZATION - CONVERTING PUBLIC WEALTH TO PRIVATE PROPERTY
Perhaps it is not inevitable that privatization increases 1 inequalities. If publicly owned property is sold for a legitimate price reflecting actual market value, then there should be no transfer of wealth from the government to private parties. Or if shares in privatized properties are distributed evenly throughout the population, then everyone gains a direct ownership stake in what they once owned indirectly through the state.
But the reality of privatization in the developing world has rarely matched the sanitized story told in theory. The norm has been undervalued sales, so that public assets are transferred to new private owners-sometimes multinationals, frequently local elites-at prices far below market value. In some cases, privatization has been marked by extreme corruption that has created a small class of billionaires who simply looted the public wealth.
Russia Is perhaps the most extreme case. The Russian gas giant Gazprom was privatized for $250 million. Three years later, Gazprom's market valuation was $40 billion. Based on its reserves, if it were valued as a company would be in the United States, where property rights are more secure, it would be worth between $300 billion and $900 billion. Oil, mining, electricity and other companies were privatized at prices sometimes less than a twentieth of their subsequent market value.
Thus were created the handful of Russian oligarchs who came to dominate the national economy, even as the nation sunk into an economic decline of epic proportions. Rising oil prices have helped the national economy recover since the late 1990s, but the country remains marked by a spectacular concentration of wealth. The country now has 17 billionaires. Writes Paul Klebnikov of Forbes magazine, "Considering the modest size of the Russian economy these days, Russia may well have the highest billionaire-to-GDP ratio in the world."
The likely runner up in the billionaire-to-GDP contest is Mexico, which claims 11 spots on Forbes' list of billionaires. As in Russia, the Mexican billionaire class saw its fortunes rise thanks to a series of large-scale privatizations that took place under shady circumstances, many under the corrupt Salinas regime.
Looking at the global experience with privatization but relying especially on data analysis of Eastern Europe and Latin America, two former World Bank officials conclude in a Center for Global Development report that "privatization programs appear to have worsened the distribution of assets and income, at least in the short run."
10. WATER AND OTHER SERVICE PRIVATIZATION
One of the World Bank's present fads is water privatization. Clean drinking water is a basic need for survival, but widely unavailable in poor countries. Having failed with an array of top-down interventions, the World Bank has decided that the solution to the water service provision problem is privatization.
There are two key flaws in the Bank's devotion to privatization. First, it ignores the alternative: effective public sector water delivery. As the UN Development Program's Human Development Report 2003 points out, a number of developing countries operate successful public sector water systems. Most rich countries rely on the public sector for water delivery.
The second flaw in the Bank's disposition to privatization is that improving and expanding water services to poor people is not profitable. The global water companies that are supposed to improve water service provision in developing countries have no interest in providing water to rural communities. These communities need boreholes and community delivery, not connections to central water systems. The costs are too high and the paying capacity of the people there too low to interest the water multinationals. Nor do the water companies generally care to expand pipe systems in urban settings, for the same reason-costs are too high, and the urban poor who are typically not connected to the piped system can't pay enough.
What does appeal to the multinationals is providing service to the urban middle class, and charging them higher fees. Indeed, the Bank and other privatization purveyors often want private companies to take over water systems in part so that they can raise prices.
And they do. "Privatization in water and sanitation has led to much higher fees, sometimes overnight-and sometimes with disastrous consequences," says the Human Development Report 2003.
The significant impact on inequality from privatization is not due to the profits extracted by the multinationals that take over developing country systems. These are inconsequential on a global scale. What does matter in global terms is the reduction in quality of water service, and the lost opportunity for investments in a public system that could raise efficiency and expand access. Reduced quality water service contributes to the spread of avoidable disease among the poor, but not better-off groups that can afford to pay for clean water, either from the piped system or from private water vendors. It imposes enormous time and labor burdens on poor families-overwhelmingly borne by women and children-to collect water from far-off points and carry buckets back home. No well off person ever experiences such hardships.
The World Bank has long advised developing countries to impose charges for accessing primary healthcare and education. Although the Bank has now reversed itself on primary school fees, and recommends against fee-for-service arrangements for basic healthcare, it does not actively oppose healthcare fees. The legacy of Bank advocacy in these areas remains strong; user fees for basic healthcare and education remain the norm in poor countries.
User fees deter usage. "User fees have great potential for impoverishing users and deterring people from using badly needed services," concludes the UN Development Program's Human Development Report 2003. School fees deter families from sending their children to school. Clinic fees keep sick people at home, and away from treatment or preventative services. Even very small charges have a major deterrent effect on poor people's access to primary healthcare and education.
"In Ghana, two-thirds of rural families cannot afford to send their children to school consistently," according to the Human Development Report 2003, "and for three-quarters of street children in Accra (the capital) the inability to pay school fees was their main reason for dropping out."
There are endless examples of the same phenomenon in healthcare. In Papua New Guinea, for instance, the introduction of user fees led to a decline of about 30 percent in the average monthly attendance at outpatient health centers; in Kenya, introduction of small fees for a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Nairobi led to a decline in attendance of 40 percent for men and nearly two-thirds for women.
One attempted remedy to these problems are exemptions from charges for the poor. But these have proved to be administratively difficult and have failed to ensure access for the poor.
Removing user fees has an immediate and tremendously beneficial effect. With the Bank's recent reversal on education user fees-which followed a U.S. Congressional mandate for the U.S. representatives to the IMF and Bank to oppose loans that included user fees on primary education or healthcare-countries are beginning to change policy. Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya have all recently eliminated school fees-and have seen a massive surge in school attendance. In Tanzania, three quarters of a million children-mostly girls-previously barred from the classroom because they could not pay charges are now attending school.
User fees create disparities between rich and poor in access to basic services-better off families are able to pay the charges-and in basic life conditions. Children who do not go to school will, on the whole, be consigned to a much more difficult future than those who are educated. User fees leave poorer people sicker and weaker. They are left to suffer from avoidable pain and suffering, to live shorter lives, and to live their lives with diminished earning capacity due to physical limitations.
12. UNEQUAL DISEASE BURDENS AND ECONOMIC INEQUALITY
The global toll of disease is wildly uneven. People in rich 1 countries tend to die of diseases of affluence or diseases that strike later in life, such as heart disease and cancer. People in poor countries die in great numbers from the diseases of poverty - diarrhea, HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, among others-that take relatively little or no toll on rich country populations.
To a considerable extent, the disparity is a reflection of wealth inequalities. Diarrhea kills more than a million children a year in developing countries, simply because their families lack access to clean drinking water.
Undernourishment would ideally be solved by ensuring everyone has access to an adequate food supply; but just the supply of micronutrients could have huge benefits. According to the U.S. advocacy group Results, "Vitamin A supplementation, in the form of a capsule costing two cents given to a child two to three times a year can cut child deaths by 23 percent. There are initial indications that giving vitamin A to pregnant women in developing countries could reduce maternal death rates by 40 to 50 percent. Iodine deficiency is the largest preventable cause of mental retardation worldwide; salt iodization could prevent this at a cost of five cents per person."
Economic disparities also affect the incentives for private parties to take action to redress health inequities. One particularly important example is in the area of disease prevention and treatment. Rich country governments tend to invest in research and development to prevent and treat diseases that affect their own people; developing countries have minimal resources to invest in R&D. Private drug companies have no incentive to invest R&D funds in vaccines or drugs for diseases endemic to poor countries, because even though there is great need, there is no sizeable market for such products. MSF/Doctors Without Borders calls this the problem of "neglected diseases," and points to the 90/10 problem-90 percent of medical research is devoted to diseases that affect only 10 percent of the population. Virtually no research is devoted to diseases, such as sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease and visceral leishmaniasis, that only affect developing country populations.
Inadequate healthcare systems in developing countries- in part due to user fees and foreign debt payments that drain funds for public healthcare, both issues mentioned previously-exacerbate the health challenges facing poor people.
Corporate globalization itself also in some circumstances contributes to problems of disease spread.
In the case of HIV/AIDS, for example, rural displacement and social disruption have been key vectors of the virus. With agricultural liberalization, imports undermine local farmers. Export-oriented policies have further discriminated against small farmers in favor of large plantations. The resultant displacement of the rural population has contributed to migration and urbanization. Many men leave rural villages for work in big cities or in mines, contract HIV/AIDS from casual sex partners or sex workers, and then spread the disease to spouses in their home village. The displacement of children and young women into the cities has led to a sharp increase in commercial sex work and heightened rates of HIV/AIDS.
So too has foreign investment in resource extraction created the social conditions to spread HIV/AIDS. For example, the construction of the Chad/Cameroon pipeline- undertaken by a consortium of oil companies led by Exxon/Mobil-is requiring the construction of roads and truck routes from Cameroon, where HIV prevalence rates are high, into Chad, where they are low. Experts funded by the World Bank concluded that the operation-even if HIV/AIDS education programs are put into place and succeed in reducing transmission rates by 80 percent-will result in 100 AIDS-related deaths per year. Trucking the pipe over 1,000 miles, "drivers were to pick up their loads, and stay with their truck-including tractor and trailer- for the duration of the trip which would involve three overnight stops," writes William Jobin, part of the expert team paid by the Bank to look at social and environmental concerns surrounding the pipeline, in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization. "This pattern is ideally suited for transporting the AIDS virus into the interior of southern Chad."
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is now so severe in many areas that it is itself becoming a cause of greater global inequality, as it decimates the most economically productive members of whole societies. "HIV/AIDS first took hold in countries in the [Southern African] region one to two decades ago and has been steadily targeting healthy, productive adults ever since-especially the people who produce, transport and market crops and those who gather and prepare food for households," and especially women, write UN special envoys James Morris and Stephen Lewis in a March 2003 report. Morris and Lewis conclude that HIV/AIDS is a significant contributing cause of the food crisis now facing Southern Africa-too many farmers, particularly women, are either too sick to plant and harvest, or have already died.
Corporate globalization-in the form of the globalizing multinational tobacco companies-is also contributing dramatically to the spread of cancer, heart disease and other tobacco-related disease from rich to poor countries. More than 4 million people die annually from tobacco-related disease worldwide; the World Health Organization estimates the total will rise to 10 million annual deaths by 2030. While tobacco-related disease has historically been concentrated in the rich countries, WHO estimates that 70 percent of the deaths will occur in developing countries within two-and-a-half decades time.
Smoking rates are historically high among men in many developing countries, and with greater wealth in Asian nations, tobacco consumption would rise on its own, without any external prodding.
But there is external prodding. And it is making things worse.
The tobacco multinationals' future rests on their ability to make sales in developing countries. As they have rushed into developing country markets, they have introduced slick marketing and promotion strategies that not only attract current smokers, but hook new ones. Smoking rates among men are very high in most of Asia, but very low among women. Entry of the multinationals has led to major surges in smoking rates among children and women. After the South Korean market was opened to U.S. companies, for example, smoking rates among girls quintupled in a single year.
The health-related burdens and suffering in developing countries that flow from absolute poverty, neglect and unequal processes of corporate globalization are cumulative. People get sick younger and more often. Often, there is no infrastructure to treat them or alleviate suffering. Where there is, it is frequently priced out of reach. Families spend down their savings or borrow, leaving them economically insecure. Or, they ration treatment among themselves, or forego it altogether, leaving them physically weaker and less able to care for themselves.
These are the ravages not just of poverty but of a system where unregulated, or corporate-regulated, global and domestic markets produce horrifying inequalities in the basic conditions of peoples' lives.
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Content: When things seem uncertain in a country, foreign investors do flee, routinely. Even if the country's objective economic circumstances are not in crisis, the fact of foreign capital flight regularly plunges countries into crisis, or at least crises worse than they would otherwise experience. This has been the case over the last decade in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Russia, Brazil and Argentina, among other countries. Financial crises in developing countries exacerbate global inequalities-Argentina, for example, has seen its economy sink rapidly in recent years, while Russia suffered a 42 percent decline in Gross Domestic Product. They also tend to increase domestic inequality, since the rich have various ways to protect themselves, including by joining the capital flight out of the country and housing their money in foreign banks. For most of the middle class, however, such options may not be available, and they may find themselves joining the ranks of the poor. 2. DEBT
The developing countries collectively owe $2.3 trillion to foreign creditors. Sub-Saharan African nations owe more than $200 billion to foreign creditors. Developing countries must pay interest on these loans and pay back the principal. | http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Third_World/Grotesque_Inequality.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1751271175#4_3084813783 | Title: Concept to Classroom: Tapping into multiple intelligences - Explanation
Headings:
Content: He added the last two in INTELLIGENCE REFRAMED (1999). Gardner is a psychologist and Professor at Harvard University's Graduate School of Education, as well as Co-Director of Harvard Project Zero. 1. Based on his study of many people from many different walks of life in everyday circumstances and professions, Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences. He performed interviews with and brain research on hundreds of people, including stroke victims, prodigies, autistic individuals, and so-called "idiot savants." According to Gardner,
All human beings possess all nine intelligences in varying amounts. Each person has a different intellectual composition. We can improve education by addressing the multiple intelligences of our students. These intelligences are located in different areas of the brain and can either work independently or together. These intelligences may define the human species. | http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/mi/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1751703283#8_3085683972 | Title: Rock History | "For those about to rock (We salute you)" – AC/DC
Headings:
On This Day in Rock History
Content: 1984 – Mick Jagger and Michael Jackson record “State of Shock.” — 1984 – Mick Jagger and Michael Jackson record “State of Shock.” 1984 – Tina Turner releases her comeback single… — 1984 – Tina Turner releases her comeback single “What’s Love Got to Do With It.” 1982 – former manager of The Bay City Rollers Tam Paton, was convicted — 1982 – former manager of The Bay City Rollers Tam Paton, was convicted on a charge of gross indecency with boys and was sentenced to three years in jail. 1978 – The soundtrack to Saturday Night Fever started an 18 week run at No.1 — 1978 – The soundtrack to Saturday Night Fever started an 18 week run at No.1 on the UK album chart, also No.1 in the US. The album, which features seven [...]
1978 – Foreigner debut on UK chart with Feels Like… — 1978 – Foreigner debut on UK chart with Feels Like the First Time. 1977 – Country star Dolly Parton makes her New Yor… — 1977 – Country star Dolly Parton makes her New York singing debut at the Bottom Line. 1973 – Paul Simon starts his first solo tour since… — 1973 – Paul Simon starts his first solo tour since breaking up with Art Garfunkel. The tour kicks off in Boston. Gigs recorded for Live Rhymin’ LP at Boston Music [...]
1972 – T. Rex: | http://www.thisdayinrock.com/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1751780309#1_3085849092 | Title: May 5 1862 – The Mexican Army Defeats the French at the Battle of Puebla |
Headings: May 5 1862 – The Mexican Army Defeats the French at the Battle of Puebla
May 5 1862 – The Mexican Army Defeats the French at the Battle of Puebla
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Content: Some, interested in central control placed in one individual, attempted to create a parliamentary monarchy similar to those on the rise in Europe. Others, enticed by the possibility of a federal republic similar to that in the neighboring U.S., attempted to exert influence by shedding the Catholic Church and subjugating the military. In 1855, led by Benito Juarez and Ignacio Comonfort, the progressive element gained control from General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. Following the Mexican-American War, the country was now significantly smaller — Texas and much of the Southwest U.S. were lost — and the ousting of Santa Anna amounted to a new lease on life for Mexico as a nation. Immediately, Liberal representatives like Juarez offered fresh legislation to President Juan Alvarez that separated the Church from the state. Conservatives, angered by the assault on traditional religious involvement in governing, decried the laws and quickly mounted a rebellion in Puebla. Over the next two years, additional statutes authorized the government to seize Church property and, when necessary, hold public auctions when officials refused to sell land at reduced prices. Further, several important Catholic days were now relegated to minor status and crucial events to Mexico’s history honored with holidays of their own. Just as another Constitution was passed in 1857, the nation fell into civil war once again. General Tomas Mejia gathered an army to defend Conservative principles, eventually marching his forces into Mexico City and ousting Liberal politicians to start the Reform War. | http://www.thisdayinworldhistory.com/may-5-1862-the-mexican-army-defeats-the-french-at-the-battle-of-puebla/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1755680972#7_3096004632 | Title: How Britain has sold more than half its companies to foreigners | This is Money
Headings:
ALEX BRUMMER: How Britain has sold more than half its companies to foreigners
Content: Soon, foreign banks flooded into the City, gobbling up venerable British minnows such as SG Warburg, Robert Fleming and Schroders. Then came Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, who were so keen to keep in with big business that they refused to block any deals — even when the Russians eyed up British Gas. Indeed, anyone — like me — who dared question the great British sell-off was instantly labelled a xenophobe, out of touch with the reality of the modern globalised economy. What tipped the balance towards foreign takeovers in the late Nineties and 2000s were three key factors: the cheap cost of borrowing; liberal takeover rules; and the presence of global investment banks in the City, with ready access to the world’s capital. Throughout the boom years, these banks were allowed to write their own rules. What this meant, in essence, was that a bank which might once have considered it risky to lend ten times its share capital would now lend up to four times that amount. The result? | http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/news/article-2129523/How-Britain-sold-half-companies-foreigners.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1757337610#1_3099626601 | Title:
Headings: What were the reasons European countries wanted colonies in North America?
Content: English
Interests
Jamestown
became
England’s
first
permanent
colony
in
1607. One
of
the
main
reasons
for
establishing
colonies
was
economic
gain. England
realized
the
colonies
could
provide
natural
resources
for
its
economic
benefit. Thus,
mercantilism
was
set
up. This
is
an
economic
policy
designed
to
make
England
self-sufficient
and
able
to
sell
more
goods
to
foreign
countries
than
it
had
to
buy
from
them. Crops
such
as
tobacco,
grapes,
and
rice
could
be
grown
in
the
colonies,
sent
back
to
England,
and
turned
into
finished
products. Also,
the
colonies
provided
a
market
for
those
goods. Through
the
1600s,
England
established
colonies
including
Plymouth
and
Charleston,
giving
it
a
solid
line
of
control
along
the
Atlantic
coast. A
New
Colony
The
British
knew
the
frontier
of
South
Carolina
was
unprotected. A
large
area
of
land
was
being
eyed
by
all
three
countries. | http://www.thomas.k12.ga.us/userfiles/453/Classes/1669/What%20were%20the%20reasons%20European%20countries%20wanted%20colonies.pdf |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1758026250#0_3100226623 | Title: Mexican Cession History Territory Mexican Cession Summary US
Headings: Mexican Cession and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Introduction
Summary
Mexican War and Principal Battles Fought to Achieve Mexican Cession
B ackground
Mexican Cession and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Aftermath
Analysis
Return to top
Content: Mexican Cession History Territory Mexican Cession Summary US
Mexican Cession and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexican Cession History Lesson
Official Mexican Cession Map
Mexican Cession Map, aka Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Introduction
The Mexican Cession, officially the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ended the Mexican-American War (1846–48) and was signed on February 2, 1848, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a city to which the Mexican government had fled. The major concession from Mexico in the Cession was its exchange of fifty five percent of its territory to the United States for a sum of fifteen million dollars. As a result of the Treaty, including the official recognition of the State of Texas, the United States had enlarged its territorial boundaries by more than sixty percent and it stretched its borders from sea to shining sea. In only four years, from its annexation and statehood of Texas in 1845 to the lands gained by the Mexican Cession in 1848, the United States had literally become a global power. The country also enjoyed its position as a nation bordered by a conquered foe to its south, a sparsely populated Canada to its north, and the Pacific and Atlantic oceans on its west and east coasts, respectively. Once the Treaty was signed, the United States owned more than one-half of Mexico and it boundaries now spanned from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans. From the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, the fledgling 13 Colonies had expanded westward and from sea to shining sea in merely 72 years, and by doing so it had henceforth removed the presence of the global powers of England, Spain, and France. The cost of the Mexican Cession was immense for both nations, however. Following the humiliating defeat Mexico plunged into civil war and with its loss of vast territory to its north, the nation was bankrupt and its economy and infrastructure would be stymied for nearly a century. Just weeks after the Mexican Cession was signed, gold was discovered in California (California was known for a long time as El Dorado, which means “the land of gold” in Spanish), leading to the largest gold rush in the history of the United States. | http://www.thomaslegion.net/americancivilwar/mexicancessionlessonstudentsandkids.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1758026250#1_3100229420 | Title: Mexican Cession History Territory Mexican Cession Summary US
Headings: Mexican Cession and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Introduction
Summary
Mexican War and Principal Battles Fought to Achieve Mexican Cession
B ackground
Mexican Cession and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Aftermath
Analysis
Return to top
Content: Once the Treaty was signed, the United States owned more than one-half of Mexico and it boundaries now spanned from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans. From the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, the fledgling 13 Colonies had expanded westward and from sea to shining sea in merely 72 years, and by doing so it had henceforth removed the presence of the global powers of England, Spain, and France. The cost of the Mexican Cession was immense for both nations, however. Following the humiliating defeat Mexico plunged into civil war and with its loss of vast territory to its north, the nation was bankrupt and its economy and infrastructure would be stymied for nearly a century. Just weeks after the Mexican Cession was signed, gold was discovered in California (California was known for a long time as El Dorado, which means “the land of gold” in Spanish), leading to the largest gold rush in the history of the United States. But unfortunately for Mexico, El Dorado was not part of Mexico anymore. Americans known as 49ers would enjoy one of the greatest spoils of war in world history. ( Now you know the origin of the namesake San Francisco 49ers.) The United States and its major territorial acquisition made slavery and its expansion the center of numerous heated debates in both Houses. General Zachary Taylor had won fame in the Mexican War and would ride his battlefield successes into the White House. | http://www.thomaslegion.net/americancivilwar/mexicancessionlessonstudentsandkids.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1758026250#4_3100235994 | Title: Mexican Cession History Territory Mexican Cession Summary US
Headings: Mexican Cession and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Introduction
Summary
Mexican War and Principal Battles Fought to Achieve Mexican Cession
B ackground
Mexican Cession and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Aftermath
Analysis
Return to top
Content: The Mexican Cession, formally Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, was a T reaty between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican War. The Mexican Cession was signed at Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo, which is located in northern Mexico City, the capital of Mexico. The Treaty established the boundary between the United States and Mexico at the Rio Grande and the Gila River. For a payment of $15,000,000, including $3,000,000 in civilian claims, the United States received from Mexico more than 525,000 square miles (1,360,000 square km) of land, which form the present-day states of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. and portions of the present-day states of Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming. Texas, however, bulked at the Mexican Cession. The Lone Star State enjoyed a unique status because it was the only land included in the Mexican Cession that had already received statehood from Washington some three years prior to the Treaty. Texans argued and claimed that it been a "republic" with a recognized government several years prior to the Treaty, and to strengthen its position, Texas officials stated that the United States had simultaneously annexed and granted it statehood on December 29, 1845, making it officially part of the Union as the 28th US state, which was three years prior to the Cession. In fact, all parties were correct, Texas was indeed a US state, but to formally establish the boundaries of Texas and to end hostilities and quell any future legal proceedings, the United States officially included Texas in the Treaty with Mexico. In return the United States agreed to settle the more than $3,000,000 in claims made by U.S. citizens against Mexico. | http://www.thomaslegion.net/americancivilwar/mexicancessionlessonstudentsandkids.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1758087191#9_3100288489 | Title: Abraham Lincoln War Powers Constitution President Congress
Headings: President Abraham Lincoln and War Powers
Conclusion
Return to top
Content: and they resolved to so frame the Constitution that no one man should hold the power of bringing this oppression upon us. But your view destroys the whole matter, and places our President where kings have always stood.” --1846, Congressman Abraham Lincoln addressing President James Polk
Separation of Powers
Governmental power and functions in the United States rest in three branches of government: the legislative, judicial, and executive. Article 1 of the Constitution defines the legislative branch and vests power to legislate in the Congress of the United States. The executive powers of the President are defined in Article 2. Article 3 places judicial power in the hands of one Supreme Court and inferior courts as Congress sees necessary to establish. Though in this system of a "separation of powers" each branch operates independently of the others. However, there are built in "checks and balances" to prevent tyrannous concentration of power in any one branch and to protect the rights and liberties of citizens. For example, the President can veto bills approved by Congress and the President nominates individuals to serve in the Federal judiciary; | http://www.thomaslegion.net/americancivilwar/presidentabrahamlincolnwarpowers.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1758314818#11_3100591677 | Title: States Slavery Percentages in United States in 1860 Census
Headings: 1860 U.S. Census Percentages of Slaves and Slavery by State
Introduction
Return to top
Content: From protective tariffs to the expansionist agenda, it illustrates the ways in which the foremost issues of the time influenced relations between the North and the South. Recommended Reading: Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates that Defined America (Simon & Schuster) (February 5, 2008) (Hardcover) . Description: In 1858, Abraham Lincoln was known as a successful Illinois lawyer who had achieved some prominence in state politics as a leader in the new Republican Party. Two years later, he was elected president and was on his way to becoming the greatest chief executive in American history. What carried this one-term congressman from obscurity to fame was the campaign he mounted for the United States Senate against the country's most formidable politician, Stephen A. Douglas, in the summer and fall of 1858. Lincoln challenged Douglas directly in one of his greatest speeches -- "A house divided against itself cannot stand" -- and confronted Douglas on the questions of slavery and the inviolability of the Union in seven fierce debates. As this brilliant narrative by the prize-winning Lincoln scholar Allen Guelzo dramatizes, Lincoln would emerge a predominant national figure, the leader of his party, the man who would bear the burden of the national confrontation. | http://www.thomaslegion.net/statesandslaverypercentagesintheunitedstatesin1860census.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1758314818#12_3100593354 | Title: States Slavery Percentages in United States in 1860 Census
Headings: 1860 U.S. Census Percentages of Slaves and Slavery by State
Introduction
Return to top
Content: In 1858, Abraham Lincoln was known as a successful Illinois lawyer who had achieved some prominence in state politics as a leader in the new Republican Party. Two years later, he was elected president and was on his way to becoming the greatest chief executive in American history. What carried this one-term congressman from obscurity to fame was the campaign he mounted for the United States Senate against the country's most formidable politician, Stephen A. Douglas, in the summer and fall of 1858. Lincoln challenged Douglas directly in one of his greatest speeches -- "A house divided against itself cannot stand" -- and confronted Douglas on the questions of slavery and the inviolability of the Union in seven fierce debates. As this brilliant narrative by the prize-winning Lincoln scholar Allen Guelzo dramatizes, Lincoln would emerge a predominant national figure, the leader of his party, the man who would bear the burden of the national confrontation. Continued below...
Of course, the great issue between Lincoln and Douglas was slavery. Douglas was the champion of "popular sovereignty," of letting states and territories decide for themselves whether to legalize slavery. Lincoln drew a moral line, arguing that slavery was a violation both of natural law and of the principles expressed in the Declaration of Independence. No majority could ever make slavery right, he argued. Lincoln lost that Senate race to Douglas, though he came close to toppling the "Little Giant," whom almost everyone thought was unbeatable. | http://www.thomaslegion.net/statesandslaverypercentagesintheunitedstatesin1860census.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1759849259#1_3103716516 | Title: Science Is Not Concerned With Facts – The Philosophy of Everything
Headings: Science Is Not Concerned With Facts
Science Is Not Concerned With Facts
Content: Some scientific laws, such as the law of gravity, have stood in place since their discovery, meaning the opposition to such laws is limited, not that it is uncontested. This is because there is an overwhelming agreement of an interpretation. Darwins evolution theories are being heavily challenged in todays day and age because the tools of observation have advanced significantly since that time. It is only a matter of time before these theories are updated, refuted, scrapped, or a new one will replace it. This is based off another observation called history. A common argument used to discredit an individual or an opinion is that this group or this person obviously must not understand how xx and xx works. This mentality is based off the assumption that another group has the capability to understand how something works. Unfortunately, no one could say that for just about anything and be correct. Remember, science is based off observation. Let’s take the immune system for example. | http://www.thomasvan.com/random-philosophy/science-is-not-concerned-with-facts |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1759849259#2_3103717882 | Title: Science Is Not Concerned With Facts – The Philosophy of Everything
Headings: Science Is Not Concerned With Facts
Science Is Not Concerned With Facts
Content: A common argument used to discredit an individual or an opinion is that this group or this person obviously must not understand how xx and xx works. This mentality is based off the assumption that another group has the capability to understand how something works. Unfortunately, no one could say that for just about anything and be correct. Remember, science is based off observation. Let’s take the immune system for example. Some people may think vaccines work and refute people who think vaccines don’t work based on the claim that these people don’t understand how the immune system works. Guess what? Neither side can know how the immune system works. The method of observation has been used to establish one thing, probability, which gives people the confidence of predictability. The claim to understand how an immune system works is based on years of testing and observing. | http://www.thomasvan.com/random-philosophy/science-is-not-concerned-with-facts |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#0_3114747989 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
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Content: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
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Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
By Mj1043 [1 Post]
May 31, 2016
We bought a cute cottage at the beach, but the walls, everything stinks of smoke. I am in the process of cleaning all the walls. I use Clorox cleaner with bleach. Advertisement
This is a picture of how dirty the walls are. The house was built in 1952 so we have a lot of cleaning to do. Comment Pin it! Was this helpful? 9
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Share on ThriftyFun This page contains the following solutions. Have something to add? | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#1_3114749756 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
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By David
Content: The house was built in 1952 so we have a lot of cleaning to do. Comment Pin it! Was this helpful? 9
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Share on ThriftyFun This page contains the following solutions. Have something to add? Please share your solution! Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
By perfectlyflawed412 [1 Post]
February 12, 2014
I'm currently cleaning an estate, and this is PROOF that nicotine can be washed off of the walls with vinegar, and ammonia. I didn't even use the baking soda with the concoction! :) Also, if you use a Scotch-Brite Dobie, it works much better than just using a rag! | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#2_3114751464 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
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Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
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By BHB from PDX
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Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: Please share your solution! Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
By perfectlyflawed412 [1 Post]
February 12, 2014
I'm currently cleaning an estate, and this is PROOF that nicotine can be washed off of the walls with vinegar, and ammonia. I didn't even use the baking soda with the concoction! :) Also, if you use a Scotch-Brite Dobie, it works much better than just using a rag! Happy cleaning! Comment Pin it! Was this helpful? 4
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Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
By Lina D [1 Post]
June 30, 2015
Our apartment has been smoked in for 15 years. | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#9_3114763841 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
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Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
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Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
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By BHB from PDX
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Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: 4
By Carmen Dunning C. [3 Posts, 11 Comments]
November 29, 2011 5 found this helpful
Best Answer
I use a cleaner called Awesome, sold in Dollar General, Family Dollar, etc. stores. Very cheap yet very good. Reply Was this helpful? 5
By Spacecase [16 Posts, 95 Comments]
February 4, 2012 3 found this helpful
Best Answer
Use a little ammonia, a little white vinegar, a squirt of dawn dish soap, 1/4 cup of baking soda, and some hot water - at least one gallon of hot water. This takes nicotine off your walls fast and you don't have to go back over it to rinse. I have even used Easy Off Oven Cleaner in the blue can on stubborn areas on the wall. With that though, you have to work very fast because it will remove the paint right off of the wall. Reply Was this helpful? 3
By Patricia S. [1 Comment]
November 25, 2013 3 found this helpful
Best Answer
I used white rubbing alcohol and a handi-wipe. | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#10_3114765840 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
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Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
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Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
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Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: This takes nicotine off your walls fast and you don't have to go back over it to rinse. I have even used Easy Off Oven Cleaner in the blue can on stubborn areas on the wall. With that though, you have to work very fast because it will remove the paint right off of the wall. Reply Was this helpful? 3
By Patricia S. [1 Comment]
November 25, 2013 3 found this helpful
Best Answer
I used white rubbing alcohol and a handi-wipe. Because alcohol evaporates quickly that was the only cloth that worked. I completely soaked the rag no need to wring out and wiped down wall. Follow immediately with a wet towel (not one of the good one's) . The nicotine came right off. I still have the handiwipe but the towel had to be tossed. | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#12_3114769285 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
34 Questions
Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
Answers
Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
Answers
Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: Good Luck. Reply Was this helpful? 3
Answer this Question
Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls? By Tonya Collins [1 Post]
January 27, 2014
I am looking for home remedies to get nicotine off of painted walls and paneling in the easiest way. By Tonya Collins from Little Rock, AR
Answers
By Frugal Sunnie [11 Posts, 1,737 Comments]
February 3, 2014 2 found this helpful
Best Answer
Half water and have white distilled vinegar applied freely and repeatedly until the sponge or towel shows no nicotine residue - just wait till you see how well this cuts and removes the truly icky yellow mess! The vinegar 'aroma' will dissipate in about a half hour after the last wipe-down leaving the room/house odor free. Reply Was this helpful? 2
By Spacecase [16 Posts, 95 Comments]
March 18, 2014 3 found this helpful
Best Answer
I found this recipe many moons ago and always keep it close by. It is the fastest way I know of to remove Nicotine , and is a general cleaner for painted walls and woodwork. | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#13_3114771378 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
Comments
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
34 Questions
Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
Answers
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
Answers
Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
Answers
Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: By Tonya Collins from Little Rock, AR
Answers
By Frugal Sunnie [11 Posts, 1,737 Comments]
February 3, 2014 2 found this helpful
Best Answer
Half water and have white distilled vinegar applied freely and repeatedly until the sponge or towel shows no nicotine residue - just wait till you see how well this cuts and removes the truly icky yellow mess! The vinegar 'aroma' will dissipate in about a half hour after the last wipe-down leaving the room/house odor free. Reply Was this helpful? 2
By Spacecase [16 Posts, 95 Comments]
March 18, 2014 3 found this helpful
Best Answer
I found this recipe many moons ago and always keep it close by. It is the fastest way I know of to remove Nicotine , and is a general cleaner for painted walls and woodwork. 1 Cup Ammonia
1/2 Cup Vinegar
1/4 Cup Baking Soda
1 Gallon Hot Water
I mix the ammonia, vinegar, water first then slowly add the baking soda. Do this over the sink as it can fizz up. Using a large sponge or rag, first wipe with the solution then wipe again with clear water. I only wipe it again if it is a real heavy build up your trying to remove. Reply Was this helpful? | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#14_3114773604 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
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Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
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Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
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Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
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Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: 1 Cup Ammonia
1/2 Cup Vinegar
1/4 Cup Baking Soda
1 Gallon Hot Water
I mix the ammonia, vinegar, water first then slowly add the baking soda. Do this over the sink as it can fizz up. Using a large sponge or rag, first wipe with the solution then wipe again with clear water. I only wipe it again if it is a real heavy build up your trying to remove. Reply Was this helpful? 3
Answer this Question
Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls? March 18, 2013
Nicotine in the wall makes us sick, with cough and sore throat. Can I clean the walls with cleaner or do I have to paint over? By Emil D
Answers
By Sandi/Poor But Proud [964 Posts, 2,987 Comments]
March 18, 2013 1 found this helpful
Best Answer
TSP or Tri Sodium Phosphate is the best thing you can use. | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#15_3114775460 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
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Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
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Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
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Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
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Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: 3
Answer this Question
Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls? March 18, 2013
Nicotine in the wall makes us sick, with cough and sore throat. Can I clean the walls with cleaner or do I have to paint over? By Emil D
Answers
By Sandi/Poor But Proud [964 Posts, 2,987 Comments]
March 18, 2013 1 found this helpful
Best Answer
TSP or Tri Sodium Phosphate is the best thing you can use. It's in powder or liquid form. Best stuff you can get. Reply Was this helpful? 1
Answer this Question
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls? | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#16_3114777104 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
34 Questions
Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
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Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
Answers
Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: It's in powder or liquid form. Best stuff you can get. Reply Was this helpful? 1
Answer this Question
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls? November 8, 2011
How do you clean paneled walls and get cigarette smoke film off? By Brandy
Answers
By Frances Adams [11 Posts, 554 Comments]
November 9, 2011
0 found this helpful
Best Answer
When we moved into our first home, it had the same problem. First, get 2 really cheap sponge mops. I mopped the walls the first time with bleach and hot water, just mix according to label directions for general cleaning. After that dried, I did the same with Pine-Sol, then the same thing again with Murphy's Oil Soap. | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#17_3114778877 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
34 Questions
Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
Answers
Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
Answers
Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: November 8, 2011
How do you clean paneled walls and get cigarette smoke film off? By Brandy
Answers
By Frances Adams [11 Posts, 554 Comments]
November 9, 2011
0 found this helpful
Best Answer
When we moved into our first home, it had the same problem. First, get 2 really cheap sponge mops. I mopped the walls the first time with bleach and hot water, just mix according to label directions for general cleaning. After that dried, I did the same with Pine-Sol, then the same thing again with Murphy's Oil Soap. The last thing I did was rub over the walls with the 'liquid gold' types of wood preserver. Use the first mop for the bleach mixture, and the second for the Pine-sol, oil soap washes. I just used all our rags to put the Old English on the walls. If your home is like mine, it will be on the ceilings, the floors, carpets, and inside the kitchen cabinets, even inside the fridge. All of them got the same treatment. | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#18_3114780899 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
34 Questions
Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
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Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
Answers
Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: The last thing I did was rub over the walls with the 'liquid gold' types of wood preserver. Use the first mop for the bleach mixture, and the second for the Pine-sol, oil soap washes. I just used all our rags to put the Old English on the walls. If your home is like mine, it will be on the ceilings, the floors, carpets, and inside the kitchen cabinets, even inside the fridge. All of them got the same treatment. The carpets got pulled out and replaced with linoleum. Good luck to you! Reply Was this helpful? Yes
By Tanya [4 Posts, 77 Comments]
November 11, 2011
0 found this helpful
Best Answer
For paneled walls, you could try Avon Skin So Soft. Water could discolor paneling so if you must use water solutions, do so sparingly. | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#19_3114782727 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
Comments
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
34 Questions
Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
Answers
Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
Answers
Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: The carpets got pulled out and replaced with linoleum. Good luck to you! Reply Was this helpful? Yes
By Tanya [4 Posts, 77 Comments]
November 11, 2011
0 found this helpful
Best Answer
For paneled walls, you could try Avon Skin So Soft. Water could discolor paneling so if you must use water solutions, do so sparingly. Dusting sprays such as pledge or old gold are also good for cleaning paneling as is Murphy's oil soap. Reply Was this helpful? Yes
Answer this Question
Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine? March 23, 2015
Can wallpaper be covered with paint and not be effected by the underlying nicotine? | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#21_3114786149 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
Comments
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
34 Questions
Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
Answers
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
Answers
Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
Answers
Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: Is there any undercoat that can be used? By K Hassett
Answer this Question
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork? April 16, 2013
I would like some advice for getting cigarette smoke off of walls and painted woodwork. I tried using Scrubbing Bubbles on a small area of my painted work. Wow, it was amazing. It feels a little sticky. Should I wash it before painting and with what. Can you use it on varnished woodwork? By Joan
Answers
By Frugal Sunnie [11 Posts, 1,737 Comments]
April 22, 2013 2 found this helpful
Best Answer
LOL, you're asking several questions at once:) | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#22_3114787839 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
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Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
34 Questions
Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
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Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
Answers
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
Answers
Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
Answers
Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: Wow, it was amazing. It feels a little sticky. Should I wash it before painting and with what. Can you use it on varnished woodwork? By Joan
Answers
By Frugal Sunnie [11 Posts, 1,737 Comments]
April 22, 2013 2 found this helpful
Best Answer
LOL, you're asking several questions at once:) Re getting the cigarette smell out-a wash with vinegar and water (half water-half vinegar) will safely clean, disinfect, and even 'prep' walls for painting, all at the same time. You may want to wash twice if there is a lot of nicotine (will show as yellow on the sponge and will turn the vinegar-water wash solution yellow too). Don't rinse, vinegar 'fragrance' will dissipate after about an hour and take the stench of the cigarettes with it. As an FYI, vinegar is a great cleaner. It kills mould safely (no potentially lung damaging chemical reaction as happens with bleach), it disinfects and deodorises incredibly well, and is just about the most inexpensive, cost effective cleaning agent around. | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#23_3114789924 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
Comments
More Solutions
Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
34 Questions
Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
Answers
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
Answers
Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
Answers
Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: Re getting the cigarette smell out-a wash with vinegar and water (half water-half vinegar) will safely clean, disinfect, and even 'prep' walls for painting, all at the same time. You may want to wash twice if there is a lot of nicotine (will show as yellow on the sponge and will turn the vinegar-water wash solution yellow too). Don't rinse, vinegar 'fragrance' will dissipate after about an hour and take the stench of the cigarettes with it. As an FYI, vinegar is a great cleaner. It kills mould safely (no potentially lung damaging chemical reaction as happens with bleach), it disinfects and deodorises incredibly well, and is just about the most inexpensive, cost effective cleaning agent around. A shallow bowl in room corners is a safe (pets won't drink it but if they do it won't hurt them) air freshener, just for one example. Now, about the Scrubbing Bubbles-did you read that part on the label about being careful when using on painted wood?:) The sticky you mention is because the cleanser in the product has 'eaten' through the surface of the paint and you will need to repaint. To repaint effectively (that is, to keep your new paint where you put it without peeling and blistering) you will need to prep your walls in accordance to what type of paint you need to paint over. If oil based paint (usually the glossy paints but not always so it's best to find out if possible), you'll need to either sand or scrape the paint off your surface, then use a primer to cover and prep surfaces that have been painted with an oil base paint. | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1764958880#24_3114792561 | Title: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls | ThriftyFun
Headings: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine from Walls
Comments
More Solutions
Tip: Clean Walls with Vinegar and Ammonia
Tip: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls
34 Questions
Question: Removing Nicotine from Walls?
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine Off Walls?
Answers
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Residue Off Paneled Walls?
Answers
Question: Painting Wallpaper Stained With Nicotine?
Question: Cleaning Cigarette Smoke Off Walls and Woodwork?
Answers
Hope this helps:)
Question: Removing Nicotine from Dry Wall?
By Margaret L from Florence, AL
Answers
Question: Cleaning Nicotine (Cigarette Smoke) Off Walls?
By BHB from PDX
Answers
Question: Cigarette Stains on Walls and Woodwork?
By David
Content: A shallow bowl in room corners is a safe (pets won't drink it but if they do it won't hurt them) air freshener, just for one example. Now, about the Scrubbing Bubbles-did you read that part on the label about being careful when using on painted wood?:) The sticky you mention is because the cleanser in the product has 'eaten' through the surface of the paint and you will need to repaint. To repaint effectively (that is, to keep your new paint where you put it without peeling and blistering) you will need to prep your walls in accordance to what type of paint you need to paint over. If oil based paint (usually the glossy paints but not always so it's best to find out if possible), you'll need to either sand or scrape the paint off your surface, then use a primer to cover and prep surfaces that have been painted with an oil base paint. If a latex (water base) paint was used (usually flat, matte, and semi-gloss but again, not always), generally a simple wash with something that will 'rough' the surface is sufficient. You can buy (if in the US, not sure about other co | http://www.thriftyfun.com/tf001194.tip.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1766145617#0_3117941644 | Title: Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment
Headings: CRICOPHARYNGEAL DYSFUNCTION
CRICOPHARYNGEAL DYSFUNCTION
Content: Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment
CRICOPHARYNGEAL DYSFUNCTION
The cricopharyngeus muscle is located at the bottom of the throat, between the throat and the esophagus. This muscle is normally contracted, preventing the reflux of foods from the esophagus into the throat. The cricopharyngeus muscle normally relaxes during swallowing, allowing food and liquids to pass easily from the throat into the esophagus. However, often with aging, the muscle may have difficulty relaxing. Symptoms of cricopharyngeal dysfunction or hypertrophy include: Difficulty swallowing
Difficulty passing solids
Feeling that food is stuck in the throat
Diagnosis of cricopharyngeal dysfunction may be obtained with: Complete head and neck examination
Laryngoscopy
Esophagoscopy
Esophagogram
Modified Barium Swallow Study
Treatment of this disorder may involve dietary modifications, although this does not cure the condition. A dilation, or stretching of the esophagus and cricopharyngeus muscle, may temporarily improve symptoms, although the muscle tightening may return. Botox may be used to temporarily relax the muscle. Botox is placed through an injection in the neck and lasts for 3-6 months depending on the patient and the dose used. | http://www.throatdisorder.com/swallowing-disorders/cricopharyngeal-dysfunction |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1767895385#2_3120877187 | Title: The Principle of Cumulative Advantage
Headings: The Principle of Cumulative Advantage
The Principle of Cumulative Advantage
How the principle affects large social problems
Content: A similar graph could be drawn for every case where the Principle of Cumulative Advantage is at work. All social agents, from people to families to corporations to nations, seek to maximize their competitive advantage. If they don't they are gradually weeded out by the law of survival of the fittest. The greatest advantage a social agent can have is a reinforcing feedback loop that increases (cumulates) their competitive advantage. All social interaction is ultimately an attempt to increase one's competitive advantage directly, or increase it indirectly by strengthening the loop. If there are any delayed adverse repercussions, then loop growth will overshoot its limits and then collapse as system self-correction occurs. This is precisely what has caused the sustainability problem. It's a side effect of the growth loops dominant social agents have built for themselves to maximize their competitive advantage. The Race to the Bottom among Politicians of the Dueling Loops is one example. It's also what caused the two problems of authoritarian rule and widespread poverty. | http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/CumulativeAdvantagePrinciple.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1768144647#1_3121400758 | Title: Thy Hand Hath Provided: Preserving: Freezing Spinach
Headings:
Wednesday, May 26, 2010
Preserving: Freezing Spinach
Content: My goal is to show lots of pictures of the process along with step by step instructions. Here we go! ****************************
You have three choices when it comes to freezing spinach. You can blanch it by plunging washed spinach in boiling water for 1 1/2 to 2 minutes, then drain it well and freeze it. You can steam spinach for about a minute, drain it and freeze it or you can choose the method I use which is to freeze spinach raw. Blanching and steaming spinach wilts it and therefore saves on space if space is an issue for you. I like freezing mine raw. Even though it takes up a bit more space, there is very little prep work at both ends (prepping and using) and this is a good thing. Green in the winter months is important. I don't worry much about scurvy. | http://www.thyhandhathprovided.com/2010/05/preserving-101-freezing-spinach.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1768639416#10_3122339811 | Title:
Headings: Thyroid & Weight
Thyroid
&
Weight
WHAT
IS
THE
THYROID
GLAND?
WHAT
IS
THE
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
THYROID
AND
WEIGHT?
www.thyroid.org
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Thyroid
&
Weight
HYPOTHYROIDISM
AND
THYROID
HORMONE
www.thyroid.org
FURTHER
INFORMATION
Content: Since
weight
gain
may
have
many
causes
and
develops
over
a
long
period
of
time,
it
is
fairly
common
to
find
that
there
is
not
a
large
amount
of
weight
loss
after
successful
treatment
of
hypothyroidism. Again,
if
all
of
the
symptoms
of
hypothyroidism
other
than
weight
gain
resolve
with
thyroid
hormone
treatment,
it
is
unlikely
that
the
weight
gain
was
solely
due
to
the
thyroid. Once
hypothyroidism
has
been
treated
and
thyroid
hormone
levels
are
in
the
normal
range,
the
ability
to
gain
or
lose
weight
is
the
same
as
in
individuals
who
do
not
have
thyroid
problems. CAN
THYROID
HORMONE
BE
USED
TO
HELP
ME
LOSE
WEIGHT? Thyroid
hormones
have
been
used
as
a
weight
loss
tool
in
the
past. Starting
or
increasing
thyroid
hormone
to
cause
thyroid
hormone
levels
to
be
elevated
is
unlikely
to
dramatically
change
weight. Studies
have
shown
that
excess
thyroid
hormone
treatment
can
help
produce
more
weight
loss
than
can
be
achieved
by
dieting
alone,
but
includes
the
risk | http://www.thyroid.org/wp-content/uploads/patients/brochures/Thyroid_and_Weight.pdf |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1780114932#0_3142598792 | Title: History Has Good News for Today's Student Protesters | Time
Headings: History Has Good News for Today's Student Protesters
History Has Good News for Today's Student Protesters
Get our History Newsletter. Put today's news in context and see highlights from the archives.
Content: History Has Good News for Today's Student Protesters | Time
History
Education
History Has Good News for Today's Student Protesters
History Has Good News for Today's Student Protesters
The May 18, 1970, cover of TIME
Cover Credit: MICHAEL ABRAMSON
By Lily Rothman
November 10, 2015 2:37 PM EST
I n recent days, as protests over racial issues at the University of Missouri have resulted in the resignation of university president Tim Wolfe, and as thousands of Yale students organized a march in response to racial divisions on their own campus, it’s been easy to compare this latest wave of campus activism with previous such moments in American history. The anti-war demonstrations that swept the nation during the late 1960s and ’70s remain perhaps the most famous moment of American student activism—and, if the comparison holds, they provide at least one reason for today’s activists to be optimistic about the larger implications of their visibility. In 1970, TIME featured the student protests in a cover story at one of the most volatile moments of the anti-war movement. The Kent State shootings had only just occurred, sparking a national outcry among students, and there could no longer be any doubt that something noteworthy was happening on America’s campuses. By TIME’s count, 441 colleges and universities across the country were affected by post-Kent State protests, and some of them shut down entirely. At the largely conservative University of Nebraska, students occupied the school’s ROTC headquarters. At Duke Law School, Nixon’s portrait was removed from the wall and put in storage. At Yale, students wore suits and ties to their commencement so they could donate their cap-and-gown fees to benefit anti-war political candidates. One student group advocated that America’s collegians stop drinking soda until the war ends, figuring that anti-war advocacy from Pepsi and Coke would speak louder than they could alone. | http://www.time.com/4106357/student-protest-1970-2015/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1780121316#1_3142615676 | Title: History Shows Student Protests Can Affect National Politics | Time
Headings: How Campus Protests Can Affect National Politics
How Campus Protests Can Affect National Politics
Historians explain how the past informs the present
Get our History Newsletter. Put today's news in context and see highlights from the archives.
Content: The process would start with student demonstrations against the Vietnam War and federal government presence on campus, particularly ROTC. Students would occupy university buildings, sometimes violently. Administrators would respond by calling in the local police or the National Guard to remove them. When protesters were roughly removed and arrested, neutral opinion on the campus would turn against the Administration, and students would boycott classes. They would present a list of demands—such as the elimination of ROTC, the admission of more minority students or the creation of a Black Studies department—and in many cases would get at least some of what they wanted. They got something else too: a change to the mission of higher education. In response to the protests, colleges in the 1970s decided that their mission was not simply to study and teach about the world around them, but to create an environment free of racism, sexism and homophobia, and to promote of certain ideas of justice and progress. The script for today’s demonstrations reveals that students have been thoroughly indoctrinated in that post-1970s concept, and that they believe more work along those lines needs to be done. A modern protest usually begins with reported incidents of prejudice on campus. | http://www.time.com/4110570/1970-2015-campus-protest-politics/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_1780121316#2_3142617503 | Title: History Shows Student Protests Can Affect National Politics | Time
Headings: How Campus Protests Can Affect National Politics
How Campus Protests Can Affect National Politics
Historians explain how the past informs the present
Get our History Newsletter. Put today's news in context and see highlights from the archives.
Content: They got something else too: a change to the mission of higher education. In response to the protests, colleges in the 1970s decided that their mission was not simply to study and teach about the world around them, but to create an environment free of racism, sexism and homophobia, and to promote of certain ideas of justice and progress. The script for today’s demonstrations reveals that students have been thoroughly indoctrinated in that post-1970s concept, and that they believe more work along those lines needs to be done. A modern protest usually begins with reported incidents of prejudice on campus. Students respond, not so much against the perpetrators but against the administration for failing to create a sufficiently safe environment. If the university is less than sufficiently responsive, the demands escalate to include requests for administrators to be fired. And now, at schools with high-level football or basketball programs like Missouri’s, players may threaten to boycott games. Sometimes today’s demonstrators get what they want—Missouri’s president stepped down—and, even more often, various steps are taken to re-educate the student population about the virtues of tolerance. At first glance, it’s easy to think that this link between the protests of the Vietnam era and those of today mean that the demonstrators are winning. | http://www.time.com/4110570/1970-2015-campus-protest-politics/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_8680199#4_22272637 | Title: Bill Gates' Perspective On Cryptocurrencies
Headings: Bill Gates’ Perspective on Cryptocurrency
Bill Gates’ Perspective on Cryptocurrency
“As an asset class, you’re not producing anything and so you shouldn’t expect it to go up. It’s kind of a pure ‘the greater fool theory’ type of investment,”
“You’re just hoping the next guy pays more. And you only feel you’ll find the next guy to pay more if he thinks he’s going to find someone that’s going to pay more.”
“Yes, I am a fool for buying this asset right now, but I’m convinced i’ll find a greater fool to sell it to later on for more”
“Bitcoin and ICOs, I believe completely [they’re some] of the crazier, speculative things”
“Yes – anonymous cash is used for these kinds of things but you have to be physically present to transfer it which makes things like kidnapping payments more difficult”
“Bitcoin is better than currency in that you don’t have to be physically in the same place and, of course, for large transactions, currency can get pretty inconvenient,”
“There’s some really good technology in terms of sharing databases and verifying transactions that is talked about as blockchain, that is a good thing,”
Content: In 2017 for instance, the United States Department of Justice listed several deaths related to fentanyl. At the same time, the department of justice promised to shut down AlphaBay, a darknet market. When a commentator told Bill Gates that the US physical dollar is also used in global trade deals; he suggested that anonymous cryptocurrencies make such criminal dealings more efficient and difficult for authorities to track. “Yes – anonymous cash is used for these kinds of things but you have to be physically present to transfer it which makes things like kidnapping payments more difficult”
Meanwhile, Gates has a point about these criminal dealings. For instance, Bitcoin makes it easy for criminals to collect ransom anonymously. They don’t have to physically or virtually represent their identity. Hackers are also penetrating into exchanges and crypto wallets only to get away with massive amounts of money. Of course, all these represent the downsides of cryptocurrencies just as there are downsides with other technologies. Gates’s only bitcoin problem and its effect is the privacy that technology offers. | https://www.tronweekly.com/bill-gates-perspective-on-cryptocurrency/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47020699#8_98999282 | Title: Accountant or Auditor Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Accountant or Auditor
Accountant or Auditor
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
Job Prospects
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Content: Although they complete much of their work alone, they sometimes work in teams with other accountants and auditors. Accountants and auditors may travel to their clients’ places of business. Work Schedules
Most accountants and auditors work full time. Some work more than 40 hours per week. Longer periods of work are typical at certain times of the year, such as at the end of the budget year or during tax season. Education and Training
Most accountants and auditors need at least a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field. Certification, including the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) credential, can improve job prospects. Education
Most accountant and auditor positions require at least a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field. Some employers prefer to hire applicants who have a master’s degree, either in accounting or in business administration with a concentration in accounting. A few universities and colleges offer specialized programs, such as a bachelor’s degree in internal auditing. | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/accountant-or-auditor |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47020699#9_99001163 | Title: Accountant or Auditor Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Accountant or Auditor
Accountant or Auditor
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
Job Prospects
FAQ
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Content: Education and Training
Most accountants and auditors need at least a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field. Certification, including the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) credential, can improve job prospects. Education
Most accountant and auditor positions require at least a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field. Some employers prefer to hire applicants who have a master’s degree, either in accounting or in business administration with a concentration in accounting. A few universities and colleges offer specialized programs, such as a bachelor’s degree in internal auditing. In some cases, those with associate’s degrees, as well as bookkeepers and accounting clerks who meet the education and experience requirements set by their employers, get junior accounting positions and advance to accountant positions by showing their accounting skills on the job. Many colleges help students gain practical experience through summer or part-time internships with public accounting or business firms. Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Every accountant filing a report with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is required by law to be a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). Many other accountants choose to become a CPA to enhance their job prospects or to gain clients. Many employers will pay the costs associated with the CPA exam. | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/accountant-or-auditor |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47513278#0_100144691 | Title: Civil Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Other Experience
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
Job Prospects
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Content: Civil Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Civil Engineer
Civil engineers conceive, design, build, supervise, operate, construct and maintain infrastructure projects and systems in the public and private sector, including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and systems for water supply and sewage treatment. Many civil engineers work in planning, design, construction, research, and education. Duties
Civil engineers typically do the following: Analyze long range plans, survey reports, maps, and other data to plan and design projects
Consider construction costs, government regulations, potential environmental hazards, and other factors during the planning and risk-analysis stages of a project
Compile and submit permit applications to local, state, and federal agencies, verifying that projects comply with various regulations
Oversee and analyze the results of soil testing to determine the adequacy and strength of foundations
Analyze the results of tests on building materials, such as concrete, wood, asphalt, or steel, for use in particular projects
Prepare cost estimates for materials, equipment, or labor to determine a project’s economic feasibility
Use design software to plan and design transportation systems, hydraulic systems, and structures in line with industry and government standards
Perform or oversee surveying operations to establish building locations, site layouts, reference points, grades, and elevations to guide construction
Manage the repair, maintenance, and replacement of public and private infrastructure
Civil engineers also must present their findings to the public on topics such as bid proposals, environmental impact statements, or property descriptions. Many civil engineers hold supervisory or administrative positions ranging from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer, public works director, and city manager. As supervisors, they are tasked with ensuring that safe work practices are followed at construction sites. Other civil engineers work in design, construction, research, and teaching. Civil engineers work with others on projects and may be assisted by civil engineering technicians. Civil engineers prepare permit documents for work on projects in renewable energy. They verify that the projects will comply with federal, state, and local requirements. | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/civil-engineer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47513278#2_100149712 | Title: Civil Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Other Experience
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
Job Prospects
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Content: These engineers conduct structural analyses for large-scale photovoltaic, or solar energy, projects. They also evaluate the ability of solar array support structures and buildings to tolerate stresses from wind, seismic activity, and other sources. For large-scale wind projects, civil engineers often prepare roadbeds to handle large trucks that haul in the turbines. Civil engineers work on complex projects, and they can achieve job satisfaction in seeing the project reach completion. They usually specialize in one of several areas. Construction engineers manage construction projects, ensuring that they are scheduled and built in accordance with plans and specifications. These engineers typically are responsible for the design and safety of temporary structures used during construction. They may also oversee budgetary, time-management, and communications aspects of a project. Geotechnical engineers work to make sure that foundations for built objects ranging from streets and buildings to runways and dams, are solid. They focus on how structures built by civil engineers, such as buildings and tunnels, interact with the earth (including soil and rock). | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/civil-engineer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47513278#3_100151702 | Title: Civil Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Other Experience
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
Job Prospects
FAQ
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Content: Construction engineers manage construction projects, ensuring that they are scheduled and built in accordance with plans and specifications. These engineers typically are responsible for the design and safety of temporary structures used during construction. They may also oversee budgetary, time-management, and communications aspects of a project. Geotechnical engineers work to make sure that foundations for built objects ranging from streets and buildings to runways and dams, are solid. They focus on how structures built by civil engineers, such as buildings and tunnels, interact with the earth (including soil and rock). In addition, they design and plan for slopes, retaining walls, and tunnels. Structural engineers design and assess major projects, such as buildings, bridges, or dams, to ensure their strength and durability. Transportation engineers plan, design, operate, and maintain everyday systems, such as streets and highways, but they also plan larger projects, such as airports, ship ports, mass transit systems, and harbors. The work of civil engineers is closely related to the work of environmental engineers. Is This the Right Career for You? | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/civil-engineer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47513278#4_100153694 | Title: Civil Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Other Experience
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
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Content: In addition, they design and plan for slopes, retaining walls, and tunnels. Structural engineers design and assess major projects, such as buildings, bridges, or dams, to ensure their strength and durability. Transportation engineers plan, design, operate, and maintain everyday systems, such as streets and highways, but they also plan larger projects, such as airports, ship ports, mass transit systems, and harbors. The work of civil engineers is closely related to the work of environmental engineers. Is This the Right Career for You? Not sure how to choose the best career for you? Now, you can predict which career will satisfy you in the long term by taking a scientifically validated career test. Gain the clarity and confidence that comes from understanding your strengths, talents, and preferences, and knowing which path is truly right for you. Take The Test
Work Environment
Civil engineers held about 326,800 jobs in 2018. The largest employers of civil engineers were as follows: | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/civil-engineer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47513278#5_100155513 | Title: Civil Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Other Experience
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
Job Prospects
FAQ
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Content: Not sure how to choose the best career for you? Now, you can predict which career will satisfy you in the long term by taking a scientifically validated career test. Gain the clarity and confidence that comes from understanding your strengths, talents, and preferences, and knowing which path is truly right for you. Take The Test
Work Environment
Civil engineers held about 326,800 jobs in 2018. The largest employers of civil engineers were as follows: Engineering services
49%
State government, excluding education and hospitals
11
Local government, excluding education and hospitals
10
Nonresidential building construction
6
Federal government, excluding postal service
3
Civil engineers work in a variety of locations and conditions. When working on designs, civil engineers may spend most of their time indoors in offices. However, construction engineers may spend much of their time outdoors at construction sites monitoring operations or solving onsite problems. Some jobs may require frequent relocation to different areas and offices in jobsite trailers. Civil engineers who function as project managers may work from cars or trucks as they move from site to site. | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/civil-engineer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47513278#6_100157522 | Title: Civil Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Other Experience
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
Job Prospects
FAQ
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Content: Engineering services
49%
State government, excluding education and hospitals
11
Local government, excluding education and hospitals
10
Nonresidential building construction
6
Federal government, excluding postal service
3
Civil engineers work in a variety of locations and conditions. When working on designs, civil engineers may spend most of their time indoors in offices. However, construction engineers may spend much of their time outdoors at construction sites monitoring operations or solving onsite problems. Some jobs may require frequent relocation to different areas and offices in jobsite trailers. Civil engineers who function as project managers may work from cars or trucks as they move from site to site. Many civil engineers work for government agencies in government office buildings or facilities. Occasionally, civil engineers travel abroad to work on large engineering projects in other countries. Work Schedules
Civil engineers typically work full time and some work more than 40 hours per week. Engineers who direct projects may need to work extra hours to monitor progress on the projects, to ensure that designs meet requirements, and to guarantee that deadlines are met. Education and Training
Civil engineers need a bachelor’s degree. | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/civil-engineer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47513278#7_100159622 | Title: Civil Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Other Experience
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
Job Prospects
FAQ
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Content: Many civil engineers work for government agencies in government office buildings or facilities. Occasionally, civil engineers travel abroad to work on large engineering projects in other countries. Work Schedules
Civil engineers typically work full time and some work more than 40 hours per week. Engineers who direct projects may need to work extra hours to monitor progress on the projects, to ensure that designs meet requirements, and to guarantee that deadlines are met. Education and Training
Civil engineers need a bachelor’s degree. They typically need a graduate degree and a license for promotion to senior positions. Although licensure requirements vary from state to state, civil engineers usually must be licensed if they provide services directly to the public. Education
Civil engineers need a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering, in one of its specialties, or in civil engineering technology. Programs in civil engineering and civil engineering technology include coursework in math, statistics, engineering mechanics and systems, and fluid dynamics, depending on the specialty. Courses include a mix of traditional classroom learning, work in laboratories, and fieldwork. | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/civil-engineer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47513278#12_100170197 | Title: Civil Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Other Experience
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
Job Prospects
FAQ
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Content: The American Society of Civil Engineers offers certifications in coastal engineering, geotechnical engineering, ports engineering, water resources engineering, and other fields. Additionally, civil engineers can become certified in building security and in sustainability. Other Experience
During high school, students can attend engineering summer camps to see what these and other engineers do. Attending these camps can help students plan their coursework for the remainder of their time in high school. Advancement
Civil engineers with ample experience may move into senior positions, such as project managers or functional managers of design, construction, operation, or maintenance. However, they would first need to obtain the Professional Engineering (PE) license, because only licensed engineers can assume responsibilities for public projects. After gaining licensure, a professional engineer may seek credentialing that demonstrates his or her expertise in a civil engineering specialty. Such a credential may be helpful for advancement to senior technical or even managerial positions. Personality and Interests
Civil engineers typically have an interest in the Building, Thinking and Organizing interest areas, according to the Holland Code framework. The Building interest area indicates a focus on working with tools and machines, and making or fixing practical things. | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/civil-engineer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47513278#13_100172408 | Title: Civil Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Other Experience
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
Job Prospects
FAQ
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Content: However, they would first need to obtain the Professional Engineering (PE) license, because only licensed engineers can assume responsibilities for public projects. After gaining licensure, a professional engineer may seek credentialing that demonstrates his or her expertise in a civil engineering specialty. Such a credential may be helpful for advancement to senior technical or even managerial positions. Personality and Interests
Civil engineers typically have an interest in the Building, Thinking and Organizing interest areas, according to the Holland Code framework. The Building interest area indicates a focus on working with tools and machines, and making or fixing practical things. The Thinking interest area indicates a focus on researching, investigating, and increasing the understanding of natural laws. The Organizing interest area indicates a focus on working with information and processes to keep things arranged in o | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/civil-engineer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_47811475#5_100873832 | Title: Electrical or Electronics Engineer Career Profile | Job Description, Salary, and Growth | Truity
Headings: Electrical or Electronics Engineer
Electrical or Electronics Engineer
Duties
Is This the Right Career for You?
Work Environment
Work Schedules
Education and Training
Education
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations
Other Experience
Advancement
Personality and Interests
Pay
Job Outlook
FAQ
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Content: Education
High school students interested in studying electrical or electronics engineering benefit from taking courses in physics and math, including algebra, trigonometry, and calculus. Courses in drafting are also helpful, because electrical and electronics engineers often are required to prepare technical drawings. In order to enter the occupation, prospective electrical and electronics engineers need a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, electronics engineering, electrical engineering technology, or a related engineering field. Programs include classroom, laboratory, and field studies. Courses include digital systems design, differential equations, and electrical circuit theory. Programs in electrical engineering, electronics engineering, or electrical engineering technology should be accredited by ABET. Some colleges and universities offer cooperative programs in which students gain practical experience while completing their education. Cooperative programs combine classroom study with practical work. Internships provide similar experience and are growing in number. At some universities, students can enroll in a 5-year program that leads to both a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree. | https://www.truity.com/career-profile/electrical-or-electronics-engineer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_51975523#2_110728807 | Title: Fixtures, Furniture, and Finishes: Misunderstandings to Outline in a Purchase Agreement – Real Estate 101 – Trulia Blog
Headings: Fixtures, Furniture, And Finishes: Misunderstandings That Kill Home Sales
Fixtures, Furniture, And Finishes: Misunderstandings That Kill Home Sales
Content: Therefore, sellers often spell out whether appliances stay or go ahead of time, in the listing or on the seller’s disclosure form. But other items, from built-ins to light fixtures, can cause confusion if a buyer expects them to stay (and makes an offer with those things in mind), while the seller fully intends to pack them up. What’s a fixture, and what’s its significance? A fixture in a home can be anything, as long as it’s attached to the property, and attached in such a way that its removal would cause damage. “ The general rule of thumb is this: If it takes a screwdriver to remove the item, it is generally considered a fixture of the property,” says Jeff Knox, a Texas real estate agent. Appliances: Dishwashers, built-in microwaves, cooktops, and sinks almost always stay with a house. But the fridge and the washer/dryer are often up for discussion, as might be a drop-in range. Typically, if it’s built into the cabinetry, it stays. | https://www.trulia.com/blog/fixtures-furniture-and-finishes-what-to-outline-in-a-purchase-agreement/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_51975523#3_110730314 | Title: Fixtures, Furniture, and Finishes: Misunderstandings to Outline in a Purchase Agreement – Real Estate 101 – Trulia Blog
Headings: Fixtures, Furniture, And Finishes: Misunderstandings That Kill Home Sales
Fixtures, Furniture, And Finishes: Misunderstandings That Kill Home Sales
Content: If it takes a screwdriver to remove the item, it is generally considered a fixture of the property,” says Jeff Knox, a Texas real estate agent. Appliances: Dishwashers, built-in microwaves, cooktops, and sinks almost always stay with a house. But the fridge and the washer/dryer are often up for discussion, as might be a drop-in range. Typically, if it’s built into the cabinetry, it stays. Free-standing? It goes with the seller … usually. “ These are items a buyer would need to get clarification on from their real estate agent,” says Knox. Light fixtures: What about that beautiful chandelier in the foyer? | https://www.trulia.com/blog/fixtures-furniture-and-finishes-what-to-outline-in-a-purchase-agreement/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_55805613#1_120539748 | Title: The Marshall Plan and the Cold War | Harry S. Truman
Headings: The Marshall Plan and the Cold War
The Marshall Plan and the Cold War
Background
Key Question
Directions
Materials
Documents to be examined:
Handouts
Download Handouts
Additional Resources
Content: This doctrine proposed to give aid to countries that were suffering from the aftermath of World War II and threatened by Soviet oppression. The U.S. was especially concerned about Greece and Turkey. Due to the slow progress of Europe’s economic development following WWII, Truman devised another plan to offer aid called the Marshall Plan. The plan was named after Secretary of State George Marshall due to Truman’s respect for his military achievements. Truman hoped that by enacting the Marshall Plan two main goals would be accomplished. These goals were: It would lead to the recovery of production abroad, which was essential both to a vigorous democracy and to a peace founded on democracy and freedom, and which, in the eyes of the United States, the Soviet Union had thus far prevented. It would support world trade, from which U.S. businessmen, farmers, and workers could benefit. Truman also stressed the humanitarian intent behind aiding Europe’s war-torn countries. The Marshall Plan was estimated to cost the United States approximately $22 billion, but it was later scaled down to cost $13 billion after the plan was put into action. | https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/presidential-inquiries/marshall-plan-and-cold-war |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_55805613#2_120541396 | Title: The Marshall Plan and the Cold War | Harry S. Truman
Headings: The Marshall Plan and the Cold War
The Marshall Plan and the Cold War
Background
Key Question
Directions
Materials
Documents to be examined:
Handouts
Download Handouts
Additional Resources
Content: These goals were: It would lead to the recovery of production abroad, which was essential both to a vigorous democracy and to a peace founded on democracy and freedom, and which, in the eyes of the United States, the Soviet Union had thus far prevented. It would support world trade, from which U.S. businessmen, farmers, and workers could benefit. Truman also stressed the humanitarian intent behind aiding Europe’s war-torn countries. The Marshall Plan was estimated to cost the United States approximately $22 billion, but it was later scaled down to cost $13 billion after the plan was put into action. Secretary of State George Marshall presented the plan at Harvard University in June 1947, and it was met with acceptance by military leaders and political advisors. Although the idea behind developing the Marshall Plan had good intentions of offering aid to people in postwar Europe, however, some people did not receive the Marshall Plan with the same perception as Harry S. Truman. Key Question
Did the Marshall Plan make the Cold War colder? Directions
Marshall Plan Lesson Procedures and Goals (opens in a new window)
Materials
Documents to be examined: Letter from Harry S. Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt, March 16, 1948
Letter from Eleanor Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman, February 27, 1947
“Can He Block It?” | https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/presidential-inquiries/marshall-plan-and-cold-war |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#0_127471674 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.) Trusted Choice
March 10, 2020
Save on Business Insurance
Churches aren’t just open on Sundays and holidays. They’re often home to preschools, daycare centers, bible study groups, and community meetings all week long. And that all leads to greater risk of falls, fires, misconduct, and even theft. Fortunately, our independent insurance agents can help you find the right church insurance policies to protect your congregants, visitors, and assets. But first, let’s shine a little light on some of the potential risks your church faces. The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
Churches encounter a number of different risks, but thankfully many can be minimized with the right protection. The four biggest risks include: 1. Fires
There are roughly 1,800 fires every year in religious properties that result in over $98 million in damages. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#1_127473477 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: But first, let’s shine a little light on some of the potential risks your church faces. The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
Churches encounter a number of different risks, but thankfully many can be minimized with the right protection. The four biggest risks include: 1. Fires
There are roughly 1,800 fires every year in religious properties that result in over $98 million in damages. And this doesn’t even include the indirect costs of fire damage, like canceled income-generating activities, money spent on renting meeting space, or suspension of community outreach services. Cooking is the most common cause of church fires, followed by malfunctioning heating equipment, faulty electrical wiring, arson, and candles. Church insurance covers both fire damage and any resulting liability or medical issues. 2. Slips and falls
Definitely one of the most common risks that churches file claims for, slips and falls can happen anytime and anywhere. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#2_127475197 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: And this doesn’t even include the indirect costs of fire damage, like canceled income-generating activities, money spent on renting meeting space, or suspension of community outreach services. Cooking is the most common cause of church fires, followed by malfunctioning heating equipment, faulty electrical wiring, arson, and candles. Church insurance covers both fire damage and any resulting liability or medical issues. 2. Slips and falls
Definitely one of the most common risks that churches file claims for, slips and falls can happen anytime and anywhere. Your church insurance policy protects against medical bills and legal fees that come from injuries that occur on church property or at church functions. 3. Theft and burglary
Unfortunately, churches are frequent targets of burglary and theft. Both can result in financial loss and damage to valuable church property. Church insurance covers items such as stained glass windows and other religious artifacts, which may not be protected properly on a normal property policy. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#3_127477002 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: Your church insurance policy protects against medical bills and legal fees that come from injuries that occur on church property or at church functions. 3. Theft and burglary
Unfortunately, churches are frequent targets of burglary and theft. Both can result in financial loss and damage to valuable church property. Church insurance covers items such as stained glass windows and other religious artifacts, which may not be protected properly on a normal property policy. 4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Sexual abuse and misconduct can happen in any business, and churches are not exempt. If you or one of your employees is accused of sexual harassment or sexual misconduct, the liability portion of a church insurance policy can protect your church and its members. Other Risks Your Church May Face
Risks for churches aren’t limited to the top four. Here are a few others: | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#4_127478647 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: 4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Sexual abuse and misconduct can happen in any business, and churches are not exempt. If you or one of your employees is accused of sexual harassment or sexual misconduct, the liability portion of a church insurance policy can protect your church and its members. Other Risks Your Church May Face
Risks for churches aren’t limited to the top four. Here are a few others: Storm damage: In 2014, storms caused roughly $5.4 billion in property damage, according to the National Weather Service. Damage from hail, floods and lightning can be expensive. The property damage portion of a church policy will help cover those costs. Water damage: | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#5_127480086 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: Storm damage: In 2014, storms caused roughly $5.4 billion in property damage, according to the National Weather Service. Damage from hail, floods and lightning can be expensive. The property damage portion of a church policy will help cover those costs. Water damage: Frozen pipes and leaking faucets can cause extensive damage to your church. Flooding and interior wall damage is common and expensive. Repair costs are covered under a church policy. Lightning and electrical surge damage: Computers, sound systems and other electrical equipment can be damaged by a lightning strike or power surge. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#6_127481448 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: Frozen pipes and leaking faucets can cause extensive damage to your church. Flooding and interior wall damage is common and expensive. Repair costs are covered under a church policy. Lightning and electrical surge damage: Computers, sound systems and other electrical equipment can be damaged by a lightning strike or power surge. Insurance for churches will step in and cover the cost of repairs or replacement. Recreational activity injuries: Children can be injured in a daycare center, camp or other recreational activity hosted by your church. A church policy will help cover medical costs and any liability issues. How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
Houses of worship often have different insurance needs from houses of business. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#7_127482963 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: Insurance for churches will step in and cover the cost of repairs or replacement. Recreational activity injuries: Children can be injured in a daycare center, camp or other recreational activity hosted by your church. A church policy will help cover medical costs and any liability issues. How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
Houses of worship often have different insurance needs from houses of business. Church insurance understands these differences and offers a variety of liability and property coverages you can select to construct the perfect policy for your needs. While there are a lot of options, it’s easy to tailor a policy that only includes the coverages your religious institution needs. Insurance options include: General liability insurance: All church insurance policies include this coverage. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#8_127484558 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: Church insurance understands these differences and offers a variety of liability and property coverages you can select to construct the perfect policy for your needs. While there are a lot of options, it’s easy to tailor a policy that only includes the coverages your religious institution needs. Insurance options include: General liability insurance: All church insurance policies include this coverage. It provides liability protection for your church members, officials, staff, volunteers, and employees. It also offers protection if third parties are injured while performing duties for the church. Ministers and pastors liability insurance: This coverage is essential for every religious organization and offers spiritual counseling liability protection. Policy terms vary, but coverage will often extend to clergy, church leadership, and paid or non-paid sanctioned volunteers. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#10_127487814 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: Employee practices liability insurance: This is another important coverage for any church. It can cover both full- and part-time paid employees and workers on stipends. If an employee sues your church for sexual harassment, discrimination, or wrongful termination, this will cover damages and legal costs. Directors, officers, and trustees liability insurance: Your board of directors, trustees, and officers will be protected if members of your church or employees sue them. Ordinance or law insurance: If your building is over 20 years old, this coverage is important. It will pay for the costs to bring your building up to current building codes if necessary. Religious freedom insurance: | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#11_127489270 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: Your board of directors, trustees, and officers will be protected if members of your church or employees sue them. Ordinance or law insurance: If your building is over 20 years old, this coverage is important. It will pay for the costs to bring your building up to current building codes if necessary. Religious freedom insurance: This coverage will protect your church from discrimination suits. Church-sponsored activities liability insurance: This coverage offers protection for off-site activities that your church may sponsor, like picnics and softball games. These are one-off policies and must be purchased separately before each event. Daycare and preschool liability insurance: | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#12_127490721 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: This coverage will protect your church from discrimination suits. Church-sponsored activities liability insurance: This coverage offers protection for off-site activities that your church may sponsor, like picnics and softball games. These are one-off policies and must be purchased separately before each event. Daycare and preschool liability insurance: Many churches provide daycare or preschool options. This type of church liability coverage will handle any lawsuits brought by unhappy parents. General property: Property coverage is part of all church policies and will protect church property from damages due to severe weather, fire, falling objects, vandalism, and theft. Inland marine coverage: | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_58707965#15_127495508 | Title: Church Insurance | Match With A Local Agent | Trusted Choice
Headings: Save on Business Insurance
Church Insurance
Finding the Right Insurance for Your Church
(Because protecting your place of worship is priority number one.)
Save on Business Insurance
The 4 Biggest Risks for Churches
1. Fires
2. Slips and falls
3. Theft and burglary
4. Sexual abuse and misconduct
Other Risks Your Church May Face
How Church Insurance Helps Protect Against Claims
How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Content: In each case listed above, your church liability insurance can pay for damages and related defense costs. How to Get Insurance Coverage for Your Church
Working with an agent who is experienced in church insurance is key to fully protecting your religious institution. There’s a lot of unique risks and coverages that your agent should understand in order to get you the coverage you need without any gaps. Trusted Choice has access to over 250,000 independent insurance agents and can find the right local agent for your needs. They’ll help you put together an insurance package that will protect your church and fit your budget. And as your church grows and changes, they’ll be there to advise you on any recommended policy changes you may want to consider. The Benefits of an Independent Insurance Agent
Independent insurance agents are kind of like the Google of insurance quotes. You tell them what you’re looking for, and they bring in the results. And since they aren’t tied down to one carrier, they’re free to shop around and bring multiple policy options to the table. And it gets better, you don’t have to review the policy options alone. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/business-insurance/industry-types/church/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_59709693#0_130354609 | Title: Short & Long Term Disability Insurance: Get the Facts | Trusted Choice
Headings: Short and Long Term Disability Insurance Defined
Short & Long Term Disability Insurance
Short and Long Term Disability Insurance Defined
(Everything you need to know - and more)
Disability: Not Something to Leave to Chance
What Does Short Term Disability Insurance Cover?
What Does Long Term Disability Cover?
Which Type of Disability Insurance Is Right for You?
What Do Disability Insurance Companies Need to Know?
How to Buy Disability Insurance
Questions to Ask Your Insurance Company
Choosing a Disability Insurance Policy
Content: Short & Long Term Disability Insurance: Get the Facts | Trusted Choice
Short & Long Term Disability Insurance
Short and Long Term Disability Insurance Defined
(Everything you need to know - and more)
Jessica Huneck
March 11, 2020
You work hard to build a life for yourself, and it's only natural that you want to protect that. Most likely you protect your home, car and family from the unexpected with the appropriate insurance plans. What about your income? If you were suddenly unable to work due to an injury or illness, could you maintain your current lifestyle? How long could you pay your mortgage and bills? Short term and long term disability insurance can protect your financial well-being by replacing lost wages if an illness or injury prevents you from working. Some employers offer disability insurance plans. If your employer does not offer this coverage, or if you are self-employed, you can buy personal disability insurance. Contact an independent agent to learn how to protect yourself and your family in the event that you are unable to provide for them due to an illness, injury or disability. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/health-insurance/coverage-types/short-long-term-disability/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_59709693#1_130356570 | Title: Short & Long Term Disability Insurance: Get the Facts | Trusted Choice
Headings: Short and Long Term Disability Insurance Defined
Short & Long Term Disability Insurance
Short and Long Term Disability Insurance Defined
(Everything you need to know - and more)
Disability: Not Something to Leave to Chance
What Does Short Term Disability Insurance Cover?
What Does Long Term Disability Cover?
Which Type of Disability Insurance Is Right for You?
What Do Disability Insurance Companies Need to Know?
How to Buy Disability Insurance
Questions to Ask Your Insurance Company
Choosing a Disability Insurance Policy
Content: How long could you pay your mortgage and bills? Short term and long term disability insurance can protect your financial well-being by replacing lost wages if an illness or injury prevents you from working. Some employers offer disability insurance plans. If your employer does not offer this coverage, or if you are self-employed, you can buy personal disability insurance. Contact an independent agent to learn how to protect yourself and your family in the event that you are unable to provide for them due to an illness, injury or disability. Disability: Not Something to Leave to Chance
According to the Council for Disability Awareness: The average worker has a 30% chance of becoming disabled
12% of the population receives disability benefits
One in 8 workers will be disabled for at least five years during their working years
What Does Short Term Disability Insurance Cover? Short term disability insurance provides coverage for a limited amount of time. You receive benefits after a short waiting period of up to 14 days. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/health-insurance/coverage-types/short-long-term-disability/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_62164958#7_137684235 | Title: Renters Liability Insurance: Learn How It Works | Trusted Choice
Headings: Can Renters Liability Protect You in Court?
Renters Liability Insurance
Can Renters Liability Protect You in Court?
(Here's exactly how everything works)
What You Should Know About Renters Liability Claims
Why Would I Need Renters Liability Insurance?
Won’t My Landlord be Responsible for these Charges?
If My Visitor Is Injured, Won’t Their Medical Insurance Cover It?
Will Renters Liability Insurance Cover My Legal Fees?
What If I Don’t Have Any Assets to Protect?
What if My Liability Coverage Isn’t High Enough?
Make an Informed Decision on Your Renters Liability Insurance
Content: Many tenants believe that their landlord’s insurance will cover the costs of liability claims and lawsuits, but this is not always the case. Landlords are only held responsible if the injury or property damage resulted from their failure to properly maintain their property. For example, if a guest falls on your wet kitchen floor, you may be held liable, whereas if someone falls down the stairs because of a loose footboard that your landlord has failed to repair, your landlord will most likely be held responsible. While those who live in apartments are generally not responsible for keeping outdoor walkways clean and clear, renters in single-family dwellings often are. Check your lease if you are unsure where the responsibility lies. If My Visitor Is Injured, Won’t Their Medical Insurance Cover It? A visitor’s health insurance may cover the costs of medical expenses after an injury in your rental home, or they may not. If a guest injured in your home is uninsured, or if that person’s health insurance co-pays and deductibles are very high, you may be required to cover their out-of-pocket costs. If the injured guest subsequently has unpaid days off work as a result of the injury, you may be responsible for restitution for lost wages. Finally, if the injuries are severe and the injured party can prove willful negligence on your part, you may be responsible for punitive damages as well. | https://www.trustedchoice.com/renters-insurance/coverage-types/liability/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_82763588#0_178798999 | Title: Hillary Clinton's Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was 'a Liar' and 'Unethical'? - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’?
Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’?
Claim
Rating
Reporting
Content: Hillary Clinton's Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was 'a Liar' and 'Unethical'? - Truth or Fiction? Skip to content
Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’? Posted on March 17, 2015
December 28, 2018
by Rich Buhler & Staff
Claim
Hillary Clinton's former boss fired her for unethical behavior while she was working on the Watergate investigation. Rating
Not True
Reporting
High-profile politician Hillary Rodham Clinton has been dogged by rumors throughout her long career. One such rumor gained ground because it came directly from Jerome “Jerry” Ziefman, former counsel to the House Judiciary Committee, and it has been amplified in various forms ever since. According to the rumors, as a 27-year-old working on the Watergate investigation in the 1970s, Hillary Rodham Clinton was “fired” from her position for being a “liar” and “unethical.” However, none of this was true; pay stubs dug up by the Washington Post in 2016 clearly show that Clinton was not fired, but that her work there ended, like everyone else’s, when Richard Nixon resigned: Hillary Rodham Congressiona…
Despite the historical record showing otherwise, the claims persisted. | https://www.truthorfiction.com/clinton-watergate/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_82763588#1_178801003 | Title: Hillary Clinton's Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was 'a Liar' and 'Unethical'? - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’?
Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’?
Claim
Rating
Reporting
Content: One such rumor gained ground because it came directly from Jerome “Jerry” Ziefman, former counsel to the House Judiciary Committee, and it has been amplified in various forms ever since. According to the rumors, as a 27-year-old working on the Watergate investigation in the 1970s, Hillary Rodham Clinton was “fired” from her position for being a “liar” and “unethical.” However, none of this was true; pay stubs dug up by the Washington Post in 2016 clearly show that Clinton was not fired, but that her work there ended, like everyone else’s, when Richard Nixon resigned: Hillary Rodham Congressiona…
Despite the historical record showing otherwise, the claims persisted. A piece written by Dan Calabrese (a conservative columnist, founder of the now-defunct Northstar Writers Group, and editor-in-chief of HermanCain.com) appeared in countless forwarded emails and was given a boost by talk radio host Rush Limbaugh, and so this especially persistent rumor was born: At first, he was impressed, but in time Zeifman soured on her. He began, as he wrote in a 1996 book, to suspect her of collaborating with Democratic Senate aides loyal to Ted Kennedy. Their supposed aim was to keep the lid on the Watergate investigation out of fear Nixon would expose the “crimes of Camelot,” a phrase that appears in the book’s title. There are other subplots in his farfetched conspiracy theory, and other conspirators, including Judiciary Committee Chairman Peter Rodino — but little evidence for any of it. | https://www.truthorfiction.com/clinton-watergate/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_82763588#3_178805387 | Title: Hillary Clinton's Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was 'a Liar' and 'Unethical'? - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’?
Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’?
Claim
Rating
Reporting
Content: The book reads like a Hollywood intrigue, which apparently occurred to Zeifman’s publisher, who promised on the book jacket to reveal “truths even more startling than those brought out in Oliver Stone’s movies Nixon and JFK .” Those films, remember, were works of fiction. This titillating tale was reprised in 2008 when Clinton ran for president, thanks to conservative columnist Dan Calabrese, who embellished it a tad, introducing Jerry Zeifman as “the guy who fired Hillary Clinton.” A catchy line, but untrue: Zeifman lacked the authority to terminate her, and it’s a matter of historic record that she wasn’t fired. As mentioned, the column was inspired by statements made by Jerry Zeifman, who served as counsel and chief of staff for the House Judiciary Committee during the Watergate investigation, and who wrote a book about the experience (the title of which was Hillary’s Pursuit of Power, which is an indication that it had little to do with chronicling Watergate itself.) It is also true that Ziefman accused her of being a “liar” and “unethical” during the House Judiciary Committee’s impeachment inquiry into Watergate, but claims that she was fired for those reasons are demonstrably false. Jerry Zeifman said he supervised Hillary Rodham Clinton as she worked on the team that worked on the Watergate impeachment inquiry, and that during the investigation Hillary Clinton had “…engaged in a variety of self-serving, unethical practices in violation of House rules.” According to Zeifman, Clinton (and others) wanted Richard Nixon to remain in office, so that Democratic senator Ted Kennedy would have a better chance of being elected president. He added that Clinton regularly consulted with Ted Kennedy’s chief political strategist (a violation of House rules) and that in addition to trying to help Kennedy win the presidency, Democrats also didn’t want Nixon to face an impeachment trial because they feared he might bring up abuses of office by President John Kennedy as part of his defense. | https://www.truthorfiction.com/clinton-watergate/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_82763588#4_178808151 | Title: Hillary Clinton's Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was 'a Liar' and 'Unethical'? - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’?
Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’?
Claim
Rating
Reporting
Content: As mentioned, the column was inspired by statements made by Jerry Zeifman, who served as counsel and chief of staff for the House Judiciary Committee during the Watergate investigation, and who wrote a book about the experience (the title of which was Hillary’s Pursuit of Power, which is an indication that it had little to do with chronicling Watergate itself.) It is also true that Ziefman accused her of being a “liar” and “unethical” during the House Judiciary Committee’s impeachment inquiry into Watergate, but claims that she was fired for those reasons are demonstrably false. Jerry Zeifman said he supervised Hillary Rodham Clinton as she worked on the team that worked on the Watergate impeachment inquiry, and that during the investigation Hillary Clinton had “…engaged in a variety of self-serving, unethical practices in violation of House rules.” According to Zeifman, Clinton (and others) wanted Richard Nixon to remain in office, so that Democratic senator Ted Kennedy would have a better chance of being elected president. He added that Clinton regularly consulted with Ted Kennedy’s chief political strategist (a violation of House rules) and that in addition to trying to help Kennedy win the presidency, Democrats also didn’t want Nixon to face an impeachment trial because they feared he might bring up abuses of office by President John Kennedy as part of his defense. In a 1999 interview, Zeifman said he did not have the power to fire Clinton, or else he would have: Zeifman does not have flattering memories of Rodham’s work on the committee. ‘ If I had the power to fire her, I would have fired her,’ he said. Zeifman said Rodham sparked a bitter battle among Democrats by recommending the Judiciary Committee deny Nixon’s lawyers the right to attend the closed-door meetings. ‘Can you imagine that? | https://www.truthorfiction.com/clinton-watergate/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_82763588#5_178810713 | Title: Hillary Clinton's Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was 'a Liar' and 'Unethical'? - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’?
Hillary Clinton’s Former Boss Says He Fired Her From an Investigative Position Because She Was ‘a Liar’ and ‘Unethical’?
Claim
Rating
Reporting
Content: In a 1999 interview, Zeifman said he did not have the power to fire Clinton, or else he would have: Zeifman does not have flattering memories of Rodham’s work on the committee. ‘ If I had the power to fire her, I would have fired her,’ he said. Zeifman said Rodham sparked a bitter battle among Democrats by recommending the Judiciary Committee deny Nixon’s lawyers the right to attend the closed-door meetings. ‘Can you imagine that? This was a committee of lawyers and members of the bar, and she was saying the committee should deny the president representation,’ he said. After a lengthy behind-the-scenes debate, Zeifman said the committee decided Nixon’s lawyers could attend. In an interview on the Neal Boortz Show in 2008, Jerry Zeifman altered his claim about Hillary’s termination from the Watergate investigation, saying that he had terminated her and casting further doubt on his stories: Well, let me put it this way: I terminated her, along with some other staff members who were — were no longer needed, and advised her that I would not — could not — recommend her for any further positions. | https://www.truthorfiction.com/clinton-watergate/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_82877395#5_178999071 | Title: Denzel Washington Supports Donald Trump, Bashes Obama-Fiction! - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Denzel Washington Supports Donald Trump, Bashes Obama-Fiction!
Denzel Washington Supports Donald Trump, Bashes Obama-Fiction!
Content: Himself a civil rights activist who in 1969 became the first black mayor in Mississippi, Evers said the GOP front-runner has the business acumen for the job. “I think he’s the best one right now,” Evers, 93, told The Post. “ He’s someone like me: he speaks from the hip. He’s not a politician.” Evers said the Mississippi economy would benefit from a president who could bring back industries that have fled overseas. “We need more and more jobs. Unemployment is way up here,” he said. “ He’s hired more employees, more people, than anyone I know in the world.” Washington, for his part, has described himself as moderate who has both liberal and conservative beliefs. | https://www.truthorfiction.com/denzel-washington-supports-donald-trump-bashes-obama/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_82877395#6_179000238 | Title: Denzel Washington Supports Donald Trump, Bashes Obama-Fiction! - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Denzel Washington Supports Donald Trump, Bashes Obama-Fiction!
Denzel Washington Supports Donald Trump, Bashes Obama-Fiction!
Content: Evers said the Mississippi economy would benefit from a president who could bring back industries that have fled overseas. “We need more and more jobs. Unemployment is way up here,” he said. “ He’s hired more employees, more people, than anyone I know in the world.” Washington, for his part, has described himself as moderate who has both liberal and conservative beliefs. In October 2015 he declined to endorse anybody in the 2016 contest when asked by The Hill on a press tour: While he supported Obama during the 2008 election, Washington said it’s too early to root for any of the 2016 presidential candidates. “ We just need to know more,” he said, “It’s early days.” By August 2016, however, TMZ reported that Washington had teamed up with Magic Johnson and Samuel L. Jackson to throw a “massive fundraiser” that raised $1.3 million for Hillary Clinton. Still, we couldn’t find any other reports of Washington endorsing Clinton, and he doesnt’ appear in any of the pictures form the fundraiser. | https://www.truthorfiction.com/denzel-washington-supports-donald-trump-bashes-obama/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_84847363#3_183255216 | Title: Planned Parenthood Doesn't Offer Prenatal Care-Truth! & Fiction! - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Planned Parenthood Doesn't Offer Prenatal Care-Truth! & Fiction!
Planned Parenthood Doesn't Offer Prenatal Care-Truth! & Fiction!
Planned Parenthood Doesn’t Offer Prenatal Care- Truth! & Fiction!
Content: It’s true that prenatal care isn’t a primary focus of Planned Parenthood clinics. Planned Parenthood’s 2014-2015 annual report makes clear that prenatal services fall under the broader category “Other Women’s Health Services,” which accounts for 13% of its operating budget. Nearly 1.2 million pregnancy tests accounted for the vast majority of Planned Parenthood’s Other Women’s Health Services budget, and 17,419 prenatal care engagements accounted for the rest. Abortions accounted for 3% of Planned Parenthood patient contacts, with STD testing and treatment (43%), contraception (31%) and cancer screenings (7%) accounting for the rest. The point is that it’s easy to establish that prenatal care is not a primary focus of Planned Parenthood without calling more than 100 clinics across the country. Still, not included in the Planned Parenthood’s annual report is the number of prenatal care referrals that the group makes each year. Planned Parenthood’s website also has a tool that enables women to search for prenatal care providers in their area and book an appointment online. A goal of the Live Action video claiming that Planned Parenthood does not provide prenatal care services was to prove that Planned Parenthood leadership had lied on multiple occasions — claiming that prenatal care was, in fact, a primary focus. To make that point, various clips of Cecile Richards, the president of Planned Parenthood, seemingly touting Planned Parenthood’s prenatal care services are shown. In one clip from 2011, Richards says “…prenatal care, these are the kinds of services that folds depend on Planned Parenthood for.” | https://www.truthorfiction.com/planned-parenthood-doesnt-offer-prenatal-care/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_85097817#1_183793227 | Title: Starbucks CEO: If You Support Traditional Marriage, We Don’t Want Your Business-Fiction! - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Starbucks CEO: If You Support Traditional Marriage, We Don’t Want Your Business-Fiction!
Starbucks CEO: If You Support Traditional Marriage, We Don’t Want Your Business-Fiction!
Content: Posted on September 9, 2015 by Rich Buhler & Staff
Starbucks CEO: If You Support Traditional Marriage, We Don’t Want Your Business-Fiction! Summary of eRumor: Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz said the company doesn’t want the business of people who support traditional marriage. The Truth: The Starbucks CEO didn’t say the company doesn’t want business from people who support traditional marriage. That rumor started in 2013 after Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz made a statement at a shareholder meeting about the company’s support of gay marriage, and it’s impact on the company’s profit margins. Conservative Starbucks investor Tom Strobhar told Schultz that the company’s earnings were “shall we say politely, a bit disappointing” in the first quarter after the National Organization for Marriage announced a boycott of Starbucks over its support of gay marriage. The Starbucks CEO responded: Despite the fact that you cite statistics that are narrow in time, we did provide a 38% shareholder return over the last year. | https://www.truthorfiction.com/starbucks-ceo-if-you-support-traditional-marriage-we-dont-want-your-business/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_85097817#2_183794850 | Title: Starbucks CEO: If You Support Traditional Marriage, We Don’t Want Your Business-Fiction! - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Starbucks CEO: If You Support Traditional Marriage, We Don’t Want Your Business-Fiction!
Starbucks CEO: If You Support Traditional Marriage, We Don’t Want Your Business-Fiction!
Content: The Starbucks CEO didn’t say the company doesn’t want business from people who support traditional marriage. That rumor started in 2013 after Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz made a statement at a shareholder meeting about the company’s support of gay marriage, and it’s impact on the company’s profit margins. Conservative Starbucks investor Tom Strobhar told Schultz that the company’s earnings were “shall we say politely, a bit disappointing” in the first quarter after the National Organization for Marriage announced a boycott of Starbucks over its support of gay marriage. The Starbucks CEO responded: Despite the fact that you cite statistics that are narrow in time, we did provide a 38% shareholder return over the last year. I don’t know how many things you invest in, but I would suspect not many things, companies, products, have returned 38% over the last 12 months. Having said that, it’s not an economic decision. The lens through which we are making that decision is through the lens of our people. We employ 200,000 people at this company, and we want to embrace diversity. Respectfully, if you can get a higher return than the 38% you got last year, it’s a free country; | https://www.truthorfiction.com/starbucks-ceo-if-you-support-traditional-marriage-we-dont-want-your-business/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_85100816#0_183799502 | Title: Starbucks doesn't support the war in Iraq-Fiction! - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Starbucks doesn't support the war in Iraq-Fiction!
Starbucks doesn't support the war in Iraq-Fiction!
Summary of eRumor:
The Truth:
Content: Starbucks doesn't support the war in Iraq-Fiction! - Truth or Fiction? Skip to content
Starbucks doesn't support the war in Iraq-Fiction! Posted on March 17, 2015 by Rich Buhler & Staff
Starbucks Refused to Send Donated Coffee to Marines In Iraq and Said the Company Does Not Support the War-Fiction! Summary of eRumor: An email from a Marine who says some Marines wrote to Starbucks to say how much they liked Starbucks coffee and to request some donated coffee for the Marines. The eRumor says Starbucks responded by saying they don’t support and war and will not send any coffee. The writer urges a boycott of Starbucks. The Truth: TruthOrFiction.com contacted Starbucks about the story. | https://www.truthorfiction.com/starbucks-iraq/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_56_85100816#1_183800594 | Title: Starbucks doesn't support the war in Iraq-Fiction! - Truth or Fiction?
Headings: Starbucks doesn't support the war in Iraq-Fiction!
Starbucks doesn't support the war in Iraq-Fiction!
Summary of eRumor:
The Truth:
Content: An email from a Marine who says some Marines wrote to Starbucks to say how much they liked Starbucks coffee and to request some donated coffee for the Marines. The eRumor says Starbucks responded by saying they don’t support and war and will not send any coffee. The writer urges a boycott of Starbucks. The Truth: TruthOrFiction.com contacted Starbucks about the story. Starbucks says that the originator of the email, Sgt. Howard Wright, and talked with him about his complaint. He has now sent a follow-up email to his email list, which appears below. Starbucks assured him of their support of the military and that the only reason any coffee was not donated was because the official Starbucks donation policy authorizes such gifts to officially designated public charities, including libraries and schools, and that the U.S. military or military personnel do not qualify. It was not meant to be a comment on the war or the service of military personnel in the war. | https://www.truthorfiction.com/starbucks-iraq/ |
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