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msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_438897646#2_888839636 | Title: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship | Psychology Today
Headings: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Lisa Firestone Ph.D.
Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Create a more equal and trusting relationship.
Content: In fact, attempts to exercise power over our partners actually serve to reduce and diminish our own attraction to them. When we try to control someone close to us, we limit them in ways that make them less themselves. We want our partners (and ourselves for that matter) to be fulfilled, well-rounded individuals who are fully alive. When we make our partner feel guilty for choosing to spend time with friends, for example, we actually shrink their world. We should always aim to grow each other’s worlds rather than restrict them. Otherwise, we take the air and life out of the relationship. It’s no surprise studies have shown that jealousy and surveillance behaviors we often associate with possessiveness lead to relationship dissatisfaction and destructive behavior. So how can you stop the possessive patterns in your relationship? The first step is to understand why you engage in controlling behavior. The second step is to deal with the underlying feelings that drive you toward an unequal dynamic. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/compassion-matters/201702/be-mine-dealing-possessiveness-in-relationship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_438897646#3_888841169 | Title: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship | Psychology Today
Headings: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Lisa Firestone Ph.D.
Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Create a more equal and trusting relationship.
Content: Otherwise, we take the air and life out of the relationship. It’s no surprise studies have shown that jealousy and surveillance behaviors we often associate with possessiveness lead to relationship dissatisfaction and destructive behavior. So how can you stop the possessive patterns in your relationship? The first step is to understand why you engage in controlling behavior. The second step is to deal with the underlying feelings that drive you toward an unequal dynamic. Most of us have some degree of fear and insecurity surrounding our close relationships. These feelings can spring from deeper struggles we have with trust, low self-esteem, fears of rejection, or loss or intimacy itself. These deep-seated emotions can lead to a desire to control. Instead of exploring where these feelings come from, we tend to project them onto our partner and start acting out controlling behaviors that we hope will alleviate these painful feelings. For example, we may on some core level feel unlovable or like no one would ever choose us. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/compassion-matters/201702/be-mine-dealing-possessiveness-in-relationship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_438897646#4_888842725 | Title: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship | Psychology Today
Headings: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Lisa Firestone Ph.D.
Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Create a more equal and trusting relationship.
Content: Most of us have some degree of fear and insecurity surrounding our close relationships. These feelings can spring from deeper struggles we have with trust, low self-esteem, fears of rejection, or loss or intimacy itself. These deep-seated emotions can lead to a desire to control. Instead of exploring where these feelings come from, we tend to project them onto our partner and start acting out controlling behaviors that we hope will alleviate these painful feelings. For example, we may on some core level feel unlovable or like no one would ever choose us. This negative self-concept can lead us to act out all kinds of jealous or insecure behaviors with our partner. We may start giving them the cold shoulder in hopes they’ll show interest in our feelings. We may act victimized and wounded by any comment or action that we can construe as disregarding or rejecting. We may outright scold our partner or make rules about where they can and can’t go, what they can and can’t do. All of these behavior patterns have a lot more to do with us than our partner. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/compassion-matters/201702/be-mine-dealing-possessiveness-in-relationship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_438897646#5_888844317 | Title: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship | Psychology Today
Headings: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Lisa Firestone Ph.D.
Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Create a more equal and trusting relationship.
Content: This negative self-concept can lead us to act out all kinds of jealous or insecure behaviors with our partner. We may start giving them the cold shoulder in hopes they’ll show interest in our feelings. We may act victimized and wounded by any comment or action that we can construe as disregarding or rejecting. We may outright scold our partner or make rules about where they can and can’t go, what they can and can’t do. All of these behavior patterns have a lot more to do with us than our partner. And most of them have deep roots in our past. As children, we developed strategies or defenses in an effort to protect ourselves from difficult or painful conditions. These early experiences shaped our expectations about relationships and the defenses we formed then still play out in our lives today. That is why making sense of our own past and exploring our early attachment patterns can be very helpful in understanding our feelings of possessiveness as adults. For example, if we experienced an anxious attachment pattern growing up, we may have felt a lot of uncertainty around getting our needs met and felt like we had to cling to our parents to make them take care of us – in essence, to survive. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/compassion-matters/201702/be-mine-dealing-possessiveness-in-relationship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_438897646#7_888847946 | Title: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship | Psychology Today
Headings: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Lisa Firestone Ph.D.
Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Create a more equal and trusting relationship.
Content: As adults, we may project these feelings onto our partner, feeling like we need to make things happen, remind them to notice us, etc. We may have a lot of anxiety about their movement, fearing rejection or abandonment. As a result, we relive the past, clinging or making efforts to control our partner, so we can feel secure. article continues after advertisement
Unfortunately, because these feelings are rooted in our history, we rarely, if ever, get the reassurance we seek from acting out our old defenses in the present. Instead, we repeat patterns from our childhood, acting on our insecurities, and often pushing our partner further away in the process. The patterns and defenses we form growing up may have been adaptive to our childhood, but they can hurt our current relationships. However, there are real steps we can take to break patterns of defensiveness and achieve an equal and trusting relationship. 1. Enhance our sense of self – If insecurity is at the root of our possessive behavior, we have to start to look at ways to bring more self-compassion into our lives. We have to take steps to overcome our inner critic and truly accept that we are worthy and okay on our own, independent of anyone. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/compassion-matters/201702/be-mine-dealing-possessiveness-in-relationship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_438897646#8_888849681 | Title: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship | Psychology Today
Headings: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Lisa Firestone Ph.D.
Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Create a more equal and trusting relationship.
Content: The patterns and defenses we form growing up may have been adaptive to our childhood, but they can hurt our current relationships. However, there are real steps we can take to break patterns of defensiveness and achieve an equal and trusting relationship. 1. Enhance our sense of self – If insecurity is at the root of our possessive behavior, we have to start to look at ways to bring more self-compassion into our lives. We have to take steps to overcome our inner critic and truly accept that we are worthy and okay on our own, independent of anyone. We are strong and capable. Even if our worst fears come true, and our partner does reject or betray us, we have to know that our world will not end. 2. Resist engaging in jealous, authoritative, or punishing behaviors – Actions like surveillance will only alienate our partner and drive a wedge between us. Plus, they lead us to feel bad about ourselves. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/compassion-matters/201702/be-mine-dealing-possessiveness-in-relationship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_438897646#9_888851114 | Title: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship | Psychology Today
Headings: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Lisa Firestone Ph.D.
Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Create a more equal and trusting relationship.
Content: We are strong and capable. Even if our worst fears come true, and our partner does reject or betray us, we have to know that our world will not end. 2. Resist engaging in jealous, authoritative, or punishing behaviors – Actions like surveillance will only alienate our partner and drive a wedge between us. Plus, they lead us to feel bad about ourselves. No matter how anxious it makes us, we have to resist the urge to exert power over our partner. We have to ignore that inner voice telling us, "Just don’t talk to her. She needs to know she can’t just work late and expect you to be happy" or, "Let him know you won’t stand for this. He better not think he can just goof off every weekend." 3. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/compassion-matters/201702/be-mine-dealing-possessiveness-in-relationship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_438897646#10_888852349 | Title: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship | Psychology Today
Headings: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Lisa Firestone Ph.D.
Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Create a more equal and trusting relationship.
Content: No matter how anxious it makes us, we have to resist the urge to exert power over our partner. We have to ignore that inner voice telling us, "Just don’t talk to her. She needs to know she can’t just work late and expect you to be happy" or, "Let him know you won’t stand for this. He better not think he can just goof off every weekend." 3. Accept that these feelings are from the past – Our anxiety will never ease until we deal with where it’s really coming from. Current events trigger old, primal pain. If we’re having an especially strong desire to control or possess our partner, chances are this has something to do with our history. Making sense of our story by creating a coherent narrative of our past can lead us to a great sense of self-understanding. It can help us know our triggers and feel calmer in the present. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/compassion-matters/201702/be-mine-dealing-possessiveness-in-relationship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_438897646#14_888857801 | Title: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship | Psychology Today
Headings: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Lisa Firestone Ph.D.
Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Create a more equal and trusting relationship.
Content: You can read more about how to identify and stand up to your inner critic here. 6. Invest in your life – One of the most important steps we can take when dealing with possessive feelings and impulses is to focus on our own life. Ask “What lights me up? What do I like to do?” We should try to shift our attention off our partner and start thinking about all the things that we’re interested in pursuing that would enhance our sense of who we are as independent individuals. 7. Talk to your partner from an adult perspective – It can be valuable to have an open and honest conversation with our partner in which we disclose our struggle with insecurity and feelings that we need to control the situation. We can commit to trying not to act on these feelings, but let our partner know what’s going on within us, so we can feel closer to them. While any attempts to control or induce guilt may make our partner feel resentful or annoyed, an open conversation in which we don’t lay blame, but explain our personal struggle is a vulnerable act that will often allow our partner to understand us and feel for us. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/compassion-matters/201702/be-mine-dealing-possessiveness-in-relationship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_438897646#15_888859458 | Title: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship | Psychology Today
Headings: Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Lisa Firestone Ph.D.
Be Mine: Dealing With Possessiveness in a Relationship
Create a more equal and trusting relationship.
Content: We should try to shift our attention off our partner and start thinking about all the things that we’re interested in pursuing that would enhance our sense of who we are as independent individuals. 7. Talk to your partner from an adult perspective – It can be valuable to have an open and honest conversation with our partner in which we disclose our struggle with insecurity and feelings that we need to control the situation. We can commit to trying not to act on these feelings, but let our partner know what’s going on within us, so we can feel closer to them. While any attempts to control or induce guilt may make our partner feel resentful or annoyed, an open conversation in which we don’t lay blame, but explain our personal struggle is a vulnerable act that will often allow our partner to understand us and feel for us. article continues after advertisement
When it comes to relationships, we are always better off trusting our partner and being hurt than restricting them. This is the only way we can truly know that we are loved and chosen by a free person. By enhancing our sense of self, enjoying our independence and truly appreciating the real closeness we feel with someone we love we can be self-possessed within ourselves. That way, no matter what the outcome, we benefit because we’ve acted with integrity and stayed true to ourselves, qualities that will serve us well in the long haul of any relationship. SHARE
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Be Mine: | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/compassion-matters/201702/be-mine-dealing-possessiveness-in-relationship |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_439425869#5_889883119 | Title: Five Reasons We Impulse Buy | Psychology Today
Headings: Five Reasons We Impulse Buy
Philip Graves
Five Reasons We Impulse Buy
It's time to stop filling up your home with products you don't use.
Content: you would need to look at the price, product composition, reviews and maybe even the quality of customer service supporting it. Even if you could find all the information in comparable formats, it would take hours to buy one item. So instead we use heuristics—unconsciously held rules of thumb—that help us make quick decisions that we’ve learned generally work out well. Retailers take advantage of this by packaging up products as bulk buys, or they include "free" extras. We get the impression that it must be a good value, and we go with this feeling rather than researching any further. article continues after advertisement
4. The Desire to Save
A susceptibility to "value" and apparent discounts isn’t just down to the loss aversion switch; many of us have an innate desire to save. Retailers and manufacturers play on this by telling us how much money we could save by buying and using their product. Thousands of years ago, knowing that it was important to store up food and wood for the winter would be the difference between life and death. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/consumer-behavior/201303/five-reasons-we-impulse-buy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_439799225#2_890404546 | Title: Confidence in Children | Psychology Today
Headings: Confidence in Children
Maureen Healy
Confidence in Children
Tips for raising a can-do kid
Content: So how much can a parent nurture such qualities in his or her child? I would say greatly! Children develop as a complex interplay between their internal and external environment. Parents play an enormous role in a child's world. Children naturally look up to their parents for guidance, feeling good and learning how to behave and believe in this world. Some key points to nurture self-trust and confidence in a child are: Mirror back to a child his or her positive qualities. For example, "I am very impressed with your painting Jill" or "Wow, you are quite skilled putting that puzzle together." Consistent mirroring plants the seeds of confidence. Endless Encouragement. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/creative-development/200903/confidence-in-children |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_440613949#0_891876908 | Title: 7 Ways Psychology Can Change Your Life | Psychology Today
Headings: 7 Ways Psychology Can Change Your Life
Ronald E Riggio Ph.D.
7 Ways Psychology Can Change Your Life
3. Helping you to recognize bias, and overcome it.
Content: 7 Ways Psychology Can Change Your Life | Psychology Today
Ronald E Riggio Ph.D.
Cutting-Edge Leadership
7 Ways Psychology Can Change Your Life
3. Helping you to recognize bias, and overcome it. Posted Dec 13, 2016
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Source: victoras/Shutterstock
Here are seven ways that learning about psychology can change your life for the better: 1. Increased self-understanding and insight. This is a no-brainer: By learning about psychological constructs, such as dimensions of personality, we can better understand ourselves, our motives, and our patterns of behavior. Psychological assessments allow us to better know and understand our true selves. 2. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/201612/7-ways-psychology-can-change-your-life |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_442750402#3_895840163 | Title: The Complex Links Between Social Media and Mental Health | Psychology Today
Headings: The Complex Links Between Social Media and Mental Health
The Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research
The Complex Links Between Social Media and Mental Health
Research shows social media can improve or harm your mental health.
Content: As a result, miscommunication is more common than in face-to-face interactions. Some people may use social media to replace in-person interactions, which can lead to lower quality social connections. Not surprisingly, research demonstrates that how people use language and express themselves on social media provides clues about their mental health status. People who post positive messages and have high-quality interactions are less likely to suffer from anxiety or depression compared to people who did not use social media or have more negative interactions on these platforms. Research has identified some specific behaviors that contribute to or detract from overall mental health. One study found that people who interact with former romantic partners on social media are more likely to experience anxiety or depression compared to those who do not. Another study found that when people with serious depression used Facebook over a three-month period, they experienced fewer symptoms compared to similar participants who did not use Facebook. In addition, when study participants became “friends” with their psychiatrist, they showed significantly faster improvement in their symptoms. Studies found the tendency to compare oneself to others on social media—whether you see yourself in a more positive or more negative light—is a significant risk factor for depression and anxiety. In addition, people with depression were more likely to rate themselves as being inferior to others on social media compared to those without depression. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/evidence-based-living/201903/the-complex-links-between-social-media-and-mental-health |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_443570965#6_896805075 | Title: What’s So Sexy About Belly Buttons? | Psychology Today
Headings: What’s So Sexy About Belly Buttons?
Leon F Seltzer Ph.D.
What’s So Sexy About Belly Buttons?
Might navels be the most tantalizing—but least publicized—erogenous zone?
About the Author
Online:
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Content: This quote from Wikipedia should be suggestive: The public exposure of the male and female midriff and bare navel has been taboo at times in Western cultures, being considered immodest or indecent. It was banned in some jurisdictions; however, the community perceptions have changed and exposure of female midriff and navel is more accepted today...In some societies or contexts, it is both fashionable and common, though not without its critics. While the West was relatively resistant to midriff-baring clothing until the 1980s, it has long been a fashion with Indian women [witness the low-rise sari exposing the navel]. The Japanese [too] have long had a special [and favorable] regard for the navel. There’s certainly no question that the navel has become increasingly prominent in showcasing our most alluring celebrities. As reported in Wikipedia, the most popular bellybuttons on BellyInc are those belonging to Emily Ratajkowski, Paris Hilton, and Vanessa Hudgens. If you know anything about Madonna, you probably know that she seems almost obsessed with displaying her navel, which can be identified as her performance trademark. Her own unashamed erotic attraction to it is best revealed in a 1985 interview in Spin , in which she confessed: “ | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/evolution-the-self/201705/what-s-so-sexy-about-belly-buttons |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_443722888#0_897094601 | Title: Is Science a Religion? | Psychology Today
Headings: Is Science a Religion?
Eric Dietrich Ph.D.
Is Science a Religion?
Do those who reject science merely belong to a different faith community?
Content: Is Science a Religion? | Psychology Today
Eric Dietrich Ph.D.
Excellent Beauty
Is Science a Religion? Do those who reject science merely belong to a different faith community? Posted October 30, 2017 | Reviewed by Ekua Hagan
Source: Eric Dietrich
Many people think that science is just another religion, no better than their own. Their reasoning is apparently something along these lines: “ Beliefs about the unseen world are based entirely on received truth—truth that is known to be right because it is felt to be right. All and only religions offer an opinion about the unseen world. Science offers such an opinion. So science is a religion.” ( | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/excellent-beauty/201710/is-science-religion |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_443722888#5_897099232 | Title: Is Science a Religion? | Psychology Today
Headings: Is Science a Religion?
Eric Dietrich Ph.D.
Is Science a Religion?
Do those who reject science merely belong to a different faith community?
Content: So Gates is Putin." [ Have you ever seen them together?] All arguments of this form commit the fallacy of “undistributed middle.” Any argument of this form fails to establish its conclusion.) This argument, though fallacious, can be made valid by just noting that all knowledge of the unseen world must be based on faith, so faith is all both religion and science have access to. ( Of course, now there is another problem, which we will discuss below.) Others, who think that the whole science vs. religion debate is annoying, reason roughly as follows: “ I don’t have to get involved in this annoying debate because science is just another religion.” The prevalence of the “science is just a religion” view is shockingly large. I say
“shockingly” because science and religion are nothing alike and in fact are locked in a bitter and deadly war for the minds of humans (see my previous posts “The Ghost of Christmas Present” and “Lord of the Flies”). | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/excellent-beauty/201710/is-science-religion |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_443722888#6_897100665 | Title: Is Science a Religion? | Psychology Today
Headings: Is Science a Religion?
Eric Dietrich Ph.D.
Is Science a Religion?
Do those who reject science merely belong to a different faith community?
Content: Of course, now there is another problem, which we will discuss below.) Others, who think that the whole science vs. religion debate is annoying, reason roughly as follows: “ I don’t have to get involved in this annoying debate because science is just another religion.” The prevalence of the “science is just a religion” view is shockingly large. I say
“shockingly” because science and religion are nothing alike and in fact are locked in a bitter and deadly war for the minds of humans (see my previous posts “The Ghost of Christmas Present” and “Lord of the Flies”). Religion cannot cure a single disease. It cannot usefully explain a single physical fact: not where humans came from, not where life came from, not where the universe came from. Religion cannot explain volcanoes, earthquakes, thunderstorms, hurricanes, epidemics, allergies, birth defects, diseases ... nothing. Religion cannot usefully explain a single thing. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/excellent-beauty/201710/is-science-religion |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_443722888#7_897102066 | Title: Is Science a Religion? | Psychology Today
Headings: Is Science a Religion?
Eric Dietrich Ph.D.
Is Science a Religion?
Do those who reject science merely belong to a different faith community?
Content: Religion cannot cure a single disease. It cannot usefully explain a single physical fact: not where humans came from, not where life came from, not where the universe came from. Religion cannot explain volcanoes, earthquakes, thunderstorms, hurricanes, epidemics, allergies, birth defects, diseases ... nothing. Religion cannot usefully explain a single thing. Science, however, explains all these and a lot more. So how can any reasonable person think that science is a religion? Furthermore, all religions have three central properties. ( 1) All religions are social systems, (2) all endorse (and even require) something that is supernatural, and (3) all designate something as holy or sacred. ( For a detailed discussion of these, see Excellent Beauty: | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/excellent-beauty/201710/is-science-religion |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_443722888#9_897104458 | Title: Is Science a Religion? | Psychology Today
Headings: Is Science a Religion?
Eric Dietrich Ph.D.
Is Science a Religion?
Do those who reject science merely belong to a different faith community?
Content: The Naturalness of Religion and the Unnaturalness of the World.) Sciences are social, but only because that is often the best way to get work done. Religions are social out of necessity—in order to reinforce their supernatural beliefs, which of course are utterly false. ( Just to be thorough: Many significant scientific advances were made by lone scientists toiling in their labs or out in their fields. Think of Newton, Darwin, and Einstein.) No science endorses anything supernatural (weird, yes, but not supernatural; see my posts “The Excellent Beauty of Scientific Mysteries,” “The Paradox at the Heart of Psychology,” and "Excellent Beauty, Part 4"). And no science countenances anything holy—nothing is sacred in science—it is all fair game. Let’s return to the second argument: | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/excellent-beauty/201710/is-science-religion |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_443722888#13_897109025 | Title: Is Science a Religion? | Psychology Today
Headings: Is Science a Religion?
Eric Dietrich Ph.D.
Is Science a Religion?
Do those who reject science merely belong to a different faith community?
Content: Concluding that science is a religion is easy when one assumes that science is a religion. ( The first argument also begs the question when it says: " All and only religions offer an opinion about the unseen world." That premise is also false.) And what about the last argument: the “can’t be bothered” argument? It’s either social cowardice of the highest order or the worst kind of shirking of one’s duty. As I noted, science and religion are engaged in a deadly war. There can be no bystanders, for it really matters who wins—it really matters that science, I mean truth, wins. advertisement | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/excellent-beauty/201710/is-science-religion |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_443966305#10_897553975 | Title: Is Evolution "Just a Theory"? | Psychology Today
Headings: Is Evolution "Just a Theory"?
Tania Lombrozo Ph.D.
Is Evolution "Just a Theory"?
Post #3 in a series for Darwin Day 2012
Content: article continues after advertisement
If accepting evolution and understanding the nature of science don't have a common cause, then it could be that accepting evolution causes one to understand the nature of science, or (more plausibly) that understanding the nature of science has a causal impact on accepting evolution. But why would understanding – for example – that theories are revisable but reliable influence people's preferred explanations for the biological world? Our findings can't answer this question directly, but here's my best guess about what's going on. A lot of anti-evolution propaganda aims to undermine evolution's scientific credentials by exploiting common misconceptions about science and scientific theories. For example, the highly publicized 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial in Dover, Pennsylvania involved (among other things) a controversial statement that teachers were requested to read prior to teaching evolution, and which included the following text: Because Darwin's Theory is a theory, it is still being tested as new evidence is discovered. The Theory is not a fact. Gaps in the Theory exist for which there is no evidence. It could be that understanding the nature of science doesn't itself encourage acceptance of evolution, but rather that by understanding the nature of science, students are able to critically evaluate anti-evolution messages and understand that being "just a theory" isn't such a bad thing to be. article continues after advertisement
But that's just my theory. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/explananda/201202/is-evolution-just-theory |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_444796833#2_898993918 | Title: What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change? | Psychology Today
Headings: What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change?
Ralph Lewis M.D.
What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change?
Beliefs evolved as energy-saving shortcuts. Restructuring them is costly.
Content: Alain Lacroix/Dreamstime
Beliefs are a slippery concept. What actually are they? Philosophy has long struggled to define them. 2 In this post-truth and ideologically polarized world, we need a better understanding of beliefs. As a psychiatrist, my job frequently involves identifying distorted beliefs, understanding how they formed, and helping people to learn to be more skeptical of their own beliefs. Let’s consider a helpful evolutionary framework for making more coherent sense of what beliefs really are, and why mistaken beliefs can sometimes be so hard to change. Then we’ll talk about how to gain a more accurate grasp of reality, and how, ultimately, to advance society. Beliefs as energy-saving shortcuts in modeling and predicting the environment 3
Beliefs are our brain’s way of making sense of and navigating our complex world. They are mental representations of the ways our brains expect things in our environment to behave, and how things should be related to each other—the patterns our brain expects the world to conform to. Beliefs are templates for efficient learning and are often essential for survival. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/finding-purpose/201810/what-actually-is-belief-and-why-is-it-so-hard-change |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_444796833#3_898995622 | Title: What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change? | Psychology Today
Headings: What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change?
Ralph Lewis M.D.
What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change?
Beliefs evolved as energy-saving shortcuts. Restructuring them is costly.
Content: Let’s consider a helpful evolutionary framework for making more coherent sense of what beliefs really are, and why mistaken beliefs can sometimes be so hard to change. Then we’ll talk about how to gain a more accurate grasp of reality, and how, ultimately, to advance society. Beliefs as energy-saving shortcuts in modeling and predicting the environment 3
Beliefs are our brain’s way of making sense of and navigating our complex world. They are mental representations of the ways our brains expect things in our environment to behave, and how things should be related to each other—the patterns our brain expects the world to conform to. Beliefs are templates for efficient learning and are often essential for survival. The brain is an energy-expensive organ, so it had to evolve energy-conserving efficiencies. As a prediction machine, it must take shortcuts for pattern recognition as it processes the vast amounts of information received from the environment by its sense organ outgrowths. Beliefs allow the brain to distill complex information, enabling it to quickly categorize and evaluate information and to jump to conclusions. For example, beliefs are often concerned with understanding the causes of things: If ‘b’ closely followed ‘a’, then ‘a’ might be assumed to have been the cause of ‘b’. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/finding-purpose/201810/what-actually-is-belief-and-why-is-it-so-hard-change |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_444796833#4_898997545 | Title: What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change? | Psychology Today
Headings: What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change?
Ralph Lewis M.D.
What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change?
Beliefs evolved as energy-saving shortcuts. Restructuring them is costly.
Content: The brain is an energy-expensive organ, so it had to evolve energy-conserving efficiencies. As a prediction machine, it must take shortcuts for pattern recognition as it processes the vast amounts of information received from the environment by its sense organ outgrowths. Beliefs allow the brain to distill complex information, enabling it to quickly categorize and evaluate information and to jump to conclusions. For example, beliefs are often concerned with understanding the causes of things: If ‘b’ closely followed ‘a’, then ‘a’ might be assumed to have been the cause of ‘b’. These shortcuts to interpreting and predicting our world often involve connecting dots and filling in gaps, making extrapolations and assumptions based on incomplete information and based on similarity to previously recognized patterns. In jumping to conclusions, our brains have a preference for familiar conclusions over unfamiliar ones. Thus, our brains are prone to error, sometimes seeing patterns where there are none. This may or may not be subsequently identified and corrected by error-detection mechanisms. It’s a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/finding-purpose/201810/what-actually-is-belief-and-why-is-it-so-hard-change |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_444796833#5_898999296 | Title: What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change? | Psychology Today
Headings: What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change?
Ralph Lewis M.D.
What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change?
Beliefs evolved as energy-saving shortcuts. Restructuring them is costly.
Content: These shortcuts to interpreting and predicting our world often involve connecting dots and filling in gaps, making extrapolations and assumptions based on incomplete information and based on similarity to previously recognized patterns. In jumping to conclusions, our brains have a preference for familiar conclusions over unfamiliar ones. Thus, our brains are prone to error, sometimes seeing patterns where there are none. This may or may not be subsequently identified and corrected by error-detection mechanisms. It’s a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy. In its need for economy and efficiency of energy consumption, the default tendency of the brain is to fit new information into its existing framework for understanding the world, rather than repeatedly reconstructing that framework from scratch. Seeing is believing
It seems likely that the processes in the brain involved in abstract belief formation evolved from simpler processes involved in interpreting sensory perception. article continues after advertisement
Since we experience the external world entirely through our senses, we find it hard to accept that these perceptions are sometimes subjectively distorted and that they are not necessarily reliable experiences of objective reality. People tend to trust their physical senses and to believe their perceptions even when they are hallucinating and no matter how bizarre their perceptual distortions. People will layer explanations on top of their perception of reality to explain away contradictions. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/finding-purpose/201810/what-actually-is-belief-and-why-is-it-so-hard-change |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_444796833#13_899014980 | Title: What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change? | Psychology Today
Headings: What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change?
Ralph Lewis M.D.
What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change?
Beliefs evolved as energy-saving shortcuts. Restructuring them is costly.
Content: Especially when these offer new attachments and new self-identities imbued with more powerful affiliation, validation, esteem and sense of purpose than the individual previously had in their life. article continues after advertisement
Science and the excitement of proving ourselves wrong
Science values the changing of minds through disproving previously held beliefs and challenging received authority with new evidence. This is in sharp contrast to faith (not just religious faith). Faith is far more natural and intuitive to the human brain than is science. Science requires training. It is a disciplined method that tries to systematically overcome or bypass our intuitions and cognitive biases and follow the evidence regardless of our prior beliefs, expectations, preferences or personal investment. The increasing application of the scientific method in the last four centuries ushered in unprecedented, accelerating progress in humanity’s quest to understand the nature of reality and vast improvements in quality of life. Discovering just how mistaken we collectively were about so many things has been the key to sensational societal progress. 5
Imagine if each of us as individuals could cultivate a scientific attitude of rigorous critical thinking and curiosity in our personal lives, and could experience an exhilarated feeling of discovery whenever we find we have been wrong about something important. Perhaps it’s time to stop talking admiringly about faith and belief as if these were virtues. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/finding-purpose/201810/what-actually-is-belief-and-why-is-it-so-hard-change |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_447022156#15_902070190 | Title: How Healthy Are Your Defense Mechanisms? | Psychology Today
Headings: How Healthy Are Your Defense Mechanisms?
Susan Krauss Whitbourne Ph.D.
How Healthy Are Your Defense Mechanisms?
Research into how mature or immature responses to life affect the mind and body.
THE BASICS
Content: Signing an important contract? Failed job interview? What's funny here? Someone who is humorous about such situations probably is dissociated with the reality. That's not healthy, that's not processing of emotions. And what about suppression? To what degree should you suppress your emotions when someone sabotages your work or attacks you? I will not suppress my emotion if someone gets in the way. How this person will know if I suppress? Reply to MJ
Quote MJ
Humour can be a healthy
Submitted by E on December 4, 2017 - 9:52am
Humour can be a healthy defence mechanism because it helps us stay cool and see the situation or attacker objectively or from different perspectives e.g. when our spouse or kids are screaming at us unreasonably, we can think of how silly they are acting, like cartoon characters and it helps us respond calmly and constructively. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201603/how-healthy-are-your-defense-mechanisms |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_447633489#22_903090098 | Title: 13 and Depressed: Why Young Teen Girls Are at Risk | Psychology Today
Headings: 13 and Depressed: Why Young Teen Girls Are at Risk
Laura Choate Ed.D., LPC
13 and Depressed: Why Young Teen Girls Are at Risk
Why girls are more at risk for depression than boys and how to help them cope.
THE BASICS
Content: Would a friend say this to me right now?” (“ No, no real friend would say I am a loser or that I’m ruined. They would just say that it’s only one party, and it’s not that big of a deal!” ) Early adolescence is a difficult time for both our daughters and our sons, but our daughters are particularly at risk for depression during these years. Our efforts to help our daughters learn to increase their awareness of what they are thinking and feeling will go a long way towards helping them decide what to do in any given situation: Is it more effective to take steps to change the situation? O | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/girls-women-and-wellness/201804/13-and-depressed-why-young-teen-girls-are-risk |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_447807582#6_903404815 | Title: Dealing with the Death of a Child | Psychology Today
Headings: Dealing with the Death of a Child
Kenneth J. Doka Ph.D.
Dealing with the Death of a Child
Coping with the death of a child places a burden on the entire family.
Content: Rita wondered about that. When their daughter died of SIDS, she was constantly crying. Her husband though was active—supporting the SIDS Foundation and talking with other parents who had experienced the loss. They both deeply loved their child—they just grieved in their own ways. It is not unusual that parents, and perhaps siblings, may carry what Dr. Dennis Klass calls, an inner representation of the deceased child. That means that family members are very aware of the age the child would now be and imagine what the child would be like. While such a reaction is both normal and natural, it may become problematic if parents have such an idealized image of the child that living siblings can never hope to match. This loss may affect every aspect of your relationship. Some couples, for example, wrestle with intimacy —needing both the physical closeness even as they may feel reluctant to sexually re-engage. While the death of a child may strain relationships, there is no evidence to support the myth that couples inevitably divorce. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/good-mourning/201707/dealing-the-death-child |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_448437381#5_904544296 | Title: When The Love Of Your Life Doesn't Love You | Psychology Today
Headings: When The Love Of Your Life Doesn't Love You
Alex Lickerman M.D.
When The Love Of Your Life Doesn't Love You
Why love changes depending on the stage of the relationship in which it's felt.
THE BASICS
Content: For all sorts of reasons, when we lose a love that's freshly minted we often feel like our lives are falling apart and that we'll never be happy again. But people who lose love when in a different stage of a relationship than the beginning—perhaps several years or even decades on—or in a different phase of life from their youth (when emotions generally run to extremes), tend to experience suffering over the loss of love in a slightly different way. When we lose love through divorce in middle age, for instance, there are often other things lost as well: children, homes, lifestyles, and dependable companionship. article continues after advertisement
Though the loss of these things compounds our suffering, often the suffering we feel is less tinged with a sense of dramatic tragedy. Most people in this circumstance are better able to glimpse through their suffering the truth that life will go on, that they will be happy again someday, as studies on the set-point theory of happiness have now begun to demonstrate. When we lose love at the end of life, however, most often due to the death of our spouse or life partner, recovery tends to be just as hard as when we lose love at the beginning of our lives as teens or young adults—but for different reasons. It's not that our emotions run as hot as they did when we were younger. It's that we know our own demise is coming sooner rather than later and our constitution and confidence are often not what they once were. Our scope of interest and involvement in the world has often narrowed so that without our life companion in it we often have little else in our lives to return to after we recover from our loss. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/happiness-in-world/201010/when-the-love-your-life-doesnt-love-you |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_448660848#6_904907535 | Title: Six Reasons to Get a Hobby | Psychology Today
Headings: Six Reasons to Get a Hobby
Jaime L. Kurtz Ph.D.
Six Reasons to Get a Hobby
You're really not too busy.
Content: And, sure, we all need to veg out from time to time. But we are so much more invigorated by active leisure, the sort of thing psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi calls flow activities. If you’ve ever lost yourself in a sport, art project, or other challenging, absorbing activity, you’ve experienced flow. Time flies, self-consciousness disappears, and you are fully immersed in the activity at hand. Hobbies, especially those that stretch our skills, foster this desirable and increasingly elusive state. Hobbies can foster new social connections. While some hobbies are solitary endeavors, many get us out in our communities, meeting people we otherwise wouldn’t, sharing our passions, and forming new bonds. Countless studies have found that social connection is a key component of happiness and a meaningful life, and hobbies have the potential to create precious new ties. Hobbies make you interesting. Hobbies give you something to talk about at parties and around the water cooler. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/happy-trails/201509/six-reasons-get-hobby |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_448660848#7_904908920 | Title: Six Reasons to Get a Hobby | Psychology Today
Headings: Six Reasons to Get a Hobby
Jaime L. Kurtz Ph.D.
Six Reasons to Get a Hobby
You're really not too busy.
Content: Hobbies can foster new social connections. While some hobbies are solitary endeavors, many get us out in our communities, meeting people we otherwise wouldn’t, sharing our passions, and forming new bonds. Countless studies have found that social connection is a key component of happiness and a meaningful life, and hobbies have the potential to create precious new ties. Hobbies make you interesting. Hobbies give you something to talk about at parties and around the water cooler. They add layers to your identity, richness to your self-concept. People want to be around those with passions, with a sense of curiosity, with stories to tell. You not only feel more inspired when you have a rich and active life, but you will inspire others as well. article continues after advertisement
Hobbies help you cope with stress. Imagine a rough day at the office, where you were harshly criticized by your boss. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/happy-trails/201509/six-reasons-get-hobby |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_448660848#10_904912557 | Title: Six Reasons to Get a Hobby | Psychology Today
Headings: Six Reasons to Get a Hobby
Jaime L. Kurtz Ph.D.
Six Reasons to Get a Hobby
You're really not too busy.
Content: As such, a blow to one aspect of your identity is less damaging. Simply put, your eggs aren't all in one basket. And the benefits can spill over into other aspects of your life. If you can designate an hour a day or even a few hours a week for something you feel truly inspired and enlivened by, don’t be surprised if some of that newfound zest carries over into your work and family life. So, what should you choose as your new hobby? Maybe there’s something you’ve always wanted to do, like learning to knit, garden or play the piano. Maybe there’s something you used to love that you’ve stopped doing. Perhaps you could reach out to a new organization: a community choir, softball team, or book club. If you’re feeling really open-minded, you could browse the local newspaper and pick something on a whim: “ | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/happy-trails/201509/six-reasons-get-hobby |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_448949255#7_905604454 | Title: The Psychology of Radical Healing | Psychology Today
Headings: The Psychology of Radical Healing
The Psychology of Radical Healing Collective
The Psychology of Radical Healing
What can psychology tell us about healing from racial and ethnic trauma?
Content: Such strategies can include community healing circles, intergenerational storytelling, and advocacy work. Five ways People of Color and Indigenous People Can Cultivate Radical Healing: Develop pride in your racial/ethnic/indigenous group. As a POCI, be proud of who you are and of your community, and become fascinated by your culture. Research consistently shows that feeling greater pride in the cultural traditions and accomplishments of one’s racial or ethnic group is linked to lower rates of depression and greater wellbeing for POCI. The best way to develop pride is to learn more about your history, connect with your group, and learn about the ways POCI survived and thrived in the face or oppression and hate. Share your story. Many of our cultures embrace storytelling traditions. Scholars across disciplines have documented the curative effects of sharing and listening to stories. Find a person or people from your community who you trust and with whom you can share your experiences with racism. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-through-social-justice/201903/the-psychology-radical-healing |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_448949255#8_905605966 | Title: The Psychology of Radical Healing | Psychology Today
Headings: The Psychology of Radical Healing
The Psychology of Radical Healing Collective
The Psychology of Radical Healing
What can psychology tell us about healing from racial and ethnic trauma?
Content: The best way to develop pride is to learn more about your history, connect with your group, and learn about the ways POCI survived and thrived in the face or oppression and hate. Share your story. Many of our cultures embrace storytelling traditions. Scholars across disciplines have documented the curative effects of sharing and listening to stories. Find a person or people from your community who you trust and with whom you can share your experiences with racism. Ask your parents and grandparents to tell you stories of what it was like for them growing up. Resist and take action. Educate yourself about an issue that is affecting your community locally or nationally. Identify groups who are working to address the issue. Join one of the group’s efforts in taking collective action to create change. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/healing-through-social-justice/201903/the-psychology-radical-healing |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_451180624#0_909617905 | Title: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration | Psychology Today
Headings: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
Robert D. Martin Ph.D.
Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
From unkindest cut to soaring songs of praise.
Effects of castration
Skeletons of castrati
Castrati in the Sistine Chapel
Castration and lifespan
References
Content: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration | Psychology Today
Robert D. Martin Ph.D.
How We Do It
Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
From unkindest cut to soaring songs of praise. Posted July 14, 2016 | Reviewed by Ekua Hagan
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Source: Original cartoon by Alexandra Martin
In the extensive catalogue of cruelty that humans have inflicted on others, castration surely occupies a special place, not least because permanent sterilization is the outcome. As in all other male primates, at birth a baby boy’s testes have descended from the belly cavity into a purse-like scrotum alongside the base of the penis. It is hence a simple matter to slice away the descended testes (orchidectomy) and maybe the penis as well. In addition to inevitable infertility, castration also greatly reduces production of the male hormone testosterone . Emasculation has been variously employed to make male slaves more docile, to punish enemies or criminals, and to reduce the noxious urges of sex offenders. In modern medical practice, orchidectomy is most commonly employed to treat testicular cancer, and is generally confined to removing only one testis. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201607/unmanned-unnatural-history-human-castration |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_451180624#1_909619703 | Title: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration | Psychology Today
Headings: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
Robert D. Martin Ph.D.
Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
From unkindest cut to soaring songs of praise.
Effects of castration
Skeletons of castrati
Castrati in the Sistine Chapel
Castration and lifespan
References
Content: As in all other male primates, at birth a baby boy’s testes have descended from the belly cavity into a purse-like scrotum alongside the base of the penis. It is hence a simple matter to slice away the descended testes (orchidectomy) and maybe the penis as well. In addition to inevitable infertility, castration also greatly reduces production of the male hormone testosterone . Emasculation has been variously employed to make male slaves more docile, to punish enemies or criminals, and to reduce the noxious urges of sex offenders. In modern medical practice, orchidectomy is most commonly employed to treat testicular cancer, and is generally confined to removing only one testis. But removal of both testes may be performed to counter prostate cancer by lowering testosterone levels, or following major physical injury. Image from an English Mediaeval bestiary (dated at circa 1235) showing beavers pursued by a group of hunters. One hunter is already holding the “testicles” of one beaver, while a second beaver at bottom right is shown biting off its own “scrotum”. Source: ©The British Library Board, Harley 4751 f.9v, reproduced with permission. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201607/unmanned-unnatural-history-human-castration |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_451180624#3_909623181 | Title: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration | Psychology Today
Headings: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
Robert D. Martin Ph.D.
Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
From unkindest cut to soaring songs of praise.
Effects of castration
Skeletons of castrati
Castrati in the Sistine Chapel
Castration and lifespan
References
Content: The word “castration” has often been traced back to a Mediaeval myth about beavers, whose Latin name is castor . Beavers were hunted to harvest sweet-smelling “castoreum” from scent glands near the root of the penis. Purportedly, a cornered beaver would bite off its own scrotum and toss it to its pursuers to end the hunt. But there is a major flaw in this story because in beavers — as in many other water-living mammals, but in contrast to primates — the testes do not descend but remain in the belly cavity. So there is no scrotum to bite off! Oftentimes, the dangling scent glands at the penis base have been misreported as the beaver’s testes. Effects of castration
Castration after puberty, turning men into eunuchs, diminishes or completely eliminates the sex drive. Muscle mass, physical strength, and body hair are all typically reduced, and eunuchs are usually beardless. Breast enlargement is also common. In the most familiar example of castration to prevent cuckoldry, eunuchs have often been used as harem guards. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201607/unmanned-unnatural-history-human-castration |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_451180624#4_909624856 | Title: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration | Psychology Today
Headings: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
Robert D. Martin Ph.D.
Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
From unkindest cut to soaring songs of praise.
Effects of castration
Skeletons of castrati
Castrati in the Sistine Chapel
Castration and lifespan
References
Content: Oftentimes, the dangling scent glands at the penis base have been misreported as the beaver’s testes. Effects of castration
Castration after puberty, turning men into eunuchs, diminishes or completely eliminates the sex drive. Muscle mass, physical strength, and body hair are all typically reduced, and eunuchs are usually beardless. Breast enlargement is also common. In the most familiar example of castration to prevent cuckoldry, eunuchs have often been used as harem guards. Historically, however, eunuchs — seen as less likely to stir up unrest — were far more widely engaged as servants, military commanders and senior political officials. The first records of deliberate castration to produce eunuchs, from the Sumerian city of Lagash, date back some 4,000 years. In China, the eunuch system, which dates back almost as far, was firmly entrenched in the imperial culture and persisted through two dozen dynasties until 1911, when the last emperor was deposed. Castration was performed not only as a punishment but also as a prerequisite for entering imperial service. Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty in the mid-17th Century, some 70,000 eunuchs were employed to serve the emperor. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201607/unmanned-unnatural-history-human-castration |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_451180624#5_909626676 | Title: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration | Psychology Today
Headings: Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
Robert D. Martin Ph.D.
Unmanned: An Unnatural History of Human Castration
From unkindest cut to soaring songs of praise.
Effects of castration
Skeletons of castrati
Castrati in the Sistine Chapel
Castration and lifespan
References
Content: Historically, however, eunuchs — seen as less likely to stir up unrest — were far more widely engaged as servants, military commanders and senior political officials. The first records of deliberate castration to produce eunuchs, from the Sumerian city of Lagash, date back some 4,000 years. In China, the eunuch system, which dates back almost as far, was firmly entrenched in the imperial culture and persisted through two dozen dynasties until 1911, when the last emperor was deposed. Castration was performed not only as a punishment but also as a prerequisite for entering imperial service. Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty in the mid-17th Century, some 70,000 eunuchs were employed to serve the emperor. The last known eunuch of the Chinese imperial court, Sun Yaoting, died just before his 94th birthday in 1996. In an entirely different context, castration has also been carried out on young boys before puberty to prevent their voices from breaking. Early castration blocks the radical size increase in the larynx that otherwise produces the characteristic “Adam’s apple” of an adult man. After puberty, the total length of male vocal cords increases by 63 percent, whereas female vocal cords grow only half as much. In 1970, a British historian published a fascinating account of voice breaking three centuries ago by examining data covering 20 years for members of Johann Sebastian Bach's choir in Leipzig. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/how-we-do-it/201607/unmanned-unnatural-history-human-castration |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_452786729#3_912661351 | Title: Has Gender Always Been Binary? | Psychology Today
Headings: Has Gender Always Been Binary?
Karen L. Blair Ph.D.
Has Gender Always Been Binary?
Gender has historically been viewed in a more fluid manner.
Content: Our expectations based on gender do not stop there. When we find out that a baby is a boy, we are more likely to describe him as strong, tough or handsome, whereas we will view baby girls as sweet, gentle and kind. The gender binary is such a prevalent and well-accepted concept within our society that we tend to get upset when we are unable to place something or someone into one box or the other. We even extend this binary to our pets, often getting upset if people mistake our handsome boy dog for a girl, quickly correcting the offending stranger by emphasizing our response to “Ohhhh what a cute little puppy, what is her name?” with “ His name is Buddy!” This isn't to say that there is no such thing as a male dog or a female dog, but rather, it emphasizes our cultural investment in perceiving someone's (or some dog's) gender correctly and using that piece of information as an overarching tool through which to understand the person or dog that we have just encountered. Yet, while the gender binary is certainly well anchored within society and our social mores, there is actually a long history of gender not being viewed in such a black and white manner. Indeed, many indigenous cultures around the globe held more fluid and dynamic understandings of gender before encountering Western theories of gender. Even within Western cultures, the characteristics associated with one gender or the other have changed stripes so many times through history that it is almost surprising how adamantly we now argue that heels, wigs, makeup, and the color pink are only for women and girls, when all of these things were previously reserved only for men and boys. Thus, while it may seem like discussions about non-binary understandings of gender and acceptance of gender nonconforming behavior are new additions to the daily dialogue, there is perhaps more in our collective past to point us towards a more diverse understanding of gender than there is to keep us focused on rigidly defined, binary gender roles. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/inclusive-insight/201809/has-gender-always-been-binary |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_452786729#4_912663824 | Title: Has Gender Always Been Binary? | Psychology Today
Headings: Has Gender Always Been Binary?
Karen L. Blair Ph.D.
Has Gender Always Been Binary?
Gender has historically been viewed in a more fluid manner.
Content: This isn't to say that there is no such thing as a male dog or a female dog, but rather, it emphasizes our cultural investment in perceiving someone's (or some dog's) gender correctly and using that piece of information as an overarching tool through which to understand the person or dog that we have just encountered. Yet, while the gender binary is certainly well anchored within society and our social mores, there is actually a long history of gender not being viewed in such a black and white manner. Indeed, many indigenous cultures around the globe held more fluid and dynamic understandings of gender before encountering Western theories of gender. Even within Western cultures, the characteristics associated with one gender or the other have changed stripes so many times through history that it is almost surprising how adamantly we now argue that heels, wigs, makeup, and the color pink are only for women and girls, when all of these things were previously reserved only for men and boys. Thus, while it may seem like discussions about non-binary understandings of gender and acceptance of gender nonconforming behavior are new additions to the daily dialogue, there is perhaps more in our collective past to point us towards a more diverse understanding of gender than there is to keep us focused on rigidly defined, binary gender roles. article continues after advertisement
While these topics seem to come up most frequently when discussing transgender and non-binary individuals and their respective rights, as well as the controversies that surround their ability to access those rights, the concept of dismantling a binary view of gender is actually one that applies to everyone, whether you identify as cisgender (someone whose gender identity and expression is the same as the sex they were assigned at birth), transgender (someone whose gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex they were assigned at birth), non-binary (someone who does not define their gender based on the binaries of men and women) or agender (someone who identifies as not having a gender). Adopting a more open and fluid understanding of gender certainly makes it easier to accept transgender, non-binary and agender individuals, but it also makes it easier to be accepting of anyone who possesses, expresses, or desires qualities that have previously been earmarked as being the prevue of only one gender or the other. In my next few posts, I will be exploring some recent research related to the gender binary, including a study that examined whether an individual’s gender non-conforming behavior is seen as more or less threatening when the individual is transgender vs. cisgender and a recent symposium that explored the experiences of transgender and gender nonconforming individuals around the globe. SHARE
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COMMENTS
Can you explain the
Submitted by Caiti on September 17, 2018 - 1:15am
Can you explain the difference between non binary and agender please? Is the former like saying you are a mix of genders and the latter is not feeling like you have any gendered traits? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/inclusive-insight/201809/has-gender-always-been-binary |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_453075440#0_913105389 | Title: Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse? | Psychology Today
Headings: Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse?
Stanton E. Samenow Ph.D.
Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse?
Prison may be a turning point toward a responsible future.
Content: Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse? | Psychology Today
Stanton E. Samenow Ph.D.
Inside the Criminal Mind
Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse? Prison may be a turning point toward a responsible future. Posted Apr 09, 2011
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Prison have long been described as "schools for crime " or "breeding grounds for crime." The central idea is that incarcerating offenders makes them worse because they learn new "tricks of the trade." There is an inevitability to the perception that if you land in prison, you will turn into an even more corrupt or violent person when you leave. Among prison inmates, the main topics of conversations in prison generally concern crime, drugs, and gossip about who will do what and to whom. Inmates boast about what they have done, and they hatch new schemes. Some commit crimes while incarcerated and plan new crimes that they will commit once they are released. Some engineer crimes that, upon their orders, others will commit outside the institution. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/inside-the-criminal-mind/201104/do-prisons-really-make-offenders-worse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_453075440#1_913106892 | Title: Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse? | Psychology Today
Headings: Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse?
Stanton E. Samenow Ph.D.
Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse?
Prison may be a turning point toward a responsible future.
Content: There is an inevitability to the perception that if you land in prison, you will turn into an even more corrupt or violent person when you leave. Among prison inmates, the main topics of conversations in prison generally concern crime, drugs, and gossip about who will do what and to whom. Inmates boast about what they have done, and they hatch new schemes. Some commit crimes while incarcerated and plan new crimes that they will commit once they are released. Some engineer crimes that, upon their orders, others will commit outside the institution. They are termed "shot callers" or gang leaders whose influence reaches beyond prison walls. I have interviewed numerous offenders in different institutions about whether prison truly makes a person worse. Their answers may be surprising! Inmates emphasize that choices are continually made about how time is served. Some aspire to be prison kingpins. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/inside-the-criminal-mind/201104/do-prisons-really-make-offenders-worse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_453075440#3_913109625 | Title: Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse? | Psychology Today
Headings: Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse?
Stanton E. Samenow Ph.D.
Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse?
Prison may be a turning point toward a responsible future.
Content: Confinement is just one more arena in which to conduct criminal operations. Others, however, have an entirely different view and make choices in an entirely different decision. They adhere to the prison rules and policies while remaining out of the "action." Fed up with how they have lived, they desire to change or, at the very least, not risk incurring new charges which will extend their time in prison. They participate in programs and try to get along with other inmates and with institutional staff. Inmates who abstain from criminal activitiesin prison remain cordial, to other inmates. Not wanting to be tagged as "snitches" or informants, they participate in a variety of activities that do not violate the rules. And they have no interest in committing new crimes. Some develop disgust (that they do not express publicly) with their fellow inmates who are perpetually devising new schemes, con games, and manipulative maneuvers. They report that others leave them alone and do not try to pressure them into involvement in more violations and crimes. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/inside-the-criminal-mind/201104/do-prisons-really-make-offenders-worse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_453075440#4_913111173 | Title: Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse? | Psychology Today
Headings: Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse?
Stanton E. Samenow Ph.D.
Do Prisons Really Make Offenders Worse?
Prison may be a turning point toward a responsible future.
Content: Inmates who abstain from criminal activitiesin prison remain cordial, to other inmates. Not wanting to be tagged as "snitches" or informants, they participate in a variety of activities that do not violate the rules. And they have no interest in committing new crimes. Some develop disgust (that they do not express publicly) with their fellow inmates who are perpetually devising new schemes, con games, and manipulative maneuvers. They report that others leave them alone and do not try to pressure them into involvement in more violations and crimes. They have found that, usually, the other inmates respect them. In short, just as he did in the free world, an inmate chooses the people with whom he develops close associations. He makes decisions about the type of person he wants to be. He decides what temptations he will resist. By no means is it inevitable that he will become a more hardened criminal or a more dangerous person because he is serving a sentence in a correctional institution. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/inside-the-criminal-mind/201104/do-prisons-really-make-offenders-worse |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_453088099#11_913149670 | Title: Watching Violence in the Media Does Not Cause Crime | Psychology Today
Headings: Watching Violence in the Media Does Not Cause Crime
Stanton E. Samenow Ph.D.
Watching Violence in the Media Does Not Cause Crime
The personality of the viewer is key
Content: And yet, the effect of media attention on suicide does lead to copycat suicides. Obviously not everyone who hears about a suicide will run out and commit suicide, but for those already leaning that way, reports of suicide in the media do act as an inspiration. That's why responsible media outlets make a point of downplaying reports of suicide so as to avoid a suicide “contagion”. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copycat_suicide
Also, just because not everyone who watches a violent crime runs out and commits a violent crime, does not mean that violent media is not a causal factor. Other factors are much more important than violent media (obviously), such as a violent and abusive family background. Not everyone who smokes goes on to get lung cancer, and some people who get lung cancer have never smoked. Does that prove that smoking is not a causal factor in lung cancer? Interestingly, between the mid-1960s and the late 1970s (just as the first generation of children exposed to violent TV came of age) the American homicide rate doubled and stayed high until 1990. Between 1990 and 2000 the homicide rate dropped back to their mid-1960s level. Why the drop? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/inside-the-criminal-mind/201202/watching-violence-in-the-media-does-not-cause-crime |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_453088099#12_913151358 | Title: Watching Violence in the Media Does Not Cause Crime | Psychology Today
Headings: Watching Violence in the Media Does Not Cause Crime
Stanton E. Samenow Ph.D.
Watching Violence in the Media Does Not Cause Crime
The personality of the viewer is key
Content: Not everyone who smokes goes on to get lung cancer, and some people who get lung cancer have never smoked. Does that prove that smoking is not a causal factor in lung cancer? Interestingly, between the mid-1960s and the late 1970s (just as the first generation of children exposed to violent TV came of age) the American homicide rate doubled and stayed high until 1990. Between 1990 and 2000 the homicide rate dropped back to their mid-1960s level. Why the drop? Hasn't media gotten even more violent? Well the 500% increase in the incarceration rate (from 1975 to 2006) could be a huge confounding factor. The doubling of the homicide rate does not prove that violent media causes real-world violence. And yet, our incarceration rate is 500% higher than it was in the mid-1960s and we are no safer and crime-free than when our incarceration rate was only 20% of what it is now. In other words, could we release 80% of the criminals who are now in jail or prison without any increase in the homicide rate? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/inside-the-criminal-mind/201202/watching-violence-in-the-media-does-not-cause-crime |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_453968572#1_914005485 | Title: Stereotype Accuracy: A Displeasing Truth | Psychology Today
Headings: Stereotype Accuracy: A Displeasing Truth
Noam Shpancer Ph.D.
Stereotype Accuracy: A Displeasing Truth
Stereotypes are often harmful, but often accurate.
Content: Stereotypes have a bad reputation, and for good reasons. Decades of research have shown that stereotypes can facilitate intergroup hostility and give rise to toxic prejudices around sex, race, age and multiple other social distinctions. Stereotypes are often used to justify injustice and discrimination, validate oppression, enable exploitation, rationalize violence, and shield corrupt power structures. Stereotype-based expectations and interpretations routinely derail intimate relationships, contaminate laws (and their enforcement), poison social commerce, and stymie individual freedom and achievement. Research has shown, for example, how individual performance may be affected adversely by heightened awareness of negative group stereotypes, a phenomenon known as "stereotype threat." If I show up for a pickup basketball game, and I know that all the young players around me hold a negative stereotype about the athleticism of middle-aged Jewish guys, the knowledge that I’m being thus judged could adversely affect my confidence and concentration, and with that my overall performance on the court (thus perpetuating the stereotype). But you don’t even have to go to the research to develop your distaste for stereotypes. Looking around, most of us have seen with our own eyes the harm that can come from stereotyping, from stuffing complex human beings into categories at once too broad and too narrow and using those to justify all manner of unfair and vicious conduct. Looking inward, most of us resent it when our deeply felt complexity is denied; when we are judged by those who don’t know us well; | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/insight-therapy/201809/stereotype-accuracy-displeasing-truth |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_455332839#1_916456393 | Title: 10 Tips for Surviving the Holidays | Psychology Today
Headings: 10 Tips for Surviving the Holidays
Linda Walter LCSW
10 Tips for Surviving the Holidays
Holidays can bring mixed emotions. Follow these tips to make them more joyous.
Content: Seeing old friends and family members may be exciting or may bring up memories of disappointments. Do you ever get together with your family and notice you’ve all of a sudden become that 13-year-old teenager again who’s arguing with your parents or siblings? Or perhaps you find yourself looking at a sibling and thinking for the first time in 20 years, “Mom always loved her better.” Sometimes when we see family members, we revert to old childhood patterns which may hurt us and remind us of difficult times. Even though we think we’ve worked through these patterns, they just seem to crop right back up. Feeling depressed or anxious is not unusual during the holiday season. Upcoming dinners, parties, and other family or friend gatherings may cause a great deal of stress. These feelings may be even worse for those who have experienced divorce, lost a loved one, are living far from family and friends, etc. Here are some tips to “Beat the Holiday Blues”: 1. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/life-without-anxiety/201212/10-tips-surviving-the-holidays |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_455332839#2_916457860 | Title: 10 Tips for Surviving the Holidays | Psychology Today
Headings: 10 Tips for Surviving the Holidays
Linda Walter LCSW
10 Tips for Surviving the Holidays
Holidays can bring mixed emotions. Follow these tips to make them more joyous.
Content: Feeling depressed or anxious is not unusual during the holiday season. Upcoming dinners, parties, and other family or friend gatherings may cause a great deal of stress. These feelings may be even worse for those who have experienced divorce, lost a loved one, are living far from family and friends, etc. Here are some tips to “Beat the Holiday Blues”: 1. Keep your regular routine. A change in routine can lead to additional stress. Try to exercise at your usual time, go to meetings that you normally go to, and stick to as normal a diet as you possibly can. 2. Think moderation. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/life-without-anxiety/201212/10-tips-surviving-the-holidays |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_456088948#11_917588680 | Title: 4 Ways to Survive Unexpected Situations | Psychology Today
Headings: 4 Ways to Survive Unexpected Situations
Jennice Vilhauer Ph.D.
4 Ways to Survive Unexpected Situations
Expert advice for maintaining your confidence and finding a positive outcome.
Content: When you are in the middle of a difficult situation, instead of assuming it won’t work out, think about the things you have already been through and ask yourself, " What did I do to get through those events?" Knowing your own strength is important for self-confidence. If focusing on your strong qualities doesn’t come naturally, ask someone who knows you well to give you a boost. When you redirect your attention from a problem to the knowledge that you're able to handle it, you will start to feel better. 1. Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward Spirals of Positive Emotions Counter Downward Spirals of Negativity: Insights from the Broaden-and-Build Theory and Affective Neuroscience on The Treatment of Emotion Dysfunctions and Deficits in Psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30 (7), 849–864. article continues after advertisement
Source: | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/living-forward/201605/4-ways-survive-unexpected-situations |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_456221050#2_917852617 | Title: 6 Ways to Engage Your Brain | Psychology Today
Headings: 6 Ways to Engage Your Brain
Angela K. Troyer Ph.D., C.Psych.
6 Ways to Engage Your Brain
How to keep your brain active and healthy.
Content: What to do
There are no “magic bullets” when it comes to choosing activities to participate in as part of an engaged lifestyle. The important ingredients are novelty – you should be learning something new – and challenge – it’s important to pick something that makes you think a bit. Leisure activities that provide this kind of engagement are nearly limitless. To get you started thinking about your own interests, here are our top 6 ways to engage your brain: Nurture your inner artist. To do this, you could re-connect with a musical instrument that you used to play, or learn how to play a new one. Join a choir or start your own musical group. Sign up for a class to learn how to paint, draw, or sculpt. Join a local theatre group and help put on a play. Read up on the art of photography, and see how you can improve your camera skills. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/living-mild-cognitive-impairment/201408/6-ways-engage-your-brain |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_456221050#3_917853924 | Title: 6 Ways to Engage Your Brain | Psychology Today
Headings: 6 Ways to Engage Your Brain
Angela K. Troyer Ph.D., C.Psych.
6 Ways to Engage Your Brain
How to keep your brain active and healthy.
Content: To do this, you could re-connect with a musical instrument that you used to play, or learn how to play a new one. Join a choir or start your own musical group. Sign up for a class to learn how to paint, draw, or sculpt. Join a local theatre group and help put on a play. Read up on the art of photography, and see how you can improve your camera skills. Write a poem or essay, or start a journal. Take up a new hobby. Are there activities that you always thought would be fun to learn? You could build model airplanes and learn how to fly them. Join a knitting group and learn how to make that chunky wool sweater you’ve always wanted. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/living-mild-cognitive-impairment/201408/6-ways-engage-your-brain |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_456221050#9_917861666 | Title: 6 Ways to Engage Your Brain | Psychology Today
Headings: 6 Ways to Engage Your Brain
Angela K. Troyer Ph.D., C.Psych.
6 Ways to Engage Your Brain
How to keep your brain active and healthy.
Content: You could decide to pick up a self-study workbook at a book store and learn a new academic topic or re-acquaint yourself with one of your favourite subjects from school. Read up on the rules of a sport that is new to you, then attend a game or match and see what you learn. Or, more generally, think of some topic that you’re interested in knowing more about, and research it on the internet. Take the ultimate learning challenge. The surest way to engage your brain is to take advantage of formal learning or volunteer opportunities. You could sign up for a course at your local library, community centre, college, or university. You might learn how to speak a new language, or brush up on a language you used to know. Volunteer in a new organization, doing something you have never done before. article continues after advertisement
Make it fun
The best thing about having an engaged lifestyle is that, if you choose the right activities for you, it should be a lot of fun. This is really important, because if you don’t enjoy the activities you choose, then you are not likely to spend much time doing them. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/living-mild-cognitive-impairment/201408/6-ways-engage-your-brain |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_456221050#10_917863222 | Title: 6 Ways to Engage Your Brain | Psychology Today
Headings: 6 Ways to Engage Your Brain
Angela K. Troyer Ph.D., C.Psych.
6 Ways to Engage Your Brain
How to keep your brain active and healthy.
Content: You could sign up for a course at your local library, community centre, college, or university. You might learn how to speak a new language, or brush up on a language you used to know. Volunteer in a new organization, doing something you have never done before. article continues after advertisement
Make it fun
The best thing about having an engaged lifestyle is that, if you choose the right activities for you, it should be a lot of fun. This is really important, because if you don’t enjoy the activities you choose, then you are not likely to spend much time doing them. So, the best advice is to get out there, explore new activities and ideas, choose different things that are enjoyable to you, and have some fun! Excerpted from the book Living with Mild Cognitive Impairment by Anderson, Murphy, and Troyer. SHARE
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A couple of other things
Submitted by Anonymous on August 14, 2014 - 4:54pm
Learning a new language
Learning to play a musical instrument
Reply to Anonymous
Quote Anonymous
Board and Card Games
Submitted by JorduSpeaks on August 14, 2014 - 5:00pm
I'd like to second the notion that playing board and card games can keep the mind healthy. However, this particular hobby has undergone something of a renaissance in recent years, and you will likely be able to find far better games out there than Chess, backgammon, and Scrabble. Designs range from the very simple, to the very complex. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/living-mild-cognitive-impairment/201408/6-ways-engage-your-brain |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_457027780#7_919121951 | Title: Tolerance, Acceptance, Understanding | Psychology Today
Headings: Tolerance, Acceptance, Understanding
Jefferson M Fish Ph.D.
Tolerance, Acceptance, Understanding
...And how they differ in everyday life and in research.
Content: Some studies are done in the following manner: 1. An English-language personality test developed in the United States is translated into several languages. 2. The test is given to people (usually college students) in a variety of countries and languages. 3. The results are interpreted as showing specific average personality differences among cultures. The problem with such research is that there is no research on the test in many or all of the countries studied, and there is no way of knowing whether the personality dimensions measured even exist in those cultures. For example, one could develop a test of “Americanism” and get the results for 20 countries. This would allow researchers to rank cultures on that variable, even though it is irrelevant to their existence. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/looking-in-the-cultural-mirror/201402/tolerance-acceptance-understanding |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_457027780#15_919134209 | Title: Tolerance, Acceptance, Understanding | Psychology Today
Headings: Tolerance, Acceptance, Understanding
Jefferson M Fish Ph.D.
Tolerance, Acceptance, Understanding
...And how they differ in everyday life and in research.
Content: However, Korean society is highly collectivist, "values" shaming, and supports the concept of othering. Thus, the practitioners are often not regarded nearly as highly (for the same reasons I suppose) as are done in the States. In Korea, they are seen more like puppets who are at the whim of consumers-- as evidenced by "sasaeng" (no plurality), perchance the One Direction stalker equivalent in the States. The collectivist nature of Korea warrants the practitioners to make decisions based on what appeals to the masses and the masses then believe that they have rights to dictate what the practitioners do by way of shaming. I cannot accept this, especially as the States values individualism at the cost of others. I can tolerate it on the basis of my inclination not to reprimand people for not having been born in the same culture as me, but at the same time, perhaps I am a bigot about it. I can help it, but my culture constantly reinforces that it is acceptable to value my own opinions over reinforced beliefs. Likewise, celebrity practitioners are often more "god-like" in the States because we are more individualistic. They can have elements that we have that are often more attainable due to the fact that there tends to be more variation in what we believe and do. And going based on what you said, I believe there are layers of acceptance. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/looking-in-the-cultural-mirror/201402/tolerance-acceptance-understanding |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_457608592#4_920031669 | Title: Cognitive Rigidity: The 8-Ball from Hell | Psychology Today
Headings: Cognitive Rigidity: The 8-Ball from Hell
James Coplan MD
Cognitive Rigidity: The 8-Ball from Hell
Cognitive rigidity is one element in a suite of challenging traits.
Content: The technical definition of cognitive rigidity is “difficulty changing mental sets.” Simply put, this means switching from thinking about things one way to thinking about them a different way. ( People who can do this easily are said to have "cognitive flexibility" — the opposite of cognitive rigidity.) Let’s say I give you a pile of red and blue blocks of different sizes and ask you to sort them by "first by size, then by color." Then I repeat the task, with different colors or shapes. Each time, your task is to sort by size, then by color. By the way, this is a timed task, and you’ll earn extra points for speed, and at the end, you get to cash in your points for a prize. You’ve been doing this task for 10 or 15 minutes, and you’re getting pretty good at it; your times are coming down. Then I throw you a curveball: | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/making-sense-autistic-spectrum-disorders/201608/cognitive-rigidity-the-8-ball-hell |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_457608592#6_920034348 | Title: Cognitive Rigidity: The 8-Ball from Hell | Psychology Today
Headings: Cognitive Rigidity: The 8-Ball from Hell
James Coplan MD
Cognitive Rigidity: The 8-Ball from Hell
Cognitive rigidity is one element in a suite of challenging traits.
Content: With the next set of blocks, I say, “Sort these first by color, then by size,” the opposite of what you’ve been doing up to now. Making that kind of switch requires cognitive flexibility. The first few times, you may catch yourself involuntarily doing it the old way, in spite of yourself. And that's on a simple block-sorting task! Think of how much more powerful cognitive rigidity becomes for more complex, or deeply embedded tasks and behaviors. Figure 2. In this example, the subject is required to shift from one strategy to a another. Making this kind of shift is difficult for people with cognitive rigidity (the opposite of "cognitive flexibility"). Source: James Coplan
Cognitive rigidity is all around us. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/making-sense-autistic-spectrum-disorders/201608/cognitive-rigidity-the-8-ball-hell |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_457608592#11_920041640 | Title: Cognitive Rigidity: The 8-Ball from Hell | Psychology Today
Headings: Cognitive Rigidity: The 8-Ball from Hell
James Coplan MD
Cognitive Rigidity: The 8-Ball from Hell
Cognitive rigidity is one element in a suite of challenging traits.
Content: In that sense, “Internalizing behaviors” are more a state of mind rather than a behavior. But we are stuck with the term.) In the upper box (“Externalizing Behaviors”) we find insistently repetitious behavior, difficulty with unmet expectations, perfectionism, compulsions, and perseveration. In parentheses, I’ve listed Agitation, Aggression, and Self-Injurious Behavior (“SIB”). I’ve put these in parentheses because they are not direct expressions of Cognitive Rigidity. Rather, they are the downstream consequences that arise if a person with Cognitive Rigidity is not able to fulfill his or her rigidly held expectations. article continues after advertisement
In the lower box, I’ve listed the “Internalizing Behaviors” that usually accompany cognitive rigidity. Notice that I’ve listed “Perfectionism” in both the upper and lower boxes. That’s not a mistake. Rather, it’s to emphasize that perfectionism qualifies as an externalizing behavior when we see its visible manifestations (relentless hand-washing in someone with OCD, for example), as well as an internalizing behavior (the overwhelming need to get things “just right”). | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/making-sense-autistic-spectrum-disorders/201608/cognitive-rigidity-the-8-ball-hell |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_458035113#7_920759440 | Title: Storming into Adulthood | Psychology Today
Headings: Storming into Adulthood
Romeo Vitelli Ph.D.
Storming into Adulthood
Are adolescents really emotional volcanoes waiting to explode?
Content: Individual differences in adolescent emotional behaviour changes are domain specific and vary in intensity— Every emotionally challenging event an adolescent faces is going to involve some form of coping strategy, no matter how effective or ineffective. Peer rejection is one example of an event which can either be treated as a learning experience or else can have long-term damage. For each emotionally challenging event, there is going to be a way of responding but there are also going to be large individual differences in how adolescents respond. For that reason, predicting what an adolescent will do when faced with a new challenge can be extremely difficult. There are individual differences in the age of onset and duration of periods of adolescent change— Adolescents can vary widely in how rapidly their bodies mature. While 90-95 percent of all adolescent girls have their first menses between the age of eleven to fifteen, there are always outliers. Among individual adolescents in the same age group, body development can vary by as much as five years. Boys and girls who mature earlier can face greater pressures to engage in more adult-oriented activities such as sexuality, whether from their age peers or from adults. This difference in biological maturity does not necessarily match emotional maturity. All of which could lead to greater interpersonal conflict, mood disruption, and an increased tendency to take risks as adolescents grow older. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/media-spotlight/201309/storming-adulthood |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_458938101#3_922305195 | Title: How Does Oppression (Microaggressions) Affect Perpetrators? | Psychology Today
Headings: How Does Oppression (Microaggressions) Affect Perpetrators?
Derald Wing Sue Ph.D.
How Does Oppression (Microaggressions) Affect Perpetrators?
The cognitive, affective, behavioral, and spiritual costs of oppression.
Content: d) avoiding marginalized groups so they are not reminded about the racism, sexism and heterosexism that lies inside and outside of them; ( e) feeling impotent about changing social injustices in our society; ( f) realizing that White, male and heterosexual "supremacy" is a basic and integral part of U. S. society; and ( g) awareness that no one is free from inheriting the racial, gender and sexual orientation biases of this society. Winter's quote is directed toward well-intentioned Whites who are only marginally aware of their biases and their roles in the oppression of persons of color. The internal struggle she describes is manifested cognitively (awareness vs. denial, mystification, and pretense) and behaviorally (isolation and avoidance of marginalized groups). The internal struggle, however, brings about strong, intense and powerful emotional feelings as well: "When someone pushes racism into my awareness, I feel guilty (that I could be doing so much more); angry (I don't like to feel like I'm wrong); defensive (I already have two Black friends...I worry more about racism than most whites do - isn't that enough): | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/microaggressions-in-everyday-life/201102/how-does-oppression-microaggressions-affect |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_458938101#7_922312531 | Title: How Does Oppression (Microaggressions) Affect Perpetrators? | Psychology Today
Headings: How Does Oppression (Microaggressions) Affect Perpetrators?
Derald Wing Sue Ph.D.
How Does Oppression (Microaggressions) Affect Perpetrators?
The cognitive, affective, behavioral, and spiritual costs of oppression.
Content: article continues after advertisement
Cognitive Costs of Oppression
Many scholars and humanists have argued that being an oppressor requires a dimming of perceptual awareness and accuracy that is associated with self-deception. They note that few oppressors are completely unaware of their roles in the oppression and degradation of others. To continue in their oppressive ways means they must engage in denial and live a false reality that allows them to function in good conscience. Second, the oppressors' empowered status over marginalized groups may have a corrupting influence in the ability to attune to the plight of marginalized groups. The oft-quoted saying that "Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely" has been attributed to Lord Acton in 1887. In essence, an imbalance of power acutely affects perceptual accuracy and diminishes reality testing. In the corporate world, women must attune to the feelings and actions of their male colleagues in order to survive in a male culture. People of color must be constantly vigilant to read the minds of their oppressors lest they incur their wrath. Oppressors, however, do not need to understand the thoughts, beliefs or feelings of various marginalized groups to survive. Their actions are not accountable to those without power and they need not understand them to function effectively. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/microaggressions-in-everyday-life/201102/how-does-oppression-microaggressions-affect |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_458938101#8_922314470 | Title: How Does Oppression (Microaggressions) Affect Perpetrators? | Psychology Today
Headings: How Does Oppression (Microaggressions) Affect Perpetrators?
Derald Wing Sue Ph.D.
How Does Oppression (Microaggressions) Affect Perpetrators?
The cognitive, affective, behavioral, and spiritual costs of oppression.
Content: In essence, an imbalance of power acutely affects perceptual accuracy and diminishes reality testing. In the corporate world, women must attune to the feelings and actions of their male colleagues in order to survive in a male culture. People of color must be constantly vigilant to read the minds of their oppressors lest they incur their wrath. Oppressors, however, do not need to understand the thoughts, beliefs or feelings of various marginalized groups to survive. Their actions are not accountable to those without power and they need not understand them to function effectively. Affective Costs of Oppression
As we have seen, when racism, sexism or heterosexism is pushed into the consciousness of oppressors, they are likely to experience a mix of strong and powerful disruptive emotions. These intense feelings represent emotional roadblocks to self-exploration and must be deconstructed if oppressors are to continue in their journey to self-reckoning. 1. Fear, anxiety and apprehension are common and powerful feelings that arise when race, gender or sexual orientation related situations present themselves. The fear may be directed at members of marginalized groups; | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/microaggressions-in-everyday-life/201102/how-does-oppression-microaggressions-affect |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_459015858#2_922423166 | Title: Fear and Anxiety Drive Conservatives' Political Attitudes | Psychology Today
Headings: Fear and Anxiety Drive Conservatives' Political Attitudes
Bobby Azarian Ph.D.
Fear and Anxiety Drive Conservatives' Political Attitudes
Can brain differences explain conservatives' fear-driven political stances?
Content: This is what psychologists call a “negativity bias.” If you think about it, this makes sense. When attention is biased toward the negative, the result is an overly threat-conscious appraisal of one’s surroundings. To many conservatives, the world may look like a much scarier place. This would seem to explain why so many major conservative viewpoints tend to be rooted in fear—fear of the president, immigrants, vaccinations, etc. 2. Conservatives have a stronger physiological response to threats. A 2008 study published in the journal Science found that conservatives have a stronger physiological response to startling noises and graphic images. This adds to a growing body of research that indicates a hypersensitivity to threat—a hallmark of anxiety. But why exactly would those who scare more easily tend to support conservative views? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mind-in-the-machine/201612/fear-and-anxiety-drive-conservatives-political-attitudes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_459015858#3_922424596 | Title: Fear and Anxiety Drive Conservatives' Political Attitudes | Psychology Today
Headings: Fear and Anxiety Drive Conservatives' Political Attitudes
Bobby Azarian Ph.D.
Fear and Anxiety Drive Conservatives' Political Attitudes
Can brain differences explain conservatives' fear-driven political stances?
Content: 2. Conservatives have a stronger physiological response to threats. A 2008 study published in the journal Science found that conservatives have a stronger physiological response to startling noises and graphic images. This adds to a growing body of research that indicates a hypersensitivity to threat—a hallmark of anxiety. But why exactly would those who scare more easily tend to support conservative views? One social psychologist from the University of Central Arkansas, Paul Nail, has a pretty interesting answer: “ Conservatism, apparently, helps to protect people against some of the natural difficulties of living. The fact is we don’t live in a completely safe world. Things can and do go wrong. But if I can impose this order on it by my worldview, I can keep my anxiety to a manageable level.” | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mind-in-the-machine/201612/fear-and-anxiety-drive-conservatives-political-attitudes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_459015858#4_922425984 | Title: Fear and Anxiety Drive Conservatives' Political Attitudes | Psychology Today
Headings: Fear and Anxiety Drive Conservatives' Political Attitudes
Bobby Azarian Ph.D.
Fear and Anxiety Drive Conservatives' Political Attitudes
Can brain differences explain conservatives' fear-driven political stances?
Content: One social psychologist from the University of Central Arkansas, Paul Nail, has a pretty interesting answer: “ Conservatism, apparently, helps to protect people against some of the natural difficulties of living. The fact is we don’t live in a completely safe world. Things can and do go wrong. But if I can impose this order on it by my worldview, I can keep my anxiety to a manageable level.” This could explain the two parties’ different stances on gun control. It makes sense that those who startle more easily are also the ones that believe they need to own a gun. 3. Conservatives fear new experiences. A 2008 study cataloged items found in the bedrooms of college students and saw that while liberals owned more books and travel-related items, conservatives had more things that kept order in their lives, like calendars and cleaning supplies. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mind-in-the-machine/201612/fear-and-anxiety-drive-conservatives-political-attitudes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_459623669#4_923421955 | Title: Sexual Behaviors in Children | Psychology Today
Headings: Sexual Behaviors in Children
Sam Louie MA, LMHC, S-PSB
Sexual Behaviors in Children
An uncomfortable reality.
Content: Every nine minutes, Child Protective Services (CPS) substantiates or finds evidence for a claim of child sexual abuse. The Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) gives these findings: 82 percent of all victims under 18 are female. 66 percent of childhood victims are 12-17 years old. 34 percent of the victims are under 12 years old. article continues after advertisement
So why the increase? This is due to the increase and earlier exposure of pornography among children, and increased awareness among health care professionals and other mandated reporters. Therefore, past child-on-child sexual behaviors, which may have been minimized by society, are now taken seriously. Also, mainstream media delivers many more sexualized messages and materials than in the past. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, "American media is thought to be the most sexually suggestive in the Western Hemisphere. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/minority-report/201904/sexual-behaviors-in-children |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_459623669#7_923426522 | Title: Sexual Behaviors in Children | Psychology Today
Headings: Sexual Behaviors in Children
Sam Louie MA, LMHC, S-PSB
Sexual Behaviors in Children
An uncomfortable reality.
Content: A small minority, due to more extensive trauma or psychiatric issues, requires more intensive support. Past reasoning for why a child would initiate inappropriate sexual behaviors focused on the child being a victim of sexual abuse. While that is one risk factor, it is incomplete: Many non-abused children engage in disconcerting sexual behaviors. Other individual risk factors include a child's level of impulsiveness and ability to deal with anger and respect boundaries. Others can include attention-deficit disorders, learning disabilities, and reactivity to other traumatic events. article continues after advertisement
Family risk factors include parental depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, and harsh parenting practices. The wider community can also provide either protective factors. ( Source: National Center on the Sexual Behavior of Youth)
Factors at Play: | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/minority-report/201904/sexual-behaviors-in-children |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_459678702#12_923553566 | Title: How to Improve Your Wellness | Psychology Today
Headings: How to Improve Your Wellness
Shainna Ali Ph.D., LMHC
How to Improve Your Wellness
Knowing the multidimensional aspects of wellness can help improve your health.
To help you enhance your well-being, consider how these seven common domains may affect your mental health as well as your overall wellness.
A few considerations to help you reflect on your physical health:
A few considerations to help you reflect on your occupational health:
A few considerations to help you reflect on your financial health:
A few considerations to help you reflect on your social health:
A few considerations to help you reflect on your creative health:
A few considerations to help you reflect on your environmental health:
A few considerations to help you reflect on your digital health:
Content: While a committed relationship can protect against physical ailments such as heart disease, arguments with a lover have been shown to worsen physical pain. Although we live in a time in which it may seem simpler than ever to connect to our loved ones, our present-day has been associated with a loneliness epidemic . In a survey of over 20,000 American adults, it was found that almost half of the respondents reported feeling alone, left out, and isolated. Moreover, loneliness has been linked to worsening physical conditions such as cardiovascular problems and is often correlated with mental health concerns such as anxiety, depression, and suicidality. A few considerations to help you reflect on your social health: On a scale of 1-10, how happy are you with your current level of social engagement? Name three people you spend the most time with. How does this affect you? How do you balance your needs for social connection and time alone? Creative Wellness
Source: | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/modern-mentality/201809/how-improve-your-wellness |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_459939992#3_923893504 | Title: Moral Absence in Everyday Life | Psychology Today
Headings: Moral Absence in Everyday Life
Darcia F. Narvaez Ph.D.
Moral Absence in Everyday Life
Moral presence is an ongoing challenge
Content: Past trauma can lead us to ignore our feelings, deep intuitions and inner selves (our deeper dreams ). Then we are likely to push away anything that is threatening to our current, fragile, superificial self perception. Ideology —a set of beliefs adopted not from personal experience but that seem to offer a shield from what we see as threats. So, for example, if you were raised in a family that felt unsafe, a particular religion can offer a harbor of safety by assuring you that something better is coming if you behave or believe a certain way. Role expectations. How many times have you met someone who treated you like a category instead of an individual? This has happened to me (and many women) with older (usually) males countless times where they treated me like a know-nothing youngster (female), an inferior being who should be catering to their interests and needs. I work at not doing that with young students. We can also be focused on something else at the time of moral action. Distraction. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201410/moral-absence-in-everyday-life |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_459939992#5_923896438 | Title: Moral Absence in Everyday Life | Psychology Today
Headings: Moral Absence in Everyday Life
Darcia F. Narvaez Ph.D.
Moral Absence in Everyday Life
Moral presence is an ongoing challenge
Content: We may lead ourselves away from capacities to concentrate with constant attention shifting between one screen or another and forget to be present in the moment (see book, Distracted ). Focus on an alternative goal. Famous experiments have shown that focused attention (counting ball passes) can make us miss the otherwise obvious (a gorilla walking through the scene). We can also have a "moral" goal that makes us insensitive to immediate needs of others around us, as in the experiment showing that time constraints led to seminarians stepping over moaning victims (actors) on their way to giving a sermon on the Good Samaritan. Distance. We can also be distant in decision making, always a danger for immoral action. Deciding on the fate of people you don't know from a desk or computer is a way to diffuse responsibility ('I was just following orders'). article continues after advertisement
Of course, sometimes following a script is the thing to do to show respect, such as protocol during weddings or funerals. Sometimes emotionally detaching protects life, as a doctor does in an emergency room. But generally, it is important to keep tuned into one’s emotions as one takes actions. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201410/moral-absence-in-everyday-life |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_460259977#3_924420328 | Title: 7 Steps to Becoming a Dictator | Psychology Today
Headings: 7 Steps to Becoming a Dictator
Mark Van Vugt Ph.D.
7 Steps to Becoming a Dictator
A manual for strengthening your power position as elected leader.
Content: Former dictators such as Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan, Mobutu Sese Seko of the Congo, and Idi Amin of Uganda were high-ranked army officers who co-opted the military in order to overthrow democracies in favour of dictatorships. Yet democracies are not always more popular than dictatorships. In reality, people prefer dictatorships if the alternative is chaos. This explains the nostalgia for rulers like Stalin and Mao, who were mass murderers but who provided social order. One retired middle-ranking official in Beijing told the Asia Times: " I earned less than 100 yuan a month in Mao's time. I could barely save each month but I never worried about anything. My work unit would take care of everything for me: housing, medical care, and my children's education, though there were no luxuries…Now I receive 3,000 yuan as a [monthly] pension, but I have to count every penny—everything is so expensive and no one will take care of me now if I fall ill." Indeed, when given the choice in an experiment, people will desert an unstructured group (analogous to an anything-goes society) and seek the order of a "punishing regime," which has the authority to identify and reprimand cheats. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/naturally-selected/201702/7-steps-becoming-dictator |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_460259977#10_924430266 | Title: 7 Steps to Becoming a Dictator | Psychology Today
Headings: 7 Steps to Becoming a Dictator
Mark Van Vugt Ph.D.
7 Steps to Becoming a Dictator
A manual for strengthening your power position as elected leader.
Content: Keep your political enemies close to you. 5. Create and defeat a common enemy. By facing down Nazi Germany, Churchill, de Gaulle, Roosevelt, and Stalin sealed their reputations as great leaders. Legendary warlords such as Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and Napoleon were military geniuses who expanded their countries' territories through invading their neighbours. Dictatorships feed on wars and other external threats because these justify their existence—swift military action requires a central command-and-control structure. More than half of 20th-century rulers engaged in battles at some point during their reign, either as aggressors or defenders. Among dictators, the proportion rises to 88 per cent. Democratic rulers find this tactic more difficult to adopt because most wars are unpopular with voters. To attract support, the ruler must be perceived as a defender, not a warmonger. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/naturally-selected/201702/7-steps-becoming-dictator |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_461047919#12_925639933 | Title: Are Mental Health Issues On the Rise? | Psychology Today
Headings: Are Mental Health Issues On the Rise?
Jean M Twenge Ph.D.
Are Mental Health Issues On the Rise?
Why it's important stories about generational differences look at the research
Content: Singh complains that “Journalists and commentators love ragging on us,” but seems not to understand that data is not the same as “ragging” and that pointing out mental health issues is the first step to making sure young people (and everyone else) get the help they need. Finding as much data as possible on generational trends allows us to see the scope of the problem and how to solve it. Defensiveness and ignoring the scientific literature doesn’t help – and if it spreads misinformation about the need for mental health services, it can even hurt. SHARE
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COMMENTS
Ms. Twenge concludes that
Submitted by Chris on October 12, 2015 - 4:54pm
Ms. Twenge concludes that there exists a "raft of research studies" showing that anxiety and depression are "markedly higher" today than they were in earlier eras. She cites 7 studies to support this conclusion. However, the studies she cites do not prove her point. As one example, she cites the Cohen paper in the Journal of Applied Social Psychology. That paper, however, analyzed the distribution between demographic groups of self-reported perceived stress (women v. men, employed v. unemployed, etc.) Perceived stress, however, is not necessarily the same thing as mental illness. Furthermore, the Cohen paper did not attempt to determine whether the levels of self-reported stress increased overall between the years in which surveys were taken (1983, 2006 and 2009). | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/our-changing-culture/201510/are-mental-health-issues-the-rise |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_461434743#2_926169677 | Title: Why Some People See Ghosts and Other Apparitions | Psychology Today
Headings: Why Some People See Ghosts and Other Apparitions
Frank T. McAndrew Ph.D.
Why Some People See Ghosts and Other Apparitions
There are potential explanations (even if some people won't believe them).
The "Sensed Presence"
We Have "Agency-Detection" Mechanisms
When Do Sensed Presences Occur?
Religion Can Play a Role in Seeing Ghosts
Rites of Passage
Content: Psychologists refer to it as the “ sensed presence, ” and it is one of many reasons that most scientists remain very skeptical about the existence of ghosts. The "Sensed Presence"
The sensed presence usually happens to individuals who have become isolated in an extreme or unusual environment, often when high levels of stress are involved. These individuals report a perception or feeling that another person is there to help them cope with a hazardous situation. The vividness of the presence can range from a vague feeling of being watched to a clearly perceived, seemingly flesh-and-blood entity such as Clooney’s character in Gravity . This entity might be a god, a spirit, an ancestor, or someone personally known to the observer. Sensed presences usually appear in environments with little variation in physical and social stimulation; low temperature is also a common ingredient. Possible explanations for a sensed presence include the motion of boats, atmospheric or geomagnetic activity, and altered sensations and states of consciousness induced by changes in brain chemistry triggered by stress, hypothermia, a lack of oxygen, monotonous stimulation, or a buildup of hormones. There is in fact exciting new evidence from a research group led by Olaf Blanke demonstrating that it is the precise stimulation of specific brain regions that tricks people into feeling the "presence" of a ghostly apparition. Environmental psychologist Peter Suedfeld also thinks that what we do cognitively changes under these circumstances and may play a role. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/out-the-ooze/201507/why-some-people-see-ghosts-and-other-apparitions |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_463484942#3_929447294 | Title: Behavioral Health Versus Mental Health | Psychology Today
Headings: Behavioral Health Versus Mental Health
Elana Premack Sandler L.C.S.W., M.P.H
Behavioral Health Versus Mental Health
Does what we call it influence how people think about it?
Content: I'd love to hear what you think. Do you find the term behavioral health to fit the work you're doing, either as a provider/practitioner or a patient/consumer/client? Do you think it helps or hurts the field? My friend and colleague suggested we might use a term like "perceptual health," as sometimes errors in the way we perceive a situation (or ourselves) lead to actions that do not help us. What term would you prefer? If you could, what would you rename "mental health?" Copyright 2009 Elana Premack Sandler, All Rights Reserved
advertisement | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/promoting-hope-preventing-suicide/200910/behavioral-health-versus-mental-health |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_463488028#7_929460722 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Trust development. In the third stage of sexual grooming, the abuser works to gain the trust of the victim, their guardian(s) and the community so that they can engage in the abuse without detection. During this stage, the offender works to gain the trust of the intended victim by giving them small gifts, special attention, or sharing secrets. This makes the child feel special and gives them the belief that they have a caring relationship with the perpetrator. These types of behaviors will change depending upon the age of the child. For younger children, it may involve playing games, going on outings, or getting presents while for adolescents it may involve the discussion of their personal lives, access to cigarettes, drugs, or alcohol, and sharing “secrets” that they don’t tell their guardians. Sandusky would often take special boys to football games or give them small gifts. During this period, the perpetrator may also work to groom the guardian not to believe the child by telling the guardian that the child is acting out or telling lies. Desensitization to touch. This is generally the last stage of the grooming process before the actual abuse begins. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/protecting-children-sexual-abuse/201901/what-parents-need-know-about-sexual-grooming |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_463488028#8_929462182 | Title:
Headings:
Content: For younger children, it may involve playing games, going on outings, or getting presents while for adolescents it may involve the discussion of their personal lives, access to cigarettes, drugs, or alcohol, and sharing “secrets” that they don’t tell their guardians. Sandusky would often take special boys to football games or give them small gifts. During this period, the perpetrator may also work to groom the guardian not to believe the child by telling the guardian that the child is acting out or telling lies. Desensitization to touch. This is generally the last stage of the grooming process before the actual abuse begins. During this stage of grooming, the abuser increases the non-sexual touching that will prepare the child for the abuse. For instance, this may including hugs, snuggles, wrestling, and tickling. Other tactics include taking a bath/shower together, swimming in the nude, drying a child off with a towel, giving massages or showing the child pornography. Sandusky was observed showering with some of his victims. At this stage, the perpetrator may also start discussing sexual behaviors and content with the child/adolescent so that they feel more comfortable with this type of material. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/protecting-children-sexual-abuse/201901/what-parents-need-know-about-sexual-grooming |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_463488028#9_929463687 | Title:
Headings:
Content: During this stage of grooming, the abuser increases the non-sexual touching that will prepare the child for the abuse. For instance, this may including hugs, snuggles, wrestling, and tickling. Other tactics include taking a bath/shower together, swimming in the nude, drying a child off with a towel, giving massages or showing the child pornography. Sandusky was observed showering with some of his victims. At this stage, the perpetrator may also start discussing sexual behaviors and content with the child/adolescent so that they feel more comfortable with this type of material. Ultimately the goal of sexual grooming is to provide the perpetrator the opportunity to offend against the child without detection. In Sandusky’s case, these crimes went on for over 20 years before he was apprehended. These sexual grooming techniques will confuse the child as they believe the person to be a friend or parent-like figure and thus they may fearthat if they report the abuse that their special relationship may end. The abuser may also use threats and coercion once the abuse starts to suggest to the victim that no one will believe them, or that the minor will be blamed for the abuse because they wanted it. As the abuser has also often groomed the victim’s guardians and community, adults often trust the perpetrator and may not be suspicious of the grooming behaviors or changes in the child’s behaviors. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/protecting-children-sexual-abuse/201901/what-parents-need-know-about-sexual-grooming |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_463488028#10_929465383 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Ultimately the goal of sexual grooming is to provide the perpetrator the opportunity to offend against the child without detection. In Sandusky’s case, these crimes went on for over 20 years before he was apprehended. These sexual grooming techniques will confuse the child as they believe the person to be a friend or parent-like figure and thus they may fearthat if they report the abuse that their special relationship may end. The abuser may also use threats and coercion once the abuse starts to suggest to the victim that no one will believe them, or that the minor will be blamed for the abuse because they wanted it. As the abuser has also often groomed the victim’s guardians and community, adults often trust the perpetrator and may not be suspicious of the grooming behaviors or changes in the child’s behaviors. The key to understanding grooming is that it is very hard to detect when it is happening as many of the grooming behaviors in and of themselves appear completely innocuous, and in many cases they are. In fact, research shows that people are generally quite poor at identifying grooming behaviors before it is revealed that abuse has occurred. It is only in hindsight that the behaviors appear suspicious. That is why it is especially important to know who is around your children and be aware of how they are interacting with your child. While this may result in you being an overly suspicious parent, it is always better to be safe than sorry. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/protecting-children-sexual-abuse/201901/what-parents-need-know-about-sexual-grooming |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_464125470#3_930647133 | Title: Suicide: One of Addiction’s Hidden Risks | Psychology Today
Headings: Suicide: One of Addiction’s Hidden Risks
Carolyn C. Ross M.D., M.P.H.
Suicide: One of Addiction’s Hidden Risks
Individuals with addiction are at higher risk for suicide.
Content: There are a few possible explanations. Under the influence of drugs or alcohol, people may lose inhibitions and take risks they ordinarily would not. Additionally, many people abuse drugs or alcohol in an attempt to relieve the symptoms of depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions. The rate of major depression is two to four times higher among addicts than the general population. Although drugs may seem to help in the short term, they exacerbate problems over time. When attempting to stop using drugs, people may feel overwhelmed by the return of painful emotions that they had been medicating with drugs. They may also be clear-headed enough to carry out suicidal thoughts and plans. Transitions, such as entering or leaving treatment, relapse, and death, divorce or other major life changes, can be especially vulnerable times. Abusing drugs, especially depressants such as alcohol or sedatives, can also trigger symptoms of depression, increasing the risk of suicide. As the consequences of addiction pile up, from legal problems and damaged relationships to financial ruin and job loss, individuals may lose all hope that things can get better. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/real-healing/201402/suicide-one-addiction-s-hidden-risks |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465642628#8_932591169 | Title: 10 Common Myths About Emotions (and Why They're Wrong) | Psychology Today
Headings: 10 Common Myths About Emotions (and Why They're Wrong)
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
10 Common Myths About Emotions (and Why They're Wrong)
9. "I will always feel this way."
Content: Research in emotion regulation has shown that there are a variety of ways that inappropriate emotional reactions and experiences can be disrupted by making use of our human ability—reinterpretation and distraction. For example, we often use humor to block anger or fear to resolve tension. 5. " I know exactly what you did to upset me." People are often mistaken about their own emotions. They misread and misname them. And, of course, they misread other people’s emotions, particularly when their perception is colored by their own preferences or prejudices. Consider the emotionally complex situation of divorce. Experts note that husbands’ reactions are often dominated by anger, an emotion that allows them to maintain confident and dominant position. A therapeutic goal is to help men recognize that some of their negative affect may come from sadness, hurt feelings, and fear, emotions that are more painful and scary and that they may be motivated to avoid. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201510/10-common-myths-about-emotions-and-why-theyre-wrong |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465642628#9_932592656 | Title: 10 Common Myths About Emotions (and Why They're Wrong) | Psychology Today
Headings: 10 Common Myths About Emotions (and Why They're Wrong)
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
10 Common Myths About Emotions (and Why They're Wrong)
9. "I will always feel this way."
Content: They misread and misname them. And, of course, they misread other people’s emotions, particularly when their perception is colored by their own preferences or prejudices. Consider the emotionally complex situation of divorce. Experts note that husbands’ reactions are often dominated by anger, an emotion that allows them to maintain confident and dominant position. A therapeutic goal is to help men recognize that some of their negative affect may come from sadness, hurt feelings, and fear, emotions that are more painful and scary and that they may be motivated to avoid. Misattributions usually disappear when people are made aware of the true source of their affective states. 6. Emotions are stupid. Emotion and reason are not competing forces but complementary processes that interact and influence each other. Accumulated evidence shows that emotion is part of the mechanism of reasoning, and so a lack of it is detrimental to decision-making. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201510/10-common-myths-about-emotions-and-why-theyre-wrong |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465642628#17_932602776 | Title: 10 Common Myths About Emotions (and Why They're Wrong) | Psychology Today
Headings: 10 Common Myths About Emotions (and Why They're Wrong)
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
10 Common Myths About Emotions (and Why They're Wrong)
9. "I will always feel this way."
Content: For example, after a romantic breakup, heartbroken people are unable to anticipate the decay of their emotions. One of the reasons for adolescents’ high risk for suicide is because when they feel pain, they lack the life experience to know it is temporary. After a while the change becomes a normal and stable situation. 10. Moods are hard to reverse. A variety of studies have demonstrated that adopting facial expressions of emotion can lead to the corresponding emotional feelings. In other words, “Fake it till you make it.” An expression of pride produces determination. Projecting pride motivates people to try harder in problem solving. We feel sad if we sit in a slumped posture or talk in a slow and low voice. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201510/10-common-myths-about-emotions-and-why-theyre-wrong |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465788028#1_932967675 | Title: 10 Factors That Influence Your Purchase Decisions | Psychology Today
Headings: 10 Factors That Influence Your Purchase Decisions
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
10 Factors That Influence Your Purchase Decisions
Behavioral economics teaches us lessons on how consumers make decisions.
Content: 1. Of two minds
An important idea in behavioral economics is that our behavior seems to be controlled by a narrow-minded “doer” who cares about immediate gratification, and a farsighted “planner” who is concerned with the long-term satisfaction. The interests of these two selves do not always coincide (e. g ., we buy things that we don't need). For example, a browser is in a planner (deliberative) mindset, weighing costs versus benefits. In contrast, a buyer is a doer, ready to purchase. The challenge for a salesperson, then, is to shift the customer's mindset from browser to buyer. 2. Situational cues
Our mind is very susceptible to subtle or subconscious cues. It is estimated that up to 40 percent of consumers change their minds at the point of purchase because of something they see, learn, or do (Dhar, 2012). | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201712/10-factors-influence-your-purchase-decisions |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465788028#2_932969040 | Title: 10 Factors That Influence Your Purchase Decisions | Psychology Today
Headings: 10 Factors That Influence Your Purchase Decisions
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
10 Factors That Influence Your Purchase Decisions
Behavioral economics teaches us lessons on how consumers make decisions.
Content: In contrast, a buyer is a doer, ready to purchase. The challenge for a salesperson, then, is to shift the customer's mindset from browser to buyer. 2. Situational cues
Our mind is very susceptible to subtle or subconscious cues. It is estimated that up to 40 percent of consumers change their minds at the point of purchase because of something they see, learn, or do (Dhar, 2012). For example, if a person is vulnerable (e.g., has a sweet tooth) and close to a box of chocolates or a bottle of whiskey, she will value these options differently than when she is far away from them. A study (North, et al., 1999) exposed customers in a supermarket drinks section to either French music or German music. The results showed that French wine outsold German wine when French music was played, whereas German wine outsold French wine when German music was played. However, the majority of customers denied that the type of music playing influenced their choice of wine. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201712/10-factors-influence-your-purchase-decisions |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465805764#9_933030926 | Title: 10 Reasons Why People Spend Too Much | Psychology Today
Headings: 10 Reasons Why People Spend Too Much
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
10 Reasons Why People Spend Too Much
Make better financial decisions with behavioral economics.
Content: This insight suggests that shoppers who are distracted with music or displays will likely increase impulse purchases. In contrast, being deliberate allows one to see the overall context and be less concerned with sensation. 8. Retail therapy
People admit engaging in “retail therapy” (Cryder et al., 2008). The negative feeling causes a behavioral shift toward immediate improvements in mood. And when we are feeling down, we tend to splurge. Shopping allows people to visualize themselves in a “better” life, where they’re dressed in nice clothes or surrounded by nice things. Buying makes these visualizations a reality. 9. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201801/10-reasons-why-people-spend-too-much |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465837321#5_933115269 | Title: 5 Patterns of Compulsive Buying | Psychology Today
Headings: 5 Patterns of Compulsive Buying
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
5 Patterns of Compulsive Buying
How do you know you have an addiction?
References
Content: This rush of excitement is often experienced when they see a desirable item and consider buying it. And this excitement can become addictive. 3. Shopping to dampen unpleasant emotions. Compulsive shopping is an attempt to fill an emotional void, like loneliness, lack of control, or lack of self-esteem. Often, a negative mood, such as an argument or frustration triggers an urge to shop. However, the decrease in negative emotions is temporary and it is replaced by an increase in anxiety or guilt (Donnelly et al., 2016). 4. Guilt and remorse. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201806/5-patterns-compulsive-buying |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465837321#6_933116243 | Title: 5 Patterns of Compulsive Buying | Psychology Today
Headings: 5 Patterns of Compulsive Buying
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
5 Patterns of Compulsive Buying
How do you know you have an addiction?
References
Content: Often, a negative mood, such as an argument or frustration triggers an urge to shop. However, the decrease in negative emotions is temporary and it is replaced by an increase in anxiety or guilt (Donnelly et al., 2016). 4. Guilt and remorse. Purchases are followed by feelings of remorse. They feel guilty and irresponsible for purchases that they perceive as indulges. The result may be a vicious cycle, that is, negative feeling fuel another “fix,” purchasing something else. 5. The pain of paying. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201806/5-patterns-compulsive-buying |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465898795#9_933284159 | Title: Music, Emotion, and Well-Being | Psychology Today
Headings: Music, Emotion, and Well-Being
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
Music, Emotion, and Well-Being
How does music affect the way we think, feel, and behave?
Content: Music doesn’t only evoke emotions at the individual level, but also at the interpersonal and intergroup level. Listeners mirror their reactions to what the music expresses, such as sadness from sad music, or cheer from happy music. Similarly, ambient music affects shoppers’ and diners’ moods. article continues after advertisement
7. Consumer behavior. Background music has a surprisingly strong influence on consumer behavior. For example, one study (North, et al., 1999) exposed customers in a supermarket drinks section to either French music or German music. The results showed that French wine outsold German wine when French music was played, whereas German wine outsold French wine when German music was played. 8. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/201908/music-emotion-and-well-being |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465925465#2_933346419 | Title: 9 Things to Know About the Effects of Scarcity | Psychology Today
Headings: 9 Things to Know About the Effects of Scarcity
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
9 Things to Know About the Effects of Scarcity
How scarcity can change the way you feel and act.
Content: For example, the time pressure of a deadline focuses our attention on using what we have most effectively. Distractions are less tempting. When we have little time left, we try to get more out of every moment. 2. Trade-off thinking. Scarcity forces trade-off thinking. We recognize that having one thing means not having something else. Doing one thing means neglecting other things. This explains why we overvalue free stuff (e. g ., free pencils, key chains, and FREE shipping). | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/202002/9-things-know-about-the-effects-scarcity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_465925465#3_933347383 | Title: 9 Things to Know About the Effects of Scarcity | Psychology Today
Headings: 9 Things to Know About the Effects of Scarcity
Shahram Heshmat Ph.D.
9 Things to Know About the Effects of Scarcity
How scarcity can change the way you feel and act.
Content: Scarcity forces trade-off thinking. We recognize that having one thing means not having something else. Doing one thing means neglecting other things. This explains why we overvalue free stuff (e. g ., free pencils, key chains, and FREE shipping). These transactions have no downside. 3. Unfulfilled desires. Restriction on desirable things orients the mind automatically and powerfully toward unfulfilled needs. For example, food grabs the focus of the hungry. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/science-choice/202002/9-things-know-about-the-effects-scarcity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_467043005#6_935275873 | Title: 7 Natural Supplements That Can Help With Sleep and Menopause | Psychology Today
Headings: 7 Natural Supplements That Can Help With Sleep and Menopause
Michael J Breus Ph.D.
7 Natural Supplements That Can Help With Sleep and Menopause
Treating sleep disruptions and menopause symptoms naturally.
THE BASICS
Content: Some products contained as much as 83 percent less melatonin, while other products contained as much as 478 percent more melatonin. That means a great many consumers aren’t getting the doses they think they are. Before you begin using melatonin, be sure to do your research and get your melatonin from a trusted source. article continues after advertisement
Magnolia bark: the ancient sleep booster and stress beater
The magnolia plant has an ancient history as a therapeutic compound in traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Korean medicine, used to promote sleep and relaxation, to ease anxiety, and to treat allergies and asthma, among other conditions. ( I’ll be sharing a full profile of the therapeutic powers of magnolia bark soon, so check back to learn all about the benefits of this supplement.) Research shows the bioactive compounds in magnolia bark can reduce the time it takes you to fall asleep, and can increase the amount of time you spend in both REM sleep and NREM sleep. Magnolia lowers levels of adrenaline, making it an effective natural sleep aid for people who tend to be wired or stressed. Magnolia bark can be highly effective as a stress-reliever and anxiety-soother. Research indicates that one of the active compounds in magnolia bark—honokiol—works as effectively as the drug diazepam to treat anxiety, without the same risks of dependency or side effects. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleep-newzzz/201808/7-natural-supplements-can-help-sleep-and-menopause |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_467043005#7_935277836 | Title: 7 Natural Supplements That Can Help With Sleep and Menopause | Psychology Today
Headings: 7 Natural Supplements That Can Help With Sleep and Menopause
Michael J Breus Ph.D.
7 Natural Supplements That Can Help With Sleep and Menopause
Treating sleep disruptions and menopause symptoms naturally.
THE BASICS
Content: I’ll be sharing a full profile of the therapeutic powers of magnolia bark soon, so check back to learn all about the benefits of this supplement.) Research shows the bioactive compounds in magnolia bark can reduce the time it takes you to fall asleep, and can increase the amount of time you spend in both REM sleep and NREM sleep. Magnolia lowers levels of adrenaline, making it an effective natural sleep aid for people who tend to be wired or stressed. Magnolia bark can be highly effective as a stress-reliever and anxiety-soother. Research indicates that one of the active compounds in magnolia bark—honokiol—works as effectively as the drug diazepam to treat anxiety, without the same risks of dependency or side effects. Women going through menopause often experienced heightened stress as well as anxiety and depression, which can interfere with quality of life, daily performance, and relationships. Magnolia bark affects the activity of both serotonin and dopamine, two neurotransmitters that are important to mood. Research indicates that magnolia can help with depression, both on its own and in combination with ginger. Research shows specifically that magnolia bark helps improve sleep and relieve mood problems in women undergoing menopause. article continues after advertisement
Magnolia bark’s bioactive compounds can help maintain levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that helps the brain process memory and learning. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleep-newzzz/201808/7-natural-supplements-can-help-sleep-and-menopause |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_467043005#8_935279857 | Title: 7 Natural Supplements That Can Help With Sleep and Menopause | Psychology Today
Headings: 7 Natural Supplements That Can Help With Sleep and Menopause
Michael J Breus Ph.D.
7 Natural Supplements That Can Help With Sleep and Menopause
Treating sleep disruptions and menopause symptoms naturally.
THE BASICS
Content: Women going through menopause often experienced heightened stress as well as anxiety and depression, which can interfere with quality of life, daily performance, and relationships. Magnolia bark affects the activity of both serotonin and dopamine, two neurotransmitters that are important to mood. Research indicates that magnolia can help with depression, both on its own and in combination with ginger. Research shows specifically that magnolia bark helps improve sleep and relieve mood problems in women undergoing menopause. article continues after advertisement
Magnolia bark’s bioactive compounds can help maintain levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that helps the brain process memory and learning. Weight gain is a common problem and concern for women undergoing menopause. Research shows compounds in magnolia bark extract may help guard against weight gain and decrease body fat. Studies also indicate magnolia bark can improve insulin resistance, and contribute to reductions in triglycerides and cholesterol. THE BASICS
What Is Anxiety? Find a therapist to overcome anxiety
Magnolia bark has long been used in traditional and natural medicine for as an anti-inflammatory and a source of pain relief, and has been used to help alleviate joint and muscle pain, as well as headache and menstrual cramps. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleep-newzzz/201808/7-natural-supplements-can-help-sleep-and-menopause |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_467076526#0_935293326 | Title: Is Magnolia Bark the Missing Link for Your Sleep and Health? | Psychology Today
Headings: Is Magnolia Bark the Missing Link for Your Sleep and Health?
Michael J Breus Ph.D.
Is Magnolia Bark the Missing Link for Your Sleep and Health?
Magnolia can soothe, calm, and de-stress.
THE BASICS
Content: Is Magnolia Bark the Missing Link for Your Sleep and Health? | Psychology Today
Michael J Breus Ph.D.
Sleep Newzzz
Sleep
Is Magnolia Bark the Missing Link for Your Sleep and Health? Magnolia can soothe, calm, and de-stress. Posted Sep 13, 2018
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Source: Deposit Photos
If you’re not yet familiar with magnolia bark, you’re not alone. My patients are often unaware of this potent-with-health-benefits plant supplement. Despite its somewhat under-the-radar status, magnolia bark has been a powerhouse in traditional medicine for centuries. Filled with bioactive compounds that can address conditions from anxiety to inflammation, the extract of magnolia bark may play a beneficial role in healthy sleep, as well as stress reduction, weight management, memory protection, and brain health. What is magnolia bark? Magnolia is a flowering tree (Latin name: | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleep-newzzz/201809/is-magnolia-bark-the-missing-link-your-sleep-and-health |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_467076526#1_935294762 | Title: Is Magnolia Bark the Missing Link for Your Sleep and Health? | Psychology Today
Headings: Is Magnolia Bark the Missing Link for Your Sleep and Health?
Michael J Breus Ph.D.
Is Magnolia Bark the Missing Link for Your Sleep and Health?
Magnolia can soothe, calm, and de-stress.
THE BASICS
Content: My patients are often unaware of this potent-with-health-benefits plant supplement. Despite its somewhat under-the-radar status, magnolia bark has been a powerhouse in traditional medicine for centuries. Filled with bioactive compounds that can address conditions from anxiety to inflammation, the extract of magnolia bark may play a beneficial role in healthy sleep, as well as stress reduction, weight management, memory protection, and brain health. What is magnolia bark? Magnolia is a flowering tree (Latin name: magnolia officinalis) native to China. The magnolia plant has an ancient history as a therapeutic compound in traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Korean medicine, and is used to promote sleep and relaxation, ease anxiety and treat allergies and asthma, among other conditions. Both the bark of the magnolia tree and its flowers are used therapeutically. Magnolia bark extract is found in supplements, tea, toothpaste, and topical oils and cream. I have a number of patients who use magnolia bark in supplement form to help with their sleep, stress, and anxiety. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sleep-newzzz/201809/is-magnolia-bark-the-missing-link-your-sleep-and-health |
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