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msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_388241675#1_807287755 | Title: Cultural Differences in Psychology - Psychologist World
Headings: Cultural Differences in Psychology
Cultural Differences in Psychology
How cultural differences can affect our perception and behavior.
Defining Culture
Individualism vs Collectivism
Bias in Experiments
Cultural Differences in Relationships and Attachments
Cultural differences in emotions
Culture and measuring intelligence
Designing better studies
Content: Defining Culture
To understand psychological differences amongst cultures, we must first define what we refer to as "culture" and how this can differ from simply the "place" in which we live. In psychology, culture refers to a set of ideas and beliefs which give people sense of shared history and can guide our behavior within society. Culture manifests itself in our language, art, daily routines, religion and sense of morality, among other forms, and is passed down from generation to generation. Of course, within each culture we often see the influence of other cultures, such as that of other European languages on the English vocabulary, along with wide cultural variations within each country. So, whilst cultures and their boundaries remain fluid, in the study of cross-cultural psychology, research often focuses the differences in cultures at national levels (e.g. between the US and Japan). Individualism vs Collectivism
One of the key distinctions between national cultures, which can influence the choices that people make, is that of individualistic versus collectivist societies: Individualistic Societies
Individualistic societies focus on needs of the individual person and encourage each person to strive to achieve their own potential, often in competition with, or sometimes to the detriment of, a person's peers. It emphasises the importance of self-reliance and give each individual the freedom to be oneself, nurturing the idea of self expression. Many countries in the West, such as the US, UK and other Western European countries are widely considered to be individualistic societies. Collectivistic Societies
In contrast to individualistic societies, collectivistic societies emphasize the importance of cooperation - working for the benefit of the collective - and assume that societies can only improve by a group effort amongst all members of the community. | https://www.psychologistworld.com/issues/cultural-differences-psychology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_388241675#2_807290285 | Title: Cultural Differences in Psychology - Psychologist World
Headings: Cultural Differences in Psychology
Cultural Differences in Psychology
How cultural differences can affect our perception and behavior.
Defining Culture
Individualism vs Collectivism
Bias in Experiments
Cultural Differences in Relationships and Attachments
Cultural differences in emotions
Culture and measuring intelligence
Designing better studies
Content: Individualism vs Collectivism
One of the key distinctions between national cultures, which can influence the choices that people make, is that of individualistic versus collectivist societies: Individualistic Societies
Individualistic societies focus on needs of the individual person and encourage each person to strive to achieve their own potential, often in competition with, or sometimes to the detriment of, a person's peers. It emphasises the importance of self-reliance and give each individual the freedom to be oneself, nurturing the idea of self expression. Many countries in the West, such as the US, UK and other Western European countries are widely considered to be individualistic societies. Collectivistic Societies
In contrast to individualistic societies, collectivistic societies emphasize the importance of cooperation - working for the benefit of the collective - and assume that societies can only improve by a group effort amongst all members of the community. Collectivistic behavior may see altruistic acts or favors being carried out without the expectation of a reward other than that which benefits society. For example, a person may work extra hours without additional reward to fix a well, knowing that it will help to satisfy their fellow villagers' need for water. Collectivism is generally found in Eastern cultures - in countries such as Japan - and also in smaller groups such as Kibbutz farming communities in Israel, where each member works towards the town's collective goals. The field of psychology has long been dominated by Western schools of thought which have focused on individualistic-oriented approaches to explaining behavior. For example, the Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung distinguishing the individual from the wider his or her wider setting, writing about the concept of the Self and the internal conflicts that affect their thoughts. | https://www.psychologistworld.com/issues/cultural-differences-psychology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_388241675#4_807295084 | Title: Cultural Differences in Psychology - Psychologist World
Headings: Cultural Differences in Psychology
Cultural Differences in Psychology
How cultural differences can affect our perception and behavior.
Defining Culture
Individualism vs Collectivism
Bias in Experiments
Cultural Differences in Relationships and Attachments
Cultural differences in emotions
Culture and measuring intelligence
Designing better studies
Content: Sigmund Freud, attributed behavior and our anxieties to inner, unresolved conflicts between the id, the ego and superego, whilst more recently, Abraham Maslow described human motivation as being driven by a set of internal desires in a Hierarchy of Needs. 1
In Depth
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
What motivates humans? Maslow's hierarchy pyramid explains. Learn more
Yet, many of these theories ignore the wider, environmental factors which affect an individual's behavior, one of which is the influence of the cultural experiences that a person lives through and which must also affect the behavior of people who interact with them. Is there a reason for culture being looked over in the mission to understand our thoughts and behavior? Bias in Experiments
The development of psychology as a discipline in the West has inevitably lead to many studies and experiments being carried out in individualistic societies and often more specifically, at universities. Moreover, in 2010, Canadian psychologist Joseph Henrich and his colleagues identified that the participants of such studies tended to be W.E.I.R.D. - Western and Educated, and from Industrialised, Rich and Democratic countries ( Henrich et al, 2010 ). 2 This leads to the question of whether the findings of key psychological studies carry external validity outside not only the experimental situation, but whether they can be generalized to apply outside of the society and culture in which the studies were carried out. Such criticism of psychology studies from a cross-cultural perspective has lead to researchers attempting to replicate experiments' findings in countries other than their original location. Yet this presents a second problem - is there an inherent cultural bias in the experimental methods used to observe behavior? | https://www.psychologistworld.com/issues/cultural-differences-psychology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_388241675#8_807305822 | Title: Cultural Differences in Psychology - Psychologist World
Headings: Cultural Differences in Psychology
Cultural Differences in Psychology
How cultural differences can affect our perception and behavior.
Defining Culture
Individualism vs Collectivism
Bias in Experiments
Cultural Differences in Relationships and Attachments
Cultural differences in emotions
Culture and measuring intelligence
Designing better studies
Content: Dillon and Beechler (2010) found that in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures, relationships were reported to be impacted to some degree. However, the negative effect was more significant in individualistic societies. The researchers attributed this difference to the way in which the responsibility for childcare is often shared among different caregivers in Eastern societies, whereas in the West, the mother-child bond may be much stronger as infants tend to be cared for primarily by their mother. 6
Cultural differences in emotions
Relationships are not the only focus of study which have been observed to differ among cultures. As we have seen, the participants of studies in the US and China have been seen to use 'tells' - information gathered from facial expressions - differently when judging a person's emotional state. 2
Cultural differences with respect to emotional intelligence have also been identified in participants in a Japanese study, in which participants were shown cartoons of people displaying varying emotions, surrounded by people who either showed the same or a different emotion. The researchers found that Japanese participants were more likely to evaluate the emotions of those surrounding the central person when trying to judge their emotion than Western participants did ( Masuda et al, 2008 ). 7 This indicates the influence of a collectivist culture in taking into account the emotions of the whole group, rather than focussing on an individual's emotional state. Culture and measuring intelligence
Cross-cultural analyses of psychology studies has also had implications for the way levels of intelligence are measured among populations. We might believe that intelligence can be measured objectively, and in the West, the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test is commonly used to quantify and compare people's intelligence. | https://www.psychologistworld.com/issues/cultural-differences-psychology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_388241675#9_807308326 | Title: Cultural Differences in Psychology - Psychologist World
Headings: Cultural Differences in Psychology
Cultural Differences in Psychology
How cultural differences can affect our perception and behavior.
Defining Culture
Individualism vs Collectivism
Bias in Experiments
Cultural Differences in Relationships and Attachments
Cultural differences in emotions
Culture and measuring intelligence
Designing better studies
Content: 2
Cultural differences with respect to emotional intelligence have also been identified in participants in a Japanese study, in which participants were shown cartoons of people displaying varying emotions, surrounded by people who either showed the same or a different emotion. The researchers found that Japanese participants were more likely to evaluate the emotions of those surrounding the central person when trying to judge their emotion than Western participants did ( Masuda et al, 2008 ). 7 This indicates the influence of a collectivist culture in taking into account the emotions of the whole group, rather than focussing on an individual's emotional state. Culture and measuring intelligence
Cross-cultural analyses of psychology studies has also had implications for the way levels of intelligence are measured among populations. We might believe that intelligence can be measured objectively, and in the West, the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test is commonly used to quantify and compare people's intelligence. However, across different cultures, this does not always provide an accurate measurement. One study by Sern | https://www.psychologistworld.com/issues/cultural-differences-psychology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_392773894#8_816007610 | Title: North Carolina Psychology Degrees
Headings: Research Campus-Based and Online Psychology Degrees in North Carolina
Research Campus-Based and Online Psychology Degrees in North Carolina
Consider a Featured Online Psychology Program That Is Accepting Applicants
Steps to Become a Psychologist in North Carolina
Online Psychology Degrees
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Psychology Scholarships in North Carolina
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Content: Experimental Psychology
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Psychology Scholarships in North Carolina
Pursuing a degree in Psychology can be a rewarding and fulfilling personal experience. New college students may realize that identifying alternative funding sources for their education can help cover the high costs of a college education and help to make their journey towards a dream career a little more easier. Learners in the state of North Carolina may have access to various scholarship opportunities based upon their performance in prior educational programs, their culture, and even their contributions to the community. You are encouraged to seek out scholarship opportunities located within your local area as well. American Psychological Association Minority Fellowship program
The American Psychological Association Minority Fellowship program is currently an option for minority students that are pursuing pre-doctoral or post-doctoral education in the field of Psychology. This scholarship is open to students nation-wide and may require an application and additional support materials for learners to be considered. Melanie Foundation Scholarship opportunity
The Melanie Foundation Scholarship opportunity is available to candidates that are pursuing a master’s or doctoral degree in a mental health field. This scholarship can offer up to $2,500 to chosen students that can be applied toward their tuition or outstanding educational fees through an accredited university. These scholarship opportunities and others can be found through conducting your own search of available application options in your area. Funding your program through grants and scholarships can help reduce the amount of student loans necessary for receiving your degree and help your journey towards higher education go a little smoother along the way. | https://www.psychologydegrees.org/state/north-carolina |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_392864808#8_816196301 | Title: Psychological Development in Adolescents | Psychology
Headings: Psychological Development in Adolescents | Psychology
Psychological Development in Adolescents | Psychology
1. Shifts in Group Belongingness or Identification:
2. Conflicts in Motivation:
3. Cognitive Differentiation:
4. Intensification of Self-Awareness:
5. Perplexity in Regard to Bodily Appearance and Functions:
6. Modifications of Time and Reality Perspective:
Content: Conflicts in Motivation: In modern western society there is a more or less permanent conflict between various attitudes, values, ideologies, and styles of living of children and adults. Adolescents are caught midway in this conflict. Consequently, they have experience great difficulty in defining their roles. In turn, uncertainty of their roles creates ambiguity in their motivations. They do not know when they should behave and be treated as adults and when they should continue as children. When they desire to behave like adults, they lack understanding of the adult world they are entering. Particularly if youth have been excluded from surrounding adult worlds, they are in the dark concerning them. They have little idea of consequences of various kinds of adult behaviour. Thus, broadening of life spaces to include both childhood and adult roles brings with it ambiguous situations which they often are ill-equipped to handle. | https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/adolescence-2/psychological-development-in-adolescents-psychology/13495 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_392864808#9_816197921 | Title: Psychological Development in Adolescents | Psychology
Headings: Psychological Development in Adolescents | Psychology
Psychological Development in Adolescents | Psychology
1. Shifts in Group Belongingness or Identification:
2. Conflicts in Motivation:
3. Cognitive Differentiation:
4. Intensification of Self-Awareness:
5. Perplexity in Regard to Bodily Appearance and Functions:
6. Modifications of Time and Reality Perspective:
Content: They do not know when they should behave and be treated as adults and when they should continue as children. When they desire to behave like adults, they lack understanding of the adult world they are entering. Particularly if youth have been excluded from surrounding adult worlds, they are in the dark concerning them. They have little idea of consequences of various kinds of adult behaviour. Thus, broadening of life spaces to include both childhood and adult roles brings with it ambiguous situations which they often are ill-equipped to handle. These conflicts and inadequacies in motivation lead adults to feel that adolescents manifest inadequate appreciation of values, emotional instabilities, tendencies to take extreme positions, and from time to time, undue shyness and aggressiveness. Adolescents are magnified by the basic nature of the society within which they find themselves. What they learn from books, as well as adult precepts about what they should accomplish, is laden with contradictions. A youth is urged to develop the habit of doing free reading at home; simultaneously he goes home from school loaded with busy work to be done. | https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/adolescence-2/psychological-development-in-adolescents-psychology/13495 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_393095573#16_816599971 | Title: Top 7 Factors Affecting Period of Adolescence | Child Development
Headings: Top 7 Factors Affecting Period of Adolescence | Child Development
Top 7 Factors Affecting Period of Adolescence | Child Development
This article throws light upon the top seven factors affecting period of Adolescence. The factors are: 1. Generation Gap 2. Emotional Instability 3. Career Consciousness 4. Treating the Adolescents 5. Good Literature 6. Socialisation 7. Proper Teaching Methods.
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 1.
Generation Gap:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 2.
Emotional Instability:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 3.
Career Consciousness:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 4.
Treating the Adolescents:
Physical Activities:
Sublimating Emotions:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 5.
Good Literature:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 6.
Socialisation:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 7.
Proper Teaching Methods:
Content: The adolescent attains the adult level of cognitive development before he or she is actually adult. Because of this development, an adolescent understands where lie the best chances for his bright career; and how he needs to prepare himself for such a career. In some cases, the adolescent may not have attained that level of career- consciousness, and, the fact makes the parents jittery; they go on goading their children for working hard and regularly for the desired career. The situation may cause tension for the adolescent. But a state of short-timed, unemployment does not leave a traumatic impression, it may make one apprehensive. Those who have to leave the school early because of economic pressure, or other reason in the family, would naturally be distressed if they fail to get a job. Banks and Ullah have presented a psychological analysis of the personal consequences of youth unemployment. The studies aimed at gauging distress, anxiety, and so on of the unemployed youth; | https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/child-development/top-7-factors-affecting-period-of-adolescence-child-development/1107 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_393095573#17_816602143 | Title: Top 7 Factors Affecting Period of Adolescence | Child Development
Headings: Top 7 Factors Affecting Period of Adolescence | Child Development
Top 7 Factors Affecting Period of Adolescence | Child Development
This article throws light upon the top seven factors affecting period of Adolescence. The factors are: 1. Generation Gap 2. Emotional Instability 3. Career Consciousness 4. Treating the Adolescents 5. Good Literature 6. Socialisation 7. Proper Teaching Methods.
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 1.
Generation Gap:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 2.
Emotional Instability:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 3.
Career Consciousness:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 4.
Treating the Adolescents:
Physical Activities:
Sublimating Emotions:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 5.
Good Literature:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 6.
Socialisation:
Period of Adolescence: Factor # 7.
Proper Teaching Methods:
Content: The situation may cause tension for the adolescent. But a state of short-timed, unemployment does not leave a traumatic impression, it may make one apprehensive. Those who have to leave the school early because of economic pressure, or other reason in the family, would naturally be distressed if they fail to get a job. Banks and Ullah have presented a psychological analysis of the personal consequences of youth unemployment. The studies aimed at gauging distress, anxiety, and so on of the unemployed youth; how far such a state was responsible for a feeling of dissatisfaction or unhappiness among the school leaving adolescents. If youth have attained the age of employability, and do not get a job in spite of making all efforts, it lowers self-esteem and brings a kind of stigma to them. The problem starts not only on attaining the age of employability but the adolescents start feeling concern for the problem even when they are still students—such acute is the problem of unemployment. Some unscrupulous people in our society may even think of swindling such youth through assuring them of good jobs. Period of Adolescence: | https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/child-development/top-7-factors-affecting-period-of-adolescence-child-development/1107 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_394580510#0_820479487 | Title: Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Headings: Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Some important theories of motivation have been listed here:
(1) Kurt Lewin’s Theory of Motivation:
Method of Cognitive Field of Psychology:
The following terms are summarised the concept of field theory:
Person (P):
Person’s Need:
Environment:
Theory of Vector Analysis:
Vector is a force which has got three characteristics:
Valence:
Locomotion:
Tension:
Goal:
Force:
Life Space:
Level of Aspiration:
Goal Discrepancy:
Risk Taking Behaviour:
Approach to Success:
Approach the Failure:
(2) The Instincts Theory of Motivation by Mc Dougall:
McDougall has defined the term instinct:
Instincts as complex inherited tendencies common to all members of a species compelling each individual:
McDougall prepared a list of twelve original instincts which was extended to eighteen instincts or basic propensities such as:
The theory of instincts was rejected by other psychologists on the basis of the following reasons:
The following four meaning of the term drive have been enumerated:
(3) Theory of Achievement Motivation—McClelland:
He defines the term motive:
The two factor:
Development of Achievement Motive:
Propositions of Achievement Motive Theory:
McClelland (1965) enumerated twelve propositions for developing new motives in human beings:
(4) The Hygiene Theory of Motivation:
He classifies human needs into two categories:
(i) Hygiene Factors:
These are:
(ii) Motivation:
These motivators are helpful in realizing the following facts:
Measurement of Achievement Motive:
The Role of Teacher in Developing Achievement Motivation:
The teacher can play a crucial role in developing achievement motive by the following ways:
The Teacher Should:
Content: Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Article Shared by
ADVERTISEMENTS: There are several definitions of the term motivation. Different psychologists have emphasised different aspects of motivation. Several terms—motive, drive, need, instincts, curiosity, goal incentive and interest are used to explain the term motivation. It is considered psycho-physiological phenomenon. McClelland advocates that home environment, social philosophy and social norms and values are the significant factors which contribute a developing motivation. Motivation energises the behaviour, releases the energy and arouses the activities. It also regulates the human behaviour. | https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/theory/theories-of-motivation/theories-of-motivation-4-theories-psychology/13514 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_394580510#1_820482319 | Title: Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Headings: Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Some important theories of motivation have been listed here:
(1) Kurt Lewin’s Theory of Motivation:
Method of Cognitive Field of Psychology:
The following terms are summarised the concept of field theory:
Person (P):
Person’s Need:
Environment:
Theory of Vector Analysis:
Vector is a force which has got three characteristics:
Valence:
Locomotion:
Tension:
Goal:
Force:
Life Space:
Level of Aspiration:
Goal Discrepancy:
Risk Taking Behaviour:
Approach to Success:
Approach the Failure:
(2) The Instincts Theory of Motivation by Mc Dougall:
McDougall has defined the term instinct:
Instincts as complex inherited tendencies common to all members of a species compelling each individual:
McDougall prepared a list of twelve original instincts which was extended to eighteen instincts or basic propensities such as:
The theory of instincts was rejected by other psychologists on the basis of the following reasons:
The following four meaning of the term drive have been enumerated:
(3) Theory of Achievement Motivation—McClelland:
He defines the term motive:
The two factor:
Development of Achievement Motive:
Propositions of Achievement Motive Theory:
McClelland (1965) enumerated twelve propositions for developing new motives in human beings:
(4) The Hygiene Theory of Motivation:
He classifies human needs into two categories:
(i) Hygiene Factors:
These are:
(ii) Motivation:
These motivators are helpful in realizing the following facts:
Measurement of Achievement Motive:
The Role of Teacher in Developing Achievement Motivation:
The teacher can play a crucial role in developing achievement motive by the following ways:
The Teacher Should:
Content: Several terms—motive, drive, need, instincts, curiosity, goal incentive and interest are used to explain the term motivation. It is considered psycho-physiological phenomenon. McClelland advocates that home environment, social philosophy and social norms and values are the significant factors which contribute a developing motivation. Motivation energises the behaviour, releases the energy and arouses the activities. It also regulates the human behaviour. It is difficult to provide a comprehensive definition of the term motivation. Psychologists have developed several theories of motivation to explain and understand the nature of motivation. Some important theories of motivation have been listed here: (1) Kurt Lewin’s Theory of Motivation: ADVERTISEMENTS: | https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/theory/theories-of-motivation/theories-of-motivation-4-theories-psychology/13514 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_394580510#21_820538769 | Title: Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Headings: Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Theories of Motivation: 4 Theories | Psychology
Some important theories of motivation have been listed here:
(1) Kurt Lewin’s Theory of Motivation:
Method of Cognitive Field of Psychology:
The following terms are summarised the concept of field theory:
Person (P):
Person’s Need:
Environment:
Theory of Vector Analysis:
Vector is a force which has got three characteristics:
Valence:
Locomotion:
Tension:
Goal:
Force:
Life Space:
Level of Aspiration:
Goal Discrepancy:
Risk Taking Behaviour:
Approach to Success:
Approach the Failure:
(2) The Instincts Theory of Motivation by Mc Dougall:
McDougall has defined the term instinct:
Instincts as complex inherited tendencies common to all members of a species compelling each individual:
McDougall prepared a list of twelve original instincts which was extended to eighteen instincts or basic propensities such as:
The theory of instincts was rejected by other psychologists on the basis of the following reasons:
The following four meaning of the term drive have been enumerated:
(3) Theory of Achievement Motivation—McClelland:
He defines the term motive:
The two factor:
Development of Achievement Motive:
Propositions of Achievement Motive Theory:
McClelland (1965) enumerated twelve propositions for developing new motives in human beings:
(4) The Hygiene Theory of Motivation:
He classifies human needs into two categories:
(i) Hygiene Factors:
These are:
(ii) Motivation:
These motivators are helpful in realizing the following facts:
Measurement of Achievement Motive:
The Role of Teacher in Developing Achievement Motivation:
The teacher can play a crucial role in developing achievement motive by the following ways:
The Teacher Should:
Content: It is a tendency of a human behaviour. 3. It is internal stimulus and internal tissue condition which release energy and directs to activity. 4. It is a specific goal directed activity of an individual. Thus, the awareness of instincts and drive is essential to a teacher to make use of these concepts in organizing teaching in classroom and to motivate his students. (3) Theory of Achievement Motivation—McClelland: The theory of motivation was developed by social psychologists, Mc Clelland. John Atkinson and their associates during the mid of present century. The psychologists through that an individual psychology is greatly influenced by social, political and economic problems. | https://www.psychologydiscussion.net/theory/theories-of-motivation/theories-of-motivation-4-theories-psychology/13514 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_396494653#1_825004768 | Title: Cognitive Theory of Motivation - The Psychology Notes Headquarters
Headings: Cognitive Theory of Motivation
Cognitive Theory of Motivation
Assumptions
Types of Motivation
Goal Setting Theory
Expectancy – Value Theory
Attribution Theory
Content: The first factor involves information available to us. Initially, we will process a situation based on whatever input is immediately available to our senses. The second factor involves our past experience, which we refer to when we try to make sense of information presently available and in determining how to respond or relate to the current situation. Types of Motivation
Deci and Ryan suggest that there are two types of motivation. Intrinsic motivation is the force that compels us to fulfill our inner potential and interests. This type of motivation corresponds to our inherent desire to express our authentic selves through selected actions and behaviors, across different settings, whether at work or at play. Moreover, intrinsic motivation is quite effective as those of us who are intrinsically-motivated feel that we can influence and determine the outcomes of our efforts. The notion of intrinsic motivation helps explain why some people prefer a lower-paying job that they like over a more lucrative one which may offer more material rewards but not as much enjoyment. Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, is experienced when our actions are influenced by the desire to attain goal objects or rewards. Rewards may be tangible, such as food or money, or intangible, such as pride and recognition. | https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/cognitive-theory-of-motivation/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_396494653#2_825006531 | Title: Cognitive Theory of Motivation - The Psychology Notes Headquarters
Headings: Cognitive Theory of Motivation
Cognitive Theory of Motivation
Assumptions
Types of Motivation
Goal Setting Theory
Expectancy – Value Theory
Attribution Theory
Content: This type of motivation corresponds to our inherent desire to express our authentic selves through selected actions and behaviors, across different settings, whether at work or at play. Moreover, intrinsic motivation is quite effective as those of us who are intrinsically-motivated feel that we can influence and determine the outcomes of our efforts. The notion of intrinsic motivation helps explain why some people prefer a lower-paying job that they like over a more lucrative one which may offer more material rewards but not as much enjoyment. Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, is experienced when our actions are influenced by the desire to attain goal objects or rewards. Rewards may be tangible, such as food or money, or intangible, such as pride and recognition. Goal Setting Theory
According to one cognitive theory of motivation, the Goal Setting Theory, three factors affect our probability of success in achieving an outcome. Specifically, these are
the time set for the attainment of a goal
the degree of complexity or difficulty of the goal
the specificity of the goal
Ideally, the shorter the time between the initiation of action toward a goal and the time the goal is achieved, the greater are the chances of success. With regard to level of complexity of the goal, this factor determines how attractive the goal is to us. A goal is most attractive and appealing to us if it is neither too easy nor too difficult to attain. Goals that are too easy fail to provide satisfaction while goals that are too difficult to obtain can cause us to feel discouraged and expend less effort in trying to attain the goal. | https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/cognitive-theory-of-motivation/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_396769302#6_825675376 | Title: How to Become a Personality Psychologist
Headings: How to Become a Personality Psychologist
How to Become a Personality Psychologist
What is Personality Psychology?
What Does a Personality Psychologist Do?
What are the Requirements to Become a Personality Psychologist?
What is Studied in Personality Psychology?
What Skills are Needed for a Personality Psychologist?
What are the Career Opportunities in Personality Psychology?
What is the Salary of a Personality Psychologist?
Useful Resources
Content: What is Studied in Personality Psychology? As mentioned above, personality psychology is the study of the unique characteristics that make people individuals. Specifically, personality psychology is concerned with the way individuals behave, how they experience feelings and express emotions, and the patterns that govern how people think. These explorations fall under two broad areas of study in personality psychology: Examining the personality characteristics that make each person distinctive, such as whether they are introverted or extroverted. Determining the manner in which the individual parts of one’s personality come together as a whole. Much of the study of personality psychology revolves around pathological personality characteristics. Psychologists often study and work with individuals that have a personality disorder, such as histrionic, borderline, or antisocial personality disorder. Psychologists that study personality are also interested in how mental illness, such as depression or schizophrenia, impact the expression of one’s personality. Studying personality psychology includes an examination of the major theories of personality development as well. | https://www.psychologyschoolguide.net/career-guides/becoming-a-personality-psychologist/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_397185781#11_826708311 | Title: How to Become a Prison Counselor
Headings: Prison Counseling Careers
Prison Counseling Careers
What is a Prison Counselor?
What Does a Prison Counselor Do?
What is the Nature of Work for a Prison Counselor?
Is Prison Counseling Right For You?
What are the Education Requirements to Become a Prison Counselor?
What Do You Learn in Prison Counseling Training?
How Much Does a Prison Counselor Make?
Content: During your formal education/training you may acquire following skills: Criminal justice system – Providing an overview of the criminal justice system, how it works and what is involved in each process. This allows counselors to better understand the challenges faced by their clients at particular times and the pathway they are likely to follow through the system so they can help them prepare. Criminal theory – The basic theories about criminal behavior and what the underlying causes often are. Psychology – Basic psychology courses to provide an insight into the theories and principles that may be useful to help progression of clients through rehabilitation. Students may also take courses in social psychology to better understand how social interactions shape human responses. Human behavior – To get a grounding of why people behave as they do, how challenging behaviors are best dealt with and what motivates long-term change. Counseling skills – A solid grounding in counseling skills to help build relationships with clients and guide them through the treatment pathways. Self-defense – Often taught as a useful add-on, to help deal with the physical threat of working within the prison environment
Psychological evaluation methods – A prison counselor may be called upon to give an opinion as to the threat of reoffending of an individual or about the ongoing risks they pose. They need a good basic knowledge of psychological evaluation methods to be able to do this well. | https://www.psychologyschoolguide.net/counseling-careers/prison-counselor/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_398279175#3_829202296 | Title: How to Become a Family Social Worker
Headings: Family Social Work Careers: How to Become a Family Social Worker
Family Social Work Careers: How to Become a Family Social Worker
What is Family Social Work?
What Does a Family Social Worker Do?
What is a Family Court Social Worker?
Where Does a Family Social Worker Work?
What are the Requirements to Become a Family Social Worker?
Education
Training
Licensing Requirements
What Personal Skills are Needed for a Family Social Worker?
What is the Salary and Job Outlook for Family Social Workers?
Useful Resources
Content: Thus began the journey of social work to becoming a systems-based approach to helping families overcome obstacles in their lives. What Does a Family Social Worker Do? The field of family social work focuses on providing support services to families who must overcome obstacles to achieve optimal family functioning. Trained in a number of areas, including communications, counseling, and advocacy, family social workers are employed in a variety of public and private settings and work with a myriad of clients. Family social workers may assist couples in adopting a child, find resources for victims of domestic violence, or help parolees reintegrate into society after serving their sentence. Family social workers typically help families overcome obstacles in their lives, ranging from abuse to poverty to addiction. They focus on assessing the needs of the family and offering various types of support, both to individual family members and to the family as a unit. Supports may include counseling, advocacy, and coordination of resources. For example, a family social worker assigned to a homeless family would work to secure the family temporary housing. The social worker would consult with parents to arrange for job interviews if one or both are unemployed. | https://www.psychologyschoolguide.net/social-work-careers/how-to-become-a-family-social-worker/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_398279175#4_829204368 | Title: How to Become a Family Social Worker
Headings: Family Social Work Careers: How to Become a Family Social Worker
Family Social Work Careers: How to Become a Family Social Worker
What is Family Social Work?
What Does a Family Social Worker Do?
What is a Family Court Social Worker?
Where Does a Family Social Worker Work?
What are the Requirements to Become a Family Social Worker?
Education
Training
Licensing Requirements
What Personal Skills are Needed for a Family Social Worker?
What is the Salary and Job Outlook for Family Social Workers?
Useful Resources
Content: Family social workers typically help families overcome obstacles in their lives, ranging from abuse to poverty to addiction. They focus on assessing the needs of the family and offering various types of support, both to individual family members and to the family as a unit. Supports may include counseling, advocacy, and coordination of resources. For example, a family social worker assigned to a homeless family would work to secure the family temporary housing. The social worker would consult with parents to arrange for job interviews if one or both are unemployed. For the children in the family, the social worker might procure needed school supplies and arrange for transportation to and from school. If a family member struggles with addiction, one-on-one counseling might be undertaken. Related: How to Become a Youth Social Worker
What is a Family Court Social Worker? Family court social workers are specialists that work exclusively with children, adolescents, and families that are involved in the judicial system in some way. | https://www.psychologyschoolguide.net/social-work-careers/how-to-become-a-family-social-worker/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399150408#10_830554476 | Title: Behind the Rhetoric | Psychology Today
Headings: Behind the Rhetoric
Behind the Rhetoric
Presents the politics of mental health and the mental health of politics or politicians in the United States. Discussion on the politics of policy; Personality analysis of the presidential candidates. INSETS: READING BETWEEN THE LINES; READING THEIR LIPS.
Content: The availability of treatment of diabetes and the availability of treatment for depression or schizophrenia ought to be the same," he has said. " This is one that I will fix for you." The wide-ranging, detailed plan addresses such issues as making sure parents in search of mental health help for their children do not lose their children to child welfare services in the process; supporting families of the mentally ill and others with the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and with tax credits; encouraging community- and home-based care over institutions; reaching out to the homeless; supporting scientific research into treatments for mental illness; and fighting for a "strong, enforceable patients' bill of rights." In June, Bush delivered his "New Freedom Initiative," "to speed up the day when our country has removed the last barrier to full, independent, productive lives for every person, regardless of disability." His plan, while not specific, addressed his desire to see people with disabilities move toward independent living, as well as participation in the workforce and the community. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200009/behind-the-rhetoric |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399439995#0_831154470 | Title: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters | Psychology Today
Headings: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
They're smart, they're funny, and they know it. But is cracking jokes that put other people down truly wise?
Genesis of the Jibe
Sarcasm's Slippery Slope
When to Take The Edge Off
Content: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters | Psychology Today
Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
They're smart, they're funny, and they know it. But is cracking jokes that put other people down truly wise? By Elizabeth Svoboda published July 1, 2007 - last reviewed on June 9, 2016
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If there's such a thing as a congenital smart aleck, Rachel Mosteller is it. The 27-year-old Houston journalist has been ready with a well-timed barb since her elementary-school years. " I made my first quip when I was about 10. My parents were getting divorced right around my birthday, and I said, 'Well, isn't that a great present,'" she recalls. " That made my mom pretty mad." Mosteller has continued to hone her sensibility ever since. " | https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200707/field-guide-sarcastic-masters |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399439995#2_831157294 | Title: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters | Psychology Today
Headings: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
They're smart, they're funny, and they know it. But is cracking jokes that put other people down truly wise?
Genesis of the Jibe
Sarcasm's Slippery Slope
When to Take The Edge Off
Content: I tend to use it when I think people are taking themselves too seriously," she says. Certified wisecrackers may see their snarky remarks as clever diversions, but because the distinction between a joke and an insult can be nebulous, they can easily damage relationships and careers with their one-liners. Frustrated by her company's practice of feting model employees with Hallmark-style gifts, Mosteller posted a send-up of the policy on her blog, The Sarcastic Journalist, in 2005. " You go and do something spectacular (most likely, you're doing your JOB) and someone says, 'Why golly, that was spectacular.' Then they bring you chocolate and some balloons," she wrote. Though she never disclosed her real name or the company's, higher-ups got wind of the post and she was promptly fired. So why do wisecrackers keep their bons mots coming at the risk of alienating others? Though they may not be aware of it, sarcasm is their means of indirectly expressing aggression toward others and insecurity about themselves. Wrapping their thoughts in a joke shields them from the vulnerability that comes with directly putting one's opinions out there. " Sarcastic people protect themselves by only letting the world see a superficial part of who they are," says Steven Stosny, a Washington, D.C.-based therapist and anger specialist. " | https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200707/field-guide-sarcastic-masters |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399439995#3_831159152 | Title: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters | Psychology Today
Headings: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
They're smart, they're funny, and they know it. But is cracking jokes that put other people down truly wise?
Genesis of the Jibe
Sarcasm's Slippery Slope
When to Take The Edge Off
Content: Though she never disclosed her real name or the company's, higher-ups got wind of the post and she was promptly fired. So why do wisecrackers keep their bons mots coming at the risk of alienating others? Though they may not be aware of it, sarcasm is their means of indirectly expressing aggression toward others and insecurity about themselves. Wrapping their thoughts in a joke shields them from the vulnerability that comes with directly putting one's opinions out there. " Sarcastic people protect themselves by only letting the world see a superficial part of who they are," says Steven Stosny, a Washington, D.C.-based therapist and anger specialist. " They're very into impression management ." Because humor and hostility often come mixed together, it can be difficult to pinpoint a wisecracker's primary intent. " Sometimes sarcasm is humor—purely a Don Rickles kind of joking—and sometimes it's just innocently insensitive," Stosny says. " But other times, it's devaluing." Everyone benefits from a wisecracker's comic relief, but if you are the target of regular swipes, it's best to assertively call the joker out. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200707/field-guide-sarcastic-masters |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399439995#4_831160818 | Title: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters | Psychology Today
Headings: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
They're smart, they're funny, and they know it. But is cracking jokes that put other people down truly wise?
Genesis of the Jibe
Sarcasm's Slippery Slope
When to Take The Edge Off
Content: They're very into impression management ." Because humor and hostility often come mixed together, it can be difficult to pinpoint a wisecracker's primary intent. " Sometimes sarcasm is humor—purely a Don Rickles kind of joking—and sometimes it's just innocently insensitive," Stosny says. " But other times, it's devaluing." Everyone benefits from a wisecracker's comic relief, but if you are the target of regular swipes, it's best to assertively call the joker out. His hilariousness doesn't give him the right to belittle you. Genesis of the Jibe
"Just blurting out an insult is pedestrian at best," says Vacheh Joakim, an IT specialist in Los Angeles who prides himself on his sardonic wit. " But a sarcastic jab that can masquerade as a compliment is much more enjoyable, and it also gives the person being sarcastic a sense of superiority." Though Stosny and others theorize that such verbal jujitsu is rooted in insecurity, wisecrackers themselves, predictably enough, tend to admit feelings of inadequacy only indirectly. Joakim, for example, acknowledges the possibility of using sarcasm to compensate for shortcomings, but sidesteps a personal revelation: " | https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200707/field-guide-sarcastic-masters |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399439995#5_831162528 | Title: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters | Psychology Today
Headings: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
They're smart, they're funny, and they know it. But is cracking jokes that put other people down truly wise?
Genesis of the Jibe
Sarcasm's Slippery Slope
When to Take The Edge Off
Content: His hilariousness doesn't give him the right to belittle you. Genesis of the Jibe
"Just blurting out an insult is pedestrian at best," says Vacheh Joakim, an IT specialist in Los Angeles who prides himself on his sardonic wit. " But a sarcastic jab that can masquerade as a compliment is much more enjoyable, and it also gives the person being sarcastic a sense of superiority." Though Stosny and others theorize that such verbal jujitsu is rooted in insecurity, wisecrackers themselves, predictably enough, tend to admit feelings of inadequacy only indirectly. Joakim, for example, acknowledges the possibility of using sarcasm to compensate for shortcomings, but sidesteps a personal revelation: " Sarcasm doesn't help satisfy a Napoleon complex, but it does give you a little ego boost." article continues after advertisement
Albert Katz, a cognitive psychologist at the University of Western Ontario, has recently looked at the wisecrackers' focus on one-upsmanship from a biological perspective, showing that people whose brains are best equipped to understand sarcasm tend to have aggressive personalities. Subjects who scored high on aggression tests showed different patterns of brain activity in response to sarcasm than those who did not. The differences suggest that the aggressive subjects were processing nonliteral meaning more quickly. " Sarcasm is definitely a dominance thing—it's related to being top dog," Katz says, both for initiators of sarcastic banter and those who catch on and offer a retort. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200707/field-guide-sarcastic-masters |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399439995#6_831164583 | Title: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters | Psychology Today
Headings: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
They're smart, they're funny, and they know it. But is cracking jokes that put other people down truly wise?
Genesis of the Jibe
Sarcasm's Slippery Slope
When to Take The Edge Off
Content: Sarcasm doesn't help satisfy a Napoleon complex, but it does give you a little ego boost." article continues after advertisement
Albert Katz, a cognitive psychologist at the University of Western Ontario, has recently looked at the wisecrackers' focus on one-upsmanship from a biological perspective, showing that people whose brains are best equipped to understand sarcasm tend to have aggressive personalities. Subjects who scored high on aggression tests showed different patterns of brain activity in response to sarcasm than those who did not. The differences suggest that the aggressive subjects were processing nonliteral meaning more quickly. " Sarcasm is definitely a dominance thing—it's related to being top dog," Katz says, both for initiators of sarcastic banter and those who catch on and offer a retort. A knack for sarcasm isn't necessarily linked to intelligence, says Simone Shamay-Tsoory, a neurologist at the University of Haifa in Israel. Some highly intelligent people who have autism or Asperger's syndrome, for example, may fail to understand jokes and sarcasm. But her research has shown that people who are particularly good at detecting sarcasm also tend to be better at identifying emotional facial expressions. They seem to understand social situations better overall, she says. Such superior social intelligence may be behind Joakim's conclusion that those who can hang with sarcasm are always the most interesting conversation partners at a party. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200707/field-guide-sarcastic-masters |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399439995#7_831166592 | Title: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters | Psychology Today
Headings: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
They're smart, they're funny, and they know it. But is cracking jokes that put other people down truly wise?
Genesis of the Jibe
Sarcasm's Slippery Slope
When to Take The Edge Off
Content: A knack for sarcasm isn't necessarily linked to intelligence, says Simone Shamay-Tsoory, a neurologist at the University of Haifa in Israel. Some highly intelligent people who have autism or Asperger's syndrome, for example, may fail to understand jokes and sarcasm. But her research has shown that people who are particularly good at detecting sarcasm also tend to be better at identifying emotional facial expressions. They seem to understand social situations better overall, she says. Such superior social intelligence may be behind Joakim's conclusion that those who can hang with sarcasm are always the most interesting conversation partners at a party. Sarcasm's Slippery Slope
Everyone wants a witty partner, but sarcasm can sabotage relationships. Psychologist John Gottman has found that if partners display contempt toward each other—which commonly includes making sarcastic remarks—their odds of divorce rise dramatically. " People who use sarcasm don't see themselves as being hurtful, they see themselves as being funny," Katz says. " But recipients tend to interpret their remarks as hurtful." "People are constantly getting mad at me," Mosteller says. " | https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200707/field-guide-sarcastic-masters |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399439995#13_831174736 | Title: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters | Psychology Today
Headings: Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
Field Guide: Sarcastic Masters
They're smart, they're funny, and they know it. But is cracking jokes that put other people down truly wise?
Genesis of the Jibe
Sarcasm's Slippery Slope
When to Take The Edge Off
Content: Sarcasm is highly dependent on tone, while people tend to take typed notes more literally. As silly as those smiley-face emoticons are, use one if there is any possibility that your message could be misinterpreted. Examine your motivations. Some people resort to over-the-top sarcasm in an attempt to shore up their own self-image. Consider whether you yourself harbor feelings of inadequacy. Once you feel comfortable with who you are, you won't need to hide behind a veil of sarcasm. Err on the side of caution. If you're unsure how the target of your statement will respond, it's best not to unleash sarcasm at all, as Mosteller has learned. " If I'm around my husband's boss, I hold my tongue," she says. " I know that once I open my mouth, things are just going to keep coming." | https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200707/field-guide-sarcastic-masters |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399828950#1_831800476 | Title: Adolescence | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
What Is Adolescence?
What are the stages of adolescence?
What is the purpose of adolescence?
Why is puberty so challenging?
Why do teens make bad decisions and take risks?
How does sleep change during adolescence?
How Do I Talk to My Teen?
How can I maintain a close relationship with a teen?
How do I talk to a teen about healthy sex?
How do I talk to a teen about drugs and alcohol?
How can I support a teen when they’re upset?
How Does Mental Health Change During Adolescence?
Why are teenagers today so stressed and anxious?
How can I help an anxious teenager?
How common are mental health disorders in college?
How can I help a college student access mental health care?
What’s the relationship between social media use and mental health?
Content: Adolescence can be a time of both disorientation and discovery. The transitional period can raise questions of independence and identity; as adolescents cultivate their sense of self, they may face difficult choices about academics, friendship, sexuality, gender identity, drugs, and alcohol. Most teens have a relatively egocentric perspective on life; a state of mind that usually abates with age. They often focus on themselves and believe that everyone else—from a best friend to a distant crush—is focused on them too. They may grapple with insecurities and feelings of being judged. Relationships with family members often take a backseat to peer groups, romantic interests, and appearance, which teens perceive as increasingly important during this time. The transition can naturally lead to anxiety about physical development, evolving relationships with others, and one's place in the larger world. Mild anxiety and other challenges are typical, but serious mental health conditions also emerge during adolescence. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/adolescence |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399828950#4_831806547 | Title: Adolescence | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
What Is Adolescence?
What are the stages of adolescence?
What is the purpose of adolescence?
Why is puberty so challenging?
Why do teens make bad decisions and take risks?
How does sleep change during adolescence?
How Do I Talk to My Teen?
How can I maintain a close relationship with a teen?
How do I talk to a teen about healthy sex?
How do I talk to a teen about drugs and alcohol?
How can I support a teen when they’re upset?
How Does Mental Health Change During Adolescence?
Why are teenagers today so stressed and anxious?
How can I help an anxious teenager?
How common are mental health disorders in college?
How can I help a college student access mental health care?
What’s the relationship between social media use and mental health?
Content: What is the purpose of adolescence? Created with Sketch. The purpose of adolescence is for a child to psychologically and socially transform into a young adult. Breaking from their childhood attachment and security allows children to acquire freedom and responsibility to develop independence and to differentiate themselves from their parents and childhood to establish their own unique identity. Why is puberty so challenging? Created with Sketch. Puberty begins between ages 9 and 15, and it lasts between a year and a half to three years. The hormonal and biological changes that occur can lead adolescents to feel anxious and self-conscious and to require more privacy and become preoccupied with their appearance, which can influence how they are perceived and accepted. Why do teens make bad decisions and take risks? Created with Sketch. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/adolescence |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399921636#1_832030397 | Title: Behavioral Economics | Psychology Today
Headings: Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics
Contents
Understanding Behavioral Economics
What is the difference between traditional economics and behavioral economics?
Why is behavioral economics important?
Do economic incentives to change behavior work?
Irrationality and Behavioral Economics
What are some examples of bias in behavioral economics?
What is the main drawback in using heuristics to solve problems?
What are some examples of heuristics that lead to irrational choices?
Does having too many options lead to poor decision-making?
How Can You Influence People's Behavior?
What is nudge theory?
What is an example of a nudge?
What are some nudging techniques?
Is nudging ethical?
Content: American economist and cognitive psychologist Herbert A. Simon came up with the theory of bounded rationality, which explains how people’s rationality is limited by the timeframe, by their cognitive resources, and by the difficulty level of the decision. Simon said that decision-makers frequently act as satisficers, seeking a satisfactory solution instead of an optimal one. Nobel Prize-winning cognitive psychologist Daniel Kahneman (who also came up with fast and slow thinking systems) and Amos Tversky developed prospect theory, which shows how irrational decision-making is informed by clinical psychology. Prospect theory has two stages: an editing stage, where heuristics or mental shortcuts are applied in risky situations, and an evaluation stage, where psychological principles like loss aversion and reference dependence are used to analyze risky alternatives. These theories and a better understanding of irrational decision-making inspired further developments in behavioral economics. American economist and Nobel laureate Richard Thaler outlined mental accounting as the process by which people code, categorize, and weigh economic outcomes. Thaler also developed nudge theory to explore how people’s choices can be influenced (aka “nudged”) by individuals and organizations taking advantage of framing and heuristics. What is the difference between traditional economics and behavioral economics? Created with Sketch. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/behavioral-economics |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399921636#2_832032804 | Title: Behavioral Economics | Psychology Today
Headings: Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics
Contents
Understanding Behavioral Economics
What is the difference between traditional economics and behavioral economics?
Why is behavioral economics important?
Do economic incentives to change behavior work?
Irrationality and Behavioral Economics
What are some examples of bias in behavioral economics?
What is the main drawback in using heuristics to solve problems?
What are some examples of heuristics that lead to irrational choices?
Does having too many options lead to poor decision-making?
How Can You Influence People's Behavior?
What is nudge theory?
What is an example of a nudge?
What are some nudging techniques?
Is nudging ethical?
Content: These theories and a better understanding of irrational decision-making inspired further developments in behavioral economics. American economist and Nobel laureate Richard Thaler outlined mental accounting as the process by which people code, categorize, and weigh economic outcomes. Thaler also developed nudge theory to explore how people’s choices can be influenced (aka “nudged”) by individuals and organizations taking advantage of framing and heuristics. What is the difference between traditional economics and behavioral economics? Created with Sketch. < g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
Traditional economics explains how people make decisions when they have all available information and can take the time to think rationally about their options. However, real-world choices are often limited by deadlines, uncertainty, and risk, leading to behavior that may seem irrational out of context. Behavioral economics offers insights on how people can make better decisions given these constraints. Why is behavioral economics important? Created with Sketch. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/behavioral-economics |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399921636#5_832039002 | Title: Behavioral Economics | Psychology Today
Headings: Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics
Contents
Understanding Behavioral Economics
What is the difference between traditional economics and behavioral economics?
Why is behavioral economics important?
Do economic incentives to change behavior work?
Irrationality and Behavioral Economics
What are some examples of bias in behavioral economics?
What is the main drawback in using heuristics to solve problems?
What are some examples of heuristics that lead to irrational choices?
Does having too many options lead to poor decision-making?
How Can You Influence People's Behavior?
What is nudge theory?
What is an example of a nudge?
What are some nudging techniques?
Is nudging ethical?
Content: These incentives can be positive (e.g., a work bonus) or negative (e.g., a fine for bad behavior). Oftentimes, these incentives will backfire from turning a social exchange into an economic one. Incentives must be both achievable and progressive to be effective at changing behavior. article continues after advertisement
Irrationality and Behavioral Economics
Instead of making optimal choices, people often behave in ways that seem irrational and even against their own interests. Behavioral economics explains why individuals may make irrational choices by demonstrating how their decision-making is influenced by: Biases (such as future discounting)
Heightened emotions
Faulty heuristics
Mental fatigue
Loss aversion
Choice overload
Perceived social norms
Situational framing
Context
What's more, many decisions must be made under conditions of great uncertainty, where not much is known about all the risks and benefits of a choice or where those features are constantly shifting. Behavioral economics aims to understand the effects of uncertainty on decision-making in such realms as consumer purchasing, financial savings, and lifestyle changes. What are some examples of bias in behavioral economics? Created with Sketch. A knee-jerk bias involves making fast, instinctive decisions instead of taking time to deliberate. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/behavioral-economics |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399921636#10_832049410 | Title: Behavioral Economics | Psychology Today
Headings: Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics
Contents
Understanding Behavioral Economics
What is the difference between traditional economics and behavioral economics?
Why is behavioral economics important?
Do economic incentives to change behavior work?
Irrationality and Behavioral Economics
What are some examples of bias in behavioral economics?
What is the main drawback in using heuristics to solve problems?
What are some examples of heuristics that lead to irrational choices?
Does having too many options lead to poor decision-making?
How Can You Influence People's Behavior?
What is nudge theory?
What is an example of a nudge?
What are some nudging techniques?
Is nudging ethical?
Content: Does having too many options lead to poor decision-making? Created with Sketch. People are often limited by the time they have to make a decision. When too many options are available, it’s not possible to make a rational choice—you could take forever simply gathering information. As a result of this choice overload, people can experience decision paralysis, mental fatigue, and disappointment or dissatisfaction with their choice. How Can You Influence People's Behavior? Many people are inclined to choose an option that brings instant pleasure, rather than the one which will beget long-term satisfaction at the expense of short-term gratification. Using behavioral economics, individuals and institutions can take advantage of this to manipulate people into a specific course of action or purchase. One way that a person can be influenced is through a "nudge," a combination of positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions encouraging specific behaviors. Not all of these manipulations are harmful, as behavioral economics can be used to get people to make positive behavioral changes, such as eating less or saving more money. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/behavioral-economics |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399921636#11_832051510 | Title: Behavioral Economics | Psychology Today
Headings: Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics
Contents
Understanding Behavioral Economics
What is the difference between traditional economics and behavioral economics?
Why is behavioral economics important?
Do economic incentives to change behavior work?
Irrationality and Behavioral Economics
What are some examples of bias in behavioral economics?
What is the main drawback in using heuristics to solve problems?
What are some examples of heuristics that lead to irrational choices?
Does having too many options lead to poor decision-making?
How Can You Influence People's Behavior?
What is nudge theory?
What is an example of a nudge?
What are some nudging techniques?
Is nudging ethical?
Content: How Can You Influence People's Behavior? Many people are inclined to choose an option that brings instant pleasure, rather than the one which will beget long-term satisfaction at the expense of short-term gratification. Using behavioral economics, individuals and institutions can take advantage of this to manipulate people into a specific course of action or purchase. One way that a person can be influenced is through a "nudge," a combination of positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions encouraging specific behaviors. Not all of these manipulations are harmful, as behavioral economics can be used to get people to make positive behavioral changes, such as eating less or saving more money. What is nudge theory? Created with Sketch. In the book Nudge, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein define a “nudge” as a policy that influences people to make more desirable decisions via psychological, environmental, and social cues. Examples include putting healthy food at eye level instead of junk food. People still have free will —nothing is banned or mandated—but it’s easier to do what’s best for themselves in the long run. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/behavioral-economics |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399921636#12_832053626 | Title: Behavioral Economics | Psychology Today
Headings: Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics
Contents
Understanding Behavioral Economics
What is the difference between traditional economics and behavioral economics?
Why is behavioral economics important?
Do economic incentives to change behavior work?
Irrationality and Behavioral Economics
What are some examples of bias in behavioral economics?
What is the main drawback in using heuristics to solve problems?
What are some examples of heuristics that lead to irrational choices?
Does having too many options lead to poor decision-making?
How Can You Influence People's Behavior?
What is nudge theory?
What is an example of a nudge?
What are some nudging techniques?
Is nudging ethical?
Content: What is nudge theory? Created with Sketch. In the book Nudge, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein define a “nudge” as a policy that influences people to make more desirable decisions via psychological, environmental, and social cues. Examples include putting healthy food at eye level instead of junk food. People still have free will —nothing is banned or mandated—but it’s easier to do what’s best for themselves in the long run. What is an example of a nudge? Created with Sketch. One type of nudge is a scarcity appeal, which uses limited time offers or limited quantities to convince customers to stop procrastinating or deferring a decision and make a purchase. This works, because consumers are often afraid they will regret not buying something in the future. What are some nudging techniques? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/behavioral-economics |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399921636#13_832055407 | Title: Behavioral Economics | Psychology Today
Headings: Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics
Contents
Understanding Behavioral Economics
What is the difference between traditional economics and behavioral economics?
Why is behavioral economics important?
Do economic incentives to change behavior work?
Irrationality and Behavioral Economics
What are some examples of bias in behavioral economics?
What is the main drawback in using heuristics to solve problems?
What are some examples of heuristics that lead to irrational choices?
Does having too many options lead to poor decision-making?
How Can You Influence People's Behavior?
What is nudge theory?
What is an example of a nudge?
What are some nudging techniques?
Is nudging ethical?
Content: What is an example of a nudge? Created with Sketch. One type of nudge is a scarcity appeal, which uses limited time offers or limited quantities to convince customers to stop procrastinating or deferring a decision and make a purchase. This works, because consumers are often afraid they will regret not buying something in the future. What are some nudging techniques? Created with Sketch. Whether nudging yourself or someone else, it’s helpful to use reminders and prompts on a regular basis to keep target behaviors top of mind. Reframing negative thoughts as positive ones can boost motivation, and reducing the accessibility of temptations can prevent backsliding. Additionally, social pressure can be an effective tool to increase accountability for reaching one’s goals. Is nudging ethical? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/behavioral-economics |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_399921636#14_832057167 | Title: Behavioral Economics | Psychology Today
Headings: Behavioral Economics
Behavioral Economics
Contents
Understanding Behavioral Economics
What is the difference between traditional economics and behavioral economics?
Why is behavioral economics important?
Do economic incentives to change behavior work?
Irrationality and Behavioral Economics
What are some examples of bias in behavioral economics?
What is the main drawback in using heuristics to solve problems?
What are some examples of heuristics that lead to irrational choices?
Does having too many options lead to poor decision-making?
How Can You Influence People's Behavior?
What is nudge theory?
What is an example of a nudge?
What are some nudging techniques?
Is nudging ethical?
Content: Created with Sketch. Whether nudging yourself or someone else, it’s helpful to use reminders and prompts on a regular basis to keep target behaviors top of mind. Reframing negative thoughts as positive ones can boost motivation, and reducing the accessibility of temptations can prevent backsliding. Additionally, social pressure can be an effective tool to increase accountability for reaching one’s goals. Is nudging ethical? Created with Sketch. Nudges are generally cost-effective and simple to implement, but there is some debate over the ethics. Some argue that nudging can manipulate people into choices that they would not support, given time for reflection. Other ethical considerations include the nature of the defaults being offered, as well as the transparency of the motives and politics of the person or individual doing the nudging. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/behavioral-economics |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400032628#0_832341415 | Title: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Why do marketers study consumer behavior?
How do politicians use marketing research in campaigns?
Why are people drawn to fads?
How is consumer behavior affected by natural disasters?
How does consumer behavior change during a recession?
Will the COVID-19 pandemic change consumer behavior?
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Why does buying things feel good?
Does buying more things make you happy in the long run?
Why do I buy things I don’t need?
Why do I buy things that are bad for me?
How can I stop buying things that are bad for me?
How does anxiety affect what we buy?
What causes panic buying?
What motivates impulse purchases?
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How does marketing influence what we buy?
Do marketers take advantage of how the human brain works?
Why do some ads succeed while others fail?
Why are “limited time offers” so appealing?
Why are so many ads sexual?
Do sexual ads really work?
How to Appeal to Consumers
How can I persuade people to buy my product?
How can I make my marketing campaign more effective?
How can I introduce a new product or idea?
How can marketers sell products ethically?
Content: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Consumer behavior—or how people buy and use goods and services—is a rich field of psychological research, particularly for companies trying to sell products to as many potential customers as possible. Since what people buy—and why they buy it—impacts many different facets of their lives, research into consumer behavior ties together several key psychological issues. These include communication (How do different people respond to advertising and marketing?), identity (Do our purchases reveal our personality ?), social status, decision-making, and mental and physical health. Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How to Appeal to Consumers
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Corporations, political campaigns, and nonprofit organizations all consult findings about consumer behavior to determine how best to market products, candidates, or issues. In some cases, they accomplish this by manipulating people's fears, their least-healthy habits, or their worst tendencies. And consumers themselves can be their own worst enemy, making rash purchasing decisions based on anxiety, faulty logic, or a fleeting desire for social status. But consumers aren’t powerless: Learning more about the different strategies companies employ, as well as the explanations for people's often confusing purchasing decisions, can help individuals more consciously decide what, why, and whether to buy. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/consumer-behavior |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400032628#1_832344389 | Title: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Why do marketers study consumer behavior?
How do politicians use marketing research in campaigns?
Why are people drawn to fads?
How is consumer behavior affected by natural disasters?
How does consumer behavior change during a recession?
Will the COVID-19 pandemic change consumer behavior?
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Why does buying things feel good?
Does buying more things make you happy in the long run?
Why do I buy things I don’t need?
Why do I buy things that are bad for me?
How can I stop buying things that are bad for me?
How does anxiety affect what we buy?
What causes panic buying?
What motivates impulse purchases?
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How does marketing influence what we buy?
Do marketers take advantage of how the human brain works?
Why do some ads succeed while others fail?
Why are “limited time offers” so appealing?
Why are so many ads sexual?
Do sexual ads really work?
How to Appeal to Consumers
How can I persuade people to buy my product?
How can I make my marketing campaign more effective?
How can I introduce a new product or idea?
How can marketers sell products ethically?
Content: Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How to Appeal to Consumers
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Corporations, political campaigns, and nonprofit organizations all consult findings about consumer behavior to determine how best to market products, candidates, or issues. In some cases, they accomplish this by manipulating people's fears, their least-healthy habits, or their worst tendencies. And consumers themselves can be their own worst enemy, making rash purchasing decisions based on anxiety, faulty logic, or a fleeting desire for social status. But consumers aren’t powerless: Learning more about the different strategies companies employ, as well as the explanations for people's often confusing purchasing decisions, can help individuals more consciously decide what, why, and whether to buy. Why do marketers study consumer behavior? Created with Sketch. < g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
In developed countries, people spend only a portion of their money on things they need to survive, and the rest on non-essentials. Purchasing decisions based on want, rather than need, aren’t always rational; instead, they are influenced by personality, emotion, and trends. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/consumer-behavior |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400032628#8_832361084 | Title: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Why do marketers study consumer behavior?
How do politicians use marketing research in campaigns?
Why are people drawn to fads?
How is consumer behavior affected by natural disasters?
How does consumer behavior change during a recession?
Will the COVID-19 pandemic change consumer behavior?
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Why does buying things feel good?
Does buying more things make you happy in the long run?
Why do I buy things I don’t need?
Why do I buy things that are bad for me?
How can I stop buying things that are bad for me?
How does anxiety affect what we buy?
What causes panic buying?
What motivates impulse purchases?
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How does marketing influence what we buy?
Do marketers take advantage of how the human brain works?
Why do some ads succeed while others fail?
Why are “limited time offers” so appealing?
Why are so many ads sexual?
Do sexual ads really work?
How to Appeal to Consumers
How can I persuade people to buy my product?
How can I make my marketing campaign more effective?
How can I introduce a new product or idea?
How can marketers sell products ethically?
Content: Whether those changes will endure, though, is unclear. Some experts predict that most people will revert back to old habits post-COVID; a small few, it’s predicted, will become more frugal and less materialistic in the long term. article continues after advertisement
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Much of what people purchase—like food, shelter, or medical care—is necessary for their health and security. But what compels someone to buy things that aren’t necessary, like the latest iPhone or an impractical pair of high-heeled shoes? The study of why people make such purchases—which are often irrational—is closely related to the field of behavioral economics, which examines why people deviate from the most rational choice available. Behavioral economists, marketing professionals, and psychologists have concluded that extraneous purchases may be driven by a need to display one’s social status, or in response to an emotion like sadness or boredom. In other instances, retailers may successfully manipulate the desire for a “good deal” by making an unneeded item seem especially affordable or portraying it as being in limited supply. Learning how to recognize common manipulation tactics may help individuals and families save money—and stress —in the long term. Why does buying things feel good? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/consumer-behavior |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400032628#9_832363908 | Title: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Why do marketers study consumer behavior?
How do politicians use marketing research in campaigns?
Why are people drawn to fads?
How is consumer behavior affected by natural disasters?
How does consumer behavior change during a recession?
Will the COVID-19 pandemic change consumer behavior?
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Why does buying things feel good?
Does buying more things make you happy in the long run?
Why do I buy things I don’t need?
Why do I buy things that are bad for me?
How can I stop buying things that are bad for me?
How does anxiety affect what we buy?
What causes panic buying?
What motivates impulse purchases?
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How does marketing influence what we buy?
Do marketers take advantage of how the human brain works?
Why do some ads succeed while others fail?
Why are “limited time offers” so appealing?
Why are so many ads sexual?
Do sexual ads really work?
How to Appeal to Consumers
How can I persuade people to buy my product?
How can I make my marketing campaign more effective?
How can I introduce a new product or idea?
How can marketers sell products ethically?
Content: The study of why people make such purchases—which are often irrational—is closely related to the field of behavioral economics, which examines why people deviate from the most rational choice available. Behavioral economists, marketing professionals, and psychologists have concluded that extraneous purchases may be driven by a need to display one’s social status, or in response to an emotion like sadness or boredom. In other instances, retailers may successfully manipulate the desire for a “good deal” by making an unneeded item seem especially affordable or portraying it as being in limited supply. Learning how to recognize common manipulation tactics may help individuals and families save money—and stress —in the long term. Why does buying things feel good? Created with Sketch. Many human behaviors are driven by reward. Purchasing a new gadget or item of clothing triggers a surge of dopamine, which creates pleasurable feelings. Though the glow of a new purchase may not last long, the desire to once again be rewarded with a burst of dopamine drives us to buy more. Does buying more things make you happy in the long run? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/consumer-behavior |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400032628#10_832366533 | Title: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Why do marketers study consumer behavior?
How do politicians use marketing research in campaigns?
Why are people drawn to fads?
How is consumer behavior affected by natural disasters?
How does consumer behavior change during a recession?
Will the COVID-19 pandemic change consumer behavior?
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Why does buying things feel good?
Does buying more things make you happy in the long run?
Why do I buy things I don’t need?
Why do I buy things that are bad for me?
How can I stop buying things that are bad for me?
How does anxiety affect what we buy?
What causes panic buying?
What motivates impulse purchases?
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How does marketing influence what we buy?
Do marketers take advantage of how the human brain works?
Why do some ads succeed while others fail?
Why are “limited time offers” so appealing?
Why are so many ads sexual?
Do sexual ads really work?
How to Appeal to Consumers
How can I persuade people to buy my product?
How can I make my marketing campaign more effective?
How can I introduce a new product or idea?
How can marketers sell products ethically?
Content: Created with Sketch. Many human behaviors are driven by reward. Purchasing a new gadget or item of clothing triggers a surge of dopamine, which creates pleasurable feelings. Though the glow of a new purchase may not last long, the desire to once again be rewarded with a burst of dopamine drives us to buy more. Does buying more things make you happy in the long run? Created with Sketch. It depends. Some research suggests that experiential purchases like vacations bring more happiness than material goods, in both the short- and long-term. However, this rule may not apply universally. For lower-income people, spending on material goods that meet basic needs is often more conducive to happiness, especially if the items remain useful over time. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/consumer-behavior |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400032628#11_832368737 | Title: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Why do marketers study consumer behavior?
How do politicians use marketing research in campaigns?
Why are people drawn to fads?
How is consumer behavior affected by natural disasters?
How does consumer behavior change during a recession?
Will the COVID-19 pandemic change consumer behavior?
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Why does buying things feel good?
Does buying more things make you happy in the long run?
Why do I buy things I don’t need?
Why do I buy things that are bad for me?
How can I stop buying things that are bad for me?
How does anxiety affect what we buy?
What causes panic buying?
What motivates impulse purchases?
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How does marketing influence what we buy?
Do marketers take advantage of how the human brain works?
Why do some ads succeed while others fail?
Why are “limited time offers” so appealing?
Why are so many ads sexual?
Do sexual ads really work?
How to Appeal to Consumers
How can I persuade people to buy my product?
How can I make my marketing campaign more effective?
How can I introduce a new product or idea?
How can marketers sell products ethically?
Content: Created with Sketch. It depends. Some research suggests that experiential purchases like vacations bring more happiness than material goods, in both the short- and long-term. However, this rule may not apply universally. For lower-income people, spending on material goods that meet basic needs is often more conducive to happiness, especially if the items remain useful over time. Why do I buy things I don’t need? Created with Sketch. Consumers are often irrational. Instead of only buying things they need, they also buy unnecessary items—often because the purchase makes them feel good, soothes negative emotions, or boosts social status. A consumer may also buy something that has been framed by a marketer as especially attractive; “ | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/consumer-behavior |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400032628#14_832375707 | Title: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Why do marketers study consumer behavior?
How do politicians use marketing research in campaigns?
Why are people drawn to fads?
How is consumer behavior affected by natural disasters?
How does consumer behavior change during a recession?
Will the COVID-19 pandemic change consumer behavior?
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Why does buying things feel good?
Does buying more things make you happy in the long run?
Why do I buy things I don’t need?
Why do I buy things that are bad for me?
How can I stop buying things that are bad for me?
How does anxiety affect what we buy?
What causes panic buying?
What motivates impulse purchases?
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How does marketing influence what we buy?
Do marketers take advantage of how the human brain works?
Why do some ads succeed while others fail?
Why are “limited time offers” so appealing?
Why are so many ads sexual?
Do sexual ads really work?
How to Appeal to Consumers
How can I persuade people to buy my product?
How can I make my marketing campaign more effective?
How can I introduce a new product or idea?
How can marketers sell products ethically?
Content: buying a new pair of designer jeans might break the bank, but can also help the purchaser prominently display their social status. How can I stop buying things that are bad for me? Created with Sketch. Dissonant buying impulses—or purchases that conflict with one’s resources, needs, and goals —can be difficult to manage, especially when they’re driven by negative emotions. Learning emotional regulation skills —such as naming any negative feelings, redirecting attention to productive activities, or practicing mindfulness —or creating physical “barriers” (such as freezing credit cards so they can’t be used impulsively) can help. How does anxiety affect what we buy? Created with Sketch. Anxiety is known to spur impulsive purchases —in part because buying things offers a sense of control and can be used to self-soothe. Anxiety can also lead someone to prioritize products that promote safety or a sense of security—such as toilet paper, hand sanitizer, or canned goods. What causes panic buying? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/consumer-behavior |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400032628#15_832378220 | Title: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Why do marketers study consumer behavior?
How do politicians use marketing research in campaigns?
Why are people drawn to fads?
How is consumer behavior affected by natural disasters?
How does consumer behavior change during a recession?
Will the COVID-19 pandemic change consumer behavior?
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Why does buying things feel good?
Does buying more things make you happy in the long run?
Why do I buy things I don’t need?
Why do I buy things that are bad for me?
How can I stop buying things that are bad for me?
How does anxiety affect what we buy?
What causes panic buying?
What motivates impulse purchases?
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How does marketing influence what we buy?
Do marketers take advantage of how the human brain works?
Why do some ads succeed while others fail?
Why are “limited time offers” so appealing?
Why are so many ads sexual?
Do sexual ads really work?
How to Appeal to Consumers
How can I persuade people to buy my product?
How can I make my marketing campaign more effective?
How can I introduce a new product or idea?
How can marketers sell products ethically?
Content: How does anxiety affect what we buy? Created with Sketch. Anxiety is known to spur impulsive purchases —in part because buying things offers a sense of control and can be used to self-soothe. Anxiety can also lead someone to prioritize products that promote safety or a sense of security—such as toilet paper, hand sanitizer, or canned goods. What causes panic buying? Created with Sketch. In a word, panic. Anxiety and fear make the world appear frightening and senseless; stocking up on certain items like toilet paper is one way to restore a feeling of control. Panic buying is also driven in part by herd mentality; | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/consumer-behavior |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400032628#16_832380304 | Title: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Why do marketers study consumer behavior?
How do politicians use marketing research in campaigns?
Why are people drawn to fads?
How is consumer behavior affected by natural disasters?
How does consumer behavior change during a recession?
Will the COVID-19 pandemic change consumer behavior?
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Why does buying things feel good?
Does buying more things make you happy in the long run?
Why do I buy things I don’t need?
Why do I buy things that are bad for me?
How can I stop buying things that are bad for me?
How does anxiety affect what we buy?
What causes panic buying?
What motivates impulse purchases?
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How does marketing influence what we buy?
Do marketers take advantage of how the human brain works?
Why do some ads succeed while others fail?
Why are “limited time offers” so appealing?
Why are so many ads sexual?
Do sexual ads really work?
How to Appeal to Consumers
How can I persuade people to buy my product?
How can I make my marketing campaign more effective?
How can I introduce a new product or idea?
How can marketers sell products ethically?
Content: Created with Sketch. In a word, panic. Anxiety and fear make the world appear frightening and senseless; stocking up on certain items like toilet paper is one way to restore a feeling of control. Panic buying is also driven in part by herd mentality; if people see that others are hoarding hand sanitizer, they assume they should too. What motivates impulse purchases? Created with Sketch. Impulse buying may be motivated by negative emotions, as purchasing something often temporarily boosts mood. It may also be driven by personality—the naturally more impulsive or less conscientious may be driven to more frequently purchase items on a whim. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/consumer-behavior |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400032628#17_832382409 | Title: Consumer Behavior | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Why Consumer Behavior Matters
Why do marketers study consumer behavior?
How do politicians use marketing research in campaigns?
Why are people drawn to fads?
How is consumer behavior affected by natural disasters?
How does consumer behavior change during a recession?
Will the COVID-19 pandemic change consumer behavior?
The Psychology of Buying and Spending
Why does buying things feel good?
Does buying more things make you happy in the long run?
Why do I buy things I don’t need?
Why do I buy things that are bad for me?
How can I stop buying things that are bad for me?
How does anxiety affect what we buy?
What causes panic buying?
What motivates impulse purchases?
How Advertising and Marketing Work
How does marketing influence what we buy?
Do marketers take advantage of how the human brain works?
Why do some ads succeed while others fail?
Why are “limited time offers” so appealing?
Why are so many ads sexual?
Do sexual ads really work?
How to Appeal to Consumers
How can I persuade people to buy my product?
How can I make my marketing campaign more effective?
How can I introduce a new product or idea?
How can marketers sell products ethically?
Content: if people see that others are hoarding hand sanitizer, they assume they should too. What motivates impulse purchases? Created with Sketch. Impulse buying may be motivated by negative emotions, as purchasing something often temporarily boosts mood. It may also be driven by personality—the naturally more impulsive or less conscientious may be driven to more frequently purchase items on a whim. Marketing strategies, like advertising products as “limited time offers,” can increase the tendency to impulse buy. How Advertising and Marketing Work
Two vast, interrelated industries—advertising and marketing—are dedicated to introducing people to products and convincing them to make purchases. Since the public’s desires tend to change over time, however, what works in one product’s campaign won’t necessarily work in another’s. To adapt messages for a fickle audience, advertisers employ focus groups, market research, and psychological studies to better understand what compels people to commit to purchases or become loyal to brands. Everyone has heard the advertising maxim “sex sells,” for instance—but exactly what, when, and why sex can be used to successfully market a product is the subject of much debate among ad makers and behavioral researchers. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/consumer-behavior |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400049667#0_832390378 | Title: Creativity | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Sources of Creativity
Why are some people more creative than others?
Which personality traits are linked to creativity?
What is “everyday creativity”?
What are “little-c” and “Big-C” creativity?
How to Be More Creative
How can I become more creative?
What leads to a “eureka moment”?
Can creativity be taught?
Can creativity be practiced?
Does creativity benefit mental health?
Creativity and the Brain
What is the default mode network?
What is the salience network?
What is the executive control network?
What is divergent thinking?
Does creativity arise from the right side of the brain?
Creativity and Mental Illness
Are highly creative people more likely to have mental illness?
Why do genius and mental illness often overlap?
Is there a genetic link between creativity and mental illness?
Could there be an evolutionary trade-off between psychiatric illness and creativity?
How can people with mental illness balance the importance of medication with their creative goals?
Dark Creativity
What motivates dark creativity?
Which traits are associated with dark creativity?
Can creativity fall between light and dark?
Content: Creativity | Psychology Today
Creativity encompasses the ability to discover new and original ideas, connections, and solutions to problems. It’s a part of our drive as humans—fostering resilience, sparking joy, and providing opportunities for self-actualization. An act of creativity can be grand and inspiring, such as crafting a beautiful painting or designing an innovative company. But an idea need not be artistic or world-changing to count as creative. Life requires daily acts of ingenuity and novel workarounds; in this sense, almost everyone possesses some amount of creativity. Contents
Sources of Creativity
How to Be More Creative
Creativity and the Brain
Creativity and Mental Illness
Dark Creativity
Sources of Creativity
There are many pieces to the puzzle of creativity, including a balance between controlled, deliberate thought and spontaneous play and imagination. Personality plays a role, as well as biology and life experience. But everyone possesses some measure of creativity, even if they don’t realize it. Life is full of small moments that require new ideas or surprising solutions. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/creativity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400049667#7_832407853 | Title: Creativity | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Sources of Creativity
Why are some people more creative than others?
Which personality traits are linked to creativity?
What is “everyday creativity”?
What are “little-c” and “Big-C” creativity?
How to Be More Creative
How can I become more creative?
What leads to a “eureka moment”?
Can creativity be taught?
Can creativity be practiced?
Does creativity benefit mental health?
Creativity and the Brain
What is the default mode network?
What is the salience network?
What is the executive control network?
What is divergent thinking?
Does creativity arise from the right side of the brain?
Creativity and Mental Illness
Are highly creative people more likely to have mental illness?
Why do genius and mental illness often overlap?
Is there a genetic link between creativity and mental illness?
Could there be an evolutionary trade-off between psychiatric illness and creativity?
How can people with mental illness balance the importance of medication with their creative goals?
Dark Creativity
What motivates dark creativity?
Which traits are associated with dark creativity?
Can creativity fall between light and dark?
Content: This framework was expanded into a theory called The Four C Model of Creativity by researchers James Kaufman, Ronald Beghetto. Mini-c refers to creativity that arises in any learning process and little-c refers to consistent everyday creativity. Pro-c is the progression to professional expertise in a given domain, while Big-C is reserved for monumental and historic contributions to society. article continues after advertisement
How to Be More Creative
Many people feel that they have no or very limited creative ability—even some who work in creative fields—and it's true that certain individuals are more creative than others. Fortunately, however, creativity can be acquired and honed at any age or experience level. Innovation is not some divine gift; it’s actually the skilled application of knowledge in new and exciting ways. It requires changing up your normal routine, stepping outside of typical comfort zones, and paying attention to the present moment. When learning new information, taking a break—either by sleeping or simply enjoying a distraction—is another way of allowing the unconscious mind to process the data in novel and surprising ways. This often lays the groundwork for a creative insight or breakthrough. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/creativity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400049667#17_832430029 | Title: Creativity | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
Sources of Creativity
Why are some people more creative than others?
Which personality traits are linked to creativity?
What is “everyday creativity”?
What are “little-c” and “Big-C” creativity?
How to Be More Creative
How can I become more creative?
What leads to a “eureka moment”?
Can creativity be taught?
Can creativity be practiced?
Does creativity benefit mental health?
Creativity and the Brain
What is the default mode network?
What is the salience network?
What is the executive control network?
What is divergent thinking?
Does creativity arise from the right side of the brain?
Creativity and Mental Illness
Are highly creative people more likely to have mental illness?
Why do genius and mental illness often overlap?
Is there a genetic link between creativity and mental illness?
Could there be an evolutionary trade-off between psychiatric illness and creativity?
How can people with mental illness balance the importance of medication with their creative goals?
Dark Creativity
What motivates dark creativity?
Which traits are associated with dark creativity?
Can creativity fall between light and dark?
Content: Another is to change your perspective, such as by imagining what somebody else or somebody in a different time period might think. Yet another is to simply create—creativity requires risk-taking and critical feedback, but persisting through discomfort can lead to an innovative and daring outcome. Does creativity benefit mental health? Created with Sketch. Creativity may offer some surprising psychological benefits. It can contribute to the ability to make meaning—such as finding ways to successfully cope with past experiences such as trauma, regret, or nostalgia, helping to manage moods, relationships, and problem-solving, and establishing one’s professional and personal legacy for the future. Well-being, in turn, may facilitate creative thinking, such as by practicing mindfulness, research suggests. Creativity and the Brain
Creative thinking involves making new connections between different ideas, which is accomplished by cultivating divergent thinking skills and deliberately exposing yourself to new experiences and to learning. While research psychologists are interested in tapping innovative thinking, clinical psychologists sometimes encourage patients to use artistic expression as a way to confront difficult feelings. Three key networks operate as a team to spark creativity in the brain, research suggests. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/creativity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400140449#2_832650517 | Title: Evolutionary Psychology | Psychology Today
Headings: Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology
Contents
The Science of Evolutionary Psychology
What are some basic principles of evolutionary psychology?
What is evolutionary behavior?
What is evolutionary mismatch?
What is an example of evolutionary mismatch?
Concepts In Evolutionary Psychology
What is the fight-or-flight response?
What triggers fight or flight?
What is kin selection?
What is reproductive fitness?
What is parental investment?
Human Nature, Explained
Why are we naturally empathic?
Why are we naturally drawn to our tribe?
Why do people lie?
Why Evolutionary Psychology Is Controversial
What is the naturalistic fallacy?
What is the moralistic fallacy?
Why do both conservatives and liberals criticize evolutionary psychology?
Why do feminists question evolutionary psychology?
Can evolutionary psychology explain homosexuality?
Content: What are some basic principles of evolutionary psychology? Created with Sketch. Evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers proposed a number of theories on evolutionary psychology, including why we engage in reciprocal altruism, the nature of sex differences, and parent-offspring investment. Altruism among strangers, for example, can naturally develop because people cooperate with the expectation of receiving similar treatment from others. What is evolutionary behavior? Created with Sketch. Our hunter-gatherer ancestors passed down behavioral traits that are, for the most part, advantageous to us. For example, we are mindful of danger in dark alleyways. This caution is innate and within our behavioral make-up. And our predetermined response to gravitate to that 800-calorie Cinnabon can wreak havoc, but our ancestors made us do it. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/evolutionary-psychology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400140449#12_832669820 | Title: Evolutionary Psychology | Psychology Today
Headings: Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology
Contents
The Science of Evolutionary Psychology
What are some basic principles of evolutionary psychology?
What is evolutionary behavior?
What is evolutionary mismatch?
What is an example of evolutionary mismatch?
Concepts In Evolutionary Psychology
What is the fight-or-flight response?
What triggers fight or flight?
What is kin selection?
What is reproductive fitness?
What is parental investment?
Human Nature, Explained
Why are we naturally empathic?
Why are we naturally drawn to our tribe?
Why do people lie?
Why Evolutionary Psychology Is Controversial
What is the naturalistic fallacy?
What is the moralistic fallacy?
Why do both conservatives and liberals criticize evolutionary psychology?
Why do feminists question evolutionary psychology?
Can evolutionary psychology explain homosexuality?
Content: Created with Sketch. The differences in parental investment —the energy and resources invested in an offspring—lead the sex that invests more (females, in most species) to focus on mate quality and the sex that invests less (males) to seek quantity. In humans, we expect choosiness in females and aggression between males as they vie for females. Human Nature, Explained
Our emotional complexity differentiates us from other members of the animal kingdom. Evolutionary psychology seeks to explain how our emotions and other aspects of being human served as advantages to our ancestors. Like other social primates, we experience emotions beyond primal fear and anger. Why are we naturally empathic? Created with Sketch. Through evolving as a group, we have developed empathy and altruism, which allow us to commiserate with each other’s circumstances and act in ways that are not self-serving. What is better for the group as a whole, is better for a person as an individual. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/evolutionary-psychology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400140449#13_832671938 | Title: Evolutionary Psychology | Psychology Today
Headings: Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology
Contents
The Science of Evolutionary Psychology
What are some basic principles of evolutionary psychology?
What is evolutionary behavior?
What is evolutionary mismatch?
What is an example of evolutionary mismatch?
Concepts In Evolutionary Psychology
What is the fight-or-flight response?
What triggers fight or flight?
What is kin selection?
What is reproductive fitness?
What is parental investment?
Human Nature, Explained
Why are we naturally empathic?
Why are we naturally drawn to our tribe?
Why do people lie?
Why Evolutionary Psychology Is Controversial
What is the naturalistic fallacy?
What is the moralistic fallacy?
Why do both conservatives and liberals criticize evolutionary psychology?
Why do feminists question evolutionary psychology?
Can evolutionary psychology explain homosexuality?
Content: Like other social primates, we experience emotions beyond primal fear and anger. Why are we naturally empathic? Created with Sketch. Through evolving as a group, we have developed empathy and altruism, which allow us to commiserate with each other’s circumstances and act in ways that are not self-serving. What is better for the group as a whole, is better for a person as an individual. Why are we naturally drawn to our tribe? Created with Sketch. We have also developed emotions to help keep us in line —for example, shame motivates us to atone for past transgressions, while pride pushes us to remain in the high regard of our peers. And as our social structures developed, so did our value systems and what we define as “right” and “wrong.” Why do people lie? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/evolutionary-psychology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400140449#14_832673861 | Title: Evolutionary Psychology | Psychology Today
Headings: Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology
Contents
The Science of Evolutionary Psychology
What are some basic principles of evolutionary psychology?
What is evolutionary behavior?
What is evolutionary mismatch?
What is an example of evolutionary mismatch?
Concepts In Evolutionary Psychology
What is the fight-or-flight response?
What triggers fight or flight?
What is kin selection?
What is reproductive fitness?
What is parental investment?
Human Nature, Explained
Why are we naturally empathic?
Why are we naturally drawn to our tribe?
Why do people lie?
Why Evolutionary Psychology Is Controversial
What is the naturalistic fallacy?
What is the moralistic fallacy?
Why do both conservatives and liberals criticize evolutionary psychology?
Why do feminists question evolutionary psychology?
Can evolutionary psychology explain homosexuality?
Content: Why are we naturally drawn to our tribe? Created with Sketch. We have also developed emotions to help keep us in line —for example, shame motivates us to atone for past transgressions, while pride pushes us to remain in the high regard of our peers. And as our social structures developed, so did our value systems and what we define as “right” and “wrong.” Why do people lie? Created with Sketch. Trivers also suggested that complex strategies of cheating, detecting cheating, and the false accusation of cheating (itself a form of cheating) pushed the development of intelligence and helped increase the size of the human brain. Why Evolutionary Psychology Is Controversial
People reject evolutionary psychology for ideological reasons. With sexual behavior, for example, there is the notion that the field justifies people’s behaviors and actions. Our present-day traits and characteristics had survival value for our ancestors, and these traits survived because the genes they are linked to were selected and now remain part of our genetic makeup. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/evolutionary-psychology |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400319088#0_833086655 | Title: Marriage | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
How to Make Marriage Work
How does marriage change people?
What are the strongest signs that a marriage will succeed?
What can couples do to keep a marriage happy?
What mistakes should new couples watch out for?
What’s the best way to handle problems with your partner?
Can you make a marriage divorce-proof?
Can partners change each other?
Sex in Marriage
What is the biggest challenge to satisfying sex in marriage?
What if one person wants to have sex more often?
How do long-term couples maintain a satisfying sex life?
How We Find Partners
What do partners need to know about each other before getting married?
Can marriage succeed with a partner who’s much older or younger?
Are marriages more successful when partners are similar or different?
Do people who live together first have happier marriages?
Monogamy vs. Polygamy
How did people become monogamous?
How common is polygamy today?
How do open marriages succeed?
Content: Marriage | Psychology Today
Marriage is the process by which two people make their relationship public, official, and permanent. It is the joining of two people in a bond that putatively lasts until death, but in practice is often cut short by separation or divorce. Contents
How to Make Marriage Work
Sex in Marriage
How We Find Partners
Monogamy vs. Polygamy
How to Make Marriage Work
Marriage brings great joy to many but it also brings challenges, often profound ones. How a couple manages them often determines whether their relationship collapses or holds firm. Preserving long-term connection may require one or both partners to jettison misguided beliefs or dysfunctional habits that they themselves hold, while bearing in mind that trying to change a spouse tends to fail unless the individual also wants to change. How does marriage change people? Created with Sketch. < g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
Marriage does more than change people’s living situation and daily routines; becoming a spouse appears to change one’s personality as well, especially in the early years of marriage. Men, for example, tend to become more conscientious and introverted than they were when single, and women more emotionally stable. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/marriage |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400319088#1_833089143 | Title: Marriage | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
How to Make Marriage Work
How does marriage change people?
What are the strongest signs that a marriage will succeed?
What can couples do to keep a marriage happy?
What mistakes should new couples watch out for?
What’s the best way to handle problems with your partner?
Can you make a marriage divorce-proof?
Can partners change each other?
Sex in Marriage
What is the biggest challenge to satisfying sex in marriage?
What if one person wants to have sex more often?
How do long-term couples maintain a satisfying sex life?
How We Find Partners
What do partners need to know about each other before getting married?
Can marriage succeed with a partner who’s much older or younger?
Are marriages more successful when partners are similar or different?
Do people who live together first have happier marriages?
Monogamy vs. Polygamy
How did people become monogamous?
How common is polygamy today?
How do open marriages succeed?
Content: How does marriage change people? Created with Sketch. < g id="-small" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd">
Marriage does more than change people’s living situation and daily routines; becoming a spouse appears to change one’s personality as well, especially in the early years of marriage. Men, for example, tend to become more conscientious and introverted than they were when single, and women more emotionally stable. But both tend to become less agreeable. What are the strongest signs that a marriage will succeed? Created with Sketch. Relationship researchers John Gottman and Julie Schwartz Gottman maintain that couples reveal the state of their bond in the way they speak about each other. Specifically, they refer to each other fondly; | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/marriage |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400541002#0_833672497 | Title: Resilience | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
What Creates Resilience
Does trauma make someone less resilient?
Can resilience be taught?
What is post-traumatic growth?
How to Build Resilience
What are strategies for becoming more resilient?
How can I be more resilient in a crisis?
What is a locus of control?
Is it possible to change an external locus of control?
How can I get over my difficult childhood?
Why Failure Can Help Us
I’ve experienced a major setback. How do I move forward?
What are the benefits of accepting failure?
What lessons can we learn from high-profile people who have experienced setbacks?
Content: Resilience | Psychology Today
Resilience is the psychological quality that allows some people to be knocked down by the adversities of life and come back at least as strong as before. Rather than letting difficulties, traumatic events, or failure overcome them and drain their resolve, highly resilient people find a way to change course, emotionally heal, and continue moving toward their goals. Contents
What Creates Resilience
How to Build Resilience
Why Failure Can Help Us
What Creates Resilience
Psychologists have identified some of the factors that appear to make a person more resilient, such as a positive attitude, optimism, the ability to regulate emotions, and the ability to see failure as a form of helpful feedback. Optimism, for instance, has been shown to help blunt the impact of stress on the mind and body in the wake of disturbing experiences. That gives people access to their own cognitive resources, enabling cool-headed analysis of what might have gone wrong and consideration of behavioral paths that might be more productive. Other aspects of resilience’s roots remain under study. There does appear to be a genetic predisposition for resilience, for instance; but early environments and life circumstances play a role in how resilient genes are ultimately expressed. Does trauma make someone less resilient? Created with Sketch. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/resilience |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400541002#9_833688292 | Title: Resilience | Psychology Today
Headings:
Contents
What Creates Resilience
Does trauma make someone less resilient?
Can resilience be taught?
What is post-traumatic growth?
How to Build Resilience
What are strategies for becoming more resilient?
How can I be more resilient in a crisis?
What is a locus of control?
Is it possible to change an external locus of control?
How can I get over my difficult childhood?
Why Failure Can Help Us
I’ve experienced a major setback. How do I move forward?
What are the benefits of accepting failure?
What lessons can we learn from high-profile people who have experienced setbacks?
Content: like any skill, it takes practice and repetition. In the short term, it helps to work on being decisive and taking concrete actions when faced with adversity, rather than responding passively. How can I get over my difficult childhood? Created with Sketch. Living through a traumatic childhood can leave deep scars, but healing is possible. Talking to a loved one or therapist can help immensely. Research has found that reframing trauma—accepting that you were not to blame for abuse, for instance—can help adults feel empathy for their younger self and recognize their many strengths. Why Failure Can Help Us
To fail is deeply human; everyone, no matter their background, skillset, or life story, will fail spectacularly at least once in their life. Its commonplace nature, however, doesn’t mean that experiencing a major loss or setback is easy or fun—or that it’s widely accepted in a winner-takes-all culture that prioritizes success at all costs. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/resilience |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_400624671#0_833912756 | Title: Suicide | Psychology Today
Headings: Understanding Suicide
Understanding Suicide
How can I talk to someone who is suicidal?
Where can someone who is thinking about suicide get help?
Are children at risk of suicide?
How can I cope after losing someone to suicide?
How common is it to survive a suicide attempt?
What is suicide contagion?
What is assisted suicide?
Next: Risk Factors for Suicide
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Content: Suicide | Psychology Today
Understanding Suicide
Every suicide is a tragedy, and to some degree a mystery. Suicide often stems from a deep feeling of hopelessness. The inability to see solutions to problems or to cope with challenging life circumstances may lead people to see taking their own lives as the only solution to what is really a temporary situation, and most survivors of suicide attempts go on to live full, rewarding lives. Depression is a key risk factor for suicide; others include psychiatric disorders, substance use, chronic pain, a family history of suicide, and a prior suicide attempt. Impulsiveness often plays a role among adolescents who take their life. ( To learn more about risk factors, see Mental Health or Social, Economic, and Genetic Influences.) If a person deemed at risk due to any of the above exhibits sudden mood changes—even a suddenly upbeat mood—or completely new behaviors, they may be actively suicidal. Those who speak about being a burden to others, having no reason to live, feeling trapped, or in unbearable pain may also be contemplating suicide. ( To learn more about warning signs of suicide, see Signs That Someone Is Contemplating Suicide.) | https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/suicide |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_402274896#12_836212535 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Understanding what to do to help launch their children when they no longer have any legal responsibility to do so (emerging adult translation: " you have no right to control me!") presents a different set of challenges. And emerging adults are, too, confused about what is "normal." What the two sides agree on is that there is no road-map to guide young people through the transitions. Whether this is a distinct stage or not, we do know that recent generations are entering into these years with little guidance and few resources compared to those available to them as youth, and there are few institutions, policies, or programs designed to meet their distinct needs. Keeping the conversation going is essential for refining our understanding of this important demographic. They are, regardless of how they get there, the future of society. SHARE
TWEET
EMAIL
74COMMENTS
sterotypes
Submitted by Anonymous on March 5, 2010 - 12:01pm
I was asked by 4 elderly adults who were around 80 Where do you go to school. And
Where do you go to work. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/becoming-adult/201003/who-is-adult |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_402274896#13_836213810 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Whether this is a distinct stage or not, we do know that recent generations are entering into these years with little guidance and few resources compared to those available to them as youth, and there are few institutions, policies, or programs designed to meet their distinct needs. Keeping the conversation going is essential for refining our understanding of this important demographic. They are, regardless of how they get there, the future of society. SHARE
TWEET
EMAIL
74COMMENTS
sterotypes
Submitted by Anonymous on March 5, 2010 - 12:01pm
I was asked by 4 elderly adults who were around 80 Where do you go to school. And
Where do you go to work. Several 80 year olds waved at me and those questions embarassed me. I don't know how to make those questions and my being treated like a little kid stop. I'm
27 years old but i look like a grade school student. Reply to Anonymous
Quote Anonymous
What's a banned nigger question prose? Submitted by Dr. jason Aaron Scalmato, Psy. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/becoming-adult/201003/who-is-adult |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_402987290#4_837097139 | Title: Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate | Psychology Today
Headings: Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate
Stephen Seager M.D.
Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate
Finally the truth. Incredible insight. This is a must read from DJ Jaffe.
Content: Historically, people with serious mental illness were a priority because our budget was spent on the hospitalized. But mental health advocates have changed our focus. The federal government spends $130 billion mental health dollars, much on improving the mental health of all Americans-or as former NYS OMH Commissioner Michael Hogan argued, “to create hope filled environments where people can grow.” I say we stop ignoring the seriously mentally ill. That distinction between mental health and mental illness is the main debate going on today around the country and is certainly at the core of the two bills Congress is now considering and was at the core of some bills being considered in New York like the SAFE Gun Control Legislation. NAMI/NYS is one of the few groups doing both. They have always done a stellar job at trying to improve the mental health of the 20% and they also advocate for the 4%. So if someone asks me, “Where do I stand” it is with NAMI/NYS. Although I should add, my comments today are mine, not theirs. Let me talk about how mental health advocates drive care away from the most seriously ill. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/braintalk/201412/mental-illness-advocate-vs-mental-health-advocate |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_402987290#5_837098799 | Title: Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate | Psychology Today
Headings: Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate
Stephen Seager M.D.
Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate
Finally the truth. Incredible insight. This is a must read from DJ Jaffe.
Content: NAMI/NYS is one of the few groups doing both. They have always done a stellar job at trying to improve the mental health of the 20% and they also advocate for the 4%. So if someone asks me, “Where do I stand” it is with NAMI/NYS. Although I should add, my comments today are mine, not theirs. Let me talk about how mental health advocates drive care away from the most seriously ill. Mental "health" advocates claim everyone is well enough to volunteer for treatment. That is simply not true. As Congressman Murphy-who is also a psychologist, mentioned last night, some have anosognosia: They are so sick, they don’t know they are sick because the brain is impaired so insight is lacking. When you see someone walking down the street screaming they are the Messiah it is not because they think they are the Messiah. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/braintalk/201412/mental-illness-advocate-vs-mental-health-advocate |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_402987290#6_837100148 | Title: Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate | Psychology Today
Headings: Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate
Stephen Seager M.D.
Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate
Finally the truth. Incredible insight. This is a must read from DJ Jaffe.
Content: Mental "health" advocates claim everyone is well enough to volunteer for treatment. That is simply not true. As Congressman Murphy-who is also a psychologist, mentioned last night, some have anosognosia: They are so sick, they don’t know they are sick because the brain is impaired so insight is lacking. When you see someone walking down the street screaming they are the Messiah it is not because they think they are the Messiah. They know it. Their illness tells them it is so. article continues after advertisement
We have to stop ignoring the seriously ill
Other mental "health" advocates claim mental illness affects everyone and claim all mental illness is serious. They are wrong. All mental illness is not serious. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/braintalk/201412/mental-illness-advocate-vs-mental-health-advocate |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_402987290#7_837101399 | Title: Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate | Psychology Today
Headings: Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate
Stephen Seager M.D.
Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate
Finally the truth. Incredible insight. This is a must read from DJ Jaffe.
Content: They know it. Their illness tells them it is so. article continues after advertisement
We have to stop ignoring the seriously ill
Other mental "health" advocates claim mental illness affects everyone and claim all mental illness is serious. They are wrong. All mental illness is not serious. Many people I worked with including myself, have had or have depression, anxiety, have trouble sleeping, take Zoloft or Prozac, or nothing and do quite well. We don’t need funds diverted from the seriously ill to the highest functioning. Mental "health" advocates claim everyone recovers. That is false. Some do not. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/braintalk/201412/mental-illness-advocate-vs-mental-health-advocate |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_402987290#10_837105656 | Title: Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate | Psychology Today
Headings: Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate
Stephen Seager M.D.
Mental Illness Advocate vs Mental Health Advocate
Finally the truth. Incredible insight. This is a must read from DJ Jaffe.
Content: That would be wrong. We are short 95000 hospital beds, nationwide and 4000 in NY, even if we had perfect community services. When hospitals go down incarceration goes up. There are so few hospitals, today it’s harder to get into Bellevue than Harvard and once in you’ll be discharged sicker and quicker. Here in Albany last week Desmond Wyatt was released from the Capital District Psychiatric Center and killed his mother the next day. His brother told police Desmond was hearing voices but that didn’t stop the hospital from releasing him. We have to stop ignoring the seriously ill. Mental health advocates work to convince the public that violence is not associated with mental illness. That may be true for the high functioning but violence is clearly associated with untreated serious mental illness. To convince the public mentally ill are not more violent, mental health advocates quote studies of the treated. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/braintalk/201412/mental-illness-advocate-vs-mental-health-advocate |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_403831498#5_838165371 | Title: Why Diets Don't Work... and What Does | Psychology Today
Headings: Why Diets Don't Work... and What Does
Meg Selig
Why Diets Don't Work... and What Does
For lifelong weight loss, lose the diet.
Content: There's no reason to be a sacrificial lamb, so to speak, to lose weight. 4. Dieting, along with the frequent and compulsive weighing that accompanies it, can lead to eating disorders. According to one source, people who diet are 8 times as likely to develop an eating disorder as people who don't. 5. Unscrupulous people can peddle "magic weight-loss potions," such as special powders and pills, to desperate people, costing them their money and time at best, and fatal health consequences at worst (think "fen-phen," the diet drug that caused often fatal heart valve problems). And have you ever noticed that every diet product claims it will be wondrously effective "if used simultaneously with a healthy diet and regular exercise program?" Skip the magic potions—it's the healthy eating and exercise that are actually the effective ingredients. Finally, there is this reason: 6. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/changepower/201010/why-diets-dont-workand-what-does |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_404752971#3_839549700 | Title: Just Exactly What Is Determinism? | Psychology Today
Headings: Just Exactly What Is Determinism?
Roy F Baumeister
Just Exactly What Is Determinism?
Psychological science does not require determinism.
Content: The universe resembles a giant machine, grinding alone exactly as it must inevitably continue to do, following rigid rules. That is determinism. To a determinist, there are no counterfactuals. Nothing that didn't happen could possibly have happened. Everything that did happen was the only possible thing that could have happened at that point in time and space, given the causes. That is why determinism and free will strike most people as incompatible beliefs (even though in recent decades a growing group of philosophers have embraced some form of ‘compatibilism' that preserves a watered-down notion of free will while also embracing determinism). The essence of free will is that the person really could do more than one possible response to a given situation. To a determinist, that is wrong. Causes, including unconscious causes, are operating to bring the person inevitably to what he or she will eventually do. The appearance of multiple options is an illusion, to a determinist. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/cultural-animal/200902/just-exactly-what-is-determinism |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_405201997#1_840384163 | Title: Fantasies of Female Serial Killers | Psychology Today
Headings: Fantasies of Female Serial Killers
Deborah Schurman-Kauflin Ph.D.
Fantasies of Female Serial Killers
Do female serial killers daydream about killing?
Content: People are reluctant to believe a woman could be so violent, and these women offenders are careful in the way they kill. They use covert murder methods such as asphyxiation or poisoning to kill, and they chose victims who are easy to kill. People are even less likely to consider that females fantasize about killing. However they do! When I interviewed the female serial offenders, I learned a great deal. First, fantasy is an elaborate set of cognitions that stimulate emotion. We all fantasize to relieve stress, and serial killers are no different. I found that prior to actually committing murders, women serial killers fantasize for years. The fantasies are very vivid, with the females planning out every way in which their murders could take place. Women plan meticulously. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/disturbed/201108/fantasies-female-serial-killers |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_406291490#7_841941542 | Title: Why We Hide Emotional Pain | Psychology Today
Headings: Why We Hide Emotional Pain
Leon F Seltzer Ph.D.
Why We Hide Emotional Pain
Strong people won't let themselves cry, right?
Content: As a caveat, however, I should add that it does make sense—and at times may be imperative—to avoid exposing emotional vulnerability in various professional situations.) If we're codependent (i.e., feeling more responsible for the feelings of others than for our own), we may also fear that freely expressing our emotions could launch some kind of emotional contagion. Afraid that openly letting out our hurt might somehow be infectious, we may hold it in, unwilling to take the chance of making anyone else upset. And then there's the fear that fully releasing our emotional pain might make us look ridiculous, or in some way abnormal. What if others don't—or can't—understand why we're in such pain, or grasp its magnitude? Will we not look foolish to have unconstrainedly let out our feelings? At the very least we might feel awkward and embarrassed, concerned that our uninhibited "emoting" might lead others to take us less seriously than they might have otherwise. We certainly don't want to be perceived as overreactive, and so have our feelings discounted or dismissed. article continues after advertisement
The bottom line here is that we don't trust that others (or our "significant" other) will—by responding to our open-heartedness in caring, supportive ways— safeguard or validate our vulnerability. Additionally, we may not trust ourselves to successfully cope with their response, whatever it is. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evolution-the-self/201109/why-we-hide-emotional-pain |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_409350024#4_845467146 | Title: Why Is Donald Trump So Popular? | Psychology Today
Headings: Why Is Donald Trump So Popular?
Vinita Mehta Ph.D., Ed.M.
Why Is Donald Trump So Popular?
Research may explain The Donald's rise in the polls.
Content: They were then given a questionnaire comprised of statements that are characteristic of a narcissistic leader as well as a prototypical leader, and indicated how their ideal leader for the given company would answer the items. What did the researchers find? In uncertain contexts the preference for narcissistic leaders increases. More specifically, when conditions were uncertain high narcissists were thought to reduce uncertainty more than low narcissists, which also led others to select them as leaders more often. High narcissists were seen as tough, arrogant, manipulative, and lacking in empathy. Yet when uncertainty abounds, people tend to judge high narcissists more positively as leaders in spite of their toxic attributes. Times are tough. As a nation, we are contending with numerous challenges, including the economy, the job market, and the war on terror. Perhaps Mr. Trump's seeming narcissism provides people with the feeling that if he were in charge, someone would know what they're doing — and reduce anxiety. Whether he's the best choice to lead the country is another matter. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/head-games/201509/why-is-donald-trump-so-popular |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_409597850#1_845897549 | Title: Bipolar Disorder and Creativity | Psychology Today
Headings: Bipolar Disorder and Creativity
Neel Burton M.D.
Bipolar Disorder and Creativity
What explains the link between bipolar disorder and creativity?
THE BASICS
Content: Although she found no history of schizophrenia amongst the authors, she did find an unexpectedly strong history of mood disorders: 80 per cent of her sample of authors had experienced at least one episode of major depression, hypomania, or mania, compared to only 30 per cent of a matched control group. Andreasen followed-up the authors for the next 15 years and found that 43 per cent of them had bipolar disorder compared to only 10 per cent of the control group and 1 per cent of the general population. During the 15 years of the follow-up study, two of the authors committed suicide. For Andreasen, 'Issues of statistical significance pale before the clinical implications of this fact'. The Royal Academy Study
In 1989 the psychiatrist Kay Redfield Jamison (who herself suffers from bipolar disorder) surveyed 47 British authors and visual artists from the British Royal Academy and found that 38 per cent had been treated for a mood disorder. In particular, half of the poets in her sample had needed medication or hospitalization. Responding to questions about the role of very intense moods in the creative process, many participants in the study reported changes in mood, cognition (thinking), and behaviour either preceding or coinciding with creative episodes. The most common such changes were ‘increases in enthusiasm, energy, self-confidence, speed of mental association, fluency of thoughts and elevated mood, and a strong sense of well-being’. Participants also reported a noticeably decreased need for sleep and feelings of elation, excitement, and anticipation. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201203/bipolar-disorder-and-creativity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_411292086#8_847895780 | Title: Does Cohabitation Lead to More Divorces? | Psychology Today
Headings: Does Cohabitation Lead to More Divorces?
Aaron Ben-Zeév Ph.D.
Does Cohabitation Lead to More Divorces?
Getting married without talking about it
THE BASICS
Content: Accordingly, once various personal characteristics are controlled for, the risks of marital dissolution for those who cohabit prior to marriage are significantly lower than for those who marry directly ( here ). The dispute regarding the overall value of premarital cohabitation concerns the issue of whether the negative correlation between cohabitation and divorce (and marital quality in general) refers to process factors or selection factors. Process factors refer to the experience of cohabitation while selection factors refer to the characteristics of individuals who happen to be in cohabitation. I believe that the nature of the correlation between cohabitation and marital quality depends on both types of factors, and the interaction between these types of factors is complex and dynamic. THE BASICS
Making Marriage Work
Find a marriage therapist near me
All the positive and negative effects mentioned here—that is, the positive learning effects of trial marriage and the negative inertia effects—are indeed present in the transition from cohabitation to marriage. However, these effects (and others) have different relative weights in different cases, and those finally determine the overall impact upon marital quality. People who live together learn more about each other; however, such living increases constraints, regardless of the intensity of love and the quality of the relationship. As a result of these effects people who cohabit will marry even if they might not do so if they had not cohabited. However, in the case of the learning effect they will do so for the right reasons—that is, reasons that will enhance the quality of their relationship; | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-the-name-love/201303/does-cohabitation-lead-more-divorces |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_411764294#0_848415846 | Title: How Emotions Influence What We Buy | Psychology Today
Headings: How Emotions Influence What We Buy
Peter Noel Murray Ph.D.
How Emotions Influence What We Buy
The emotional core of consumer decision-making
Content: How Emotions Influence What We Buy | Psychology Today
Peter Noel Murray Ph.D.
Inside the Consumer Mind
How Emotions Influence What We Buy
The emotional core of consumer decision-making
Posted Feb 26, 2013
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Source: Syda Productions/Shutterstock
Most people believe that the choices they make result from a rational analysis of available alternatives. In reality, however, emotions greatly influence and, in many cases, even determine our decisions. In his book, Descartes' Error, Antonio Damasio, professor of neuroscience at the University of Southern California, argues that emotion is a necessary ingredient to almost all decisions. When we are confronted with a decision, emotions from previous, related experiences affix values to the options we are considering. These emotions create preferences, which lead to our decision. Damasio’s view is based on his studies of people whose connections between the “thinking” and “emotional” areas of the brain had been damaged. They were capable of rationally processing information about alternative choices, but were unable to make decisions, because they lacked any sense of how they felt about the options. The influential role of emotion in consumer behavior is well documented: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) shows that when evaluating brands, consumers primarily use emotions (personal feelings and experiences), rather than information (brand attributes, features, and facts). | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inside-the-consumer-mind/201302/how-emotions-influence-what-we-buy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_411764294#1_848417797 | Title: How Emotions Influence What We Buy | Psychology Today
Headings: How Emotions Influence What We Buy
Peter Noel Murray Ph.D.
How Emotions Influence What We Buy
The emotional core of consumer decision-making
Content: These emotions create preferences, which lead to our decision. Damasio’s view is based on his studies of people whose connections between the “thinking” and “emotional” areas of the brain had been damaged. They were capable of rationally processing information about alternative choices, but were unable to make decisions, because they lacked any sense of how they felt about the options. The influential role of emotion in consumer behavior is well documented: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) shows that when evaluating brands, consumers primarily use emotions (personal feelings and experiences), rather than information (brand attributes, features, and facts). Advertising research reveals that the consumer's emotional response to an ad has a far greater influence on their reported intent to buy a product than does the ad’s content—by a factor of 3-to-1 for television commercials and 2-to-1 for print ads. Research conducted by the Advertising Research Foundation concluded that “likeability” is the measure most predictive of whether an advertisement will increase a brand’s sales. Studies show that positive emotions toward a brand have a far greater influence on consumer loyalty than trust and other judgments, which are based on a brand’s attributes. Emotions are the primary reason why consumers prefer brand-name products. After all, many of the products we buy are available as generic and store brands with the same ingredients and at cheaper prices. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inside-the-consumer-mind/201302/how-emotions-influence-what-we-buy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_411764294#2_848419779 | Title: How Emotions Influence What We Buy | Psychology Today
Headings: How Emotions Influence What We Buy
Peter Noel Murray Ph.D.
How Emotions Influence What We Buy
The emotional core of consumer decision-making
Content: Advertising research reveals that the consumer's emotional response to an ad has a far greater influence on their reported intent to buy a product than does the ad’s content—by a factor of 3-to-1 for television commercials and 2-to-1 for print ads. Research conducted by the Advertising Research Foundation concluded that “likeability” is the measure most predictive of whether an advertisement will increase a brand’s sales. Studies show that positive emotions toward a brand have a far greater influence on consumer loyalty than trust and other judgments, which are based on a brand’s attributes. Emotions are the primary reason why consumers prefer brand-name products. After all, many of the products we buy are available as generic and store brands with the same ingredients and at cheaper prices. Why do we decide to pay more for brand-name products? A nationally advertised brand has power in the marketplace, because it creates an emotional connection to the consumer. A brand is nothing more than a mental representation of a product in the consumer’s mind. If the representation consists only of the product’s attributes, features, and other information, there are no emotional links to influence consumer preference and action. The richer the emotional content of a brand’s mental representation, the more likely the consumer will be a loyal user. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inside-the-consumer-mind/201302/how-emotions-influence-what-we-buy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_411764294#7_848427871 | Title: How Emotions Influence What We Buy | Psychology Today
Headings: How Emotions Influence What We Buy
Peter Noel Murray Ph.D.
How Emotions Influence What We Buy
The emotional core of consumer decision-making
Content: More recently, Internet and digital media companies added a new layer of suppositions to explain and predict consumer behavior. Their approach views the consumer through the lens of digital technology. However, they misinterpret data about the activity of online users as being a valid insight into the consumer decision-making process. Consumers do not have a Pavlovian response to products and to their marketing programs. Nor do the fundamentals of consumer behavior change to accommodate the latest innovation in digital technology. An understanding of consumer purchase behavior must be based on knowledge of human emotion and include the paramount influence that emotions have on decision-making. SHARE
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Brand Narrative
Submitted by on January 16, 2014 - 7:06pm
Great article! Marketers understand that we are emotional creatures. The Geico commercials are good examples of brand personality. Geico is like a funny friend who you love to see because he makes you laugh. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inside-the-consumer-mind/201302/how-emotions-influence-what-we-buy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_411764294#8_848429324 | Title: How Emotions Influence What We Buy | Psychology Today
Headings: How Emotions Influence What We Buy
Peter Noel Murray Ph.D.
How Emotions Influence What We Buy
The emotional core of consumer decision-making
Content: An understanding of consumer purchase behavior must be based on knowledge of human emotion and include the paramount influence that emotions have on decision-making. SHARE
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Brand Narrative
Submitted by on January 16, 2014 - 7:06pm
Great article! Marketers understand that we are emotional creatures. The Geico commercials are good examples of brand personality. Geico is like a funny friend who you love to see because he makes you laugh. The jokes/personality make us like the friend. The jokes/personality make us like Geico commercials. Would you mind giving me an example of "brand narrative?" I'm really curious on this topic. Reply to
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Hi Peter, great article. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inside-the-consumer-mind/201302/how-emotions-influence-what-we-buy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_411764294#10_848431429 | Title: How Emotions Influence What We Buy | Psychology Today
Headings: How Emotions Influence What We Buy
Peter Noel Murray Ph.D.
How Emotions Influence What We Buy
The emotional core of consumer decision-making
Content: I'm
Submitted by on March 31, 2014 - 2:33pm
Hi Peter, great article. I'm a branding consultant. In your article, you refer to several studies. Do you have references for these studies? Particularly the ones mentioned in this section, I'd like to read more on them. Thanks! fMRI neuro-imagery shows that when evaluating brands, consumers primarily use emotions (personal feelings and experiences) rather than information (brand attributes, features, and facts). Advertising research reveals that emotional response to an ad has far greater influence on a consumer’s reported intent to buy a product than does the ad’s content – by a factor of 3-to-1 for television commercials and 2-to-1 for print ads. Research conducted by the Advertising Research Foundation concluded that the emotion of “likeability” is the measure most predictive of whether an advertisement will increase a brand’s sales. Studies show that positive emotions toward a brand have far greater influence on consumer loyalty than trust and other judgments which are based on a brand’s attributes. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inside-the-consumer-mind/201302/how-emotions-influence-what-we-buy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_411764294#11_848432979 | Title: How Emotions Influence What We Buy | Psychology Today
Headings: How Emotions Influence What We Buy
Peter Noel Murray Ph.D.
How Emotions Influence What We Buy
The emotional core of consumer decision-making
Content: Thanks! fMRI neuro-imagery shows that when evaluating brands, consumers primarily use emotions (personal feelings and experiences) rather than information (brand attributes, features, and facts). Advertising research reveals that emotional response to an ad has far greater influence on a consumer’s reported intent to buy a product than does the ad’s content – by a factor of 3-to-1 for television commercials and 2-to-1 for print ads. Research conducted by the Advertising Research Foundation concluded that the emotion of “likeability” is the measure most predictive of whether an advertisement will increase a brand’s sales. Studies show that positive emotions toward a brand have far greater influence on consumer loyalty than trust and other judgments which are based on a brand’s attributes. Reply to
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Your insight
Submitted by on November 26, 2016 - 4:15pm
Peter, your unparalleled insights are even more remarkable because of your PhD.
Yesterday, I bought Instagram followers from Aratic. Looking back, I initially thought it was because of impulse (hey, it was Black Friday), but after finding your post, I was able to nail down the exact reason. Thanks again for your insight and I look forward to your future posts on PT. Reply to
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Your article relates to real life ! Submitted by on December 15, 2016 - 1:34am
Yeah, brands touching our emotions have greater loyalty and we tend to ignore product details . | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inside-the-consumer-mind/201302/how-emotions-influence-what-we-buy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_411764294#12_848434900 | Title: How Emotions Influence What We Buy | Psychology Today
Headings: How Emotions Influence What We Buy
Peter Noel Murray Ph.D.
How Emotions Influence What We Buy
The emotional core of consumer decision-making
Content: Reply to
Quote
Your insight
Submitted by on November 26, 2016 - 4:15pm
Peter, your unparalleled insights are even more remarkable because of your PhD.
Yesterday, I bought Instagram followers from Aratic. Looking back, I initially thought it was because of impulse (hey, it was Black Friday), but after finding your post, I was able to nail down the exact reason. Thanks again for your insight and I look forward to your future posts on PT. Reply to
Quote
Your article relates to real life ! Submitted by on December 15, 2016 - 1:34am
Yeah, brands touching our emotions have greater loyalty and we tend to ignore product details . Such a brand was nestle that produced noodles that had an bad effect on health but we are still buying it . not to say , but we are kinda emotionally attached to that product. Reply to
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My Consumer Behavior Analysis
Submitted by on February 6, 2018 - 9:37pm
As a customer, what stimulates me to purchase products are the captivating advertisement and the product appraisals. Solitary societal inspiration that pretentious the purchases is the compelling advertisement from social media websites such as Facebook, Google, and YouTube. As a shopper, the automatic advertisement that inquire to have you tried this? | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inside-the-consumer-mind/201302/how-emotions-influence-what-we-buy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_411764294#15_848440474 | Title: How Emotions Influence What We Buy | Psychology Today
Headings: How Emotions Influence What We Buy
Peter Noel Murray Ph.D.
How Emotions Influence What We Buy
The emotional core of consumer decision-making
Content: My utilitarian attitude is the furthermost public attitude that I constantly have when I am purchasing a product because I purchase on the urge derived from volume of pain or liking a product or service may carry. As I examined my communication style, I observed that my captivating marketing requests styles are classified as rationality, emotional, and scarcity appeal. As a shopper with a rationality appeal, I principally trust enthusiastically dispensation the information accessible in the advertisement. Typically, I have rational desires that are prominence on the applied, purposeful, or utilitarian needs of me as a customer. I am persuaded by emotionally attractive advertisement that exhibitions a potential gain of optimistic emotions such as contentment, pleasure, hope, and love. If there are goods that are restricted, and they are promoted at a decent price then I notice that I have an attitude classified as a scarcity appeal attitude. A product grasps my attention effortlessly and effectively by exhibiting any items that seize my attention based from a rational, emotional, and or scarcity appeal. Reply to
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Emotion
Submitted by on May 4, 2018 - 4:41pm
Cognition is important to. I don't belie | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/inside-the-consumer-mind/201302/how-emotions-influence-what-we-buy |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_412080493#9_848705073 | Title: Male and Female: The Overlapping Curves | Psychology Today
Headings: Male and Female: The Overlapping Curves
Noam Shpancer Ph.D.
Male and Female: The Overlapping Curves
What’s with the differences between men and women?
Content: article continues after advertisement
Third, the argument that genetic differences inherently give rise to differences in behavior and functioning is problematic. Genes do not establish traits or behaviors, they establish potentials. The path from genetic potential to actual behavior in the world, from genotype to phenotype, passes necessarily through the social environment. Society, in this context, influences genes in two primary ways. First, it decides how much of your genetic potential will be fulfilled. Your genes may predispose you to be six foot four, but if you grow up malnourished, in a neglectful early environment (social conditions) you will not achieve your potential height. Second, society controls the manner in which you will express your genetic potential. A big, strong, agile man may find himself on a football team, if he's American. If he's Japanese he may find himself on the sumo mat. Our DNA doesn't have a ‘football gene' or a ‘sumo gene.' | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/insight-therapy/201108/male-and-female-the-overlapping-curves |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_412354083#4_848951305 | Title: Grief Isn't Something to Get Over | Psychology Today
Headings: Grief Isn't Something to Get Over
Mary C. Lamia Ph.D.
Grief Isn't Something to Get Over
The notion that one "gets over it" is a myth.
Content: But you're not going to get over it because that's impossible: You cannot erase emotional memory. Besides, it's not about achieving closure. Instead, you have to figure out what you are going to do when your emotional memories are later triggered. Emotions that have to do with loss are triggered throughout our lives. Usually, they are in the form of anniversary reactions, such as the birthday or death day of the lost loved one, or any significant holiday in which you might want to be with the person who is gone. Reminders, such as visiting a place you've been with the person you lost, will trigger a similar response. Episodes of depression or anxiety that seem to come from nowhere may have been activated by anniversary reactions or situation-matching reactions. Grief can also be triggered by an age-matching anniversary reaction, which is when a person's age matches the age of a parent or loved one when they died. The remarkable power of age-matching anniversary reactions arising from the loss of a parent in childhood was demonstrated to me when I began training as a psychologist nearly 40 years ago. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/intense-emotions-and-strong-feelings/201105/grief-isnt-something-get-over |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_412354083#5_848952871 | Title: Grief Isn't Something to Get Over | Psychology Today
Headings: Grief Isn't Something to Get Over
Mary C. Lamia Ph.D.
Grief Isn't Something to Get Over
The notion that one "gets over it" is a myth.
Content: Usually, they are in the form of anniversary reactions, such as the birthday or death day of the lost loved one, or any significant holiday in which you might want to be with the person who is gone. Reminders, such as visiting a place you've been with the person you lost, will trigger a similar response. Episodes of depression or anxiety that seem to come from nowhere may have been activated by anniversary reactions or situation-matching reactions. Grief can also be triggered by an age-matching anniversary reaction, which is when a person's age matches the age of a parent or loved one when they died. The remarkable power of age-matching anniversary reactions arising from the loss of a parent in childhood was demonstrated to me when I began training as a psychologist nearly 40 years ago. I had been treating a severely depressed man who, for many months, was not responsive to intensive psychotherapy or medication. Upon discovering with the patient that his depression began at a time in which his age matched his father's age of death, the depression miraculously lifted. Beneath his depression lay a myriad of fears that he would be like his father, which included dying at the same age of his father, as well as guilt that he was not like his father and could live a full life. Although he had been unaware of the age factor, his painful feelings seemed to recreate the trauma of his father's death, which was too overwhelming for him to feel when he was 10 years old. article continues after advertisement
One of the reasons that grief happens to be triggered by external reminders, such as in anniversary reactions, is because grief is an emotion that sends a vague alert to help you to remember, rather than to forget. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/intense-emotions-and-strong-feelings/201105/grief-isnt-something-get-over |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_413944554#13_850801439 | Title: Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life | Psychology Today
Headings: Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life
Derald Wing Sue Ph.D.
Racial Microaggressions in Everyday Life
Is subtle bias harmless?
Content: Harmful Impact
Many racial microaggressions are so subtle that neither target nor perpetrator may entirely understand what is happening. The invisibility of racial microaggressions may be more harmful to people of color than hate crimes or the overt and deliberate acts of white supremacists such as the Klan and Skinheads. Studies support the fact that people of color frequently experience microaggressions, that it is a continuing reality in their day-to-day interactions with friends, neighbors, co-workers, teachers, and employers in academic, social and public settings. They are often made to feel excluded, untrustworthy, second-class citizens, and abnormal. People of color often describe the terrible feeling of being watched suspiciously in stores, that any slipup they make would negatively impact every person of color, that they felt pressured to represent the group in positive ways, and that they feel trapped in a stereotype. The burden of constant vigilance drains and saps psychological and spiritual energies of targets and contributes to chronic fatigue and a feeling of racial frustration and anger. Space does not allow me to elaborate on the harmful impact of racial microaggressions, but I summarize what the research literature reveals. Although they may appear like insignificant slights, or banal and trivial in nature, studies reveal that racial microaggressions have powerful detrimental consequences to people of color. They have been found to: ( a) assail the mental health of recipients, (b) create a hostile and invalidating work or campus climate, (c) perpetuate stereotype threat, (d) create physical health problems, (e) saturate the broader society with cues that signal devaluation of social gro | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/microaggressions-in-everyday-life/201010/racial-microaggressions-in-everyday-life |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_416075838#3_853377085 | Title: Behavioral Health Versus Mental Health | Psychology Today
Headings: Behavioral Health Versus Mental Health
Elana Premack Sandler L.C.S.W., M.P.H
Behavioral Health Versus Mental Health
Does what we call it influence how people think about it?
Content: I'd love to hear what you think. Do you find the term behavioral health to fit the work you're doing, either as a provider/practitioner or a patient/consumer/client? Do you think it helps or hurts the field? My friend and colleague suggested we might use a term like "perceptual health," as sometimes errors in the way we perceive a situation (or ourselves) lead to actions that do not help us. What term would you prefer? If you could, what would you rename "mental health?" Copyright 2009 Elana Premack Sandler, All Rights Reserved
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Be havior. Submitted by Marik Bromine on October 28, 2009 - 11:43am
I'm reminded of a time growing up when my mom would tell us to behave and I found myself wondering how I could possibly know when I was "being have." Joking aside, there is something you mentioned that I find might solve your dilema about what to call mental/behavioral health. The fact that external factors sometimes affect this health, or that underlying, changeable or unchangeable factors certainly contribute, but, all things considered, the question essentially has more to do with simply giving people guidance and assistance not with how to be mentally healthy or even with how to behave but with how to be, or simply being. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/promoting-hope-preventing-suicide/200910/behavioral-health-versus-mental-health |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_416622573#3_854016066 | Title: Suicide: One of Addiction’s Hidden Risks | Psychology Today
Headings: Suicide: One of Addiction’s Hidden Risks
Carolyn C. Ross M.D., M.P.H.
Suicide: One of Addiction’s Hidden Risks
Individuals with addiction are at higher risk for suicide.
Content: There are a few possible explanations. Under the influence of drugs or alcohol, people may lose inhibitions and take risks they ordinarily would not. Additionally, many people abuse drugs or alcohol in an attempt to relieve the symptoms of depression, anxiety or other mental health conditions. The rate of major depression is two to four times higher among addicts than the general population. Although drugs may seem to help in the short term, they exacerbate problems over time. When attempting to stop using drugs, people may feel overwhelmed by the return of painful emotions that they had been medicating with drugs. They may also be clear-headed enough to carry out suicidal thoughts and plans. Transitions, such as entering or leaving treatment, relapse, and death, divorce or other major life changes, can be especially vulnerable times. Abusing drugs, especially depressants such as alcohol or sedatives, can also trigger symptoms of depression, increasing the risk of suicide. As the consequences of addiction pile up, from legal problems and damaged relationships to financial ruin and job loss, individuals may lose all hope that things can get better. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/real-healing/201402/suicide-one-addiction-s-hidden-risks |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_417089853#11_854582609 | Title: Why Some People Have Issues With Men: Misandry | Psychology Today
Headings: Why Some People Have Issues With Men: Misandry
Anthony Synnott Ph.D.
Why Some People Have Issues With Men: Misandry
Misandry is not in everyone's dictionary, but it's out there.
Content: This new sexism, reverse sexism, is widespread in feminist and pro-feminist literature — or propaganda, one might say, — but largely ignored. One does not criticize feminism! But a fair number of feminists have criticized men in sexist terms. Marilyn French called men "the enemy." Germaine Greer wrote that that: " women have no idea how much men hate them." Betty Friedan, amazingly, referred to suburban domestic life as a "comfortable concentration camp" for women, and to their husbands a SS prison guards. Rosalind Miles described men as "the death sex." Valerie Solanas wrote "The SCUM Manifesto," the Society for Cutting Up Men, and Robin Morgan obligingly publicized this hate literature. Alice Walker's The Color Purple won the Pulitzer and is totally misandric, as are the bestsellers by Terry McMillan. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/rethinking-men/201010/why-some-people-have-issues-men-misandry |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_419411267#2_857245069 | Title:
Headings:
Content: For me, these words capture the irredeemable loss that young people must endure and the daunting challenge that they must brave as they depart from childhoodand face the great unknowns of growing up. They can never "go home" to childhood again. They can never return to that simpler, sheltered, and supportive time. Growing up requires giving up because necessary losses must occur if necessary gains are to be made. Now early adolescent apathy causes the separation from childhood to begin as young people start caring less about what used to matter most. Now they are set adrift in a sea of disaffection. They care less about what they loved to do as children. They care less about spending time with parents. They care less about life in the family circle. They care less about school performance. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/surviving-your-childs-adolescence/200909/adolescence-and-the-loss-childhood |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_422037313#1_860794874 | Title: Key Factors That Impact Your Odds of Marital Success | Psychology Today
Headings: Key Factors That Impact Your Odds of Marital Success
Shauna H Springer Ph.D.
Key Factors That Impact Your Odds of Marital Success
Well-educated individuals spend more time dating a potential spouse.
THE BASICS
Content: They do not leave their futures—including their marriages—up to chance, but instead proceed through life in a very intentional manner. Many have delayed receiving their relatively high incomes for several years to pursue graduate degrees. Similarly, the married respondents in my well-educated sample ( The Lifestyle Poll) indicated that they spent an average of 3.6 years dating their husbands before committing to marriage. This is much longer than the 2 year relationship “trial period” suggested by some theorists. These quite happily married women knew what they were looking for and spent considerable time building their relationships before making the decision to partner for life with their husbands. Within the Lifestyle Poll sample, the average age at marriage was also significantly higher than the average age of marriage for the population at large. Specifically, the average age at marriage for women in the Lifestyle Poll sample was 27.17 and the average age for their husbands was 28.94. The average age of marriage across the United States for the same time period was 23.6 for women and 25.8 for men*, so the men and women in this sample were 3 to 3.5 years older on average at the time of marriage. I suppose the relatively high average age of marriage in the Lifestyle Poll sample would explain a curious personal experience that I once had that has never been repeated at other weddings I’ve attended. I was attending a close friend’s wedding at the Harvard Club of New York, an elegant “Harvard on Harvard” marriage. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-joint-adventures-well-educated-couples/201206/key-factors-impact-your-odds-marital-success |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_422037313#2_860797017 | Title: Key Factors That Impact Your Odds of Marital Success | Psychology Today
Headings: Key Factors That Impact Your Odds of Marital Success
Shauna H Springer Ph.D.
Key Factors That Impact Your Odds of Marital Success
Well-educated individuals spend more time dating a potential spouse.
THE BASICS
Content: Within the Lifestyle Poll sample, the average age at marriage was also significantly higher than the average age of marriage for the population at large. Specifically, the average age at marriage for women in the Lifestyle Poll sample was 27.17 and the average age for their husbands was 28.94. The average age of marriage across the United States for the same time period was 23.6 for women and 25.8 for men*, so the men and women in this sample were 3 to 3.5 years older on average at the time of marriage. I suppose the relatively high average age of marriage in the Lifestyle Poll sample would explain a curious personal experience that I once had that has never been repeated at other weddings I’ve attended. I was attending a close friend’s wedding at the Harvard Club of New York, an elegant “Harvard on Harvard” marriage. When the bride threw the bouquet, the cluster of single women immediately jumped away from it and the unclaimed bouquet landed on the floor. I believe it may have ricocheted off my hand, because someone handed me the bouquet (now that I think of it, I realize I was, in fact, the next to get married). This bouquet toss experience was illuminated when I reviewed responses to the open-ended question “At what age or stage of life do you feel is the optimal time to get married and why?” Here are some representative answers to this question: • I believe you should not get married before your late 20s at the very earliest. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-joint-adventures-well-educated-couples/201206/key-factors-impact-your-odds-marital-success |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_422147629#1_860966737 | Title: The Importance of Fathers | Psychology Today
Headings: The Importance of Fathers
Ditta M. Oliker Ph.D.
The Importance of Fathers
Is Father's Day real?
Content: The world began to radically change with the social, economic and technical advances of the 20th century, and with those changes came a basic change in the structure and function of the family — with a consequent shift in the authority of the father. His influence was increasingly seen as minor, even negligible, and his importance was defined by how well he provided for the family. Another factor in the diminished role of the father was the then-new field of psychology. In fact, psychology became part of the problem. Research studies did not place much importance on the role of the father, and his influence on the development and growth of his child was reported as "insignificant." The term "parent" was often meant as mother — and father, if mentioned, was equivalent to other influences. Only a small number of parent-child studies investigated the father's role, and the few studies that were done at that time focused on the father's involvement as reported by the mother. For example, in a number of studies that used over 2,000 parents who responded to questions about parenting, not one father was interviewed. An indirect result of the lack of research data on fathers was the implied assumption that they weren't interested in fathering. The pendulum of the father's influence swung so far that the verse would have read: | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-long-reach-childhood/201106/the-importance-fathers |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_423063009#16_862118120 | Title: Parenting: Expectations of Success: Benefit or Burden | Psychology Today
Headings: Parenting: Expectations of Success: Benefit or Burden
Jim Taylor Ph.D.
Parenting: Expectations of Success: Benefit or Burden
Do your expectations help or hurt your child?
Content: Our family expects you to give your best effort" or "Our family expects you to make your studies a priority." These expectations are worthwhile whether someone is striving to be a scientist, teacher, professional athlete, writer, musician, spouse, or parent. Regardless of the abilities they inherited from you or with whom they might be compared, children have the capacity to use effort expectations and the tools associated with them to be the best they can be in whatever area they choose to pursue. Effort expectations should be established in collaboration with your children. This cooperative approach ensures that your children have ownership of the expectations rather than feeling that you have forced the expectations on them. You can talk to your children about the value of effort, how it will help them achieve their goals, and that they have complete control over their effort. You can share examples with your children of how notable people used the skills associated with effort to become successful. Most important, you want to help them make the connection between their efforts and success. If your children meet your effort expectations, they will, in all likelihood, perform well, achieve some level of success (how successful they become will depend on what abilities they were born with), and gain satisfaction in their efforts. They will also reap the benefits of your approval, good grades, and improved performance in other achievement activities. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-power-prime/201011/parenting-expectations-success-benefit-or-burden |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_423063009#17_862120101 | Title: Parenting: Expectations of Success: Benefit or Burden | Psychology Today
Headings: Parenting: Expectations of Success: Benefit or Burden
Jim Taylor Ph.D.
Parenting: Expectations of Success: Benefit or Burden
Do your expectations help or hurt your child?
Content: You can talk to your children about the value of effort, how it will help them achieve their goals, and that they have complete control over their effort. You can share examples with your children of how notable people used the skills associated with effort to become successful. Most important, you want to help them make the connection between their efforts and success. If your children meet your effort expectations, they will, in all likelihood, perform well, achieve some level of success (how successful they become will depend on what abilities they were born with), and gain satisfaction in their efforts. They will also reap the benefits of your approval, good grades, and improved performance in other achievement activities. If your children don't meet the effort expectations, your children may not succeed and must face the consequences, including your disapproval, poor grades, etc. They will also be disappointed (they should be). But rather than being crushed by the failure, they will know that they have the power to fulfill the expectations in the future. Meeting their effort expectations will encourage your children to set even | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-power-prime/201011/parenting-expectations-success-benefit-or-burden |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_423283142#3_862466782 | Title: What Imagination Is | Psychology Today
Headings: What Imagination Is
Jim Davies Ph.D.
What Imagination Is
Creativity or mental images?
Content: But imagination is used in a whole variety of cognitive processes, including planning, hypothetical reasoning, picturing things in the past or the future, comprehending language, and, of course, in design and creativity in engineering and the arts. What is not obvious is that this important, fascinating phenomenon can be explored scientifically. Even though we can't read images directly off of people's brains (yet), there are still scientific means to find out what goes on in somebody's head. And that's what my blog posts are about. This is your chance to learn about imagination from a scientific as well as an artistic perspective: how it works, what its limits are, as well as how you can use your imagination to be more creative and happy. I will report on research by other people as well as research done in my own Science of Imagination Laboratory. SHARE
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Imagination
Submitted by Tyra on March 26, 2018 - 3:48am
Hey! I really liked your article. I am doing a project on Imagination so this helped a lot. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-science-imagination/201207/what-imagination-is-0 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_423382881#5_862589571 | Title: Why Modern Feminism Is Illogical, Unnecessary, and Evil | Psychology Today
Headings: Why Modern Feminism Is Illogical, Unnecessary, and Evil
Satoshi Kanazawa
Why Modern Feminism Is Illogical, Unnecessary, and Evil
Feminism is the radical notion that women are men.
Content: As I mention in an earlier post, any reasonably attractive young woman exercises as much power over men as the male ruler of the world does over women. Finally, modern feminism is evil because it ultimately makes women (and men) unhappy. In a forthcoming article in the American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers of the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania show that American women over the last 35 years have steadily become less and less happy, as they have made more and more money relative to men. Women used to be a lot happier than men despite the fact that they made much less money than men. The sex gap in happiness (in women’s favor) has declined in the past 35 years as the sex gap in pay (in men’s favor) narrowed. Now women make as much as, sometimes even more than, men do. As a result, today women are just as unhappy, or even more unhappy than, men are. As I explain in a previous post, money does not make women happy. article continues after advertisement
The feminist insistence that women behave like men and make as much money as men do may not be the sole reason for women’s rising levels of dissatisfaction with life; | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/200908/why-modern-feminism-is-illogical-unnecessary-and-evil |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_423382881#6_862591321 | Title: Why Modern Feminism Is Illogical, Unnecessary, and Evil | Psychology Today
Headings: Why Modern Feminism Is Illogical, Unnecessary, and Evil
Satoshi Kanazawa
Why Modern Feminism Is Illogical, Unnecessary, and Evil
Feminism is the radical notion that women are men.
Content: The sex gap in happiness (in women’s favor) has declined in the past 35 years as the sex gap in pay (in men’s favor) narrowed. Now women make as much as, sometimes even more than, men do. As a result, today women are just as unhappy, or even more unhappy than, men are. As I explain in a previous post, money does not make women happy. article continues after advertisement
The feminist insistence that women behave like men and make as much money as men do may not be the sole reason for women’s rising levels of dissatisfaction with life; a greater incidence of divorce and single motherhood may also contribute to it. At any event, the culpability of modern feminism in making women steadily unhappy, because it is based on false assumptions about male and female human nature, is difficult to deny. Men’s happiness has not declined in the last 35 years, because there has not been masculinism; nobody has insisted on the radical notion that men are women, although, as Christina Hoff Sommers documents, this may be happening in our current war against boys . For anyone who is looking for an effective antidote to modern feminism, I highly recommend Danielle Crittenden’s 1999 book, What Our Mothers Didn't Tell Us: | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/200908/why-modern-feminism-is-illogical-unnecessary-and-evil |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_423440275#6_862685559 | Title: The Joke's on Who? | Psychology Today
Headings: The Joke's on Who?
William Berry, LMHC., CAP.
The Joke's on Who?
Some argue there is truth in every joke. Not necessarily.
Content: Sarcasm is generally used to put another person down in some way, or at the very least pokes fun at them. Sarcasm is, in all likelihood, the most popular form of humor today. There are far too numerous television programs to count that use sarcasm as a vehicle. A list of the most popular comedy television programs for 2012 indicates the popularity of sarcasm: Big Bang Theory, Modern Family, The Family Guy, Two and a Half Men, and The Simpsons all deploy sarcasm (and, in some cases, cartoon violence) to get laughs. In many cases, this humor comes from a character easily perceived as hostile or angry at the core. There is no doubt that some use sarcasm to mask their underlying anger. Most people can identify someone who uses humor for confrontation on something disagreeable. If the individual is then challenged about his confrontation, he likely backs off and says he was just kidding. This is used to deflect responsibility back on the person who was the brunt of the joke, stating that he is just being sensitive. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-second-noble-truth/201302/the-jokes-who |
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