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msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_107865293#13_224227565 | Title: Vaginal Yeast Infection Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention
Headings: What Is a Vaginal Yeast Infection?
What Is a Vaginal Yeast Infection?
What is a yeast infection?
What are the types of yeast infections?
Vaginal (or vulvovaginal) candidiasis
Oral thrush
Candida esophagitis
Cutaneous candidiasis
Penile yeast infection
Invasive candidiasis
What causes vaginal yeast infections?
What are the symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection?
Yeast infection treatment
Non-prescription topical treatments
Prescription medicines
Alternative treatments
How to prevent yeast infections
Content: Vaginal itching
Thick, white, curdy discharge
Redness and swelling of the vulva and vagina
Painful sex
Pain with urination
Yeast infection treatment
Most women can easily self-treat a yeast infection. “There are some very good medications for yeast infections available right over the counter,” Dr. Cunningham says. Ask your pharmacist to guide you through the array of antifungal creams, ointments, and suppositories from which to choose. Most yeast infections will respond to one-, three-, or seven-day treatment regimens. Non-prescription topical treatments
Over-the-counter options include clotrimazole, miconazole, and tioconazole. Walgreens Clotrimazole 7 Vaginal Cream 7-Day Treatment
walgreens.com
$13.99
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Monistat 7-Day Vaginal Antifungal
amazon.com
$12.99
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Walgreens Tioconazole 1 Vaginal Antifungal 1-Dose Treatment
walgreens.com
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Prescription medicines
For a severe infection or one that doesn’t respond to OTC treatments, your doctor may prescribe a topical antifungal cream or suppository, such as terconazole or butoconazole. Fluconazole (Diflucan) is a single pill taken by mouth. Doctors can prescribe additional doses to treat severe or recurrent infections. Some women prefer popping a pill to dealing with messy creams. But Dr. Cunningham says she isn’t a big fan of the oral option. “ | https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/a22127088/vaginal-yeast-infection-facts/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_108524635#1_225960035 | Title: This Is How Your Brain Reacts To Losing A Loved One
Headings: This Is How Your Brain Reacts To Losing A Loved One
This Is How Your Brain Reacts To Losing A Loved One
Grief can be healthy—but it changes your brain, too. These steps ensure a strong recovery.
Content: By Thomas Crook, PhD
Nov 3, 2011
Recently, my 58-year-old younger brother, a fit-and-sturdy Marine combat veteran, was diagnosed with lung cancer and died. Two weeks later, after an almost entirely disease-free life, I had to undergo eye surgery for cataracts. Since then, I've been thinking a lot about the inevitable setbacks we all encounter and how our brains deal with them. ( Boost your memory and age-proof your mind with these natural solutions.) Illustration by Shout
Researchers completed an intriguing study that illustrates just how profound and widespread the effect of negative personal events can be and how your brain reacts to grief. Three finance professors from major business schools tracked the performance of 75,000 Danish companies in the 2 years before and after the CEO had experienced a family death. Financial performance declined 20% after the loss of a child, 15% after the death of a spouse, and almost 10% after the demise of any other family member. Indeed, when brain imaging studies are done on people who are grieving, increased activity is seen along a broad network of neurons. These link areas associated not only with mood but also with memory, perception, conceptualization, and even the regulation of the heart, the digestive system, and other organs. This shows the pervasive impact loss or even disappointment can have. | https://www.prevention.com/health/memory/a20441690/how-your-brain-reacts-to-grief/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_108524635#2_225961883 | Title: This Is How Your Brain Reacts To Losing A Loved One
Headings: This Is How Your Brain Reacts To Losing A Loved One
This Is How Your Brain Reacts To Losing A Loved One
Grief can be healthy—but it changes your brain, too. These steps ensure a strong recovery.
Content: Three finance professors from major business schools tracked the performance of 75,000 Danish companies in the 2 years before and after the CEO had experienced a family death. Financial performance declined 20% after the loss of a child, 15% after the death of a spouse, and almost 10% after the demise of any other family member. Indeed, when brain imaging studies are done on people who are grieving, increased activity is seen along a broad network of neurons. These link areas associated not only with mood but also with memory, perception, conceptualization, and even the regulation of the heart, the digestive system, and other organs. This shows the pervasive impact loss or even disappointment can have. And the more we dwell on negative thoughts, the more developed these neural pathways become. The result can be chronic preoccupation, sadness, or even depression. Illustration by Shout
So how can we learn to deal with loss, disappointment, and everyday setbacks more constructively? Keep in mind these coping strategies for grief, which are working for me: Be on the alert for "intruders." | https://www.prevention.com/health/memory/a20441690/how-your-brain-reacts-to-grief/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_108524635#6_225967076 | Title: This Is How Your Brain Reacts To Losing A Loved One
Headings: This Is How Your Brain Reacts To Losing A Loved One
This Is How Your Brain Reacts To Losing A Loved One
Grief can be healthy—but it changes your brain, too. These steps ensure a strong recovery.
Content: Examples of these would be If only I had been, or Bad things happen in threes. Such thinking has no logical basis or benefit. View setbacks as opportunities. Effectively dealing with difficulties that don't incapacitate you will make you stronger. Finally, keep in mind that during these emotionally vulnerable times, we all create illusions. We focus almost exclusively on how wonderful those who've disappeared from our lives made us feel, and we convince ourselves that no one could ever affect us like that again. I miss my brother, no doubt about it. I know that I can't avoid illness and death in my life, but I can choose how to deal with them. I'm lucky to have known my brother for 58 years, but I'm not going to dwell on the thought that our time together could have been longer. MORE: | https://www.prevention.com/health/memory/a20441690/how-your-brain-reacts-to-grief/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_112205686#1_235067194 | Title: What Cats Do When They’re Out at Night
Headings: What Cats Do When They’re Out at Night
What Cats Do When They’re Out at Night
Where Cats Go at Night
Dangers to Cats at Night
Cats' Effect on Wildlife
Why Cats Fight at Night
Cat-Bite Abscesses From Cat Fights
Other Common Cat Fight Injuries
Sounds Cats Make at Night
Why Cats Yowl at Night
For More Info on Cat Behavior and Safety
Comments
Content: Read more here. Cats are a mystery (that’s part of what we love about them). This cat mystery is even more intriguing at night, when they wander neighborhoods and our homes doing… whatever it is they do. Why Cats Are Most Active at Night
It’s often said that cats are nocturnal, but that’s not quite accurate. Cats are actually crepuscular, which means they are most active just before the sun rises and just after the sun sets. Maybe you’ve noticed that your cat seems antsy at night or pounces on your chest to tell you that it’s breakfast time hours before your alarm goes off. This is because, for them, it’s meal time (and because they can’t pass up an opportunity to deprive you of sleep ; ) Cats are natural hunters that evolved to catch their prey — mice and rats — during the dawn and twilight hours. Just because they now lead cushy lives where their meals are brought to them, it doesn’t remove their instinct to hunt for their model meal (comprised of about 50–60% protein, 30–40% fat, and 10% carbohydrates — a diet that’s too far off these proportions can increase your cat’s risk for obesity, diabetes, and more. Check this article for help about reading cat food labels .) | https://www.preventivevet.com/cats/cat-behaviors-at-night |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_113310097#9_237680577 | Title: Puppy Shots — What Vaccines Your New Pup Needs (and When)
Headings: Puppy Shots — What Vaccines Your New Pup Needs (and When)
Puppy Shots — What Vaccines Your New Pup Needs (and When)
Is it time to go to the dog park or take a puppy class?
The typical 'puppy shot' series
Skip to the age of your puppy:
What vaccines a 6–8 week old puppy might get:
Where your puppy can usually go and what they can usually do after this 6–8 week vaccine visit:
What vaccines a 9–12 week puppy might get:
Where your puppy can usually go and what they can usually do after this 9–12 week vaccine visit:
What vaccines a 12–16 week puppy might get:
Where your puppy can usually go and what they can usually do after this 12–16 week vaccine visit:
15–17 weeks of age
What vaccines a 15–17 week puppy might get:
Where your puppy can usually go and what they can usually do after this 15–17 week vaccine visit:
Puppy shots don’t last for life!
Why are "puppy shots" a series? Why is the timing important?
What Vaccines Do Dogs Need?
The concept of core versus non-core vaccines
Vaccinatable Conditions of Dogs
Bordetella (commonly called 'Kennel Cough')
Coronavirus
Distemper
Core
Cause: Virus
Hepatitis/Adenovirus
Influenza (Canine Influenza Virus – 'Dog Flu')
Leptospirosis
Lyme disease (Borrelia)
Parainfluenza
Parvovirus
Core
Rabies
Core
Cause: Virus
Need to connect with a veterinarian now?
Ask a Dog Vet Now
Content: Check out this article or our Pupstanding App to see how and when to start this super important process with your pup. 9–12 weeks of age
Depending on your puppy's age when you first got them, this may be their first visit to your veterinarian or their second. Either way, it's an important visit. What vaccines a 9–12 week puppy might get: CORE: DA2P (a.k.a. " Parvo" or "Distemper shot")
Combination shot protecting against Distemper, Adenovirus (Canine Infectious Hepatitis), and "Parvo." This vaccine may be administered as a DA2PP, which is the same thing, but also includes protection against Parainfluenza (an important, but “non-core” vaccine). NON-CORE: Bordetella (a.k.a. " | https://www.preventivevet.com/dogs/puppy-vaccination-schedule |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_115543693#12_243393776 | Title: The US tried extra-high tariffs before, in 1930. It was a disaster.
Headings: The US tried extra-high tariffs before, in 1930. It was a disaster.
The US tried extra-high tariffs before, in 1930. It was a disaster.
Want a seat at the table?
Content: Many historians argue that the deteriorating world economy helped set the stage for World War II, a sobering thought. So, if Trump imposes especially high tariffs, could it set off another global trade war? “It’s possible, it is very possible,” says Cohen. “ He said he’s going to slap 45 percent tariffs on everything coming out of China. I don’t know, let’s say he does it. I would hate to be owning Apple Stock or Boeing stock that morning.” Meaning: China could quickly retaliate against American interests. And those iPhones made in China? A tariff would immediately make them even more expensive for American consumers. | https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-01/us-tried-extra-high-tariffs-1930-it-was-disaster |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_115825216#5_244123328 | Title: Protests that rocked The World in 2019
Headings: Protests that rocked The World in 2019
Protests that rocked The World in 2019
France: ‘The gas tax is the tip of the iceberg’
Venezuela: ‘Now is the moment!’
Haiti: ‘Things got so bad in Haiti that there was no Carnival’
Algeria: ‘What's important right now … is real reforms’
Sudan: ‘Women are front, left and center of the revolution’
Hong Kong: ‘A state of emergency’
Lebanon: ‘We’ve had enough’
Chile: ‘There’s no turning back now’
Colombia: ‘It’s a question of ethics and morality’
Iran: ‘There is a huge distrust between the government and people’
Want a seat at the table?
Content: Credit: Alaa al-Marjani/Reuters
And Puerto Rico saw the resignation of Gov. Ricardo Rossello after mass protests erupted related to leaked messages revealing corruption and bigotry . But in other cases, mass protests stalled or stagnated, leaving governments and citizens in precarious states. In Venezuela, where President Nicolás Maduro was expected to start his sixth term in office in January, violent protests threw his leadership into question with the rise of opposition leader Juan Guaidó, who proclaimed presidency on constitutional grounds. While Guidó was recognized by many world leaders, a standoff endures as embattled Maduro continued to lead. Other Latin American countries like Nicaragua and Ecuador saw mass protests that were stalled or shutdown with excessive police force and government-led crackdowns on dissent. In the spring, thousands of protesters in Haiti spoke out against mass corruption committed by Haiti’s political class. A group of young protesters known as the PetroChallengers has been fighting against the embezzlement of funds well over $1 billion received through Venezuela’s discounted PetroCaribe oil alliance program. While President Jovenel Moïse has attempted to quell protesters, Haiti remains embroiled in protests that harken back to the Haitian Revolution . And in Hong Kong, an extradition bill that sparked the fuse for massive student-led, pro-democracy movement continues. | https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-12-30/protests-rocked-world-2019 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_117911486#8_248578319 | Title: 6 Must Read Pricing Strategy Quotes
Headings: 6 Must Read Pricing Strategy Quotes
6 Must Read Pricing Strategy Quotes
"Price is what you pay. Value is what you get." - Warren Buffett
For me, it's not about price. It's about necessity, quality, and usefulness. Like, I have my Wet N Wild 666 lip liner. It's 99 cents and always has been. I started using it when I was in high school, and it's great. - Fergie
“The moment you make a mistake in pricing, you're eating into your reputation or your profits.” - Katharine Paine
With the price of life these days, you've got to get everything for free you can. - Carl Rogers
"Pricing is actually pretty simple...Customers will not pay literally a penny more than the true value of the product." - Ron Johnson
"Pricing is the exchange rate you put on all the tangible and intangible aspects of your business. Value for cash." - Patrick Campbell
Content: With the price of life these days, you've got to get everything for free you can. - Carl Rogers
photo credit: cobalt123
Carl here may be exaggerating a little bit, but his underlying message rings true. After all, who doesn’t love free stuff? This kind of thinking provides the foundation for the freemium model: Everyone loves free stuff, so let’s give the product away for free to attract users and then figure out a way how to get these users to pay. There’s a couple problems with this thinking. First, since you’re giving your product away for free, you’re implying that your customers will find no value from it (otherwise, you could charge something and they would be willing to pay). Second, and more importantly, you’re leaving money on the table because you're not collecting revenue from customers who were originally willing to pay for your product but are now using it for free. ( When was the last time you had a customer volunteer to pay you?). | https://www.priceintelligently.com/blog/bid/182007/6-must-read-pricing-strategy-quotes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_117911486#9_248580444 | Title: 6 Must Read Pricing Strategy Quotes
Headings: 6 Must Read Pricing Strategy Quotes
6 Must Read Pricing Strategy Quotes
"Price is what you pay. Value is what you get." - Warren Buffett
For me, it's not about price. It's about necessity, quality, and usefulness. Like, I have my Wet N Wild 666 lip liner. It's 99 cents and always has been. I started using it when I was in high school, and it's great. - Fergie
“The moment you make a mistake in pricing, you're eating into your reputation or your profits.” - Katharine Paine
With the price of life these days, you've got to get everything for free you can. - Carl Rogers
"Pricing is actually pretty simple...Customers will not pay literally a penny more than the true value of the product." - Ron Johnson
"Pricing is the exchange rate you put on all the tangible and intangible aspects of your business. Value for cash." - Patrick Campbell
Content: Everyone loves free stuff, so let’s give the product away for free to attract users and then figure out a way how to get these users to pay. There’s a couple problems with this thinking. First, since you’re giving your product away for free, you’re implying that your customers will find no value from it (otherwise, you could charge something and they would be willing to pay). Second, and more importantly, you’re leaving money on the table because you're not collecting revenue from customers who were originally willing to pay for your product but are now using it for free. ( When was the last time you had a customer volunteer to pay you?). Freemium kills pricing strategies, and for a deeper analysis, check out this article: Forget Freemium: Why it’s Killing Your Pricing Strategy. "Pricing is actually pretty simple...Customers will not pay literally a penny more than the true value of the product." - Ron Johnson
photo credit: | https://www.priceintelligently.com/blog/bid/182007/6-must-read-pricing-strategy-quotes |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_120115666#0_252614592 | Title: Spring Hill Hotels - Deals at the #1 Hotel in Spring Hill, FL
Headings: Search for Hotels in Spring Hill
Spring Hill Hotels
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Hotels in Spring Hill, FL
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Nearby Hotels
Quality Inn Weeki Wachee
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Inn on the Gulf
Bring Your Boat! Direct Waterfront. Home
Rodeway Inn Port Richey North
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Homewood Suites By Hilton Tampa-Port Richey
Hampton Inn & Suites Port Richey
Days Inn & Suites by Wyndham Port Richey
Attractions Near Spring Hill
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Microtel Inn & Suites By Wyndham Spring Hill/Weeki Wachee
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
8.5
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$
80
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star
star
starHalf
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Spring Hill
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
7.1
Guest Rating
from
$
108
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star
star
starHalf
Hampton Inn Spring Hill
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
8.0
Guest Rating
from
$
114
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0
Modern Pool Home
from
$
106
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star
star
Motel 6 Spring Hill Weeki Wachee
Free Parking, Swimming Pool, Pets Allowed
6.5
Guest Rating
from
$
45
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star
star
starHalf
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Brooksville West
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
9.0
Guest Rating
from
$
147
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Nearby Hotels
star
star
starHalf
Quality Inn Weeki Wachee
2.24 miles away from Spring Hill
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
6.9
Guest Rating
from
$
67
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star
star
star
Three Lakes - RV Resort
11.32 miles away from Spring Hill
Free Internet Access, Free Parking, Swimming Pool
9.2
Guest Rating
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$
136
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0
Reel Inn on Clark Home
11.81 miles away from Spring Hill
No Smoking Rooms/Facilities, BBQ facilities, Balcony/terrace
from
$
105
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star
star
starHalf
Inn on the Gulf
11.99 miles away from Spring Hill
Beachfront, Free Internet Access, Free Parking
8.7
Guest Rating
from
$
129
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0
Bring Your Boat! Direct Waterfront. | https://www.priceline.com/hotel-deals/c3000003422/US/Florida/Spring-Hill-Hotels.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_120115666#1_252618319 | Title: Spring Hill Hotels - Deals at the #1 Hotel in Spring Hill, FL
Headings: Search for Hotels in Spring Hill
Spring Hill Hotels
Search for Hotels in Spring Hill
DEALS FOR EVERY BUDGET
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Hotels in Spring Hill, FL
We have great deals on most of our 6 hotels in Spring Hill.
Microtel Inn & Suites By Wyndham Spring Hill/Weeki Wachee
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Spring Hill
Hampton Inn Spring Hill
Modern Pool Home
Motel 6 Spring Hill Weeki Wachee
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Brooksville West
Nearby Hotels
Quality Inn Weeki Wachee
Three Lakes - RV Resort
Reel Inn on Clark Home
Inn on the Gulf
Bring Your Boat! Direct Waterfront. Home
Rodeway Inn Port Richey North
OYO Hotel Bayonet Point - North Port Richey
Homewood Suites By Hilton Tampa-Port Richey
Hampton Inn & Suites Port Richey
Days Inn & Suites by Wyndham Port Richey
Attractions Near Spring Hill
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Content: We’re here for you 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Home
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Hotels in Spring Hill, FL
We have great deals on most of our 6 hotels in Spring Hill. Here we provide access to some quick listings based on popularity with our customers and up to date prices. Map
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Microtel Inn & Suites By Wyndham Spring Hill/Weeki Wachee
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
8.5
Guest Rating
from
$
80
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star
star
starHalf
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Spring Hill
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
7.1
Guest Rating
from
$
108
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star
star
starHalf
Hampton Inn Spring Hill
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
8.0
Guest Rating
from
$
114
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0
Modern Pool Home
from
$
106
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star
star
Motel 6 Spring Hill Weeki Wachee
Free Parking, Swimming Pool, Pets Allowed
6.5
Guest Rating
from
$
45
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star
star
starHalf
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Brooksville West
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
9.0
Guest Rating
from
$
147
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Nearby Hotels
star
star
starHalf
Quality Inn Weeki Wachee
2.24 miles away from Spring Hill
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
6.9
Guest Rating
from
$
67
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star
star
star
Three Lakes - RV Resort
11.32 miles away from Spring Hill
Free Internet Access, Free Parking, Swimming Pool
9.2
Guest Rating
from
$
136
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0
Reel Inn on Clark Home
11.81 miles away from Spring Hill
No Smoking Rooms/Facilities, BBQ facilities, Balcony/terrace
from
$
105
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star
star
starHalf
Inn on the Gulf
11.99 miles away from Spring Hill
Beachfront, Free Internet Access, Free Parking
8.7
Guest Rating
from
$
129
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0
Bring Your Boat! Direct Waterfront. Home
12.81 miles away from Spring Hill
Free Internet Access, Free Parking, Fitness Center
from
$
120
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star
star
Rodeway Inn Port Richey North
13.68 miles away from Spring Hill
Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas, Free Parking
6.8
Guest Rating
from
$
51
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star
star
OYO Hotel Bayonet Point - North Port Richey
13.71 miles away from Spring Hill
Free Internet Access, Free Parking, Swimming Pool
5.6
Guest Rating
from
$
50
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star
star
star
Homewood Suites By Hilton Tampa-Port Richey
14.31 miles away from Spring Hill
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
8.9
Guest Rating
from
$
91
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star
star
starHalf
Hampton Inn & Suites Port Richey
14.38 miles away from Spring Hill
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
8.6
Guest Rating
from
$
83
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star
star
Days Inn & Suites by Wyndham Port Richey
14.52 miles away from Spring Hill
Free Breakfast, Free Internet Access, Free Internet In Public Areas
6.5
Guest Rating
from
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52
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Attractions Near Spring Hill
Weeki Wachee Springs
1.78 miles away
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_132308638#0_270164074 | Title: Why Community Involvement in Schools is Important | Pride SurveysPride Surveys
Headings: Why Community Involvement in Schools is Important
Why Community Involvement in Schools is Important
The Benefits of Community Involvement in Schools
Easy Ways to Encourage Community Engagement in Your School
Make Community Involvement a Priority for Your School
Content: Why Community Involvement in Schools is Important | Pride SurveysPride Surveys
Why Community Involvement in Schools is Important
Posted on May 6, 2016
It’s no secret that parental involvement is an integral part of a successful educational framework. Numerous studies [1] have identified parent engagement as a critical factor affecting the success of individual students and the school environment itself. But what many schools and educational institutions overlook is the fact that high rates of student success are generally the result of three groups collaborating to provide the best opportunities for the future—teachers, parents, and the community. In a 2002 research review by Anne T. Henderson and Karen L. Mapp – A New Wave of Evidence: The Impact of School, Family, and Community Connections on Student Achievement – the researchers concluded that there is a significant positive correlation between school, family, and community involvement and student success [2]. Oftentimes, the onus for providing a well-rounded educational experience for every student falls directly on the shoulders of the school administrators, teachers, faculty, and staff. However, this limited perspective overlooks the fact that much of a child’s life and education occurs outside the classroom. What happens before the school day starts and after it ends can be just as important and impactful in the lives of your students as what happens during the traditional school day. This is why community engagement and involvement in schools is such an important facet of the educational process. The Benefits of Community Involvement in Schools
Consistent community involvement and engagement at all levels of the school have been shown time and time again to have significant short and long term benefits. | https://www.pridesurveys.com/index.php/blog/community-involvement-in-schools/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_142662934#6_297627955 | Title: How to Get a $200k Business Loan: $200,000 Business Loans
Headings: How To Get a $200,000 Business Loan
How To Get a $200,000 Business Loan
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Term Loans
Term Loans are another option available to you for a $200K business loan. These allow small businesses to borrow amounts from $5,000 to $2 million and, although the time of funding varies, you can get the money in as little as 24-hours. With a lower credit score requirement than SBA loans, at 550, this may be the best option for your small business. The interest rates on Term loans varies, but are usually higher than SBA loans and can be substantial if you have poor credit. Generally, you need to show some proof of revenue and profit in the form of a bank statement or profit and loss statement before your application will be approved. Equipment Loans
If you need a $200,000 business loan purely to fund new equipment purchases, consider an Equipment Loan. Equipment loans allow you to borrow anything up to $250K and enable you to pay for new equipment in installments rather than one lump sum, so the payment is more manageable. | https://www.primerates.com/business-loans/200k-business-loans |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_142662934#7_297630299 | Title: How to Get a $200k Business Loan: $200,000 Business Loans
Headings: How To Get a $200,000 Business Loan
How To Get a $200,000 Business Loan
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$200k Business Loans
Loans to Consider for a $200K Business Loan
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Content: With a lower credit score requirement than SBA loans, at 550, this may be the best option for your small business. The interest rates on Term loans varies, but are usually higher than SBA loans and can be substantial if you have poor credit. Generally, you need to show some proof of revenue and profit in the form of a bank statement or profit and loss statement before your application will be approved. Equipment Loans
If you need a $200,000 business loan purely to fund new equipment purchases, consider an Equipment Loan. Equipment loans allow you to borrow anything up to $250K and enable you to pay for new equipment in installments rather than one lump sum, so the payment is more manageable. Loan terms will often depend on how long the equipment is estimated to last, but they are generally set at 2-10 years (though can be as much as 25 years), with interest rates anywhere from 2% to 20%. Equipment Loans are also a great way to build up your credit score relatively quickly, which will benefit your small business in the long term. How large of a Business Loan can you get? How large of a business loan you can get depends on a few factors that are all individual to your business. These factors are: | https://www.primerates.com/business-loans/200k-business-loans |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_148875160#1_310020992 | Title: Fashion Designer Careers | The Princeton Review
Headings: Fashion Designer
Fashion Designer
A Day in the Life of a Fashion Designer Careers
Paying Your Dues to Become a Fashion Designer
Present and Future Outlook for Fashion Designer Careers
Quality of Life
PRESENT AND FUTURE
FIVE YEARS OUT
TEN YEARS OUT
MAJORS
Content: You have to know just about everything that’s been done before so that you can recognize it when it becomes popular again,” wrote one respondent. Fashion designers are involved in every phase of designing, showing, and producing all types of clothing, from bathing suits to evening gowns. Those with talent, vision, determination, and ambition can succeed in this difficult, demanding, and highly competitive industry. Fashion design can be more glamorous than a 1940s Hollywood musical or drearier than a bank statement, but it’s always taxing. A designer’s day includes reading current fashion magazines, newspapers, and other media that reflect current trends and tastes. He or she looks at materials, attends fashion shows, and works with other designers on projects. A designer should be able to communicate his or her philosophy, vision, and capabilities clearly and comprehensively through sketches, discussions, and, occasionally, samples. No matter what his or her personal style is, a designer must produce a creative, exciting, and profitable product line. As in most professions that produce superstars, it is easy for a competent but otherwise unremarkable designer to wallow in obscurity, designing small pieces of collections, generic lines (the plain white boxer short, for example), or specialties (cuffs, ruffles, etc.). The personality that raises itself above this level must be as large as the vision of the designer; | https://www.princetonreview.com/careers/63/fashion-designer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_148875160#4_310026808 | Title: Fashion Designer Careers | The Princeton Review
Headings: Fashion Designer
Fashion Designer
A Day in the Life of a Fashion Designer Careers
Paying Your Dues to Become a Fashion Designer
Present and Future Outlook for Fashion Designer Careers
Quality of Life
PRESENT AND FUTURE
FIVE YEARS OUT
TEN YEARS OUT
MAJORS
Content: The hours are long for a fashion designer, and the initial pay is very limited. This is one of those hit-or-miss occupations where beginners work as someone’s assistant until, when they can muster up enough confidence in their abilities and sell that confidence to their superiors, they design a few pieces themselves. The superstar rise is an unlikely event, but it happens. Based on the number of “international star designers” in the last 10 years and the number of people who have entered the profession, the estimated odds of becoming an internationally famous designer are roughly 160,000:1. Present and Future Outlook for Fashion Designer Careers
With the invention of the sewing machine by Elias Howe in 1846, cheap reproducible garments became available to the public. Individuals could rapidly design and commission their own wardrobes. Fashion opened up to the public. At its highest levels, called “couture,” fashion is available only to the wealthy—couture dresses and gowns can sell for more than $20,000 each. But the concept of fashion, applied to the world at large, has become a democratic principle. As the fashion market expands, some predictors hold that pockets of smaller, more unique brands of clothing will be marketed over television, the Internet, and the mail. | https://www.princetonreview.com/careers/63/fashion-designer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_148875160#6_310030465 | Title: Fashion Designer Careers | The Princeton Review
Headings: Fashion Designer
Fashion Designer
A Day in the Life of a Fashion Designer Careers
Paying Your Dues to Become a Fashion Designer
Present and Future Outlook for Fashion Designer Careers
Quality of Life
PRESENT AND FUTURE
FIVE YEARS OUT
TEN YEARS OUT
MAJORS
Content: The ability to reach large numbers of people for little cost will determine if this future is real or merely a pipe dream dangled in front of young, aspiring fashion designers. Quality of Life
PRESENT AND FUTURE
Surprisingly few people (less than 8 percent) leave the profession in these rough early years, perhaps because they are prepared for the rigorous, unremunerative entry-level jobs. The hours are long, and the duties are ill defined; one day the duties may include tracking down magazine articles on the resurgence of 1970s style, and on another day, duties may include finding the phone numbers of five dance clubs and finding out which night is most popular with the 19–27-year-old crowd. Connections and networking are important during these early years; most designers learn as much about the business as they can. Some of them take part-time jobs in other fields to pay the rent. FIVE YEARS OUT
Frustration with the slow pace of progression, a leveling of responsibilities for people who have failed to rise, and increased competition for the few available jobs are cited as the main reasons for a massive professional exodus; nearly 50 percent leave the profession at this point. Individuals who remain are actually designing partial lines and simple pieces. | https://www.princetonreview.com/careers/63/fashion-designer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_148875160#7_310032266 | Title: Fashion Designer Careers | The Princeton Review
Headings: Fashion Designer
Fashion Designer
A Day in the Life of a Fashion Designer Careers
Paying Your Dues to Become a Fashion Designer
Present and Future Outlook for Fashion Designer Careers
Quality of Life
PRESENT AND FUTURE
FIVE YEARS OUT
TEN YEARS OUT
MAJORS
Content: most designers learn as much about the business as they can. Some of them take part-time jobs in other fields to pay the rent. FIVE YEARS OUT
Frustration with the slow pace of progression, a leveling of responsibilities for people who have failed to rise, and increased competition for the few available jobs are cited as the main reasons for a massive professional exodus; nearly 50 percent leave the profession at this point. Individuals who remain are actually designing partial lines and simple pieces. Designers gain valuable experience around this time working with production and advertising people. TEN YEARS OUT
As competent and proven “senior designers,” 10-year veterans have specialized areas of responsibility. One may be in charge of shepherding all designs through the production process. Another may be in charge of scheduling lines based on season and available fabrics. A third may be in charge of overseeing the young designers and their partial lines, scouting for talent. | https://www.princetonreview.com/careers/63/fashion-designer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_148895316#2_310070256 | Title: Graphic Designer Careers | The Princeton Review
Headings: Graphic Designer
Graphic Designer
A Day in the Life of a Graphic Designer
Paying Your Dues
Online Nursing Master's programs have advantages over on-campus. Find the best programs here.
Present and Future
Quality of Life
PRESENT AND FUTURE
FIVE YEARS OUT
TEN YEARS OUT
Content: Nearly all respondents listed communication skills as either second or third in importance for success in this profession. Over time, choosing a specialty is the name of the game, either in website design, product or packaging design, material use, or object arrangement. When projects are under way, graphic designers can expect to work long hours brainstorming and meeting with executives to discuss ideas. The job is highly visible; successes and failures alike are recognized and are put on display. Individuals who are insecure about their skills or their ideas have a hard time accepting the amount of risk and rejection this career entails. A successful graphic designer has an enviable life, choosing clients and earning significant amounts of money. However, be warned: An artist’s style may be very hot one season and turn into a parody the next. People who are unwilling or unable to change could find promising careers declining. | https://www.princetonreview.com/careers/74/graphic-designer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_148895316#3_310071734 | Title: Graphic Designer Careers | The Princeton Review
Headings: Graphic Designer
Graphic Designer
A Day in the Life of a Graphic Designer
Paying Your Dues
Online Nursing Master's programs have advantages over on-campus. Find the best programs here.
Present and Future
Quality of Life
PRESENT AND FUTURE
FIVE YEARS OUT
TEN YEARS OUT
Content: Individuals who are insecure about their skills or their ideas have a hard time accepting the amount of risk and rejection this career entails. A successful graphic designer has an enviable life, choosing clients and earning significant amounts of money. However, be warned: An artist’s style may be very hot one season and turn into a parody the next. People who are unwilling or unable to change could find promising careers declining. Of the nearly 25,000 people who try to enter the field of graphic design each year, only about 60 percent last the first two years, and about 30 percent remain in the field at five years. Paying Your Dues
The majority of graphic designers have a four-year degree, usually in product design, art, or art history. Graphic designers must have talent and an understanding of the business world, including issues of finance and production, and should be familiar with computer software such as InDesign, Quark XPress, Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, and other painting and graphic design tools. Graphic designers must be able to work in a variety of media and meet deadlines, sizing limits, and financial restrictions, especially those designers who wish to work as freelance graphic designers rather than in-house salaried designers. Basic pre-professional coursework should include design, drawing, computer artwork, and specific knowledge (for example, anatomy for medical graphics designers) relating to any area of specialization. | https://www.princetonreview.com/careers/74/graphic-designer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_148895316#7_310079442 | Title: Graphic Designer Careers | The Princeton Review
Headings: Graphic Designer
Graphic Designer
A Day in the Life of a Graphic Designer
Paying Your Dues
Online Nursing Master's programs have advantages over on-campus. Find the best programs here.
Present and Future
Quality of Life
PRESENT AND FUTURE
FIVE YEARS OUT
TEN YEARS OUT
Content: Quality of Life
PRESENT AND FUTURE
Unproven graphic designers negotiate a difficult road as they try to assemble portfolios, bid competitively for small jobs, and build their reputations. Those designers with good connections have an easier time getting a foot in the door, but unfamiliarity with standard working conditions and standard practices still may make the beginning rocky. The hours can be long and unrewarding; be prepared to withstand significant rejection. Forty percent of all graphic designers leave the profession in the first two years. FIVE YEARS OUT
The field evens out at the five-year mark; only individuals with proven records, solid connections, and strong references survive. Around a third of those designers who began in this career stay in it to this point, and around 10 percent remain independent freelance graphic designers. The majority of graphic designers become in-house consultants, designers, and producers. For the most part, designers are satisfied with their work, although the hours are long and salaries are average. | https://www.princetonreview.com/careers/74/graphic-designer |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_151806875#0_315977513 | Title: Disability income insurance | Principal
Headings: Disability income insurance
Disability income insurance
Protect the life—and income—you’ve worked for.
What is Disability Income insurance?
How does DI insurance work?
Do I really need DI insurance?
Learn more about why you need DI insurance:
Explore Principal Disability Income insurance
Content: Disability income insurance | Principal
Disability income insurance
Protect the life—and income—you’ve worked for. From mortgage payments to car payments to groceries and beyond, your income pays for the necessities (and splurges!) of the life you’ve built. That’s why protecting it is so important. Individual Disability Income (DI) insurance helps cover you when the unexpected happens. It helps ensure you have the money you need—and are better able to continue living the lifestyle you’ve worked for—if you become too sick or hurt to work. What is Disability Income insurance? DI insurance provides you monthly payments when you can’t work due to a disabling illness or injury. It’s insurance for your income, similar to how auto insurance covers your car and homeowner’s insurance covers your house. How does DI insurance work? | https://www.principal.com/individuals/insure/income-protection-disability-insurance/disability-income-protection |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_151806875#1_315979009 | Title: Disability income insurance | Principal
Headings: Disability income insurance
Disability income insurance
Protect the life—and income—you’ve worked for.
What is Disability Income insurance?
How does DI insurance work?
Do I really need DI insurance?
Learn more about why you need DI insurance:
Explore Principal Disability Income insurance
Content: It helps ensure you have the money you need—and are better able to continue living the lifestyle you’ve worked for—if you become too sick or hurt to work. What is Disability Income insurance? DI insurance provides you monthly payments when you can’t work due to a disabling illness or injury. It’s insurance for your income, similar to how auto insurance covers your car and homeowner’s insurance covers your house. How does DI insurance work? Just like with your home, auto, and health insurance, you pay a monthly cost for income protection. If you get seriously ill or hurt and can’t work, Disability Income insurance acts as your financial back-up plan. It lets you focus on taking care of yourself, instead of worrying about how you’ll pay the bills. In addition to covering your everyday living expenses, it also protects your overall financial health by helping you avoid dipping into your savings or retirement assets. Do I really need DI insurance? | https://www.principal.com/individuals/insure/income-protection-disability-insurance/disability-income-protection |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_151806875#2_315980616 | Title: Disability income insurance | Principal
Headings: Disability income insurance
Disability income insurance
Protect the life—and income—you’ve worked for.
What is Disability Income insurance?
How does DI insurance work?
Do I really need DI insurance?
Learn more about why you need DI insurance:
Explore Principal Disability Income insurance
Content: Just like with your home, auto, and health insurance, you pay a monthly cost for income protection. If you get seriously ill or hurt and can’t work, Disability Income insurance acts as your financial back-up plan. It lets you focus on taking care of yourself, instead of worrying about how you’ll pay the bills. In addition to covering your everyday living expenses, it also protects your overall financial health by helping you avoid dipping into your savings or retirement assets. Do I really need DI insurance? Yes, if protecting your financial security is important. Your income is a necessity, and being without it could have serious consequences. Still not sure? Get the facts on common misconceptions: “I’m healthy and active—I don’t need it.” | https://www.principal.com/individuals/insure/income-protection-disability-insurance/disability-income-protection |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_151806875#3_315982011 | Title: Disability income insurance | Principal
Headings: Disability income insurance
Disability income insurance
Protect the life—and income—you’ve worked for.
What is Disability Income insurance?
How does DI insurance work?
Do I really need DI insurance?
Learn more about why you need DI insurance:
Explore Principal Disability Income insurance
Content: Yes, if protecting your financial security is important. Your income is a necessity, and being without it could have serious consequences. Still not sure? Get the facts on common misconceptions: “I’m healthy and active—I don’t need it.” Of course, none of us want to envision getting so sick or hurt that we can’t work. But it happens. The risk is real. Unexpected illnesses like cancer, heart conditions, and stroke are common causes of disabilities. And they often come with expensive medical bills, which makes maintaining an income even more vital. | https://www.principal.com/individuals/insure/income-protection-disability-insurance/disability-income-protection |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_151806875#4_315983204 | Title: Disability income insurance | Principal
Headings: Disability income insurance
Disability income insurance
Protect the life—and income—you’ve worked for.
What is Disability Income insurance?
How does DI insurance work?
Do I really need DI insurance?
Learn more about why you need DI insurance:
Explore Principal Disability Income insurance
Content: Of course, none of us want to envision getting so sick or hurt that we can’t work. But it happens. The risk is real. Unexpected illnesses like cancer, heart conditions, and stroke are common causes of disabilities. And they often come with expensive medical bills, which makes maintaining an income even more vital. “I can’t afford disability insurance.” Most policies offer coverage that’s flexible and customizable to your specific needs and budget, with the ability to modify as your needs change in the future. In many cases, the cost of your coverage may be as little as a daily cup of premium coffee or a date night out. When you think of it that way, fitting it into your monthly budget feels more doable. And remember, purchasing DI insurance helps ensure you have the money to pay for your other insurance policies (home, auto, health), too. | https://www.principal.com/individuals/insure/income-protection-disability-insurance/disability-income-protection |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_162263895#17_339199066 | Title: Defining Sexual Consent: An Educational Guide | Priority STD
Headings: Guide to Defining Sexual Consent and Preventing Sexual Assault
Guide to Defining Sexual Consent and Preventing Sexual Assault
The Definition of Consent
When Is Sexual Activity Consensual?
Is There an Age of Consent in the US?
Is Silence Consent?
What You Should Know about Consensual Sex
The Definition of Sexual Assault
What is the Definition of Rape?
What is Sexual Harassment?
What is Sexual Abuse?
Sexual Assault Facts
What You Should Know about Preventing Sexual Assault
Identify Risk Factors
Personal Prevention
Societal Norms
Teach
Opportunities
Protective
Support Victims
Courteney
Content: Discussing sexual relations/stories/fantasies at work, school, or in other inappropriate places; Feeling pressured to engage with someone sexually; Exposing oneself or performing sexual acts on oneself; Unwanted sexually explicit photos, emails, or text messages. These actions can come from managers, coworkers, colleagues, peers, teachers, and anyone you engage throughout your day-to-day life. What is Sexual Abuse? The American Psychological Association defines sexual abuse as “unwanted sexual activity, with perpetrators using force, making threats or taking advantage of victims not able to give consent.” They also note that most victims and perpetrators know each other. Child sexual abuse, also called child molestation, describes acts committed against minors. Marshall University’s Women’s Center explains that the abuse “can be physical, verbal or emotional and includes such acts as sexual touching, exposing the child to pornography, taking pornographic pictures of the child, ‘peeping’ at the child, exposing oneself to a child, and attempting/performing oral, anal, or vaginal penetration.” | https://www.prioritystdtesting.com/blog/guide-to-defining-sexual-consent-and-preventing-sexual-assault/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_164559056#2_344112357 | Title: Inmate Housing in the Federal Bureau of Prisons | Zoukis Consulting Group
Headings: Inmate Housing in the Federal Bureau of Prisons
Inmate Housing in the Federal Bureau of Prisons
Cells
Cell and Bunk Changes
About Christopher Zoukis, MBA
Content: Prisons are loud places. This is just a fact of life. When there are no walls to block the loud inmates from the quiet inmates, the quiet inmates will suffer at the hands of the louder ones. This can become particularly troublesome when one considers that this noise can carry on into the early hours of the morning. Privacy is the other primary con with the dorm setting. Everything the inmate does is seen by others. This includes showering (the same as with cell settings), using the bathroom, changing their clothes, and even sleeping. But what is perhaps even more troublesome than being exposed to tens, if not hundreds, of strangers is the fact that other inmates can see what everyone else owns and have greater access to others’ property. Thus, theft is much more prevalent in a dorm setting than in a cell setting. Simply put, in the dorm setting a sense of personal security is lost. | https://www.prisonerresource.com/inmate-housing/inmate-housing-federal-bureau-prisons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_164752955#2_344543108 | Title: Survive Prison As A Sex Offender | Prisoner Resources
Headings: Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Sex Offenders in Prison
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons in the Federal Bureau of Prison
Administrative Security Sex Offender Prisons
Low Security Sex Offender Prisons
Medium Security Sex Offender Prisons
High Security Sex Offender Prisons
Sex Offender Treatment Programs in Federal Prisons
Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR)
Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R)
How to Prepare for Prison
First Day in Federal Prison
Prison Life
Communicating with the Outside World
Health and Wellness
Special Prison Survival Tactics
Content: Special Tactics
Back
LGBTQ Prison Life
Female Prison Life
Survive Prison As A Sex Offender
What To Expect In Federal Prison: The Black Market
Inside Federal Prison: Alcohol and Drugs
Violence And Sexual Assault In Prison
Inmate Work Assignments
Inmate Education
Inmate Recreation
Prison Life In America: MP3 Players
TRULINCS Electronic Law Library
Corrlinks.com/TRULINCS Email System
Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Surviving prison can be extra tough for a sex offender, especially if their offences include possessing, distributing, or producing child pornography, or soliciting minors for sexual activity. Sex offenders face being ostracized or targeted by other prisoners, and are subjected to enhanced monitoring to ensure they are not engaging in risk-relevant behaviors. The Federal Bureau of Prisons created the Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) as a solution to sex offender management issues. It is an institutional designation which means that the prison has a more robust Psychology Department, a Sex Offender Treatment Program (either residential or non-residential), and a higher percentage of sexual offenders in the general population. In effect, this makes SOMP federal prisons easier for sex offenders, enabling them to stay at the prison without threat to their lives. By housing this specialized population in certain prisons, prison officials can also monitor them more effectively. There are two types of treatment programs available at SOMP facilities: | https://www.prisonerresource.com/prison-life/special-tactics/how-sex-offenders-survive/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_164752955#3_344545598 | Title: Survive Prison As A Sex Offender | Prisoner Resources
Headings: Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Sex Offenders in Prison
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons in the Federal Bureau of Prison
Administrative Security Sex Offender Prisons
Low Security Sex Offender Prisons
Medium Security Sex Offender Prisons
High Security Sex Offender Prisons
Sex Offender Treatment Programs in Federal Prisons
Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR)
Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R)
How to Prepare for Prison
First Day in Federal Prison
Prison Life
Communicating with the Outside World
Health and Wellness
Special Prison Survival Tactics
Content: The Federal Bureau of Prisons created the Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) as a solution to sex offender management issues. It is an institutional designation which means that the prison has a more robust Psychology Department, a Sex Offender Treatment Program (either residential or non-residential), and a higher percentage of sexual offenders in the general population. In effect, this makes SOMP federal prisons easier for sex offenders, enabling them to stay at the prison without threat to their lives. By housing this specialized population in certain prisons, prison officials can also monitor them more effectively. There are two types of treatment programs available at SOMP facilities: the 9 to 12 month Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR) and the 12 to 18 month Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R). While most SOMP facilities have the non-residential program, the residential version is available at a select number of facilities (e.g., FMC Devens). Sex offenders deemed to be a low risk of recidivism are only permitted to take the non-residential program, while for those deemed to be a high risk, the residential program is the only program made available to them. Participation in treatment programs can lessen the risk of being civilly committed, but disclosures made during treatment can be used as evidence of the need for civil commitment. Sex offenders housed at SOMP facilities don't have much to worry about as far as prison politics and their safety are concerned. | https://www.prisonerresource.com/prison-life/special-tactics/how-sex-offenders-survive/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_164752955#5_344550620 | Title: Survive Prison As A Sex Offender | Prisoner Resources
Headings: Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Sex Offenders in Prison
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons in the Federal Bureau of Prison
Administrative Security Sex Offender Prisons
Low Security Sex Offender Prisons
Medium Security Sex Offender Prisons
High Security Sex Offender Prisons
Sex Offender Treatment Programs in Federal Prisons
Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR)
Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R)
How to Prepare for Prison
First Day in Federal Prison
Prison Life
Communicating with the Outside World
Health and Wellness
Special Prison Survival Tactics
Content: But those housed at non-SOMP facilities, particularly at the medium and high security levels, do run the risk of being assaulted or otherwise harmed. At the lower security levels, being at a non-SOMP facility is less of an issue, as most prisoners simply ostracize sex offenders as opposed to actively causing them harm. Current SOMP facilities include the low security FCI Seagoville (TX), FCI Elkton (OH) and FCI Englewood (CO), the medium security FCI Petersburg (VA), FCI Marianna (FL), and USP Marion (IL), and the high security USP Tucson (AZ). Here are some points to help you survive prison as a sex offender: You may be worried about being assaulted by other prisoners. If you are at a low security federal prison or a SOMP facility, this will probably not occur. Those in low security tend to be preparing to go home and don't want to risk their release when it comes time for halfway house decisions to be made. At SOMP facilities, there are so many sex offenders (often upwards of 40% of the total population) that the yards are easy and the stigma is significantly reduced. If you are housed at a non-SOMP medium or high security federal prison, the risk of assault can be higher, largely due to prison politics. At some easier medium security federal prisons you might be able to walk the yard and only be ostracized and excluded, but it can be a risky gamble. | https://www.prisonerresource.com/prison-life/special-tactics/how-sex-offenders-survive/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_164752955#6_344552986 | Title: Survive Prison As A Sex Offender | Prisoner Resources
Headings: Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Sex Offenders in Prison
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons in the Federal Bureau of Prison
Administrative Security Sex Offender Prisons
Low Security Sex Offender Prisons
Medium Security Sex Offender Prisons
High Security Sex Offender Prisons
Sex Offender Treatment Programs in Federal Prisons
Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR)
Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R)
How to Prepare for Prison
First Day in Federal Prison
Prison Life
Communicating with the Outside World
Health and Wellness
Special Prison Survival Tactics
Content: If you are at a low security federal prison or a SOMP facility, this will probably not occur. Those in low security tend to be preparing to go home and don't want to risk their release when it comes time for halfway house decisions to be made. At SOMP facilities, there are so many sex offenders (often upwards of 40% of the total population) that the yards are easy and the stigma is significantly reduced. If you are housed at a non-SOMP medium or high security federal prison, the risk of assault can be higher, largely due to prison politics. At some easier medium security federal prisons you might be able to walk the yard and only be ostracized and excluded, but it can be a risky gamble. It is at the high security federal prison level where you will have problems. It would be better to "check in" (ask to go into protective custody) and to await a transfer to an easier, ideally SOMP, yard. Tougher sorts might opt to fight it out, but this is a dangerous gamble. Your chances of being civilly committed as a sex offender are slim to none. Only those with a hands-on offense (either instant or prior) are eligible for civil commitment. | https://www.prisonerresource.com/prison-life/special-tactics/how-sex-offenders-survive/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_164752955#7_344555125 | Title: Survive Prison As A Sex Offender | Prisoner Resources
Headings: Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Sex Offenders in Prison
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons in the Federal Bureau of Prison
Administrative Security Sex Offender Prisons
Low Security Sex Offender Prisons
Medium Security Sex Offender Prisons
High Security Sex Offender Prisons
Sex Offender Treatment Programs in Federal Prisons
Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR)
Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R)
How to Prepare for Prison
First Day in Federal Prison
Prison Life
Communicating with the Outside World
Health and Wellness
Special Prison Survival Tactics
Content: It is at the high security federal prison level where you will have problems. It would be better to "check in" (ask to go into protective custody) and to await a transfer to an easier, ideally SOMP, yard. Tougher sorts might opt to fight it out, but this is a dangerous gamble. Your chances of being civilly committed as a sex offender are slim to none. Only those with a hands-on offense (either instant or prior) are eligible for civil commitment. The government also has to prove that you have a mental defect that would make not reoffending problematic for you. Those who are caught with risk relevant materials, such as pictures of children, have to worry most about this. A good way to evaluate if you are at risk for civil commitment is to ask a Psychology Department representative if you qualify for the Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR). Only sex offenders deemed to be low risk are permitted to take the program. So, if you are eligible for the program, then you probably have nothing to worry about. | https://www.prisonerresource.com/prison-life/special-tactics/how-sex-offenders-survive/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_164752955#8_344557153 | Title: Survive Prison As A Sex Offender | Prisoner Resources
Headings: Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Sex Offenders in Prison
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons in the Federal Bureau of Prison
Administrative Security Sex Offender Prisons
Low Security Sex Offender Prisons
Medium Security Sex Offender Prisons
High Security Sex Offender Prisons
Sex Offender Treatment Programs in Federal Prisons
Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR)
Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R)
How to Prepare for Prison
First Day in Federal Prison
Prison Life
Communicating with the Outside World
Health and Wellness
Special Prison Survival Tactics
Content: The government also has to prove that you have a mental defect that would make not reoffending problematic for you. Those who are caught with risk relevant materials, such as pictures of children, have to worry most about this. A good way to evaluate if you are at risk for civil commitment is to ask a Psychology Department representative if you qualify for the Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR). Only sex offenders deemed to be low risk are permitted to take the program. So, if you are eligible for the program, then you probably have nothing to worry about. Even if you only qualify for the residential program, you still probably have nothing to worry about. If you are wondering if you should take the Sex Offender Treatment Program, you need to think about whether you feel you need help. It can be a great opportunity to receive that help. But risk can come along with participating in such programs. Most Psychology Department staff leading SOTP programs honestly want to help those in their groups. | https://www.prisonerresource.com/prison-life/special-tactics/how-sex-offenders-survive/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_164752955#9_344559176 | Title: Survive Prison As A Sex Offender | Prisoner Resources
Headings: Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Sex Offenders in Prison
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons in the Federal Bureau of Prison
Administrative Security Sex Offender Prisons
Low Security Sex Offender Prisons
Medium Security Sex Offender Prisons
High Security Sex Offender Prisons
Sex Offender Treatment Programs in Federal Prisons
Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR)
Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R)
How to Prepare for Prison
First Day in Federal Prison
Prison Life
Communicating with the Outside World
Health and Wellness
Special Prison Survival Tactics
Content: Even if you only qualify for the residential program, you still probably have nothing to worry about. If you are wondering if you should take the Sex Offender Treatment Program, you need to think about whether you feel you need help. It can be a great opportunity to receive that help. But risk can come along with participating in such programs. Most Psychology Department staff leading SOTP programs honestly want to help those in their groups. But the Federal Bureau of Prisons does have a dark history of abusing these groups by using them as a mechanism to collect the admissions necessary to civilly commitment offenders. This is well documented in the Butner Study and the research and articles that have been published about it. Today, more than a decade later, it appears as though the BOP has stopped using the SOTP programs for such nefarious purposes. If you want to balance your own safety while still taking the SOTP program, feel free to participate in sex offender treatment. But do not admit new victims or discuss a mental inability to control yourself or to stop yourself from reoffending. | https://www.prisonerresource.com/prison-life/special-tactics/how-sex-offenders-survive/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_164752955#10_344561276 | Title: Survive Prison As A Sex Offender | Prisoner Resources
Headings: Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Sex Offenders in Prison
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons in the Federal Bureau of Prison
Administrative Security Sex Offender Prisons
Low Security Sex Offender Prisons
Medium Security Sex Offender Prisons
High Security Sex Offender Prisons
Sex Offender Treatment Programs in Federal Prisons
Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR)
Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R)
How to Prepare for Prison
First Day in Federal Prison
Prison Life
Communicating with the Outside World
Health and Wellness
Special Prison Survival Tactics
Content: But the Federal Bureau of Prisons does have a dark history of abusing these groups by using them as a mechanism to collect the admissions necessary to civilly commitment offenders. This is well documented in the Butner Study and the research and articles that have been published about it. Today, more than a decade later, it appears as though the BOP has stopped using the SOTP programs for such nefarious purposes. If you want to balance your own safety while still taking the SOTP program, feel free to participate in sex offender treatment. But do not admit new victims or discuss a mental inability to control yourself or to stop yourself from reoffending. It's important to get help, but such admissions will put you at great risk. If you fall into this category, seriously consider the residential treatment program, but be careful what you disclose. If you want the judge to recommend you for a SOMP facility, you must speak to your attorney about a judicial recommendation. He or she should know the procedure at your local U.S. District Court for judicial recommendations. It isn't easy surviving prison as a sex offender. | https://www.prisonerresource.com/prison-life/special-tactics/how-sex-offenders-survive/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_164752955#11_344563401 | Title: Survive Prison As A Sex Offender | Prisoner Resources
Headings: Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Surviving Prison as a Sex Offender
Sex Offenders in Prison
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons
Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP) Prisons in the Federal Bureau of Prison
Administrative Security Sex Offender Prisons
Low Security Sex Offender Prisons
Medium Security Sex Offender Prisons
High Security Sex Offender Prisons
Sex Offender Treatment Programs in Federal Prisons
Non-Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-NR)
Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R)
How to Prepare for Prison
First Day in Federal Prison
Prison Life
Communicating with the Outside World
Health and Wellness
Special Prison Survival Tactics
Content: It's important to get help, but such admissions will put you at great risk. If you fall into this category, seriously consider the residential treatment program, but be careful what you disclose. If you want the judge to recommend you for a SOMP facility, you must speak to your attorney about a judicial recommendation. He or she should know the procedure at your local U.S. District Court for judicial recommendations. It isn't easy surviving prison as a sex offender. Your history is what it is. There is no way to hide from it. If others confront you, you can try to be tough and respond, "What's it to you?" or "You got some kind of problem?", but lying and denying is often not the best way to go, because your paperwork can easily be run to determine what you are in prison for. | https://www.prisonerresource.com/prison-life/special-tactics/how-sex-offenders-survive/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_165114934#1_345470087 | Title: FAQ: Prison Educational Programs - Prison Fellowship
Headings: FAQ: Prison Educational Programs
FAQ: Prison Educational Programs
WHICH EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS ARE AVAILABLE TO PRISONERS?
HIGHER EDUCATION
CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
LIFE SKILLS
WHO ARE THE STUDENTS?
Content: Inmates are selected for participation based on their academic skills, disciplinary record, level of custody, length of sentence, and program availability. HIGHER EDUCATION
Most prisons offer basic literacy programs for prisoners functioning below the sixth-grade level and GED classes for those wanting to complete high school. For those who have completed high school, post-secondary educational opportunities may be available through contracts with community colleges and universities. If accepted into a college-level program, it is possible for a prisoner to earn an associate degree and perhaps even go on to obtain a Baccalaureate degree. However, some prisoners prefer to earn a vocational certificate. CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
A few prisoners get permission to take for-credit correspondence courses offered by colleges or universities, although they have to pay tuition and keep up with class assignments they receive by mail. Some prisoners may also receive permission to take free or low-cost Bible correspondence courses offered by churches and other religious organizations. LIFE SKILLS
Many prisons offer life skills programs, which are non-credit courses designed to help prisoners learn to manage anger, overcome criminal thinking, set and achieve goals, become more responsible, develop healthy relationships, and avoid substance abuse. Prisoners are also strongly encouraged to participate in 12-step programs such as Celebrate Recovery, Alcoholics Anonymous, and Narcotics Anonymous. Community volunteers often lead these classes. | https://www.prisonfellowship.org/resources/training-resources/in-prison/faq-prison-educational-programs/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_165997851#5_346285988 | Title: Report: Increase in Federal Prison Population, Overcrowding | Prison Legal News
Headings: Report: Increase in Federal Prison Population, Overcrowding
Report: Increase in Federal Prison Population, Overcrowding
Subscribe today
Content: “Some of this sounds small and trivial,” Maurer said, “but it adds up.” Additionally, “nearly all BOP facilities had fewer correctional staff on board than needed, with a BOP-wide staffing shortage in excess of 3,200 ... [and] there was also anecdotal evidence that understaffing was stressing the workforce.” The GAO noted that “population pressures on both staffing levels and inmate living space have an upward impact on serious prison violence,” although system-wide violence rates had remained stable. According to statistics compiled by the Council of Prison Locals, the union representing about 32,000 federal prison employees, nearly 60 guards were assaulted by prisoners from January to September 2012, and 14 of those attacks involved weapons. The GAO also reviewed the BOP’s efforts to use its statutory authority to help mitigate the effects of the growing federal prison population, including the Residential Drug Abuse Program (RDAP), utilization of sentence credits for GED participation and increased halfway house placement pursuant to the Second Chance Act. While such efforts were covered more extensively in a separate report, the GAO study focused on the “effects of population growth and prison crowding on BOP operations,” including “available bed space, inmate program participation and waiting lists, inmate-to-staff ratios, and available infrastructure costs.” The reduction in rehabilitative and reentry services is another source of frustration for prisoners. Programs such as RDAP – which in theory can shave up to a year off a prisoner’s sentence – and vocational training courses often have lengthy waiting lists. “People will get out of prison, but they’re not being helped to reenter society,” stated Inimai Chettiar with the Brennan Center for Justice at the New York University School of Law. “ People are going to recidivate more when they get out of horrendous [prison] conditions without job training and development programs to get their lives back together.” | https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2014/may/19/report-increase-federal-prison-population-overcrowding/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_166452618#9_347094259 | Title: Visualizing the racial disparities in mass incarceration | Prison Policy Initiative
Headings: Visualizing the racial disparities in mass incarceration
Visualizing the racial disparities in mass incarceration
Racial inequality is evident in every stage of the criminal justice system - here are the key statistics compiled into a series of charts.
There are racial disparities in policing and arrests:
There are racial disparities in the arrest and confinement of youth:
There are racial disparities in local jails and pretrial detention:
There are racial disparities in prisons, extreme sentences, and solitary confinement:
There are racial disparities in homelessness, unemployment, and poverty after release:
Frequently asked questions about race and ethnicity in criminal justice data
Q: Why are terms used inconsistently, such as “Hispanic” and “Latino/a”?
Q: Why are some racial/ethnic categories not represented in the data?
Q: Where can I find data about racial disparities in my state’s criminal justice system?
Q: Where can I find criminal justice race/ethnicity data disaggregated by sex?
Q: How are the data collected, and how accurate are the data?
How to link to specific images
Black people are disproportionately stopped on the street by police, while white people are much more likely to call the police for help
Among individuals who have any contact with police, people of color disproportionately experience the use of force
Black people are disproportionately likely to be arrested, and to be arrested repeatedly in the same year
Black youth are arrested far out of proportion to their share of all youth in the U.S.
The juvenile justice system confines Black youth at over 4 times the rate of white youth
For the lowest level offenses, Black and American Indian youth are confined at rates over 3 times the rate of white youth
Racial disparities in local jail incarceration rates
Pretrial populations, disproportionately Black and Hispanic, have more than doubled over 15 years
People detained pretrial because they can’t pay bail are much poorer than their peers – and the income gaps are widest for Black people
Racial disparities in prison incarceration rates, by sex, 2018
Most people in prison are poor,
and the poorest are women and people of color
Black people are disproportionately serving sentences of life, life without parole, or “virtual life”
Black people are overrepresented on death row, while white people are underrepresented
Black men and women are overrepresented in solitary confinement, when compared to total prison populations
The “prison penalty” in unemployment disproportionately punishes formerly incarcerated Black men and women
Formerly incarcerated people have very high rates of homelessness, especially women and people of color
Incarceration and wealth accumulation, by race and ethnicity
Content: Q: How are the data collected, and how accurate are the data? A: Finally, the validity of any data depends on how the data are collected in the first place. And in the case of criminal justice data, race and ethnicity are not always self-reported (which would be ideal). Police officers may report an individual’s race based on their own perception – or not report it at all – and the surveys that report the number of incarcerated people on a given day rely on administrative data, which may not reflect how individuals identify their own race or ethnicity. This is why surveys of incarcerated people themselves are so important, such as the Survey of Inmates in Local Jails and the Survey of Prison Inmates, but those surveys are conducted much less frequently. In fact, it’s been 18 years since the last Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, which we use to analyze pretrial jail populations, and 16 years since the last published data from the Survey of Inmates were collected. How to link to specific images
Because some readers might want to link to specific images in this briefing out of the context of these slideshows, we’ve created these special URLs so you can link directly to a specific image: Black people are disproportionately stopped on the street by police, while white people are much more likely to call the police for help
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow1/1
Among individuals who have any contact with police, people of color disproportionately experience the use of force
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow1/2
Black people are disproportionately likely to be arrested, and to be arrested repeatedly in the same year
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow1/3
Black youth are arrested far out of proportion to their share of all youth in the U.S.
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow2/1
The juvenile justice system confines Black youth at over 4 times the rate of white youth
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow2/2
For the lowest level offenses, Black and American Indian youth are confined at rates over 3 times the rate of white youth
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow2/3
Racial disparities in local jail incarceration rates
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow3/1
Pretrial populations, disproportionately Black and Hispanic, have more than doubled over 15 years
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow3/2
People detained pretrial because they can’t pay bail are much poorer than their peers – and the income gaps are widest for Black people
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow3/3
Racial disparities in prison incarceration rates, by sex, 2018
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/1
Most people in prison are poor,
and the poorest are women and people of color
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/2
Black people are disproportionately serving sentences of life, life without parole, or “virtual life”
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/3
Black people are overrepresented on death row, while white people are underrepresented
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/4
Black men and women are overrepresented in solitary confinement, when compared to total prison populations
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/5
The “prison penalty” in unemployment disproportionately punishes formerly incarcerated Black men and women
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow5/1
Formerly incarcerated people have very high rates of homelessness, especially women and people of color
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow5/2
Incarceration and wealth accumulation, by race and ethnicity
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow5/3
Wendy Sawyer is the Prison Policy Initiative Research Director. ( | https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_166452618#10_347101801 | Title: Visualizing the racial disparities in mass incarceration | Prison Policy Initiative
Headings: Visualizing the racial disparities in mass incarceration
Visualizing the racial disparities in mass incarceration
Racial inequality is evident in every stage of the criminal justice system - here are the key statistics compiled into a series of charts.
There are racial disparities in policing and arrests:
There are racial disparities in the arrest and confinement of youth:
There are racial disparities in local jails and pretrial detention:
There are racial disparities in prisons, extreme sentences, and solitary confinement:
There are racial disparities in homelessness, unemployment, and poverty after release:
Frequently asked questions about race and ethnicity in criminal justice data
Q: Why are terms used inconsistently, such as “Hispanic” and “Latino/a”?
Q: Why are some racial/ethnic categories not represented in the data?
Q: Where can I find data about racial disparities in my state’s criminal justice system?
Q: Where can I find criminal justice race/ethnicity data disaggregated by sex?
Q: How are the data collected, and how accurate are the data?
How to link to specific images
Black people are disproportionately stopped on the street by police, while white people are much more likely to call the police for help
Among individuals who have any contact with police, people of color disproportionately experience the use of force
Black people are disproportionately likely to be arrested, and to be arrested repeatedly in the same year
Black youth are arrested far out of proportion to their share of all youth in the U.S.
The juvenile justice system confines Black youth at over 4 times the rate of white youth
For the lowest level offenses, Black and American Indian youth are confined at rates over 3 times the rate of white youth
Racial disparities in local jail incarceration rates
Pretrial populations, disproportionately Black and Hispanic, have more than doubled over 15 years
People detained pretrial because they can’t pay bail are much poorer than their peers – and the income gaps are widest for Black people
Racial disparities in prison incarceration rates, by sex, 2018
Most people in prison are poor,
and the poorest are women and people of color
Black people are disproportionately serving sentences of life, life without parole, or “virtual life”
Black people are overrepresented on death row, while white people are underrepresented
Black men and women are overrepresented in solitary confinement, when compared to total prison populations
The “prison penalty” in unemployment disproportionately punishes formerly incarcerated Black men and women
Formerly incarcerated people have very high rates of homelessness, especially women and people of color
Incarceration and wealth accumulation, by race and ethnicity
Content: Police officers may report an individual’s race based on their own perception – or not report it at all – and the surveys that report the number of incarcerated people on a given day rely on administrative data, which may not reflect how individuals identify their own race or ethnicity. This is why surveys of incarcerated people themselves are so important, such as the Survey of Inmates in Local Jails and the Survey of Prison Inmates, but those surveys are conducted much less frequently. In fact, it’s been 18 years since the last Survey of Inmates in Local Jails, which we use to analyze pretrial jail populations, and 16 years since the last published data from the Survey of Inmates were collected. How to link to specific images
Because some readers might want to link to specific images in this briefing out of the context of these slideshows, we’ve created these special URLs so you can link directly to a specific image: Black people are disproportionately stopped on the street by police, while white people are much more likely to call the police for help
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow1/1
Among individuals who have any contact with police, people of color disproportionately experience the use of force
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow1/2
Black people are disproportionately likely to be arrested, and to be arrested repeatedly in the same year
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow1/3
Black youth are arrested far out of proportion to their share of all youth in the U.S.
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow2/1
The juvenile justice system confines Black youth at over 4 times the rate of white youth
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow2/2
For the lowest level offenses, Black and American Indian youth are confined at rates over 3 times the rate of white youth
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow2/3
Racial disparities in local jail incarceration rates
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow3/1
Pretrial populations, disproportionately Black and Hispanic, have more than doubled over 15 years
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow3/2
People detained pretrial because they can’t pay bail are much poorer than their peers – and the income gaps are widest for Black people
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow3/3
Racial disparities in prison incarceration rates, by sex, 2018
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/1
Most people in prison are poor,
and the poorest are women and people of color
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/2
Black people are disproportionately serving sentences of life, life without parole, or “virtual life”
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/3
Black people are overrepresented on death row, while white people are underrepresented
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/4
Black men and women are overrepresented in solitary confinement, when compared to total prison populations
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/5
The “prison penalty” in unemployment disproportionately punishes formerly incarcerated Black men and women
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow5/1
Formerly incarcerated people have very high rates of homelessness, especially women and people of color
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow5/2
Incarceration and wealth accumulation, by race and ethnicity
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow5/3
Wendy Sawyer is the Prison Policy Initiative Research Director. ( Other articles | Full bio | Contact)
— Blog Archives — | https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_168951797#3_351154506 | Title: Small Intestine Functions: How Does Small Intestine Work? - Pristyn Care
Headings: Small Intestine Functions: How Does Small Intestine Work?
Small Intestine Functions: How Does Small Intestine Work?
Table of Contents
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum:
Jejunum:
Ileum:
Functions of the small intestine
Protein digestion
Lipid digestion
Carbohydrate digestion
How food is absorbed in the small intestine?
How is the small intestine able to digest so much?
Then what is the work of the large intestine?
Diseases and disorders of the small intestine
How to keep the small intestine healthy?
Content: Functions of the small intestine
Protein digestion
Lipid digestion
Carbohydrate digestion
How food is absorbed in the small intestine? How is the small intestine able to digest so much? Then what is the work of the large intestine? Diseases and disorders of the small intestine
How to keep the small intestine healthy? Parts of the small intestine
To start with, there is lining inside the small intestine that is divided into three sections – duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Duodenum: This is the first and the shortest “C-shaped” section of the small intestine. The semi-digested food passes from the stomach and reaches duodenum via a muscle called pyloric sphincter. The initial part of the duodenum lining is smooth and starts to fold as it passes through. It uses bile secreted from gallbladder and liver to help digest food. | https://www.pristyncare.com/blog/small-intestine-functions-pc0113/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_168951797#4_351156165 | Title: Small Intestine Functions: How Does Small Intestine Work? - Pristyn Care
Headings: Small Intestine Functions: How Does Small Intestine Work?
Small Intestine Functions: How Does Small Intestine Work?
Table of Contents
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum:
Jejunum:
Ileum:
Functions of the small intestine
Protein digestion
Lipid digestion
Carbohydrate digestion
How food is absorbed in the small intestine?
How is the small intestine able to digest so much?
Then what is the work of the large intestine?
Diseases and disorders of the small intestine
How to keep the small intestine healthy?
Content: Duodenum: This is the first and the shortest “C-shaped” section of the small intestine. The semi-digested food passes from the stomach and reaches duodenum via a muscle called pyloric sphincter. The initial part of the duodenum lining is smooth and starts to fold as it passes through. It uses bile secreted from gallbladder and liver to help digest food. Duodenum stores iron from the food. Jejunum: After duodenum is jejunum, the middle section of the small intestine. It occupies the left upper portion of the abdomen. It absorbs sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids from the food and transfers it to the third and last section – ileum. | https://www.pristyncare.com/blog/small-intestine-functions-pc0113/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_168951797#5_351157629 | Title: Small Intestine Functions: How Does Small Intestine Work? - Pristyn Care
Headings: Small Intestine Functions: How Does Small Intestine Work?
Small Intestine Functions: How Does Small Intestine Work?
Table of Contents
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum:
Jejunum:
Ileum:
Functions of the small intestine
Protein digestion
Lipid digestion
Carbohydrate digestion
How food is absorbed in the small intestine?
How is the small intestine able to digest so much?
Then what is the work of the large intestine?
Diseases and disorders of the small intestine
How to keep the small intestine healthy?
Content: Duodenum stores iron from the food. Jejunum: After duodenum is jejunum, the middle section of the small intestine. It occupies the left upper portion of the abdomen. It absorbs sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids from the food and transfers it to the third and last section – ileum. Ileum: This is the last and the longest section of the small intestine where most of the food nutrients are absorbed. It is in the right side and upper part of the pelvis. Finally, it absorbs vitamins B12 and bile acid and transfers the rest to the large intestine. Functions of the small intestine
The small intestine absorbs and digests 90% of the food and the rest gets processed collectively in the large intestine and the stomach. | https://www.pristyncare.com/blog/small-intestine-functions-pc0113/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_173585705#4_361721180 | Title: In China, Your Credit Score Is Now Affected By Your Political Opinions - And Your Friends' Political Opinions
Headings: In China, Your Credit Score Is Now Affected By Your Political Opinions – And Your Friends’ Political Opinions
In China, Your Credit Score Is Now Affected By Your Political Opinions – And Your Friends’ Political Opinions
42 Comments
Content: But China has already announced that it, or something very like it, will become mandatory from 2020. It has also announced that while there are benefits today for obedient people, it intends to add various sanctions for people who don’t behave, like limited Internet connectivity. Such people will also be barred from serving in certain high-status and influential positions, like government official, reporter, CEO, statistician, and similar. Things that will make your score deteriorate include posting political opinions without prior permission, talking about or describing a different history than the official one, or even publishing accurate up-to-date news from the Shanghai stock market collapse (which was and is embarrassing to the Chinese regime). But the kicker is that if any of your friends do this — publish opinions without prior permission, or report accurate but embarrassing news — your score will also deteriorate. And this will have a direct impact on your quality of life. “Sesame Credit, however, also uses other data to calculate the scores, such as a person’s hobbies, interaction with friends, shopping habits and lifestyle.” — Quote from China Daily Asia
The KGB and the Stasi’s method of preventing dissent from taking hold was to plant so-called agents provocateurs in the general population, people who tried to make people agree with dissent, but who actually were after arresting them as soon as they agreed with such dissent. As a result, nobody would dare agree that the government did anything bad, and this was very effective in preventing any large-scale resistance from taking hold. The Chinese way here is much more subtle, but probably more effective still. | https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/blog/2015/10/in-china-your-credit-score-is-now-affected-by-your-political-opinions-and-your-friends-political-opinions/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_176680441#1_368968074 | Title: Essay About Three Branches of Government
Headings: Essay About Three Branches of Government
Essay About Three Branches of Government
Author: J.K. Garcia
Date: February 2, 2021
Content: To understand why things are done this way, it’s important to know a little about each branch, what it does and why it is important. This further assures the American citizen that they live in a country run, in theory, by the whole population who select people to represent them, their needs and their challenges. The President of the United States of America is not the only one running the show. For their time, for at least four years, they are essentially heading the Executive branch of the United States government. Though they are the commander-in-chief of the American military, the President does not have unlimited power to rule the country. The President is intentionally limited in power so as to prevent a regime, where a leader has complete control over every single government entity. The Vice President supports the president in various affairs as part of the Executive branch and becomes a liaison with the Senate. Cabinet members are also part of the Executive branch and assist the President in decision-making and other responsibilities. The President can veto some bills not passed by Congress, which means the President does have certain powers not shared by members of the other branches. The Supreme Court and its Justices make up the Judicial branch. | https://www.privatewriting.com/blog/essay-about-the-three-branches-of-government |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_176782359#1_369233216 | Title: The Impact of Social Media in Our Daily Lives
Headings: The Impact of Social Media in Our Daily Lives
The Impact of Social Media in Our Daily Lives
Author: Charlotte Allen
Date: February 22, 2021
What Is Social Media?
What Social Media Are the Most Popular?
Pinterest
WhatsApp
Facebook
Twitter
How Social Media Influence Us
The Good
The Bad
Where Will Social Media Be in 10 Years?
Content: What Is Social Media? Social media is an electronic tool that serves to connect people remotely at their convenience. Some of the versions of this tool are LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, among others. MEDIA INFLUENCE FEMALE PERCEPTION OF THE BODY IMAGE. AGREE OR DISAGREE? There are several reasons why social media is important in our everyday life as outlined herein: Reason 1. It helps people to stay tune with their good friends and make some new ones as well. Reason 2. It helps people share what they are doing or details on where they are with the rest of the world. | https://www.privatewriting.com/blog/social-media |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_176782359#6_369240952 | Title: The Impact of Social Media in Our Daily Lives
Headings: The Impact of Social Media in Our Daily Lives
The Impact of Social Media in Our Daily Lives
Author: Charlotte Allen
Date: February 22, 2021
What Is Social Media?
What Social Media Are the Most Popular?
Pinterest
WhatsApp
Facebook
Twitter
How Social Media Influence Us
The Good
The Bad
Where Will Social Media Be in 10 Years?
Content: Many individuals continue to use it throughout the world as they enjoy the aspect of unfiltered feed. It is simply the best platform to discover what is happening in the rest of the world instantly. How Social Media Influence Us
Social media has both positive and negative influence on individuals. The Good
Immediate access to information
Twitter delivers instant details on what is happening around you and the rest of the world from various sources hence, it is impossible to miss a thing. With this information you could realy quicly find some insights or have a good lesson. A level playing field for business
Previously, for your business to be known you had to invest heavily in advertisements. Contrary to that, nowadays businesses can speak to the world through social media, which is a better option. The Bad
Talk without action
Though social media is an invaluable communication tool, today we see hashtag conversations that cause people to vent on these platforms but no action is taken in the end. Hiding behind anonymity
It goes without saying that many are using social media to hide their identities for mischievous reasons and make lots of clones. Hence, habitual pranksters and trolls have found a haven on this platform. | https://www.privatewriting.com/blog/social-media |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_178213447#0_372537809 | Title: A Guide to Culturally Conscious Identifiers and Emojis
Headings: A Guide to Culturally Conscious Identifiers and Emojis
A Guide to Culturally Conscious Identifiers and Emojis
POC vs. BIPOC vs. BAME
Black vs. African American
Latino vs. Latinx vs. Hispanic
Asian vs. Oriental
Arab vs. Arabian vs. Middle East
Emoji Use
Content: A Guide to Culturally Conscious Identifiers and Emojis
Diversity, Equality & Inclusion
PR Insiders
A Guide to Culturally Conscious Identifiers and Emojis
06/17/2020
By Toni Harrison
As our nation grapples with rampant injustice and a movement for change, PR pros must embrace their role driving media conversations with greater responsibility. Consumers are holding brands, and their leaders, to a higher standard. PR pros must learn cultural terms and utilize insights to craft respectful messages. The terms below are a start: POC vs. BIPOC vs. BAME
POC stands for People of Color, while BIPOC stands for Black, Indigenous, People of Color. The difference is subtle, but these terms are not interchangeable. POC is used to encompass all non-white people. BIPOC aims to offer more nuance and inclusion than POC. As the BIPOC Project says, “We use the term BIPOC to highlight the unique relationship to whiteness that Indigenous and Black (African Americans) people have, which shapes the experiences of and relationship to white supremacy for all people of color within a U.S. context.” BAME is most often used in the UK and stands for Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic. | https://www.prnewsonline.com/identifiers-emojis-diversity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_178213447#1_372539514 | Title: A Guide to Culturally Conscious Identifiers and Emojis
Headings: A Guide to Culturally Conscious Identifiers and Emojis
A Guide to Culturally Conscious Identifiers and Emojis
POC vs. BIPOC vs. BAME
Black vs. African American
Latino vs. Latinx vs. Hispanic
Asian vs. Oriental
Arab vs. Arabian vs. Middle East
Emoji Use
Content: The difference is subtle, but these terms are not interchangeable. POC is used to encompass all non-white people. BIPOC aims to offer more nuance and inclusion than POC. As the BIPOC Project says, “We use the term BIPOC to highlight the unique relationship to whiteness that Indigenous and Black (African Americans) people have, which shapes the experiences of and relationship to white supremacy for all people of color within a U.S. context.” BAME is most often used in the UK and stands for Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic. This acronym is akin to BIPOC, which is an encompassing term. The National Association of Black Journalists' style guide recommends allowing a subject’s preference to determine which term to use. " In a story in which race is relevant and there is no stated preference for an individual or individuals, use Black because it is an accurate description of race. Be as specific as possible in honoring preferences, as in Haitian American, Jamaican American or (for a non-U.S. citizen living in the United States) Jamaican living in America.” As a general rule, it is best to use a specific label when speaking about a specific group. | https://www.prnewsonline.com/identifiers-emojis-diversity |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_199015180#0_399598560 | Title: Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Headings: Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Content: Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
While it remains impossible to determine exactly whether a sex offender will re offend statistically there are underlying factors that point to the sex offenders risk profile in relation to re offending (or recidivism). North Carolina State uses a form (static-99) to assist in trying to determine the risk profile of a male sex offender. This is a form that originated in Canada and the questionnaire is fairly standardised. The form is also used widely in The U.S. and Europe. The risk level determined correlates to the monitoring and supervision post release or while on probation. No relevant assessment is applied to female sex offenders due to negligible numbers. There are also very few studies in to recidivism for females again due to numbers. However a system that has been developed in Iowa has been tested in N.C. Dept. of Corrections in relation to female sex offenders. There are ten questions to The Static-99 form. | https://www.probateresearch.net/sex-offenders-the-static-99-form-and-re-offending/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_199015180#1_399599974 | Title: Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Headings: Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Content: No relevant assessment is applied to female sex offenders due to negligible numbers. There are also very few studies in to recidivism for females again due to numbers. However a system that has been developed in Iowa has been tested in N.C. Dept. of Corrections in relation to female sex offenders. There are ten questions to The Static-99 form. The form is administered by correction or probation officers post conviction or prior to release. Those factors taken in to consideration are age at release, criminal background incl. Sex offenses, relationship history, also whether the victims were related at all, male or strangers. All of these factors, in studies, have pointed to increased risks of re-offending. As an example an older offender is less likely to re-offend. | https://www.probateresearch.net/sex-offenders-the-static-99-form-and-re-offending/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_199015180#2_399601129 | Title: Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Headings: Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Content: The form is administered by correction or probation officers post conviction or prior to release. Those factors taken in to consideration are age at release, criminal background incl. Sex offenses, relationship history, also whether the victims were related at all, male or strangers. All of these factors, in studies, have pointed to increased risks of re-offending. As an example an older offender is less likely to re-offend. Sex offenders whose victims were male, statistically, are more liable to re-offending. Risk factors carry a score from 0>3 and total thereof. 6 or over confirms an offender is at high risk to re-offend. 0>1 places the offender at low risk. It is worth noting that the Static-99 is not used for all sex offending cases. | https://www.probateresearch.net/sex-offenders-the-static-99-form-and-re-offending/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_199015180#3_399602258 | Title: Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Headings: Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending
Content: Sex offenders whose victims were male, statistically, are more liable to re-offending. Risk factors carry a score from 0>3 and total thereof. 6 or over confirms an offender is at high risk to re-offend. 0>1 places the offender at low risk. It is worth noting that the Static-99 is not used for all sex offending cases. The form is not used in cases for statutory rape and/or child pornography. It is also worth mentioning that the developers concede Static-99 lacks accuracy in confirming numerical estimates in relation to risk of sexual re offending for any specific sex offender. These findings were published in Criminal Justice and Behavior. Sex Offenders, the Static-99 Form and Re-offending was last modified: November 6th, 2019 by Admin | https://www.probateresearch.net/sex-offenders-the-static-99-form-and-re-offending/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_199813229#9_401107484 | Title: Boric Acid Capsules for chronic yeast infections, Boric Acid Suppositories
Headings: Boric Acid Capsules for
Chronic Yeast Infections
Boric Acid Capsules for
Chronic Yeast Infections
Where to buy boric acid suppositories
Yeast treatment with boric acid capsules
Boric acid suppositories and pregnancy
Boric acid poisoning
Content: If sufficient quantity is taken it can lead to kidney damage, acute failure of the circulatory system, and even death. It used to be used on babies with diaper rash but even when heavily diluted it caused poisoning and two deaths. One expert when so far as to say "the minor therapeutic value of this compound, in comparison with its potential as a poison, has led to the general recommendation that it no longer be used as a therapeutic agent." 6
I'm not trying to scare you with this caution but I do get annoyed when I read some undoubtedly well meaning person on a forum singing the praises of boric acid without giving any warning of it toxicity. To get it all in perspective, one study used boric acid vaginal capsules on 2,000 patients with no problems. 4
Boric acid capsules use in the vagina against yeast infection can be very effective for some women - use it responsibly. If you have found this information useful, please tweet or "like" and let others enjoy it too. Thanks for visiting. Sharing useful info helps others
Facebook
Twitter
REFERENCES
1. Secondo Guaschino MD, Francesco De Seta MD, Andrea Sartore MD, Giuseppe Ricci MD, Davide De Santo MD, Monica Piccoli MD and Salvatore Alberico MD. | https://www.probiotics-lovethatbug.com/boric-acid-capsules.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_199813229#10_401109236 | Title: Boric Acid Capsules for chronic yeast infections, Boric Acid Suppositories
Headings: Boric Acid Capsules for
Chronic Yeast Infections
Boric Acid Capsules for
Chronic Yeast Infections
Where to buy boric acid suppositories
Yeast treatment with boric acid capsules
Boric acid suppositories and pregnancy
Boric acid poisoning
Content: 4
Boric acid capsules use in the vagina against yeast infection can be very effective for some women - use it responsibly. If you have found this information useful, please tweet or "like" and let others enjoy it too. Thanks for visiting. Sharing useful info helps others
Facebook
Twitter
REFERENCES
1. Secondo Guaschino MD, Francesco De Seta MD, Andrea Sartore MD, Giuseppe Ricci MD, Davide De Santo MD, Monica Piccoli MD and Salvatore Alberico MD. Efficacy of maintenance therapy with topical boric acid in comparison with oral itraconazole in the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Volume 184, Issue 4, March 2001, Pages 598-602. 2. Ray D, Goswami R, Banerjee U, Dadhwal V, Goswami D, Mandal P, Sreenivas V, Kochupillai N. Prevalence of Candida glabrata and its response to boric acid vaginal suppositories in comparison with oral fluconazole in patients with diabetes and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Diabetes Care. | https://www.probiotics-lovethatbug.com/boric-acid-capsules.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_206650401#10_413851309 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Greater resistance to disease: Improved happiness and wellbeing are linked to a lower number of sick days. The evidence suggests a causal effectbetween increased subjective well-being and a lower number of sick days. Improved physical health: Better physical health is associated with improved well-being, life quality, and happiness. A self-care plan improves an individual’s physical health by encouraging the adoption of healthy habits. Better self-esteem: Taking better care of your health and wellness will positively affect your overall approach to life and how you see yourself. With higher self-esteem, you view yourself as deserving. With lower self-esteem, thoughts of not being good enoughplague and limityour personal development. | https://www.process.st/self-care-plan/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_206650401#11_413852245 | Title:
Headings:
Content: A self-care plan improves an individual’s physical health by encouraging the adoption of healthy habits. Better self-esteem: Taking better care of your health and wellness will positively affect your overall approach to life and how you see yourself. With higher self-esteem, you view yourself as deserving. With lower self-esteem, thoughts of not being good enoughplague and limityour personal development. Increased self-knowledge: Practicing self-care means thinking about what it is you want to do. It is a continual process that works on trial-and-error to find the things that you enjoy and are passionate about. It could even spark a career change. Give more: | https://www.process.st/self-care-plan/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#0_427401061 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Last updated on: 9/28/2020 | Author: ProCon.org | MORE HEADLINES
Jiles Masiclat reads a book at the Aviano Air Base, Italy library. Source: Deana Heitzman, “‘Paws to Read’ Inspires Summer Reading,” aviano.af.mil, June 18, 2014
Overview
Pro/Con Arguments
Discussion Questions
Take Action
The American Library Association (ALA) has tracked book challenges, which are attempts to remove or restrict materials, since 1990. In 2019, the ALA recorded 377 reported book challenges in the United States, an 8.6% increase from the 347 reported challenges in 2018. [ 22] [ 26] In most years, about 10% of the reported challenges result in removal or ban from the school or library. However, in 2016, five of the top ten most challenged books were removed. The ALA estimates that only about 3% to 18% of challenges are reported to its Office for Intellectual Freedom, meaning that the actual number of attempts to ban books is likely much higher. [ 1] [ 24]
Challenges are most frequently brought by patrons (33%), followed by parents (32%), a board or administration (13%), librarians or teachers (10%), political and religious groups (6%), elected officials (3%), and students (3%). [ | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#1_427403583 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: In 2019, the ALA recorded 377 reported book challenges in the United States, an 8.6% increase from the 347 reported challenges in 2018. [ 22] [ 26] In most years, about 10% of the reported challenges result in removal or ban from the school or library. However, in 2016, five of the top ten most challenged books were removed. The ALA estimates that only about 3% to 18% of challenges are reported to its Office for Intellectual Freedom, meaning that the actual number of attempts to ban books is likely much higher. [ 1] [ 24]
Challenges are most frequently brought by patrons (33%), followed by parents (32%), a board or administration (13%), librarians or teachers (10%), political and religious groups (6%), elected officials (3%), and students (3%). [ 22] Books are most often challenged at public libraries (59%), school libraries (23%), schools (14%), academic libraries (3%), and special libraries (1%). [ 24]
Sexually explicit content, offensive language, and “unsuited to any age group” are the top three reasons cited for requesting a book be removed. [ 1] The percentage of Americans who think any books should be banned increased from 18% in 2011 to 28% in 2015, and 60% of people surveyed believed that children should not have access to books containing explicit language in school libraries, according to The Harris Poll. [ 3]
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries? Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when. | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#2_427406334 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: 22] Books are most often challenged at public libraries (59%), school libraries (23%), schools (14%), academic libraries (3%), and special libraries (1%). [ 24]
Sexually explicit content, offensive language, and “unsuited to any age group” are the top three reasons cited for requesting a book be removed. [ 1] The percentage of Americans who think any books should be banned increased from 18% in 2011 to 28% in 2015, and 60% of people surveyed believed that children should not have access to books containing explicit language in school libraries, according to The Harris Poll. [ 3]
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries? Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when. Having books with adult topics available in libraries limits parents’ ability to choose when their children are mature enough to read specific material. “ Literary works containing explicit sex, oral sex, explicit & violent descriptions of rape, masturbation, vulgar and obscene language” were on the approved reading list for grades 7-12, according to Speak up for Standards, a group seeking age-appropriate reading materials for students in Dallas, Texas. [ 4] If books with inappropriate material are available in libraries, children or teens can be exposed to books their parents wouldn’t approve of before the parents even find out what their children are reading. [ 16] “ [O]pting your child out of reading [a certain] book doesn’t protect him or her. They are still surrounded by the other students who are going to be saturated with this book,” said writer Macey France. [ | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#3_427409244 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: Having books with adult topics available in libraries limits parents’ ability to choose when their children are mature enough to read specific material. “ Literary works containing explicit sex, oral sex, explicit & violent descriptions of rape, masturbation, vulgar and obscene language” were on the approved reading list for grades 7-12, according to Speak up for Standards, a group seeking age-appropriate reading materials for students in Dallas, Texas. [ 4] If books with inappropriate material are available in libraries, children or teens can be exposed to books their parents wouldn’t approve of before the parents even find out what their children are reading. [ 16] “ [O]pting your child out of reading [a certain] book doesn’t protect him or her. They are still surrounded by the other students who are going to be saturated with this book,” said writer Macey France. [ 17]
Read More
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries. Books in the young adult genre often contain adult themes that young people aren’t ready to experience. [ 18] Of the top ten most challenged books in 2019, eight had LGBTQ+ content, and three were sexually explicit. [ 25] According to Jenni White, a former public school science teacher, “Numerous studies on the use of graphic material by students indicate negative psychological effects,” including having “more casual sex partners and [beginning] having sex at younger ages.” [ 19] The American Academy of Pediatrics has found that exposure to violence in media, including in books, can impact kids by making them act aggressively and desensitizing them to violence. [ | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#4_427412222 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: 17]
Read More
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries. Books in the young adult genre often contain adult themes that young people aren’t ready to experience. [ 18] Of the top ten most challenged books in 2019, eight had LGBTQ+ content, and three were sexually explicit. [ 25] According to Jenni White, a former public school science teacher, “Numerous studies on the use of graphic material by students indicate negative psychological effects,” including having “more casual sex partners and [beginning] having sex at younger ages.” [ 19] The American Academy of Pediatrics has found that exposure to violence in media, including in books, can impact kids by making them act aggressively and desensitizing them to violence. [ 17] Kim Heinecke, a mother of four, wrote to her local Superintendent of Public Schools that “It is not a matter of ‘sheltering’ kids. It is a matter of guiding them toward what is best. We are the adults. It is our job to protect them – no matter how unpopular that may seem.” [ 19]
Read More
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them. | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#5_427414772 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: 17] Kim Heinecke, a mother of four, wrote to her local Superintendent of Public Schools that “It is not a matter of ‘sheltering’ kids. It is a matter of guiding them toward what is best. We are the adults. It is our job to protect them – no matter how unpopular that may seem.” [ 19]
Read More
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them. Peter Sprigg of the Family Research Council noted that removing certain books from libraries is about showing discretion and respecting a community’s values, and doesn’t prevent people from getting those books elsewhere: “ It’s an exaggeration to refer to this as book banning. There is nothing preventing books from being written or sold, nothing to prevent parents from buying it or children from reading it.” [ 20] What some call “book banning,” many see as making responsible choices about what books are available in public and school libraries. “ Is it censorship that you’re unable to go to your local taxpayer-funded branch and check out a copy of the ‘Protocols of the Elders of Zion’? | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#6_427417232 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: Peter Sprigg of the Family Research Council noted that removing certain books from libraries is about showing discretion and respecting a community’s values, and doesn’t prevent people from getting those books elsewhere: “ It’s an exaggeration to refer to this as book banning. There is nothing preventing books from being written or sold, nothing to prevent parents from buying it or children from reading it.” [ 20] What some call “book banning,” many see as making responsible choices about what books are available in public and school libraries. “ Is it censorship that you’re unable to go to your local taxpayer-funded branch and check out a copy of the ‘Protocols of the Elders of Zion’? For better or for worse, these books are still widely available. Your local community has simply decided that finite public resources are not going to be spent disseminating them,” Weekly Standard writer and school board member Mark Hemingway stated. [ 18]
Read More
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people. Parents who don’t like specific books can have their kids “opt out” of an assignment without infringing on the rights of others. The National Coalition against Censorship explained that “Even books or materials that many find ‘objectionable’ may have educational value, and the decision about what to use in the classroom should be based on professional judgments and standards, not individual preferences.” [ | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#7_427420057 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: For better or for worse, these books are still widely available. Your local community has simply decided that finite public resources are not going to be spent disseminating them,” Weekly Standard writer and school board member Mark Hemingway stated. [ 18]
Read More
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people. Parents who don’t like specific books can have their kids “opt out” of an assignment without infringing on the rights of others. The National Coalition against Censorship explained that “Even books or materials that many find ‘objectionable’ may have educational value, and the decision about what to use in the classroom should be based on professional judgments and standards, not individual preferences.” [ 6] In the 1982 Supreme Court ruling on Board of Education v. Pico, Justice Brennan wrote that taking books off of library shelves could violate students’ First Amendment rights, adding that “Local school boards may not remove books from school libraries simply because they dislike the ideas contained in those books.” [ 21]
Read More
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it. Robie H. Harris, author of frequently challenged children’s books including It’s Perfectly Normal: Changing Bodies, Growing up, Sex, and Sexual Health, stated, “I think these books look at the topics, the concerns, the worry, the fascination that kids have today… It’s the world in which they’re living.” [ 8] Many books that have long been considered to be required reading to become educated about literature and American history are frequently challenged, such as: | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#8_427423093 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: 6] In the 1982 Supreme Court ruling on Board of Education v. Pico, Justice Brennan wrote that taking books off of library shelves could violate students’ First Amendment rights, adding that “Local school boards may not remove books from school libraries simply because they dislike the ideas contained in those books.” [ 21]
Read More
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it. Robie H. Harris, author of frequently challenged children’s books including It’s Perfectly Normal: Changing Bodies, Growing up, Sex, and Sexual Health, stated, “I think these books look at the topics, the concerns, the worry, the fascination that kids have today… It’s the world in which they’re living.” [ 8] Many books that have long been considered to be required reading to become educated about literature and American history are frequently challenged, such as: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, The Color Purple by Alice Walker, Beloved by Toni Morrison, and Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. [ 9] 46 of the Radcliffe Publishing Group’s “Top 100 Novels of the 20th Century” are frequently challenged; banning them would deprive students of essential cultural and historical knowledge, as well as differing points of view. [ 9]
Read More
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development. One study found that reading J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series, which is frequently challenged for religious concerns about witchcraft, “improved attitudes” about immigrants, homosexuals, and refugees. [ | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#9_427426152 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, The Color Purple by Alice Walker, Beloved by Toni Morrison, and Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. [ 9] 46 of the Radcliffe Publishing Group’s “Top 100 Novels of the 20th Century” are frequently challenged; banning them would deprive students of essential cultural and historical knowledge, as well as differing points of view. [ 9]
Read More
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development. One study found that reading J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series, which is frequently challenged for religious concerns about witchcraft, “improved attitudes” about immigrants, homosexuals, and refugees. [ 11] Another study found that reading narrative fiction helped readers understand their peers and raised social abilities. [ 12][ 13] A study in Basic and Applied Social Psychology found that people who read a story about a Muslim woman were less likely to make broad judgments based on race. [ 14] Neil Gaiman, author of the frequently challenged novel Neverwhere, among other books, stated that fiction “build [s] empathy… You get to feel things, visit places and worlds you would never otherwise know. You learn that everyone else out there is a me, as well. You’re being someone else, and when you return to your own world, you’re going to be slightly changed. | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#10_427428934 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: 11] Another study found that reading narrative fiction helped readers understand their peers and raised social abilities. [ 12][ 13] A study in Basic and Applied Social Psychology found that people who read a story about a Muslim woman were less likely to make broad judgments based on race. [ 14] Neil Gaiman, author of the frequently challenged novel Neverwhere, among other books, stated that fiction “build [s] empathy… You get to feel things, visit places and worlds you would never otherwise know. You learn that everyone else out there is a me, as well. You’re being someone else, and when you return to your own world, you’re going to be slightly changed. Empathy is a tool for building people into groups, for allowing us to function as more than self-obsessed individuals.” [ 15]
Read More
Discussion Questions
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools or libraries? Why or why not? Have you read any of the Top 10 Challenged Books of 2019? Should those books be banned or restricted? | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#11_427431203 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: Empathy is a tool for building people into groups, for allowing us to function as more than self-obsessed individuals.” [ 15]
Read More
Discussion Questions
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools or libraries? Why or why not? Have you read any of the Top 10 Challenged Books of 2019? Should those books be banned or restricted? Explain your answers. Is book banning censorship? Why or why not? Take Action
1. Evaluate the perspective of parents who would like to remove a book from a school library. | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#14_427436387 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: Push for the position and policies you support by writing US national senators and representatives. Source: American Library Association, “Top 11 Challenged Books of 2019,” ala.org (accessed Apr. 21, 2020)
Sources
1. American Library Association, "Banned & Challenged Books," ala.org (accessed Sep. 18, 2017)
2. American Library Association, "Top Ten Most Challenged Books of 2016," ala.org (accessed Sep. 18, 2017)
3. The Harris Poll, Adults Are More Likely To Believe There Are Books That Should Be Banned Than Movies, Television Shows, or Video Games," theharrispoll.com, July 8, 2015
4. Speak up for Standards homepage, accessed via archive.org, Feb. 25, 2017
5. Clare Trapasso, "Queens Sixth-Graders No Longer Must Read Racy 'Diary of a Part-Time Indian,'" nydailynews.com, Aug. 1, 2013
6. National Coalition against Censorship, "Censorship and the First Amendment in Schools: A Resource Guide," webjunction.org, May 9, 2016
7. | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_211725724#15_427438584 | Title: Banned Books - Top 3 Pros and Cons - ProCon.org
Headings: Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Banned Books – Top 3 Pros and Cons
Should parents or other adults be able to ban books from schools and libraries?
Pro 1
Parents have the right to decide what material their children are exposed to and when.
Pro 2
Children should not be exposed to sex, violence, drug use, or other inappropriate topics in school or public libraries.
Pro 3
Keeping books with inappropriate content out of libraries protects kids, but doesn't stop people from reading those books or prevent authors from writing them.
Con 1
Parents may control what their own children read, but don't have a right to restrict what books are available to other people.
Con 2
Many frequently challenged books help people get a better idea of the world and their place in it.
Con 3
Books are a portal to different life experiences and reading encourages empathy and social-emotional development.
Discussion Questions
Take Action
Sources
Content: The Harris Poll, Adults Are More Likely To Believe There Are Books That Should Be Banned Than Movies, Television Shows, or Video Games," theharrispoll.com, July 8, 2015
4. Speak up for Standards homepage, accessed via archive.org, Feb. 25, 2017
5. Clare Trapasso, "Queens Sixth-Graders No Longer Must Read Racy 'Diary of a Part-Time Indian,'" nydailynews.com, Aug. 1, 2013
6. National Coalition against Censorship, "Censorship and the First Amendment in Schools: A Resource Guide," webjunction.org, May 9, 2016
7. Robert P. Doyle, "Books Challenged or Banned in 2015-2016," ila.org (accessed Sep. 18, 2017)
8. Jessica Gross, "Unsuited to Any Age Group," lareviewofbooks, Sep. 26, 2014
9. American Library Association, "Banned and/or Challenged Books from the Radcliffe Publishing Course | https://www.procon.org/headlines/banned-books-top-3-pros-and-cons/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_212263096#11_428663524 | Title: US Constitutional System, PS201H-6A
Headings:
1. Constitutionalism -- Constitutional Government :
In the American constitutional system, the authority of government is defined, limited, and distributed by law -- by the fundamental law of the United States Constitution. American government is conducted in accordance with and within the limits set by the fundamental law of the Constitution. The U.S. Constitution, as a body of written basic law, is superior to and takes precedence over all ordinary acts of Congress and the state legislatures and over all decisions and actions of the executive branches of the national and state governments. Under the Constitution, restrictions on the discretionary authority of public officers and institutions are clearly recognized and regularly enforced. In short, the Constitution effectively limits the power of government.
Thus, American government is limited government -- limited government under the Constitution. The powers of American government are effectively limited by law -- limited by the fundamental law of the Constitution.
The U.S. Constitution not only limits the authority of the U.S. central government, it also limits the authority of the states and their local subdivisions. The authority of a state and its local communities is further limited by its own state constitution.
American constitutionalism at the national level dictates that the central government operate in accord with the provisions of the U.S. Constitution and that it not exceed the authority granted to it by the Constitution.
2. Republicanism -- Republican Government :
The United States of America is a republic. There are no inherited offices in the government. Every office in the government, legislative, executive or judicial, is filled by either election -- direct or indirect -- or appointment according to law. No government office is occupied by a hereditary monarch or titled nobleman.
The U.S. Constitution prohibits both the national government and the states from granting or officially recognizing titles of nobility. [Article I, Sections 9 & 10]
Moreover, the U.S. Constitution obligates the national government to guarantee each state a republican form of government. [Article IV, Section 4]
These constitutional provisions were intended to enhance the republican character of American government.
The American system of government is a constitutional republic -- a political regime in which the features of constitutionalism and republicanism are combined. The U.S.government is a constitutional republic, and so is each of the fifty states comprising the American federal union.
3. Separation of Powers :
a. Three Separate Branches of Government :
The U.S. Constitution divides the national government into three separate branches -- legislative, executive, and judicial. The three branches of the national government are institutionally separate from and largely independent of one another.
b. Allocation of Power Among the Three Governmental Branches :
The U.S. Constitution (1) grants certain powers to the national government and (2) allocates these powers among the three branches of the government. Each governmental branch is given its own set of powers; each branch has its own separate constitutional grant of authority.
Congress. The powers of Congress are mainly legislative in character -- primarily lawmaking powers.
The President. The powers of the President are primarily executive. Presidential power is mainly authority to enforce, or carry out, the laws.
The U.S. Courts. The powers of the U.S. Supreme Court and the other federal courts are judicial. Judicial authority is the power of the courts to interpret, or construe, the law. That is, the courts have power to decide (1) the meaning and intent of the law and (2) how the law is to be applied in particular cases.
b. Separation of Personnel :
The Constitution requires different personnel (different people) in each of the three branches of the national government. The Constitution prohibits the practice of the same persons simultaneously holding office in two or more branches of the government. Before an officeholder in one branch of the national government can legally take office in another branch, he must first resign the office he is currently holding. Examples of the application of this constitutional rule include the following:
An incumbent U.S. Senator runs for and is elected President. Before he can be inaugurated as President and assume the office, he must first resign his seat in the U.S. Senate.
The President wants to appoint a particular U.S. Representative to an important post in the Cabinet -- say, Secretary of the Treasury. The President makes the appointment and the Senate confirms it. Before the Representative can take the executive office to which he has been appointed, he must resign his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives.
A U.S. Supreme Court justice, due to advanced age and declining health, announces his resignation, thereby creating a vacancy on the Court. The President appoints his Attorney General to fill the vacancy and the Senate confirms the appointment. Before the Attorney General can join the Supreme Court, he must resign his executive office -- the office of Attorney General of the U.S.A.
c. Terms of Office Fixed, or Specified, in the Constitution .
The U.S. Constitution specifies the terms of office of national legislators, the chief executive, and members of the federal judiciary. The Constitution specifies two-year terms for U.S. Representatives, six-year terms for U.S. Senators, a four-year term for the President, and terms during good behavior for all federal judges.
What is the significance of this arrangement? The personnel in one branch of the government cannot be removed from office (before their terms expire) simply because they lose the the support and favor of another branch. For example, the President does not have to resign his office if he loses the confidence or support of a simple majority (50.1 percent) in either house of Congress, or even in both houses.
d. Separate and Independent Election of the Chief Executive .
The Constitution mandates election of the President separately from and independently of the legislative branch. Every four years, congressional elections and the election of presidential electors are held at the same time and in the same polling places. However, the congressional elections on the one hand and the election of presidential electors on the other are entirely different sets of elections. The success of a presidential candidate at the polls is not dependent upon the success of his political party's candidates for seats in Congress. One party's candidate for President can win the presidential election, while the opposing party wins a majority of the seats in either one or both houses of Congress.
e. Coordinate Organs of Government :
The Constitution makes the three governmental branches coordinate organs of government. That is, they are constitutionally equal to each other in rank
. No branch of the national government is constitutionally subordinate to another branch. In particular, neither of the two elective branches of government is subordinate to the other. Each elective organ -- legislature or chief executive -- is responsible (accountable, or answerable) to its own constituency, not to another elective organ of government.
4. Checks and Balances :
Under the U.S. Constitution, each of the three branches of the national government has some authority to check and control the decisdions and actions of the other branches. Each branch of government has the right to share or participate, to some degree, in the primary activities or functions of the other branches and, in so doing, to withhold consent, cooperation, and support in the areas where it shares decisionmaking authority with the other branches, delay and block the actions of the other branches, and thereby check and restrain the other branches in the exercise of their powers. Through the use of checks and restraints, one governmental branch can prevent the other branches from successfully encroaching on and usurping its own powers and force them to stay within the limits of their constitutional powers.
How the President Can Check and Restrain Congress. The President shares the national legislative authority with the two chambers of Congress. A legislative bill passed by the Senate and House of Representatives cannot become law without the President's consent and signature, unless, after the President has vetoed the bill and returned it to Congress, each of the two chambers, on a vote of reconsideration, marshals a two-thirds vote to pass the bill over the President's veto.
The President's power to veto national legislation is a very potent check on the power of Congress. The presidential veto is made potent by the utter difficulty of getting a two-thirds vote in the two houses of Congress to override the veto. For all practical purposes, the President is a third house of the national legislature.
How Congress Can Check and Restrain the President. Obviously, the power of Congress to override a presidential veto is a rather weak check on the President. However, there are other, more potent checks available that enable Congress to thwart and restrain the President. Congress can refuse to pass a a legislative bill desired by the President. Most importantly, Congress can refuse to appropriate funds requested by the President or any of the executive branch departments or agencies.
The Senate, deciding and deciding alone, without the necessity of House concurrence, can exercise some potent checks and restraints on presidential power. The Senate can refuse to confirm a presidential appointment and thereby prevent it from going into effect. One third of the Senate, plus one additional Senator, can block ratification of a treaty submitted by the President.
If extraordinary action is deemed necessary, Congress can institute impeachment proceedings against the President. In impeachment proceedings, the House of Representatives, by simple majority vote, brings an impeachment charge against the President. The Senate tries the President on the impeachment charge. If the Senate produces at least a two-thirds vote to convict the President of the crime or other act of misbehavior with which he is charged, he is removed from office and permanently barred from again holding any government office under the U.S. Constitution.
How Congress Can Check and Restrain the U.S. Courts. Congress can check the federal courts by enacting laws which increase the size (membership) of the Supreme Court and reduce the Court's appellate jurisdiction and which change the number and jurisdiction of the lower federal courts.
The Senate can confirm or reject federal judges appointed by the President and thereby impact upon the membership and political philosophy of the federal judiciary.
When extraordinary action is deemed necessary, Congress can institute impeachment proceedings against federal judges, including Supreme Court justices.
How the President Can Check and Restrain the U.S. Courts. The President can join the two houses of Congress in checking and restraining the federal courts. How? By consenting to and signing congressional legislation increasing the size of the Supreme Court, reducing its appellate jurisdiction, and changing the number and jurisdiction of the lower federal courts.
When vacancies on the U.S. Courts occur, the President appoints federal judges, subject to Senate confirmation. In exercising this power, the President may have an impact upon the membership and political philosophy of the federal courts. However, this is not a strong check on the federal judiciary. Federal judges serve during good behavior and therefore enjoy the benefit of judicial independence. Once a judge has been appointed and the Senate has confirmed the appointment, the President has no control over the judge's decisions. A judge is answerable neither to the chief executive nor to the legislature for his decisions in cases coming before his court.
How the U.S. Courts Can Check and Restrain Congress and the President.
The federal courts, through exercise of the power of judicial review, can check and restrain Congress and the President.
Checking Congress :
A federal court can declare unconstitutional and null and void a statute enacted by Congress. That is, the court can decline to uphold and enforce a congressional statute on the grounds that the statute is contrary to the U.S. Constitution.
Checking the Executive :
A federal court can invalidate invalidate -- i.e., set aside, declare illegal and of no force and effect -- a decision or action of the President or another federal executive officer on the grounds that the decision or action violates the Constitution or a federal statute.
5. Personal Motives Supporting Checks and Balances -- The Incentive to Check and Restrain :
Multiple Constituencies with Varying and Competing Interests. Under the U.S. Constitution, supplemented by federal and state laws and longstanding political practice, the two elective branches of the national government are provided with different constituencies with varying and competing interests. The legislature and the chief executive are made responsive to different sets of interests and demands -- different sets of interests and demands that are often in conflict with each other.
Hence, there is no single national majority in the U.S.A. The American electorate is divided into multiple constituencies with varying and competing interests .
There are 435 U.S. House constituencies, 50 U.S. senatorial constituencies, and 51 presidential constituencies. The 435 members of the U.S. House of Representatives are elected every two years by the voters in the 435 congressional districts, which are essentially local constituecies with local interests.
The 100 members of the U.S. Senate are chosen by the voters in 50 statewide constituencies, one-third of the Senators being elected to six-year terms every two years. The U.S. senatorial constuencies tend strongly to reflect statewide interests, interests that are dominant or very strong statewide and vary from the local interests reflected by the U.S. House election districts.
The President is chosen for a four-year term by presidential electors elected by the voters in 50 statewide constituencies, plus one federal capital district constituency, namely, the District of Columbia.
As a result of this arrangement, the personnel in the different elective branches or organs of the national government are responsive to different sets of interests. Members of the House of Representatives are highly responsive to local interests, while U.S. Senators are highly responsive to statewide interests.
The President has to be responsive to statewide interests in a very large number of states, including those states with large populations and therefore large numbers of presidential electors. The interests to which the President must be responsive tend to be strong throughout the entire country. By contrast, a Senator has to be responsive only to interests that are strong or dominant in his own state, even if his state has a very small population and a very small percentage of the total number of voters in the U.S.A. And a Representative has to be responsive to the dominant or very strong local interests in his congressional district, even though those interests may be at odds with the prvailing sentiments and views in the country as a whole.
Different Times and Methods for Selecting the Personnel in the Different Branches of Government. The U.S. Constitution, by providing different times and methods for choosing the personnel in the different branches of the national government, (1) reinforces the tendency of the different governmental branches to respond to varying and competing interests and (2) strengthens their incentives to check and restrain one another.
Since the climate of public opinion differs from time to time, the expiration of the terms of Senators, Representatives, and the President at different times is most significant. It means the reelection chances of different sets of elected officeholders will be affected by temporal variations in the popular mood, i.e., by various shifts in public opinion. Since different swings in the mood of the voters affect reelection chances of incumbent elected officeholders differently, these swings in the popular mood also affect the political behavior of elected officeholders differently.
Federal judges obtain their offices through presidential appointnent (with Senate consent), rather than by popular election, as is the case with legislators and the chief executive. And federal judges hold office during good behavior, rather than being chosen to terms limited to a specified number of years and therefore having to face periodic reelection or reappointment, as is the case with the President and members of Congress. Because of this, the federal judiciary is not (or ought not to be) subject to the pressures generated by temporary, shortterm popular majorities. Federal judges are truly independent of and insulated from the popular passions of the moment, and they do not (or should not) feel the need to win voter popularity contests by giving in to the current majority in the legislature or to an incumbent chief executive who is currently popular with the voters.
In short, multiple constituencies with varying and competing interests, coupled with different times and methods for choosing the personnel in the different U.S. governmental organs, gives each of the three branches of the national government a will of its own. And the will of each branch of government has a tendency to be at odds with, rather than in agreement with, the wills of the other branches. This tendency of the will of each branch to clash with those of the other branches insures that, except under the most extraordinary or abnormal conditions in the U.S.A., the Congress, the President, and the federal courts will not unite the three branches of the national government in the unimpeded and unrestrained pursuit of a determined course of governmental action, giving short shrift to the objections of politically significant minorities and using the combined legislative, executive, and judicial powers to rule in an overriding and tyrannical fashion. Rather than joining together in a common cause and conspiring to circumvent the constitutional separation of powers, the three branches of government are much more likely to counteract and impede each other and thereby check and restrain one another in the exercise of power.
6. Strict Legislative Bicameralism :
Each of the two houses of Congress has the power of absolute veto over legislation favored by the other house. The consent of a majority in each chamber is required for passage of a legislative bill by Congress. This make's the system of checks and balances a system in which four major governmental entities check and restrain one another. In the U.S. national government, there are four principal governmental organs, or institutions -- the House of Representatives, the Senate, the Presidency, and the federal courts -- checking and restraining each other.
Operation of the principles of checks and balances and strict legislative bicameralism result in a fundamental political situation where four different and largely independent governmental entities are interdependent. The four principal organs of the national government are muturally dependent, i.e., dependent upon one another. Each of these major institutions of the central government, for effectiveness and success in the performance of its primary functions, is dependent upon the consent, cooperation, and support of the other governmental institutions.
7. Balanced Government :
Balanced government is the consequence of combining separation of powers, checks and balances, and strict legislative bicameralism. One very important way in which the U.S. Constitution limits the authority of the national government is by dividing and distributing its powers among several separate and largely independent governmental organs. These governmental institutions reflect varying and competing interests and therefore have strong incentives to counteract and check one another. In counteracting and checking each other, the principal organs of government maintain an equilibrium, or balance, of power in the government and prevent any single faction or interest from dominating the entire government and all of its parts.
Content: The Constitution specifies two-year terms for U.S. Representatives, six-year terms for U.S. Senators, a four-year term for the President, and terms during good behavior for all federal judges. What is the significance of this arrangement? The personnel in one branch of the government cannot be removed from office (before their terms expire) simply because they lose the the support and favor of another branch. For example, the President does not have to resign his office if he loses the confidence or support of a simple majority (50.1 percent) in either house of Congress, or even in both houses. d. Separate and Independent Election of the Chief Executive . The Constitution mandates election of the President separately from and independently of the legislative branch. Every four years, congressional elections and the election of presidential electors are held at the same time and in the same polling places. However, the congressional elections on the one hand and the election of presidential electors on the other are entirely different sets of elections. The success of a presidential candidate at the polls is not dependent upon the success of his political party's candidates for seats in Congress. One party's candidate for President can win the presidential election, while the opposing party wins a majority of the seats in either one or both houses of Congress. | https://www.proconservative.net/CUNAPolSci201PartSixA.shtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_212263096#12_428685818 | Title: US Constitutional System, PS201H-6A
Headings:
1. Constitutionalism -- Constitutional Government :
In the American constitutional system, the authority of government is defined, limited, and distributed by law -- by the fundamental law of the United States Constitution. American government is conducted in accordance with and within the limits set by the fundamental law of the Constitution. The U.S. Constitution, as a body of written basic law, is superior to and takes precedence over all ordinary acts of Congress and the state legislatures and over all decisions and actions of the executive branches of the national and state governments. Under the Constitution, restrictions on the discretionary authority of public officers and institutions are clearly recognized and regularly enforced. In short, the Constitution effectively limits the power of government.
Thus, American government is limited government -- limited government under the Constitution. The powers of American government are effectively limited by law -- limited by the fundamental law of the Constitution.
The U.S. Constitution not only limits the authority of the U.S. central government, it also limits the authority of the states and their local subdivisions. The authority of a state and its local communities is further limited by its own state constitution.
American constitutionalism at the national level dictates that the central government operate in accord with the provisions of the U.S. Constitution and that it not exceed the authority granted to it by the Constitution.
2. Republicanism -- Republican Government :
The United States of America is a republic. There are no inherited offices in the government. Every office in the government, legislative, executive or judicial, is filled by either election -- direct or indirect -- or appointment according to law. No government office is occupied by a hereditary monarch or titled nobleman.
The U.S. Constitution prohibits both the national government and the states from granting or officially recognizing titles of nobility. [Article I, Sections 9 & 10]
Moreover, the U.S. Constitution obligates the national government to guarantee each state a republican form of government. [Article IV, Section 4]
These constitutional provisions were intended to enhance the republican character of American government.
The American system of government is a constitutional republic -- a political regime in which the features of constitutionalism and republicanism are combined. The U.S.government is a constitutional republic, and so is each of the fifty states comprising the American federal union.
3. Separation of Powers :
a. Three Separate Branches of Government :
The U.S. Constitution divides the national government into three separate branches -- legislative, executive, and judicial. The three branches of the national government are institutionally separate from and largely independent of one another.
b. Allocation of Power Among the Three Governmental Branches :
The U.S. Constitution (1) grants certain powers to the national government and (2) allocates these powers among the three branches of the government. Each governmental branch is given its own set of powers; each branch has its own separate constitutional grant of authority.
Congress. The powers of Congress are mainly legislative in character -- primarily lawmaking powers.
The President. The powers of the President are primarily executive. Presidential power is mainly authority to enforce, or carry out, the laws.
The U.S. Courts. The powers of the U.S. Supreme Court and the other federal courts are judicial. Judicial authority is the power of the courts to interpret, or construe, the law. That is, the courts have power to decide (1) the meaning and intent of the law and (2) how the law is to be applied in particular cases.
b. Separation of Personnel :
The Constitution requires different personnel (different people) in each of the three branches of the national government. The Constitution prohibits the practice of the same persons simultaneously holding office in two or more branches of the government. Before an officeholder in one branch of the national government can legally take office in another branch, he must first resign the office he is currently holding. Examples of the application of this constitutional rule include the following:
An incumbent U.S. Senator runs for and is elected President. Before he can be inaugurated as President and assume the office, he must first resign his seat in the U.S. Senate.
The President wants to appoint a particular U.S. Representative to an important post in the Cabinet -- say, Secretary of the Treasury. The President makes the appointment and the Senate confirms it. Before the Representative can take the executive office to which he has been appointed, he must resign his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives.
A U.S. Supreme Court justice, due to advanced age and declining health, announces his resignation, thereby creating a vacancy on the Court. The President appoints his Attorney General to fill the vacancy and the Senate confirms the appointment. Before the Attorney General can join the Supreme Court, he must resign his executive office -- the office of Attorney General of the U.S.A.
c. Terms of Office Fixed, or Specified, in the Constitution .
The U.S. Constitution specifies the terms of office of national legislators, the chief executive, and members of the federal judiciary. The Constitution specifies two-year terms for U.S. Representatives, six-year terms for U.S. Senators, a four-year term for the President, and terms during good behavior for all federal judges.
What is the significance of this arrangement? The personnel in one branch of the government cannot be removed from office (before their terms expire) simply because they lose the the support and favor of another branch. For example, the President does not have to resign his office if he loses the confidence or support of a simple majority (50.1 percent) in either house of Congress, or even in both houses.
d. Separate and Independent Election of the Chief Executive .
The Constitution mandates election of the President separately from and independently of the legislative branch. Every four years, congressional elections and the election of presidential electors are held at the same time and in the same polling places. However, the congressional elections on the one hand and the election of presidential electors on the other are entirely different sets of elections. The success of a presidential candidate at the polls is not dependent upon the success of his political party's candidates for seats in Congress. One party's candidate for President can win the presidential election, while the opposing party wins a majority of the seats in either one or both houses of Congress.
e. Coordinate Organs of Government :
The Constitution makes the three governmental branches coordinate organs of government. That is, they are constitutionally equal to each other in rank
. No branch of the national government is constitutionally subordinate to another branch. In particular, neither of the two elective branches of government is subordinate to the other. Each elective organ -- legislature or chief executive -- is responsible (accountable, or answerable) to its own constituency, not to another elective organ of government.
4. Checks and Balances :
Under the U.S. Constitution, each of the three branches of the national government has some authority to check and control the decisdions and actions of the other branches. Each branch of government has the right to share or participate, to some degree, in the primary activities or functions of the other branches and, in so doing, to withhold consent, cooperation, and support in the areas where it shares decisionmaking authority with the other branches, delay and block the actions of the other branches, and thereby check and restrain the other branches in the exercise of their powers. Through the use of checks and restraints, one governmental branch can prevent the other branches from successfully encroaching on and usurping its own powers and force them to stay within the limits of their constitutional powers.
How the President Can Check and Restrain Congress. The President shares the national legislative authority with the two chambers of Congress. A legislative bill passed by the Senate and House of Representatives cannot become law without the President's consent and signature, unless, after the President has vetoed the bill and returned it to Congress, each of the two chambers, on a vote of reconsideration, marshals a two-thirds vote to pass the bill over the President's veto.
The President's power to veto national legislation is a very potent check on the power of Congress. The presidential veto is made potent by the utter difficulty of getting a two-thirds vote in the two houses of Congress to override the veto. For all practical purposes, the President is a third house of the national legislature.
How Congress Can Check and Restrain the President. Obviously, the power of Congress to override a presidential veto is a rather weak check on the President. However, there are other, more potent checks available that enable Congress to thwart and restrain the President. Congress can refuse to pass a a legislative bill desired by the President. Most importantly, Congress can refuse to appropriate funds requested by the President or any of the executive branch departments or agencies.
The Senate, deciding and deciding alone, without the necessity of House concurrence, can exercise some potent checks and restraints on presidential power. The Senate can refuse to confirm a presidential appointment and thereby prevent it from going into effect. One third of the Senate, plus one additional Senator, can block ratification of a treaty submitted by the President.
If extraordinary action is deemed necessary, Congress can institute impeachment proceedings against the President. In impeachment proceedings, the House of Representatives, by simple majority vote, brings an impeachment charge against the President. The Senate tries the President on the impeachment charge. If the Senate produces at least a two-thirds vote to convict the President of the crime or other act of misbehavior with which he is charged, he is removed from office and permanently barred from again holding any government office under the U.S. Constitution.
How Congress Can Check and Restrain the U.S. Courts. Congress can check the federal courts by enacting laws which increase the size (membership) of the Supreme Court and reduce the Court's appellate jurisdiction and which change the number and jurisdiction of the lower federal courts.
The Senate can confirm or reject federal judges appointed by the President and thereby impact upon the membership and political philosophy of the federal judiciary.
When extraordinary action is deemed necessary, Congress can institute impeachment proceedings against federal judges, including Supreme Court justices.
How the President Can Check and Restrain the U.S. Courts. The President can join the two houses of Congress in checking and restraining the federal courts. How? By consenting to and signing congressional legislation increasing the size of the Supreme Court, reducing its appellate jurisdiction, and changing the number and jurisdiction of the lower federal courts.
When vacancies on the U.S. Courts occur, the President appoints federal judges, subject to Senate confirmation. In exercising this power, the President may have an impact upon the membership and political philosophy of the federal courts. However, this is not a strong check on the federal judiciary. Federal judges serve during good behavior and therefore enjoy the benefit of judicial independence. Once a judge has been appointed and the Senate has confirmed the appointment, the President has no control over the judge's decisions. A judge is answerable neither to the chief executive nor to the legislature for his decisions in cases coming before his court.
How the U.S. Courts Can Check and Restrain Congress and the President.
The federal courts, through exercise of the power of judicial review, can check and restrain Congress and the President.
Checking Congress :
A federal court can declare unconstitutional and null and void a statute enacted by Congress. That is, the court can decline to uphold and enforce a congressional statute on the grounds that the statute is contrary to the U.S. Constitution.
Checking the Executive :
A federal court can invalidate invalidate -- i.e., set aside, declare illegal and of no force and effect -- a decision or action of the President or another federal executive officer on the grounds that the decision or action violates the Constitution or a federal statute.
5. Personal Motives Supporting Checks and Balances -- The Incentive to Check and Restrain :
Multiple Constituencies with Varying and Competing Interests. Under the U.S. Constitution, supplemented by federal and state laws and longstanding political practice, the two elective branches of the national government are provided with different constituencies with varying and competing interests. The legislature and the chief executive are made responsive to different sets of interests and demands -- different sets of interests and demands that are often in conflict with each other.
Hence, there is no single national majority in the U.S.A. The American electorate is divided into multiple constituencies with varying and competing interests .
There are 435 U.S. House constituencies, 50 U.S. senatorial constituencies, and 51 presidential constituencies. The 435 members of the U.S. House of Representatives are elected every two years by the voters in the 435 congressional districts, which are essentially local constituecies with local interests.
The 100 members of the U.S. Senate are chosen by the voters in 50 statewide constituencies, one-third of the Senators being elected to six-year terms every two years. The U.S. senatorial constuencies tend strongly to reflect statewide interests, interests that are dominant or very strong statewide and vary from the local interests reflected by the U.S. House election districts.
The President is chosen for a four-year term by presidential electors elected by the voters in 50 statewide constituencies, plus one federal capital district constituency, namely, the District of Columbia.
As a result of this arrangement, the personnel in the different elective branches or organs of the national government are responsive to different sets of interests. Members of the House of Representatives are highly responsive to local interests, while U.S. Senators are highly responsive to statewide interests.
The President has to be responsive to statewide interests in a very large number of states, including those states with large populations and therefore large numbers of presidential electors. The interests to which the President must be responsive tend to be strong throughout the entire country. By contrast, a Senator has to be responsive only to interests that are strong or dominant in his own state, even if his state has a very small population and a very small percentage of the total number of voters in the U.S.A. And a Representative has to be responsive to the dominant or very strong local interests in his congressional district, even though those interests may be at odds with the prvailing sentiments and views in the country as a whole.
Different Times and Methods for Selecting the Personnel in the Different Branches of Government. The U.S. Constitution, by providing different times and methods for choosing the personnel in the different branches of the national government, (1) reinforces the tendency of the different governmental branches to respond to varying and competing interests and (2) strengthens their incentives to check and restrain one another.
Since the climate of public opinion differs from time to time, the expiration of the terms of Senators, Representatives, and the President at different times is most significant. It means the reelection chances of different sets of elected officeholders will be affected by temporal variations in the popular mood, i.e., by various shifts in public opinion. Since different swings in the mood of the voters affect reelection chances of incumbent elected officeholders differently, these swings in the popular mood also affect the political behavior of elected officeholders differently.
Federal judges obtain their offices through presidential appointnent (with Senate consent), rather than by popular election, as is the case with legislators and the chief executive. And federal judges hold office during good behavior, rather than being chosen to terms limited to a specified number of years and therefore having to face periodic reelection or reappointment, as is the case with the President and members of Congress. Because of this, the federal judiciary is not (or ought not to be) subject to the pressures generated by temporary, shortterm popular majorities. Federal judges are truly independent of and insulated from the popular passions of the moment, and they do not (or should not) feel the need to win voter popularity contests by giving in to the current majority in the legislature or to an incumbent chief executive who is currently popular with the voters.
In short, multiple constituencies with varying and competing interests, coupled with different times and methods for choosing the personnel in the different U.S. governmental organs, gives each of the three branches of the national government a will of its own. And the will of each branch of government has a tendency to be at odds with, rather than in agreement with, the wills of the other branches. This tendency of the will of each branch to clash with those of the other branches insures that, except under the most extraordinary or abnormal conditions in the U.S.A., the Congress, the President, and the federal courts will not unite the three branches of the national government in the unimpeded and unrestrained pursuit of a determined course of governmental action, giving short shrift to the objections of politically significant minorities and using the combined legislative, executive, and judicial powers to rule in an overriding and tyrannical fashion. Rather than joining together in a common cause and conspiring to circumvent the constitutional separation of powers, the three branches of government are much more likely to counteract and impede each other and thereby check and restrain one another in the exercise of power.
6. Strict Legislative Bicameralism :
Each of the two houses of Congress has the power of absolute veto over legislation favored by the other house. The consent of a majority in each chamber is required for passage of a legislative bill by Congress. This make's the system of checks and balances a system in which four major governmental entities check and restrain one another. In the U.S. national government, there are four principal governmental organs, or institutions -- the House of Representatives, the Senate, the Presidency, and the federal courts -- checking and restraining each other.
Operation of the principles of checks and balances and strict legislative bicameralism result in a fundamental political situation where four different and largely independent governmental entities are interdependent. The four principal organs of the national government are muturally dependent, i.e., dependent upon one another. Each of these major institutions of the central government, for effectiveness and success in the performance of its primary functions, is dependent upon the consent, cooperation, and support of the other governmental institutions.
7. Balanced Government :
Balanced government is the consequence of combining separation of powers, checks and balances, and strict legislative bicameralism. One very important way in which the U.S. Constitution limits the authority of the national government is by dividing and distributing its powers among several separate and largely independent governmental organs. These governmental institutions reflect varying and competing interests and therefore have strong incentives to counteract and check one another. In counteracting and checking each other, the principal organs of government maintain an equilibrium, or balance, of power in the government and prevent any single faction or interest from dominating the entire government and all of its parts.
Content: The Constitution mandates election of the President separately from and independently of the legislative branch. Every four years, congressional elections and the election of presidential electors are held at the same time and in the same polling places. However, the congressional elections on the one hand and the election of presidential electors on the other are entirely different sets of elections. The success of a presidential candidate at the polls is not dependent upon the success of his political party's candidates for seats in Congress. One party's candidate for President can win the presidential election, while the opposing party wins a majority of the seats in either one or both houses of Congress. e. Coordinate Organs of Government : The Constitution makes the three governmental branches coordinate organs of government. That is, they are constitutionally equal to each other in rank
. No branch of the national government is constitutionally subordinate to another branch. In particular, neither of the two elective branches of government is subordinate to the other. | https://www.proconservative.net/CUNAPolSci201PartSixA.shtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_212263096#14_428729896 | Title: US Constitutional System, PS201H-6A
Headings:
1. Constitutionalism -- Constitutional Government :
In the American constitutional system, the authority of government is defined, limited, and distributed by law -- by the fundamental law of the United States Constitution. American government is conducted in accordance with and within the limits set by the fundamental law of the Constitution. The U.S. Constitution, as a body of written basic law, is superior to and takes precedence over all ordinary acts of Congress and the state legislatures and over all decisions and actions of the executive branches of the national and state governments. Under the Constitution, restrictions on the discretionary authority of public officers and institutions are clearly recognized and regularly enforced. In short, the Constitution effectively limits the power of government.
Thus, American government is limited government -- limited government under the Constitution. The powers of American government are effectively limited by law -- limited by the fundamental law of the Constitution.
The U.S. Constitution not only limits the authority of the U.S. central government, it also limits the authority of the states and their local subdivisions. The authority of a state and its local communities is further limited by its own state constitution.
American constitutionalism at the national level dictates that the central government operate in accord with the provisions of the U.S. Constitution and that it not exceed the authority granted to it by the Constitution.
2. Republicanism -- Republican Government :
The United States of America is a republic. There are no inherited offices in the government. Every office in the government, legislative, executive or judicial, is filled by either election -- direct or indirect -- or appointment according to law. No government office is occupied by a hereditary monarch or titled nobleman.
The U.S. Constitution prohibits both the national government and the states from granting or officially recognizing titles of nobility. [Article I, Sections 9 & 10]
Moreover, the U.S. Constitution obligates the national government to guarantee each state a republican form of government. [Article IV, Section 4]
These constitutional provisions were intended to enhance the republican character of American government.
The American system of government is a constitutional republic -- a political regime in which the features of constitutionalism and republicanism are combined. The U.S.government is a constitutional republic, and so is each of the fifty states comprising the American federal union.
3. Separation of Powers :
a. Three Separate Branches of Government :
The U.S. Constitution divides the national government into three separate branches -- legislative, executive, and judicial. The three branches of the national government are institutionally separate from and largely independent of one another.
b. Allocation of Power Among the Three Governmental Branches :
The U.S. Constitution (1) grants certain powers to the national government and (2) allocates these powers among the three branches of the government. Each governmental branch is given its own set of powers; each branch has its own separate constitutional grant of authority.
Congress. The powers of Congress are mainly legislative in character -- primarily lawmaking powers.
The President. The powers of the President are primarily executive. Presidential power is mainly authority to enforce, or carry out, the laws.
The U.S. Courts. The powers of the U.S. Supreme Court and the other federal courts are judicial. Judicial authority is the power of the courts to interpret, or construe, the law. That is, the courts have power to decide (1) the meaning and intent of the law and (2) how the law is to be applied in particular cases.
b. Separation of Personnel :
The Constitution requires different personnel (different people) in each of the three branches of the national government. The Constitution prohibits the practice of the same persons simultaneously holding office in two or more branches of the government. Before an officeholder in one branch of the national government can legally take office in another branch, he must first resign the office he is currently holding. Examples of the application of this constitutional rule include the following:
An incumbent U.S. Senator runs for and is elected President. Before he can be inaugurated as President and assume the office, he must first resign his seat in the U.S. Senate.
The President wants to appoint a particular U.S. Representative to an important post in the Cabinet -- say, Secretary of the Treasury. The President makes the appointment and the Senate confirms it. Before the Representative can take the executive office to which he has been appointed, he must resign his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives.
A U.S. Supreme Court justice, due to advanced age and declining health, announces his resignation, thereby creating a vacancy on the Court. The President appoints his Attorney General to fill the vacancy and the Senate confirms the appointment. Before the Attorney General can join the Supreme Court, he must resign his executive office -- the office of Attorney General of the U.S.A.
c. Terms of Office Fixed, or Specified, in the Constitution .
The U.S. Constitution specifies the terms of office of national legislators, the chief executive, and members of the federal judiciary. The Constitution specifies two-year terms for U.S. Representatives, six-year terms for U.S. Senators, a four-year term for the President, and terms during good behavior for all federal judges.
What is the significance of this arrangement? The personnel in one branch of the government cannot be removed from office (before their terms expire) simply because they lose the the support and favor of another branch. For example, the President does not have to resign his office if he loses the confidence or support of a simple majority (50.1 percent) in either house of Congress, or even in both houses.
d. Separate and Independent Election of the Chief Executive .
The Constitution mandates election of the President separately from and independently of the legislative branch. Every four years, congressional elections and the election of presidential electors are held at the same time and in the same polling places. However, the congressional elections on the one hand and the election of presidential electors on the other are entirely different sets of elections. The success of a presidential candidate at the polls is not dependent upon the success of his political party's candidates for seats in Congress. One party's candidate for President can win the presidential election, while the opposing party wins a majority of the seats in either one or both houses of Congress.
e. Coordinate Organs of Government :
The Constitution makes the three governmental branches coordinate organs of government. That is, they are constitutionally equal to each other in rank
. No branch of the national government is constitutionally subordinate to another branch. In particular, neither of the two elective branches of government is subordinate to the other. Each elective organ -- legislature or chief executive -- is responsible (accountable, or answerable) to its own constituency, not to another elective organ of government.
4. Checks and Balances :
Under the U.S. Constitution, each of the three branches of the national government has some authority to check and control the decisdions and actions of the other branches. Each branch of government has the right to share or participate, to some degree, in the primary activities or functions of the other branches and, in so doing, to withhold consent, cooperation, and support in the areas where it shares decisionmaking authority with the other branches, delay and block the actions of the other branches, and thereby check and restrain the other branches in the exercise of their powers. Through the use of checks and restraints, one governmental branch can prevent the other branches from successfully encroaching on and usurping its own powers and force them to stay within the limits of their constitutional powers.
How the President Can Check and Restrain Congress. The President shares the national legislative authority with the two chambers of Congress. A legislative bill passed by the Senate and House of Representatives cannot become law without the President's consent and signature, unless, after the President has vetoed the bill and returned it to Congress, each of the two chambers, on a vote of reconsideration, marshals a two-thirds vote to pass the bill over the President's veto.
The President's power to veto national legislation is a very potent check on the power of Congress. The presidential veto is made potent by the utter difficulty of getting a two-thirds vote in the two houses of Congress to override the veto. For all practical purposes, the President is a third house of the national legislature.
How Congress Can Check and Restrain the President. Obviously, the power of Congress to override a presidential veto is a rather weak check on the President. However, there are other, more potent checks available that enable Congress to thwart and restrain the President. Congress can refuse to pass a a legislative bill desired by the President. Most importantly, Congress can refuse to appropriate funds requested by the President or any of the executive branch departments or agencies.
The Senate, deciding and deciding alone, without the necessity of House concurrence, can exercise some potent checks and restraints on presidential power. The Senate can refuse to confirm a presidential appointment and thereby prevent it from going into effect. One third of the Senate, plus one additional Senator, can block ratification of a treaty submitted by the President.
If extraordinary action is deemed necessary, Congress can institute impeachment proceedings against the President. In impeachment proceedings, the House of Representatives, by simple majority vote, brings an impeachment charge against the President. The Senate tries the President on the impeachment charge. If the Senate produces at least a two-thirds vote to convict the President of the crime or other act of misbehavior with which he is charged, he is removed from office and permanently barred from again holding any government office under the U.S. Constitution.
How Congress Can Check and Restrain the U.S. Courts. Congress can check the federal courts by enacting laws which increase the size (membership) of the Supreme Court and reduce the Court's appellate jurisdiction and which change the number and jurisdiction of the lower federal courts.
The Senate can confirm or reject federal judges appointed by the President and thereby impact upon the membership and political philosophy of the federal judiciary.
When extraordinary action is deemed necessary, Congress can institute impeachment proceedings against federal judges, including Supreme Court justices.
How the President Can Check and Restrain the U.S. Courts. The President can join the two houses of Congress in checking and restraining the federal courts. How? By consenting to and signing congressional legislation increasing the size of the Supreme Court, reducing its appellate jurisdiction, and changing the number and jurisdiction of the lower federal courts.
When vacancies on the U.S. Courts occur, the President appoints federal judges, subject to Senate confirmation. In exercising this power, the President may have an impact upon the membership and political philosophy of the federal courts. However, this is not a strong check on the federal judiciary. Federal judges serve during good behavior and therefore enjoy the benefit of judicial independence. Once a judge has been appointed and the Senate has confirmed the appointment, the President has no control over the judge's decisions. A judge is answerable neither to the chief executive nor to the legislature for his decisions in cases coming before his court.
How the U.S. Courts Can Check and Restrain Congress and the President.
The federal courts, through exercise of the power of judicial review, can check and restrain Congress and the President.
Checking Congress :
A federal court can declare unconstitutional and null and void a statute enacted by Congress. That is, the court can decline to uphold and enforce a congressional statute on the grounds that the statute is contrary to the U.S. Constitution.
Checking the Executive :
A federal court can invalidate invalidate -- i.e., set aside, declare illegal and of no force and effect -- a decision or action of the President or another federal executive officer on the grounds that the decision or action violates the Constitution or a federal statute.
5. Personal Motives Supporting Checks and Balances -- The Incentive to Check and Restrain :
Multiple Constituencies with Varying and Competing Interests. Under the U.S. Constitution, supplemented by federal and state laws and longstanding political practice, the two elective branches of the national government are provided with different constituencies with varying and competing interests. The legislature and the chief executive are made responsive to different sets of interests and demands -- different sets of interests and demands that are often in conflict with each other.
Hence, there is no single national majority in the U.S.A. The American electorate is divided into multiple constituencies with varying and competing interests .
There are 435 U.S. House constituencies, 50 U.S. senatorial constituencies, and 51 presidential constituencies. The 435 members of the U.S. House of Representatives are elected every two years by the voters in the 435 congressional districts, which are essentially local constituecies with local interests.
The 100 members of the U.S. Senate are chosen by the voters in 50 statewide constituencies, one-third of the Senators being elected to six-year terms every two years. The U.S. senatorial constuencies tend strongly to reflect statewide interests, interests that are dominant or very strong statewide and vary from the local interests reflected by the U.S. House election districts.
The President is chosen for a four-year term by presidential electors elected by the voters in 50 statewide constituencies, plus one federal capital district constituency, namely, the District of Columbia.
As a result of this arrangement, the personnel in the different elective branches or organs of the national government are responsive to different sets of interests. Members of the House of Representatives are highly responsive to local interests, while U.S. Senators are highly responsive to statewide interests.
The President has to be responsive to statewide interests in a very large number of states, including those states with large populations and therefore large numbers of presidential electors. The interests to which the President must be responsive tend to be strong throughout the entire country. By contrast, a Senator has to be responsive only to interests that are strong or dominant in his own state, even if his state has a very small population and a very small percentage of the total number of voters in the U.S.A. And a Representative has to be responsive to the dominant or very strong local interests in his congressional district, even though those interests may be at odds with the prvailing sentiments and views in the country as a whole.
Different Times and Methods for Selecting the Personnel in the Different Branches of Government. The U.S. Constitution, by providing different times and methods for choosing the personnel in the different branches of the national government, (1) reinforces the tendency of the different governmental branches to respond to varying and competing interests and (2) strengthens their incentives to check and restrain one another.
Since the climate of public opinion differs from time to time, the expiration of the terms of Senators, Representatives, and the President at different times is most significant. It means the reelection chances of different sets of elected officeholders will be affected by temporal variations in the popular mood, i.e., by various shifts in public opinion. Since different swings in the mood of the voters affect reelection chances of incumbent elected officeholders differently, these swings in the popular mood also affect the political behavior of elected officeholders differently.
Federal judges obtain their offices through presidential appointnent (with Senate consent), rather than by popular election, as is the case with legislators and the chief executive. And federal judges hold office during good behavior, rather than being chosen to terms limited to a specified number of years and therefore having to face periodic reelection or reappointment, as is the case with the President and members of Congress. Because of this, the federal judiciary is not (or ought not to be) subject to the pressures generated by temporary, shortterm popular majorities. Federal judges are truly independent of and insulated from the popular passions of the moment, and they do not (or should not) feel the need to win voter popularity contests by giving in to the current majority in the legislature or to an incumbent chief executive who is currently popular with the voters.
In short, multiple constituencies with varying and competing interests, coupled with different times and methods for choosing the personnel in the different U.S. governmental organs, gives each of the three branches of the national government a will of its own. And the will of each branch of government has a tendency to be at odds with, rather than in agreement with, the wills of the other branches. This tendency of the will of each branch to clash with those of the other branches insures that, except under the most extraordinary or abnormal conditions in the U.S.A., the Congress, the President, and the federal courts will not unite the three branches of the national government in the unimpeded and unrestrained pursuit of a determined course of governmental action, giving short shrift to the objections of politically significant minorities and using the combined legislative, executive, and judicial powers to rule in an overriding and tyrannical fashion. Rather than joining together in a common cause and conspiring to circumvent the constitutional separation of powers, the three branches of government are much more likely to counteract and impede each other and thereby check and restrain one another in the exercise of power.
6. Strict Legislative Bicameralism :
Each of the two houses of Congress has the power of absolute veto over legislation favored by the other house. The consent of a majority in each chamber is required for passage of a legislative bill by Congress. This make's the system of checks and balances a system in which four major governmental entities check and restrain one another. In the U.S. national government, there are four principal governmental organs, or institutions -- the House of Representatives, the Senate, the Presidency, and the federal courts -- checking and restraining each other.
Operation of the principles of checks and balances and strict legislative bicameralism result in a fundamental political situation where four different and largely independent governmental entities are interdependent. The four principal organs of the national government are muturally dependent, i.e., dependent upon one another. Each of these major institutions of the central government, for effectiveness and success in the performance of its primary functions, is dependent upon the consent, cooperation, and support of the other governmental institutions.
7. Balanced Government :
Balanced government is the consequence of combining separation of powers, checks and balances, and strict legislative bicameralism. One very important way in which the U.S. Constitution limits the authority of the national government is by dividing and distributing its powers among several separate and largely independent governmental organs. These governmental institutions reflect varying and competing interests and therefore have strong incentives to counteract and check one another. In counteracting and checking each other, the principal organs of government maintain an equilibrium, or balance, of power in the government and prevent any single faction or interest from dominating the entire government and all of its parts.
Content: Each elective organ -- legislature or chief executive -- is responsible (accountable, or answerable) to its own constituency, not to another elective organ of government. 4. Checks and Balances : Under the U.S. Constitution, each of the three branches of the national government has some authority to check and control the decisdions and actions of the other branches. Each branch of government has the right to share or participate, to some degree, in the primary activities or functions of the other branches and, in so doing, to withhold consent, cooperation, and support in the areas where it shares decisionmaking authority with the other branches, delay and block the actions of the other branches, and thereby check and restrain the other branches in the exercise of their powers. Through the use of checks and restraints, one governmental branch can prevent the other branches from successfully encroaching on and usurping its own powers and force them to stay within the limits of their constitutional powers. How the President Can Check and Restrain Congress. The President shares the national legislative authority with the two chambers of Congress. A legislative bill passed by the Senate and House of Representatives cannot become law without the President's consent and signature, unless, after the President has vetoed the bill and returned it to Congress, each of the two chambers, on a vote of reconsideration, marshals a two-thirds vote to pass the bill over the President's veto. The President's power to veto national legislation is a very potent check on the power of Congress. | https://www.proconservative.net/CUNAPolSci201PartSixA.shtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_212263096#15_428752407 | Title: US Constitutional System, PS201H-6A
Headings:
1. Constitutionalism -- Constitutional Government :
In the American constitutional system, the authority of government is defined, limited, and distributed by law -- by the fundamental law of the United States Constitution. American government is conducted in accordance with and within the limits set by the fundamental law of the Constitution. The U.S. Constitution, as a body of written basic law, is superior to and takes precedence over all ordinary acts of Congress and the state legislatures and over all decisions and actions of the executive branches of the national and state governments. Under the Constitution, restrictions on the discretionary authority of public officers and institutions are clearly recognized and regularly enforced. In short, the Constitution effectively limits the power of government.
Thus, American government is limited government -- limited government under the Constitution. The powers of American government are effectively limited by law -- limited by the fundamental law of the Constitution.
The U.S. Constitution not only limits the authority of the U.S. central government, it also limits the authority of the states and their local subdivisions. The authority of a state and its local communities is further limited by its own state constitution.
American constitutionalism at the national level dictates that the central government operate in accord with the provisions of the U.S. Constitution and that it not exceed the authority granted to it by the Constitution.
2. Republicanism -- Republican Government :
The United States of America is a republic. There are no inherited offices in the government. Every office in the government, legislative, executive or judicial, is filled by either election -- direct or indirect -- or appointment according to law. No government office is occupied by a hereditary monarch or titled nobleman.
The U.S. Constitution prohibits both the national government and the states from granting or officially recognizing titles of nobility. [Article I, Sections 9 & 10]
Moreover, the U.S. Constitution obligates the national government to guarantee each state a republican form of government. [Article IV, Section 4]
These constitutional provisions were intended to enhance the republican character of American government.
The American system of government is a constitutional republic -- a political regime in which the features of constitutionalism and republicanism are combined. The U.S.government is a constitutional republic, and so is each of the fifty states comprising the American federal union.
3. Separation of Powers :
a. Three Separate Branches of Government :
The U.S. Constitution divides the national government into three separate branches -- legislative, executive, and judicial. The three branches of the national government are institutionally separate from and largely independent of one another.
b. Allocation of Power Among the Three Governmental Branches :
The U.S. Constitution (1) grants certain powers to the national government and (2) allocates these powers among the three branches of the government. Each governmental branch is given its own set of powers; each branch has its own separate constitutional grant of authority.
Congress. The powers of Congress are mainly legislative in character -- primarily lawmaking powers.
The President. The powers of the President are primarily executive. Presidential power is mainly authority to enforce, or carry out, the laws.
The U.S. Courts. The powers of the U.S. Supreme Court and the other federal courts are judicial. Judicial authority is the power of the courts to interpret, or construe, the law. That is, the courts have power to decide (1) the meaning and intent of the law and (2) how the law is to be applied in particular cases.
b. Separation of Personnel :
The Constitution requires different personnel (different people) in each of the three branches of the national government. The Constitution prohibits the practice of the same persons simultaneously holding office in two or more branches of the government. Before an officeholder in one branch of the national government can legally take office in another branch, he must first resign the office he is currently holding. Examples of the application of this constitutional rule include the following:
An incumbent U.S. Senator runs for and is elected President. Before he can be inaugurated as President and assume the office, he must first resign his seat in the U.S. Senate.
The President wants to appoint a particular U.S. Representative to an important post in the Cabinet -- say, Secretary of the Treasury. The President makes the appointment and the Senate confirms it. Before the Representative can take the executive office to which he has been appointed, he must resign his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives.
A U.S. Supreme Court justice, due to advanced age and declining health, announces his resignation, thereby creating a vacancy on the Court. The President appoints his Attorney General to fill the vacancy and the Senate confirms the appointment. Before the Attorney General can join the Supreme Court, he must resign his executive office -- the office of Attorney General of the U.S.A.
c. Terms of Office Fixed, or Specified, in the Constitution .
The U.S. Constitution specifies the terms of office of national legislators, the chief executive, and members of the federal judiciary. The Constitution specifies two-year terms for U.S. Representatives, six-year terms for U.S. Senators, a four-year term for the President, and terms during good behavior for all federal judges.
What is the significance of this arrangement? The personnel in one branch of the government cannot be removed from office (before their terms expire) simply because they lose the the support and favor of another branch. For example, the President does not have to resign his office if he loses the confidence or support of a simple majority (50.1 percent) in either house of Congress, or even in both houses.
d. Separate and Independent Election of the Chief Executive .
The Constitution mandates election of the President separately from and independently of the legislative branch. Every four years, congressional elections and the election of presidential electors are held at the same time and in the same polling places. However, the congressional elections on the one hand and the election of presidential electors on the other are entirely different sets of elections. The success of a presidential candidate at the polls is not dependent upon the success of his political party's candidates for seats in Congress. One party's candidate for President can win the presidential election, while the opposing party wins a majority of the seats in either one or both houses of Congress.
e. Coordinate Organs of Government :
The Constitution makes the three governmental branches coordinate organs of government. That is, they are constitutionally equal to each other in rank
. No branch of the national government is constitutionally subordinate to another branch. In particular, neither of the two elective branches of government is subordinate to the other. Each elective organ -- legislature or chief executive -- is responsible (accountable, or answerable) to its own constituency, not to another elective organ of government.
4. Checks and Balances :
Under the U.S. Constitution, each of the three branches of the national government has some authority to check and control the decisdions and actions of the other branches. Each branch of government has the right to share or participate, to some degree, in the primary activities or functions of the other branches and, in so doing, to withhold consent, cooperation, and support in the areas where it shares decisionmaking authority with the other branches, delay and block the actions of the other branches, and thereby check and restrain the other branches in the exercise of their powers. Through the use of checks and restraints, one governmental branch can prevent the other branches from successfully encroaching on and usurping its own powers and force them to stay within the limits of their constitutional powers.
How the President Can Check and Restrain Congress. The President shares the national legislative authority with the two chambers of Congress. A legislative bill passed by the Senate and House of Representatives cannot become law without the President's consent and signature, unless, after the President has vetoed the bill and returned it to Congress, each of the two chambers, on a vote of reconsideration, marshals a two-thirds vote to pass the bill over the President's veto.
The President's power to veto national legislation is a very potent check on the power of Congress. The presidential veto is made potent by the utter difficulty of getting a two-thirds vote in the two houses of Congress to override the veto. For all practical purposes, the President is a third house of the national legislature.
How Congress Can Check and Restrain the President. Obviously, the power of Congress to override a presidential veto is a rather weak check on the President. However, there are other, more potent checks available that enable Congress to thwart and restrain the President. Congress can refuse to pass a a legislative bill desired by the President. Most importantly, Congress can refuse to appropriate funds requested by the President or any of the executive branch departments or agencies.
The Senate, deciding and deciding alone, without the necessity of House concurrence, can exercise some potent checks and restraints on presidential power. The Senate can refuse to confirm a presidential appointment and thereby prevent it from going into effect. One third of the Senate, plus one additional Senator, can block ratification of a treaty submitted by the President.
If extraordinary action is deemed necessary, Congress can institute impeachment proceedings against the President. In impeachment proceedings, the House of Representatives, by simple majority vote, brings an impeachment charge against the President. The Senate tries the President on the impeachment charge. If the Senate produces at least a two-thirds vote to convict the President of the crime or other act of misbehavior with which he is charged, he is removed from office and permanently barred from again holding any government office under the U.S. Constitution.
How Congress Can Check and Restrain the U.S. Courts. Congress can check the federal courts by enacting laws which increase the size (membership) of the Supreme Court and reduce the Court's appellate jurisdiction and which change the number and jurisdiction of the lower federal courts.
The Senate can confirm or reject federal judges appointed by the President and thereby impact upon the membership and political philosophy of the federal judiciary.
When extraordinary action is deemed necessary, Congress can institute impeachment proceedings against federal judges, including Supreme Court justices.
How the President Can Check and Restrain the U.S. Courts. The President can join the two houses of Congress in checking and restraining the federal courts. How? By consenting to and signing congressional legislation increasing the size of the Supreme Court, reducing its appellate jurisdiction, and changing the number and jurisdiction of the lower federal courts.
When vacancies on the U.S. Courts occur, the President appoints federal judges, subject to Senate confirmation. In exercising this power, the President may have an impact upon the membership and political philosophy of the federal courts. However, this is not a strong check on the federal judiciary. Federal judges serve during good behavior and therefore enjoy the benefit of judicial independence. Once a judge has been appointed and the Senate has confirmed the appointment, the President has no control over the judge's decisions. A judge is answerable neither to the chief executive nor to the legislature for his decisions in cases coming before his court.
How the U.S. Courts Can Check and Restrain Congress and the President.
The federal courts, through exercise of the power of judicial review, can check and restrain Congress and the President.
Checking Congress :
A federal court can declare unconstitutional and null and void a statute enacted by Congress. That is, the court can decline to uphold and enforce a congressional statute on the grounds that the statute is contrary to the U.S. Constitution.
Checking the Executive :
A federal court can invalidate invalidate -- i.e., set aside, declare illegal and of no force and effect -- a decision or action of the President or another federal executive officer on the grounds that the decision or action violates the Constitution or a federal statute.
5. Personal Motives Supporting Checks and Balances -- The Incentive to Check and Restrain :
Multiple Constituencies with Varying and Competing Interests. Under the U.S. Constitution, supplemented by federal and state laws and longstanding political practice, the two elective branches of the national government are provided with different constituencies with varying and competing interests. The legislature and the chief executive are made responsive to different sets of interests and demands -- different sets of interests and demands that are often in conflict with each other.
Hence, there is no single national majority in the U.S.A. The American electorate is divided into multiple constituencies with varying and competing interests .
There are 435 U.S. House constituencies, 50 U.S. senatorial constituencies, and 51 presidential constituencies. The 435 members of the U.S. House of Representatives are elected every two years by the voters in the 435 congressional districts, which are essentially local constituecies with local interests.
The 100 members of the U.S. Senate are chosen by the voters in 50 statewide constituencies, one-third of the Senators being elected to six-year terms every two years. The U.S. senatorial constuencies tend strongly to reflect statewide interests, interests that are dominant or very strong statewide and vary from the local interests reflected by the U.S. House election districts.
The President is chosen for a four-year term by presidential electors elected by the voters in 50 statewide constituencies, plus one federal capital district constituency, namely, the District of Columbia.
As a result of this arrangement, the personnel in the different elective branches or organs of the national government are responsive to different sets of interests. Members of the House of Representatives are highly responsive to local interests, while U.S. Senators are highly responsive to statewide interests.
The President has to be responsive to statewide interests in a very large number of states, including those states with large populations and therefore large numbers of presidential electors. The interests to which the President must be responsive tend to be strong throughout the entire country. By contrast, a Senator has to be responsive only to interests that are strong or dominant in his own state, even if his state has a very small population and a very small percentage of the total number of voters in the U.S.A. And a Representative has to be responsive to the dominant or very strong local interests in his congressional district, even though those interests may be at odds with the prvailing sentiments and views in the country as a whole.
Different Times and Methods for Selecting the Personnel in the Different Branches of Government. The U.S. Constitution, by providing different times and methods for choosing the personnel in the different branches of the national government, (1) reinforces the tendency of the different governmental branches to respond to varying and competing interests and (2) strengthens their incentives to check and restrain one another.
Since the climate of public opinion differs from time to time, the expiration of the terms of Senators, Representatives, and the President at different times is most significant. It means the reelection chances of different sets of elected officeholders will be affected by temporal variations in the popular mood, i.e., by various shifts in public opinion. Since different swings in the mood of the voters affect reelection chances of incumbent elected officeholders differently, these swings in the popular mood also affect the political behavior of elected officeholders differently.
Federal judges obtain their offices through presidential appointnent (with Senate consent), rather than by popular election, as is the case with legislators and the chief executive. And federal judges hold office during good behavior, rather than being chosen to terms limited to a specified number of years and therefore having to face periodic reelection or reappointment, as is the case with the President and members of Congress. Because of this, the federal judiciary is not (or ought not to be) subject to the pressures generated by temporary, shortterm popular majorities. Federal judges are truly independent of and insulated from the popular passions of the moment, and they do not (or should not) feel the need to win voter popularity contests by giving in to the current majority in the legislature or to an incumbent chief executive who is currently popular with the voters.
In short, multiple constituencies with varying and competing interests, coupled with different times and methods for choosing the personnel in the different U.S. governmental organs, gives each of the three branches of the national government a will of its own. And the will of each branch of government has a tendency to be at odds with, rather than in agreement with, the wills of the other branches. This tendency of the will of each branch to clash with those of the other branches insures that, except under the most extraordinary or abnormal conditions in the U.S.A., the Congress, the President, and the federal courts will not unite the three branches of the national government in the unimpeded and unrestrained pursuit of a determined course of governmental action, giving short shrift to the objections of politically significant minorities and using the combined legislative, executive, and judicial powers to rule in an overriding and tyrannical fashion. Rather than joining together in a common cause and conspiring to circumvent the constitutional separation of powers, the three branches of government are much more likely to counteract and impede each other and thereby check and restrain one another in the exercise of power.
6. Strict Legislative Bicameralism :
Each of the two houses of Congress has the power of absolute veto over legislation favored by the other house. The consent of a majority in each chamber is required for passage of a legislative bill by Congress. This make's the system of checks and balances a system in which four major governmental entities check and restrain one another. In the U.S. national government, there are four principal governmental organs, or institutions -- the House of Representatives, the Senate, the Presidency, and the federal courts -- checking and restraining each other.
Operation of the principles of checks and balances and strict legislative bicameralism result in a fundamental political situation where four different and largely independent governmental entities are interdependent. The four principal organs of the national government are muturally dependent, i.e., dependent upon one another. Each of these major institutions of the central government, for effectiveness and success in the performance of its primary functions, is dependent upon the consent, cooperation, and support of the other governmental institutions.
7. Balanced Government :
Balanced government is the consequence of combining separation of powers, checks and balances, and strict legislative bicameralism. One very important way in which the U.S. Constitution limits the authority of the national government is by dividing and distributing its powers among several separate and largely independent governmental organs. These governmental institutions reflect varying and competing interests and therefore have strong incentives to counteract and check one another. In counteracting and checking each other, the principal organs of government maintain an equilibrium, or balance, of power in the government and prevent any single faction or interest from dominating the entire government and all of its parts.
Content: Through the use of checks and restraints, one governmental branch can prevent the other branches from successfully encroaching on and usurping its own powers and force them to stay within the limits of their constitutional powers. How the President Can Check and Restrain Congress. The President shares the national legislative authority with the two chambers of Congress. A legislative bill passed by the Senate and House of Representatives cannot become law without the President's consent and signature, unless, after the President has vetoed the bill and returned it to Congress, each of the two chambers, on a vote of reconsideration, marshals a two-thirds vote to pass the bill over the President's veto. The President's power to veto national legislation is a very potent check on the power of Congress. The presidential veto is made potent by the utter difficulty of getting a two-thirds vote in the two houses of Congress to override the veto. For all practical purposes, the President is a third house of the national legislature. How Congress Can Check and Restrain the President. Obviously, the power of Congress to override a presidential veto is a rather weak check on the President. However, there are other, more potent checks available that enable Congress to thwart and restrain the President. | https://www.proconservative.net/CUNAPolSci201PartSixA.shtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_212263096#16_428774631 | Title: US Constitutional System, PS201H-6A
Headings:
1. Constitutionalism -- Constitutional Government :
In the American constitutional system, the authority of government is defined, limited, and distributed by law -- by the fundamental law of the United States Constitution. American government is conducted in accordance with and within the limits set by the fundamental law of the Constitution. The U.S. Constitution, as a body of written basic law, is superior to and takes precedence over all ordinary acts of Congress and the state legislatures and over all decisions and actions of the executive branches of the national and state governments. Under the Constitution, restrictions on the discretionary authority of public officers and institutions are clearly recognized and regularly enforced. In short, the Constitution effectively limits the power of government.
Thus, American government is limited government -- limited government under the Constitution. The powers of American government are effectively limited by law -- limited by the fundamental law of the Constitution.
The U.S. Constitution not only limits the authority of the U.S. central government, it also limits the authority of the states and their local subdivisions. The authority of a state and its local communities is further limited by its own state constitution.
American constitutionalism at the national level dictates that the central government operate in accord with the provisions of the U.S. Constitution and that it not exceed the authority granted to it by the Constitution.
2. Republicanism -- Republican Government :
The United States of America is a republic. There are no inherited offices in the government. Every office in the government, legislative, executive or judicial, is filled by either election -- direct or indirect -- or appointment according to law. No government office is occupied by a hereditary monarch or titled nobleman.
The U.S. Constitution prohibits both the national government and the states from granting or officially recognizing titles of nobility. [Article I, Sections 9 & 10]
Moreover, the U.S. Constitution obligates the national government to guarantee each state a republican form of government. [Article IV, Section 4]
These constitutional provisions were intended to enhance the republican character of American government.
The American system of government is a constitutional republic -- a political regime in which the features of constitutionalism and republicanism are combined. The U.S.government is a constitutional republic, and so is each of the fifty states comprising the American federal union.
3. Separation of Powers :
a. Three Separate Branches of Government :
The U.S. Constitution divides the national government into three separate branches -- legislative, executive, and judicial. The three branches of the national government are institutionally separate from and largely independent of one another.
b. Allocation of Power Among the Three Governmental Branches :
The U.S. Constitution (1) grants certain powers to the national government and (2) allocates these powers among the three branches of the government. Each governmental branch is given its own set of powers; each branch has its own separate constitutional grant of authority.
Congress. The powers of Congress are mainly legislative in character -- primarily lawmaking powers.
The President. The powers of the President are primarily executive. Presidential power is mainly authority to enforce, or carry out, the laws.
The U.S. Courts. The powers of the U.S. Supreme Court and the other federal courts are judicial. Judicial authority is the power of the courts to interpret, or construe, the law. That is, the courts have power to decide (1) the meaning and intent of the law and (2) how the law is to be applied in particular cases.
b. Separation of Personnel :
The Constitution requires different personnel (different people) in each of the three branches of the national government. The Constitution prohibits the practice of the same persons simultaneously holding office in two or more branches of the government. Before an officeholder in one branch of the national government can legally take office in another branch, he must first resign the office he is currently holding. Examples of the application of this constitutional rule include the following:
An incumbent U.S. Senator runs for and is elected President. Before he can be inaugurated as President and assume the office, he must first resign his seat in the U.S. Senate.
The President wants to appoint a particular U.S. Representative to an important post in the Cabinet -- say, Secretary of the Treasury. The President makes the appointment and the Senate confirms it. Before the Representative can take the executive office to which he has been appointed, he must resign his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives.
A U.S. Supreme Court justice, due to advanced age and declining health, announces his resignation, thereby creating a vacancy on the Court. The President appoints his Attorney General to fill the vacancy and the Senate confirms the appointment. Before the Attorney General can join the Supreme Court, he must resign his executive office -- the office of Attorney General of the U.S.A.
c. Terms of Office Fixed, or Specified, in the Constitution .
The U.S. Constitution specifies the terms of office of national legislators, the chief executive, and members of the federal judiciary. The Constitution specifies two-year terms for U.S. Representatives, six-year terms for U.S. Senators, a four-year term for the President, and terms during good behavior for all federal judges.
What is the significance of this arrangement? The personnel in one branch of the government cannot be removed from office (before their terms expire) simply because they lose the the support and favor of another branch. For example, the President does not have to resign his office if he loses the confidence or support of a simple majority (50.1 percent) in either house of Congress, or even in both houses.
d. Separate and Independent Election of the Chief Executive .
The Constitution mandates election of the President separately from and independently of the legislative branch. Every four years, congressional elections and the election of presidential electors are held at the same time and in the same polling places. However, the congressional elections on the one hand and the election of presidential electors on the other are entirely different sets of elections. The success of a presidential candidate at the polls is not dependent upon the success of his political party's candidates for seats in Congress. One party's candidate for President can win the presidential election, while the opposing party wins a majority of the seats in either one or both houses of Congress.
e. Coordinate Organs of Government :
The Constitution makes the three governmental branches coordinate organs of government. That is, they are constitutionally equal to each other in rank
. No branch of the national government is constitutionally subordinate to another branch. In particular, neither of the two elective branches of government is subordinate to the other. Each elective organ -- legislature or chief executive -- is responsible (accountable, or answerable) to its own constituency, not to another elective organ of government.
4. Checks and Balances :
Under the U.S. Constitution, each of the three branches of the national government has some authority to check and control the decisdions and actions of the other branches. Each branch of government has the right to share or participate, to some degree, in the primary activities or functions of the other branches and, in so doing, to withhold consent, cooperation, and support in the areas where it shares decisionmaking authority with the other branches, delay and block the actions of the other branches, and thereby check and restrain the other branches in the exercise of their powers. Through the use of checks and restraints, one governmental branch can prevent the other branches from successfully encroaching on and usurping its own powers and force them to stay within the limits of their constitutional powers.
How the President Can Check and Restrain Congress. The President shares the national legislative authority with the two chambers of Congress. A legislative bill passed by the Senate and House of Representatives cannot become law without the President's consent and signature, unless, after the President has vetoed the bill and returned it to Congress, each of the two chambers, on a vote of reconsideration, marshals a two-thirds vote to pass the bill over the President's veto.
The President's power to veto national legislation is a very potent check on the power of Congress. The presidential veto is made potent by the utter difficulty of getting a two-thirds vote in the two houses of Congress to override the veto. For all practical purposes, the President is a third house of the national legislature.
How Congress Can Check and Restrain the President. Obviously, the power of Congress to override a presidential veto is a rather weak check on the President. However, there are other, more potent checks available that enable Congress to thwart and restrain the President. Congress can refuse to pass a a legislative bill desired by the President. Most importantly, Congress can refuse to appropriate funds requested by the President or any of the executive branch departments or agencies.
The Senate, deciding and deciding alone, without the necessity of House concurrence, can exercise some potent checks and restraints on presidential power. The Senate can refuse to confirm a presidential appointment and thereby prevent it from going into effect. One third of the Senate, plus one additional Senator, can block ratification of a treaty submitted by the President.
If extraordinary action is deemed necessary, Congress can institute impeachment proceedings against the President. In impeachment proceedings, the House of Representatives, by simple majority vote, brings an impeachment charge against the President. The Senate tries the President on the impeachment charge. If the Senate produces at least a two-thirds vote to convict the President of the crime or other act of misbehavior with which he is charged, he is removed from office and permanently barred from again holding any government office under the U.S. Constitution.
How Congress Can Check and Restrain the U.S. Courts. Congress can check the federal courts by enacting laws which increase the size (membership) of the Supreme Court and reduce the Court's appellate jurisdiction and which change the number and jurisdiction of the lower federal courts.
The Senate can confirm or reject federal judges appointed by the President and thereby impact upon the membership and political philosophy of the federal judiciary.
When extraordinary action is deemed necessary, Congress can institute impeachment proceedings against federal judges, including Supreme Court justices.
How the President Can Check and Restrain the U.S. Courts. The President can join the two houses of Congress in checking and restraining the federal courts. How? By consenting to and signing congressional legislation increasing the size of the Supreme Court, reducing its appellate jurisdiction, and changing the number and jurisdiction of the lower federal courts.
When vacancies on the U.S. Courts occur, the President appoints federal judges, subject to Senate confirmation. In exercising this power, the President may have an impact upon the membership and political philosophy of the federal courts. However, this is not a strong check on the federal judiciary. Federal judges serve during good behavior and therefore enjoy the benefit of judicial independence. Once a judge has been appointed and the Senate has confirmed the appointment, the President has no control over the judge's decisions. A judge is answerable neither to the chief executive nor to the legislature for his decisions in cases coming before his court.
How the U.S. Courts Can Check and Restrain Congress and the President.
The federal courts, through exercise of the power of judicial review, can check and restrain Congress and the President.
Checking Congress :
A federal court can declare unconstitutional and null and void a statute enacted by Congress. That is, the court can decline to uphold and enforce a congressional statute on the grounds that the statute is contrary to the U.S. Constitution.
Checking the Executive :
A federal court can invalidate invalidate -- i.e., set aside, declare illegal and of no force and effect -- a decision or action of the President or another federal executive officer on the grounds that the decision or action violates the Constitution or a federal statute.
5. Personal Motives Supporting Checks and Balances -- The Incentive to Check and Restrain :
Multiple Constituencies with Varying and Competing Interests. Under the U.S. Constitution, supplemented by federal and state laws and longstanding political practice, the two elective branches of the national government are provided with different constituencies with varying and competing interests. The legislature and the chief executive are made responsive to different sets of interests and demands -- different sets of interests and demands that are often in conflict with each other.
Hence, there is no single national majority in the U.S.A. The American electorate is divided into multiple constituencies with varying and competing interests .
There are 435 U.S. House constituencies, 50 U.S. senatorial constituencies, and 51 presidential constituencies. The 435 members of the U.S. House of Representatives are elected every two years by the voters in the 435 congressional districts, which are essentially local constituecies with local interests.
The 100 members of the U.S. Senate are chosen by the voters in 50 statewide constituencies, one-third of the Senators being elected to six-year terms every two years. The U.S. senatorial constuencies tend strongly to reflect statewide interests, interests that are dominant or very strong statewide and vary from the local interests reflected by the U.S. House election districts.
The President is chosen for a four-year term by presidential electors elected by the voters in 50 statewide constituencies, plus one federal capital district constituency, namely, the District of Columbia.
As a result of this arrangement, the personnel in the different elective branches or organs of the national government are responsive to different sets of interests. Members of the House of Representatives are highly responsive to local interests, while U.S. Senators are highly responsive to statewide interests.
The President has to be responsive to statewide interests in a very large number of states, including those states with large populations and therefore large numbers of presidential electors. The interests to which the President must be responsive tend to be strong throughout the entire country. By contrast, a Senator has to be responsive only to interests that are strong or dominant in his own state, even if his state has a very small population and a very small percentage of the total number of voters in the U.S.A. And a Representative has to be responsive to the dominant or very strong local interests in his congressional district, even though those interests may be at odds with the prvailing sentiments and views in the country as a whole.
Different Times and Methods for Selecting the Personnel in the Different Branches of Government. The U.S. Constitution, by providing different times and methods for choosing the personnel in the different branches of the national government, (1) reinforces the tendency of the different governmental branches to respond to varying and competing interests and (2) strengthens their incentives to check and restrain one another.
Since the climate of public opinion differs from time to time, the expiration of the terms of Senators, Representatives, and the President at different times is most significant. It means the reelection chances of different sets of elected officeholders will be affected by temporal variations in the popular mood, i.e., by various shifts in public opinion. Since different swings in the mood of the voters affect reelection chances of incumbent elected officeholders differently, these swings in the popular mood also affect the political behavior of elected officeholders differently.
Federal judges obtain their offices through presidential appointnent (with Senate consent), rather than by popular election, as is the case with legislators and the chief executive. And federal judges hold office during good behavior, rather than being chosen to terms limited to a specified number of years and therefore having to face periodic reelection or reappointment, as is the case with the President and members of Congress. Because of this, the federal judiciary is not (or ought not to be) subject to the pressures generated by temporary, shortterm popular majorities. Federal judges are truly independent of and insulated from the popular passions of the moment, and they do not (or should not) feel the need to win voter popularity contests by giving in to the current majority in the legislature or to an incumbent chief executive who is currently popular with the voters.
In short, multiple constituencies with varying and competing interests, coupled with different times and methods for choosing the personnel in the different U.S. governmental organs, gives each of the three branches of the national government a will of its own. And the will of each branch of government has a tendency to be at odds with, rather than in agreement with, the wills of the other branches. This tendency of the will of each branch to clash with those of the other branches insures that, except under the most extraordinary or abnormal conditions in the U.S.A., the Congress, the President, and the federal courts will not unite the three branches of the national government in the unimpeded and unrestrained pursuit of a determined course of governmental action, giving short shrift to the objections of politically significant minorities and using the combined legislative, executive, and judicial powers to rule in an overriding and tyrannical fashion. Rather than joining together in a common cause and conspiring to circumvent the constitutional separation of powers, the three branches of government are much more likely to counteract and impede each other and thereby check and restrain one another in the exercise of power.
6. Strict Legislative Bicameralism :
Each of the two houses of Congress has the power of absolute veto over legislation favored by the other house. The consent of a majority in each chamber is required for passage of a legislative bill by Congress. This make's the system of checks and balances a system in which four major governmental entities check and restrain one another. In the U.S. national government, there are four principal governmental organs, or institutions -- the House of Representatives, the Senate, the Presidency, and the federal courts -- checking and restraining each other.
Operation of the principles of checks and balances and strict legislative bicameralism result in a fundamental political situation where four different and largely independent governmental entities are interdependent. The four principal organs of the national government are muturally dependent, i.e., dependent upon one another. Each of these major institutions of the central government, for effectiveness and success in the performance of its primary functions, is dependent upon the consent, cooperation, and support of the other governmental institutions.
7. Balanced Government :
Balanced government is the consequence of combining separation of powers, checks and balances, and strict legislative bicameralism. One very important way in which the U.S. Constitution limits the authority of the national government is by dividing and distributing its powers among several separate and largely independent governmental organs. These governmental institutions reflect varying and competing interests and therefore have strong incentives to counteract and check one another. In counteracting and checking each other, the principal organs of government maintain an equilibrium, or balance, of power in the government and prevent any single faction or interest from dominating the entire government and all of its parts.
Content: The presidential veto is made potent by the utter difficulty of getting a two-thirds vote in the two houses of Congress to override the veto. For all practical purposes, the President is a third house of the national legislature. How Congress Can Check and Restrain the President. Obviously, the power of Congress to override a presidential veto is a rather weak check on the President. However, there are other, more potent checks available that enable Congress to thwart and restrain the President. Congress can refuse to pass a a legislative bill desired by the President. Most importantly, Congress can refuse to appropriate funds requested by the President or any of the executive branch departments or agencies. The Senate, deciding and deciding alone, without the necessity of House concurrence, can exercise some potent checks and restraints on presidential power. The Senate can refuse to confirm a presidential appointment and thereby prevent it from going into effect. One third of the Senate, plus one additional Senator, can block ratification of a treaty submitted by the President. | https://www.proconservative.net/CUNAPolSci201PartSixA.shtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_214662643#2_434291985 | Title: 8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom | Prodigy Education
Headings: 8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom
8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom
Category
Contents
What does equity in the classroom mean?
Equity versus equality
But it’s not equitable.
Why equity in the classroom is important
8 meaningful equity in the classroom strategies
1. Start with yourself
2. Model equity for your students
Modeling equity in the classroom can help students see and understand appropriate words and actions to use.
Other techniques to help model equity in the classroom:
3. Be flexible with online learning
4. Address inappropriate remarks
5. Create an equitable classroom environment
6. Accommodate different learning styles
7. Examine your teaching materials
8. Give students a voice
Conclusion: Equity in the classroom
Prodigy Math Game engages students
Content: Equity in the classroom means making sure every student has the resources and support they need to be successful . In an equitable classroom, individual factors don’t hold back students from reaching their full learning potential — factors like: Race
Culture
Gender
Religion
Ethnicity
Sexual orientation
Immigration status
Individual experiences
Socio-economic status
Equity versus equality
Equity and equality in the classroom aren’t the same thing. Equality means every student gets the same resources and support, which sounds good in theory but doesn’t always work in practice. Imagine handing out a math assignment to students. Every student has their assignment, plus a calculator, pencil and paper. Equal, right? But it’s not equitable. To make the assignment equitable, teachers have to understand their students and provide targeted support. This could include helping ESL students understand instructions in an unfamiliar language, providing text-to-speech technology for visually impaired students or giving students with ADHD a quiet space to complete the assignment. | https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/equity-in-the-classroom/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_214662643#3_434294211 | Title: 8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom | Prodigy Education
Headings: 8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom
8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom
Category
Contents
What does equity in the classroom mean?
Equity versus equality
But it’s not equitable.
Why equity in the classroom is important
8 meaningful equity in the classroom strategies
1. Start with yourself
2. Model equity for your students
Modeling equity in the classroom can help students see and understand appropriate words and actions to use.
Other techniques to help model equity in the classroom:
3. Be flexible with online learning
4. Address inappropriate remarks
5. Create an equitable classroom environment
6. Accommodate different learning styles
7. Examine your teaching materials
8. Give students a voice
Conclusion: Equity in the classroom
Prodigy Math Game engages students
Content: Every student has their assignment, plus a calculator, pencil and paper. Equal, right? But it’s not equitable. To make the assignment equitable, teachers have to understand their students and provide targeted support. This could include helping ESL students understand instructions in an unfamiliar language, providing text-to-speech technology for visually impaired students or giving students with ADHD a quiet space to complete the assignment. When you provide these supports for your students, you’re making sure physical ability, language skills and other needs don’t negatively impact their ability to do well. As Clayton Carr — 3rd grade teacher and member of Prodigy’s Champions Club — puts it: “I talk to my students and establish what the difference is between equality and equity. Equality is everyone being treated the same, whereas equity is everyone getting what they need to succeed. After addressing that with my students and reinforcing it, I’m able to meet my students’ needs for isolated seating, fidget cubes for stress, or standing during testing, intervention and small groups in Zoom.” | https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/equity-in-the-classroom/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_214662643#4_434296481 | Title: 8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom | Prodigy Education
Headings: 8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom
8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom
Category
Contents
What does equity in the classroom mean?
Equity versus equality
But it’s not equitable.
Why equity in the classroom is important
8 meaningful equity in the classroom strategies
1. Start with yourself
2. Model equity for your students
Modeling equity in the classroom can help students see and understand appropriate words and actions to use.
Other techniques to help model equity in the classroom:
3. Be flexible with online learning
4. Address inappropriate remarks
5. Create an equitable classroom environment
6. Accommodate different learning styles
7. Examine your teaching materials
8. Give students a voice
Conclusion: Equity in the classroom
Prodigy Math Game engages students
Content: When you provide these supports for your students, you’re making sure physical ability, language skills and other needs don’t negatively impact their ability to do well. As Clayton Carr — 3rd grade teacher and member of Prodigy’s Champions Club — puts it: “I talk to my students and establish what the difference is between equality and equity. Equality is everyone being treated the same, whereas equity is everyone getting what they need to succeed. After addressing that with my students and reinforcing it, I’m able to meet my students’ needs for isolated seating, fidget cubes for stress, or standing during testing, intervention and small groups in Zoom.” Why equity in the classroom is important
Students are diverse, but our education system isn’t. It often fails to adequately provide for: Students of color,
Neurodivergent students,
Students living in poverty,
Students with physical and mental disabilities and more. The 2015-16 school year was the first year in which the majority of public school students in American were minorities. In 2018, 12.6 million children were in families living in poverty. | https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/equity-in-the-classroom/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_214662643#7_434303443 | Title: 8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom | Prodigy Education
Headings: 8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom
8 Powerful Ways to Promote Equity in the Classroom
Category
Contents
What does equity in the classroom mean?
Equity versus equality
But it’s not equitable.
Why equity in the classroom is important
8 meaningful equity in the classroom strategies
1. Start with yourself
2. Model equity for your students
Modeling equity in the classroom can help students see and understand appropriate words and actions to use.
Other techniques to help model equity in the classroom:
3. Be flexible with online learning
4. Address inappropriate remarks
5. Create an equitable classroom environment
6. Accommodate different learning styles
7. Examine your teaching materials
8. Give students a voice
Conclusion: Equity in the classroom
Prodigy Math Game engages students
Content: When equity in the classroom is a priority, all students benefit: “A positive transfer effect of the demand to accommodate students with learning differences may be to disrupt this structural bias and stretch our education systems to support and even foster diversity.” — Jutta Treviranus, Director of OCAD University’s Inclusive Design Research Centre
Teachers like you need to be aware of these issues, examine what they’re bringing to the classroom and find meaningful ways to foster equity in the classroom. The Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 outlines three levels that can work to foster equity in education: Institutional — What the district and school administration value, and the policies they put in place. Personal — How teachers engage with the complicated emotional and cognitive processes needed to work towards equity. Instructional — Any books, lesson plans, assignments or teaching strategies you use in the classroom. Equity often depends on a school’s culture and leadership, but there are always ways to promote it at a classroom level. Let’s dive into eight ways you can start creating a more equitable classroom today, whether you teach remotely or in the classroom. 8 meaningful equity in the classroom strategies
1. | https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/equity-in-the-classroom/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_214761006#2_434524294 | Title: 10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students | Prodigy Education
Headings: 10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students
10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students
Category
About Carol Dweck and Growth Mindset in Education, for Students
10 Ways Teachers Can Foster a Growth Mindset in Students
1. Avoid Praising Intelligence and Sheer Effort
2. Use Diverse Teaching Strategies
3. Introduce Simple Gamification Elements
4. Teach the Values of Challenges
5. Encourage Students to Expand their Answers
6. Explain the Purposes of Abstract Skills and Concepts
7. Allow Time for Goal-Based Journaling
8. Say “Yet” More Often
9. Help Students Change their Language
10. Use Success Folders
Infographic
Final Thoughts about Growth Mindset in Education
Content: Watch on
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She explains students’ mindsets -- the way they perceive their abilities -- fall somewhere between two opposites: Fixed Mindset -- Students believe their skills, talents and overall intelligence are fixed traits. They may resist learning and trying to improve, typically feeling embarrassed when not understanding something. Growth Mindset -- Students know they can develop their skills and talents through effort and persistence, as well as being receptive to lessons and feedback. They generally believe they can improve through hard work and trying new learning methods. If you can shift students towards the latter, Dweck writes you can improve the level and frequency of their achievements. This is because mindset plays a prominent role in self-motivation. The question now becomes: “ How can I build or instill a growth mindset in my students?” 10 Ways Teachers Can Foster a Growth Mindset in Students
1. | https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/growth-mindset-in-students/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_214761006#14_434547920 | Title: 10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students | Prodigy Education
Headings: 10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students
10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students
Category
About Carol Dweck and Growth Mindset in Education, for Students
10 Ways Teachers Can Foster a Growth Mindset in Students
1. Avoid Praising Intelligence and Sheer Effort
2. Use Diverse Teaching Strategies
3. Introduce Simple Gamification Elements
4. Teach the Values of Challenges
5. Encourage Students to Expand their Answers
6. Explain the Purposes of Abstract Skills and Concepts
7. Allow Time for Goal-Based Journaling
8. Say “Yet” More Often
9. Help Students Change their Language
10. Use Success Folders
Infographic
Final Thoughts about Growth Mindset in Education
Content: 5. Encourage Students to Expand their Answers
Asking students to elaborate on their thoughts during discussion reveals what they do and don’t understand, encouraging them to process content at a deeper level as they reflect on their responses. This demonstrates a core aspect of growth mindset -- subject matter expertise isn’t inherent, but developed. Give students opportunities to share and expand on their thoughts by running: Problem-based learning (PBL) activities -- Whether in a small or large group, problem-based learning allows students to collaborate and share thoughts with each other. Question and answer sessions after presentations -- Encourage students to ask questions to the presenter, allowing him or her to delve into important points. As you encourage students to elaborate on their thoughts and responses, they should improve understanding of subject matter and clearly see the values of effort and critical thinking. 6. Explain the Purposes of Abstract Skills and Concepts
Teaching a unit or subject filled with abstract skills and concepts? Instilling a growth mindset in students may take more work. | https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/growth-mindset-in-students/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_214761006#15_434550073 | Title: 10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students | Prodigy Education
Headings: 10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students
10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students
Category
About Carol Dweck and Growth Mindset in Education, for Students
10 Ways Teachers Can Foster a Growth Mindset in Students
1. Avoid Praising Intelligence and Sheer Effort
2. Use Diverse Teaching Strategies
3. Introduce Simple Gamification Elements
4. Teach the Values of Challenges
5. Encourage Students to Expand their Answers
6. Explain the Purposes of Abstract Skills and Concepts
7. Allow Time for Goal-Based Journaling
8. Say “Yet” More Often
9. Help Students Change their Language
10. Use Success Folders
Infographic
Final Thoughts about Growth Mindset in Education
Content: Question and answer sessions after presentations -- Encourage students to ask questions to the presenter, allowing him or her to delve into important points. As you encourage students to elaborate on their thoughts and responses, they should improve understanding of subject matter and clearly see the values of effort and critical thinking. 6. Explain the Purposes of Abstract Skills and Concepts
Teaching a unit or subject filled with abstract skills and concepts? Instilling a growth mindset in students may take more work. This is because if the bulk of your students struggle with determining a concept’s real-world applications, they may not see the purpose in improving their knowledge of that concept. Should you feel this is the case with a given skill or topic, explore and explain: Why it is significant
What its uses are outside of class
How it will help students in the future
By doing so, most students should grow interested in the once-abstract concept and want to understand it at a deeper level. Instilling a growth mindset in students should be easier as a result. Experiential learning activities and active learning strategies help bridge this gap with an approach that puts students at the center of the learning process, allowing them to build a more meaningful understanding of the abstract skills and concepts you are teaching. | https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/growth-mindset-in-students/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_214761006#16_434552450 | Title: 10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students | Prodigy Education
Headings: 10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students
10 Ways Teachers Can Instill a Growth Mindset in Students
Category
About Carol Dweck and Growth Mindset in Education, for Students
10 Ways Teachers Can Foster a Growth Mindset in Students
1. Avoid Praising Intelligence and Sheer Effort
2. Use Diverse Teaching Strategies
3. Introduce Simple Gamification Elements
4. Teach the Values of Challenges
5. Encourage Students to Expand their Answers
6. Explain the Purposes of Abstract Skills and Concepts
7. Allow Time for Goal-Based Journaling
8. Say “Yet” More Often
9. Help Students Change their Language
10. Use Success Folders
Infographic
Final Thoughts about Growth Mindset in Education
Content: This is because if the bulk of your students struggle with determining a concept’s real-world applications, they may not see the purpose in improving their knowledge of that concept. Should you feel this is the case with a given skill or topic, explore and explain: Why it is significant
What its uses are outside of class
How it will help students in the future
By doing so, most students should grow interested in the once-abstract concept and want to understand it at a deeper level. Instilling a growth mindset in students should be easier as a result. Experiential learning activities and active learning strategies help bridge this gap with an approach that puts students at the center of the learning process, allowing them to build a more meaningful understanding of the abstract skills and concepts you are teaching. 7. Allow Time for Goal-Based Journaling
Journaling serves different purposes, including encouraging students to build a growth mindset through goal setting. As an exit ticket, ask students to: Set learning goals for themselves
Discuss progression toward meeting these goals
For example, a student may set a goal to earn a certain grade on an upcoming quiz. To accomplish this goal, the student must write the steps he or she is taking. | https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/growth-mindset-in-students/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_217412036#0_440740191 | Title: Amazon Prime down or Instant video problems, May 2021 | Product Reviews
Headings: Amazon Prime down or Instant video problems
Amazon Prime down or Instant video problems
2021 PRIME TV APP and BROWSER APP WHAT A SUCKING ABORTION!
Content: Amazon Prime down or Instant video problems, May 2021 | Product Reviews
Amazon Prime down or Instant video problems
Alert: Problems Reported
When Amazon Prime Instant video is down, problems will most likely be felt on multiple platforms that include streaming on PS4, Xbox One, iPad, mobile operating systems, Fire OS Set-top boxes, Smart TVs, and many other devices. The most common problems with Amazon Prime include Instant video streaming not working, login issues, and videos not working due to server outages. There’s always the chance that local WiFI and other network problems could be causing issues with watching Amazon Prime, so this is why it’s good to find out if others also have problems watching on their chosen device. Is Amazon Prime Instant video down on Thursday May 27, 2021? If you cannot stream or have other issues, then leave details on your country and device being used below. This will help others find out they are not alone when using the same platform, or having streaming problems in certain regions. When major outages take place with Amazon Prime, then our editors will also list official statements in regard to scheduled maintenance or surprise downtime. Disqus Recommendations
We were unable to load Disqus Recommendations. If you are a moderator please see our troubleshooting guide. | https://www.product-reviews.net/down/amazon-prime-instant-problems/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_217412036#15_440762353 | Title: Amazon Prime down or Instant video problems, May 2021 | Product Reviews
Headings: Amazon Prime down or Instant video problems
Amazon Prime down or Instant video problems
2021 PRIME TV APP and BROWSER APP WHAT A SUCKING ABORTION!
Content: Logo comes on but nothing loads. see more
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Gabriela Kerekes • 3 months ago
I’m having problem with signing lately and I’m located in Canada Ontario. Today prime didn’t work at all,I called prime video and after 20-30 minutes on the phone with technical support on trying to help me and put me on hold ,the technician hung up on my . I’m about to cancel Prim,not happy about the service . see more
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Phil Birkhimer • 3 months ago • edited
In Ohio and my Roku app freezes on login screen or just closes on it's own
see more
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Nancy Edwards • 3 months ago
In Ohio and my App on the TV won't load... it's fine on my phone but that's not a big enough screen to enjoy. Hope they resolve the issues soon. see more
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Katherine • 3 months ago
East Tennessee: The app on Play Station 4 keeps stopping while a video streams and the "circle of death" appears. All other devices are running fine on other streaming services. see more
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Jessica Grove Katherine • 3 months ago
We are in PA and have been having this issue since last night. | https://www.product-reviews.net/down/amazon-prime-instant-problems/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220123201#1_445542390 | Title: What is an Epic in Agile? | Definition and Examples
Headings: Epic
Epic
What is an Epic?
How Does an Epic Fit Into Agile Development?
The Movie Theater Example
Theme:
Epic:
Stories:
Read Product Roadmaps: Planning Your Strategy ➜
What are the Benefits of Using the Theme-Epic-Story Development Framework?
Watch the entire webinar:
Content: An epic will typically require development work covering several sprints. How Does an Epic Fit Into Agile Development? As you can see from the definition above, an epic sits between a theme and a story in the agile development strategic hierarchy. A theme represents a team’s high-level strategy for its product. But to translate this strategy into an action plan, the team must take several additional steps. First, the team will break the theme into several epics, which are themselves smaller strategic plans. Then, you must break down each epic further into user stories. A story represents a small unit of development work that will allow a user to complete a task or goal in the product. Here is an example of how this planning might play out with an agile team working for a movie-theater chain. The Movie Theater Example
Let’s say the senior management of a major theater chain tasks its product team with filling empty seats in its theaters. | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/epic/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220123201#3_445545392 | Title: What is an Epic in Agile? | Definition and Examples
Headings: Epic
Epic
What is an Epic?
How Does an Epic Fit Into Agile Development?
The Movie Theater Example
Theme:
Epic:
Stories:
Read Product Roadmaps: Planning Your Strategy ➜
What are the Benefits of Using the Theme-Epic-Story Development Framework?
Watch the entire webinar:
Content: This has become a common problem for movies that have been showing for several weeks. The theater’s studio contracts require movies to be shown for a minimum run length, sometimes many months. As a result, even after a successful film’s opening, the theater finds it is stuck showing the movie to nearly empty screening rooms until the contract ends. Here is how the product team might plan its agile development of a solution. Theme: Fill empty seats in theaters
Epic: Use a mobile app to drive last-minute ticket sales
Stories: Create and assign promotional codes for last-minute purchases
Add text-message capability to the mobile app, to send last-minute promos and coupons
Develop creative for promo emails and SMS texts
This hypothetical epic—to use the company’s app to offer discounts on last-minute movie tickets—reads like a complex story. The team won’t be able to execute on this strategy without breaking it down further into smaller, more actionable stories. This is another way to understand an epic. | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/epic/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220165741#4_445666650 | Title: What is Market Validation? | Definition and Overview
Headings: Market Validation
Market Validation
What is Market Validation?
Why is Market Validation so Important?
It helps secure funding and resources.
How do you Conduct One-on-One Interviews for Market Validation?
1. Prepare a clear and simple explanation of your product concept.
2. Find your ideal interview subjects.
Download the Anatomy of a Product Launch ➜
3. Create your interview questions.
4. Conduct the interviews.
5. Make sense of the data.
Market validation: no product development should begin without it
Content: For these reasons, even a good idea can fail to achieve the all-important objective of product-market fit. The more development work your team has done before you discover whether your product will fail in the market, the more expensive that failure will be. The value of market validation is that your organization can uncover those problems before committing any significant time or resources to a product concept. That makes this the most inexpensive way to learn that an idea isn’t worth pursuing. How do you Conduct One-on-One Interviews for Market Validation? The market validation process varies by company. It’ll also vary by industry and the type of user persona the product team is seeking feedback from. Different demographics will have their own preferred methods of communication. Here is an outline of the broad steps you will want to take: 1. | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/market-validation/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220253242#0_445910592 | Title: What is Product-Market Fit? | Definition and Examples
Headings: Product-Market Fit
Product-Market Fit
What is Product-Market Fit?
Why is it Important?
Download the Product-Market Fit Book ➜
Who is Responsible for Product-Market Fit?
How is Product-Market Fit Measured?
Quantitative:
Qualitative:
Download Product Success Metrics ➜
How Do You Achieve It For Your Product?
Content: What is Product-Market Fit? | Definition and Examples
Glossary / Product Strategy / Product-Market Fit
Product-Market Fit
What is Product-Market Fit? Product-market fit describes a scenario in which a company’s target customers are buying, using, and telling others about the company’s product in numbers large enough to sustain that product’s growth and profitability. According to entrepreneur and investor Marc Andreesen, who is often credited with developing the concept, product-market fit means finding a good market with a product capable of satisfying that market. The Product-Market Fit Pyramid framework was created by Dan Olsen. Why is it Important? Alex Schultz, Facebook’s VP of Growth, says the biggest problem he sees facing the companies he advises is that they don’t have product-market fit when they think they do. So, why is achieving it so important? Why do many venture capitalists demand evidence of product-market fit before investing in a company? Why does Andreesen, in fact, believe in the division of every startup’s life into two key stages: | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/product-market-fit/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220253242#1_445912276 | Title: What is Product-Market Fit? | Definition and Examples
Headings: Product-Market Fit
Product-Market Fit
What is Product-Market Fit?
Why is it Important?
Download the Product-Market Fit Book ➜
Who is Responsible for Product-Market Fit?
How is Product-Market Fit Measured?
Quantitative:
Qualitative:
Download Product Success Metrics ➜
How Do You Achieve It For Your Product?
Content: Why is it Important? Alex Schultz, Facebook’s VP of Growth, says the biggest problem he sees facing the companies he advises is that they don’t have product-market fit when they think they do. So, why is achieving it so important? Why do many venture capitalists demand evidence of product-market fit before investing in a company? Why does Andreesen, in fact, believe in the division of every startup’s life into two key stages: before product-market fit (BPMF) and after product-market fit (APMF)? The answer is simple: Before you develop a product that you confirm enough people are willing to pay for, your team cannot afford to focus on other important strategic objectives such as growth or upselling existing users. Those initiatives could even be counterproductive, in fact, if you haven’t first determined that your product has enough of a market to sustain itself and generate a profit. Download the Product-Market Fit Book ➜
Who is Responsible for Product-Market Fit? | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/product-market-fit/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220253242#2_445913864 | Title: What is Product-Market Fit? | Definition and Examples
Headings: Product-Market Fit
Product-Market Fit
What is Product-Market Fit?
Why is it Important?
Download the Product-Market Fit Book ➜
Who is Responsible for Product-Market Fit?
How is Product-Market Fit Measured?
Quantitative:
Qualitative:
Download Product Success Metrics ➜
How Do You Achieve It For Your Product?
Content: before product-market fit (BPMF) and after product-market fit (APMF)? The answer is simple: Before you develop a product that you confirm enough people are willing to pay for, your team cannot afford to focus on other important strategic objectives such as growth or upselling existing users. Those initiatives could even be counterproductive, in fact, if you haven’t first determined that your product has enough of a market to sustain itself and generate a profit. Download the Product-Market Fit Book ➜
Who is Responsible for Product-Market Fit? We generally associate the concept with marketing and product management. In reality, achieving it is a shared responsibility across the company. Sales, business development, support, finance, and all other departments help the company reach this important milestone. How is Product-Market Fit Measured? No single set of metrics can tell any business when it achieves product-market fit. | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/product-market-fit/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220253242#3_445915396 | Title: What is Product-Market Fit? | Definition and Examples
Headings: Product-Market Fit
Product-Market Fit
What is Product-Market Fit?
Why is it Important?
Download the Product-Market Fit Book ➜
Who is Responsible for Product-Market Fit?
How is Product-Market Fit Measured?
Quantitative:
Qualitative:
Download Product Success Metrics ➜
How Do You Achieve It For Your Product?
Content: We generally associate the concept with marketing and product management. In reality, achieving it is a shared responsibility across the company. Sales, business development, support, finance, and all other departments help the company reach this important milestone. How is Product-Market Fit Measured? No single set of metrics can tell any business when it achieves product-market fit. But Andrew Chen, a venture capitalist, offers some signals that a company is heading in the right direction with its offering: When surveying potential customers or allowing them to test your product, does some segment indicate they will switch to your product? Are some users who have rejected similar products on the market willing to try yours? When user testing, do people group your product accurately with the right competitive offerings? Do users demonstrate an understanding of your product’s differentiators or unique value proposition? | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/product-market-fit/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220253242#4_445916919 | Title: What is Product-Market Fit? | Definition and Examples
Headings: Product-Market Fit
Product-Market Fit
What is Product-Market Fit?
Why is it Important?
Download the Product-Market Fit Book ➜
Who is Responsible for Product-Market Fit?
How is Product-Market Fit Measured?
Quantitative:
Qualitative:
Download Product Success Metrics ➜
How Do You Achieve It For Your Product?
Content: But Andrew Chen, a venture capitalist, offers some signals that a company is heading in the right direction with its offering: When surveying potential customers or allowing them to test your product, does some segment indicate they will switch to your product? Are some users who have rejected similar products on the market willing to try yours? When user testing, do people group your product accurately with the right competitive offerings? Do users demonstrate an understanding of your product’s differentiators or unique value proposition? How do your underlying metrics (such as retention rates of users) measure up against those of your competitors? Chen’s signals represent a mix of both qualitative and quantitative metrics. This is by design. Whatever methods your team uses to gauge success, you will want to include a mix of both as well. For example: | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/product-market-fit/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220253242#5_445918378 | Title: What is Product-Market Fit? | Definition and Examples
Headings: Product-Market Fit
Product-Market Fit
What is Product-Market Fit?
Why is it Important?
Download the Product-Market Fit Book ➜
Who is Responsible for Product-Market Fit?
How is Product-Market Fit Measured?
Quantitative:
Qualitative:
Download Product Success Metrics ➜
How Do You Achieve It For Your Product?
Content: How do your underlying metrics (such as retention rates of users) measure up against those of your competitors? Chen’s signals represent a mix of both qualitative and quantitative metrics. This is by design. Whatever methods your team uses to gauge success, you will want to include a mix of both as well. For example: Quantitative: NPS score
Churn rate
Growth rate
Market share
Qualitative: Word of mouth. ( As Andreesen says, if your customers talk about your products with others, they effectively become your product’s sales reps.) Calls from the media or industry analysts come in much more frequently, and coverage of your product and company increases. | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/product-market-fit/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220253242#6_445919636 | Title: What is Product-Market Fit? | Definition and Examples
Headings: Product-Market Fit
Product-Market Fit
What is Product-Market Fit?
Why is it Important?
Download the Product-Market Fit Book ➜
Who is Responsible for Product-Market Fit?
How is Product-Market Fit Measured?
Quantitative:
Qualitative:
Download Product Success Metrics ➜
How Do You Achieve It For Your Product?
Content: Quantitative: NPS score
Churn rate
Growth rate
Market share
Qualitative: Word of mouth. ( As Andreesen says, if your customers talk about your products with others, they effectively become your product’s sales reps.) Calls from the media or industry analysts come in much more frequently, and coverage of your product and company increases. Download Product Success Metrics ➜
How Do You Achieve It For Your Product? Just as the best way to measure product-market fit will differ for each company, there is no single path to achieving it. In his book, The Lean Product Playbook, Dan Olsen offers one high-level method that can help get your team started: 1. Determine your target customer
2. | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/product-market-fit/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220253242#7_445920927 | Title: What is Product-Market Fit? | Definition and Examples
Headings: Product-Market Fit
Product-Market Fit
What is Product-Market Fit?
Why is it Important?
Download the Product-Market Fit Book ➜
Who is Responsible for Product-Market Fit?
How is Product-Market Fit Measured?
Quantitative:
Qualitative:
Download Product Success Metrics ➜
How Do You Achieve It For Your Product?
Content: Download Product Success Metrics ➜
How Do You Achieve It For Your Product? Just as the best way to measure product-market fit will differ for each company, there is no single path to achieving it. In his book, The Lean Product Playbook, Dan Olsen offers one high-level method that can help get your team started: 1. Determine your target customer
2. Identify underserved needs of that customer
3. Define your value proposition
4. Specify your minimum viable product (MVP) feature set
5. Develop your MVP
6. Test your MVP with customers
Then, based on those user tests and surveys, use metrics like the ones suggested above, from Andrew Chen, to determine if you’re headed in the right direction. | https://www.productplan.com/glossary/product-market-fit/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_50_220598596#13_446848381 | Title: The Product Management Process: 7 Main Stages
Headings: The Main Stages of the Product Management Process
The Main Stages of the Product Management Process
Idea Management
Specifications
Get the Product Development Roadmap Checklist ➜
Roadmapping
Download a Day in a Product Manager's Life➜
Prioritization
Delivery
Analytics and experiments
Customer feedback
Your mileage may vary
Content: For example, if conversion is paramount, they can see what most users do before they buy. If adoption and frequent usage is the goal, they can also look for what those cohorts have in common. Based on this intelligence, the team can then prioritize initiatives lowering the barriers. They can then nudge users toward completing those tasks that turn them from dabblers to loyalists, be that changing the software and user experience itself or via education, onboarding, and in-app messaging. Identifying the traits of successful/profitable customers can also inform which niches to invest in from both a product functionality perspective as well as on the sales and marketing side of the house. Product teams can build out or hone their target personas with this information to go after like-minded prospects. Product analytics also enables product teams to conduct experiments. Teams can test all sorts of scenarios on different segments of the user base to measure their efficacy. The results then inform the roadmap and optimize the current user experience. With the right data available for analysis and a team to make it all happen, a culture of trials and ongoing learning can take hold and improve the product. | https://www.productplan.com/learn/stages-product-management-process/ |
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