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msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1069830087#4_2221323678
Title: 17 Major Difference between Roundworm and Tapeworm with Table - Core Differences Headings: 17 Major Difference between Roundworm and Tapeworm with Table 17 Major Difference between Roundworm and Tapeworm with Table What Is Roundworm? What Is Tapeworm? Comparison Chart: Roundworm Vs Tapeworm Core Difference between Roundworm and Flatworm Similarities between Roundworms and Tapeworms Comparison Video Summary Content: Coelom It is a pseudocoelomate animal It is an acoelomate animal. Type of Protostomes Belong to the superfamily Ecdysozoa. Belong to the superfamily Lophotrochozoa. Size Grow up to 35 cm Vary between 1 mm and 15 cm Body Structure The cylindrical body tapered to a fine point at each end. Has a flat tape-like body shape Outer Covering Cuticle No cuticle Segments Has unsegmented body Has segmented body Head Has sharp stylet for sucking Have four tentacles used for sucking Digestive System Complete Incomplete Locomotion Exhibits a gliding locomotion Exhibits a thrashing motion Reproduction Hermaphrodites Unisexual animals Transmission Through infected fecal matter or consuming animal tissue with worm larva. Through consuming infected fleas Location Small intestines Intestine Diagnosis Reveal through fecal flotation exam Reveal through the feces Pathology Large infection in lungs Weight loss and fatigue Examples Filaria worms, Ascaris, Trichinella, hookworms, and pinworms Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum, and Echinococcus granulosus Core Difference between Roundworm and Flatworm A roundworm is a parasitic worm found in the intestines of mammals while tapeworm is a long ribbon-like flatworm found in the intestines A roundworm belong to the phylum Nematoda while tapeworm in phylum Platyhelminthes Roundworm is a pseudocoelomate animal whereas tapeworm is an acoelomate animal. Roundworm belongs to the superfamily Ecdysozoa while tapeworm to the superfamily Lophotrochozoa Roundworm grow up to 35 cm while tapeworm vary between 1mm to 15 cm Roundworm have cylindrical body tapered shape while tapeworm has a flat tape-like body structure The outer covering of roundworm has cuticle while tapeworm does not have it Roundworm have an unsegmented body while tapeworm have segmented body Head of the roundworm has a sharp stylet for sucking while that of tapeworm has four tentacles used for sucking Roundworm has a complete digestive system while tapeworm has an incomplete digestive system. Roundworm exhibits gliding locomotion while tapeworm exhibit a thrashing motion Roundworms are hermaphrodites while tapeworms are unisexual Roundworms are transmitted via infected fecal matter while tapeworm by consuming infected fleas Roundworms are found inside the small intestines while tapeworm in the intestines Roundworms are revealed through the fecal flotation exam while tapeworm in the feces Roundworms cause large infection in the lungs while tapeworm cause weight loss and fatigue Examples of roundworms are Filaria worms, Ascaris, Trichinella, hookworms, and pinworms while tapeworms are Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum, and Echinococcus granulosus. Similarities between Roundworms and Tapeworms Both belong to kingdom Animalia Both are multicellular and mobile vertebrates Both exhibit bilaterally symmetrical Both show organ level organization Both are triploblastic animals. Both are protostomes Both are parasitic worms Both have a complete life cycle Both feed on sucking fluids Both can be treated by deworming Comparison Video https://youtu.be/taq4mOH00hs Summary Tapeworm and roundworms are parasitic worms found in the intestines of animals.
https://coredifferences.com/difference-between-roundworm-and-tapeworm/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1069830087#5_2221327586
Title: 17 Major Difference between Roundworm and Tapeworm with Table - Core Differences Headings: 17 Major Difference between Roundworm and Tapeworm with Table 17 Major Difference between Roundworm and Tapeworm with Table What Is Roundworm? What Is Tapeworm? Comparison Chart: Roundworm Vs Tapeworm Core Difference between Roundworm and Flatworm Similarities between Roundworms and Tapeworms Comparison Video Summary Content: Through consuming infected fleas Location Small intestines Intestine Diagnosis Reveal through fecal flotation exam Reveal through the feces Pathology Large infection in lungs Weight loss and fatigue Examples Filaria worms, Ascaris, Trichinella, hookworms, and pinworms Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum, and Echinococcus granulosus Core Difference between Roundworm and Flatworm A roundworm is a parasitic worm found in the intestines of mammals while tapeworm is a long ribbon-like flatworm found in the intestines A roundworm belong to the phylum Nematoda while tapeworm in phylum Platyhelminthes Roundworm is a pseudocoelomate animal whereas tapeworm is an acoelomate animal. Roundworm belongs to the superfamily Ecdysozoa while tapeworm to the superfamily Lophotrochozoa Roundworm grow up to 35 cm while tapeworm vary between 1mm to 15 cm Roundworm have cylindrical body tapered shape while tapeworm has a flat tape-like body structure The outer covering of roundworm has cuticle while tapeworm does not have it Roundworm have an unsegmented body while tapeworm have segmented body Head of the roundworm has a sharp stylet for sucking while that of tapeworm has four tentacles used for sucking Roundworm has a complete digestive system while tapeworm has an incomplete digestive system. Roundworm exhibits gliding locomotion while tapeworm exhibit a thrashing motion Roundworms are hermaphrodites while tapeworms are unisexual Roundworms are transmitted via infected fecal matter while tapeworm by consuming infected fleas Roundworms are found inside the small intestines while tapeworm in the intestines Roundworms are revealed through the fecal flotation exam while tapeworm in the feces Roundworms cause large infection in the lungs while tapeworm cause weight loss and fatigue Examples of roundworms are Filaria worms, Ascaris, Trichinella, hookworms, and pinworms while tapeworms are Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum, and Echinococcus granulosus. Similarities between Roundworms and Tapeworms Both belong to kingdom Animalia Both are multicellular and mobile vertebrates Both exhibit bilaterally symmetrical Both show organ level organization Both are triploblastic animals. Both are protostomes Both are parasitic worms Both have a complete life cycle Both feed on sucking fluids Both can be treated by deworming Comparison Video https://youtu.be/taq4mOH00hs Summary Tapeworm and roundworms are parasitic worms found in the intestines of animals. They show adverse effects in the body of the host but they can be eliminated through deworming.
https://coredifferences.com/difference-between-roundworm-and-tapeworm/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1069930139#1_2221570692
Title: 6 Top-Rated Difference between Trade-off and Opportunity Cost - Core Differences Headings: 6 Top-Rated Difference between Trade-off and Opportunity Cost 6 Top-Rated Difference between Trade-off and Opportunity Cost What Is Trade-off? Factors that Influence Trade-off: What Is Opportunity Cost? Factors that Influence Opportunity Cost Comparison Chart: Trade-off Vs Opportunity Cost Core Difference between Trade-off and Opportunity Cost Comparison Video UNIT 1A 3 Trade Off and Opportunity Cost Summary Content: What Is Trade-off? The trade-off is an economical term where an individual sacrifice one thing in order to get another one. An individual is required to make a comparison among things before making a decision. This common in a situation where there limited resources. Factors that Influence Trade-off: Level of risk Different path Social cost Level of complexity What Is Opportunity Cost? Opportunity cost is an economic term that refers to choosing one of the two available choices and missing on the benefits that would have been derived from the alternative opportunity given up. Factors that Influence Opportunity Cost Consumer choice Competitive advantage Time management Career choice Production possibilities Cost of capital Comparison Chart: Trade-off Vs Opportunity Cost Basic Terms Trade-off Opportunity Cost Meaning It is the exchange of one thing in order to get something else Refers to making a choice among the best two alternative things and choose the best-fit item Core Difference It is the process of sacrificing a belonging completely to get what you want It is the process of choosing the best alternative Importance Help in getting what you demanded at the expenses of the other belonging Help in making the best choice from the available alternatives Relation to other choices Has an indirect relation with what was sacrificed Has a close relation from what was left Calculation Formula Has no formula for calculating the trade-off Opportunity Cost= return of the most beneficial option – the return of the chosen option. Core Difference between Trade-off and Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost refers to the next available opportunity whereas trade-off refers to two opportunities or more choices The trade-off is sacrificing for something else whereas opportunity is choosing the best alternative available Opportunity cost refers to the gain which could have been lost due to wrong decision whereas trade-off has nothing to do with gain or loss The benefit of opportunity cost is making a good decision whereas trade-off help to get what was demanded The loss incurred due to opportunity cost are taken into consideration while trade-off has nothing to do with the loss Opportunity cost can easily be calculated due to the available formula, unlike trade-off.
https://coredifferences.com/difference-between-trade-off-and-opportunity-cost/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1088942228#2_2258232691
Title: Real Estate - Industry Overview, Types of Real Estate, Careers Headings: Real Estate Real Estate What is Real Estate? Types of Real Estate #1 Land #2 Residential #3 Commercial #4 Industrial Examples of Real Estate Overview of Real Estate Industry #1 Development #2 Sales and marketing #3 Brokerage #4 Property management #5 Real estate lending #6 Professional services Careers in Real Estate Additional resources Content: #1 Land Land is the baseline for all types of real property. Land typically refers to undeveloped property and vacant land. Developers acquire land and combine it with other properties (called assembly) and rezone it so they can increase the density and increase the value of the property. #2 Residential Residential real estate consists of housing for individuals, families, or groups of people. This is the most common type of estate and is the asset class Asset Class An asset class is a group of similar investment vehicles. They are typically traded in the same financial markets and subject to the same rules and regulations. that most people are familiar with. Within residential, there are single-family homes, apartments, condominiums, townhouses, and other types of living arrangements. #3 Commercial Commercial property refers to land and buildings that are used by businesses to carry out their operations. Examples include shopping malls, individual stores, office buildings, parking lots, medical centers, and hotels.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/careers/jobs/real-estate/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1088942228#3_2258234369
Title: Real Estate - Industry Overview, Types of Real Estate, Careers Headings: Real Estate Real Estate What is Real Estate? Types of Real Estate #1 Land #2 Residential #3 Commercial #4 Industrial Examples of Real Estate Overview of Real Estate Industry #1 Development #2 Sales and marketing #3 Brokerage #4 Property management #5 Real estate lending #6 Professional services Careers in Real Estate Additional resources Content: They are typically traded in the same financial markets and subject to the same rules and regulations. that most people are familiar with. Within residential, there are single-family homes, apartments, condominiums, townhouses, and other types of living arrangements. #3 Commercial Commercial property refers to land and buildings that are used by businesses to carry out their operations. Examples include shopping malls, individual stores, office buildings, parking lots, medical centers, and hotels. #4 Industrial Industrial real estate refers to land and buildings that are used by industrial businesses for activities such as factories, mechanical productions, research and development, construction, transportation, logistics, and warehousing. Examples of Real Estate Now that we’ve outlined the four main categories, let’s explore some specific examples of different types of real property. Single-family dwelling – Any home designed for only one family Multi-family dwelling – Any group of homes designed for more than one family Attached – Any unit that’s connected to another (not freestanding) Apartment – An individual unit in a multi-unit building. The boundaries of the apartment are generally defined by a perimeter of locked or lockable doors. Often seen in multi-story apartment buildings.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/careers/jobs/real-estate/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1088942228#4_2258236359
Title: Real Estate - Industry Overview, Types of Real Estate, Careers Headings: Real Estate Real Estate What is Real Estate? Types of Real Estate #1 Land #2 Residential #3 Commercial #4 Industrial Examples of Real Estate Overview of Real Estate Industry #1 Development #2 Sales and marketing #3 Brokerage #4 Property management #5 Real estate lending #6 Professional services Careers in Real Estate Additional resources Content: #4 Industrial Industrial real estate refers to land and buildings that are used by industrial businesses for activities such as factories, mechanical productions, research and development, construction, transportation, logistics, and warehousing. Examples of Real Estate Now that we’ve outlined the four main categories, let’s explore some specific examples of different types of real property. Single-family dwelling – Any home designed for only one family Multi-family dwelling – Any group of homes designed for more than one family Attached – Any unit that’s connected to another (not freestanding) Apartment – An individual unit in a multi-unit building. The boundaries of the apartment are generally defined by a perimeter of locked or lockable doors. Often seen in multi-story apartment buildings. Multi-family house – Often seen in multi-story detached buildings, where each floor is a separate apartment or unit. Condominium (Condo) – A building with individual units owned by individual people. Detached house – A free-standing building not connecting to anything else (a stereotypical “home”) Portable house – Houses that can be moved on a flatbed truck Mobile home – A vehicle on wheels that has a permanent residence attached to it Villa – A building with only one room and typically a steep pointy roof Hut – A dwelling typically made of raw materials such as bamboo, mud, and clay Overview of Real Estate Industry Let’s explore how the industry works and what the major jobs and careers are. The real estate industry can be divided into several different areas: Development Sales and marketing Brokerage Property management Lending Professional services (law, accounting, etc.)
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/careers/jobs/real-estate/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1090436915#1_2261974516
Title: TRIM Function - Formula, Examples, How to Use TRIM in Excel Headings: TRIM Function TRIM Function What is the TRIM Function? Formula =TRIM (text) A few notes about the TRIM Function: How to use the TRIM Function in Excel? Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Click here to download the sample Excel file Additional resources Content: Formula =TRIM (text) Text (required argument) – This is the text from which we wish to remove spaces. A few notes about the TRIM Function: TRIM will remove extra spaces from text. Thus, it will leave only single spaces between words and no space characters at the start or end of the text. It is very useful when cleaning up text from other applications or environments. TRIM only removes the ASCII space character (32) from the text. The Unicode text often contains a non-breaking space character (160) that appears in web pages as an HTML entity. It will not be removed with TRIM. How to use the TRIM Function in Excel? TRIM is a built-in function that can be used as a worksheet function in Excel.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/excel/functions/trim-function/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1092100586#6_2266161251
Title: Flat Tax - Overview, Examples, How the Flat Tax System Works Headings: Flat Tax Flat Tax What is a Flat Tax? Examples of Flat Tax Example 1 Example 2 Advantages of Flat Tax Disadvantages of Flat Tax Flat Tax vs. Progressive Tax Flat Tax vs. Regressive Tax Related Readings Content: However, with a flat tax, everyone pays a uniform rate, reducing the cost of its implementation. Proponents of flat tax also say that the tax system is fair, compared to other tax systems. Every taxpayer is charged a uniform tax rate, and there are likely to be minimal complaints about certain categories of taxpayers being charged too high while others are charged too low. It is unlike the progressive and regressive tax systems where different groups of taxpayers are charged a different tax rate. Disadvantages of Flat Tax The opponents of the flat tax say that the tax system is unfair and that it places an excessive burden on low-income earners. Even though the system imposes a uniform tax rate for all income categories, it leaves low-income earners with less money to live comfortably and maintain their standards of living. On the other hand, high-income earners are left with a lot of money to spend that is disproportionate to the net income after taxes for low-income earners. However, this criticism overlooks the fact that most flat tax proposals include an exemption from any taxation for the lowest income earners – like the exemption up to $36,000 in Senator Cruz’s proposal. Flat Tax vs. Progressive Tax The progressive tax system Progressive Tax A progressive tax is a tax rate that increases as the taxable value goes up. It is usually segmented into tax brackets that progress to – In this tax system, a high tax rate is charged on high-income earners while the low-income earners are charged a lower tax rate.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/accounting/flat-tax/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1092981548#0_2268348241
Title: Regressive Tax - Understanding How a Regressive Tax System Works Headings: Regressive Tax Regressive Tax What is a Regressive Tax? Types of Regressive Tax 1. Sales tax 2. Sin tax 3. Property tax Tax Example Additional Resources Content: Regressive Tax - Understanding How a Regressive Tax System Works Regressive Tax What is a Regressive Tax? A regressive tax is a tax applied in a way that the tax rate decreases with the increase of the taxpayer’s income Remuneration Remuneration is any type of compensation or payment that an individual or employee receives as payment for their services or the work that they do for an organization or company. It includes whatever base salary an employee receives, along with other types of payment that accrue during the course of their work, which . This type of tax places more burden on low-income demographics rather than the high-income population. The imposed burden is determined by the percentage of the tax amount relative to income. Generally, a regressive tax is a tax that is an absolute currency amount levied uniformly to all of the population. Therefore, the low-income population carries a bigger burden than those with high income because the tax amount takes a greater percentage of their income, although the tax dollar amount is the same. A regressive tax system is not commonly used for income taxation. However, it is used with many other taxes, such as sales or sin tax. The regressive tax is directly opposite to progressive tax Progressive Tax A progressive tax is a tax rate that increases as the taxable value goes up.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/accounting/regressive-tax-system/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1092981548#1_2268350063
Title: Regressive Tax - Understanding How a Regressive Tax System Works Headings: Regressive Tax Regressive Tax What is a Regressive Tax? Types of Regressive Tax 1. Sales tax 2. Sin tax 3. Property tax Tax Example Additional Resources Content: Generally, a regressive tax is a tax that is an absolute currency amount levied uniformly to all of the population. Therefore, the low-income population carries a bigger burden than those with high income because the tax amount takes a greater percentage of their income, although the tax dollar amount is the same. A regressive tax system is not commonly used for income taxation. However, it is used with many other taxes, such as sales or sin tax. The regressive tax is directly opposite to progressive tax Progressive Tax A progressive tax is a tax rate that increases as the taxable value goes up. It is usually segmented into tax brackets that progress to . Types of Regressive Tax Regressive taxation can be encountered in different taxes with a uniform tax amount. Nevertheless, the degree of regression varies. 1. Sales tax Sales taxes are imposed on major goods available to consumers.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/accounting/regressive-tax-system/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1092981548#4_2268354027
Title: Regressive Tax - Understanding How a Regressive Tax System Works Headings: Regressive Tax Regressive Tax What is a Regressive Tax? Types of Regressive Tax 1. Sales tax 2. Sin tax 3. Property tax Tax Example Additional Resources Content: Many studies show that people who earn less tend to consume more harmful products such as tobacco or alcohol relative to individuals who earn more. 3. Property tax Property taxes are regressive in theory. They are based on the property’s value Real Estate Real estate is real property that consists of land and improvements, which include buildings, fixtures, roads, structures, and utility systems. Property rights give a title of ownership to the land, improvements, and natural resources such as minerals, plants, animals, water, etc. and not on the owner’s income. Thus, if a person with a low income and a person with a high income own properties with the same value, they will pay the same tax amount. Therefore, property tax is considered regressive. However, in reality, wealthier people tend to purchase properties of higher value than poor people. Therefore, property tax is – effectively – the least regressive in our list.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/accounting/regressive-tax-system/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1096407462#0_2276828233
Title: Rent-seeking - Definition, Common Examples, and Tullok Paradox Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking What is Rent-seeking? Origins of Rent-seeking The Tullock Paradox Examples of Rent-seeking Activities Related Readings Content: Rent-seeking - Definition, Common Examples, and Tullok Paradox Rent-seeking What is Rent-seeking? Rent-seeking is a concept in economics that states that an individual or an entity seeks to increase their own wealth without creating any benefits or wealth to the society. Rent-seeking activities aim to obtain financial gains and benefits through the manipulation of the distribution of economic resources Gross National Product Gross National Product (GNP) is a measure of the value of all goods and services produced by a country’s residents and businesses. It . Economists view such activities as detrimental to the economy and society. The practice reduces economic efficiency through the inefficient allocation of resources. Also, it commonly leads to other damaging consequences, including a rise in income inequality, lost government revenues, and a decrease in competition Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry are the obstacles or hindrances that make it difficult for new companies to enter a given market. These may include . Rent-seeking doesn’t tend to increase productivity in the economy. On the other hand, it can be an easier alternative to production for the purpose of obtaining financial benefits.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1096407462#1_2276829906
Title: Rent-seeking - Definition, Common Examples, and Tullok Paradox Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking What is Rent-seeking? Origins of Rent-seeking The Tullock Paradox Examples of Rent-seeking Activities Related Readings Content: The practice reduces economic efficiency through the inefficient allocation of resources. Also, it commonly leads to other damaging consequences, including a rise in income inequality, lost government revenues, and a decrease in competition Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry are the obstacles or hindrances that make it difficult for new companies to enter a given market. These may include . Rent-seeking doesn’t tend to increase productivity in the economy. On the other hand, it can be an easier alternative to production for the purpose of obtaining financial benefits. The practice can be especially favorable during economic slowdowns or recessions Deflation Deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. Put another way, deflation is negative inflation. When it occurs, when companies cannot easily increase production. Also, it is commonly viewed that rent-seeking activities discourage innovation. Instead of developing new innovative methods for revenue generation, companies may rely on the practice to increase their own wealth.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/rent-seeking/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1096407462#2_2276831429
Title: Rent-seeking - Definition, Common Examples, and Tullok Paradox Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking What is Rent-seeking? Origins of Rent-seeking The Tullock Paradox Examples of Rent-seeking Activities Related Readings Content: The practice can be especially favorable during economic slowdowns or recessions Deflation Deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. Put another way, deflation is negative inflation. When it occurs, when companies cannot easily increase production. Also, it is commonly viewed that rent-seeking activities discourage innovation. Instead of developing new innovative methods for revenue generation, companies may rely on the practice to increase their own wealth. Origins of Rent-seeking The concept of rent-seeking was developed by American economist Gordon Tullock in 1967. However, the term was offered by another economist, Anne Krueger. In this case, the term “rent” is referred to as one of the sources of income generation that was conceptualized by Adam Smith. According to Smith, rent is an activity of lending one’s own resources in exchange for some benefits. Relative to other sources of income (profit, wages), rent is the least risky and the least labor-demanding source of income.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/rent-seeking/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1096407462#3_2276832918
Title: Rent-seeking - Definition, Common Examples, and Tullok Paradox Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking What is Rent-seeking? Origins of Rent-seeking The Tullock Paradox Examples of Rent-seeking Activities Related Readings Content: Origins of Rent-seeking The concept of rent-seeking was developed by American economist Gordon Tullock in 1967. However, the term was offered by another economist, Anne Krueger. In this case, the term “rent” is referred to as one of the sources of income generation that was conceptualized by Adam Smith. According to Smith, rent is an activity of lending one’s own resources in exchange for some benefits. Relative to other sources of income (profit, wages), rent is the least risky and the least labor-demanding source of income. The Tullock Paradox The corrupt politicians utilize their bureaucratic power to engage in rent-seeking activities. In order to gain certain benefits, the rent-seekers may bribe politicians. However, G. Tullock determined that there is a significant difference between the cost of rent-seeking (bribery) and the gains from this practice. This paradox is called the Tullock Paradox. The Tullock Paradox states that rent-seekers generally obtain large financial and economic gains at an enormously small cost.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/rent-seeking/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1096407462#4_2276834418
Title: Rent-seeking - Definition, Common Examples, and Tullok Paradox Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking What is Rent-seeking? Origins of Rent-seeking The Tullock Paradox Examples of Rent-seeking Activities Related Readings Content: The Tullock Paradox The corrupt politicians utilize their bureaucratic power to engage in rent-seeking activities. In order to gain certain benefits, the rent-seekers may bribe politicians. However, G. Tullock determined that there is a significant difference between the cost of rent-seeking (bribery) and the gains from this practice. This paradox is called the Tullock Paradox. The Tullock Paradox states that rent-seekers generally obtain large financial and economic gains at an enormously small cost. This cost-benefit discrepancy stems from several possible explanations: In democratic states, there is somewhat more transparency for voters to monitor the behavior of the politicians. Therefore, if a politician is corrupt and takes a bribe, it may be discovered, and voters can penalize the corrupt politicians by not reelecting them, or he may be criminally charged. Another force that determines the costs for rent-seekers is whether there is competition among politicians. If there are different politicians that can ensure the delivery of certain benefits to rent-seekers, then the competing politicians will push down the cost of rent-seeking.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/rent-seeking/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1096407462#5_2276836020
Title: Rent-seeking - Definition, Common Examples, and Tullok Paradox Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking What is Rent-seeking? Origins of Rent-seeking The Tullock Paradox Examples of Rent-seeking Activities Related Readings Content: This cost-benefit discrepancy stems from several possible explanations: In democratic states, there is somewhat more transparency for voters to monitor the behavior of the politicians. Therefore, if a politician is corrupt and takes a bribe, it may be discovered, and voters can penalize the corrupt politicians by not reelecting them, or he may be criminally charged. Another force that determines the costs for rent-seekers is whether there is competition among politicians. If there are different politicians that can ensure the delivery of certain benefits to rent-seekers, then the competing politicians will push down the cost of rent-seeking. Examples of Rent-seeking Activities Lobbies Government subsidies Grants Tariffs Taxi licensing Related Readings CFI is the official provider of the global Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA)® Become a Certified Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA)® certification program, designed to help anyone become a world-class financial analyst. To keep advancing your career, the additional CFI resources below will be useful: Economies of Scope Economies of Scope Economies of scope is an economic concept that refers to the decrease in the total cost of production when a range of products are produced together rather than separately. Free Rider Free Rider A free rider is a person who benefits from something without expending effort or paying for it. In other words, free riders are those who Monetary Policy Monetary Policy Monetary policy is an economic policy that manages the size and growth rate of the money supply in an economy.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/rent-seeking/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1096407462#6_2276838088
Title: Rent-seeking - Definition, Common Examples, and Tullok Paradox Headings: Rent-seeking Rent-seeking What is Rent-seeking? Origins of Rent-seeking The Tullock Paradox Examples of Rent-seeking Activities Related Readings Content: Examples of Rent-seeking Activities Lobbies Government subsidies Grants Tariffs Taxi licensing Related Readings CFI is the official provider of the global Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA)® Become a Certified Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA)® certification program, designed to help anyone become a world-class financial analyst. To keep advancing your career, the additional CFI resources below will be useful: Economies of Scope Economies of Scope Economies of scope is an economic concept that refers to the decrease in the total cost of production when a range of products are produced together rather than separately. Free Rider Free Rider A free rider is a person who benefits from something without expending effort or paying for it. In other words, free riders are those who Monetary Policy Monetary Policy Monetary policy is an economic policy that manages the size and growth rate of the money supply in an economy. It is a powerful tool to Scarcity Scarcity Scarcity, also known as paucity, is an economics term used to refer to a gap between availability of limited resources and the theoretical
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1097622086#0_2279868114
Title: Confidence Interval - Definition, Interpretaion, and How to Calculate Headings: Confidence Interval Confidence Interval What is Confidence Interval? Interpretation of Confidence Interval How to Calculate the Confidence Interval? More Resources Content: Confidence Interval - Definition, Interpretaion, and How to Calculate Confidence Interval What is Confidence Interval? A confidence interval is an estimate of an interval in statistics Basic Statistics Concepts for Finance A solid understanding of statistics is crucially important in helping us better understand finance. Moreover, statistics concepts can help investors monitor that may contain a population parameter. The unknown population parameter is found through a sample parameter calculated from the sampled data. For example, the population mean μ is found using the sample mean x̅. The interval is generally defined by its lower and upper bounds. The confidence interval is expressed as a percentage (the most frequently quoted percentages are 90%, 95%, and 99%). The percentage reflects the confidence level. The concept of the confidence interval is very important in statistics ( hypothesis testing Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Testing is a method of statistical inference. It is used to test if a statement regarding a population parameter is correct. Hypothesis testing ) since it is used as a measure of uncertainty.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/finance/confidence-interval/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1101698829#0_2290065261
Title: American Dream - Definition, Origin and Historical Phases Headings: American Dream American Dream What is the American Dream? The Origin of the American Dream The Many Versions of the American Dream 19 th Century America The 20 th Century American Dream Conclusion Related Readings Content: American Dream - Definition, Origin and Historical Phases American Dream What is the American Dream? The “American Dream” is a sort of ethos or set of beliefs that drive many U.S. citizens as they work toward creating a life for themselves. This set of ideals – which includes notions of individual rights, freedom, democracy, and equality – is arguably centered around the belief that each individual has the right and freedom to seek prosperity and happiness, regardless of where or into what circumstances they were born. A key element of the American dream is the belief that through hard work and perseverance, anyone can rise “from rags to riches”, becoming financially successful and socially upwardly mobile. American writer and historian, James Truslow Adams, best captured the definition of the American Dream: “ Life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement,” with neither social class Demographics Demographics refer to the socio-economic characteristics of a population that businesses use to identify the product preferences and nor the circumstances surrounding their birth being a barrier to success. The Origin of the American Dream The American Dream is rooted in the U.S. Declaration of Independence. That document, created by America’s founding fathers, says two key things that are largely responsible for shaping what the classic American Dream is. The declaration says that “all men are created equal” and that each man/woman has the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” It’s important to note that the U.S. Constitution – the legal foundation that delineates how the government shall operate on a daily basis – reiterates this idea in its Preamble, noting that its purpose is to help “secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity.”
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1101698829#1_2290067728
Title: American Dream - Definition, Origin and Historical Phases Headings: American Dream American Dream What is the American Dream? The Origin of the American Dream The Many Versions of the American Dream 19 th Century America The 20 th Century American Dream Conclusion Related Readings Content: Life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement,” with neither social class Demographics Demographics refer to the socio-economic characteristics of a population that businesses use to identify the product preferences and nor the circumstances surrounding their birth being a barrier to success. The Origin of the American Dream The American Dream is rooted in the U.S. Declaration of Independence. That document, created by America’s founding fathers, says two key things that are largely responsible for shaping what the classic American Dream is. The declaration says that “all men are created equal” and that each man/woman has the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” It’s important to note that the U.S. Constitution – the legal foundation that delineates how the government shall operate on a daily basis – reiterates this idea in its Preamble, noting that its purpose is to help “secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity.” The Many Versions of the American Dream Throughout the history of the U.S. – both before and after it became an independent nation – the American Dream has changed, going through a variety of forms and meanings while maintaining as its essence the core beliefs of freedom and happiness in place. In its earliest years, the dream was centered around the lure of westward expansion and frontier life within the U.S. In 1774, Virginia’s Governor, John Murray, said that most Americans were constantly imagining that “the Lands further off are still better than those upon which they are already settled.” He also noted the constant dissatisfaction and desire for even more and even better when he said that, “If they attained Paradise, they would move on if they heard of a better place farther west.” 19 th Century America In the 19 th century, the beginnings of mass emigration were affected by and affected the American Dream. A perfect example of this is the emigration of many highly-educated Germans, who ran to the U.S. after the failure of the 1848 German revolution and the attempt to break down hierarchical standards.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/american-dream/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1101698829#2_2290070500
Title: American Dream - Definition, Origin and Historical Phases Headings: American Dream American Dream What is the American Dream? The Origin of the American Dream The Many Versions of the American Dream 19 th Century America The 20 th Century American Dream Conclusion Related Readings Content: The Many Versions of the American Dream Throughout the history of the U.S. – both before and after it became an independent nation – the American Dream has changed, going through a variety of forms and meanings while maintaining as its essence the core beliefs of freedom and happiness in place. In its earliest years, the dream was centered around the lure of westward expansion and frontier life within the U.S. In 1774, Virginia’s Governor, John Murray, said that most Americans were constantly imagining that “the Lands further off are still better than those upon which they are already settled.” He also noted the constant dissatisfaction and desire for even more and even better when he said that, “If they attained Paradise, they would move on if they heard of a better place farther west.” 19 th Century America In the 19 th century, the beginnings of mass emigration were affected by and affected the American Dream. A perfect example of this is the emigration of many highly-educated Germans, who ran to the U.S. after the failure of the 1848 German revolution and the attempt to break down hierarchical standards. They were drawn by the political and economic freedoms embraced in the New World, and the fact that America did not operate on the same class system, nor did it subscribe to the notion that a person could only achieve as much as their class dictated. The American Dream was also significantly shaped and perpetuated by the discovery of gold in the 19 th century. The 1849 discovery in California drew in hundreds of thousands of men believing that they, too, could pan a fortune overnight. While most did not, and in fact, many men spent their families’ entire savings to find nothing, several men did become rich in a matter of days. While it has changed through many years and different political and economic circumstances within the country, the belief that personal success is possible for anyone to attain is a dream that still motivates Americans today.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/american-dream/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1101698829#3_2290073037
Title: American Dream - Definition, Origin and Historical Phases Headings: American Dream American Dream What is the American Dream? The Origin of the American Dream The Many Versions of the American Dream 19 th Century America The 20 th Century American Dream Conclusion Related Readings Content: They were drawn by the political and economic freedoms embraced in the New World, and the fact that America did not operate on the same class system, nor did it subscribe to the notion that a person could only achieve as much as their class dictated. The American Dream was also significantly shaped and perpetuated by the discovery of gold in the 19 th century. The 1849 discovery in California drew in hundreds of thousands of men believing that they, too, could pan a fortune overnight. While most did not, and in fact, many men spent their families’ entire savings to find nothing, several men did become rich in a matter of days. While it has changed through many years and different political and economic circumstances within the country, the belief that personal success is possible for anyone to attain is a dream that still motivates Americans today. The 20 th Century American Dream The term “American Dream” became even more popular in the 20 th century, partly on the back of James Truslow Adams’ 1931 book, “Epic of America.” Adams noted how the American Dream had changed over time and how it was difficult for European aristocracy to understand its value or why it drew so many immigrants to the states. Adams went on to say that the American Dream is, “not a dream of motor cars and high wages Remuneration Remuneration is any type of compensation or payment that an individual or employee receives as payment for their services or the work that they do for an organization or company. It includes whatever base salary an employee receives, along with other types of payment that accrue during the course of their work, which merely, but a dream of a social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of their birth or position.” The American historian also stressed that, despite the growth of the country, the explosion of the rich and successful, and how such families established a sort of social order where those coming from a position of wealth tended to succeed and have greater opportunities, that the belief was that, regardless of this, anyone could find success and happiness.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/american-dream/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1101698829#4_2290075863
Title: American Dream - Definition, Origin and Historical Phases Headings: American Dream American Dream What is the American Dream? The Origin of the American Dream The Many Versions of the American Dream 19 th Century America The 20 th Century American Dream Conclusion Related Readings Content: The 20 th Century American Dream The term “American Dream” became even more popular in the 20 th century, partly on the back of James Truslow Adams’ 1931 book, “Epic of America.” Adams noted how the American Dream had changed over time and how it was difficult for European aristocracy to understand its value or why it drew so many immigrants to the states. Adams went on to say that the American Dream is, “not a dream of motor cars and high wages Remuneration Remuneration is any type of compensation or payment that an individual or employee receives as payment for their services or the work that they do for an organization or company. It includes whatever base salary an employee receives, along with other types of payment that accrue during the course of their work, which merely, but a dream of a social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of their birth or position.” The American historian also stressed that, despite the growth of the country, the explosion of the rich and successful, and how such families established a sort of social order where those coming from a position of wealth tended to succeed and have greater opportunities, that the belief was that, regardless of this, anyone could find success and happiness. He noted that the American Dream is and has been “… much more than that. It has been a dream of being able to grow to fullest development as man and woman, unhampered by the barriers which had slowly been erected in the older civilizations, unrepressed by social orders which had developed for the benefit of classes rather than for the simple human being of any and every class.” Without getting into a lengthy discussion of politics, several political movements – such as the movement for the right of women to vote, as well as the civil rights movement that flourished in the 1960s – were all parts of what was shaped by, and then further shaped, the American Dream. Conclusion Ultimately, the American Dream maintains a core set of beliefs: the right to certain freedoms that enable every individual to pursue a life of success and happiness.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/american-dream/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1102757818#3_2292684339
Title: Inferential Statistics - Overview, Parameters, Testing Methods Headings: Inferential Statistics Inferential Statistics What is Inferential Statistics? Summary Population Parameters, Sample Statistics, Sampling Errors, and Confidence Intervals Hypothesis Testing Other Testing Methods More Resources Content: A point estimate is one estimate of a parameter (e.g., sample mean). Seeing as a sample is merely a portion of a larger population, sample data does not capture information on the whole population, and this results in a sampling error. Sampling error can be defined as the difference between respective statistics (sample values) and parameters (population values). The sampling error is inevitable when sample data is being used; therefore, inferential statistics can be ambiguous. To minimize the uncertainty created by the presence of sampling errors, probability sampling methods can be applied in data analysis. Confidence intervals allow for interval estimations for population values (or parameters) by utilizing statistical variabilities. Confidence intervals account for sampling errors Sampling Errors Sampling errors are statistical errors that arise when a sample does not represent the whole population. They are the difference between the . Confidence intervals, as with interval estimates, provide a range of values in which a parameter is likely to be found, and therefore, show the likelihood of point estimate uncertainty.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/inferential-statistics/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1102757818#4_2292686014
Title: Inferential Statistics - Overview, Parameters, Testing Methods Headings: Inferential Statistics Inferential Statistics What is Inferential Statistics? Summary Population Parameters, Sample Statistics, Sampling Errors, and Confidence Intervals Hypothesis Testing Other Testing Methods More Resources Content: To minimize the uncertainty created by the presence of sampling errors, probability sampling methods can be applied in data analysis. Confidence intervals allow for interval estimations for population values (or parameters) by utilizing statistical variabilities. Confidence intervals account for sampling errors Sampling Errors Sampling errors are statistical errors that arise when a sample does not represent the whole population. They are the difference between the . Confidence intervals, as with interval estimates, provide a range of values in which a parameter is likely to be found, and therefore, show the likelihood of point estimate uncertainty. Point estimates and confidence intervals can be used in combination to produce better results. Every confidence interval is accompanied by a confidence level, which indicates the probability of the interval. A 95% (percent) confidence interval shows that if the same study is conducted numerous times with a completely new sample each time, it is likely that 95% of the studies will have an estimate that lies within the same range of values. It applies to estimates and not necessarily to parameters. To know more about different statistics concepts, check out CFI’s Statistics Fundamentals course!
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/inferential-statistics/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1102757818#5_2292687811
Title: Inferential Statistics - Overview, Parameters, Testing Methods Headings: Inferential Statistics Inferential Statistics What is Inferential Statistics? Summary Population Parameters, Sample Statistics, Sampling Errors, and Confidence Intervals Hypothesis Testing Other Testing Methods More Resources Content: Point estimates and confidence intervals can be used in combination to produce better results. Every confidence interval is accompanied by a confidence level, which indicates the probability of the interval. A 95% (percent) confidence interval shows that if the same study is conducted numerous times with a completely new sample each time, it is likely that 95% of the studies will have an estimate that lies within the same range of values. It applies to estimates and not necessarily to parameters. To know more about different statistics concepts, check out CFI’s Statistics Fundamentals course! Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis testing makes use of inferential statistics and is used to analyze relationships between variables and make population comparisons through the use of sample data. The steps for hypothesis testing include having a stated research hypothesis (null and alternate), data collection per the hypothesis test requirements, data analysis through the appropriate test, a decision to reject or accept the null hypothesis Null Hypothesis The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between two population parameters, i.e., an independent variable and a dependent , and finally, a presentation and discussion of findings made. Hypothesis testing falls under the “statistical tests” category. Statistical tests account for sampling errors and can either be parametric (includes assumptions made regarding population distribution parameters) or non-parametric (does not include assumptions made regarding population distribution parameters). Parametric tests tend to be more trusted and reliable because they enable the detection of potential effects.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/inferential-statistics/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1103400951#6_2294245743
Title: Products and Services - Definitions, Examples, Differences Headings: Products and Services Products and Services What are Products and Services? Tangible vs. Intangible Production vs. Interaction Perishable vs. Imperishable The Growing Demand for Products and Services Summary Additional Resources Content: However, does the distinction between perishable and imperishable exist in services? Services can be described as perishable but not imperishable. A perishable service simply means that it’s short-lived. Ideally, such a service is consumed as soon as it is produced. Unlike products, the service cannot be stored for later use. Perishable services are such as airline flights, auto repair, theater entertainment, and manicures. If an individual purchases an air ticket for a particular day, and then he suffers a cold and is not able to travel, the ticket expires. The perishable attribute of some services makes it hard to balance supply and demand Supply and Demand The laws of supply and demand are microeconomic concepts that state that in efficient markets, the quantity supplied of a good and quantity . The Growing Demand for Products and Services Based on history, it is evident that producers need to adapt or replace products once they become outdated. Consider the way websites and e-books have replaced paper books or how compact discs have replaced cassettes and DVDs.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/products-and-services/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1104227424#3_2296302133
Title: Click and Mortar - Learn About Omnichannel eCommerce Strategies Headings: Click and Mortar Click and Mortar What is Click and Mortar? From Bricks to Clicks From Clicks to Bricks Modeling an eCommerce Business Advantages of Click and Mortar (Omnichannel) Business Model Lower costs Access to a wider market Improve customer trust Value-added services Challenges of Click and Mortar (Omnichannel) Businesses Content: From Bricks to Clicks With the growth of the e-commerce industry, most brick and mortar businesses are setting up an online store where customers can browse and order products. Customers can have the products shipped to their home or to a specific pickup location near their workplace or home. Alternatively, retailers can provide an in-store Wi-Fi to allow customers to view offers while they shop at physical stores. The retailer can then use the customer data to make recommendations and provide discounts on specific products, depending on the customer’s purchase history. Retailers who sell high-end products such as designer clothing, perfumes, jewelry, and electronic products also prefer the click and mortar business model as an omnichannel way of reaching their customers. People who buy these products sometimes want to physically feel the products before they purchase them. For example, a customer who wants a designer suit wants to know the type of fabric and size before making a buying decision. If customers do not want to wait for shipping, they can buy the item at the physical shop or order it online and get the product delivered to a physical drop location near their home or place of work. From Clicks to Bricks While traditional businesses are integrating online stores into their model, some online-only retailers are setting up physical stores to enhance their customer experience. The main reason for integrating offline operations into their model is to provide the customers with an opportunity to see, touch, and test the products before buying.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/strategy/click-and-mortar/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1104227424#4_2296304356
Title: Click and Mortar - Learn About Omnichannel eCommerce Strategies Headings: Click and Mortar Click and Mortar What is Click and Mortar? From Bricks to Clicks From Clicks to Bricks Modeling an eCommerce Business Advantages of Click and Mortar (Omnichannel) Business Model Lower costs Access to a wider market Improve customer trust Value-added services Challenges of Click and Mortar (Omnichannel) Businesses Content: People who buy these products sometimes want to physically feel the products before they purchase them. For example, a customer who wants a designer suit wants to know the type of fabric and size before making a buying decision. If customers do not want to wait for shipping, they can buy the item at the physical shop or order it online and get the product delivered to a physical drop location near their home or place of work. From Clicks to Bricks While traditional businesses are integrating online stores into their model, some online-only retailers are setting up physical stores to enhance their customer experience. The main reason for integrating offline operations into their model is to provide the customers with an opportunity to see, touch, and test the products before buying. Some customers lack the confidence to purchase certain products online, either because the items may vary in size or be different from what they were looking for. A physical store acts as a showroom where customers can come and experience the products they see online. Online retailers also benefit from reduced marketing expenses when they go offline. An online-only business incurs a lot of costs on marketing to bring traffic to their website. However, if the business wants to scale down its marketing costs, a physical store can bring in additional customers without spending too much on advertising.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/strategy/click-and-mortar/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112392779#0_2311546341
Title: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Headings: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Start with Screening Screening is Only the Beginning Making the Most of a Bad Outcome Content: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure By Lori Roscoe 20 Oct Suicide is a leading cause of inmate death in both settings. According to the US Justice Department’s Bureau of Justice Statistics, there are over 300 county jail suicides each year. That makes suicide the leading cause of death in jails. If you work in a jail or prison, preventing suicide is a primary way to decrease patient injury and death. While suicide deaths in the US population are just under 13 for every 100,000 citizens, suicide deaths in jails in 2013 were an astounding 46 per 100,000 inmates. The suicide rate in US jails is over 3.5 times the rate among the general public. Lindsay Hayes MS, a Project Director with the National Center on Institutions & Alternatives in Mansfield, MA has followed jail suicide rates for over 35 years and he has seen significant progress in preventing suicides in our setting. He remembers at the start of his career that “the jail suicide rate was 107 suicides per 100,000 inmates or nine times greater than the general population.
https://correctionalnurse.net/preventing-inmate-suicide-ultimate-patient-safety-measure/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112392779#1_2311547999
Title: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Headings: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Start with Screening Screening is Only the Beginning Making the Most of a Bad Outcome Content: If you work in a jail or prison, preventing suicide is a primary way to decrease patient injury and death. While suicide deaths in the US population are just under 13 for every 100,000 citizens, suicide deaths in jails in 2013 were an astounding 46 per 100,000 inmates. The suicide rate in US jails is over 3.5 times the rate among the general public. Lindsay Hayes MS, a Project Director with the National Center on Institutions & Alternatives in Mansfield, MA has followed jail suicide rates for over 35 years and he has seen significant progress in preventing suicides in our setting. He remembers at the start of his career that “the jail suicide rate was 107 suicides per 100,000 inmates or nine times greater than the general population. We have certainly come a long way since the 1980s, but have much more work to do.” He suggests the following interventions to keep your patients safe from harm by their own hand while in custody. Start with Screening Intake is the place where it all starts. There should be an evaluation of suicide potential for each patient that enters the correctional system. Although there are no intake screening forms that have been validated within the correctional environment, there is general agreement among experts that an effective suicide screening includes these eight areas.
https://correctionalnurse.net/preventing-inmate-suicide-ultimate-patient-safety-measure/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112392779#3_2311551996
Title: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Headings: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Start with Screening Screening is Only the Beginning Making the Most of a Bad Outcome Content: Past suicidal ideation and/or attempts Current ideation, threat, plan Prior mental health treatment/hospitalization Recent significant loss (job, relationship, death of family member/close friend, etc.) Sense of immediate future (inmate expressing helplessness and/or hopelessness) History of suicidal behavior by family member/close friend Verification of suicide risk during prior confinement Arresting/ transporting officer (s) or family member belief that the inmate is currently at risk Of critical importance is the implementation of reasonable privacy and confidentiality during the intake process. Inmates will simply not respond truthfully to sensitive questions if they are asked in an open environment where reasonable privacy is not available. Intake screening is a very effective way to identify potentially suicidal behavior. Because inmates can become suicidal at any point during their confinement, intake screening will only identify behavior that is self-reported, or provided by others such as law enforcement or family members. Screening is Only the Beginning While suicide screening at intake has significantly reduced deaths during the first 24 hours of confinement, suicides are now more likely to be evenly distributed during confinement. According to the most recent national study of jail suicides, 23% occurred within first 24 hours, 27% occurred between 2 and 14 days, and 20% between 1 and 4 months. This data suggests that there is need to target other high-risk periods, including when placed in segregation and upon return from court hearings that resulted in bad news. The challenge, of course, is to develop a system that is alert to these sensitive points in the incarceration timeline. One way is to train staff to be more attentive to the behavior of inmates returning from visits or after telephone calls.
https://correctionalnurse.net/preventing-inmate-suicide-ultimate-patient-safety-measure/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112392779#4_2311554364
Title: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Headings: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Start with Screening Screening is Only the Beginning Making the Most of a Bad Outcome Content: Screening is Only the Beginning While suicide screening at intake has significantly reduced deaths during the first 24 hours of confinement, suicides are now more likely to be evenly distributed during confinement. According to the most recent national study of jail suicides, 23% occurred within first 24 hours, 27% occurred between 2 and 14 days, and 20% between 1 and 4 months. This data suggests that there is need to target other high-risk periods, including when placed in segregation and upon return from court hearings that resulted in bad news. The challenge, of course, is to develop a system that is alert to these sensitive points in the incarceration timeline. One way is to train staff to be more attentive to the behavior of inmates returning from visits or after telephone calls. Making the Most of a Bad Outcome Even with a prevention plan in operation, a suicide can take place. It is a devastating situation for the inmate, family, and correctional staff. A thorough mortality review can help evaluate if the current suicide prevention program can be improved. This review should focus on organizational culture, system changes, and staff knowledge rather than seek to lay blame on any one person or department. Here is a summary of the recommended process for a morbidity and mortality review as discussed by Lindsay Hayes, MS when he spoke at a recent NCCHC conference.
https://correctionalnurse.net/preventing-inmate-suicide-ultimate-patient-safety-measure/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112392779#6_2311557982
Title: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Headings: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Start with Screening Screening is Only the Beginning Making the Most of a Bad Outcome Content: First, every completed suicide, as well as serious suicide attempt (i.e., requiring medical treatment and/or hospitalization outside the facility), should be examined through a multidisciplinary morbidity-mortality review process that includes representation from correctional, mental health, and medical divisions. Exclusion of one or more disciplines will severely jeopardize the integrity of the review. Second, the primary purpose of the review is two-fold: “ What happened in the case under review?” and “What can be learned to reduce the likelihood of future incidents?” Third, the review, separate and apart from other formal investigations that may be required to determine the cause of death, should include a critical inquiry of: The circumstances surrounding the incident Facility procedures relevant to the incident All relevant training received by involved staff Pertinent medical and mental health services/reports involving the decedent Possible precipitating factors (i.e., circumstances which may have caused the suicide or serious suicide attempt) Recommendations, if any, for changes in policy, training, physical plant, medical or mental health services, and operational procedures Suicide is a potential patient safety issue throughout the incarceration period. By being ever mindful of this possibility, we may have opportunity to prevent patient self-injury and death. Organizational culture and systems can support these efforts. How do you prevent suicide in your setting?
https://correctionalnurse.net/preventing-inmate-suicide-ultimate-patient-safety-measure/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112392779#7_2311560023
Title: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Headings: Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Preventing Inmate Suicide: The Ultimate Patient Safety Measure Start with Screening Screening is Only the Beginning Making the Most of a Bad Outcome Content: Third, the review, separate and apart from other formal investigations that may be required to determine the cause of death, should include a critical inquiry of: The circumstances surrounding the incident Facility procedures relevant to the incident All relevant training received by involved staff Pertinent medical and mental health services/reports involving the decedent Possible precipitating factors (i.e., circumstances which may have caused the suicide or serious suicide attempt) Recommendations, if any, for changes in policy, training, physical plant, medical or mental health services, and operational procedures Suicide is a potential patient safety issue throughout the incarceration period. By being ever mindful of this possibility, we may have opportunity to prevent patient self-injury and death. Organizational culture and systems can support these efforts. How do you prevent suicide in your setting? Share your experience in the comments section of this post.
https://correctionalnurse.net/preventing-inmate-suicide-ultimate-patient-safety-measure/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112699033#0_2312099682
Title: Sex Offender Treatment Program - Department of Corrections Headings: Sex Offender Treatment Program Sex Offender Treatment Program Counseling KY Sex Offender Risk Assessment Advisory Board (SORAAB) Content: Sex Offender Treatment Program - Department of Corrections Health Services Sex Offender Treatment Program Main Content ​The Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP), as established by KRS 197.400-197.440 in July of 1986 provides sexual offenders, who are amenable to treatment, with resources to prevent further sexual offenses. Luther Luckett Correctional Complex (LLCC) is one of four institutions in Kentucky that offers SOTP. Law limits the program at LLCC to capacity of no more than 150 participants at any given time. Treatment is done in group sessions of no more than 8 to 12 clients per group, meeting for 1 1/2 hours per week. Each participant is expected to attend and participate in every session. This includes speaking actively as a member of the group, accepting full responsibility for sexually abusive behavior, keeping the confidentiality of all group members and completing all assignments. If an inmate wants to apply to SOTP, he needs to: Have his CTO send a referral for him, even those individuals who have been seen for the screening interviews held at the Roederer Correctional Complex Assessment Center. Be within three years of eligibility to meet with the Parole Board. If his parole hearing date has been passed while he is in treatment, the board is notified when he has completed treatment and he will be seen at the next available date that the board meets.
https://corrections.ky.gov/Divisions/healthservices/Pages/sotp.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112699033#1_2312101483
Title: Sex Offender Treatment Program - Department of Corrections Headings: Sex Offender Treatment Program Sex Offender Treatment Program Counseling KY Sex Offender Risk Assessment Advisory Board (SORAAB) Content: This includes speaking actively as a member of the group, accepting full responsibility for sexually abusive behavior, keeping the confidentiality of all group members and completing all assignments. If an inmate wants to apply to SOTP, he needs to: Have his CTO send a referral for him, even those individuals who have been seen for the screening interviews held at the Roederer Correctional Complex Assessment Center. Be within three years of eligibility to meet with the Parole Board. If his parole hearing date has been passed while he is in treatment, the board is notified when he has completed treatment and he will be seen at the next available date that the board meets. Whenever it becomes necessary for SOTP to maintain a waiting list, the applicants are taken into the program by order of which their referrals are received. Additional legislation will be of interest to individuals convicted of sex offenses. A bill passed in 1992 requires that individuals convicted of a sexual offense shall have a sample of blood take by the Department of Corrections for DNA law enforcement identification purposes before leaving the institution where they are incarcerated. A bill passed in 1994 and 1998 requires the "ALL" individuals convicted of a sex offense shall register a home address prior to release from the institution. Registered offender in the Commonwealth of Kentucky fall into two categories:
https://corrections.ky.gov/Divisions/healthservices/Pages/sotp.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112699033#2_2312103302
Title: Sex Offender Treatment Program - Department of Corrections Headings: Sex Offender Treatment Program Sex Offender Treatment Program Counseling KY Sex Offender Risk Assessment Advisory Board (SORAAB) Content: Whenever it becomes necessary for SOTP to maintain a waiting list, the applicants are taken into the program by order of which their referrals are received. Additional legislation will be of interest to individuals convicted of sex offenses. A bill passed in 1992 requires that individuals convicted of a sexual offense shall have a sample of blood take by the Department of Corrections for DNA law enforcement identification purposes before leaving the institution where they are incarcerated. A bill passed in 1994 and 1998 requires the "ALL" individuals convicted of a sex offense shall register a home address prior to release from the institution. Registered offender in the Commonwealth of Kentucky fall into two categories: Lifetime Registrants - address verified every 90 days 10 Year Registrants - address verified annually Failure to comply with the statutes may result in prosecution and sentencing. Counseling There are several types of counseling available to the inmate population. Unit Staff will assist in day-to-day guidance and counseling and refer inmates to other programs as appropriate. The Mental Health Division provides a specialized Sex Offender Treatment Program and a Substance Abuse Program. It should be noted that, according to statute, sex offenders convicted of crimes committed on or after July 15, 1986 are required to successfully complete a Sex Offender Program in order to be released by parole (KRS 439.340).
https://corrections.ky.gov/Divisions/healthservices/Pages/sotp.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112699033#3_2312105162
Title: Sex Offender Treatment Program - Department of Corrections Headings: Sex Offender Treatment Program Sex Offender Treatment Program Counseling KY Sex Offender Risk Assessment Advisory Board (SORAAB) Content: Lifetime Registrants - address verified every 90 days 10 Year Registrants - address verified annually Failure to comply with the statutes may result in prosecution and sentencing. Counseling There are several types of counseling available to the inmate population. Unit Staff will assist in day-to-day guidance and counseling and refer inmates to other programs as appropriate. The Mental Health Division provides a specialized Sex Offender Treatment Program and a Substance Abuse Program. It should be noted that, according to statute, sex offenders convicted of crimes committed on or after July 15, 1986 are required to successfully complete a Sex Offender Program in order to be released by parole (KRS 439.340). SOTP Institutional and Community Staff KY Sex Offender Risk Assessment Advisory Board (SORAAB) The Sex Offender Risk Assessment Advisory Board approves providers who conduct comprehensive sex offender presentence evaluations and treatment. The board develops comprehensive sex offender presentence evaluations that shall be used by approved providers in assessing the risk of recommitting a sex crime by a sex offender, the threat posed to public safety, amenability to sex offender treatment and the nature of the required sex offender treatment. Phone: 502-564-4726 SORAAB APPROVED PROVIDERS LISTING Relative Content
https://corrections.ky.gov/Divisions/healthservices/Pages/sotp.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112814304#13_2312316144
Title: Nebraska State Penitentiary | NDCS - Nebraska Department of Correctional Services Headings: Nebraska State Penitentiary Warden Phone Address About the Facility General Information Mail Delivery Notification Directions to the Facility Schedule a Visit at NSP VISITATION INFORMATION NSP Visiting Schedule Facility Visitation Procedures Education Life Skills/Vocational: Self-improvement: Other Support Services available to inmates at the NSP include: ​Cornhusker State Industries Private Venture NSP inmate death New 100-bed minimum-security dorm opens at NSP NSP inmate death NDCS to relaunch inmate visitation at five facilities Inmate death investigation at NSP NDCS staff members positive for COVID-19 NDCS staff members positive for COVID-19 NDCS staff members positive for COVID-19 Content: Clinical Treatment oHeLP Outpatient Sex Offender Program The Outpatient Healthy Lives Program is available to individuals who are assessed to be at a relatively moderate risk to sexually re-offend. Need Addressed: Sex Offender. Clinical Treatment Residential Relapse Prevention Program (RRPP) Residential substance use program with a focus on relapse prevention and reentry into the community. This level of treatment is for individuals who need a higher level of care than an intensive outpatient program offers, but does not require a longer term inpatient treatment. It is typically ideal for individuals who previously completed a residential program, yet continued to use. Need addressed: substance abuse Clinical Treatment Residential Treatment for Substance Abuse: RTC, SAU, COP Inmates assigned to residential treatment programs have been identified as having serious substance abuse issues. These programs generally last about six months.
https://corrections.nebraska.gov/facilities/nebraska-state-penitentiary
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1112852233#9_2312338909
Title: Omaha Correctional Center | NDCS - Nebraska Department of Correctional Services Headings: Schedule a Visit at OCC COVID-19 VISITATION Rules inside the Facility OCC Visiting Schedule Content: Clinical Treatment oHeLP Outpatient Sex Offender Program The Outpatient Healthy Lives Program is available to individuals who are assessed to be at a relatively moderate risk to sexually re-offend. Need Addressed: Sex Offender. Clinical Treatment Residential Relapse Prevention Program (RRPP) Residential substance use program with a focus on relapse prevention and reentry into the community. This level of treatment is for individuals who need a higher level of care than an intensive outpatient program offers, but does not require a longer term inpatient treatment. It is typically ideal for individuals who previously completed a residential program, yet continued to use. Need addressed: substance abuse Clinical Treatment Residential Treatment for Substance Abuse: RTC, SAU, COP Inmates assigned to residential treatment programs have been identified as having serious substance abuse issues. These programs generally last about six months.
https://corrections.nebraska.gov/facilities/omaha-correctional-center
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1123976395#5_2337444477
Title: How Big Is Costa Rica? Headings: How Big Is Costa Rica? How Big Is Costa Rica? Explore Vacation Options Physically Small, but large in biodiversity Sea Territory Disputed Territory The Coastline Tallest and Lowest Points Biodiversity Local Travel Experts Since 2004 Vacations to Costa Rica Made Easy Content: Although the matter seems settled, Nicaragua still claims the territory and does not think Costa Rica should consider it as their own. The Coastline Another aspect of Costa Rica’s size to consider are the extensive coastlines on both the Pacific and Caribbean sides. Costa Rica has both the Atlantic to the east and Pacific Coast to the west. The pacific side is almost 4 times bigger than the Atlantic (Caribbean) coast. It stretches all the way from Guanacaste to The Osa Peninsula, making it 1,016 kilometers or (631 mi) long. The Caribbean is only 212 kilometers or (132 mi) long. That totals 1290 kilometers in coastline. Tallest and Lowest Points The tallest point of Costa Rica is Cerro Chirripó, standing 3,820 meters or (12,533 ft) high. You can hike to the top. You must make reservations and plan on it being a 3-day hike.
https://costarica.org/facts/size/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1131996402#0_2355181333
Title: Irrational Beliefs | Counseling Center Headings: Irrational Beliefs Irrational Beliefs Handling Irrational Beliefs from Tools for Personal Growth (1999-2010), by James J. Messina, Ph.D. I. What are irrational beliefs? II. What are some examples of irrational beliefs? About Yourself: Irrational beliefs (negative) about others: Irrational beliefs on other topics How can we recognize irrational beliefs? Irrational beliefs can be present if we: What are the benefits of refuting our irrational beliefs? By refuting our irrational beliefs we are able to: Steps to take in refuting an irrational belief Step 1: Is your thinking and problem solving ability being blocked by an irrational belief? Consider a specific problem as you answer the following questions: Step 2: If you have answered yes to any or all of the questions in Step 1, you are probably facing a problem or situation in which a blocking irrational belief is clouding your thinking. The next thing to do is to try to identify the blocking irrational belief. Answer the following questions in your journal: Step 3: Once you have identified the blocking belief in Step 2, test its rationality. Answer the following questions about the belief, yes or no. Step 4: Once you have determined that the blocking belief is irrational, you are ready to refute this irrational belief. Respond to the following questions in your journal: Content: Irrational Beliefs | Counseling Center Irrational Beliefs Handling Irrational Beliefs from Tools for Personal Growth (1999-2010), by James J. Messina, Ph.D. I. What are irrational beliefs? Irrational beliefs are: Messages about life we send to ourselves that keep us from growing emotionally. Scripts we have in our head about how we believe life “should” be for us and for others. Unfounded attitudes, opinions, and values we hold to that are out of synchrony with the way the world really is. Negative sets of habitual responses we hold to when faced with stressful events or situations. Stereotypic ways of problem solving we fall into in order to deal with life’s pressures. Ideas, feelings, beliefs, ways of thinking, attitudes, opinions, biases, prejudices, or values with which we were raised. We have become accustomed to using them when faced with problems in our current life, even when they are not productive in helping us reach a positive, growth-enhancing solution. Self-defeating ways of acting.
https://counseling.dasa.ncsu.edu/resources/self-help-resources/irrational-beliefs/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1131996402#1_2355183984
Title: Irrational Beliefs | Counseling Center Headings: Irrational Beliefs Irrational Beliefs Handling Irrational Beliefs from Tools for Personal Growth (1999-2010), by James J. Messina, Ph.D. I. What are irrational beliefs? II. What are some examples of irrational beliefs? About Yourself: Irrational beliefs (negative) about others: Irrational beliefs on other topics How can we recognize irrational beliefs? Irrational beliefs can be present if we: What are the benefits of refuting our irrational beliefs? By refuting our irrational beliefs we are able to: Steps to take in refuting an irrational belief Step 1: Is your thinking and problem solving ability being blocked by an irrational belief? Consider a specific problem as you answer the following questions: Step 2: If you have answered yes to any or all of the questions in Step 1, you are probably facing a problem or situation in which a blocking irrational belief is clouding your thinking. The next thing to do is to try to identify the blocking irrational belief. Answer the following questions in your journal: Step 3: Once you have identified the blocking belief in Step 2, test its rationality. Answer the following questions about the belief, yes or no. Step 4: Once you have determined that the blocking belief is irrational, you are ready to refute this irrational belief. Respond to the following questions in your journal: Content: Negative sets of habitual responses we hold to when faced with stressful events or situations. Stereotypic ways of problem solving we fall into in order to deal with life’s pressures. Ideas, feelings, beliefs, ways of thinking, attitudes, opinions, biases, prejudices, or values with which we were raised. We have become accustomed to using them when faced with problems in our current life, even when they are not productive in helping us reach a positive, growth-enhancing solution. Self-defeating ways of acting. On the surface they may look appropriate for the occasion, but actually they result in a neutral or negative consequence for us. Habitual ways of thinking, feeling, or acting that we think are effective; however, in the long run they are ineffectual. Counterproductive ways of thinking, which give comfort and security in the short run, but either do not resolve or actually exacerbate the problem in the long run. Negative or pessimistic ways of looking at necessary life experiences such as loss, conflict, risk taking, rejection, or accepting change.
https://counseling.dasa.ncsu.edu/resources/self-help-resources/irrational-beliefs/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1131996402#2_2355186683
Title: Irrational Beliefs | Counseling Center Headings: Irrational Beliefs Irrational Beliefs Handling Irrational Beliefs from Tools for Personal Growth (1999-2010), by James J. Messina, Ph.D. I. What are irrational beliefs? II. What are some examples of irrational beliefs? About Yourself: Irrational beliefs (negative) about others: Irrational beliefs on other topics How can we recognize irrational beliefs? Irrational beliefs can be present if we: What are the benefits of refuting our irrational beliefs? By refuting our irrational beliefs we are able to: Steps to take in refuting an irrational belief Step 1: Is your thinking and problem solving ability being blocked by an irrational belief? Consider a specific problem as you answer the following questions: Step 2: If you have answered yes to any or all of the questions in Step 1, you are probably facing a problem or situation in which a blocking irrational belief is clouding your thinking. The next thing to do is to try to identify the blocking irrational belief. Answer the following questions in your journal: Step 3: Once you have identified the blocking belief in Step 2, test its rationality. Answer the following questions about the belief, yes or no. Step 4: Once you have determined that the blocking belief is irrational, you are ready to refute this irrational belief. Respond to the following questions in your journal: Content: On the surface they may look appropriate for the occasion, but actually they result in a neutral or negative consequence for us. Habitual ways of thinking, feeling, or acting that we think are effective; however, in the long run they are ineffectual. Counterproductive ways of thinking, which give comfort and security in the short run, but either do not resolve or actually exacerbate the problem in the long run. Negative or pessimistic ways of looking at necessary life experiences such as loss, conflict, risk taking, rejection, or accepting change. Overly optimistic or idealistic ways of looking at necessary life experiences such as loss, conflict, risk taking, rejection, or accepting change. Emotional arguments for taking or not taking action in the face of a challenge. When followed they result in no personal gain, but rather in greater personal hardship or loss. Patterns of thinking that make us appear to others as stubborn, bullheaded, intemperate, argumentative, or aloof. Ways of thinking about ourselves that are out of context with the real facts, resulting in our either under-valuing or over-valuing ourselves.
https://counseling.dasa.ncsu.edu/resources/self-help-resources/irrational-beliefs/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1131996402#3_2355189442
Title: Irrational Beliefs | Counseling Center Headings: Irrational Beliefs Irrational Beliefs Handling Irrational Beliefs from Tools for Personal Growth (1999-2010), by James J. Messina, Ph.D. I. What are irrational beliefs? II. What are some examples of irrational beliefs? About Yourself: Irrational beliefs (negative) about others: Irrational beliefs on other topics How can we recognize irrational beliefs? Irrational beliefs can be present if we: What are the benefits of refuting our irrational beliefs? By refuting our irrational beliefs we are able to: Steps to take in refuting an irrational belief Step 1: Is your thinking and problem solving ability being blocked by an irrational belief? Consider a specific problem as you answer the following questions: Step 2: If you have answered yes to any or all of the questions in Step 1, you are probably facing a problem or situation in which a blocking irrational belief is clouding your thinking. The next thing to do is to try to identify the blocking irrational belief. Answer the following questions in your journal: Step 3: Once you have identified the blocking belief in Step 2, test its rationality. Answer the following questions about the belief, yes or no. Step 4: Once you have determined that the blocking belief is irrational, you are ready to refute this irrational belief. Respond to the following questions in your journal: Content: Overly optimistic or idealistic ways of looking at necessary life experiences such as loss, conflict, risk taking, rejection, or accepting change. Emotional arguments for taking or not taking action in the face of a challenge. When followed they result in no personal gain, but rather in greater personal hardship or loss. Patterns of thinking that make us appear to others as stubborn, bullheaded, intemperate, argumentative, or aloof. Ways of thinking about ourselves that are out of context with the real facts, resulting in our either under-valuing or over-valuing ourselves. Means by which we become confused about the intentions of others when we are enmeshed in interpersonal problems with them. Lifelong messages sent to us either formally or informally by: society, culture, community, race, ethnic reference group, neighborhood, church, social networks, family, relatives, peer group, school, work, or parents. They are unproductive in solving our current problem or crisis, but we are either unwilling or unable to let go of them. These messages can be very clear to us or they can be hidden in our subconscious.
https://counseling.dasa.ncsu.edu/resources/self-help-resources/irrational-beliefs/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1131996402#4_2355192191
Title: Irrational Beliefs | Counseling Center Headings: Irrational Beliefs Irrational Beliefs Handling Irrational Beliefs from Tools for Personal Growth (1999-2010), by James J. Messina, Ph.D. I. What are irrational beliefs? II. What are some examples of irrational beliefs? About Yourself: Irrational beliefs (negative) about others: Irrational beliefs on other topics How can we recognize irrational beliefs? Irrational beliefs can be present if we: What are the benefits of refuting our irrational beliefs? By refuting our irrational beliefs we are able to: Steps to take in refuting an irrational belief Step 1: Is your thinking and problem solving ability being blocked by an irrational belief? Consider a specific problem as you answer the following questions: Step 2: If you have answered yes to any or all of the questions in Step 1, you are probably facing a problem or situation in which a blocking irrational belief is clouding your thinking. The next thing to do is to try to identify the blocking irrational belief. Answer the following questions in your journal: Step 3: Once you have identified the blocking belief in Step 2, test its rationality. Answer the following questions about the belief, yes or no. Step 4: Once you have determined that the blocking belief is irrational, you are ready to refute this irrational belief. Respond to the following questions in your journal: Content: Means by which we become confused about the intentions of others when we are enmeshed in interpersonal problems with them. Lifelong messages sent to us either formally or informally by: society, culture, community, race, ethnic reference group, neighborhood, church, social networks, family, relatives, peer group, school, work, or parents. They are unproductive in solving our current problem or crisis, but we are either unwilling or unable to let go of them. These messages can be very clear to us or they can be hidden in our subconscious. Conclusions about life that we have developed over time, living in an irrational environment not identified as being irrational (e.g., beliefs developed as a member of a high-stress family). Standards by which we were reared and from which we learned how to act, what to believe, and how to express or experience feelings. When followed, however, these standards do not result in a satisfactory resolution of our current problems. Ritualistic ways by which we pursue our relationships with others, resulting in nonproductive relationships and increased emotional stress. Outmoded, unproductive, unrealistic expectations exacted on ourselves and/or others, guaranteed to be unattainable and to result in continuing negative self-concepts.
https://counseling.dasa.ncsu.edu/resources/self-help-resources/irrational-beliefs/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1131996402#5_2355195098
Title: Irrational Beliefs | Counseling Center Headings: Irrational Beliefs Irrational Beliefs Handling Irrational Beliefs from Tools for Personal Growth (1999-2010), by James J. Messina, Ph.D. I. What are irrational beliefs? II. What are some examples of irrational beliefs? About Yourself: Irrational beliefs (negative) about others: Irrational beliefs on other topics How can we recognize irrational beliefs? Irrational beliefs can be present if we: What are the benefits of refuting our irrational beliefs? By refuting our irrational beliefs we are able to: Steps to take in refuting an irrational belief Step 1: Is your thinking and problem solving ability being blocked by an irrational belief? Consider a specific problem as you answer the following questions: Step 2: If you have answered yes to any or all of the questions in Step 1, you are probably facing a problem or situation in which a blocking irrational belief is clouding your thinking. The next thing to do is to try to identify the blocking irrational belief. Answer the following questions in your journal: Step 3: Once you have identified the blocking belief in Step 2, test its rationality. Answer the following questions about the belief, yes or no. Step 4: Once you have determined that the blocking belief is irrational, you are ready to refute this irrational belief. Respond to the following questions in your journal: Content: Conclusions about life that we have developed over time, living in an irrational environment not identified as being irrational (e.g., beliefs developed as a member of a high-stress family). Standards by which we were reared and from which we learned how to act, what to believe, and how to express or experience feelings. When followed, however, these standards do not result in a satisfactory resolution of our current problems. Ritualistic ways by which we pursue our relationships with others, resulting in nonproductive relationships and increased emotional stress. Outmoded, unproductive, unrealistic expectations exacted on ourselves and/or others, guaranteed to be unattainable and to result in continuing negative self-concepts. II. What are some examples of irrational beliefs? About Yourself: I do not deserve positive attention from others. I should never burden others with my problems or fears.
https://counseling.dasa.ncsu.edu/resources/self-help-resources/irrational-beliefs/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1131996402#14_2355214562
Title: Irrational Beliefs | Counseling Center Headings: Irrational Beliefs Irrational Beliefs Handling Irrational Beliefs from Tools for Personal Growth (1999-2010), by James J. Messina, Ph.D. I. What are irrational beliefs? II. What are some examples of irrational beliefs? About Yourself: Irrational beliefs (negative) about others: Irrational beliefs on other topics How can we recognize irrational beliefs? Irrational beliefs can be present if we: What are the benefits of refuting our irrational beliefs? By refuting our irrational beliefs we are able to: Steps to take in refuting an irrational belief Step 1: Is your thinking and problem solving ability being blocked by an irrational belief? Consider a specific problem as you answer the following questions: Step 2: If you have answered yes to any or all of the questions in Step 1, you are probably facing a problem or situation in which a blocking irrational belief is clouding your thinking. The next thing to do is to try to identify the blocking irrational belief. Answer the following questions in your journal: Step 3: Once you have identified the blocking belief in Step 2, test its rationality. Answer the following questions about the belief, yes or no. Step 4: Once you have determined that the blocking belief is irrational, you are ready to refute this irrational belief. Respond to the following questions in your journal: Content: A handicapped person is imperfect, to be pitied, and to be dropped along the path of life. Admitting to a mistake or to failure is a sign of weakness. The showing of any kind of emotion is wrong, a sign of weakness, and not allowable. Asking for help from someone else is a way of admitting your weakness; it denies the reality that only you can solve your problems. How can we recognize irrational beliefs? Irrational beliefs can be present if we: Find ourselves caught up in a vicious cycle in addressing our problems. Find a continuing series of “catch 22’s’’ where every move we make to resolve a problem results in more or greater problems. Have been suffering silently (or not so silently) with a problem for a long time, yet have not taken steps to get help to address the problem.
https://counseling.dasa.ncsu.edu/resources/self-help-resources/irrational-beliefs/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1132094141#2_2355456719
Title: Multicultural Competence in Counseling | William & Mary Headings: Becoming a Culturally Competent Counselor Becoming a Culturally Competent Counselor Why Is It Important for Counselors to Be Culturally Competent? How Do Cultural Differences Impact the Counseling Encounter? Cultural Competence Starts at Home Understanding the Historical and Social Context of Multicultural Counseling Multiculturalism and the School Counselor Incorporating Competency Content: How Do Cultural Differences Impact the Counseling Encounter? Psychosocial development is different for people from different cultural backgrounds. Cultures differ in their attitudes toward major life challenges, which means solutions for common disorders are not one-size-fits-all. Even more, certain identities are underrepresented in the counseling profession, which can lead to a lack of trust on behalf of some populations, who do not believe their needs will be reflected in a counseling relationship. The most important first step is to establish trust with a client. Most of the time, by showing awareness of differences and an openness to new understanding, counselors can begin to build trust and a productive relationship with clients. Cultural Competence Starts at Home One key way to begin to establish your multicultural competency is to evaluate your own background and beliefs. By starting to understand your own underlying cultural assumptions, you will be training yourself to see your views as just a starting point for your work rather than a default setting shared by all of the people you encounter. Once you have a firm understanding of your own cultural grounding, you should begin to widen your focus on the ways that individuals from different backgrounds view the world. Reading up on the professional and clinical literature can help, as can looking in some unlikely places.
https://counseling.education.wm.edu/blog/multicultural-counseling-competencies
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1132335027#6_2355991352
Title: 10 Diversity Questions Counselors Ask | Wake Forest University Headings: 10 Questions Counselors Could Ask about Culture 10 Questions Counselors Could Ask about Culture Add This Infographic to Your Site Statistical Overview 10 Questions to Ask a Client with a Diverse Cultural Background How Culture Can Affect Counseling Challenges and Resources for Counselors Content: 6. What spiritual or religious beliefs are important to you and your family, and how do they impact day-to-day life? By understanding the religious beliefs of the individual, counselors persist in being sensitive and respectful. 7. Does your culture have a perspective on receiving counseling or mental health therapy? By determining if a stigma toward mental health exists in the individual’s culture, counselors can identify whether it impacts the individual’s willingness to receive therapy. 8. What do you do and who do you turn to for help when your family has needs or troubles? By asking this question, counselors can identify whether individuals value advice from religious authorities or prefer not involving outside parties for the sake of maintaining a favorable reputation in their cultural community. 9.
https://counseling.online.wfu.edu/blog/10-diversity-questions-counselors-ask/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1132335027#8_2355994388
Title: 10 Diversity Questions Counselors Ask | Wake Forest University Headings: 10 Questions Counselors Could Ask about Culture 10 Questions Counselors Could Ask about Culture Add This Infographic to Your Site Statistical Overview 10 Questions to Ask a Client with a Diverse Cultural Background How Culture Can Affect Counseling Challenges and Resources for Counselors Content: How does your culture help with coping from anxiety, sadness or other troubles? By figuring out whether the individual’s beliefs are more closely rooted to their culture than scientific fact, the counselor can show tact when suggesting counseling from licensed professionals. 10. Do you have any questions about counseling or this assessment? By encouraging an open dialogue, the counselor can foster a sense of trust and respect as well as address any concerns that may have been overlooked by the counselor or the individual. How Culture Can Affect Counseling The counselor’s method of communicating is impacted by the varied ways that cultures communicate. Counselors should determine triggering terms as well as appropriate eye contact and gestures. Experienced counselors can identify whether depression comes from the difficulties of adjusting to a new culture or from another source. Counselors can then make suggestions to help the client acclimate and foresee other issues that may arise. For example, if a client was raised in a small tribal society, they may need advice for becoming accustomed to large crowds.
https://counseling.online.wfu.edu/blog/10-diversity-questions-counselors-ask/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1132335027#9_2355996106
Title: 10 Diversity Questions Counselors Ask | Wake Forest University Headings: 10 Questions Counselors Could Ask about Culture 10 Questions Counselors Could Ask about Culture Add This Infographic to Your Site Statistical Overview 10 Questions to Ask a Client with a Diverse Cultural Background How Culture Can Affect Counseling Challenges and Resources for Counselors Content: How Culture Can Affect Counseling The counselor’s method of communicating is impacted by the varied ways that cultures communicate. Counselors should determine triggering terms as well as appropriate eye contact and gestures. Experienced counselors can identify whether depression comes from the difficulties of adjusting to a new culture or from another source. Counselors can then make suggestions to help the client acclimate and foresee other issues that may arise. For example, if a client was raised in a small tribal society, they may need advice for becoming accustomed to large crowds. Challenges and Resources for Counselors When counselors work with clients from diverse backgrounds, they must navigate an array of challenges. Whether they’re overcoming personal prejudices or dealing with linguistic barriers, counselors must take any steps necessary to offer clients competent counseling services. Unfortunately, counselors must often handle challenges associated with understaffing and underfunding when counseling culturally diverse individuals. Counselors should also be aware of their own limitations and be able to work with culture brokers and consultants to avert incorrect assessments, diagnoses and treatments. Counselors can use the APA’s “Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic, and Culturally Diverse Populations” to find advice for providing culturally sensitive counseling services.
https://counseling.online.wfu.edu/blog/10-diversity-questions-counselors-ask/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1132355958#1_2356032100
Title: Mental Health Challenges Today | Wake Forest University Headings: 5 Challenges of Mental Health Care Today 5 Challenges of Mental Health Care Today 1. A Lack of Support 2. President Barack Obama’s Health Care Law 3. A Lack of Funding 4. No Minimum Standards 5. Other Challenges Recommended Reading Sources Content: Psychologists, psychiatrists, and counselors may face the same issues as the general population, such as depression, marital disharmony, and substance abuse. Despite these problems, mental health professionals may not receive needed treatment either because of stigma or a lack of access to help. 2. President Barack Obama’s Health Care Law Laws surrounding health care contain provisions for mental health treatments. However, the laws have much room for improvement. Many people are not aware that their insurance policy covers mental health treatments. In 2014, one poll found that 40 percent of Californians did not understand that their health insurance plans offer mental health care. Some people fall into a coverage gap where treatment is not available to them. Policymakers struggle to define what is an adequate level of mental health treatment. 3.
https://counseling.online.wfu.edu/blog/5-challenges-of-mental-health-care-today/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1132369917#3_2356066534
Title: Mental Health Stigmas | Wake Forest University Headings: Are Mental Health Stigmas Changing? Are Mental Health Stigmas Changing? Defining Mental Health Stigmas A Look at the History of Mental Health Stigmas Changing Views Toward Mental Health Content: She refused therapy for her depression because she feared that she would have to let the bar association see her medical history and that she might not be admitted to practice. As the APA explains, a survey reveals that as recently as 2000, more than two-thirds of people did not want someone with a mental illness to marry into their family. About 58 percent of people did not want someone with a mental illness in their workplace. Changing Views Toward Mental Health A recent survey published by the American Foundation f or Suicide Prevention found that about 90 percent of Americans believe that mental and physical health are equally important, yet they don’t receive equal treatment. The survey pointed out that about one-third of adults have been diagnosed with a mental health condition, but up to half of the adults have thought that they may have such a condition. The survey further indicates that while mental health is gaining more attention as a vital aspect of overall wellness, access to mental health care is a challenge for many individuals, either because the care is too expensive or people do not know where to find treatment. Some may hesitate to reach out for treatment because of lingering stigma. Mental health stigmas are still an issue in today’s society, but continuing awareness campaigns, along with more widespread access to appropriate treatment, can continue to battle the harmful negative attitudes that many people hold toward mental health disorders.
https://counseling.online.wfu.edu/blog/are-mental-health-stigmas-changing/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1139111945#9_2371196416
Title: Top 10 Largest Olive Oil Producing Countries in the World - Basic Planet Headings: Top 10 Largest Olive Oil Producing Countries in the World Top 10 Largest Olive Oil Producing Countries in the World TOP TEN LARGEST OLIVE OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD 10. ARGENTINA: 9. PORTUGAL: 8. ALGERIA: 7. MOROCCO: 6. TURKEY: 5. TUNISIA: 4. SYRIA: 3. GREECE: 2. ITALY: 1. SPAIN: Ranking of Top Ten Olive Oil’s Producers: Content: 3. GREECE: Greece’s Olive oil production has also skyrocketed in the recent decade. With the figures of 352,608 tons per year, the olive oil industry is blooming in the country. The production is being doubled in the last two years making its way through the international market. Greek extra virgin olive oil is famous for years throughout the world and earns great revenue for the country. In coming years, the production is expected to rise more the sky. 2. ITALY: By far Italy is the second highest producer of Olive oil in the world.
https://countrydetail.com/top-ten-olive-oil-producing-countries-in-the-world/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1152239359#7_2402391447
Title: What is CSA Headings: Childhood Sexual Abuse - the facts Childhood Sexual Abuse - the facts What do perpetrators look like? What is grooming? Why don't the victims speak out? Content: ​Abusers can manipulate victims to stay quiet about the sexual abuse using a number of different tactics. Often an abuser will use their position of power over the victim to coerce or intimidate the child. They might tell the child that the activity is normal or that they enjoyed it. An abuser may make threats if the child refuses to participate or plans to tell another adult. Childhood sexual abuse is not only a physical violation; it is a violation of trust and/or authority.
https://courageoussurvivors.com/what-is-csa
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1154914386#17_2406894815
Title: How to Wrap Text in PowerPoint | Course Method Headings: How to Wrap Text in PowerPoint How to Wrap Text in PowerPoint Our content is reader supported, which means when you buy from links you click on, we may earn a commission. What is Text Wrapping in PowerPoint? Why Wrap Text in PowerPoint? Different Options for Wrapping Text in PowerPoint Option 1: Insert Spaces Around Object Manually Option 2: Use Text Boxes Around Image Option 3: Import Already Wrapped Text From Word Even Cooler, More Creative Ideas Best Uses Ruler and Grid-Lines White Space Word Hyphenation Consider Alternatives to Text Wrapping Conclusion Get the growth strategy built for online course founders. Content: Just a note, doing this hung up my brand new laptop so this fancy object embed in Office 365 just about crashed my computer. And really, the end result just doesn't look all that great so I don't plan to ever do that again! As you can see, there are 3 different options for how to wrap text, but I think you're better off not wrapping text. What could you do instead? Even Cooler, More Creative Ideas As mentioned earlier, with the poem I'm using as example text, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”, by Robert Frost, there are 4 stanzas. What if instead of trying to fit all 4 on a slide, you broke each one up into a different slide with an image? You could create a much less cluttered slide such as the example below: In this example, the text isn't wrapped at all. In addition, the amount of text on the slide is more manageable. I whipped this up in about 2 minutes by inserting the image and then inserting a rectangular shape with a text box over the shape.
https://coursemethod.com/wrap-text-powerpoint.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1155342739#1_2407695306
Title: Headings: Content: How consumers view a particular product or service influences the market power and behavior of a business or producer. In the next few sections we will discuss four different market structures and their behavior. You can think of businesses being on a continuum with one extreme being perfect competition to the other extreme being monopolies. While few businesses are actually at either extreme, it is useful to look at the two extremes for comparison purposes. In between the two extremes are most businesses, which fall into the categories of monopolist competition and oligopolies. When examining the structure of a market, we focus on the differentiating characteristics: number of firms, type of product, ease of entry, and market power or price control. Perfect or Pure Competition In the perfect or pure competition market, there are a large number of firms each producing the same product (as called a standardized or homogeneous product). Since the number of firms is very large, no one firm can influence the market price, thus each firm has no market power and each is a price taker. We also assume that there is perfect information, meaning everyone knows what price is being charged in all markets.
https://courses.byui.edu/ECON_150/ECON_150_Old_Site/Lesson_07.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1157329039#9_2411094851
Title: Reading: Conflict Theory and Deviance | Sociology Headings: Reading: Conflict Theory and Deviance Reading: Conflict Theory and Deviance Conflict Theory Karl Marx: An Unequal System C. Wright Mills: The Power Elite Crime and Social Class Feminist Theory and Deviance Further Research Think It Over Practice Content: sexual assault and spousal assault. Through the 1970s, women worked to change the criminal justice system and establish rape crisis centres and battered women’s shelters, bringing attention to domestic violence. In 1983 the Criminal Code was amended to replace the crimes of rape and indecent assault with a three-tier structure of sexual assault (ranging from unwanted sexual touching that violates the integrity of the victim to sexual assault with a weapon or threats or causing bodily harm to aggravated sexual assault that results in wounding, maiming, disfiguring, or endangering the life of the victim) (Kong et al. 2003). Johnson (1996) reported that in the mid-1990s, when violence against women began to be surveyed systematically in Canada, 51 percent of Canadian women had been the subject to at least one sexual or physical assault since the age of 16. The goal of the amendments was to emphasize that sexual assault is an act of violence, not a sexual act. Previously, rape had been defined as an act that involved penetration and was perpetrated against a woman who was not the wife of the accused. This had excluded spousal sexual assault as a crime and had also exposed women to secondary victimization by the criminal justice system when they tried to bring charges. Secondary victimization occurs when the women’s own sexual history and her willingness to consent are questioned in the process of laying charges and reaching a conviction, which as feminists pointed out, increased victims’ reluctance to lay charges. In particular feminists challenged the twin myths of rape that were often the subtext of criminal justice proceedings presided over largely by men (Kramar 2011).
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-conflict-theory-and-deviance/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1157329039#10_2411097113
Title: Reading: Conflict Theory and Deviance | Sociology Headings: Reading: Conflict Theory and Deviance Reading: Conflict Theory and Deviance Conflict Theory Karl Marx: An Unequal System C. Wright Mills: The Power Elite Crime and Social Class Feminist Theory and Deviance Further Research Think It Over Practice Content: The goal of the amendments was to emphasize that sexual assault is an act of violence, not a sexual act. Previously, rape had been defined as an act that involved penetration and was perpetrated against a woman who was not the wife of the accused. This had excluded spousal sexual assault as a crime and had also exposed women to secondary victimization by the criminal justice system when they tried to bring charges. Secondary victimization occurs when the women’s own sexual history and her willingness to consent are questioned in the process of laying charges and reaching a conviction, which as feminists pointed out, increased victims’ reluctance to lay charges. In particular feminists challenged the twin myths of rape that were often the subtext of criminal justice proceedings presided over largely by men (Kramar 2011). The first myth is that women are untrustworthy and tend to lie about assault out of malice toward men, as a way of getting back at them for personal grievances. The second myth, is that women will say “no” to sexual relations when they really mean “yes.” Typical of these types of issues was the judge’s comment in a Manitoba Court of Appeal case in which a man plead guilty to sexually assaulting his twelve- or thirteen-year-old babysitter: The girl, of course, could not consent in the legal sense, but nonetheless was a willing participant. She was apparently more sophisticated than many her age and was performing many household tasks including babysitting the accused’s children.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-conflict-theory-and-deviance/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1157446129#0_2411353716
Title: Reading: Gender Identity | Sociology Headings: Reading: Gender Identity Gender Roles Gender Identity Real-Life Freaky Friday Further Research Think It Over Practice Self-Check: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Content: Reading: Gender Identity | Sociology Reading: Gender Identity Gender Roles As we grow, we learn how to behave from those around us. In this socialization process, children are introduced to certain roles that are typically linked to their biological sex. The term gender role refers to society’s concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave. These roles are based on norms, or standards, created by society. In U.S. culture, masculine roles are usually associated with strength, aggression, and dominance, while feminine roles are usually associated with passivity, nurturing, and subordination. Role learning starts with socialization at birth. Even today, our society is quick to outfit male infants in blue and girls in pink, even applying these color-coded gender labels while a baby is in the womb. One way children learn gender roles is through play.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-gender-identity/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1157558391#8_2411628603
Title: Reading: Sexual Orientation | Sociology Headings: Reading: Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation Practice Content: In 2011, President Obama overturned “don’t ask, don’t tell,” a controversial policy that required homosexuals in the US military to keep their sexuality undisclosed. The Employee Non-Discrimination Act, which ensures workplace equality regardless of sexual orientation, is still pending full government approval. Organizations such as GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) advocate for homosexual rights and encourage governments and citizens to recognize the presence of sexual discrimination and work to prevent it. Other advocacy agencies frequently use the acronyms LBGT and LBGTQ, which stands for “Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender” (and “Queer” or “Questioning” when the Q is added). Sociologically, it is clear that gay and lesbian couples are negatively affected in states where they are denied the legal right to marriage. In 1996, The Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA) was passed, explicitly limiting the definition of “marriage” to a union between one man and one woman. It also allowed individual states to choose whether or not they recognized same-sex marriages performed in other states. Imagine that you married an opposite-sex partner under similar conditions—if you went on a cross-country vacation the validity of your marriage would change every time you crossed state lines. In another blow to same-sex marriage advocates, in November 2008 California passed Proposition 8, a state law that limited marriage to unions of opposite-sex partners. Over time, advocates for same-sex marriage won several court cases, laying the groundwork for legalized same-sex marriage across the United States, including the June 2013 decision to overturn part of DOMA in Windsor v. United States, and the Supreme Court’s dismissal of Hollingsworth v. Perry, affirming the August 2010 ruling that found California’s Proposition 8 unconstitutional.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-sexual-orientation/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1157558391#9_2411630874
Title: Reading: Sexual Orientation | Sociology Headings: Reading: Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation Practice Content: In 1996, The Defense of Marriage Act ( DOMA) was passed, explicitly limiting the definition of “marriage” to a union between one man and one woman. It also allowed individual states to choose whether or not they recognized same-sex marriages performed in other states. Imagine that you married an opposite-sex partner under similar conditions—if you went on a cross-country vacation the validity of your marriage would change every time you crossed state lines. In another blow to same-sex marriage advocates, in November 2008 California passed Proposition 8, a state law that limited marriage to unions of opposite-sex partners. Over time, advocates for same-sex marriage won several court cases, laying the groundwork for legalized same-sex marriage across the United States, including the June 2013 decision to overturn part of DOMA in Windsor v. United States, and the Supreme Court’s dismissal of Hollingsworth v. Perry, affirming the August 2010 ruling that found California’s Proposition 8 unconstitutional. Same-sex marriage became legal nationwide on June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that state-level bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. The court ruled that the denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples and the refusal to recognize those marriages performed in other jurisdictions violated the Due Process and the Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. YouTube Subscribe Info Shopping Tap to unmute If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. You're signed out Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your computer.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-sexual-orientation/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1157558391#10_2411632985
Title: Reading: Sexual Orientation | Sociology Headings: Reading: Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation Practice Content: Same-sex marriage became legal nationwide on June 26, 2015, when the United States Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that state-level bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. The court ruled that the denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples and the refusal to recognize those marriages performed in other jurisdictions violated the Due Process and the Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. YouTube Subscribe Info Shopping Tap to unmute If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. You're signed out Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your computer. Cancel Confirm More videos More videos Switch camera Share Include playlist An error occurred while retrieving sharing information. Please try again later. Watch later Share Copy link Watch on 0:00 0:00 0:00 / 0:00 Live • Practice at infancy in early adolescence in early adulthood in late adulthood Show Glossary DOMA: Defense of Marriage Act, a 1996 U.S. law explicitly limiting the definition of “marriage” to a union between one man and one woman and allowing each individual state to recognize or deny same-sex marriages performed in other states heteronormative society: assumes sexual orientation is biologically determined and unambiguous heterosexism:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-sexual-orientation/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1157693165#0_2411930006
Title: Reading: The Women’s Movement | Sociology Headings: Reading: The Women’s Movement Further Research Self-Check: Gender Content: Reading: The Women’s Movement | Sociology Reading: The Women’s Movement The feminist movement (also known as the women’s liberation movement, the women’s movement, or simply feminism) refers to a series of political campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women’s suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence, all of which fall under the label of feminism and the feminist movement. The movement’s priorities vary among nations and communities, and range from opposition to female genital mutilation in one country, to opposition to the glass ceiling in another. The “We Can Do It!” poster from 1943 was re-appropriated as a symbol of the feminist movement in the 1980s. Feminism in parts of the western world has gone through three waves. First-wave feminism was oriented around the station of middle- or upper-class white women and involved suffrage and political equality. Second-wave feminism attempted to further combat social and cultural inequalities. Third-wave feminism is continuing to address the financial, social and cultural inequalities and includes renewed campaigning for greater influence of women in politics and media.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-the-womens-movement/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1157719312#3_2412011342
Title: Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Gender | Sociology Headings: Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Structural Functionalism Conflict Theory Feminist Theory Symbolic Interactionism Being Male, Being Female, and Being Healthy Practice Content: According to conflict theory, social problems are created when dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups. Consider the Women’s Suffrage Movement or the debate over women’s “right to choose” their reproductive futures. It is difficult for women to rise above men, as dominant group members create the rules for success and opportunity in society (Farrington and Chertok 1993). Friedrich Engels, a German sociologist, studied family structure and gender roles. Engels suggested that the same owner-worker relationship seen in the labor force is also seen in the household, with women assuming the role of the proletariat. This is due to women’s dependence on men for the attainment of wages, which is even worse for women who are entirely dependent upon their spouses for economic support. Contemporary conflict theorists suggest that when women become wage earners, they can gain power in the family structure and create more democratic arrangements in the home, although they may still carry the majority of the domestic burden, as noted earlier (Rismanand and Johnson-Sumerford 1998). Feminist Theory Feminist theory is a type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities. Radical feminism, in particular, considers the role of the family in perpetuating male dominance.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/reading-theoretical-perspectives-on-gender/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1157853070#5_2412339346
Title: Reading: The Scientific Method | Sociology Headings: Reading: The Scientific Method Reading: The Scientific Method The Scientific Method Ask a Question Research Existing Sources Formulate a Hypothesis Examples of Dependent and Independent Variables. Typically, the independent variable causes the dependent variable to change in some way. Interpretive Framework Think It Over Practice Self-Check: The Scientific Method Content: It might seem that science is about discoveries and chemical reactions or about proving ideas right or wrong rather than about exploring the nuances of human behavior. However, this is exactly why scientific models work for studying human behavior. A scientific process of research establishes parameters that help make sure results are objective and accurate. Scientific methods provide limitations and boundaries that focus a study and organize its results. The scientific method involves developing and testing theories about the world based on empirical evidence. It is defined by its commitment to systematic observation of the empirical world and strives to be objective, critical, skeptical, and logical. It involves a series of prescribed steps that have been established over centuries of scholarship. The scientific method is an essential tool in research. But just because sociological studies use scientific methods does not make the results less human. Sociological topics are not reduced to right or wrong facts.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology/chapter/the-scientific-method/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1157911840#4_2412472136
Title: The Bureaucracy: What is its function? | United States Government Headings: The Bureaucracy: What is its function? The Bureaucracy: What is its function? Learning Objectives What Does a Bureaucracy Do? The Origins of the U.S. Bureaucracy The Fall of Political Patronage The Bureaucracy Comes of Age “The Nine Most Terrifying Words in the English Language” Questions to Consider Terms to Remember Content: Over time, however, it grew to be a major force in political affairs. Indeed, it grew so large that politicians in modern times have ridiculed it to great political advantage. However, the country’s many bureaucrats or civil servants, the individuals who work in the bureaucracy, fill necessary and even instrumental roles in every area of government: from high-level positions in foreign affairs and intelligence collection agencies to clerks and staff in the smallest regulatory agencies. They are hired, or sometimes appointed, for their expertise in carrying out the functions and programs of the government. What Does a Bureaucracy Do? Modern society relies on the effective functioning of government to provide public goods, enhance quality of life, and stimulate economic growth. The activities by which government achieves these functions include—but are not limited to—taxation, homeland security, immigration, foreign affairs, and education. The more society grows and the need for government services expands, the more challenging bureaucratic management and public administration becomes. Public administration is both the implementation of public policy in government bureaucracies and the academic study that prepares civil servants for work in those organizations.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/americangovernment/chapter/bureaucracy-and-the-evolution-of-public-administration/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1158104487#5_2412681289
Title: Federalism: Basic Structure of Government | United States Government Headings: Federalism: Basic Structure of Government Federalism: Basic Structure of Government Learning Objectives Questions to Consider Terms to Remember Examples For Further Study Content: An unique feature of the American governmental structure is a balance of both horizontal and vertical division of powers. As an institutional/structural design, federalism is intended to both safeguard state interests while creating a strong union led by an effective centralized national government. Federalism divides power between multiple vertical layers or levels of government—national, state, county, parish, local, special district–allowing for multiple access points for citizens. The governments, by design at the national and state levels, check and balance one another. At each level of the U.S. federal structure, power is further divided horizontally by branches–legislative, executive, and judicial. This separation of powers feature makes the U.S. federal system even more distinct, since not all federal systems have such separation of powers. Questions to Consider What are the central differences between unitary, confederation, and federal governmental structures? Show Answer unitary power is centralized at the top, confederate power is decentralized usually among several roughly co-equal entities/states, and federal powers are a mix with some centralized power delegated to the national government, some reserved to the states/sub-national entities and, in the United States, power is further separated between branches of government How is power separated and shared in the U.S. federal structure? Show Answer power is separated vertically between national, state, and local governments and shared and separated between legislative, judicial, and executive branches at the various levels Terms to Remember centralization –power is concentrated at one level of government such as the national level in a unitary system confederation –highly decentralized structure of government with roughly co-equal entities/sovereign states forming an alliance for purposes such as national defense and/or other agreed purposes decentralization –power is divided or shared between various levels of government federal system/federalism –institutional arrangement creating relatively autonomous levels of government, each able to act directly on behalf of the people; authority to act granted by the people separation of powers –a horizontal division of power between the executive, legislative, and judicial powers, allowing each branch of government to act as a check and balance on the other branches unitary system –highly centralized governmental authority in which any other level of government below the national government is dependent upon the central/national government;
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/americangovernment/chapter/introduction-3/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1158104487#6_2412684407
Title: Federalism: Basic Structure of Government | United States Government Headings: Federalism: Basic Structure of Government Federalism: Basic Structure of Government Learning Objectives Questions to Consider Terms to Remember Examples For Further Study Content: This separation of powers feature makes the U.S. federal system even more distinct, since not all federal systems have such separation of powers. Questions to Consider What are the central differences between unitary, confederation, and federal governmental structures? Show Answer unitary power is centralized at the top, confederate power is decentralized usually among several roughly co-equal entities/states, and federal powers are a mix with some centralized power delegated to the national government, some reserved to the states/sub-national entities and, in the United States, power is further separated between branches of government How is power separated and shared in the U.S. federal structure? Show Answer power is separated vertically between national, state, and local governments and shared and separated between legislative, judicial, and executive branches at the various levels Terms to Remember centralization –power is concentrated at one level of government such as the national level in a unitary system confederation –highly decentralized structure of government with roughly co-equal entities/sovereign states forming an alliance for purposes such as national defense and/or other agreed purposes decentralization –power is divided or shared between various levels of government federal system/federalism –institutional arrangement creating relatively autonomous levels of government, each able to act directly on behalf of the people; authority to act granted by the people separation of powers –a horizontal division of power between the executive, legislative, and judicial powers, allowing each branch of government to act as a check and balance on the other branches unitary system –highly centralized governmental authority in which any other level of government below the national government is dependent upon the central/national government; centralized power or substantial authority is concentrated with national government Examples For Further Study The structure of government impacts the function (day-to-day business) of government. Countries must make this important decision about which structure of government to employ before working on the details of how this organizational structure will carry out the basic functions of governing. CC licensed content, Shared previously American Government. Authored by: OpenStax.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/americangovernment/chapter/introduction-3/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1158290277#8_2412830802
Title: Media: What is their impact? | United States Government Headings: Media: What is their impact? Media: What is their impact? Learning Objectives Media Effects and Bias Coverage Effects on Governance and Campaigns Questions to Consider Terms to Remember Content: Viewers in a study were left believing African Americans were the majority of the unemployed and poor, rather than seeing the problem as one faced by many races. [ 4] The misrepresentation of race is not limited to news coverage, however. A study of images printed in national magazines, like Time and Newsweek, found they also misrepresented race and poverty. The magazines were more likely to show images of young African Americans when discussing poverty and excluded the elderly and the young, as well as whites and Latinos, which is the true picture of poverty. [ 5] The Center for American Women in Politics researches the treatment women receive from both government and the media, and they share the data with the public. Media coverage of women has been similarly biased, leading to uneven coverage of women candidates for public office. Early coverage was sparse. The stories that did appear often discussed the candidate’s viability, or ability to win, rather than her stand on the issues. Clearly, the coverage of the 2016 Hillary Clinton candidacy reflects a change. [ 6] Word choice may also have a priming effect.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/americangovernment/chapter/the-impact-of-the-media/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1158290277#11_2412835958
Title: Media: What is their impact? | United States Government Headings: Media: What is their impact? Media: What is their impact? Learning Objectives Media Effects and Bias Coverage Effects on Governance and Campaigns Questions to Consider Terms to Remember Content: While some argue media framing is the natural consequence of current media environment with its emphasis on reporting news with audience appeal focusing on conflict, sensationalism, and personality–others concede that media framing, when coupled with priming, can lead to political bias. [ 8] The topic of priming by the news media and political bias are obviously closely related. Media news stories presented as fact can contain covert and overt politically slanted material. Covert content is political information provided under the pretense that it is neutral. A television broadcast might run a story on climate change by interviewing representatives of only one side of the policy debate and downplaying the opposing views, all without acknowledging the one-sided nature of its coverage. In contrast, when the writer of a publication makes clear to the reader only one side of the political debate, the political message is overt content. Political commentators such as Rush Limbaugh or Rachel Maddow openly state their ideological viewpoints. While such overt political content may be offensive or annoying to a reader, listener, or viewer, all are offered the choice whether to be exposed to the material. To avoid either covert and overt political bias or priming, news readers, listeners, and viewers frequently self-select what media to watch. A study by University of Texas Communication faculty member, Natalie Jomini Stroud, found that media viewing habits are subject to partisan selective exposure, where the partisan or ideological orientation of viewers, listeners, or readers determines the choices made on news information sources. [
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/americangovernment/chapter/the-impact-of-the-media/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1158845961#0_2413475215
Title: Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court | American Government Headings: Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court Learning Objectives Judicial Opinions Influences on the Court The Importance of Jury Duty The Courts and the Other Branches of Government Summary Practice Questions Content: Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court | American Government Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe how the Supreme Court decides cases and issues opinions Identify the various influences on the Supreme Court Explain how the judiciary is checked by the other branches of government The courts are the least covered and least publicly known of the three branches of government. The inner workings of the Supreme Court and its day-to-day operations certainly do not get as much public attention as its rulings, and only a very small number of its announced decisions are enthusiastically discussed and debated. The Court’s 2015 decision on same-sex marriage was the exception, not the rule, since most court opinions are filed away quietly in the United States Reports, sought out mostly by judges, lawyers, researchers, and others with a particular interest in reading or studying them. Thus, we sometimes envision the justices formally robed and cloistered away in their chambers, unaffected by the world around them, but the reality is that they are not that isolated, and a number of outside factors influence their decisions. Though they lack their own mechanism for enforcement of their rulings and their power remains checked and balanced by the other branches, the effect of the justices’ opinions on the workings of government, politics, and society in the United States is much more significant than the attention they attract might indicate. Judicial Opinions Every Court opinion sets precedent for the future. The Supreme Court ’s decisions are not always unanimous, however; the published majority opinion, or explanation of the justices’ decision, is the one with which a majority of the nine justices agree. It can represent a vote as narrow as five in favor to four against.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovernment/chapter/judicial-decision-making-and-implementation-by-the-supreme-court/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1158845961#4_2413483289
Title: Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court | American Government Headings: Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court Learning Objectives Judicial Opinions Influences on the Court The Importance of Jury Duty The Courts and the Other Branches of Government Summary Practice Questions Content: On June 26, 2015, supporters of marriage equality in front of the U.S. Supreme Court building eagerly await the announcement of a decision in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). ( credit: Matt Popovich) One of the most prominent writers on judicial decision-making in the U.S. system is Dr. Forrest Maltzman of George Washington University. Maltzman’s articles, chapters, and manuscripts, along with articles by other prominent authors in the field, are downloadable at this site. Influences on the Court Many of the same players who influence whether the Court will grant cert. in a case, discussed earlier in this chapter, also play a role in its decision-making, including law clerks, the solicitor general, interest groups, and the mass media. But additional legal, personal, ideological, and political influences weigh on the Supreme Court and its decision-making process. On the legal side, courts, including the Supreme Court, cannot make a ruling unless they have a case before them, and even with a case, courts must rule on its facts. Although the courts’ role is interpretive, judges and justices are still constrained by the facts of the case, the Constitution, the relevant laws, and the courts’ own precedent. A justice’s decisions are influenced by how he or she defines his role as a jurist, with some justices believing strongly in judicial activism, or the need to defend individual rights and liberties, and they aim to stop actions and laws by other branches of government that they see as infringing on these rights.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovernment/chapter/judicial-decision-making-and-implementation-by-the-supreme-court/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1158845961#5_2413485513
Title: Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court | American Government Headings: Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court Learning Objectives Judicial Opinions Influences on the Court The Importance of Jury Duty The Courts and the Other Branches of Government Summary Practice Questions Content: in a case, discussed earlier in this chapter, also play a role in its decision-making, including law clerks, the solicitor general, interest groups, and the mass media. But additional legal, personal, ideological, and political influences weigh on the Supreme Court and its decision-making process. On the legal side, courts, including the Supreme Court, cannot make a ruling unless they have a case before them, and even with a case, courts must rule on its facts. Although the courts’ role is interpretive, judges and justices are still constrained by the facts of the case, the Constitution, the relevant laws, and the courts’ own precedent. A justice’s decisions are influenced by how he or she defines his role as a jurist, with some justices believing strongly in judicial activism, or the need to defend individual rights and liberties, and they aim to stop actions and laws by other branches of government that they see as infringing on these rights. A judge or justice who views the role with an activist lens is more likely to use his or her judicial power to broaden personal liberty, justice, and equality. Still others believe in judicial restraint, which leads them to defer decisions (and thus policymaking) to the elected branches of government and stay focused on a narrower interpretation of the Bill of Rights. These justices are less likely to strike down actions or laws as unconstitutional and are less likely to focus on the expansion of individual liberties. While it is typically the case that liberal actions are described as unnecessarily activist, conservative decisions can be activist as well. Critics of the judiciary often deride activist courts for involving themselves too heavily in matters they believe are better left to the elected legislative and executive branches.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovernment/chapter/judicial-decision-making-and-implementation-by-the-supreme-court/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1158845961#13_2413502121
Title: Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court | American Government Headings: Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court Learning Objectives Judicial Opinions Influences on the Court The Importance of Jury Duty The Courts and the Other Branches of Government Summary Practice Questions Content: What did you learn about the judicial process? What advice would you give to someone called to jury duty for the first time? If you’ve never been called to jury duty, what questions do you have for those who have? The Courts and the Other Branches of Government Both the executive and legislative branches check and balance the judiciary in many different ways. The president can leave a lasting imprint on the bench through his or her nominations, even long after leaving office. The president may also influence the Court through the solicitor general’s involve
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovernment/chapter/judicial-decision-making-and-implementation-by-the-supreme-court/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1158950545#4_2413589425
Title: The African American Struggle for Equality | American Government Headings: The African American Struggle for Equality The African American Struggle for Equality Learning Objectives Slavery and the Civil War Reconstruction Civil Rights in the Courts Legislating Civil Rights Continuing Challenges for African Americans Affirmative Action Practice Questions Content: Ultimately, of course, the issue was decided by the Civil War (1861–1865), with the southern states seceding to defend their “states’ rights” to determine their own destinies without interference by the federal government. Foremost among the rights claimed by the southern states was the right to decide whether their residents would be allowed to own slaves. [ 5] Although at the beginning of the war President Abraham Lincoln had been willing to allow slavery to continue in the South to preserve the Union, he changed his policies regarding abolition over the course of the war. The first step was the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Although it stated “all persons held as slaves . . . henceforward shall be free,” the proclamation was limited in effect to the states that had rebelled. Slaves in states that had remained within the Union, such as Maryland and Delaware, and in parts of the Confederacy that were already occupied by the Union army, were not set free. Although slaves in states in rebellion were technically freed, because Union troops controlled relatively small portions of these states at the time, it was impossible to ensure that enslaved people were freed in reality and not simply on paper. [ 6] In this memorial engraving from 1865 (the year he was assassinated), President Abraham Lincoln is shown with his hand resting on a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation (a). Despite popular belief, the Emancipation Proclamation (b) actually freed very few slaves, though it did change the meaning of the war.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovernment/chapter/the-african-american-struggle-for-equality/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1158950545#5_2413591621
Title: The African American Struggle for Equality | American Government Headings: The African American Struggle for Equality The African American Struggle for Equality Learning Objectives Slavery and the Civil War Reconstruction Civil Rights in the Courts Legislating Civil Rights Continuing Challenges for African Americans Affirmative Action Practice Questions Content: henceforward shall be free,” the proclamation was limited in effect to the states that had rebelled. Slaves in states that had remained within the Union, such as Maryland and Delaware, and in parts of the Confederacy that were already occupied by the Union army, were not set free. Although slaves in states in rebellion were technically freed, because Union troops controlled relatively small portions of these states at the time, it was impossible to ensure that enslaved people were freed in reality and not simply on paper. [ 6] In this memorial engraving from 1865 (the year he was assassinated), President Abraham Lincoln is shown with his hand resting on a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation (a). Despite popular belief, the Emancipation Proclamation (b) actually freed very few slaves, though it did change the meaning of the war. Reconstruction At the end of the Civil War, the South entered a period called Reconstruction (1865–1877) during which state governments were reorganized before the rebellious states were allowed to be readmitted to the Union. As part of this process, the Republican Party pushed for a permanent end to slavery. A constitutional amendment to this effect was passed by the House of Representatives in January 1865, after having already been approved by the Senate in April 1864, and it was ratified in December 1865 as the Thirteenth Amendment. The amendment’s first section states, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” In effect, this amendment outlawed slavery in the United States.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovernment/chapter/the-african-american-struggle-for-equality/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1159199725#10_2413839660
Title: The Impact of the Media | American Government Headings: The Impact of the Media The Impact of the Media Learning Objectives Media Effects and Bias Coverage Effects on Governance and Campaigns Coverage Effects on Society Summary Practice Questions Content: In 1992, both Bush’s and Bill Clinton’s campaigns maintained their carefully drawn candidate images by also limiting photographers and television journalists to photo opportunities at rallies and campaign venues. The constant control of the media became known as the “bubble,” and journalists were less effective when they were in the campaign’s bubble. Reporters complained this coverage was campaign advertising rather than journalism, and a new model emerged with the 1996 election. [ 4] Campaign coverage now focuses on the spectacle of the season, rather than providing information about the candidates. Colorful personalities, strange comments, lapse of memories, and embarrassing revelations are more likely to get air time than the candidates’ issue positions. Candidate Donald Trump may be the best example of shallower press coverage of a presidential election. Some argue that newspapers and news programs are limiting the space they allot to discussion of the campaigns. [ 5] Others argue that citizens want to see updates on the race and electoral drama, not boring issue positions or substantive reporting. [ 6] It may also be that journalists have tired of the information games played by politicians and have taken back control of the news cycles. [ 7] All these factors have likely led to the shallow press coverage we see today, sometimes dubbed pack journalism because journalists follow one another rather than digging for their own stories.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovernment/chapter/the-impact-of-the-media/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1159199725#11_2413841627
Title: The Impact of the Media | American Government Headings: The Impact of the Media The Impact of the Media Learning Objectives Media Effects and Bias Coverage Effects on Governance and Campaigns Coverage Effects on Society Summary Practice Questions Content: Candidate Donald Trump may be the best example of shallower press coverage of a presidential election. Some argue that newspapers and news programs are limiting the space they allot to discussion of the campaigns. [ 5] Others argue that citizens want to see updates on the race and electoral drama, not boring issue positions or substantive reporting. [ 6] It may also be that journalists have tired of the information games played by politicians and have taken back control of the news cycles. [ 7] All these factors have likely led to the shallow press coverage we see today, sometimes dubbed pack journalism because journalists follow one another rather than digging for their own stories. Television news discusses the strategies and blunders of the election, with colorful examples. Newspapers focus on polls. In an analysis of the 2012 election, Pew Research found that 64 percent of stories and coverage focused on campaign strategy. Only 9 percent covered domestic issue positions; 6 percent covered the candidates’ public records;
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovernment/chapter/the-impact-of-the-media/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1159625716#13_2414311977
Title: Social Movements | American Government Headings: Social Movements Social Movements LEARNING OBJECTIVES A Brief History of Social Movements The Civil Rights Movement Enduring Image: “I Have a Dream” The Women’s Movement A Society of Many Movements Social Movements and the Media KEY TAKEAWAYS EXERCISES Content: Even as women won the legal right to vote, barriers to their participation remained. States made registration difficult. Women who had been active in the movement to abolish slavery had thought that demands for women’s equality would be next on the agenda. As it turned out, they had to pressure for another fifty years before the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteed the right of women to vote. Some women were discouraged from voting by their husbands and friends. [ 3] From the 1960s to the 1980s, the women’s movement was revitalized around the basic goals of achieving equal rights for women in politics, business, organized religion, and sports. Women fought for equal work for equal pay, for women to be ordained as clergy, and for girls to have the same opportunities to compete in school sports as boys. They were successful in achieving many of their goals. Congress passed the Women’s Educational Equity Act in 1974, which included Title IX, requiring schools to remove barriers to females’ full participation in sports. Today, there is no longer a single mass women’s movement.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovt/chapter/8-4-social-movements/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1159625716#14_2414313624
Title: Social Movements | American Government Headings: Social Movements Social Movements LEARNING OBJECTIVES A Brief History of Social Movements The Civil Rights Movement Enduring Image: “I Have a Dream” The Women’s Movement A Society of Many Movements Social Movements and the Media KEY TAKEAWAYS EXERCISES Content: 3] From the 1960s to the 1980s, the women’s movement was revitalized around the basic goals of achieving equal rights for women in politics, business, organized religion, and sports. Women fought for equal work for equal pay, for women to be ordained as clergy, and for girls to have the same opportunities to compete in school sports as boys. They were successful in achieving many of their goals. Congress passed the Women’s Educational Equity Act in 1974, which included Title IX, requiring schools to remove barriers to females’ full participation in sports. Today, there is no longer a single mass women’s movement. Instead, there are many organizations working on a wide range of issues related to women, such as health care, social justice, and domestic violence. [ 4] They make use of digital communication to reach out to the public and to support one another. The National Organization for Women (NOW), which takes action on issues of women’s equality, provides information and opportunities for participation online. Through its website, “Take Back The Night” promotes action against domestic violence by providing an online guide to organizing events, making T-shirts and posters available, and offering access to legal assistance. [ 5] A Society of Many Movements Following in the footsteps of the civil rights movement and the women’s movement, other movements have formed in reaction to policies that disadvantage particular segments of society.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovt/chapter/8-4-social-movements/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1159625716#15_2414315664
Title: Social Movements | American Government Headings: Social Movements Social Movements LEARNING OBJECTIVES A Brief History of Social Movements The Civil Rights Movement Enduring Image: “I Have a Dream” The Women’s Movement A Society of Many Movements Social Movements and the Media KEY TAKEAWAYS EXERCISES Content: Instead, there are many organizations working on a wide range of issues related to women, such as health care, social justice, and domestic violence. [ 4] They make use of digital communication to reach out to the public and to support one another. The National Organization for Women (NOW), which takes action on issues of women’s equality, provides information and opportunities for participation online. Through its website, “Take Back The Night” promotes action against domestic violence by providing an online guide to organizing events, making T-shirts and posters available, and offering access to legal assistance. [ 5] A Society of Many Movements Following in the footsteps of the civil rights movement and the women’s movement, other movements have formed in reaction to policies that disadvantage particular segments of society. The gay rights movement has succeeded in having policies enacted to fight discrimination in the workplace, increase access to medical benefits, and
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/amgovt/chapter/8-4-social-movements/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1162954698#0_2419671089
Title: Section 6.2: Prisons | Criminal Justice Headings: Section 6.2: Prisons Section 6.2: Prisons Development of Modern Prisons Prison Classifications Special Populations Prison Overcrowding Prison Programs Key Terms Content: Section 6.2: Prisons | Criminal Justice Section 6.2: Prisons As inmates enter a prison system after sentencing, they are typically assessed at a classification or reception facility based on the nature of their crime, criminal history, escape risk, health needs, and any behavioral issues that must be addressed. The goal of these assessments is to determine the dangerousness of the offender and the viability of various treatment options. Based on the assessment results, prison personnel will assign the offender to a particular prison facility. The primary concern when assigning an inmate to a facility is safety, followed by practical concerns about bed space. The needs of the inmate are also considered in the process. Prisoners thus have almost no control of where they are confined. Some prisons do allow for transfers to facilities closer to family, but these requests are subject to security concerns and bed space. Often, female inmates are housed far from family because the small number of female facilities often means that there are no options close to family.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-criminaljustice/chapter/section-6-2-prisons/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1162954698#1_2419672610
Title: Section 6.2: Prisons | Criminal Justice Headings: Section 6.2: Prisons Section 6.2: Prisons Development of Modern Prisons Prison Classifications Special Populations Prison Overcrowding Prison Programs Key Terms Content: The primary concern when assigning an inmate to a facility is safety, followed by practical concerns about bed space. The needs of the inmate are also considered in the process. Prisoners thus have almost no control of where they are confined. Some prisons do allow for transfers to facilities closer to family, but these requests are subject to security concerns and bed space. Often, female inmates are housed far from family because the small number of female facilities often means that there are no options close to family. Development of Modern Prisons Prior to the 1800s, common law countries relied heavily on physical punishments. Influenced by the high ideas of the enlightenment, reformers began to move the criminal justice system away from physical punishments in favor of reforming offenders. This was a dramatic shift away from the mere infliction of pain that had prevailed for centuries. Among these early reformers was John Howard, who advocated the use of penitentiaries. Penitentiaries, as the name suggests, were places for offenders to be penitent.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-criminaljustice/chapter/section-6-2-prisons/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1162954698#15_2419694181
Title: Section 6.2: Prisons | Criminal Justice Headings: Section 6.2: Prisons Section 6.2: Prisons Development of Modern Prisons Prison Classifications Special Populations Prison Overcrowding Prison Programs Key Terms Content: Death row is often regarded as a prison within a prison, often having different staff and procedures than the rest of the facility. Medium-security prisons use a series of fences or walls to hold prisoners that, while still considered dangerous, are less of a threat than maximum-security prisoners. The physical security measures placed in these facilities is often as tight as for maximum-security institutions. The major difference is that medium-security facilities offer more inmate mobility, which translates into more treatment and work options. These institutions are most likely to engage inmates in industrial work, such as the printing of license plates for the State. Minimum-security prisons are institutions that usually do not have walls and armed security. Prisoners housed in minimum-security prisons are considered to be nonviolent and represent a very small escape risk. Most of these institutions have far more programs for inmates, both inside the prison and outside in the community. Part of the difference in inmate rights and privileges stems from the fact that most inmates in minimum-security facilities are “short timers.” In other words, they are scheduled for release soon.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-criminaljustice/chapter/section-6-2-prisons/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1162954698#16_2419695839
Title: Section 6.2: Prisons | Criminal Justice Headings: Section 6.2: Prisons Section 6.2: Prisons Development of Modern Prisons Prison Classifications Special Populations Prison Overcrowding Prison Programs Key Terms Content: Minimum-security prisons are institutions that usually do not have walls and armed security. Prisoners housed in minimum-security prisons are considered to be nonviolent and represent a very small escape risk. Most of these institutions have far more programs for inmates, both inside the prison and outside in the community. Part of the difference in inmate rights and privileges stems from the fact that most inmates in minimum-security facilities are “short timers.” In other words, they are scheduled for release soon. The idea is to make the often problematic transition from prison to community go more smoothly. Inmates in these facilities may be assigned there initially, or they may have worked their way down from higher security levels through good behavior and an approaching release date. Women are most often housed in women’s prisons. These are distinguished along the same lines as male institutions. These institutions tend to be smaller than their male counterparts are, and there are far fewer of them.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-criminaljustice/chapter/section-6-2-prisons/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1162954698#17_2419697321
Title: Section 6.2: Prisons | Criminal Justice Headings: Section 6.2: Prisons Section 6.2: Prisons Development of Modern Prisons Prison Classifications Special Populations Prison Overcrowding Prison Programs Key Terms Content: The idea is to make the often problematic transition from prison to community go more smoothly. Inmates in these facilities may be assigned there initially, or they may have worked their way down from higher security levels through good behavior and an approaching release date. Women are most often housed in women’s prisons. These are distinguished along the same lines as male institutions. These institutions tend to be smaller than their male counterparts are, and there are far fewer of them. Women do not tend to be as violent as men are, and this is reflected in what they are incarcerated for. The majority of female inmates are incarcerated for drug offenses. Inmate turnover tends to be higher in wom
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-criminaljustice/chapter/section-6-2-prisons/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1162985084#3_2419732060
Title: Approaches to Sociological Research | Introduction to Sociology Headings: Approaches to Sociological Research Approaches to Sociological Research Learning Objectives The Scientific Method Ask a Question Research Existing Sources Formulate a Hypothesis Interpretive Framework Summary Section Quiz Short Answer Further Research References Glossary Content: But humans and their social interactions are so diverse that these interactions can seem impossible to chart or explain. It might seem that science is about discoveries and chemical reactions or about proving ideas right or wrong rather than about exploring the nuances of human behavior. However, this is exactly why scientific models work for studying human behavior. A scientific process of research establishes parameters that help make sure results are objective and accurate. Scientific methods provide limitations and boundaries that focus a study and organize its results. The scientific method involves developing and testing theories about the world based on empirical evidence. It is defined by its commitment to systematic observation of the empirical world and strives to be objective, critical, skeptical, and logical. It involves a series of prescribed steps that have been established over centuries of scholarship. The scientific method is an essential tool in research. But just because sociological studies use scientific methods does not make the results less human.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-sociology/chapter/approaches-to-sociological-research/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1162985084#4_2419733742
Title: Approaches to Sociological Research | Introduction to Sociology Headings: Approaches to Sociological Research Approaches to Sociological Research Learning Objectives The Scientific Method Ask a Question Research Existing Sources Formulate a Hypothesis Interpretive Framework Summary Section Quiz Short Answer Further Research References Glossary Content: The scientific method involves developing and testing theories about the world based on empirical evidence. It is defined by its commitment to systematic observation of the empirical world and strives to be objective, critical, skeptical, and logical. It involves a series of prescribed steps that have been established over centuries of scholarship. The scientific method is an essential tool in research. But just because sociological studies use scientific methods does not make the results less human. Sociological topics are not reduced to right or wrong facts. In this field, results of studies tend to provide people with access to knowledge they did not have before—knowledge of other cultures, knowledge of rituals and beliefs, or knowledge of trends and attitudes. No matter what research approach they use, researchers want to maximize the study’s reliability, which refers to how likely research results are to be replicated if the study is reproduced. Reliability increases the likelihood that what happens to one person will happen to all people in a group. Researchers also strive for validity, which refers to how well the study measures what it was designed to measure.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-sociology/chapter/approaches-to-sociological-research/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1163067328#2_2419874802
Title: Sex and Gender | Introduction to Sociology Headings: Sex and Gender Sex and Gender Learning Objectives Sexual Orientation Gender Roles Gender Identity Summary Section Quiz Short Answer Further Research References Glossary Content: As he grows, however, he may identify with the feminine aspects of his culture. Since the term sex refers to biological or physical distinctions, characteristics of sex will not vary significantly between different human societies. Generally, persons of the female sex, regardless of culture, will eventually menstruate and develop breasts that can lactate. Characteristics of gender, on the other hand, may vary greatly between different societies. For example, in U.S. culture, it is considered feminine (or a trait of the female gender) to wear a dress or skirt. However, in many Middle Eastern, Asian, and African cultures, dresses or skirts (often referred to as sarongs, robes, or gowns) are considered masculine. The kilt worn by a Scottish male does not make him appear feminine in his culture. The dichotomous view of gender (the notion that someone is either male or female) is specific to certain cultures and is not universal. In some cultures gender is viewed as fluid. In the past, some anthropologists used the term berdache to refer to individuals who occasionally or permanently dressed and lived as a different gender.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-sociology/chapter/sex-and-gender/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1163067328#3_2419876387
Title: Sex and Gender | Introduction to Sociology Headings: Sex and Gender Sex and Gender Learning Objectives Sexual Orientation Gender Roles Gender Identity Summary Section Quiz Short Answer Further Research References Glossary Content: However, in many Middle Eastern, Asian, and African cultures, dresses or skirts (often referred to as sarongs, robes, or gowns) are considered masculine. The kilt worn by a Scottish male does not make him appear feminine in his culture. The dichotomous view of gender (the notion that someone is either male or female) is specific to certain cultures and is not universal. In some cultures gender is viewed as fluid. In the past, some anthropologists used the term berdache to refer to individuals who occasionally or permanently dressed and lived as a different gender. The practice has been noted among certain Native American tribes (Jacobs, Thomas, and Lang 1997). Samoan culture accepts what Samoans refer to as a “third gender.” Fa’afafine, which translates as “the way of the woman,” is a term used to describe individuals who are born biologically male but embody both masculine and feminine traits. Fa’afafines are considered an important part of Samoan culture. Individuals from other cultures may mislabel them as homosexuals because fa’afafines have a varied sexual life that may include men and women (Poasa 1992).
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-sociology/chapter/sex-and-gender/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1163067328#4_2419877998
Title: Sex and Gender | Introduction to Sociology Headings: Sex and Gender Sex and Gender Learning Objectives Sexual Orientation Gender Roles Gender Identity Summary Section Quiz Short Answer Further Research References Glossary Content: The practice has been noted among certain Native American tribes (Jacobs, Thomas, and Lang 1997). Samoan culture accepts what Samoans refer to as a “third gender.” Fa’afafine, which translates as “the way of the woman,” is a term used to describe individuals who are born biologically male but embody both masculine and feminine traits. Fa’afafines are considered an important part of Samoan culture. Individuals from other cultures may mislabel them as homosexuals because fa’afafines have a varied sexual life that may include men and women (Poasa 1992). The Legalese of Sex and Gender The terms sex and gender have not always been differentiated in the English language. It was not until the 1950s that U.S. and British psychologists and other professionals working with intersex and transsexual patients formally began distinguishing between sex and gender. Since then, psychological and physiological professionals have increasingly used the term gender (Moi 2005). By the end of the twenty-first century, expanding the proper usage of the term gender to everyday language became more challenging—particularly where legal language is concerned. In an effort to clarify usage of the terms sex and gender, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in a 1994 briefing, “The word gender has acquired the new and useful connotation of cultural or attitudinal characteristics (as opposed to physical characteristics) distinctive to the sexes.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-bmcc-sociology/chapter/sex-and-gender/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1163482934#1_2420632769
Title: Behavioral and Social Learning Theories and Cognitive Theories | Child and Adolescent Psychology Headings: Behavioral and Social Learning Theories and Cognitive Theories Behavioral and Social Learning Theories and Cognitive Theories Behavioral Learning Theories: How Do We Act? Classical Conditioning and Emotional Responses Pavlov: Classical Conditioning Watson and Behaviorism Behavioral Learning Theory Operant Conditioning and Repeating Actions Skinner and Reinforcement Positive and Negative Reinforcement Social Learning Theory Do Parents Socialize Children or Do Children Socialize Parents? Cognitive Theories What Do We Think? Piaget: Changes in Thought with Maturation Making Sense of the World Stages of Cognitive Development Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory Vygotsky: Changes in Thought with Guidance Content: For example, a smell might remind us of a time when we were a kid (elementary school cafeterias smell like milk and mildew!). If you went to a new cafeteria with the same smell, it might evoke feelings you had when you were in school. Or a song on the radio might remind you of a memorable evening you spent with your first true love. Or, if you hear your entire name (John Wilmington Brewer, for instance) called as you walk across the stage to receive your diploma and it makes you tense because it reminds you of how your father used to use your full name when he was upset with you, you’ve been classically conditioned! Classical conditioning explains how we develop many of our emotional responses to people, events, or “gut level” reactions to situations. New situations may bring about an old response because the two have become connected. Attachments form in this way. Addictions are affected by classical conditioning, as anyone who’s tried to quit smoking can tell you. When you try to quit, everything that was associated with smoking makes you crave a cigarette. Pavlov:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-fscj-childpsychology/chapter/behavioral-learning-theory-social-learning-theory-and-cognitive-theories/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1163775797#2_2421145767
Title: The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 | U.S. History II: 1877 to Present Headings: The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 Urbanization and Its Challenges The Keys to Successful Urbanization Electric Lighting Communications Improvements Intra-City Transportation The Rise of Skyscrapers Jacob Riis and the Window Into “How the Other Half Lives” The Immediate Challenges of Urban Life Content: In addition to the challenges of language, class, race, and ethnicity, these new arrivals dealt with low wages, overcrowded buildings, poor sanitation, and widespread disease. The land of opportunity, it seemed, did not always deliver on its promises. ( 2) Urbanization and Its Challenges Urbanization occurred rapidly in the second half of the nineteenth century in the United States for a number of reasons. The new technologies of the time led to a massive leap in industrialization, requiring large numbers of workers. New electric lights and powerful machinery allowed factories to run twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Workers were forced into grueling twelve-hour shifts, requiring them to live close to the factories. While the work was dangerous and difficult, many Americans were willing to leave behind the declining prospects of preindustrial agriculture in the hope of better wages in industrial labor. Furthermore, problems ranging from famine to religious persecution led a new wave of immigrants to arrive from central, eastern, and southern Europe, many of whom settled and found work near the cities where they first arrived. Immigrants sought solace and comfort among others who shared the same language and customs, and the nation’s cities became an invaluable economic and cultural resource. Although cities such as Philadelphia, Boston, and New York sprang up from the initial days of colonial settlement, the explosion in urban population growth did not occur until the mid-nineteenth century.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-fscj-ushistory2/chapter/the-growing-pains-of-urbanization-1870-1900/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1163775797#3_2421148072
Title: The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 | U.S. History II: 1877 to Present Headings: The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 Urbanization and Its Challenges The Keys to Successful Urbanization Electric Lighting Communications Improvements Intra-City Transportation The Rise of Skyscrapers Jacob Riis and the Window Into “How the Other Half Lives” The Immediate Challenges of Urban Life Content: Workers were forced into grueling twelve-hour shifts, requiring them to live close to the factories. While the work was dangerous and difficult, many Americans were willing to leave behind the declining prospects of preindustrial agriculture in the hope of better wages in industrial labor. Furthermore, problems ranging from famine to religious persecution led a new wave of immigrants to arrive from central, eastern, and southern Europe, many of whom settled and found work near the cities where they first arrived. Immigrants sought solace and comfort among others who shared the same language and customs, and the nation’s cities became an invaluable economic and cultural resource. Although cities such as Philadelphia, Boston, and New York sprang up from the initial days of colonial settlement, the explosion in urban population growth did not occur until the mid-nineteenth century. At this time, the attractions of city life, and in particular, employment opportunities, grew exponentially due to rapid changes in industrialization. Before the mid-1800s, factories, such as the early textile mills, had to be located near rivers and seaports, both for the transport of goods and the necessary water power. Production became dependent upon seasonal water flow, with cold, icy winters all but stopping river transportation entirely. The development of the steam engine transformed this need, allowing businesses to locate their factories near urban centers. These factories encouraged more and more people to move to urban areas where jobs were plentiful, but hourly wages were often low and the work was routine and grindingly monotonous.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-fscj-ushistory2/chapter/the-growing-pains-of-urbanization-1870-1900/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1163775797#4_2421150496
Title: The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 | U.S. History II: 1877 to Present Headings: The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870—1900 Urbanization and Its Challenges The Keys to Successful Urbanization Electric Lighting Communications Improvements Intra-City Transportation The Rise of Skyscrapers Jacob Riis and the Window Into “How the Other Half Lives” The Immediate Challenges of Urban Life Content: At this time, the attractions of city life, and in particular, employment opportunities, grew exponentially due to rapid changes in industrialization. Before the mid-1800s, factories, such as the early textile mills, had to be located near rivers and seaports, both for the transport of goods and the necessary water power. Production became dependent upon seasonal water flow, with cold, icy winters all but stopping river transportation entirely. The development of the steam engine transformed this need, allowing businesses to locate their factories near urban centers. These factories encouraged more and more people to move to urban areas where jobs were plentiful, but hourly wages were often low and the work was routine and grindingly monotonous. Eventually, cities developed their own unique characters based on the core industry that spurred their growth. In Pittsburgh, it was steel; in Chicago, it was meat packing; in New York, the garment and financial industries dominated; and Detroit, by the mid-twentieth century, was defined by the automobiles it built.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-fscj-ushistory2/chapter/the-growing-pains-of-urbanization-1870-1900/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_14_1163885118#1_2421356177
Title: The Small and Large Intestines | Biology of Aging Headings: The Small and Large Intestines The Small and Large Intestines The Small Intestine Structure Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine The Large Intestine Structure Subdivisions Cecum Colon Rectum Anal Canal Anatomy Teniae Coli, Haustra, and Epiploic Appendages Bacterial Flora Digestive Functions of the Large Intestine Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion Absorption, Feces Formation, and Defecation References Content: Since this makes it about five times longer than the large intestine, you might wonder why it is called “small.” In fact, its name derives from its relatively smaller diameter of only about 2.54 cm (1 in), compared with 7.62 cm (3 in) for the large intestine. As we’ll see shortly, in addition to its length, the folds and projections of the lining of the small intestine work to give it an enormous surface area, which is approximately 200 m 2, more than 100 times the surface area of your skin. This large surface area is necessary for complex processes of digestion and absorption that occur within it. Structure The coiled tube of the small intestine is subdivided into three regions. From proximal (at the stomach) to distal, these are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The shortest region is the 25.4-cm (10-in) duodenum, which begins at the pyloric sphincter. Just past the pyloric sphincter, it bends posteriorly behind the peritoneum, becoming retroperitoneal, and then makes a C-shaped curve around the head of the pancreas before ascending anteriorly again to return to the peritoneal cavity and join the jejunum. The duodenum can therefore be subdivided into four segments: the superior, descending, horizontal, and ascending duodenum.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-biologyofaging/chapter/the-small-and-large-intestines/