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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1503962781#4_2527189407
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Title: Options for responding well to an overly-rigid person
Headings:
Content: These qualities can be social assets or liabilities, depending on the situation. Here rigid means "thinking, speaking, and imposing black/white right/wrong judgments (vs. opinions) on situations, relationships, and people. Examples: Abortion is inexcusable! Prostitutes are immoral sluts
You should never _______
Crying is weak and pitiful
You shouldn't dye your hair
The Bible is God's Truth
Lying and pride are sins! You must always _______
Rich people are snobs
Always think of the other guy
Republicans are fools. Respect your elders! Overly-rigid people often....
see values and opinions other than theirs as wrong, rather than different; may c/overtly scorn, fear, avoid, and/or reject people who disagree with them; may pretend tolerance they don't genuinely feel;
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http://sfhelp.org/cx/apps/rigid.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1503962781#5_2527190428
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Title: Options for responding well to an overly-rigid person
Headings:
Content: You must always _______
Rich people are snobs
Always think of the other guy
Republicans are fools. Respect your elders! Overly-rigid people often....
see values and opinions other than theirs as wrong, rather than different; may c/overtly scorn, fear, avoid, and/or reject people who disagree with them; may pretend tolerance they don't genuinely feel; may come across as arrogant, egotistical, righteous, controlling, intolerant, bigoted, prejudiced, and/or authoritarian; are apt to lecture about absolute truths, rather than discuss possibilities; may be rigid on a few topics or many; have trouble hearing other opinions; and they...
may (rigidly) deny, justify, or minimize these traits and/or refuse to discuss them.
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http://sfhelp.org/cx/apps/rigid.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1503962781#6_2527191395
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Title: Options for responding well to an overly-rigid person
Headings:
Content: may come across as arrogant, egotistical, righteous, controlling, intolerant, bigoted, prejudiced, and/or authoritarian; are apt to lecture about absolute truths, rather than discuss possibilities; may be rigid on a few topics or many; have trouble hearing other opinions; and they...
may (rigidly) deny, justify, or minimize these traits and/or refuse to discuss them. Does this sound like any adults or kids in your life? Rigidity refers to the way people think and express themselves on some topics. When rigidity focuses on demeaning certain traits, ideas, people, or organizations, it becomes bigotry and/or prejudice. The opposite to personal rigidity is flexibility, open-mindedness, tolerance, and compromise,
What Causes "Rigidity"? Though each person is unique, several causes may be common.
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http://sfhelp.org/cx/apps/rigid.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1503962781#7_2527192448
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Title: Options for responding well to an overly-rigid person
Headings:
Content: Does this sound like any adults or kids in your life? Rigidity refers to the way people think and express themselves on some topics. When rigidity focuses on demeaning certain traits, ideas, people, or organizations, it becomes bigotry and/or prejudice. The opposite to personal rigidity is flexibility, open-mindedness, tolerance, and compromise,
What Causes "Rigidity"? Though each person is unique, several causes may be common. One is being psychologically wounded from early-childhood abandonment, neglect, and abuse. This can cause significant shame, insecurity, distrust, and the unconscious need to control other people and situations. Excessive rigidity (vs. firmness) can be seen as a desperate attempt to make an unpredictable world safe from confusion, doubt, and pain . If I accept that your different opinion may be valid, then I must face feeling (or being seen as) wrong / stupid / ignorant / inferior. Trying to persuade a wounded person to "be more flexible" is as futile as using logic to get an addict to choose sobriety or an atheist to want to accept a Higher Power.
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http://sfhelp.org/cx/apps/rigid.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1503962781#8_2527193789
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Title: Options for responding well to an overly-rigid person
Headings:
Content: One is being psychologically wounded from early-childhood abandonment, neglect, and abuse. This can cause significant shame, insecurity, distrust, and the unconscious need to control other people and situations. Excessive rigidity (vs. firmness) can be seen as a desperate attempt to make an unpredictable world safe from confusion, doubt, and pain . If I accept that your different opinion may be valid, then I must face feeling (or being seen as) wrong / stupid / ignorant / inferior. Trying to persuade a wounded person to "be more flexible" is as futile as using logic to get an addict to choose sobriety or an atheist to want to accept a Higher Power. Notice the difference between "Alex is incredibly rigid (or controlling)." and "Alex is very wounded and insecure." Which would you rather be called? Implication - excessive rigidity is a symptom, not a "character flaw." It deserves compassion and assertiveness, not scorn, anger, or pity.
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http://sfhelp.org/cx/apps/rigid.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1510455493#2_2537073850
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Title: Internet in China | /r/shanghai - laowaikipedia Wiki | Fandom
Headings: Internet in China
Internet in China
This article was written in 2016. Information below may be outdated or inaccurate.
Contents
Using a VPN
Using Tor
Google in China
Internet connection speeds
Other notes
Content: Those browsing in China without a VPN should get used to seeing error pages on a regular basis
While there are workarounds for the GFW (see below), it should be noted that the Chinese government are continually upgrading the GFW in order to make it more and more difficult to circumvent. Censorship is especially stringent during particularly sensitive international media coverage that paints China in a negative light, or during times of upheaval such as the recent Communist party leadership shuffle. Therefore, even if a solution currently works well, it is not guaranteed to work indefinitely. The censorship of the internet in China is not going away any time soon, and in fact the government continues to tighten the noose. In December 2012, new regulations were passed in China that require locals to use their real names whenever signing up for internet or phone-based services (not just for the access itself). The new regulations also permit censors to force service providers to delete pages or posts deemed to be 'illegal information' immediately, and hand over any personal information so that the author can be punished. The exact definition of 'illegal information' is disconcertingly vague, but generally seems to centre around discussion of sensitive issues such as human rights, corrupt government officials, or whatever information the government currently wishes to suppress. Netizens on the Chinese mainland should also be aware that during times of particular political sensitivity, the censorship of Chinese internet becomes even more stringent, and the vast majority of foreign news sites will be blocked entirely (or in the case of many Chinese social networking sites like Weibo, censored even more forcefully than usual). One such period that occurs every year is on the 4th of June (sometimes referred to as the "35th May" due to the fact that even references to the date are censored), which is the anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre in Beijing. Due to the political significance of this date and the fact that every year so many sites go down for 'maintenance', this date is often sarcastically referred to in China as 'Internet Maintenance Day'.
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http://shanghai.wikia.com/wiki/Internet_in_China
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1511034099#1_2538150877
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Title: How Stress Affects Your Brain | UPMC HealthBeat
Headings: How Stress Affects Your Brain
Neurosurgery and Brain Health
How Stress Affects Your Brain
Never Miss a Beat!
Destroying Brain Cells
Shrinking Your Brain
Connect with UPMC
Find a Doctor
MyUPMC
Brain Chemical Depletion
Save your Brain – Simple Ways to De-stress
About Neurosurgery
Content: The following information will help you gain a better understanding for how stress affects your brain and ways to improve how you deal with stress in the future. Never Miss a Beat! Destroying Brain Cells
When you’re under stress, your body releases adrenalin into your bloodstream, giving your brain bursts of energy. When under longer periods of it, your body goes all out and releases a class of stronger steroidal hormones, called glucocorticoids, which can remain in your brain far longer than adrenalin. Now, this is all well and good and can help you get by in tough situations, but when under constant, chronic stress, these hormones can begin to have lasting effects. None of which are positive. When these hormones are released, they head directly for the hippocampus, the part of the brain that is involved in memory forming, organizing, and storing. When chronic stress occurs, these hormones become unbalanced, which can kill cells in the hippocampus, and over time can lead to confusion and memory and learning difficulties. Shrinking Your Brain
Yes your brain can actually shrink from having too much stress in your life. A recent study from Yale University showed that chronic stress can reduce brain volume, leading to impaired cognition and hampered emotional function.
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http://share.upmc.com/2014/09/stress-affects-brain/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1511034099#2_2538152713
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Title: How Stress Affects Your Brain | UPMC HealthBeat
Headings: How Stress Affects Your Brain
Neurosurgery and Brain Health
How Stress Affects Your Brain
Never Miss a Beat!
Destroying Brain Cells
Shrinking Your Brain
Connect with UPMC
Find a Doctor
MyUPMC
Brain Chemical Depletion
Save your Brain – Simple Ways to De-stress
About Neurosurgery
Content: None of which are positive. When these hormones are released, they head directly for the hippocampus, the part of the brain that is involved in memory forming, organizing, and storing. When chronic stress occurs, these hormones become unbalanced, which can kill cells in the hippocampus, and over time can lead to confusion and memory and learning difficulties. Shrinking Your Brain
Yes your brain can actually shrink from having too much stress in your life. A recent study from Yale University showed that chronic stress can reduce brain volume, leading to impaired cognition and hampered emotional function. Why does this happen, you might ask? The genes that control synaptic connections (the connections between nerve cells) malfunction, causing fewer connections and lower brain volume. However, the good news is that this change is not permanent. When your stress passes and synaptic connections levels return to normal, your brain rebounds to its normal size. Connect with UPMC
Find a Doctor
MyUPMC
Request Appointment
Brain Chemical Depletion
Under a state of chronic stress, the chemicals that carry messages from one nerve to another begin to deplete, causing the brain to become sluggish and inefficient.
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http://share.upmc.com/2014/09/stress-affects-brain/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1511342776#6_2538921417
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Title: Facts and Questions on Domestic Minor (Child) Sex Trafficking the USA | FAQs - Shared Hope International
Headings: FAQs
FAQs
Is child sex trafficking happening in the United States?
What is sex trafficking?
What about the girls who choose prostitution? Are they victims of trafficking too?
Why don’t victims escape when they have the opportunity?
How do traffickers or pimps recruit victims?
What makes a child vulnerable to child sex trafficking?
What is the difference between a trafficker and a pimp?
Who buys sex?
How does pornography affect the trafficking industry?
What if someone I know is being groomed for trafficking or is being trafficked?
Content: What is the difference between a trafficker and a pimp? Nothing. A pimp is another name for a trafficker. A trafficker/pimp is any person who causes an adult (using force, fraud or coercion) or any minor to engage in commercial sex in order to profit from the exploitation of that individual. Who buys sex? The buyers of sex from juveniles can be anyone – professionals, students, tourists, military personnel, a family member. Because buyers often pay in cash and may interact with a victim for as little as five minutes, buyers are increasingly difficult to identify. To view information about buyers in your state, visit www.demandingjustice.org. How does pornography affect the trafficking industry? Viewing pornography may be a solo act;
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http://sharedhope.org/the-problem/faqs/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1511342776#7_2538923011
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Title: Facts and Questions on Domestic Minor (Child) Sex Trafficking the USA | FAQs - Shared Hope International
Headings: FAQs
FAQs
Is child sex trafficking happening in the United States?
What is sex trafficking?
What about the girls who choose prostitution? Are they victims of trafficking too?
Why don’t victims escape when they have the opportunity?
How do traffickers or pimps recruit victims?
What makes a child vulnerable to child sex trafficking?
What is the difference between a trafficker and a pimp?
Who buys sex?
How does pornography affect the trafficking industry?
What if someone I know is being groomed for trafficking or is being trafficked?
Content: The buyers of sex from juveniles can be anyone – professionals, students, tourists, military personnel, a family member. Because buyers often pay in cash and may interact with a victim for as little as five minutes, buyers are increasingly difficult to identify. To view information about buyers in your state, visit www.demandingjustice.org. How does pornography affect the trafficking industry? Viewing pornography may be a solo act; however, the production of the material and the social and relational consequences of the behavior extends far past the individual. Children and adults endure brutal rape and abuse at the hands of pornographers and may require years of specialized therapy to heal from the intense trauma inflicted on them. The effects of pornography can skew the viewer’s perception of healthy sexual behavior and boundaries, impacting the viewer’s personal relationship with a spouse or significant other. Trafficked women and children may face an increased risk of violence or degradation due to the normalization of deviant sex acts propagated through pornography. What if someone I know is being groomed for trafficking or is being trafficked?
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http://sharedhope.org/the-problem/faqs/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1517505380#1_2553937445
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Title: Western Colorado History Mexican American War
Headings: Republic of Texas, and the Mexican American War, 1836-1845
Content: Mexico's War of Independence began in 1810 and was finally won in 1821. Unfortunately, not much changed after Mexico won its independence from Spain. The richest people, the Creole class of people, in Mexico liked the power and money they had gained in the old system and were scared of drastic change. The newly formed Mexican government was then ruled by the creoles, and the poorer classes still had few rights. Mexico's independence did lead to another major change. Spain had more power in protecting its lands in southwestern North America. Like many newly formed governments, the Mexican government was disorganized and the creole class of people was fighting over the new balance of power. The newly formed Mexican government did not have a large enough national army to defend the northern parts of their territory, now a days Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Western Colorado. Soon many settlers from the United States of America moved west into these areas. In fact, enough people settled in Texas that for a short while they formed their own country, the Republic of Texas.
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http://shelledy.mesa.k12.co.us/staff/computerlab/Western_CO_History_Mexican_American_War.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1517505380#6_2553944840
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Title: Western Colorado History Mexican American War
Headings: Republic of Texas, and the Mexican American War, 1836-1845
Content: However, when Mexico got its freedom from Spain, the Republic of Texas and later the United States government said the treaty was with Spain and not Mexico so the Adams-Onis Treaty was no longer good. So, there was an argument of where was the border between Texas and Mexico. Mexican American War, 1845-1847
In 1844, the new president of the United States of America James K Polk wanted to annex or have Texas become a new state in the U.S. In 1845, the Republic of Texas accepted the United States invitation to become one of the states. In exchange, the United States took on Texas' massive debt. However, the Republic of Texas' independence and border between Texas and Mexico weren't solved. So in 1846, the United States went to war with Mexico. In addition to Texas, the U.S. had bigger goals during the war. The U.S. sent an army to capture the important trading town of Santa Fe and parts of New Mexico. After that, the U.S. sent and army to capture California from Mexico. The U.S. wanted the sea ports for faster shipping to Asia.
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http://shelledy.mesa.k12.co.us/staff/computerlab/Western_CO_History_Mexican_American_War.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1517505380#8_2553947438
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Title: Western Colorado History Mexican American War
Headings: Republic of Texas, and the Mexican American War, 1836-1845
Content: Meanwhile, there had been lots infighting between Mexicans for who was in control of the Mexican government. There had been six different changes in Mexico's president from 1844 to 1847. The United States army had been largely outnumbered by Mexico's Army in many battles. However, the chaos of Mexico's changing governments and the fact that Mexico's Army was so poorly trained and equiped helped the United States army win battle after battle. The U.S. Army ended up fighting its way all the way to Mexico City. In 1848, a treaty was signed giving the United States the lands of current day Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and parts of Utah, Colorado, and Nevada. For more Information click here. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
In February of 1848 the United States of America and Mexico created the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The U.S. paid Mexico 15 million dollars for California and New Mexico. The U.S. also gained present-day Arizona and parts of Colorado, Nevada and Utah.
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http://shelledy.mesa.k12.co.us/staff/computerlab/Western_CO_History_Mexican_American_War.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1517505380#9_2553948782
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Title: Western Colorado History Mexican American War
Headings: Republic of Texas, and the Mexican American War, 1836-1845
Content: In 1848, a treaty was signed giving the United States the lands of current day Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, and parts of Utah, Colorado, and Nevada. For more Information click here. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
In February of 1848 the United States of America and Mexico created the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The U.S. paid Mexico 15 million dollars for California and New Mexico. The U.S. also gained present-day Arizona and parts of Colorado, Nevada and Utah. In 1853 during the Gadsden Purchase, the United States bought the lower part of Arizona from Mexico. Mexico had lost close to 55% of its territory because of the war. Mexico had lost its main northern trading town of Santa Fe. To make matters more insulting to Mexico, large of amounts of gold were discovered in California later in 1848 causing one of the biggest gold rushes in modern history. For more Information click here.
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http://shelledy.mesa.k12.co.us/staff/computerlab/Western_CO_History_Mexican_American_War.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1517505380#10_2553950041
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Title: Western Colorado History Mexican American War
Headings: Republic of Texas, and the Mexican American War, 1836-1845
Content: In 1853 during the Gadsden Purchase, the United States bought the lower part of Arizona from Mexico. Mexico had lost close to 55% of its territory because of the war. Mexico had lost its main northern trading town of Santa Fe. To make matters more insulting to Mexico, large of amounts of gold were discovered in California later in 1848 causing one of the biggest gold rushes in modern history. For more Information click here. On a separate note, In 1846, the United States and England signed a treaty giving the Oregon Territory below the 49th parallel to the U.S.
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http://shelledy.mesa.k12.co.us/staff/computerlab/Western_CO_History_Mexican_American_War.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1518702775#1_2555986621
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Title: 11 Rules About Private Parts That May Prevent Sexual Abuse - Sexual Abuse Treatment & Education
Headings: 11 Rules About Private Parts That May Prevent Sexual Abuse
11 Rules About Private Parts That May Prevent Sexual Abuse
Kids get mixed messages about sexuality.
You will have to teach your child about Privacy Rules; the rules about the private places on their body.
Rule # 1 It is NOT OK to touch other people’s private parts.
Rule # 2 It is NOT OK for anyone to touch your private parts.
Rule # 3 It is NOT OK to look at other people’s private parts (in real life or in pictures).
Rule # 4 It is NOT OK to show your private parts to other people.
Rule #5 It is NOT OK to take pictures of private parts.
Rule # 6 It is OK to touch yourself if you are alone and behind a locked door and do not take too much time.
OR
Rule #6A It is OK to touch your private parts to keep them clean.
Rule # 7 It is NOT OK to make others uncomfortable with your behavior or language when it is sexual or wrong for the situation.
Rule #8 It is NOT OK to talk about private parts for fun with other kids. If you have a question about privacy or sex, please ask a grown-up.
Rule #9 It is OK to tell (insert name here) if you have broken a privacy rule. They will try to help you.
Rule #10 If someone else breaks a rule, tell an adult you trust and keep telling until someone helps you.
Rule # 11 If you are not sure about something, ask someone to help you decide.
Main Points About The Rules
Sexual abuse is real, and now preventing sexual abuse can be real too.
Related Posts via Categories
Content: This makes children vulnerable to participate in sexual behavior because they simply don’t know what the rules are. Even when older children do know the rules, they might not have the sophistication to know how to handle stress, control sexual urges, or respond to unintentional exposure of explicit material (which by the way, will happen to 70% of them). Kids get mixed messages about sexuality. To complicate things further, kids simply don’t know the difference between acting sexy and acting sexual . Think about the messages given by you, friends and family, or society at large. Young girls are applauded for twerking during a dance recital but are promptly told they are being “nasty” by prancing down the hallway. So, what if their piano teacher wants them to act sexy? Or their cousin tells them to play strip poker? How will they know what to do? Well, hold on to your hat, you will have to talk about sexuality and teach them the rules.
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http://sheryloverby.com/11-rules-private-parts/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1539104639#2_2590347254
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Title: How to account for land improvements? - Accounting Guide | Simplestudies.com
Headings: How to account for land improvements
How to account for land improvements
Account for land improvements.
1. Nature of land related expenditures
2. Land improvements as part of land cost
3. Land improvements as a separate asset (and cost)
Not a member?
Lecture Contents:
Ask a Question
Suggest a Topic
Content: Land improvements as part of land cost
Land related expenditures in the first category are usually included in the cost of land acquired. This treatment is consistent with the generally accepted accounting principles stating that costs related to preparing an asset for its intended use are to be included in the cost of that asset. Thus, when a company buys land and needs to remove an old building from it, the removal costs (less any salvageable items) are added to the cost of land acquired. Note that land is recorded on the balance sheet in a separate account called Land. Land is a separate asset within Property, Plant, and Equipment. Land is not depreciated because it does not have an expected useful life. Therefore, any land related expenditures in this category will stay on the balance sheet and will not be depreciated. 3. Land improvements as a separate asset (and cost)
Land improvements in the second category are usually recorded as a separate asset on the balance sheet in an account called Land Improvements. Therefore, such expenditures represent separate costs.
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http://simplestudies.com/accounting-for-land-improvements.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1540161491#2_2592505157
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Title: Research Topics on Education: 4 Child-Centered Examples
Headings: Research Topics on Education: Four Child-Centered Examples
Research Topics on Education: Four Child-Centered Examples
Table of Contents
Research as a Tool for Solving Problems
Four Child-Centered Research Topics on Education
1. How children react to loss of parental care
Example Research Questions:
2. Early childhood development
Example Research Questions
3. Classroom and learning
Example Research Questions
4. Socialization among children
Example Research Questions
Reference:
Content: How children react to loss of parental care
Example Research Questions: 2. Early childhood development
Example Research Questions
3. Classroom and learning
Example Research Questions
4. Socialization among children
Example Research Questions
Research as a Tool for Solving Problems
It is widely recognized among administrators that research is invaluable in developing solutions to issues and problems that confront their schools. Using the systematic and rigorous investigation approach, new themes, ideas, and perspectives emerge that shape educational institutions’ management. Given this scenario, what are some of the issues and concerns confronting the educational sector? Despite technological advances, there appear to be still unaddressed problems that affect children. Child-centered education brings into focus research topics in education that you, as a graduate student taking up advanced education courses, or perhaps as a school administrator, can focus on. Here are four examples of research topics on education that you may explore.
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http://simplyeducate.me/2013/07/30/four-examples-of-research-topics-on-education/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1551292109#1_2608823835
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Title: Evolutionary Approach – A Journey Through Psychology
Headings: Evolutionary Approach
Evolutionary Approach
Content: Watch on
0:00
0:00
0:00 / 12:14
Live
•
Evolutionary approach uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. The purpose of this approach is to bring the functional way of thinking about biological mechanisms such as the immune system into the field of psychology and to approach psychological mechanisms in a similar way. In other words, evolutionary psychology is focused on how evolution has shaped the mind and behavior. The evolutionary perspective considers many different traits which include memory, perception and language. In this perspective, however, it considers these traits as adaptations that have occurred within the human body over time. With the evolutionary perspective scientists look at the way a new trait will evolve in the average person. The evolutionary perspective says the only reason that the human race continues to survive and continues to function in the best way possible is through natural selection. This is believed to be the way that the human race has come from the caveman era to the modern era as far as skills, traits and abilities. This approach also influence our decision making, level of aggressiveness, fears, and making patterns. A strength of this approach is that it can explain behaviors that appear dysfunctional, such as anorexia, or behaviors that make little sense in a modern context
Post navigation
Sociocultural approach
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http://sites.gsu.edu/bmartin48/2017/03/28/evolutionary-approach/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1551426942#1_2609069737
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Title: Adjourning Stage – Project Arrive
Headings: Adjourning Stage
Adjourning Stage
Calendar
Content: This is a time to celebrate all that’s been accomplished! On the other hand, members have likely bonded and may feel sad about the group coming to an end. They may show this sadness by not participating or seeming unmotivated. It is important for everyone to leave with a sense of closure and a chance to say goodbye. Activities that help wrap up group projects and start the process of ending can be helpful during this stage. Planning a celebration or ritual that fosters closure as well as excitement about the future may be an excellent way to bring the group to an end. What is the Mentor’s Role? Mentors plan for the closure of the group during the Adjourning stage. It is important for them to begin communicating this plan early on to ensure a healthy ending. The process of ending mentoring groups will depend on individual group characteristics, so mentors will need to understand how ending may affect their particular mentees.
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http://sites.gsu.edu/project-arrive/adjourning-stage/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1551806264#0_2609797924
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Title: Miranda v. Arizona (1966) – U.S. Conlawpedia
Headings: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Summary
First Timeline
1897
Bram v. United States
1936
Brown v. Mississipi
March 13, 1963
Miranda's arrest
March 18, 1963
Gideon v. Wainwright
June 1963
Original judgement in front of the Superior Court of Maricopa County Arizona
June 22, 1964
Escobedo v. Illinois
February 28, 1966 — March 2, 1966
Case argued in front of the Supreme Court
Bram v. United States
Brown v. Mississipi
Miranda's arrest
Gideon v. Wainwright
Original judgement in front of the Superior Court of Maricopa County Arizona
Escobedo v. Illinois
Case argued in front of the Supreme Court
Background
Procedural History
Issue
Arguments by Petitioner
Arguments by Respondent
Decision
Majority Opinion (Warren)
Dissenting in Part (Clark)
Dissenting Opinion (Harlan)
Dissenting Opinion (White)
Full Text of Opinions
Decision Analysis
Significance/ Impact
Second Timeline
June 13, 1966
Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court Decision
June 17, 1976
Doyle v. Ohio
May 18, 1981
Edwards v. Arizona
June 12, 1984
New York v. Quarles
June 4, 1990
Illinois v. Perkins
Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court Decision
Doyle v. Ohio
Edwards v. Arizona
New York v. Quarles
Illinois v. Perkins
Scholarly Commentary and Debate
Constitutional Provisions
Governmental Law or Action Under Review
Important Precedents
Important Subsequent Cases
Web Resources
Academic Book, Articles and Law Reviews
Contributors
Tasks for Future Contributors
Content: Miranda v. Arizona (1966) – U.S. Conlawpedia
Skip to content
Main Menu
Home
Constitutional Text
Constitutional Cases
Constitutional Hodgepodge
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Summary
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436 (1996), was a landmark U. S. Supreme Court case which ruled that prior to police interrogation, apprehended criminal suspects must be briefed of their constitutional rights addressed in the sixth amendment, right to an attorney and fifth amendment, rights of self incrimination. Ernesto Miranda appealed his rape and child kidnapping charges to the U. S. Supreme Court. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled police officers, detectives and/or other law enforcement officers must inform criminal suspects of their right to an attorney as well as their rights against self incrimination in order for evidence to be admissible in court. It was established that the defendant must know, understand, and explicitly waive these constitutional rights in order for them to be used at trial. Due to this ruling police officers, as shown in popular media, must read the detained suspect his or her Miranda Rights. First Timeline
TimelineJS Embed
U.S. Constitution
Loading Image
1897
Bram v. United States
The Constitution is invoked for the first time to limit police interrogations. The Supreme Court claims that the Fifth Amendment prohibits involontary confessions from being admissible in court. Police confession room
Loading Image
1936
Brown v. Mississipi
The Supreme Court decides that a confession obtained via physical torture is inadmissible in court because it violates the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause. The Documentary Group
Photo of Ernesto Miranda
Loading Image
March 13, 1963
Miranda's arrest
Miranda is arrested for rape and kidnapping. After two hours of interrogation by police officers, he signs a confession to the crimes he was charged for.
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http://sites.gsu.edu/us-constipedia/miranda-v-arizona-1966/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1551806264#1_2609801581
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Title: Miranda v. Arizona (1966) – U.S. Conlawpedia
Headings: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Summary
First Timeline
1897
Bram v. United States
1936
Brown v. Mississipi
March 13, 1963
Miranda's arrest
March 18, 1963
Gideon v. Wainwright
June 1963
Original judgement in front of the Superior Court of Maricopa County Arizona
June 22, 1964
Escobedo v. Illinois
February 28, 1966 — March 2, 1966
Case argued in front of the Supreme Court
Bram v. United States
Brown v. Mississipi
Miranda's arrest
Gideon v. Wainwright
Original judgement in front of the Superior Court of Maricopa County Arizona
Escobedo v. Illinois
Case argued in front of the Supreme Court
Background
Procedural History
Issue
Arguments by Petitioner
Arguments by Respondent
Decision
Majority Opinion (Warren)
Dissenting in Part (Clark)
Dissenting Opinion (Harlan)
Dissenting Opinion (White)
Full Text of Opinions
Decision Analysis
Significance/ Impact
Second Timeline
June 13, 1966
Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court Decision
June 17, 1976
Doyle v. Ohio
May 18, 1981
Edwards v. Arizona
June 12, 1984
New York v. Quarles
June 4, 1990
Illinois v. Perkins
Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court Decision
Doyle v. Ohio
Edwards v. Arizona
New York v. Quarles
Illinois v. Perkins
Scholarly Commentary and Debate
Constitutional Provisions
Governmental Law or Action Under Review
Important Precedents
Important Subsequent Cases
Web Resources
Academic Book, Articles and Law Reviews
Contributors
Tasks for Future Contributors
Content: First Timeline
TimelineJS Embed
U.S. Constitution
Loading Image
1897
Bram v. United States
The Constitution is invoked for the first time to limit police interrogations. The Supreme Court claims that the Fifth Amendment prohibits involontary confessions from being admissible in court. Police confession room
Loading Image
1936
Brown v. Mississipi
The Supreme Court decides that a confession obtained via physical torture is inadmissible in court because it violates the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause. The Documentary Group
Photo of Ernesto Miranda
Loading Image
March 13, 1963
Miranda's arrest
Miranda is arrested for rape and kidnapping. After two hours of interrogation by police officers, he signs a confession to the crimes he was charged for. Loading
March 18, 1963
Gideon v. Wainwright
The Supreme Court holds that the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel in criminal cases extends to state felony cases. Loading
June 1963
Original judgement in front of the Superior Court of Maricopa County Arizona
The judgement is rendered against Miranda, who is sentenced to 30 years of prison. Loading
June 22, 1964
Escobedo v. Illinois
This landmark case, occuring right before the Miranda v. Arizona decision, provides additional rights for the defendants. The Supreme Court holds that the state police needs to notify suspects of their right to remain silent and to have an attorney, if requested by the time the suspect becomes the focus of investigation by the police. Loading
February 28, 1966 — March 2, 1966
Case argued in front of the Supreme Court
After Miranda appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court, his attorney argues his case and claims his confession was not fully voluntary.
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http://sites.gsu.edu/us-constipedia/miranda-v-arizona-1966/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1551806264#4_2609813974
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Title: Miranda v. Arizona (1966) – U.S. Conlawpedia
Headings: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Summary
First Timeline
1897
Bram v. United States
1936
Brown v. Mississipi
March 13, 1963
Miranda's arrest
March 18, 1963
Gideon v. Wainwright
June 1963
Original judgement in front of the Superior Court of Maricopa County Arizona
June 22, 1964
Escobedo v. Illinois
February 28, 1966 — March 2, 1966
Case argued in front of the Supreme Court
Bram v. United States
Brown v. Mississipi
Miranda's arrest
Gideon v. Wainwright
Original judgement in front of the Superior Court of Maricopa County Arizona
Escobedo v. Illinois
Case argued in front of the Supreme Court
Background
Procedural History
Issue
Arguments by Petitioner
Arguments by Respondent
Decision
Majority Opinion (Warren)
Dissenting in Part (Clark)
Dissenting Opinion (Harlan)
Dissenting Opinion (White)
Full Text of Opinions
Decision Analysis
Significance/ Impact
Second Timeline
June 13, 1966
Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court Decision
June 17, 1976
Doyle v. Ohio
May 18, 1981
Edwards v. Arizona
June 12, 1984
New York v. Quarles
June 4, 1990
Illinois v. Perkins
Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court Decision
Doyle v. Ohio
Edwards v. Arizona
New York v. Quarles
Illinois v. Perkins
Scholarly Commentary and Debate
Constitutional Provisions
Governmental Law or Action Under Review
Important Precedents
Important Subsequent Cases
Web Resources
Academic Book, Articles and Law Reviews
Contributors
Tasks for Future Contributors
Content: In 1963, the Gideon v. Wainwright decision extended the Sixth Amendment’s right to have an attorney in criminal cases to state felony cases; and in 1964, in Escobedo v. Illinois, the Supreme Court held that the police needed to notify suspects of their right to remain silent and their right to counsel. Therefore, before the Miranda v. Arizona case was brought to the Supreme Court, the Court was sending a clear signal to law enforcement: constitutional guarantees of due process for suspects had to be maintained, otherwise confessions would not be admitted in court and convictions would be overturned. On March 13, 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested under the charges of rape, kidnapping, and robbery. He was brought into the police station, where he was interrogated for two hours. During the interrogation, Miranda allegedly confessed to committing all crimes against him on a recording. However, he was not read his rights to remain silent and to have an attorney. When brought to trial, the prosecution’s only evidence was the confession, which was upheld in court. Miranda was found guilty of all charges and sentenced to 20 – 30 years in prison.
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http://sites.gsu.edu/us-constipedia/miranda-v-arizona-1966/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1551806264#5_2609816903
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Title: Miranda v. Arizona (1966) – U.S. Conlawpedia
Headings: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Summary
First Timeline
1897
Bram v. United States
1936
Brown v. Mississipi
March 13, 1963
Miranda's arrest
March 18, 1963
Gideon v. Wainwright
June 1963
Original judgement in front of the Superior Court of Maricopa County Arizona
June 22, 1964
Escobedo v. Illinois
February 28, 1966 — March 2, 1966
Case argued in front of the Supreme Court
Bram v. United States
Brown v. Mississipi
Miranda's arrest
Gideon v. Wainwright
Original judgement in front of the Superior Court of Maricopa County Arizona
Escobedo v. Illinois
Case argued in front of the Supreme Court
Background
Procedural History
Issue
Arguments by Petitioner
Arguments by Respondent
Decision
Majority Opinion (Warren)
Dissenting in Part (Clark)
Dissenting Opinion (Harlan)
Dissenting Opinion (White)
Full Text of Opinions
Decision Analysis
Significance/ Impact
Second Timeline
June 13, 1966
Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court Decision
June 17, 1976
Doyle v. Ohio
May 18, 1981
Edwards v. Arizona
June 12, 1984
New York v. Quarles
June 4, 1990
Illinois v. Perkins
Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court Decision
Doyle v. Ohio
Edwards v. Arizona
New York v. Quarles
Illinois v. Perkins
Scholarly Commentary and Debate
Constitutional Provisions
Governmental Law or Action Under Review
Important Precedents
Important Subsequent Cases
Web Resources
Academic Book, Articles and Law Reviews
Contributors
Tasks for Future Contributors
Content: He was brought into the police station, where he was interrogated for two hours. During the interrogation, Miranda allegedly confessed to committing all crimes against him on a recording. However, he was not read his rights to remain silent and to have an attorney. When brought to trial, the prosecution’s only evidence was the confession, which was upheld in court. Miranda was found guilty of all charges and sentenced to 20 – 30 years in prison. Procedural History
After his conviction, Miranda appealed to the Arizona Supreme Court. In 1965, the State Supreme Court affirmed the Superior Court’s decision where judgment was initially rendered against Miranda. Thereafter, Ernest Miranda appealed to the United States Supreme Court where the case granted Certiorari. The case was argued in front of the Supreme Court on February 28th, March 1st and 2nd of 1966. On June 13th, 1966, the United States Supreme Court decided to reverse the decision made by the State Court.
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http://sites.gsu.edu/us-constipedia/miranda-v-arizona-1966/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1551844490#0_2609878028
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Title: National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius (2012) – U.S. Conlawpedia
Headings: National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius (2012)
National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius (2012)
Introduction
Case Timeline
June 23, 1987
S.D. v. Dole Decision
August 12, 2011
The 11th circuit found that the individual manadate was unconstitutional in the case of obamacare
10:19 AM March 28, 2012 — 11:19 AM March 28, 2012
Oral Arguments
June 28, 2012
Decision Announcement
S.D. v. Dole Decision
The 11th circuit found that the individual manadate was unconstitutional in the case of obamacare
Oral Arguments
Decision Announcement
Background
Procedural History
Issues
Individual Mandate
The Tax Power-
Commerce Clause-
Necessary and Proper Clause-
Medicaid Expansion
Holdings
Individual Mandate
Medicaid Expansion
Majority Opinion
Individual Mandate-
Medicaid Expansion-
Separate Opinions
Significance / Impact
The Roberts Doctrine
Text of Case Opinions
External Resource Links
Major Statute Under Review
Important Precedents
Important Subsequent Cases
Content: National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius (2012) – U.S. Conlawpedia
National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius (2012)
Introduction
After election, President Barack Obama and his administration had been focused on healthcare which led to the creation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This highlighted the need for reform in the American health care system which has been highly costly. The reform had been highly controversial, and questions about if this Act was the best solution or if this would solve anything were raised. This has led to discourse over the constitutionality of the Act. The questions and concerns about the constitutionality of the Act had led several states to file a suit against it which reached the Supreme Court. The National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) became a major Supreme Court case that reevaluated the limits of what the Federal Government could regulate and how they would enforced it. The disagreement, though highly partisan, had arisen from several constitutional issues that the Act raised. The arguers had questioned the application of the two main things which were the individual mandate and the Medicaid expansion. The individual mandate is law requiring certain civilian to purchase particular goods or services, in this case health insurance. The Medicaid expansion was the expansion of Medicaid program to wider reach of individuals within a certain income bracket and under 65 and the objection to the expansion would lead to the loss of all Medicaid funds.
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http://sites.gsu.edu/us-constipedia/national-federation-of-independent-businesses-v-sebelius-2012/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1551915362#0_2610024245
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Title: Roe v. Wade (1973) – U.S. Conlawpedia
Headings: Roe v. Wade (1973)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Summary
Timeline 1
1856
American Medical Association (AMA) makes moves to make abortion illegal.
1873
Comstock Act
1916
Margaret Sanger
1965
Griswold v. Connecticut
1969
Norma McCorvey, files suit as Jane Roe, contesting Texas abortion laws
1970
Roe v. Wade
1971
Oral Arguments
American Medical Association (AMA) makes moves to make abortion illegal.
Comstock Act
Margaret Sanger
Griswold v. Connecticut
Norma McCorvey, files suit as Jane Roe, contesting Texas abortion laws
Roe v. Wade
Oral Arguments
Background
Procedural History
Issues
Decision
Majority Opinion (Blackmun)
Concurring Opinion (Burger)
Concurring Opinion (Douglas)
Concurring Opinion (Stewart)
Dissenting Opinion (White)
Dissenting Opinion (Rehnquist)
Full Text of Opinions
Significance / Impact
Timeline 2
1973
Roe v. Wade
1989
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1992
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
2000
Stenberg v. Carhart
2007
Federal Ban
Roe v. Wade
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Stenberg v. Carhart
Federal Ban
Scholarly Commentary and Debate
Constitutional Provisions
Major Statute (s) Under Review
Important Precedents
Important Subsequent Cases
Web Resources
Academic Books, Articles and Law Reviews
Contributors
Content: Roe v. Wade (1973) – U.S. Conlawpedia
Skip to content
Main Menu
Home
Constitutional Text
Constitutional Cases
Constitutional Hodgepodge
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Summary
Roe v. Wade was a Supreme Court case that expanded the “right to privacy” and determined that women have protected constitutional rights to make their own decisions regarding their pregnancy. In light of the sexual revolution during this time, Roe v. Wade divided the nation between ethics and faiths. Using the 14th Amendment the U.S. Supreme Court voted 7-2, in favor of Jane Roe. The Court’s ruling is still seen as the landmark case that solidified the basic rights to privacy and choice for women that were not explicitly protected before this case. The trimester test that the Court designed in Roe v. Wade was later changed to the viability test in the case Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Timeline 1
TimelineJS Embed
www.nbcmontana.com
Dr. Horatio Storer
Loading Image
1856
American Medical Association (AMA) makes moves to make abortion illegal. Dr. Horatio Storer begins to work with the AMA to make all abortions illegal. Abortions are only authorized to those who believe it is the only way to save the mother's life. Pinterest.com
Loading Image
1873
Comstock Act
The Comstock Act was passed in order to further the obsenity law. It broadened the meaning of what was obsene, criminalizing all forms of contraception and abortion.
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http://sites.gsu.edu/us-constipedia/roe-vs-wade-1973/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1551915362#11_2610059071
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Title: Roe v. Wade (1973) – U.S. Conlawpedia
Headings: Roe v. Wade (1973)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Summary
Timeline 1
1856
American Medical Association (AMA) makes moves to make abortion illegal.
1873
Comstock Act
1916
Margaret Sanger
1965
Griswold v. Connecticut
1969
Norma McCorvey, files suit as Jane Roe, contesting Texas abortion laws
1970
Roe v. Wade
1971
Oral Arguments
American Medical Association (AMA) makes moves to make abortion illegal.
Comstock Act
Margaret Sanger
Griswold v. Connecticut
Norma McCorvey, files suit as Jane Roe, contesting Texas abortion laws
Roe v. Wade
Oral Arguments
Background
Procedural History
Issues
Decision
Majority Opinion (Blackmun)
Concurring Opinion (Burger)
Concurring Opinion (Douglas)
Concurring Opinion (Stewart)
Dissenting Opinion (White)
Dissenting Opinion (Rehnquist)
Full Text of Opinions
Significance / Impact
Timeline 2
1973
Roe v. Wade
1989
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1992
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
2000
Stenberg v. Carhart
2007
Federal Ban
Roe v. Wade
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Stenberg v. Carhart
Federal Ban
Scholarly Commentary and Debate
Constitutional Provisions
Major Statute (s) Under Review
Important Precedents
Important Subsequent Cases
Web Resources
Academic Books, Articles and Law Reviews
Contributors
Content: The Justices heard rearguments ten months later on October 11th, 1972. The case was ultimately decided on January 22nd, 1973. The Court struck down the Texas abortion statutes and similar laws across state lines. It upheld in parts and reversed in parts the lower court’s decision. Issues
Where does the Constitution guarantee the right to privacy? Does the Constitutional right to privacy encompass a woman’s right to terminate her pregnancy? If abortion is a part of the right to privacy, does the right to privacy encompass all abortions? Decision
In a landmark 7-2 decision, the Court held that the right to an abortion is a fundamental right in accordance to the Due Process Clause under the XIV Amendment. The Texas statutes, as well as many other in almost all of the states, that make it a crime to assist a woman to terminate her pregnancy was declared unconstitutional and the Court said that the states’ efforts to regulate it must survive the scrutiny of “compelling state interest.” Associate Justice Harry Blackmun delivered the majority opinion on behalf of the court, joined by Chief Justice Burger, and associate Justices Brennan, Stewart, Marshall, Douglas and Powell.
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http://sites.gsu.edu/us-constipedia/roe-vs-wade-1973/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1551915362#12_2610061858
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Title: Roe v. Wade (1973) – U.S. Conlawpedia
Headings: Roe v. Wade (1973)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Summary
Timeline 1
1856
American Medical Association (AMA) makes moves to make abortion illegal.
1873
Comstock Act
1916
Margaret Sanger
1965
Griswold v. Connecticut
1969
Norma McCorvey, files suit as Jane Roe, contesting Texas abortion laws
1970
Roe v. Wade
1971
Oral Arguments
American Medical Association (AMA) makes moves to make abortion illegal.
Comstock Act
Margaret Sanger
Griswold v. Connecticut
Norma McCorvey, files suit as Jane Roe, contesting Texas abortion laws
Roe v. Wade
Oral Arguments
Background
Procedural History
Issues
Decision
Majority Opinion (Blackmun)
Concurring Opinion (Burger)
Concurring Opinion (Douglas)
Concurring Opinion (Stewart)
Dissenting Opinion (White)
Dissenting Opinion (Rehnquist)
Full Text of Opinions
Significance / Impact
Timeline 2
1973
Roe v. Wade
1989
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1992
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
2000
Stenberg v. Carhart
2007
Federal Ban
Roe v. Wade
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
Stenberg v. Carhart
Federal Ban
Scholarly Commentary and Debate
Constitutional Provisions
Major Statute (s) Under Review
Important Precedents
Important Subsequent Cases
Web Resources
Academic Books, Articles and Law Reviews
Contributors
Content: Does the Constitutional right to privacy encompass a woman’s right to terminate her pregnancy? If abortion is a part of the right to privacy, does the right to privacy encompass all abortions? Decision
In a landmark 7-2 decision, the Court held that the right to an abortion is a fundamental right in accordance to the Due Process Clause under the XIV Amendment. The Texas statutes, as well as many other in almost all of the states, that make it a crime to assist a woman to terminate her pregnancy was declared unconstitutional and the Court said that the states’ efforts to regulate it must survive the scrutiny of “compelling state interest.” Associate Justice Harry Blackmun delivered the majority opinion on behalf of the court, joined by Chief Justice Burger, and associate Justices Brennan, Stewart, Marshall, Douglas and Powell. Justices Burger, Douglas and Stewart concurred in judgement, while Justices Rehnquist and White dissented; White’s dissent joined by Rehnquist. Th
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http://sites.gsu.edu/us-constipedia/roe-vs-wade-1973/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1552416687#4_2610805239
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Title: formation of modern american culture » Blog Archive » Andrew Carnegie and The Gospel of Wealth
Headings: formation of modern american culture
formation of modern american culture
Andrew Carnegie and The Gospel of Wealth
6 Responses to “Andrew Carnegie and The Gospel of Wealth”
Leave a Reply
Pages
Content: Don’t stop there however, read the rest of
The Natural Economic Order, and learn how to have
a meaningful conversation about economics. Good luck friend. Russ
Log in to Reply
Higginson Roberts says: April 15, 2013 at 9:25 pm
Kevin nicely summarizes Carnegie’s stance on philanthropy and the role of the wealthy in promoting both community improvement but also notions of social mobility among the poor and working classes. I, however, find Carnegie’s argument somewhat troublesome and fraught with contradiction. It is contentious to claim such an opinion because although it is hard to argue that Carnegie’s actions and ideas have been harmful to American society; it is also however important to see in what ways has it been beneficial, and in particular, to what groups of people have benefited from such philanthropic actions. And more abstractly, what is Carnegie saying about the poor/working classes of America? While I understand Carnegie’s desire to ameliorate American poverty through education reform, public work funds, and other charity organizations, it is problematic in the way he views the role of the people who will be directly affected by his philanthropic measures. His staunch belief that philanthropy and the allocation of surplus funds is the sole role of the wealthy classes not only breaths a negative sense of “Social Darwinism”, but also undermines the intellectual capabilities of the lower classes.
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http://sites.middlebury.edu/amst0210a/2013/04/15/andrew-carnegie-and-the-gospel-of-wealth/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1552416687#5_2610807260
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Title: formation of modern american culture » Blog Archive » Andrew Carnegie and The Gospel of Wealth
Headings: formation of modern american culture
formation of modern american culture
Andrew Carnegie and The Gospel of Wealth
6 Responses to “Andrew Carnegie and The Gospel of Wealth”
Leave a Reply
Pages
Content: It is contentious to claim such an opinion because although it is hard to argue that Carnegie’s actions and ideas have been harmful to American society; it is also however important to see in what ways has it been beneficial, and in particular, to what groups of people have benefited from such philanthropic actions. And more abstractly, what is Carnegie saying about the poor/working classes of America? While I understand Carnegie’s desire to ameliorate American poverty through education reform, public work funds, and other charity organizations, it is problematic in the way he views the role of the people who will be directly affected by his philanthropic measures. His staunch belief that philanthropy and the allocation of surplus funds is the sole role of the wealthy classes not only breaths a negative sense of “Social Darwinism”, but also undermines the intellectual capabilities of the lower classes. It is not to say that Carnegie’s intentions were bad, but by demeaning the intellect of the lower class, he is failing to understand the holistic system of philanthropy. In order for philanthropy to work at its best form, the people who are receiving the contributions must have some sort of say and position regarding the allocation of funds. Otherwise, the wealthy will continue to assist organizations and groups that support their worldview, beliefs, code of ethics, and values. Undermining the control and capability of the poor can do as much harm as good, even if the intentions were not to do so. Log in to Reply
Daniel Sundali says:
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http://sites.middlebury.edu/amst0210a/2013/04/15/andrew-carnegie-and-the-gospel-of-wealth/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1553468733#9_2612874375
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Title:
Headings: Clothing of the Pilgrims
Clothing of the Pilgrims
Pilgrim Apparel
Sources of Information
Sources of Patterns
Women
Men
Neckwear
Accessories
Decoration
Children
Colors
Materials
Content: At the neck, the woman might wear a ruff or falling band fastened with a brooch or tied with strings into a bow. However, the small collar of the chemise might be the only thing showing at the neck when wearing a bodice with sleeves and a high neckline. Shoes for women followed the general styles worn by men, being low-heeled and round-toed. However, fashionable women owned shoes made of rich silk or brocaded cloth, as witness Mrs. Winslow's wedding slippers. When heels were introduced, women took to them eagerly as a means of increasing their height. As an outer garment, the women commonly wore capes, although outer gowns or coats were often worn. The woman's coat or gown might be cut with a fitted top or fashioned to hang loosely in back from stitched pleats on a yoke. The woman's hair was parted in the center and pulled back to puffs at the sides unless a coif (or cap) were to be worn, at which time the hair was tucked neatly under the coif all around. For the most part, hats for women were copies of the men's hats. Women often wore a long, wide apron, which might nearly conceal the skirt of her gown.
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http://sites.rootsweb.com/~mosmd/clothing.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1553468733#10_2612875888
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Title:
Headings: Clothing of the Pilgrims
Clothing of the Pilgrims
Pilgrim Apparel
Sources of Information
Sources of Patterns
Women
Men
Neckwear
Accessories
Decoration
Children
Colors
Materials
Content: As an outer garment, the women commonly wore capes, although outer gowns or coats were often worn. The woman's coat or gown might be cut with a fitted top or fashioned to hang loosely in back from stitched pleats on a yoke. The woman's hair was parted in the center and pulled back to puffs at the sides unless a coif (or cap) were to be worn, at which time the hair was tucked neatly under the coif all around. For the most part, hats for women were copies of the men's hats. Women often wore a long, wide apron, which might nearly conceal the skirt of her gown. At times they drew up a corner of the apron and tucked it under the belt, creating a drape in front. Fastened to her belt, the woman carried her "pocket," a small cloth draw-string bag which might be heavily embroidered. If she were working in the garden or sewing, she might also have a small knife or a pair of scissors suspended from the belt by strings or ribbons. Men
The man's clothing consisted of underpants, stockings, shirt, breeches, waistcoat, doublet, cape or coat, cap or hat and boots or shoes. The man's shirt was a full blouse with full sleeves gathered into armseye and cuffs, much like the peasant shirt of today.
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http://sites.rootsweb.com/~mosmd/clothing.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1555121256#0_2615235691
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Title: Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure - Science in the News
Headings: Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure
Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure
Roundup and the crops that resist it
A win for farmers and the environment
Possible concerns about Roundup Ready crops
Rise of superweeds, return to old farming practices
Jordan Wilkerson is a third year graduate student in the Department of Chemistry at Harvard University.
References
Content: Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure - Science in the News
Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure
by Jordan Wilkerson
figures by Brian Chow
Summary: In the history of agriculture, no technology has been adopted so quickly and completely as genetically engineered crops. Particularly useful crops are ones that have an engineered resistance to herbicides. These crops have alluring benefits: reduced crop damage when herbicides are sprayed, easier weed management, and even the potential for environmental benefits. So what’s the problem? Herbicide-resistant weeds. The benefits gleaned from these crops begin to disappear as these superweeds gain prominence on farmlands across world. However, to fully appreciate the current predicament, it is necessary to understand what led to the difficult problem of superweeds. And it starts with the most common herbicide used in agriculture:
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http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/roundup-ready-crops/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1555121256#14_2615261533
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Title: Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure - Science in the News
Headings: Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure
Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure
Roundup and the crops that resist it
A win for farmers and the environment
Possible concerns about Roundup Ready crops
Rise of superweeds, return to old farming practices
Jordan Wilkerson is a third year graduate student in the Department of Chemistry at Harvard University.
References
Content: We do not have to go into detail about probabilities to assess whether superweeds will form – we already have confirmation that they have. Twenty-four cases of glyphosate-resistant weeds have been reported around the world, 14 of which are in the United States [7]. Farmers are now back to tilling their farmlands and spraying more toxic herbicides in addition to Roundup in an attempt to control the superweeds spreading across their farmlands [8]. Additionally, because many of the superweeds can still be killed by glyphosate if it is sprayed in higher doses, many farmers are spraying more glyphosate and other herbicides to combat the weeds. The attraction is that this is much less labor intensive than plowing and handpicking weeds out of the soil [9]. Consequently, a report drawing from US Department of Agriculture data on pesticide use estimated that an additional 383 million pounds of herbicides have been used than if Roundup Ready crops were never introduced [6]. This increased use of glyphosate heightens the likelihood of higher concentrations of the chemical running off into nearby ecosystems. At these elevated concentrations, glyphosate may be capable of causing environmental damage. Furthermore, the practices of tilling and increased herbicide use are similar to what they were 20 years ago (with even more reported herbicide use). This is both an environmental problem and a financial problem for farmers who must now revert to spending more on herbicides and labor costs to till the land [10].
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http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/roundup-ready-crops/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1555121256#15_2615263724
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Title: Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure - Science in the News
Headings: Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure
Why Roundup Ready Crops Have Lost their Allure
Roundup and the crops that resist it
A win for farmers and the environment
Possible concerns about Roundup Ready crops
Rise of superweeds, return to old farming practices
Jordan Wilkerson is a third year graduate student in the Department of Chemistry at Harvard University.
References
Content: Consequently, a report drawing from US Department of Agriculture data on pesticide use estimated that an additional 383 million pounds of herbicides have been used than if Roundup Ready crops were never introduced [6]. This increased use of glyphosate heightens the likelihood of higher concentrations of the chemical running off into nearby ecosystems. At these elevated concentrations, glyphosate may be capable of causing environmental damage. Furthermore, the practices of tilling and increased herbicide use are similar to what they were 20 years ago (with even more reported herbicide use). This is both an environmental problem and a financial problem for farmers who must now revert to spending more on herbicides and labor costs to till the land [10]. While Roundup Ready crops themselves have not caused environmental damage, they are certainly responsible for the Roundup-intensive weed management practices that have accompanied them. The environmental benefits – reduced tilling and reduced use of more toxic herbicides – are fading because the weeds Roundup was supposed to control have sprung up in revolt. More comple
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http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/roundup-ready-crops/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1555279674#3_2615607653
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Title: Finding Life on Other Worlds - Science in the News
Headings: Finding Life on Other Worlds
Finding Life on Other Worlds
Finding the Pieces of the Puzzle
Looking in the Neighborhood
Current and Future Missions
For more information:
Content: This image was acquired by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft on Nov. 27, 2005. Finding the Pieces of the Puzzle
Looking for life on other planets is difficult because we’re not certain what to look for. All known life on Earth is water-based, composed of molecules predominantly containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is reasonable to assume that conditions similar to those found on Earth would likely lead to life developing with similar characteristics. However, even with the same basic ingredients, our world could have turned our quite differently. For example, scientists have generated two new DNA bases that could have evolved alongside the four found in Earth’s organisms. The possible forms of life that could develop from these same starting blocks are hard to fathom. To simplify the search for extraterrestrial life, the main compound of interest has been liquid water, given how vital is was for the development of life on Earth. In our own solar system, both planets and their moons have been investigated using spacecraft that either study from afar or land directly on the surface. Outside the solar system, the Kepler telescope looks for evidence of other planets by searching for dimming stars as planets pass in front of them.
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http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/finding-life-worlds/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1555279674#4_2615609357
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Title: Finding Life on Other Worlds - Science in the News
Headings: Finding Life on Other Worlds
Finding Life on Other Worlds
Finding the Pieces of the Puzzle
Looking in the Neighborhood
Current and Future Missions
For more information:
Content: For example, scientists have generated two new DNA bases that could have evolved alongside the four found in Earth’s organisms. The possible forms of life that could develop from these same starting blocks are hard to fathom. To simplify the search for extraterrestrial life, the main compound of interest has been liquid water, given how vital is was for the development of life on Earth. In our own solar system, both planets and their moons have been investigated using spacecraft that either study from afar or land directly on the surface. Outside the solar system, the Kepler telescope looks for evidence of other planets by searching for dimming stars as planets pass in front of them. Using this technique, Kepler has identified over 2,400 exoplanets (planets around other stars). The atmosphere of these exoplanets is inferred from spectroscopy, where compounds in the atmosphere block specific wavelengths of light as the planet passes in front of its star. Several of these identified planets are about the size of Earth, and reside in the zone around their star where liquid water could be present based on their stars’ heat output. Looking in the Neighborhood
Due to its proximity, the planet that has been most closely researched for signs of life is Mars, which has been studied using orbiting satellites and rovers, and probably humans themselves in the near future. Though Venus is closer on average to Earth than Mars is, Venus’s 800 degree Fahrenheit acid-laden atmosphere makes it far less likely to sustain life, making Mars our closest plausible planetary neighbor with signs of life.
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http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/finding-life-worlds/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1555279674#5_2615611413
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Title: Finding Life on Other Worlds - Science in the News
Headings: Finding Life on Other Worlds
Finding Life on Other Worlds
Finding the Pieces of the Puzzle
Looking in the Neighborhood
Current and Future Missions
For more information:
Content: Using this technique, Kepler has identified over 2,400 exoplanets (planets around other stars). The atmosphere of these exoplanets is inferred from spectroscopy, where compounds in the atmosphere block specific wavelengths of light as the planet passes in front of its star. Several of these identified planets are about the size of Earth, and reside in the zone around their star where liquid water could be present based on their stars’ heat output. Looking in the Neighborhood
Due to its proximity, the planet that has been most closely researched for signs of life is Mars, which has been studied using orbiting satellites and rovers, and probably humans themselves in the near future. Though Venus is closer on average to Earth than Mars is, Venus’s 800 degree Fahrenheit acid-laden atmosphere makes it far less likely to sustain life, making Mars our closest plausible planetary neighbor with signs of life. Researchers look for geological features on Mars suggesting the presence of liquid water in its past or present, such as dried-up river basins or underground water, and complex organic molecules that can only be formed by life. So far, small streams of salty water have been observed running down Martian slopes, but the vast majority of water on Mars appears to be in the form of ice. Three other sites in the solar system considered candidates for life are Europa (a moon of Jupiter), and two moons of Saturn: Enceladus and Titan. There is widespread scientific consensus of an ocean of salt water on Europa, hidden by a thick layer of ice.
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http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/finding-life-worlds/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1555279674#9_2615618783
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Title: Finding Life on Other Worlds - Science in the News
Headings: Finding Life on Other Worlds
Finding Life on Other Worlds
Finding the Pieces of the Puzzle
Looking in the Neighborhood
Current and Future Missions
For more information:
Content: The Curiosity Rover has been studying the surface since 2012, while the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter studies the planet from orbit. Another rover, planned as a successor to Curiosity, will land in 2020. Other places in the solar system being studied by probes include the dwarf planets Pluto and Ceres, along with Saturn’s moons. Looking beyond our solar system, the Kepler telescope will continue its search for exoplanets, and will be joined on its mission by a new telescope, TESS, which will launch later this year. Some of the search for life will also be done by humans. A current NASA proposal intends to land humans on Mars in the 2030s. With current technologies, manned missions further than Mars would not be feasible, as it would simply take too long to reach the farther planets. As a result, humans will continue to rely on robotic probes and rovers to search for other life in our solar system. While we still don’t know how life might manifest on a different world, the search continues. There are several current and future missions that will shed light on this subject for years to come, while the search for planets outside our solar system continues to ignite the imagination.
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http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/finding-life-worlds/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1555279674#10_2615620422
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Title: Finding Life on Other Worlds - Science in the News
Headings: Finding Life on Other Worlds
Finding Life on Other Worlds
Finding the Pieces of the Puzzle
Looking in the Neighborhood
Current and Future Missions
For more information:
Content: A current NASA proposal intends to land humans on Mars in the 2030s. With current technologies, manned missions further than Mars would not be feasible, as it would simply take too long to reach the farther planets. As a result, humans will continue to rely on robotic probes and rovers to search for other life in our solar system. While we still don’t know how life might manifest on a different world, the search continues. There are several current and future missions that will shed light on this subject for years to come, while the search for planets outside our solar system continues to ignite the imagination. It is human nature to explore new frontiers, and finding life on other planets may just be the greatest frontier of all. Liam Kelley is a first-year graduate student in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences program at Harvard University. For more information: Exoplanets 101 (NASA)
Journey to Mars Proposal (NASA)
NASA Image and Video Library
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http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/finding-life-worlds/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1562302741#2_2629690818
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Colonization refers to a condition when bacteria are present on the skin or within the body but are not causing an infection. When Staphylococcido cause an infection, it is commonly referred to as a Staphylococcusinfection, or staph infectionfor short. Staph bacteria are one of the most common causes of skin infections in the United States. Most of these infections are minor (such as pimples and boils) and can be treated without antibiotics. However, staph bacteria can cause serious infections, such as surgical wound infections, bloodstream infections, and pneumonia. Causes of Human Staphylococcal Infections
There are only a few different types of Staphylococcusbacteria known to cause infections in humans. Four of them include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the most common type of staph infection
Staphylococcus epidermidis, a primary cause of infections in the hospital
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a common cause of urinary tract infections(UTIs) in young adult women
Staphylococcus lugdunensis, infections that can range from minor to life-threatening. Some Staphylococcusbacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA for short, is a type of Staphylococcusthat is resistant to antibiotics called beta-lactams.
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http://skin.emedtv.com/staph-infection/staph-infection-causes.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1562302741#3_2629692326
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Causes of Human Staphylococcal Infections
There are only a few different types of Staphylococcusbacteria known to cause infections in humans. Four of them include: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the most common type of staph infection
Staphylococcus epidermidis, a primary cause of infections in the hospital
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a common cause of urinary tract infections(UTIs) in young adult women
Staphylococcus lugdunensis, infections that can range from minor to life-threatening. Some Staphylococcusbacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA for short, is a type of Staphylococcusthat is resistant to antibiotics called beta-lactams. Beta-lactam antibiotics include methicillin and other, more common antibiotics, such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin(Amoxil®). While 25 to 30 percent of the population is colonized with staph, approximately 1 to 2 percent is colonized with MRSA. S. hominis, S. haemolyticus, S. warneri, and S. simulans are four other types that can cause staph infections in humans, but they are more rare. Advertisement
Staphylococcus Infection
List of references (click here)
Locksley R. Staphylococcal infections. In:
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http://skin.emedtv.com/staph-infection/staph-infection-causes.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1569081496#7_2643086018
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Title: Capture and Captives | Slavery and Remembrance
Headings: Capture and Captives
Capture and Captives
Content: Europeans provided a host of tempting goods—textiles, ironware, exotic drinks, and firearms—all in exchange for African captives. Without African middlemen—local traders who had access to internal supplies of captured African peoples—Europeans could never have hoped to acquire more than small batches of Africans. Equally, without the commercial attractions of goods imported by the Europeans, African traders would have had little reason to secure ever more victims from their internal African suppliers. Underlying the commercial exchange of goods for people on the coast were unequal power relations between European and African traders and resulting warfare and violence among various African leaders who provided most of the captives sold to Europeans. Europeans formed alliances with such leaders, providing them with the weapons and means to attack rival African communities, in return for captives. African slavers such as the Asante and Dahomey emerged as powerful states and kingdoms in the eighteenth century, controlling and dominating interior slave trade routes in their respective territories. Widespread turbulence and upheaval resulted from the European demand for slaves, and the transatlantic slave trade stimulated an increase in slavery within Africa itself. Constant and unpredictable violent attacks and kidnapping clearly had a profound and damaging impact on those African populations that were victimized by the slave trade. Many African communities tried to defend themselves from slave traders and raiders by arming or even trading slaves themselves. Others retreated to more defensible geographical regions, such as lakes or escarpments, to escape attacks and capture.
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http://slaveryandremembrance.org/articles/article/?id=A0003
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1570587938#0_2645975253
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Title:
Headings:
Content: difference
The Difference between Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental
Studies
Descriptive Research – use
systematic observation to describe a specific behavior. Descriptive researchers
create very detailed records and observe many subjects. Descriptive research
cannot make predictions or determine causality. It simply identifies behaviors
and describes the behavior and the participants. Correlational Research –
determine whether a relationship or association exists between two or more
variables, but cannot determine if one variable causes another. In
correlational research, the researchers do not manipulate any of the variables
or put the participants into groups. Although correlational research cannot
determine causality, it is useful for predicting the level of one variable
based on knowledge of the other variable. Experimental Research – In an
experiment, one variable is intentionally manipulated by the researchers. The
participants are put into groups through random assignment. Random assignment
is assigning participants in an experiment to groups in a way that each
participant has an equal chance to be in any of the groups.
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http://slhall.students.noctrl.edu/difference.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1572148690#13_2649329943
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Title: How to Be Sarcastic: Develop Your Comedic Side and Your Sharp Wit | Slism
Headings: How to Be Sarcastic: Develop Your Comedic Side and Your Sharp Wit
How to Be Sarcastic: Develop Your Comedic Side and Your Sharp Wit
How to Be Sarcastic and Win Your Friends Over
Have You Been Described as Boring and Humorless? Prove Them All Wrong and Learn How to Be Sarcastic by Cracking Sarcastic Jokes after Jokes
What is Sarcasm?
When to Use
Talk to People Who Use Sarcasm
Signs of a Sarcastic Person
Practice Sarcasm for Yourself
Try and Try Again
Start with One
Don’t Be Afraid to Fail
The Art of Comebacks
Asking Questions
Faking Excitement
Ignorance is Bliss
Content: The Art of Comebacks
Sarcasm is a popular form of humor world-wide, especially, but not limited to, a use for retaliation. If someone is making fun of you and you want to get them to back off non-violently, sarcasm will stop them dead in their tracks. Sarcasm is best used to make fun of society rather than individuals, but it’s up to you how you want to use it. What is sarcasm without comebacks! I mean if you are going to be sarcastic there is no point unless you have sly comeback skills. Here’s how you use sarcasm for the ultimate comeback. Watch out! Asking Questions
Asking questions in a demeaning tone is a great way to passively defend yourself and make others look foolish in the process. “ Why”, “Is that so”, and “Really” with a smile are ways to play down someone’s insult and not care about their presence. These examples of sarcasm are a sure-fire way to improve your sharp wit.
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http://slism.com/girlstalk/how-to-be-sarcastic-develop-your-comedic-side-and-your-sharp-wit.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1572148690#14_2649331795
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Title: How to Be Sarcastic: Develop Your Comedic Side and Your Sharp Wit | Slism
Headings: How to Be Sarcastic: Develop Your Comedic Side and Your Sharp Wit
How to Be Sarcastic: Develop Your Comedic Side and Your Sharp Wit
How to Be Sarcastic and Win Your Friends Over
Have You Been Described as Boring and Humorless? Prove Them All Wrong and Learn How to Be Sarcastic by Cracking Sarcastic Jokes after Jokes
What is Sarcasm?
When to Use
Talk to People Who Use Sarcasm
Signs of a Sarcastic Person
Practice Sarcasm for Yourself
Try and Try Again
Start with One
Don’t Be Afraid to Fail
The Art of Comebacks
Asking Questions
Faking Excitement
Ignorance is Bliss
Content: Here’s how you use sarcasm for the ultimate comeback. Watch out! Asking Questions
Asking questions in a demeaning tone is a great way to passively defend yourself and make others look foolish in the process. “ Why”, “Is that so”, and “Really” with a smile are ways to play down someone’s insult and not care about their presence. These examples of sarcasm are a sure-fire way to improve your sharp wit. Faking Excitement
“Wow” and “No Way!” make it seem like you care about what someone has to say. Whether you actually do or not can be left for interpretation. The point is to fake the exclamation to highlight the insignificance of what someone just said. Pretending you care is an excellent building block on how to be sarcastic.
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http://slism.com/girlstalk/how-to-be-sarcastic-develop-your-comedic-side-and-your-sharp-wit.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1576701446#2_2659444043
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Title: The Advantages of Long-Term Debt Financing | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: The Advantages of Long-Term Debt Financing
The Advantages of Long-Term Debt Financing
Conserves Operational Cash Flow
Provides Leverage for Owner's Equity
No or Minimal Investor Interference
Build Business Credit
Additional Advantages
Content: If the company generates a net income of $150,000 for the year, the owner's monetary return would be $50,000 and her return on equity would be 50 percent. If instead, the owner had contributed $300,000, her return on equity would only be 16.7 percent. No or Minimal Investor Interference
When a business utilizes long-term debt, the need to pursue equity investment from potential business partners or investors declines. As long as your loans remain in good standing, lenders have no say in your business, leaving full control to the management, according to Funding Circle. Investors have rights and decision-making input and sometimes have plenty to say about how you run the business. With no outside investors, you avoid this potential interference. Build Business Credit
If you obtain long-term financing options, you increase the likelihood of qualifying for additional debt financing, according to ShopKeep. Even SBA-guaranteed or personally guaranteed loans can help your business build credit in its own name. If you can build your company's credit, you can reduce the reliance on your personal credit. This not only helps you personally, but it increases the value of your business as a sellable asset separate from you.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-longterm-debt-financing-60857.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1576811084#0_2659686156
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Title: The Advantages of Short-Term Debt | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: The Advantages of Short-Term Debt
The Advantages of Short-Term Debt
Operating Capital
Emergency Funding
Expansion
Content: The Advantages of Short-Term Debt | Small Business - Chron.com
The Advantages of Short-Term Debt
Small Business
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Finances & Taxes
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Small Business Financing
By Mike Broemmel
Short-term debt is defined as a loan for a period of one year or less, according to InvestorWords.com. Businesses benefit from using short-term debt in different ways. Indeed, businesses of all types often rely upon short-term debt to keep their doors open, according to "Loan Financing Guide for Small Business Owners" by D. Neil Berdiev. Operating Capital
Operating capital is defined as cash available to pay for the day-to-day operations of a business, according to BusinessDictionary.com. Ideally, operating capital is available from the revenue generated by business operations. During the initial period a business is in operation, and at other times during its existence, revenue may not keep up with operational expenses. One of the advantages of short-term debt is ensuring that cash is available to satisfy the operating capital needs of a business. Short-term debt literally is used to keep a business running during times when the revenue stream temporarily is insufficient to meet operational needs. Emergency Funding
There is no way a business owner or manager can plan for every possible emergency situation. Although a business ideally maintains a reserve cash fund to at least deal with some expenses associated with an emergency situation, such an account is not always possible or funded sufficiently.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-short-term-debt-2038.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1578660825#0_2663922939
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Title: What Is a Business Cycle & Why Is It Important? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: What Is a Business Cycle & Why Is It Important?
What Is a Business Cycle & Why Is It Important?
What Are Business Cycles?
Business Cycle: Expansion and Peak
Business Cycle: Contraction and Trough
Why Business Cycle Phases Matter
References
Content: What Is a Business Cycle & Why Is It Important? | Small Business - Chron.com
What Is a Business Cycle & Why Is It Important? Small Business
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Business Communications & Etiquette
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Importance of Business Communication
By Danielle Smyth Updated November 20, 2020
When running a business, understanding business cycles is essential to success. Sometimes referred to as a trade or economic cycle, a business cycle is the measured expansion and contraction of economic growth within a period. With a clear understanding of business cycles, business owners can make informed decisions. Note that business cycles are relevant on both a micro level and macro level, so your company experiences them along with the larger economy in which your business operates. What Are Business Cycles? Business Insider imagines business cycles as the ebb and flow of a tide. Business cycles naturally fluctuate through four phases or stages: expansion, peak, contraction and trough.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-cycle-important-21827.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1580387520#0_2667854208
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Title: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Real Property Depreciation
Qualified Property Improvements
Depreciating Property Improvements
Methods of Depreciation
References
Content: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting? | Small Business - Chron.com
Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting? Small Business
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Accounting & Bookkeeping
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Accounting
By Jonathan Lister
Generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, is a set of standards used by accountants across all areas of business and industry in the United States. This standardizes presentation of financial records and tax documents to make paperwork easier to interpret. GAAP follows the Internal Revenue Service's guidelines for tax deductions, including business property improvements. While these regulations don't allow business owners to immediately expense improvement costs, the IRS does allow businesses to recoup through depreciation. Real Property Depreciation
The IRS doesn't allow tax deductions for improvements made to business locations or rental properties. Improvements to these properties increase the overall value of buildings and extend the useful life under which business owners use the properties to earn income. Since GAAP has legal obligations to conform with tax laws, no business owners or landlords can declare improvements to buildings as expenses for tax deduction purposes. Instead, the IRS requires business owners to depreciate building improvements over a number of years.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/can-expense-improvements-building-under-gaap-accounting-38902.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1580387520#1_2667856159
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Title: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Real Property Depreciation
Qualified Property Improvements
Depreciating Property Improvements
Methods of Depreciation
References
Content: While these regulations don't allow business owners to immediately expense improvement costs, the IRS does allow businesses to recoup through depreciation. Real Property Depreciation
The IRS doesn't allow tax deductions for improvements made to business locations or rental properties. Improvements to these properties increase the overall value of buildings and extend the useful life under which business owners use the properties to earn income. Since GAAP has legal obligations to conform with tax laws, no business owners or landlords can declare improvements to buildings as expenses for tax deduction purposes. Instead, the IRS requires business owners to depreciate building improvements over a number of years. Qualified Property Improvements
Not all property improvements qualify for depreciation under the Internal Revenue Code. Improvements made directly to the land, including the addition of shrubbery and fences, count as qualified improvements for depreciation. Improvements to physical business properties, including new rooms, new electrical wiring and new roofs, also count as qualified home improvements. Small repairs, including replacing a single light fixture or a broken pane of glass, don't qualify as depreciation expenses. The IRS requires each business owner or landlord making qualified improvements to properties to treat the cost of improvements as separate depreciation expenses from the actual properties.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/can-expense-improvements-building-under-gaap-accounting-38902.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1580387520#2_2667858207
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Title: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Real Property Depreciation
Qualified Property Improvements
Depreciating Property Improvements
Methods of Depreciation
References
Content: Qualified Property Improvements
Not all property improvements qualify for depreciation under the Internal Revenue Code. Improvements made directly to the land, including the addition of shrubbery and fences, count as qualified improvements for depreciation. Improvements to physical business properties, including new rooms, new electrical wiring and new roofs, also count as qualified home improvements. Small repairs, including replacing a single light fixture or a broken pane of glass, don't qualify as depreciation expenses. The IRS requires each business owner or landlord making qualified improvements to properties to treat the cost of improvements as separate depreciation expenses from the actual properties. The improvements also have separate useful lives from the larger business locations. Useful life is the total number of years taxpayers can use to recoup the cost of depreciating property. At the time of publication, the useful life for improvements to businesses is 15 years. Depreciating Property Improvements
Depreciating an improvement to real property can one use one of two methods under the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System used by the IRS: the General Depreciation System or the Alternative Depreciation System.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/can-expense-improvements-building-under-gaap-accounting-38902.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1580387520#3_2667860065
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Title: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Real Property Depreciation
Qualified Property Improvements
Depreciating Property Improvements
Methods of Depreciation
References
Content: The improvements also have separate useful lives from the larger business locations. Useful life is the total number of years taxpayers can use to recoup the cost of depreciating property. At the time of publication, the useful life for improvements to businesses is 15 years. Depreciating Property Improvements
Depreciating an improvement to real property can one use one of two methods under the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System used by the IRS: the General Depreciation System or the Alternative Depreciation System. A business owner in the United States uses the General Depreciation System unless the owner uses business property predominantly outside the country, listed property has less than 50 percent use for business, or is tax-exempt. Under the general system, a business owner depreciates an improvement using the IRS's guidelines for useful life in Publication 946. For example, if an improvement has a useful life of 15 years, a business owner deducts the total cost of the improvement over that 15-year period. Methods of Depreciation
Accountants working within GAAP can use any of three methods for depreciating property improvements within IRS regulations. If accountants use the General Depreciation System, they can choose from the 200 percent declining balance method, the 150 percent declining balance method or the straight-line method.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/can-expense-improvements-building-under-gaap-accounting-38902.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1580387520#4_2667862044
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Title: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Real Property Depreciation
Qualified Property Improvements
Depreciating Property Improvements
Methods of Depreciation
References
Content: A business owner in the United States uses the General Depreciation System unless the owner uses business property predominantly outside the country, listed property has less than 50 percent use for business, or is tax-exempt. Under the general system, a business owner depreciates an improvement using the IRS's guidelines for useful life in Publication 946. For example, if an improvement has a useful life of 15 years, a business owner deducts the total cost of the improvement over that 15-year period. Methods of Depreciation
Accountants working within GAAP can use any of three methods for depreciating property improvements within IRS regulations. If accountants use the General Depreciation System, they can choose from the 200 percent declining balance method, the 150 percent declining balance method or the straight-line method. The first two options are accelerated depreciation methods where the majority of improvement costs depreciate in the first years of the recovery periods. In the 200 percent method, accountants multiply the yearly depreciation cost by 200 percent to achieve the new accelerated depreciation rate. For example, a new lighting system with a total cost of $15,000 and a useful life of 15 years normally depreciates $1,000 each year or 6 percent. Multiplying this number by 200 percent gives a depreciation figure of $1,800 or 12 percent. In contrast, the straight-line method breaks up the cost of the improvements evenly over useful life.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/can-expense-improvements-building-under-gaap-accounting-38902.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1580387520#5_2667864129
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Title: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Real Property Depreciation
Qualified Property Improvements
Depreciating Property Improvements
Methods of Depreciation
References
Content: The first two options are accelerated depreciation methods where the majority of improvement costs depreciate in the first years of the recovery periods. In the 200 percent method, accountants multiply the yearly depreciation cost by 200 percent to achieve the new accelerated depreciation rate. For example, a new lighting system with a total cost of $15,000 and a useful life of 15 years normally depreciates $1,000 each year or 6 percent. Multiplying this number by 200 percent gives a depreciation figure of $1,800 or 12 percent. In contrast, the straight-line method breaks up the cost of the improvements evenly over useful life. ‒‒:‒‒
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References
IRS: A Brief Overview of Depreciation
IRS: Publication 946
Resources
Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board: Authoritative Source of Guidance
Writer Bio
Jonathan Lister has been a writer and content marketer since 2003. His latest book publication, "Bullet, a Demos City Novel" is forthcoming from J Taylor Publishing in June 2014.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1580387520#6_2667865819
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Title: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Can You Expense Improvements to a Building Under GAAP Accounting?
Real Property Depreciation
Qualified Property Improvements
Depreciating Property Improvements
Methods of Depreciation
References
Content: ‒‒:‒‒
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References
IRS: A Brief Overview of Depreciation
IRS: Publication 946
Resources
Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board: Authoritative Source of Guidance
Writer Bio
Jonathan Lister has been a writer and content marketer since 2003. His latest book publication, "Bullet, a Demos City Novel" is forthcoming from J Taylor Publishing in June 2014. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from Shippensburg University and a Master of Fine Arts in writing and poetics from Naropa University. Related Articles
What Is the IRS Depreciation Method for Commercial Real Estate? Prime Cost Depreciation Method
Tax Deductions for Day Care Remodeling
Examples of IRS 179 Deductions for Tangible Personal Property Used in a Business
Tax Credits for Building Renovations
The GAAP Rules of Leasehold Improvement Depreciation
The Difference Between Capital Expenditure & Capitalized Expenditure
Tax Deductions for Business Property Improvements
Tax Benefits of Leasing Properties for a Business
Itemized Lists for Tax Write-Offs for Business Expenses
Tax Breaks for Cattle Ranchers
Repair Vs. Replacement for Tax Deductions
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/can-expense-improvements-building-under-gaap-accounting-38902.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1582476233#0_2672480567
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Title: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
Confidence Intervals
Market Research
Risk Management
Budget Forecasting
Content: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business | Small Business - Chron.com
How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
Small Business
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Advertising & Marketing
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Business Value
By Leigh Richards
Business, like many other fields, can benefit from the use of statistics in estimating or predicting future events. An important tool for business statistics is a confidence interval, which helps a business evaluate the reliability of a particular estimate. Because no estimate can be 100 percent reliable, businesses must be able to know how confident they should be in their estimates and whether or not to act on them. Confidence Intervals
In statistics, a confidence interval gives the percentage probability that an estimated range of possible values in fact includes the actual value being estimated. For example, a business might estimate that a machine uses 10 lbs. of plastic for each unit of a product created. Because the machine cannot be expected to use precisely 10 lbs. per unit, a confidence interval can be created to give a range of possibilities. The company might predict that there is a 95 percent chance that the machine uses on average between 9.85 and 10.5 lbs. of plastic per unit.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1582476233#1_2672482243
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Title: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
Confidence Intervals
Market Research
Risk Management
Budget Forecasting
Content: of plastic for each unit of a product created. Because the machine cannot be expected to use precisely 10 lbs. per unit, a confidence interval can be created to give a range of possibilities. The company might predict that there is a 95 percent chance that the machine uses on average between 9.85 and 10.5 lbs. of plastic per unit. The confidence interval in this example is 95 percent, and the likelihood that the actual amount of plastic used is outside the estimated range is 5 percent. Market Research
One effect of confidence intervals in businesses is in determining the reliability of market research. Marketing is an important function for most firms, particularly when estimating their level of future sales. A company will want to have an idea of how many products it will sell in a given financial period, but cannot know the true number with certainty until after the end of the period. By collecting data from customers, past sales numbers and other sources, a company can statistically estimate the value of future sales.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1582476233#2_2672483748
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Title: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
Confidence Intervals
Market Research
Risk Management
Budget Forecasting
Content: The confidence interval in this example is 95 percent, and the likelihood that the actual amount of plastic used is outside the estimated range is 5 percent. Market Research
One effect of confidence intervals in businesses is in determining the reliability of market research. Marketing is an important function for most firms, particularly when estimating their level of future sales. A company will want to have an idea of how many products it will sell in a given financial period, but cannot know the true number with certainty until after the end of the period. By collecting data from customers, past sales numbers and other sources, a company can statistically estimate the value of future sales. By using a confidence interval, the company can determine the range its sales are likely to fall. Risk Management
Because it is impossible to predict a future event with 100 percent accuracy, confidence intervals are used by businesses to manage risk. For example, if a company is 95 percent confident that sales in the next period will be between 5 million and 6 million units, there is still a 5 percent chance that they will be above or below that number. By understanding how likely a given risk is to occur, the business can manage the risks of a non-occurrence accordingly. Budget Forecasting
When a business forecasts a budget for a fiscal period, it will need to estimate both revenues and costs.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1582476233#3_2672485628
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Title: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
Confidence Intervals
Market Research
Risk Management
Budget Forecasting
Content: By using a confidence interval, the company can determine the range its sales are likely to fall. Risk Management
Because it is impossible to predict a future event with 100 percent accuracy, confidence intervals are used by businesses to manage risk. For example, if a company is 95 percent confident that sales in the next period will be between 5 million and 6 million units, there is still a 5 percent chance that they will be above or below that number. By understanding how likely a given risk is to occur, the business can manage the risks of a non-occurrence accordingly. Budget Forecasting
When a business forecasts a budget for a fiscal period, it will need to estimate both revenues and costs. If a company is significantly off the mark on either estimation, it could get in financial trouble. By using a range of possible values for revenues and costs and finding the confidence interval of those values, a business can have the information it needs to make important financial decisions while still being able to reasonably prepare for the possibility that its estimates may be incorrect. ‒‒:‒‒
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References
Reference for Business: Confidence Interval
University of Iowa: Confidence Intervals
Yale University:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1582476233#4_2672487406
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Title: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
Confidence Intervals
Market Research
Risk Management
Budget Forecasting
Content: If a company is significantly off the mark on either estimation, it could get in financial trouble. By using a range of possible values for revenues and costs and finding the confidence interval of those values, a business can have the information it needs to make important financial decisions while still being able to reasonably prepare for the possibility that its estimates may be incorrect. ‒‒:‒‒
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References
Reference for Business: Confidence Interval
University of Iowa: Confidence Intervals
Yale University: Confidence Intervals
Writer Bio
Leigh Richards has been a writer since 1980. Her work has been published in "Entrepreneur," "Complete Woman" and "Toastmaster," among many other trade and professional publications. She has a Bachelor of Arts in psychology from the University of Wisconsin and a Master of Arts in organizational management from the University of Phoenix. Related Articles
The Role of Probability Distribution in Business Management
How to Determine Statistical Sample Size
The Relationships Between Sales Budgets & Production Budgets
What Is a Cost Equation? Definition of Sales Probability
What Is the Importance of Probability Rules in a Business?
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1582476233#5_2672489155
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Title: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
How the Confidence Interval Affects Business
Confidence Intervals
Market Research
Risk Management
Budget Forecasting
Content: Confidence Intervals
Writer Bio
Leigh Richards has been a writer since 1980. Her work has been published in "Entrepreneur," "Complete Woman" and "Toastmaster," among many other trade and professional publications. She has a Bachelor of Arts in psychology from the University of Wisconsin and a Master of Arts in organizational management from the University of Phoenix. Related Articles
The Role of Probability Distribution in Business Management
How to Determine Statistical Sample Size
The Relationships Between Sales Budgets & Production Budgets
What Is a Cost Equation? Definition of Sales Probability
What Is the Importance of Probability Rules in a Business? Forecasting a Probability in Sales
Example of Percentage of Sales Method
The Disadvantages of Business Metrics
How to Calculate Bad Debt Expenses With the Allowance Method
The Value of a Business Based on Cash Flow
Sensitivity Analysis for Capital Budgeting
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/confidence-interval-affects-business-22021.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1583448825#3_2674593672
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Title: Why Are Cost, Revenue & Profit Important? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Why Are Cost, Revenue & Profit Important?
Why Are Cost, Revenue & Profit Important?
Definition of Terms
Revenues vs. Profit
Cost Reduction
Profit Measurement
References
Writer Bio
Content: Sometimes, however, an entrepreneur may be able to personally succeed if he can sell his business while it is unprofitable, if investors believe the chance of future profitability is high. In most cases, however, only profitable businesses can be sold at reasonable prices to new owners. Cost Reduction
Everything a business spends money on is a cost, and many businesses attempt to increase their profitability by reducing costs. There are many sound ways to do this; for example, a retail business can expand by starting additional stores or can take the much cheaper option of starting an online business to complement its brick-and-mortar operation. However, some methods of reducing costs will be damaging to the business: Pay your employees too little or reduce your staff too much, and you will be unable to handle enough sales to generate future profits. Profit Measurement
Good entrepreneurs measure their profitability very frequently, perhaps on a daily basis. All goods sold must be priced high enough above cost to pay for the direct costs spent to acquire or create the good, as well as their share of overall indirect costs. When costs of goods increase, their price must increase as well, or the product must be dropped from the product line.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/cost-revenue-profit-important-11952.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1587161206#3_2683069976
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Title: Discrimination Against Young Workers in the Workplace | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Discrimination Against Young Workers in the Workplace
Discrimination Against Young Workers in the Workplace
Age Discrimination in Employment Act
Last In, First Out
Perceptions
Combatting Discrimination
Content: Perceptions
Perceptions of younger employees can work against them. According to a 2012 study conducted by the UK Department of Work and Pensions, co-workers and employers tended to view older people as more friendly and more competent than workers in their 20s. Younger workers are also often seen as more demanding by some employers, which works against them. Some younger workers expect flexible schedules and time off, which may be difficult for small businesses to give. Another reason for discrimination against younger worker may be their apparent lack of responsibility. According to Dana Mattoli of the "Wall Street Journal," younger workers who do not have children or family obligations are easier for businesses to lay off compared to employees who need to support a family. Combatting Discrimination
Young employees can work against discrimination. If a young worker is hired by a small business, she can show her devotion and loyalty to the business by taking on the tasks no one else wants to do, by continually developing her skills and education and by finding a mentor within the company. Her mentor could be the owner of the business, depending on the size of the business and the schedule of the owner. Younger workers who show that they are committed to the business are less likely to be put aside based on their age and experience level.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/discrimination-against-young-workers-workplace-46927.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1587724664#0_2684389906
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Title: The Effects of Economic Globalization on Developing Countries | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: The Effects of Economic Globalization on Developing Countries
The Effects of Economic Globalization on Developing Countries
Wages and Inequality
The Effects of Greater Income
Increased Opportunities for Education
Health Status and Longevity
Spread of Infectious Diseases
Content: The Effects of Economic Globalization on Developing Countries | Small Business - Chron.com
The Effects of Economic Globalization on Developing Countries
Small Business
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Finances & Taxes
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Economics
By Elisabeth Natter Updated February 12, 2019
The debate continues to rage over whether or not global expansion of corporations and the opening of economic markets in developing countries is good for the poorest of the world's nations. Do the poor really benefit from investments made by large corporations in their country, or do the rich only get richer? If there is benefit, is it simply in job creation or are there other factors that influence a developing nation's overall well being? Although many factions weigh in on the subject, several basic ideas should be considered. Wages and Inequality
As companies outsource work to poorer countries in pursuit of cheaper labor, many of the poor in these developing countries are able to find work at wages that are finally able to sustain their families. However, as in any job market, it seems that those with a higher level of skills are the ones who receive the most work. Those with less skill may not receive the benefit of higher paying jobs with a foreign company. As a result, inequity develops among the working class creating a divide within the local economies. The less skilled still struggle to gain financial stability while others can rise out of poverty. The Effects of Greater Income
Also, the opening of trade and development of companies in places like China, for example, have led to huge increases in manufacturing and sales.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1588991190#4_2687243384
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Title: Examples of Product Life Cycle Phases | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Examples of Product Life Cycle Phases
Examples of Product Life Cycle Phases
The Introduction Phase
The Growth Phase
The Maturity Phase
The Decline Phase
Your Product Mix
Content: In the music world, for example, records and tapes gave way to CDs, which in turn were largely replaced by digital downloads, which are now facing competition from streaming services. Even the personal computer, one of the most robust and game-changing products of the last half-century, is now fading. Computer sales peaked in 2011 and have been dropping ever since, as the technology stabilized and users found few compelling reasons to upgrade. Even worse, many users – especially in emerging markets – rely on mobile devices, such as phones or tablets, as their primary digital tool. That's not to say that products in their decline phase can't still be profitable and popular, especially if you find a viable niche to exploit. Products in the mature or decline phases can also sometimes gain a temporary resurgence in market share if they're refreshed cosmetically or given updated features. Your Product Mix
If you're in the business of moving product, it's important to pay attention to how the life cycle applies to the products you sell. If most of your revenues come from products in the mature or decline phases of their life cycles, for example, you'll be hard-pressed to grow your sales in the teeth of stable or declining demand. At the other extreme, if you're too reliant on new products, the lack of an established cash cow to pay for those products' marketing and R&D could sink you. Keeping a good mix of new, refreshed and established products can help stabilize your revenues, and give you predictable growth.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-product-life-cycle-phases-13722.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1590527662#0_2690701313
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Title: What Is the Function of Administrative Agencies? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: What Is the Function of Administrative Agencies?
What Is the Function of Administrative Agencies?
Tip
Making Rules and Regulations
Preventing Trouble Before It Happens
Investigating Problems Through Internal Complaint Systems
The Final Word on Disputes
Content: What Is the Function of Administrative Agencies? | Small Business - Chron.com
What Is the Function of Administrative Agencies? Small Business
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Managing Employees
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Staffing Agencies
By Fraser Sherman Updated January 28, 2019
Sometimes passing a law isn't enough to get results. The government can pass laws calling for, say, cleaner air or safer workplaces, but the law doesn't include every detail about how to get there. Administrative agencies – the Social Security Administration, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration – translate the law into detailed regulations, which the agencies then administer. Administrative agencies exist on the federal, state and local levels. Tip
Administrative agencies make the specific rules and regulations that support a high-level law. Making Rules and Regulations
Making rules to enact the law is a core role of administrative agencies. These are the long, technical directives that might detail the legal definition of an exit, or how factories can scrub smoke or pollutants, or how to calculate overtime. Federal and state legislatures that impose new standards often don't have the time or expertise to cover every last detail.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/function-administrative-agencies-23096.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1590527662#1_2690703118
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Title: What Is the Function of Administrative Agencies? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: What Is the Function of Administrative Agencies?
What Is the Function of Administrative Agencies?
Tip
Making Rules and Regulations
Preventing Trouble Before It Happens
Investigating Problems Through Internal Complaint Systems
The Final Word on Disputes
Content: Administrative agencies exist on the federal, state and local levels. Tip
Administrative agencies make the specific rules and regulations that support a high-level law. Making Rules and Regulations
Making rules to enact the law is a core role of administrative agencies. These are the long, technical directives that might detail the legal definition of an exit, or how factories can scrub smoke or pollutants, or how to calculate overtime. Federal and state legislatures that impose new standards often don't have the time or expertise to cover every last detail. Agencies do. To carry out this function, agencies draw on scientific expertise and industry knowledge and then use it to detail how the law will be implemented. Whatever rules they pass are subject to judicial review to ensure they're fair and comply with the relevant statutes. Preventing Trouble Before It Happens
One of the most important functions of agencies is to prevent problems before they happen. If a contractor builds an unsafe house, the owners can sue for damages if they suffer injuries.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/function-administrative-agencies-23096.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1590666687#4_2691029761
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Title: GAAP on Capital Vs. Repair | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: GAAP on Capital Vs. Repair
GAAP on Capital Vs. Repair
Definition of Capital Expenditure Under GAAP
Repair and Maintenance Expenses
Determining the Differences
Not All Expenses Are the Same
Content: Work considered to be an improvement to the physical space or which significantly extends the lifespan of equipment to the point of increasing the asset's actual value is considered a capitalized expense. For example, if while moving furniture around in your office you smash a hole in the wall, the materials needed to repair the hole and repaint the wall would be considered a repair or maintenance expense, because you were returning the room to its previous condition. However, if you renovated the back part of your storeroom and added plumbing to include a kitchenette and employee restroom, the expenses would be categorized differently. Here, you should be capitalizing building improvements under GAAP guidelines, because you are adding to the value of your building, one of your primary assets. Not All Expenses Are the Same
There can be nuances of understanding when it comes to following the guidelines, particularly as far as the IRS is concerned. For example, should you capitalize painting costs if you repaint the entire outside of your building? Even as a large expense, painting or repainting your office or building is generally considered to be a part of routine maintenance and is therefore a current or deductible business expense. However, if you paint your building or room as part of a larger renovation, which is considered a capital improvement to your property, then the painting can also be capitalized and depreciated over time. For example, if you built an addition to your current space, redid all the windows and then painted the entire building, the painting could then be capitalized as part of the larger capital improvement project. It is always a good idea to consult with an accountant prior to categorizing these types of expenses.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1590666687#5_2691031997
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Title: GAAP on Capital Vs. Repair | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: GAAP on Capital Vs. Repair
GAAP on Capital Vs. Repair
Definition of Capital Expenditure Under GAAP
Repair and Maintenance Expenses
Determining the Differences
Not All Expenses Are the Same
Content: For example, should you capitalize painting costs if you repaint the entire outside of your building? Even as a large expense, painting or repainting your office or building is generally considered to be a part of routine maintenance and is therefore a current or deductible business expense. However, if you paint your building or room as part of a larger renovation, which is considered a capital improvement to your property, then the painting can also be capitalized and depreciated over time. For example, if you built an addition to your current space, redid all the windows and then painted the entire building, the painting could then be capitalized as part of the larger capital improvement project. It is always a good idea to consult with an accountant prior to categorizing these types of expenses. Accountants are very familiar with standardized accounting principles and help you make the decisions that financially benefit your business. ‒‒:‒‒
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References
Nolo.com: Current vs. Capital Expenses
USFC.edu: Reminder: Capitalization of Equipment Repairs and Maintenance
Accountingcoach.com:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1592299543#4_2694719969
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Title: Why Is it Important for Organizations to Use Project Management? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Why Is it Important for Organizations to Use Project Management?
Why Is it Important for Organizations to Use Project Management?
Cost-Effective Approach
Monitor Resource Procurement
Scope Assessment
Competitive Advantage
Content: Scope Assessment
The project manager considers the scope of the project and whether it moves the business forward in its mission and vision. While businesses should strive for new and innovative thinking, if it doesn't fit with the company mission, the project manager works with business leaders to either change the scope or terminate the project before additional resources are allocated to it. Project managers can help reduce scope creep, when the scope of the project begins to move away from the original plan. For example, assume a small fulfillment warehouse is set to implement a new cloud-based inventory system with point-of-sale software. The implementation cost is $10,000. The project manager assesses the cost versus the benefit to the company. If the new program isn't going to result in cost-efficiency that pays for itself, the project manager reviews the scope and makes changes, perhaps eliminating the point-of-sale component from the project. Competitive Advantage
Effective project management gives businesses a competitive advantage. Business owners who constantly try to stay competitive may find themselves in areas they are unfamiliar with on projects. Project management helps the business owner by using the experts in the areas needed while allowing the business owner to serve as an adviser to the project.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1592299543#5_2694721868
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Title: Why Is it Important for Organizations to Use Project Management? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Why Is it Important for Organizations to Use Project Management?
Why Is it Important for Organizations to Use Project Management?
Cost-Effective Approach
Monitor Resource Procurement
Scope Assessment
Competitive Advantage
Content: The project manager assesses the cost versus the benefit to the company. If the new program isn't going to result in cost-efficiency that pays for itself, the project manager reviews the scope and makes changes, perhaps eliminating the point-of-sale component from the project. Competitive Advantage
Effective project management gives businesses a competitive advantage. Business owners who constantly try to stay competitive may find themselves in areas they are unfamiliar with on projects. Project management helps the business owner by using the experts in the areas needed while allowing the business owner to serve as an adviser to the project. The project manager can break any project into smaller sections and provide timetables and metrics regarding success that help the business owner define the true viability of the project. For example, a fitness studio owner might implement a series of exercise programs with new, cutting-edge equipment. The project manager would not only be in charge of getting the equipment and installing it but should also establish the marketing campaign to get new students in the door. The business owner focuses on keeping existing clients happy while testing the results of the new program. This allows for innovation without risking the core business.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/important-organizations-use-project-management-46723.html
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Title: How to Insert a JPG in a PowerPoint Header | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How to Insert a JPG in a PowerPoint Header
How to Insert a JPG in a PowerPoint Header
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Content: How to Insert a JPG in a PowerPoint Header | Small Business - Chron.com
How to Insert a JPG in a PowerPoint Header
Small Business
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Business Communications & Etiquette
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Presentations
By Larry Simmons
Creating a business presentation with Microsoft’s Powerpoint often requires the inclusion of a business logo through the slideshow. Rather than input the photo manually on each page of the presentation, you can use Powerpoint’s Slide Master to place a .JPG photo into your header once, and have it appear throughout the presentation in the exact same location on each page. 1
Open the Powerpoint presentation into which you wish to place the .JPG photo. 2
Click the “View” tab along the top of the application to enter the View menu. Select “Slide Master” under the Master Views section. 3
Select the header area of your slide and then click on the “Insert” tab along the top of the application. 4
Click the “Insert” tab along the top menu and then click the “Header & Footer” button to add a header to the slides if none is present. Click on the “Notes and Handouts” tab and place a check into the box next to “Header.” Type in any header information you wish to display on your slides, and then press the “Apply to All” button. 5
Click the “Picture” icon to open a file browser.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/insert-jpg-powerpoint-header-40135.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1595279252#1_2701300600
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Title: How Does the Mass Media Influence People? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How Does the Mass Media Influence People?
How Does the Mass Media Influence People?
Social reporting
Different Take on News
News Today, Gone Tomorrow
Flash point
Chasing Social Media
Content: Social reporting
The Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism writes on its website, Journalism.org., that “news today is increasingly a shared, social experience.” In the May 2010 article, PEJ reported that half of Americans say they turn to people around them for at least some of the news they know. A press release announcing a new product may end up in the business section of a newspaper, but it no longer has the impact it once had. Put that product announcement in a blog or on a Facebook page, and suddenly you start a conversation with people who will write to comment on the news, prompting other comments and reviews on other sites
Different Take on News
A report on a solid increase in third-quarter profits may be great news for a community’s economy, and a news article may try to explain why. But unless the article includes an announcement of new jobs, the story’s influence may be minimal. Social media follows a different lead. The PEJ study found stories covered by bloggers were ones that elicited emotion, concerned rights of individuals or groups, or raised vigorous debate. Bloggers push hot buttons of public reaction. Yet despite the difference in coverage, 99 percent of the stories' bloggers link to are from newspapers and broadcast networks.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/mass-media-influence-people-3347.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1595279252#2_2701302394
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Title: How Does the Mass Media Influence People? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How Does the Mass Media Influence People?
How Does the Mass Media Influence People?
Social reporting
Different Take on News
News Today, Gone Tomorrow
Flash point
Chasing Social Media
Content: But unless the article includes an announcement of new jobs, the story’s influence may be minimal. Social media follows a different lead. The PEJ study found stories covered by bloggers were ones that elicited emotion, concerned rights of individuals or groups, or raised vigorous debate. Bloggers push hot buttons of public reaction. Yet despite the difference in coverage, 99 percent of the stories' bloggers link to are from newspapers and broadcast networks. Business stories that appear in traditional mass media outlets may not have as much direct influence on people as in the past, but they do influence bloggers. News Today, Gone Tomorrow
Traditional news media may stay on a major news story for weeks or months. Stories that grab attention on social media may do so within hours of their first appearance on the blogosphere, and be gone just as quickly. The PEJ study found that only 13 percent of top stories on blogs in one week were still grabbing attention the next week. That was only true of 5 percent of stories shared on Twitter.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1595279252#3_2701303926
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Title: How Does the Mass Media Influence People? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How Does the Mass Media Influence People?
How Does the Mass Media Influence People?
Social reporting
Different Take on News
News Today, Gone Tomorrow
Flash point
Chasing Social Media
Content: Business stories that appear in traditional mass media outlets may not have as much direct influence on people as in the past, but they do influence bloggers. News Today, Gone Tomorrow
Traditional news media may stay on a major news story for weeks or months. Stories that grab attention on social media may do so within hours of their first appearance on the blogosphere, and be gone just as quickly. The PEJ study found that only 13 percent of top stories on blogs in one week were still grabbing attention the next week. That was only true of 5 percent of stories shared on Twitter. If a business is involved in a major story, good or bad, it will have to effectively communicate with traditional news media to have any influence on the story’s outcome. Flash point
If social media doesn’t keep its news stories around for long, it does make news stories combustible. John Timpane wrote in the Philadelphia Inquirer that a story in Rolling Stone about inappropriate remarks by Gen. Stanley McChrystal erupted into a “media firestorm” in June 2010 due mainly to Twitter, Web reports and cable news that in two days abruptly ended the general’s post as commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan–before the story ever appeared in Rolling Stone. Chasing Social Media
When a news item reaches a sudden flash point, reporters are often chasing bloggers to catch up with stories that are suddenly widely known without credible sources. Columnist Mitch Albom of the Detroit Free Press wrote "there is no such thing as a single ‘media’ anymore.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/mass-media-influence-people-3347.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1595279252#4_2701305993
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Title: How Does the Mass Media Influence People? | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How Does the Mass Media Influence People?
How Does the Mass Media Influence People?
Social reporting
Different Take on News
News Today, Gone Tomorrow
Flash point
Chasing Social Media
Content: If a business is involved in a major story, good or bad, it will have to effectively communicate with traditional news media to have any influence on the story’s outcome. Flash point
If social media doesn’t keep its news stories around for long, it does make news stories combustible. John Timpane wrote in the Philadelphia Inquirer that a story in Rolling Stone about inappropriate remarks by Gen. Stanley McChrystal erupted into a “media firestorm” in June 2010 due mainly to Twitter, Web reports and cable news that in two days abruptly ended the general’s post as commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan–before the story ever appeared in Rolling Stone. Chasing Social Media
When a news item reaches a sudden flash point, reporters are often chasing bloggers to catch up with stories that are suddenly widely known without credible sources. Columnist Mitch Albom of the Detroit Free Press wrote "there is no such thing as a single ‘media’ anymore. You cannot put credible newspapers or television stations in the same sentence as tweeters. You cannot lump legit Internet posts with a blog that begins in some guy's basement.” Yet the public often does lump them together, degrading the influence of traditional news media. ‒‒:‒‒
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References
Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism.: New Media, Old Media
Philadelphia Inquirer:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1597347562#6_2706004767
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Title: The Overall Effects of Unemployment | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: The Overall Effects of Unemployment
The Overall Effects of Unemployment
Individual Consequences of Unemployment
Social Consequences of Unemployment
Effects of Unemployment on the Economy
Content: The correlation between joblessness and property crime was greatest among the young. The study found that joblessness increased the likelihood of burglary for persons aged 18 to 29 four times more so than for unemployed persons 30 and older. Effects of Unemployment on the Economy
Some of the effects of unemployment are immediate and obvious. When unemployment increases, both state and federal governments pay increased unemployment benefits. These are not inconsiderable. Even in February of 2017 —with the unemployment rate hovering around 5 percent —unemployment benefits that include food benefits and Medicaid totaled $2.96 billion for the month. Even more significant in the U.S. consumer economy are the chained consequences of these increased benefits, which require the government either to borrow money to pay these benefits, and by doing so, also deferring the costs into the future or reducing spending in other areas. This is a compensatory strategy, but it can make a bad economic situation worse. An historic 1967 paper on the relationship between unemployment and economic output by Yale economist Arthur Okun, concluded that even a 1 percent increase in unemployment reduced the U.S. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) by 2 percent, which has a multiplier effect of more than 100 percent. A 2017 paper issued by the St. Louis Fed on Okun's law — as it has come to be known — noted that this ratio "holds true 50 years later."
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1597347562#7_2706006704
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Title: The Overall Effects of Unemployment | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: The Overall Effects of Unemployment
The Overall Effects of Unemployment
Individual Consequences of Unemployment
Social Consequences of Unemployment
Effects of Unemployment on the Economy
Content: Even in February of 2017 —with the unemployment rate hovering around 5 percent —unemployment benefits that include food benefits and Medicaid totaled $2.96 billion for the month. Even more significant in the U.S. consumer economy are the chained consequences of these increased benefits, which require the government either to borrow money to pay these benefits, and by doing so, also deferring the costs into the future or reducing spending in other areas. This is a compensatory strategy, but it can make a bad economic situation worse. An historic 1967 paper on the relationship between unemployment and economic output by Yale economist Arthur Okun, concluded that even a 1 percent increase in unemployment reduced the U.S. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) by 2 percent, which has a multiplier effect of more than 100 percent. A 2017 paper issued by the St. Louis Fed on Okun's law — as it has come to be known — noted that this ratio "holds true 50 years later." ‒‒:‒‒
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The New York Times: The Enduring Consequences of Unemployment
Investopedia: The Cost of Unemployment to the Economy
Journalist's Resource: How Unemployment Affects Serious Property Crime: A National Case-Control Study
Investopedia:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1599904214#0_2711718685
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Title: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
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Content: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel | Small Business - Chron.com
How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
Small Business
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Accounting & Bookkeeping
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Excel
By Elizabeth Mott
However carefully you monitor the data you enter and import into Microsoft Excel, and the output of formulas and functions that produce new values, it's easy to wind up with cells that contain one or more spaces as their first characters. You may see leading spaces like these in cells that hold the results of a process designed to split a first name from a last name in cells that contain both together. Removing these leading spaces – or trailing spaces that fall at the end of a cell's contents – requires an Excel function. 1
Click in the first cell of a blank column on your spreadsheet. Type an equal sign to signal Excel that the cell will contain a formula. 2
Type "TRIM (" – without quotation marks – and click on the location of the first cell in the column that contains data you want to clean up. Type a closing parenthesis to complete the formula. Press the "Enter" key. 3
Click on the bottom-right corner of the cell into which you typed your formula. When your cursor changes to a black plus sign, click and drag downward until you reach and fill the cell in the same row as the last value in the column of data you're tidying up.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1599904214#1_2711720450
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Title: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
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Content: 2
Type "TRIM (" – without quotation marks – and click on the location of the first cell in the column that contains data you want to clean up. Type a closing parenthesis to complete the formula. Press the "Enter" key. 3
Click on the bottom-right corner of the cell into which you typed your formula. When your cursor changes to a black plus sign, click and drag downward until you reach and fill the cell in the same row as the last value in the column of data you're tidying up. 4
Click on the header of the column to select the calculated values that result from your TRIM function. Press "Ctrl-C" to copy the data. 5
Click on the header of the column that contains the data you just cleaned up. Click on the Home tab of the Excel Ribbon and locate its Clipboard group. Click on the arrow below "Paste" and choose "Paste Special."
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1599904214#2_2711721707
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Title: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
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Content: 4
Click on the header of the column to select the calculated values that result from your TRIM function. Press "Ctrl-C" to copy the data. 5
Click on the header of the column that contains the data you just cleaned up. Click on the Home tab of the Excel Ribbon and locate its Clipboard group. Click on the arrow below "Paste" and choose "Paste Special." Select the "Values" option. Your cleaned-up, calculated values replace the original cell contents. ‒‒:‒‒
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References
Microsoft Office: Move or Copy Cells and Cell Contents
Microsoft Support: How to use the AutoFill Options button in Excel
Microsoft Office:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1599904214#3_2711722814
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Title: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
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Content: Select the "Values" option. Your cleaned-up, calculated values replace the original cell contents. ‒‒:‒‒
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References
Microsoft Office: Move or Copy Cells and Cell Contents
Microsoft Support: How to use the AutoFill Options button in Excel
Microsoft Office: Insert or Delete Cells, Rows, and Columns
Resources
Microsoft Office: Excel Functions (By Category)
Tips
Use the same procedures to clean up rows of data, simply substituting row-based for column-based operations. Get in the habit of wrapping a TRIM function around functions that split up cell contents based on a space as the delimiter between pieces of data. You can use Replace to remove a space from the cells in a row or column if they contain no spaces you want to preserve. Restrict Replace to your selected cell range by using the Replace options.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1599904214#4_2711724121
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Title: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
How to Remove Leading Blank Spaces in Excel
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Content: Insert or Delete Cells, Rows, and Columns
Resources
Microsoft Office: Excel Functions (By Category)
Tips
Use the same procedures to clean up rows of data, simply substituting row-based for column-based operations. Get in the habit of wrapping a TRIM function around functions that split up cell contents based on a space as the delimiter between pieces of data. You can use Replace to remove a space from the cells in a row or column if they contain no spaces you want to preserve. Restrict Replace to your selected cell range by using the Replace options. Warnings
Save your spreadsheet under a new name in case you need access to the original data in the future. Writer Bio
Elizabeth Mott has been a writer since 1983. Mott has extensive experience writing advertising copy for everything from kitchen appliances and financial services to education and tourism. She holds a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in English from Indiana State University. Related Articles
How to Use the Round Up Calculation in Excel
How to Calculate a Trimmed Mean in Excel
How to Draw a Graph in MS Word
How to Convert Trailing Spaces in Excel
How to Hide Empty Data in Excel Graphs
How to Include Captions in Excel Graphs
How to Extend a Trendline on Excel
How to Do GIFs With Captions on Tumblr
How to Fill a Column with the Same Data in Excel
How to Open a Word Document in Print Layout
How to Calculate Using Excel for the Sum of Squares
How to Recover Information From Restoring an iPad
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1599978129#1_2711860426
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Title: How to Remove Whitespace From a String in Excel | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How to Remove Whitespace From a String in Excel
How to Remove Whitespace From a String in Excel
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Content: however, it cannot remove non-breaking spaces – this requires a combination Excel's Substitute and Trim functions. 1
Open your spreadsheet in Excel and locate the cells containing the whitespace that needs to be removed. 2
Use the Trim function to remove whitespace created from normal spaces. The Trim function requires a single reference to operate. For example, entering "=TRIM (A1)" without quotes will strip all but single spaces between words from the string " this is a test " in cell A1, leaving "this is a test". 3
Use the Substitute function to change non-breaking spaces to regular spaces. For example, "=TRIM (SUBSTITUTE (A1,CHAR (160),CHAR (32)))" without the quotes replaces non-breaking spaces (ASCII character 160) in cell "A1" with standard spaces (ASCII character 32) and then trims leading, trailing and repetitive spaces. ‒‒:‒‒
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References
Microsoft: Top Ten Ways to Clean Your Data
Microsoft: Remove Spaces From the Beginning and End of a Cell
Tips
To remove whitespace in a long list of cells, copy the Trim or Substitute formula by dragging its bottom-right drag bar down the formula column.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1602281340#0_2716858122
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Title: How the Specialization of Labor Can Lead to Increased Productivity | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How the Specialization of Labor Can Lead to Increased Productivity
How the Specialization of Labor Can Lead to Increased Productivity
Workers Master One Task
Specialization Makes Best Use of Worker Skills
It Saves Time
References
Content: How the Specialization of Labor Can Lead to Increased Productivity | Small Business - Chron.com
How the Specialization of Labor Can Lead to Increased Productivity
Small Business
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Advertising & Marketing
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Product Life Cycle
By Sampson Quain Updated February 04, 2019
Specialization of labor is most often known as the division of labor and refers to a process in business in which large tasks are divided into smaller tasks, and different employees or different groups of employees complete those tasks. Specialization is highly desirable in large-scale operations such as car manufacturing because it allows workers with specific skill sets to efficiently perform a specific task. However, specialization is also beneficial for small-business owners who are interested in increasing productivity. Workers Master One Task
The idea behind specialization of labor is to create what is known as “economies of scale,” in which an increase in productivity reduces the average cost of making a product. When workers are trained to perfect one task rather than having to handle a host of tasks, they tend to master the one task quickly and become far more efficient. When workers are efficient, they are also productive, so one of the major benefits of specialization is that it frees your employees to focus on doing one thing and doing that thing well. Specialization Makes Best Use of Worker Skills
If you own a business that makes custom bicycles, you’d be hard-pressed to hire one employee who can design bicycles and assemble every component of the bicycles from start to finish. However, if you hire one person to design the bicycles and another person to assemble the bicycles, you specialize the labor and maximize the workers’ skills. That, in turn, leads to better productivity because you don't have to spend time and money training your bicycle designer how to make the bicycles, and you don't have to spend time and money teaching your bicycle maker how to design bicycles. More importantly, it’s highly unlikely that either one of your workers has the skills and motivation to learn the other person’s specialty, so dividing the labor is an efficient use of each person’s skill set.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1602281340#1_2716860930
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Title: How the Specialization of Labor Can Lead to Increased Productivity | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: How the Specialization of Labor Can Lead to Increased Productivity
How the Specialization of Labor Can Lead to Increased Productivity
Workers Master One Task
Specialization Makes Best Use of Worker Skills
It Saves Time
References
Content: When workers are efficient, they are also productive, so one of the major benefits of specialization is that it frees your employees to focus on doing one thing and doing that thing well. Specialization Makes Best Use of Worker Skills
If you own a business that makes custom bicycles, you’d be hard-pressed to hire one employee who can design bicycles and assemble every component of the bicycles from start to finish. However, if you hire one person to design the bicycles and another person to assemble the bicycles, you specialize the labor and maximize the workers’ skills. That, in turn, leads to better productivity because you don't have to spend time and money training your bicycle designer how to make the bicycles, and you don't have to spend time and money teaching your bicycle maker how to design bicycles. More importantly, it’s highly unlikely that either one of your workers has the skills and motivation to learn the other person’s specialty, so dividing the labor is an efficient use of each person’s skill set. It Saves Time
There’s an old business adage that “Time is money,” and as the owner of your own company, you know this better than anyone else. When you spend time doing anything other than making your products or developing your services, you're losing money because you can’t sell what you haven’t made or developed. When you implement a smart division of labor strategy, you save valuable time. Returning to the example of the bicycles, what happens if you only have one person to design and make bicycles? You wait for that employee to finish designing one bicycle before beginning to assemble it, and while the employee is making that bicycle, you don’t have anyone to design the next bicycle.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1603499344#0_2719617989
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Title: Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics
Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics
What is Pure Competition?
Strengths of Pure Competition Theory
Weaknesses of Pure Competition Theory
Considerations
Content: Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics | Small Business - Chron.com
Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics
Small Business
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Finances & Taxes
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Economics
By Gregory Hamel
A solid understanding of economics and finance can give small-business owners a leg up in managing their companies. Competition between different firms is a major topic in economics that is also of utmost important to small businesses. Pure competition is an economic theory that attempts to describe how certain competitive markets function. What is Pure Competition? Pure competition, also called perfect competition, is an economic situation where a market has many sellers, none of which has a significant amount of market power. In perfect competition, goods are homogeneous, meaning the goods of one producer are exactly the same as the goods provided by another producer, and there are no barriers to entry or exit, meaning new firms can enter the market easily. The net effect of these factors is that under perfect competition, individual firms have no power to influence prices; the market determines prices. Strengths of Pure Competition Theory
The theory of pure competition provides a useful framework for thinking about how to operate a company in a market with many suppliers that provide homogeneous products. The theory also makes intuitive sense:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1603499344#1_2719619920
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Title: Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics
Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics
What is Pure Competition?
Strengths of Pure Competition Theory
Weaknesses of Pure Competition Theory
Considerations
Content: In perfect competition, goods are homogeneous, meaning the goods of one producer are exactly the same as the goods provided by another producer, and there are no barriers to entry or exit, meaning new firms can enter the market easily. The net effect of these factors is that under perfect competition, individual firms have no power to influence prices; the market determines prices. Strengths of Pure Competition Theory
The theory of pure competition provides a useful framework for thinking about how to operate a company in a market with many suppliers that provide homogeneous products. The theory also makes intuitive sense: If one company charges more for a homogeneous product than another, customers will avoid the company with the higher price. For example, if there are two gas stations on the same corner and one charges 10 cents more per gallon, customer will likely avoid the more expensive station completely because gasoline is a homogeneous product. Weaknesses of Pure Competition Theory
The main weakness of pure competition theory is that perfect competition does not exist in reality. In addition to having many comparable sellers, many comparable buyers, and a homogeneous product, a market must have perfect information to be perfectly competitive. Perfect information means consumers are aware of any differences in quality and prices between producers.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1603499344#2_2719621854
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Title: Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics
Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics
What is Pure Competition?
Strengths of Pure Competition Theory
Weaknesses of Pure Competition Theory
Considerations
Content: If one company charges more for a homogeneous product than another, customers will avoid the company with the higher price. For example, if there are two gas stations on the same corner and one charges 10 cents more per gallon, customer will likely avoid the more expensive station completely because gasoline is a homogeneous product. Weaknesses of Pure Competition Theory
The main weakness of pure competition theory is that perfect competition does not exist in reality. In addition to having many comparable sellers, many comparable buyers, and a homogeneous product, a market must have perfect information to be perfectly competitive. Perfect information means consumers are aware of any differences in quality and prices between producers. In reality, consumers do not have perfect information about prices, and most markets have at least some barriers to entry, and some differentiation between products. Considerations
Pure competition allows for some analysis of markets that exhibit many of the characteristics necessary for perfect competition to work, but in the end, it is just a theory. Small businesses often focus on niche markets with few competitors, and on releasing unique products and services that are different from those offered by competitors, both of which are counter to perfect competition. ‒‒:‒‒
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Boise State: Pure Competition
Cliffs Notes:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1603499344#3_2719623878
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Title: Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics
Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure Competition in Economics
What is Pure Competition?
Strengths of Pure Competition Theory
Weaknesses of Pure Competition Theory
Considerations
Content: In reality, consumers do not have perfect information about prices, and most markets have at least some barriers to entry, and some differentiation between products. Considerations
Pure competition allows for some analysis of markets that exhibit many of the characteristics necessary for perfect competition to work, but in the end, it is just a theory. Small businesses often focus on niche markets with few competitors, and on releasing unique products and services that are different from those offered by competitors, both of which are counter to perfect competition. ‒‒:‒‒
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References
Boise State: Pure Competition
Cliffs Notes: Conditions for Perfect Competition
Fullerton College: Perfect competition
Writer Bio
Gregory Hamel has been a writer since September 2008 and has also authored three novels. He has a Bachelor of Arts in economics from St. Olaf College. Hamel maintains a blog focused on massive open online courses and computer programming. Related Articles
The Four Types of Industry Infrastructures
Structure of a Competitive Industry
What Is Meant When a Firm Has No Market Power?
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1603844707#2_2720395494
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Title: Target Market Identification | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Target Market Identification
Target Market Identification
Characteristics
Importance
Process
Considerations
References
Content: In contrast, a company that does not define its target market narrowly could end up with promotions and products that do not fully meet most customers needs. Further, when a company fails to establish a target audience, it does not give itself the opportunity to compete directly with its competitors, such as the laptop company that comes on the market offering a super low cost laptop. In this case, because it did not try to address any specific needs other than cost, cost becomes its only basis for competition and likely its eventual undoing. Process
Companies determine who to target by looking at segments of the population and comparing them based on their size and relative growth. A good example of this is examining age groups, although segments maybe identified through a combination of factors, such as single professional female. Next, companies look at each segment’s attractiveness. To use the example of the coffee shop, a neighborhood may have a large concentration of high school and college students, but if that population is not likely to stick around, targeting students could be a mistake. Older people may start to classify that place as a place students hang out and choose a different coffee shop to frequent as a result; when the students move away, the coffee shop would have to try to win back its older clientele; clientele that may have already developed a strong preference for another coffee shop.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1603844707#3_2720397335
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Title: Target Market Identification | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Target Market Identification
Target Market Identification
Characteristics
Importance
Process
Considerations
References
Content: Next, companies look at each segment’s attractiveness. To use the example of the coffee shop, a neighborhood may have a large concentration of high school and college students, but if that population is not likely to stick around, targeting students could be a mistake. Older people may start to classify that place as a place students hang out and choose a different coffee shop to frequent as a result; when the students move away, the coffee shop would have to try to win back its older clientele; clientele that may have already developed a strong preference for another coffee shop. Considerations
Lastly, the company has to look at its own objectives, capabilities and resources, carefully examining the profit to be had by targeting a particular audience. For example, the baby boomer generation may be the largest segment of the population by age, but they are also less willing to spend on luxury items than their younger counterparts. For a luxury retailer, this is an important distinction; it needs to target the segment that is likely to spend the most on its products. Likewise, if a company cannot compete with the low-price providers, it is not going to target customers focused solely on the bottom line, but may instead try to demonstrate value or feature desirability.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1604182049#7_2721153786
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Title: Technology & How We Communicate | Small Business - Chron.com
Headings: Technology & How We Communicate
Technology & How We Communicate
Prehistoric Communications
Newspapers and the Printing Press
Letters and Postal Mail
Telegraph Machines
The Telephone
Radio Waves
Television and the Entertainment Industry
Satellite Communications
Age of the Internet
Mobile Devices and Cell Signals
Content: The Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1886, and it changed the way humans communicated forever. Not long after the invention of electric phones, a direct dialing system was created to connect parties on either end. In high-traffic areas, a switchboard system was used to manually make connections, as well. The ability to speak with another individual or party directly without being in the same place changed the face of commerce and personal communications. Families and friends could use this technology to speak, without requiring long wait times on postal mail, as using postal mail increased the likelihood of losing touch for long periods of time, as people continually travel and move. Suddenly, you could pick up the phone and just make a call. The location-independence factor for a single party also added a layer of convenience. If people were traveling, they could still call a known location and communicate despite being on the road without a stable base location. If the other party wanted to reach them, they could potentially track them down at a hotel or they could call a line in their temporary location, opening up more opportunities to communicate regardless of location. Eventually, telephones became so prominent that international calls became a possibility and pay phones were erected in public places.
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http://smallbusiness.chron.com/technology-communicate-27322.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1607359175#0_2728191703
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Title: Commercial Zoning - FindLaw
Headings: Commercial Zoning
Commercial Zoning
Types of Zoning
FindLaw Newsletters
Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life
What Do Zoning Laws Regulate
Avoid Commercial Zoning Trouble
Eliminate the Guesswork: Get Legal Help With Your Zoning Needs
Content: Commercial Zoning - FindLaw
Commercial Zoning
Created by FindLaw's team of legal writers and editors | Last updated February 16, 2018
Local governments use zoning to protect the health and safety of a community and to regulate growth. Zoning laws -- also referred to as zoning ordinances and land use regulations -- control the use of property. Commercial zoning laws control the type of activities a business may conduct in a particular area and the category of business that can occupy the zoned area. Zoning laws often regulate the features of a building as well, such as height and the required setback from the street. Types of Zoning
Commercial zoning affects where businesses can carry out business activities. Typically, local governments categorize zoning within a city, municipality, or a county as: Residential: Usually divided into single-family or multifamily use; Commercial: An area allowed for commercial activities like retail stores and offices;
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http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-operations/commercial-zoning.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1607359175#4_2728196322
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Title: Commercial Zoning - FindLaw
Headings: Commercial Zoning
Commercial Zoning
Types of Zoning
FindLaw Newsletters
Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life
What Do Zoning Laws Regulate
Avoid Commercial Zoning Trouble
Eliminate the Guesswork: Get Legal Help With Your Zoning Needs
Content: FindLaw Newsletters
Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life
FindLaw Newsletters
Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life
Enter your email address to subscribe
Enter your email address: The email address cannot be subscribed. Please try again. Learn more about FindLaw’s newsletters, including our terms of use and privacy policy. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. What Do Zoning Laws Regulate
Zoning laws also regulate certain activities. For instance, zoning controls activities like noise level, waste management, appearance of a building (eg., height, size, and proximity to each other), parking, and air quality. In a commercial zone, for instance, ordinances often require a specific number of parking spaces and may regulate the number of stories a building can have, the size of signs, and the number of similar businesses in the same district. Avoid Commercial Zoning Trouble
It is important to check zoning ordinances to determine the type of activity permitted.
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http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-operations/commercial-zoning.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1607359175#5_2728197893
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Title: Commercial Zoning - FindLaw
Headings: Commercial Zoning
Commercial Zoning
Types of Zoning
FindLaw Newsletters
Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life
What Do Zoning Laws Regulate
Avoid Commercial Zoning Trouble
Eliminate the Guesswork: Get Legal Help With Your Zoning Needs
Content: What Do Zoning Laws Regulate
Zoning laws also regulate certain activities. For instance, zoning controls activities like noise level, waste management, appearance of a building (eg., height, size, and proximity to each other), parking, and air quality. In a commercial zone, for instance, ordinances often require a specific number of parking spaces and may regulate the number of stories a building can have, the size of signs, and the number of similar businesses in the same district. Avoid Commercial Zoning Trouble
It is important to check zoning ordinances to determine the type of activity permitted. Do not assume that because the previous occupant used the property for a specific activity that a new occupant can use the property for the same purpose. Consider the following when selecting commercial property: Be Aware of a Previous Non-Conforming Use: In general, when non-conformance results from the implementation of a new zoning law, the current occupant can continue its previous use. However, once that occupant vacates the premises, the new occupant may not continue the non-conformance.
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http://smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business-operations/commercial-zoning.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1612726299#5_2738120298
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Title: History of the Russian Federation | Smart History of Russia
Headings: Russian Federation
1991-
Russian Federation
1991-
Background
Economy
State and society
Foreign relations
1993
2008
2014
Boris Yeltsin
Background
Shock Therapy
Constitutional Crisis
First Chechen War
Re-election, economic collapse and resignation
Vladimir Putin
2000-
Background
Prime Minister
Presidency
Dmitry Medvedev
Foreign policy
The New Cold War
'History of Russia in 100 Minutes' Free ebook
Content: Foreign relations
The Yeltsin years were characterized by mostly unwilling cooperation with NATO and the United States. All that changed with Putin. He expressed his opposition to the expansion of NATO to its borders, and launched an offensive against Georgia and Ukraine, who had attempted to move away from Russia’s sphere of influence and leaned towards the West. This placed Russia in relative political isolation, and skyrocketed Putin’s reputation at home as being a leader who stands up to the West. 1993
Constitutional crisis
2008
Russo-Georgian war
2014
Crimean crisis
Boris Yeltsin
1991-1999
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia became a constitutional republic. Yeltsin’s reign as the first president was, at first, characterized by high hopes of democracy and prosperity. Nevertheless, along with crime, corruption, and poverty on the rise, it turned out to be a disappointment, and a harsh experience for most Russians. Background
During the final years of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin became one of its most popular statesmen. He gained nearly 60% of the votes at the Presidential election in 1991. Yeltsin expressed his support for freedom of speech and a free-market economy.
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http://smarthistories.com/russian-federation/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1613104412#0_2739050028
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Title: Assault Weapons Should Be Banned: An Essay Example
Headings:
Assault Weapons Should Be Banned
Content: Assault Weapons Should Be Banned: An Essay Example
Assault Weapons Should Be Banned
In the present day, gun shootings are not new to our ears. The debate over gun control has been relentless with the efforts of gun control by the top people in the government falling on deaf ears. The news in the magazines, newspapers, and the television depict that assault weapons are making things worse for the ordinary man. Millions of emergency department visits have also announced that gun control needs to be taken with a lot of weight. Thousands of civilians have died from firearm homicides. It is, therefore, necessary to discuss the harmful and unnecessary role of assault weapons in the society. Of all the guns in America, assault rifles make up to 1.7% of them. They play an indispensable function in the society. Studies have depicted that 67% of the gun owners carry firearms for protection purposes while 66% carry the firearms for target shooting.
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http://smartmontgomery.com/assault-weapons-should-be-banned-an-essay-example
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1613104412#1_2739051287
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Title: Assault Weapons Should Be Banned: An Essay Example
Headings:
Assault Weapons Should Be Banned
Content: Thousands of civilians have died from firearm homicides. It is, therefore, necessary to discuss the harmful and unnecessary role of assault weapons in the society. Of all the guns in America, assault rifles make up to 1.7% of them. They play an indispensable function in the society. Studies have depicted that 67% of the gun owners carry firearms for protection purposes while 66% carry the firearms for target shooting. 585 carry firearms for hunting. From these three grounds, it is understandable that none of them has a specific reason for owning the firearms. In short, all these persons carry the weapons for assault reasons. The firearms are highly visible, inaccurate, and bulky. Carrying firearms by the citizens is a risk;
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http://smartmontgomery.com/assault-weapons-should-be-banned-an-essay-example
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