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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_456971591#3_1035309897
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Title: Understanding Political Process Theory
Headings: Political Process Theory
Political Process Theory
An Overview of the Core Theory of Social Movements
Overview
Key Figures
Recommended Reading
Content: Political opportunities--or opportunities for intervention and change within the existing political system--exist when the system experiences vulnerabilities. Vulnerabilities in the system can arise for a variety of reasons but hinge on a crisis of legitimacy wherein the populace no longer supports the social and economic conditions fostered or maintained by the system. Opportunities might be driven by the broadening of political enfranchisement to those previously excluded (like women and people of color, historically speaking), divisions among leaders, increasing diversity within political bodies and the electorate, and a loosening of repressive structures that previously kept people from demanding change. Mobilizing structures refer to the already existing organizations (political or otherwise) that are present among the community that wants change. These organizations serve as mobilizing structures for a social movement by providing membership, leadership, and communication and social networks to the budding movement. Examples include churches, community and nonprofit organizations, and student groups and schools, to name a few. Framing processes are carried out by leaders of an organization in order to allow the group or movement to clearly and persuasively describe the existing problems, articulate why change is necessary, what changes are desired, and how one can go about achieving them. Framing processes foster the ideological buy-in among movement members, members of the political establishment, and the public at large that is necessary for a social movement to seize political opportunities and make change. McAdam and colleagues describe framing as "conscious strategic efforts by groups of people to fashion shared understandings of the world and of themselves that legitimate and motivate collective action" (see Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framing [1996]).
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https://www.thoughtco.com/political-process-theory-3026451
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_456978816#3_1035325562
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Title: 10 Political Quotes You Need to Know
Headings: Political Quotes You Need to Know
Political Quotes You Need to Know
'I Am Not a Crook'
'The Only Thing We Have To Fear Is Fear Itself'
'I Did Not Have Sexual Relations With That Woman'
'Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall'
'Ask Not What Your Country Can Do For You'
'You're No Jack Kennedy'
'Government of the People, by the People, for the People'
'Nattering Nabobs of Negativism'
'Read My Lips: No New Taxes'
'Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick'
Watch Now: Overview: The Berlin Wall
Content: 'I Did Not Have Sexual Relations With That Woman'
Wikimedia Commons
Speaking of scandals, a close runner-up to Nixon's "I am not a crook" is President Bill Clinton 's denial of an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Said Clinton to the nation: " I did not have sexual relations with that woman." He later admitted that he did, and was impeached by the House of Representatives for reasons including perjury and witness tampering related to the Lewinsky affair. Here's what Clinton told the American people early on: "I want to say one thing to the American people. I want you to listen to me. I'm going to say this again: I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky. I never told anybody to lie, not a single time;
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https://www.thoughtco.com/political-quotes-you-need-to-know-3368195
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_459300958#2_1041109115
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Title: Problems for Teachers That Hinder Their Effectiveness
Headings: Problems for Teachers That Limit Their Overall Effectiveness
Problems for Teachers That Limit Their Overall Effectiveness
Balancing a Wide Range of Student Needs
Lack of Parental Support
Lack of Proper Funding
Overemphasis on Standardized Testing
Poor Public Perception
Educational Trends
Content: Part of what makes teaching a challenging career is the diversity of the students. All students are unique in having their own background, needs, and learning styles. Teachers have to be prepared to work with all learning styles in every lesson, requiring more prep time and creativity. However, successfully working through this challenge can be an empowering experience for both students and teachers alike. Lack of Parental Support
It can be incredibly frustrating for a teacher when parents don’t support their efforts to educate children. Ideally, a partnership exists between school and home, with both working in tandem to provide the best learning experience for students. However, when parents don't follow through with their responsibilities, it can often have a negative impact on the class. Research has proven that children whose parents make education a high priority and stay consistently involved may be more successful academically. Ensuring that students eat well, get enough sleep, study, complete their homework, and are prepared for the school day are just a few of the basic of the things that parents are expected to do for their children. While many of the best teachers go above and beyond to make up for a lack of parental support, a total team effort from the teachers, parents, and students is the ideal approach.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/problems-for-teachers-that-limit-their-overall-effectiveness-3194679
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_459300958#3_1041111055
|
Title: Problems for Teachers That Hinder Their Effectiveness
Headings: Problems for Teachers That Limit Their Overall Effectiveness
Problems for Teachers That Limit Their Overall Effectiveness
Balancing a Wide Range of Student Needs
Lack of Parental Support
Lack of Proper Funding
Overemphasis on Standardized Testing
Poor Public Perception
Educational Trends
Content: Ideally, a partnership exists between school and home, with both working in tandem to provide the best learning experience for students. However, when parents don't follow through with their responsibilities, it can often have a negative impact on the class. Research has proven that children whose parents make education a high priority and stay consistently involved may be more successful academically. Ensuring that students eat well, get enough sleep, study, complete their homework, and are prepared for the school day are just a few of the basic of the things that parents are expected to do for their children. While many of the best teachers go above and beyond to make up for a lack of parental support, a total team effort from the teachers, parents, and students is the ideal approach. Parents are the most powerful and consistent link between children and school since they are there throughout the child’s life while the teachers will change annually. When a child knows that education is essential and important, it makes a difference. Parents can also work to communicate effectively with the teacher and ensure that their child is successfully completing assignments. However, not every family has the ability to provide the necessary supervision and partnership, and some children are left to figure things out on their own. When faced with poverty, a lack a supervision, stressful and unstable home lives, and even parents who aren't present, students have to overcome numerous hurdles to even make it school, never mind succeed.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/problems-for-teachers-that-limit-their-overall-effectiveness-3194679
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_459300958#11_1041125929
|
Title: Problems for Teachers That Hinder Their Effectiveness
Headings: Problems for Teachers That Limit Their Overall Effectiveness
Problems for Teachers That Limit Their Overall Effectiveness
Balancing a Wide Range of Student Needs
Lack of Parental Support
Lack of Proper Funding
Overemphasis on Standardized Testing
Poor Public Perception
Educational Trends
Content: In some countries, public school teachers are highly regarded and revered for the service that they provide. Today, teachers continue to be in the public spotlight because of their direct impact on the nation’s youth. There's the added challenge that the media often focuses on negative stories dealing with teachers, which pulls attention away from their positive impact. The truth is that most teachers are dedicated educators who are in it for the right reasons and doing a solid job. Focusing on a good teacher’s best qualities can help teachers overcome their perceptions and find fulfillment in their profession. Educational Trends
When it comes to learning, experts are always looking for the best tools and tactics for educating children. While many of these trends are actually strong and worthy of implementation, adoption of them within schools can be haphazard. Some believe that public education in the United States is broken, which often drives schools to look at ways to reform, sometimes too rapidly. Teachers can be faced with mandated changes in tools, curriculum, and best practices as administrators race to adopt the latest and greatest trends. However, these constant changes can lead to inconsistency and frustration, making teachers' lives more difficult.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/problems-for-teachers-that-limit-their-overall-effectiveness-3194679
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_459300958#12_1041127814
|
Title: Problems for Teachers That Hinder Their Effectiveness
Headings: Problems for Teachers That Limit Their Overall Effectiveness
Problems for Teachers That Limit Their Overall Effectiveness
Balancing a Wide Range of Student Needs
Lack of Parental Support
Lack of Proper Funding
Overemphasis on Standardized Testing
Poor Public Perception
Educational Trends
Content: Educational Trends
When it comes to learning, experts are always looking for the best tools and tactics for educating children. While many of these trends are actually strong and worthy of implementation, adoption of them within schools can be haphazard. Some believe that public education in the United States is broken, which often drives schools to look at ways to reform, sometimes too rapidly. Teachers can be faced with mandated changes in tools, curriculum, and best practices as administrators race to adopt the latest and greatest trends. However, these constant changes can lead to inconsistency and frustration, making teachers' lives more difficult. Adequate training isn't always made available, and many teachers are left to fend for themselves to figure out how to implement whatever has been adopted. On the flip side, some schools are resistant to change, and teachers who are educated about learning trends may not receive funding or support to adopt them. This can lead to a lack of job satisfaction and teacher turnover, and it can hold students back from delving into a new way to learn that may actually help them achieve more. Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Meador, Derrick. " Problems for Teachers That Limit Their Overall Effectiveness."
|
https://www.thoughtco.com/problems-for-teachers-that-limit-their-overall-effectiveness-3194679
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_459880884#8_1042506529
|
Title: Summary and Review of Proof, a Play from David Auburn
Headings: Summary and Review of Proof by David Auburn
Summary and Review of Proof by David Auburn
Grief, Mathematics, and Madness on Stage
Plot Overview of "Proof"
What Works in "Proof"?
A Weak Central Conflict
A Poorly Conceived Romantic Lead
Lackluster Romantic Storyline
Content: "Proof" has been embraced by colleges and high school drama departments. And with a leading character like Catherine, it is easy to understand why. A Weak Central Conflict
One of the major conflicts of the play is Catherine's inability to convince Hal and her sister that she actually invented the proof in her father's notebook. For a while, the audience is unsure as well. After all, Catherine's sanity is in question. Also, she has yet to graduate from college. And, to add one more layer of suspicion, the proof is written in her father's handwriting. But Catherine has a lot of other preoccupations. She's dealing with grief, sibling rivalry, romantic tension, and the slow sinking feeling that she is losing her mind. She isn't terribly concerned about proving that the proof is hers.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/proof-a-play-by-david-auburn-2713595
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_461534988#5_1046648945
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Title: Reading for Bias: How to Spot a Politically Biased Text
Headings: The Difference Between Liberals and Conservatives
The Difference Between Liberals and Conservatives
Conservative Bias
Reading for Conservative Bias
Traditional Family Values and the Sanctity of Marriage
A Limited Role for the Government
Strong National Defense
Commitment to Faith and Religion
Anti-Abortion
Liberal Bias
Liberals and Government Programs
Progressivism
Taxes
Content: A Limited Role for the Government
Conservatives generally value individual accomplishments and resent too much government intervention. They do not believe that it is the job of the government to solve the problems of society by imposing intrusive or costly policies, such as affirmative action or mandatory health care programs. A progressive (liberal) leaning person would consider a piece biased if it suggested that the government unfairly implements social policies as a counter-balance for perceived social injustice. Fiscal conservatives favor a limited role for government, so they also favor a small budget for the government. They believe that individuals should retain more of their own earnings and pay less to the government. These beliefs have led critics to suggest that fiscal conservatives are selfish and uncaring. Progressive thinkers believe that taxes are a costly but necessary evil, and they would find bias in an article that is overly critical of taxation. Strong National Defense
Conservatives advocate a large role for the military in providing security for society. They tend to believe that a large military presence is an essential tool for safeguarding society against acts of terrorism. Progressives take a different stance:
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https://www.thoughtco.com/reading-for-political-bias-1857294
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_462146897#7_1048196494
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Title: The Definition, History, and Impact of Redlining
Headings: The History of Redlining
The History of Redlining
History of Housing Discrimination
The Federal Government Begins Redlining
The End of Redlining
Continued Impact of Redlining
Sources
Content: The Times reported that loan officers had referred to their Black customers as “mud people” and to the subprime loans they pushed on them “ghetto loans.” Redlining policies are not limited to mortgage lending, however. Other industries also use race as a factor in their decision-making policies, usually in ways that ultimately hurt minorities. Some grocery stores, for example, have been shown to raise prices of certain products in stores located in primarily Black and Latino neighborhoods. Continued Impact of Redlining
The impact of redlining goes beyond the individual families who were denied loans based on the racial composition of their neighborhoods. Many neighborhoods that were labeled “Yellow” or “Red” by the HOLC back in the 1930s are still underdeveloped and underserved compared to nearby “Green” and “Blue” neighborhoods with largely White populations. Blocks in these neighborhoods tend to be empty or lined with vacant buildings. They often lack basic services, like banking or healthcare, and have fewer job opportunities and transportation options. The government may have put an end to the redlining policies that it created in the 1930s, but it has yet to offer adequate resources to help neighborhoods recover from the damage that these policies have caused and continue to inflict. Sources
Coates, Ta-Nehisi. “
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https://www.thoughtco.com/redlining-definition-4157858
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_463665370#0_1051974964
|
Title: Why Is Roe v. Wade So Important?
Headings: Roe v. Wade
Roe v. Wade
Landmark Supreme Court Decision Legalizing a Woman's Right to Choose
The Origin of the Case
District Court Ruling
Appeal to the Supreme Court
Aftermath of Roe
Norma McCorvey’s Changing Views
Content: Why Is Roe v. Wade So Important? Humanities › History & Culture
Roe v. Wade
Landmark Supreme Court Decision Legalizing a Woman's Right to Choose
Share
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A woman at a 1974 reproductive rights march in Pittsburgh, PA holds a sign reading 'Defend Womens Right To Choose'. Barbara Freeman/Getty Images
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Jennifer Goss is a Holocaust historian and history educator. She serves as a consultant for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the USC Shoah Foundation. our editorial process
Jennifer L. Goss
Updated January 23, 2020
Each year, the Supreme Court reaches over one hundred decisions that impact the lives of Americans, yet few have been as controversial as the Roe v. Wade decision announced on January 22, 1973. The case concerned the right of women to seek an abortion, which was largely banned under Texas state law where the case originated in 1970. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled in a 7 to 2 vote that a woman’s right to seek an abortion is protected under the 9th and 14th Amendments. This decision, however, did not end the fervent ethical debates about this heated subject which continue to this day. The Origin of the Case
The case began in 1970, when Norma McCorvey (under the alias Jane Roe) sued the state of Texas, represented by Dallas District Attorney Henry Wade, over the Texas state law which banned abortion except in cases of life-threatening conditions. McCorvey was unmarried, pregnant with her third child, and seeking an abortion.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/roe-v-wade-abortion-rights-1779383
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_463732039#0_1052146880
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Title: Roman Army - Recruitment, Legions, Siege Warfare & More
Headings: The Roman Army of the Roman Republic
The Roman Army of the Roman Republic
Recruitment of Soldiers for the Roman Army
Legion Under Augustus
Contubernium of Soldiers in the Roman Army
Legion Names
Roman Army Punishments
Siege Warfare
The Roman Soldier
Content: Roman Army - Recruitment, Legions, Siege Warfare & More
Humanities › History & Culture
The Roman Army of the Roman Republic
PegLegPete / Getty Images
History & Culture
Ancient History and Culture
Rome
Figures & Events
Ancient Languages
Greece
Egypt
Asia
Mythology & Religion
American History
African American History
African History
Asian History
European History
Genealogy
Inventions
Latin American History
Medieval & Renaissance History
Military History
The 20th Century
Women's History
View More
By
N.S. Gill
Ancient History and Latin Expert
M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota
B.A., Latin, University of Minnesota
N.S. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise. our editorial process
N.S. Gill
Updated March 04, 2018
The Roman army ( exercitus) did not start out as the superlative fighting machine that came to dominate Europe to the Rhine, parts of Asia, and Africa. It began like the part-time Greek army, with farmers returning to their fields after a quick summer campaign. Then it changed into a professional organization with long terms of service far from home. The Roman general and seven-time consul Marius is considered responsible for the change of the Roman army into its professional form. He gave the poorest classes in Rome the opportunity to be career military, gave land to veterans, and changed the composition of the legion. Recruitment of Soldiers for the Roman Army
The Roman army changed over time. The consuls had the power to recruit troops, but in the last years of the Republic, provincial governors were replacing troops without the approval of the consuls. This led to legionaries loyal to their generals rather than Rome.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/roman-army-of-the-roman-republic-120904
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_463732039#1_1052149222
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Title: Roman Army - Recruitment, Legions, Siege Warfare & More
Headings: The Roman Army of the Roman Republic
The Roman Army of the Roman Republic
Recruitment of Soldiers for the Roman Army
Legion Under Augustus
Contubernium of Soldiers in the Roman Army
Legion Names
Roman Army Punishments
Siege Warfare
The Roman Soldier
Content: The Roman general and seven-time consul Marius is considered responsible for the change of the Roman army into its professional form. He gave the poorest classes in Rome the opportunity to be career military, gave land to veterans, and changed the composition of the legion. Recruitment of Soldiers for the Roman Army
The Roman army changed over time. The consuls had the power to recruit troops, but in the last years of the Republic, provincial governors were replacing troops without the approval of the consuls. This led to legionaries loyal to their generals rather than Rome. Before Marius, recruitment was limited to citizens enrolled in the top 5 Roman classes. By the end of the Social War (87 BCE) most of the free men in Italy were entitled to enlist and by the reign of Caracalla or Marcus Aurelius, it was extended to the entire Roman world. From Marius on there were between 5,000 and 6,200 in the legions. Legion Under Augustus
The Roman army under Augustus consisted of 25 legions ( according to Tacitus ). Each legion consisted of about 6,000 men and a large number of auxiliaries.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/roman-army-of-the-roman-republic-120904
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_463928530#1_1052623305
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Title: Romanticism in Literature: Definition and Examples
Headings: Romanticism in Literature: Definition and Examples
Romanticism in Literature: Definition and Examples
Finding beauty in nature and the common man.
Key Takeaways: Romanticism in Literature
Romanticism Definition
Characteristics of Romanticism
Celebration of Nature
Focus on the Individual and Spirituality
Celebration of Isolation and Melancholy
Interest in the Common Man
Idealization of Women
Personification and Pathetic Fallacy
Sources
Content: our editorial process
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Jeffrey Somers
Updated December 18, 2019
Romanticism was a literary movement that began in the late 18th century, ending around the middle of the 19th century—although its influence continues to this day. Marked by a focus on the individual (and the unique perspective of a person, often guided by irrational, emotional impulses), a respect for nature and the primitive, and a celebration of the common man, Romanticism can be seen as a reaction to the huge changes in society that occurred during this period, including the revolutions that burned through countries like France and the United States, ushering in grand experiments in democracy. Key Takeaways: Romanticism in Literature
Romanticism is a literary movement spanning roughly 1790–1850. The movement was characterized by a celebration of nature and the common man, a focus on individual experience, an idealization of women, and an embrace of isolation and melancholy. Prominent Romantic writers include John Keats, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Mary Shelley. Romanticism Definition
The term Romanticism does not stem directly from the concept of love, but rather from the French word romaunt (a romantic story told in verse). Romanticism focused on emotions and the inner life of the writer, and often used autobiographical material to inform the work or even provide a template for it, unlike traditional literature at the time. Romanticism celebrated the primitive and elevated "regular people" as being deserving of celebration, which was an innovation at the time. Romanticism also fixated on nature as a primordial force and encouraged the concept of isolation as necessary for spiritual and artistic development.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/romanticism-definition-4777449
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_464315365#7_1053611581
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Title: 24 Simple Rules That Every Teacher Should Live By
Headings: 24 Simple Rules All Teachers Should Live By
24 Simple Rules All Teachers Should Live By
Act in your students' best interest
Build important relationships
Be explicit about rules and expectations
Be fair and consistent
Be prepared
Learn every day
Leave your problems at the door
Involve families
Protect your students
Protect yourself
Get along with administration
Get to know your students
Listen
Assume responsibility for mistakes
Seek advice from other teachers
Be flexible
Be encouraging
Never embarrass your students
Have fun
Be involved in the lives of your students
Provide meaningful and frequent feedback
Stay up-to-date
Decompress after school
Watch Now: Helpful Classroom Rules
Content: They should always be aware of their surroundings and never allow themselves to be too vulnerable or have their reputation called into question. Protect yourself from danger by maintaining self-control and staying alert at all times. Get along with administration
Respect the decisions of administrators and understand that they have many responsibilities. Teachers that have great working relationships with their administrators enjoy a more relaxed and supportive work environment. Get to know your students
Take the time to find out what your students like to do and incorporate their interests into your lessons. Establish a rapport and connection with them not only to engage them in class but also to show that you care about them beyond their performance in school. Listen
Always be willing to listen to others, especially your students. Use their feedback to improve your practice. Responsive teachers take the time to learn from what others have to say because they know that they are not perfect. Assume responsibility for mistakes
Own your faults and correct your mistakes—teachers are not expected to know everything.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/rules-teachers-should-follow-4120807
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_464315365#13_1053622993
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Title: 24 Simple Rules That Every Teacher Should Live By
Headings: 24 Simple Rules All Teachers Should Live By
24 Simple Rules All Teachers Should Live By
Act in your students' best interest
Build important relationships
Be explicit about rules and expectations
Be fair and consistent
Be prepared
Learn every day
Leave your problems at the door
Involve families
Protect your students
Protect yourself
Get along with administration
Get to know your students
Listen
Assume responsibility for mistakes
Seek advice from other teachers
Be flexible
Be encouraging
Never embarrass your students
Have fun
Be involved in the lives of your students
Provide meaningful and frequent feedback
Stay up-to-date
Decompress after school
Watch Now: Helpful Classroom Rules
Content: When this task feels overwhelming, remind yourself that timely constructive feedback is worth the effort in the long run because students learn most when you check in with them about their performance. Stay up-to-date
Always be aware of and adhere to local policies and procedures. If you are not sure about something, it is better to ask than make assumptions and mistakes. You must know and follow the rules of teaching just as you expect your students to know and follow yours. Decompress after school
Find time to decompress outside of school. Every teacher needs to have hobbies and interests that allow them to distance themselves from the stress of school. Teaching may take up a large portion of your life but should not be all that you do. Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Meador, Derrick. " 24 Simple Rules All Teachers Should Live By." ThoughtCo, Feb. 10, 2021, thoughtco.com/rules-teachers-should-follow-4120807.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/rules-teachers-should-follow-4120807
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_465826323#3_1057578301
|
Title: A School Leader's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
Headings: A School Administrator's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
A School Administrator's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
Know Your State's Teacher Evaluation Guidelines
Know Your District's Policies on Teacher Evaluations
Be Sure Your Teachers Understand All Expectations and Procedures
Schedule Pre and Post Evaluation Conferences
Understand the Teacher Evaluation Instrument
Do Not Be Afraid of Constructive Criticism
Mix It Up
Content: Know Your District's Policies on Teacher Evaluations
In addition to state policies, it is essential to understand your district's policies and procedures when it comes to teacher evaluation. Though many states restrict the evaluation instrument that you can use, some do not. In states where there are no restrictions, districts may require you to use a specific instrument while others may allow you to construct your own. Additionally, districts may have specific components that they want to be included in the evaluation that the state may not require. Be Sure Your Teachers Understand All Expectations and Procedures
Every teacher should be aware of the teacher evaluation procedures in your district. It is beneficial to give your teachers this information and to document that you have done so. The best way to do this is to conduct a teacher evaluation training workshop at the beginning of each year. Should you ever need to dismiss a teacher, you want to cover yourself in making sure that all the district’s expectations were provided to them in advance. There should not be any hidden elements for the teachers. They should be given access to what you are looking for, the instrument used, and any other pertinent information dealing with the evaluation process.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/school-administrators-guide-to-teacher-evaluation-3194544
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_465826323#6_1057584270
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Title: A School Leader's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
Headings: A School Administrator's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
A School Administrator's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
Know Your State's Teacher Evaluation Guidelines
Know Your District's Policies on Teacher Evaluations
Be Sure Your Teachers Understand All Expectations and Procedures
Schedule Pre and Post Evaluation Conferences
Understand the Teacher Evaluation Instrument
Do Not Be Afraid of Constructive Criticism
Mix It Up
Content: There is no way you can ever see everything in a single classroom observation. Understand the Teacher Evaluation Instrument
Some districts and states have specific evaluation instrument that evaluators are required to use. If this is the case, get to know the instrument thoroughly. Have a great understanding of how to use it before stepping into a classroom. Review it often and make sure you adhere to the guidelines and intent of the instrument itself. Some districts and states allow flexibility in the evaluation instrument. If you have the opportunity to design your own instrument, then make sure you always have it board approved before using it. Just like any good tool, reevaluate it from time to time. Don't be afraid to update it. Make sure it always meets state and district expectations, but add your own twist to it.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/school-administrators-guide-to-teacher-evaluation-3194544
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_465826323#7_1057585834
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Title: A School Leader's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
Headings: A School Administrator's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
A School Administrator's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
Know Your State's Teacher Evaluation Guidelines
Know Your District's Policies on Teacher Evaluations
Be Sure Your Teachers Understand All Expectations and Procedures
Schedule Pre and Post Evaluation Conferences
Understand the Teacher Evaluation Instrument
Do Not Be Afraid of Constructive Criticism
Mix It Up
Content: Some districts and states allow flexibility in the evaluation instrument. If you have the opportunity to design your own instrument, then make sure you always have it board approved before using it. Just like any good tool, reevaluate it from time to time. Don't be afraid to update it. Make sure it always meets state and district expectations, but add your own twist to it. If you are in a district where they have a specific instrument you have to use, and you feel like there is a change that could improve it, then approach your superintendent and see if it may be possible to make those changes. Do Not Be Afraid of Constructive Criticism
There are many administrators that go into an evaluation with no intent of marking anything other than good or excellent. There is not a teacher who exists that cannot improve in some area. Offering some constructive criticism or challenging the teacher will only improve that teacher’s ability and students in that classroom are the ones who will benefit. Try to pick out one area during each evaluation that you believe is most important for the teacher to improve.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/school-administrators-guide-to-teacher-evaluation-3194544
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_465826323#8_1057587683
|
Title: A School Leader's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
Headings: A School Administrator's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
A School Administrator's Guide to Effective Teacher Evaluation
Know Your State's Teacher Evaluation Guidelines
Know Your District's Policies on Teacher Evaluations
Be Sure Your Teachers Understand All Expectations and Procedures
Schedule Pre and Post Evaluation Conferences
Understand the Teacher Evaluation Instrument
Do Not Be Afraid of Constructive Criticism
Mix It Up
Content: If you are in a district where they have a specific instrument you have to use, and you feel like there is a change that could improve it, then approach your superintendent and see if it may be possible to make those changes. Do Not Be Afraid of Constructive Criticism
There are many administrators that go into an evaluation with no intent of marking anything other than good or excellent. There is not a teacher who exists that cannot improve in some area. Offering some constructive criticism or challenging the teacher will only improve that teacher’s ability and students in that classroom are the ones who will benefit. Try to pick out one area during each evaluation that you believe is most important for the teacher to improve. Do not downgrade the teacher if they are deemed effective in that area, but challenge them because you see room for improvement. Most teachers will work hard to improve an area that may be seen as a weakness. During the evaluation, if you see a teacher who has substantial deficiencies, then it may be necessary to put them on a plan of improvement to immediately help them begin to improve upon those deficiencies. Mix It Up
The evaluation process can become boring and monotonous for veteran administrators when they are re-evaluating effective, veteran teachers. To keep this from happening, make sure you mix it up from time to time.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/school-administrators-guide-to-teacher-evaluation-3194544
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466613958#0_1059630769
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Title: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Headings: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Examining What Failed in the Past Can Lead to Future Triumphs
Ask Yourself These Tough Questions - And Be Honest!
What Happens If You Refuse to Self-Reflect
Examine Your Teaching - Any Time of Year
Content: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Resources › For Educators
The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Examining What Failed in the Past Can Lead to Future Triumphs
Richard/Drury/Getty Images
For Educators
Teaching
An Introduction to Teaching
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Teaching Adult Learners
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Secondary Education
Special Education
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By
Beth Lewis
Education Expert
B.A., Sociology, University of California Los Angeles
Beth Lewis has a B.A. in sociology and has taught school for more than a decade in public and private settings. our editorial process
Beth Lewis
Updated February 04, 2019
In a profession as challenging as teaching, honest self-reflection is key. That means that we must regularly examine what has worked and what hasn't worked in the classroom, despite how painful it can sometimes be to look in the mirror. Once you self-reflect you then need to take your answers and turn them into positive, resolute statements that give you concrete goals on which to focus immediately. Be honest, work hard, and watch your teaching transform for the better! Ask Yourself These Tough Questions - And Be Honest! Where did I fail as a teacher in the past? Where did I succeed? What is my top teaching goal for the coming year? What can I do to make my teaching more fun while adding to my students' learning and enjoyment?
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https://www.thoughtco.com/self-reflection-for-success-in-teaching-2081942
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466613958#1_1059632935
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Title: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Headings: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Examining What Failed in the Past Can Lead to Future Triumphs
Ask Yourself These Tough Questions - And Be Honest!
What Happens If You Refuse to Self-Reflect
Examine Your Teaching - Any Time of Year
Content: Ask Yourself These Tough Questions - And Be Honest! Where did I fail as a teacher in the past? Where did I succeed? What is my top teaching goal for the coming year? What can I do to make my teaching more fun while adding to my students' learning and enjoyment? What can I do to be more proactive in my professional development? What resentments do I need to resolve in order to move forward more optimistically and with a fresh mind? What types of students do I tend to ignore or do I need to spend more time serving? Which lessons or units am I only continuing to perform out of habit or laziness? Am I being a cooperative member of my grade level team?
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https://www.thoughtco.com/self-reflection-for-success-in-teaching-2081942
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466613958#2_1059634174
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Title: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Headings: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Examining What Failed in the Past Can Lead to Future Triumphs
Ask Yourself These Tough Questions - And Be Honest!
What Happens If You Refuse to Self-Reflect
Examine Your Teaching - Any Time of Year
Content: What can I do to be more proactive in my professional development? What resentments do I need to resolve in order to move forward more optimistically and with a fresh mind? What types of students do I tend to ignore or do I need to spend more time serving? Which lessons or units am I only continuing to perform out of habit or laziness? Am I being a cooperative member of my grade level team? Are there any aspects of the profession that I am ignoring out of fear of change or lack of knowledge? ( i.e. technology)
How can I increase valuable parental involvement? Have I done enough to foster a productive relationship with my administrator? Do I still enjoy teaching? If not, what can I do to increase my enjoyment in my chosen profession?
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https://www.thoughtco.com/self-reflection-for-success-in-teaching-2081942
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466613958#3_1059635501
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Title: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Headings: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Examining What Failed in the Past Can Lead to Future Triumphs
Ask Yourself These Tough Questions - And Be Honest!
What Happens If You Refuse to Self-Reflect
Examine Your Teaching - Any Time of Year
Content: Are there any aspects of the profession that I am ignoring out of fear of change or lack of knowledge? ( i.e. technology)
How can I increase valuable parental involvement? Have I done enough to foster a productive relationship with my administrator? Do I still enjoy teaching? If not, what can I do to increase my enjoyment in my chosen profession? Do I bring additional stress upon myself? If so, how can I decrease or eliminate it? How have my beliefs about learning and pedagogy changed over the years? What minor and/or major changes can I make to my academic program in order to directly increase my students' learning? What Happens If You Refuse to Self-Reflect
Put earnest effort and pure intention into your self-reflection.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/self-reflection-for-success-in-teaching-2081942
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466613958#4_1059636819
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Title: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Headings: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Examining What Failed in the Past Can Lead to Future Triumphs
Ask Yourself These Tough Questions - And Be Honest!
What Happens If You Refuse to Self-Reflect
Examine Your Teaching - Any Time of Year
Content: Do I bring additional stress upon myself? If so, how can I decrease or eliminate it? How have my beliefs about learning and pedagogy changed over the years? What minor and/or major changes can I make to my academic program in order to directly increase my students' learning? What Happens If You Refuse to Self-Reflect
Put earnest effort and pure intention into your self-reflection. You don't want to be one of those stagnant teachers that drably presents the same ineffective and outdated lessons year after year. The unexamined teaching career can lead to becoming just a glorified babysitter, stuck in a rut and no longer enjoying your job! Times change, perspectives change, and you must change in order to adapt and remain relevant in the ever-changing world of education. Often it's difficult to get motivated to change when you have tenure and "can't be fired" but that's precisely why you must undertake this effort on your own. Think about it while you're driving or doing the dishes.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/self-reflection-for-success-in-teaching-2081942
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466613958#5_1059638400
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Title: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Headings: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Examining What Failed in the Past Can Lead to Future Triumphs
Ask Yourself These Tough Questions - And Be Honest!
What Happens If You Refuse to Self-Reflect
Examine Your Teaching - Any Time of Year
Content: You don't want to be one of those stagnant teachers that drably presents the same ineffective and outdated lessons year after year. The unexamined teaching career can lead to becoming just a glorified babysitter, stuck in a rut and no longer enjoying your job! Times change, perspectives change, and you must change in order to adapt and remain relevant in the ever-changing world of education. Often it's difficult to get motivated to change when you have tenure and "can't be fired" but that's precisely why you must undertake this effort on your own. Think about it while you're driving or doing the dishes. It doesn't matter where you self-reflect, only that you do it earnestly and energetically. Examine Your Teaching - Any Time of Year
One of the best things about teaching is that every school year offers a fresh start. Make the most of this new beginning - any time of year! - and move ahead with the confidence that you are mindful and motivated to be the best teacher you can be! Edited By:
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https://www.thoughtco.com/self-reflection-for-success-in-teaching-2081942
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466613958#6_1059639989
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Title: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Headings: The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching
Examining What Failed in the Past Can Lead to Future Triumphs
Ask Yourself These Tough Questions - And Be Honest!
What Happens If You Refuse to Self-Reflect
Examine Your Teaching - Any Time of Year
Content: It doesn't matter where you self-reflect, only that you do it earnestly and energetically. Examine Your Teaching - Any Time of Year
One of the best things about teaching is that every school year offers a fresh start. Make the most of this new beginning - any time of year! - and move ahead with the confidence that you are mindful and motivated to be the best teacher you can be! Edited By: Janelle Cox
Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Lewis, Beth. " The Value of Self-Reflection for Success in Teaching." ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/self-reflection-for-success-in-teaching-2081942. Lewis, Beth. ( 2021, February 16).
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https://www.thoughtco.com/self-reflection-for-success-in-teaching-2081942
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466898119#0_1060351486
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Title: School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
Headings: School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
Why Johnny Can't Pray -- At School
School Prayer Declared Unconstitutional
How the Supreme Court Decide Issues of Religion in Government
The Lemon Test
The Coercion Test
The Endorsement Test
Church and State Controversy Will Not Go Away
The Roots of 'Separation of Church and State
Content: School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
Humanities › Issues
School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
Why Johnny Can't Pray -- At School
Praying at a School Assembly in 1948. Kurt Hulton / Getty Images Archives
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Robert Longley
History and Government Expert
B.S., Texas A&M University
Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. our editorial process
Facebook Facebook
Robert Longley
Updated March 25, 2019
While the phrase “separation of church and state” does not appear in the U.S Constitution, it forms the basis of the reason that organized prayer, as well as almost all types of religious ceremonies and symbols, have been banned at U.S. public schools and most public buildings since 1962. In the United States, church and state—the government—must remain separate according to the “ establishment clause ” of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which states, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...”
Basically, the establishment clause prohibits federal, state and local governments from displaying religious symbols or conducting religious practices on or in any property under the control of those governments, like courthouses, public libraries, parks and, most controversially, public schools. While the establishment clause and the constitutional concept of separation of church and state have been used over the years to force governments to remove things like the Ten Commandments and nativity scenes from their buildings and grounds, they have more famously been used to force the removal of prayer from America’s public schools. School Prayer Declared Unconstitutional
In parts of America, regular school prayer was practiced until 1962, when the U.S. Supreme Court, in the landmark case of Engel v. Vitale, ruled it unconstitutional. In writing the Court's opinion, Justice Hugo Black cited the "Establishment Clause" of the First Amendment: "It is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America. ...
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https://www.thoughtco.com/separation-of-church-and-state-3572154
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466898119#1_1060354924
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Title: School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
Headings: School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
Why Johnny Can't Pray -- At School
School Prayer Declared Unconstitutional
How the Supreme Court Decide Issues of Religion in Government
The Lemon Test
The Coercion Test
The Endorsement Test
Church and State Controversy Will Not Go Away
The Roots of 'Separation of Church and State
Content: In the United States, church and state—the government—must remain separate according to the “ establishment clause ” of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which states, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...”
Basically, the establishment clause prohibits federal, state and local governments from displaying religious symbols or conducting religious practices on or in any property under the control of those governments, like courthouses, public libraries, parks and, most controversially, public schools. While the establishment clause and the constitutional concept of separation of church and state have been used over the years to force governments to remove things like the Ten Commandments and nativity scenes from their buildings and grounds, they have more famously been used to force the removal of prayer from America’s public schools. School Prayer Declared Unconstitutional
In parts of America, regular school prayer was practiced until 1962, when the U.S. Supreme Court, in the landmark case of Engel v. Vitale, ruled it unconstitutional. In writing the Court's opinion, Justice Hugo Black cited the "Establishment Clause" of the First Amendment: "It is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America. ... Neither the fact that the prayer may be denominationally neutral nor the fact that its observance on the part of the students is voluntary can serve to free it from the limitations of the Establishment Clause ... Its first and most immediate purpose rested on the belief that a union of government and religion tends to destroy government and to degrade religion ...The Establishment Clause thus stands as an expression of principle on the part of the Founders of our Constitution that religion is too personal, too sacred, too holy, to permit its 'unhallowed perversion' by a civil magistrate..."
In the case of Engel v. Vitale, the Board of Education of Union Free School District No. 9 in New Hyde Park, New York directed that the following prayer must be said aloud by each class in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of each school day: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country." The parents of 10 school children brought the action against the Board of Education challenging its constitutionality. In their decision, the Supreme Court did indeed find the requirement of the prayer to be unconstitutional.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/separation-of-church-and-state-3572154
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466898119#2_1060358311
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Title: School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
Headings: School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
Why Johnny Can't Pray -- At School
School Prayer Declared Unconstitutional
How the Supreme Court Decide Issues of Religion in Government
The Lemon Test
The Coercion Test
The Endorsement Test
Church and State Controversy Will Not Go Away
The Roots of 'Separation of Church and State
Content: Neither the fact that the prayer may be denominationally neutral nor the fact that its observance on the part of the students is voluntary can serve to free it from the limitations of the Establishment Clause ... Its first and most immediate purpose rested on the belief that a union of government and religion tends to destroy government and to degrade religion ...The Establishment Clause thus stands as an expression of principle on the part of the Founders of our Constitution that religion is too personal, too sacred, too holy, to permit its 'unhallowed perversion' by a civil magistrate..."
In the case of Engel v. Vitale, the Board of Education of Union Free School District No. 9 in New Hyde Park, New York directed that the following prayer must be said aloud by each class in the presence of a teacher at the beginning of each school day: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country." The parents of 10 school children brought the action against the Board of Education challenging its constitutionality. In their decision, the Supreme Court did indeed find the requirement of the prayer to be unconstitutional. The Supreme Court had, in essence, re-drawn constitutional lines by ruling that public schools, as part of the “state,” were no longer a place for the practice of religion. How the Supreme Court Decide Issues of Religion in Government
Over many years and many cases mainly involving religion in public schools, the Supreme Court has developed three "tests" to be applied to religious practices for determining their constitutionality under the First Amendment’s establishment clause. The Lemon Test
Based on the 1971 case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612-13, the court will rule a practice unconstitutional if: The practice lacks any secular purpose. That is if the practice lacks any non-religious purpose;
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https://www.thoughtco.com/separation-of-church-and-state-3572154
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_466898119#3_1060360900
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Title: School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
Headings: School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
School Prayer: Separation of Church and State
Why Johnny Can't Pray -- At School
School Prayer Declared Unconstitutional
How the Supreme Court Decide Issues of Religion in Government
The Lemon Test
The Coercion Test
The Endorsement Test
Church and State Controversy Will Not Go Away
The Roots of 'Separation of Church and State
Content: The Supreme Court had, in essence, re-drawn constitutional lines by ruling that public schools, as part of the “state,” were no longer a place for the practice of religion. How the Supreme Court Decide Issues of Religion in Government
Over many years and many cases mainly involving religion in public schools, the Supreme Court has developed three "tests" to be applied to religious practices for determining their constitutionality under the First Amendment’s establishment clause. The Lemon Test
Based on the 1971 case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612-13, the court will rule a practice unconstitutional if: The practice lacks any secular purpose. That is if the practice lacks any non-religious purpose; or
the practice either promotes or inhibits a particular religion; or
the practice excessively (in the court's opinion) involves the government with a religion. The Coercion Test
Based on the 1992 case of Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 the religious practice is examined to see to what extent, if any, overt pressure is applied to force or coerce individuals to participate. The Court has defined that "Unconstitutional coercion occurs when: ( 1) the government directs (2) a formal religious exercise (3) in such a way as to oblige the participation of objectors."
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https://www.thoughtco.com/separation-of-church-and-state-3572154
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_467857467#2_1062737308
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Title: 8 Signs You Should Become a Teacher
Headings: 8 Signs You Should Become a Teacher
8 Signs You Should Become a Teacher
Do You Possess These Qualities? If So, You'd Make a Great K-6 Teacher!
Compassionate
Passionate
Persistent
Brave
Motivated
Creative and Curious
Hopeful
Flexible
Content: This task is often challenging but great teachers know that putting extra effort into holistically caring for their students makes all the difference. Teaching might be right for you if you have heart and soul to spare. Passionate
Photo Courtesy of Marc Romanelli/Getty Images
Effective teachers are universally passionate about two things: children and learning. Teachers with fervor for children and learning pour themselves into helping their students reach their full potential. Their excitement for education is often so contagious that it sparks enthusiasm in their students and even fellow teachers. While maintaining a high level of passion over the course of a long career is certainly challenging, outstanding teachers are devoted to always practicing with the same level of thoughtfulness and grit as when they first began teaching. Sometimes that means finding creative ways to reignite their love of teaching or just reminding themselves daily of the impact they get to have on their students. Persistent
Photo Courtesy of Getty Images
Giving up is not an option when you're teaching. Teachers are confronted with trials and tribulations almost daily that test their endurance and will but diligence and commitment are what make learning possible.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/signs-you-should-become-a-teacher-2081537
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_469721374#1_1067569838
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Title: What Is Spatial Intelligence?
Headings: Spatial Intelligence
Spatial Intelligence
From Howard Gardner's Nine Intelligences
Importance in Education
Enhancing Spatial Intelligence
Temple Grandin
Neils Bohr
I. M. Pei
Source
Content: our editorial process
Melissa Kelly
Updated May 30, 2019
Spatial intelligence is one of researcher Howard Gardner's nine multiple intelligences. The word spatial comes from the Latin " spatium" meaning "occupying space." A teacher may logically conclude that this intelligence involves how well a student may process information that is presented visually in one or more dimensions. This intelligence includes the ability to visualize objects and rotate, transform, and manipulate them. Spatial intelligence is a foundational intelligence upon which many of the other eight intelligences rely and interact. Engineers, scientists, architects, and artists are among those that Gardner sees as having high spatial intelligence. Gardner seems to struggle a bit to give specific examples of those with high levels of spatial intelligence. Gardner does mention, in passing, famous artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Pablo Picasso as examples of those with high spatial intelligence. However, he gives few telling examples, even in the nearly 35 pages he spends on spatial intelligence in his original work on the subject "Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences," published in 1983.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/spatial-intelligence-profile-8096
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_470497619#10_1069505952
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Title: Which States Share Their Name With a U.S. River?
Headings: States That Share Their Names With a River
States That Share Their Names With a River
A Fun Geography Trivia Question About U.S. Rivers and States
The Alabama River
The Arkansas River
The Colorado River
The Connecticut River
The Delaware River
The Illinois River
The Iowa River
The Kansas River
The Kentucky River
The Minnesota River
The Mississippi River
The Missouri River
The Ohio River
The Tennessee River
The Wisconsin River
Content: It has been interpreted as both "the land of tomorrow" and "plain." The area has been called Kentucky since it was part of the Virginia colony. The Minnesota River
Runs southeast through the state of Minnesota, starting at Big Stone Lake. Flows into the Mississippi River near St. Paul. The Minnesota River is 370 miles (595.5 kilometers) long. The name was given to the river before the state and is often interpreted as a Dakota word meaning "sky-tinted (or cloudy) water." The Mississippi River
Runs south from Lake Itasca, Minnesota. It touches or runs through a total of 10 states, often acting as the border between states. Flows into the Gulf of Mexico in New Orleans. The Mississippi River is 2,552 miles (4,107 kilometers) long (some official measurements state 2,320 miles), making it the third longest river in North America.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/states-sharing-names-with-rivers-4072073
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_471050447#3_1070921152
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Title: Supporting Hearing-Impaired Students in Classrooms
Headings: 10 Strategies to Support Hearing-Impaired Students in Classrooms
10 Strategies to Support Hearing-Impaired Students in Classrooms
Tips for Programming Success
Strategies for Teachers of Hearing-Impaired Students
Content: Teachers can employ a number of methods to prevent hearing-impaired children from being left behind in school. Strategies for Teachers of Hearing-Impaired Students
Here are 10 strategies teachers can use to help hearing-impaired children. They’ve been adapted from the United Federation of Teachers website . Make sure hearing-impaired students wear amplification devices, such as a frequency modulated (FM) unit that will connect to a microphone for you to wear. “ The FM device allows your voice to be heard directly by the student,” according to the UFT website. Use the child’s residual hearing, as the total hearing loss is rare. Allow hearing-impaired students to sit where they think best, as sitting close to the teacher will help the child to better understand the context of your words by observing your facial expressions. Don’t shout. If the child is already wearing an FM device, your voice will be amplified, as it is. Give interpreters copies of lessons in advice.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/strategies-to-support-hearing-impaired-3110331
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_474672137#0_1079926405
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Title: The Congressional Committee System
Headings: The Congressional Committee System
The Congressional Committee System
Who's Doing What?
Brief History of the Committee System
Where the Action Happens
The Standing Committees
Committees in the Legislative Process
Content: The Congressional Committee System
Humanities › Issues
The Congressional Committee System
Who's Doing What? The US Capitol Bulding in 1900. Getty Images
Issues
The U. S. Government
U.S. Political System
History & Major Milestones
U.S. Constitution & Bill of Rights
U.S. Legal System
Income Tax & The IRS
Defense & Security
Consumer Awareness
Campaigns & Elections
Business & Finance
U.S. Foreign Policy
U.S. Liberal Politics
U.S. Conservative Politics
Women's Issues
Civil Liberties
The Middle East
Race Relations
Immigration
Crime & Punishment
Canadian Government
View More
By
Phaedra Trethan is a news reporter at the Courier-Post, where she covers politics, immigration, poverty, and more. She has been recognized by the New Jersey Press Association for her work. our editorial process
Phaedra Trethan
Updated December 10, 2020
The congressional committees are subdivisions of the U.S. Congress that concentrate on specific areas of U.S. domestic and foreign policy and general government oversight. Often called the “little legislatures,” congressional committees review pending legislation and recommend action on that legislation by the whole House or Senate. The congressional committees provide Congress with critical information related to specialized, rather than general subjects. President Woodrow Wilson once wrote of the committees, “It is not far from the truth to say that Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in its committee rooms is Congress at work.” Brief History of the Committee System
Today’s congressional committee system had its beginnings in the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, the first and still the most ambitious restructuring of the original system of standing committees as used in the First Continental Congress in 1774. Under the 1946 Act, the number of permanent House committees was reduced from 48 to 19 and the number of Senate committees from 33 to 15.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-congressional-committee-system-3322274
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_474672137#5_1079935299
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Title: The Congressional Committee System
Headings: The Congressional Committee System
The Congressional Committee System
Who's Doing What?
Brief History of the Committee System
Where the Action Happens
The Standing Committees
Committees in the Legislative Process
Content: commerce, science, and transportation; energy and natural resources; environment and public works; finance; foreign relations; health, education, labor, and pensions; homeland security and governmental affairs; judiciary; rules and administration; small business and entrepreneurship;
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-congressional-committee-system-3322274
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_474672137#6_1079936054
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Title: The Congressional Committee System
Headings: The Congressional Committee System
The Congressional Committee System
Who's Doing What?
Brief History of the Committee System
Where the Action Happens
The Standing Committees
Committees in the Legislative Process
Content: health, education, labor, and pensions; homeland security and governmental affairs; judiciary; rules and administration; small business and entrepreneurship; and
veterans affairs. These standing committees are permanent legislative panels, and their various subcommittees handle the nuts-and-bolts work of the full committee. The Senate also has four select committees charged with more specific tasks: Indian affairs, ethics, intelligence, and aging. These handle housekeeping-type functions, such as keeping Congress honest or ensuring the fair treatment of Indigenous peoples.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-congressional-committee-system-3322274
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_474686469#0_1079963624
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Title: The Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Headings: The Conquest of the Aztec Empire
The Conquest of the Aztec Empire
The Aztec Empire in 1519
The Arrival of Cortes
Cortes Marches Inland
The Cholula Massacre
Entry Into Tenochtitlan and Capture of Montezuma
The Night of Sorrows
The Siege of Tenochtitlan
Aftermath of the Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Sources
Watch Now: Aztec Gods and Goddesses
Content: The Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Humanities › History & Culture
The Conquest of the Aztec Empire
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Carlos Maria Esquivel / Getty Images
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By
Christopher Minster
Professor of History and Literature
Ph.D., Spanish, Ohio State University
M.A., Spanish, University of Montana
B.A., Spanish, Penn State University
Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. our editorial process
Christopher Minster
Updated October 27, 2019
From 1518-1521, Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes and his army brought down the mighty Aztec Empire, the greatest the New World had ever seen. He did it through a combination of luck, courage, political savvy and advanced tactics and weapons. By bringing the Aztec Empire under the rule of Spain, he set events in motion which would result in the modern-day nation of Mexico. The Aztec Empire in 1519
In 1519, when the Spanish first made official contact with the Empire, the Aztecs ruled most of present-day Mexico either directly or indirectly. About one hundred years before, three powerful city-states in central Mexico — Tenochtitlan, Tlacopan and Tacuba — united to form the Triple Alliance, which soon rose to pre-eminence. All three cultures were located on the shores and islands of Lake Texcoco. Through alliances, wars, intimidation, and trade, the Aztecs came to dominate most of the other Mesoamerican city-states by 1519 and collected tribute from them. The pre-eminent partner in the Triple Alliance was the Mexica city of Tenochtitlan.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-conquest-of-the-aztec-empire-2136528
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_474709574#0_1080020773
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Title: An Overview of the Controversy of Evolution
Headings: The Controversy of Evolution
The Controversy of Evolution
Content: An Overview of the Controversy of Evolution
Science, Tech, Math › Animals & Nature
The Controversy of Evolution
Getty/Gravity Giant Productions
Animals & Nature
Evolution
History Of Life On Earth
Human Evolution
Natural Selection
Evolution Scientists
The Evidence For Evolution
Resources
Amphibians
Birds
Habitat Profiles
Mammals
Reptiles
Insects
Marine Life
Forestry
Dinosaurs
View More
By
Heather Scoville
Science Expert
M.A., Technological Teaching and Learning, Ashford University
B.A., Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cornell University
Heather Scoville is a former medical researcher and current high school science teacher who writes science curriculum for online science courses. our editorial process
Heather Scoville
Updated January 10, 2020
The Theory of Evolution has been the topic of many debates between the scientific and religious communities. The two sides seemingly can't come to an agreement on what scientific evidence has been found and faith-based beliefs. Why is this subject so controversial? Most religions do not argue that species change over time. The overwhelming scientific evidence can't be ignored. However, the controversy stems from the idea that humans evolved from monkeys or primates and the origins of life on Earth. Even Charles Darwin knew his ideas would be controversial in religious communities when his wife often debated with him. In fact, he tried not to talk about evolution, but rather focused on adaptations in different environments. The biggest point of controversy between science and religion is what should be taught in schools.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-controversy-of-evolution-1224740
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_475001963#1_1080744735
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Title: What Is the Definition of an Earmark in Politics
Headings: What Is the Definition of an Earmark?
What Is the Definition of an Earmark?
Examples From Legislative Bills
Definition of Earmark Funding
Examples of Earmark Spending
Is "Earmarking" Considered to Be Unethical?
Content: Definition of Earmark Funding
Earmarks are funds provided by the Congress for specific projects or programs in such a manner that the allocation (a) circumvents a merit-based or competitive allocation process; ( b) applies to a very limited number of individuals or entities; or (c) otherwise curtails the ability of the Executive Branch to independently manage the agency budget. Thus, an earmark circumvents the appropriations process, as outlined in the Constitution, where Congress grants a lump sum of money to a Federal agency each year and leaves the management of that money to the Executive Branch. Congress includes earmarks in both appropriation and authorization bills orOR in report language (the committee reports that accompanies reported bills and the joint explanatory statement that accompanies a conference report). Because earmarks can be tucked away in report language, the process is not easily identified by constituents. Examples of Earmark Spending
Earmark spending relates only to funds identified for specific projects. For instance, if Congress passed a budget that gave a certain sum to the National Park Service as an entity, that wouldn't be considered an earmark. But if Congress added a line indicating that some of the money had to be allocated to preserve a specific landmark, then that's an earmark. Earmark spending may be allocated for (among other things):
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-definition-of-an-earmark-3368076
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_475172026#0_1081152151
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Title: Economic Effect of Tariffs: Why Governments Impose Them
Headings: The Economic Effect of Tariffs
The Economic Effect of Tariffs
Impact on the Economy
Empirical Evidence
Effects and Examples
Content: Economic Effect of Tariffs: Why Governments Impose Them
Science, Tech, Math › Social Sciences
The Economic Effect of Tariffs
Joern Pollex / Getty Images
Social Sciences
Economics
U.S. Economy
Employment
Supply & Demand
Psychology
Sociology
Archaeology
Ergonomics
Maritime
By
Mike Moffatt
Professor of Business, Economics, and Public Policy
Ph.D., Business Administration, Richard Ivey School of Business
M.A., Economics, University of Rochester
B.A., Economics and Political Science, University of Western Ontario
Mike Moffatt, Ph.D., is an economist and professor. He teaches at the Richard Ivey School of Business and serves as a research fellow at the Lawrence National Centre for Policy and Management. our editorial process
Mike Moffatt
Updated July 12, 2019
Tariffs—taxes or duties placed on an imported good by a domestic government—are usually levied as a percentage of the declared value of the good, similar to a sales tax. Unlike a sales tax, tariff rates are often different for every good and tariffs do not apply to domestically produced goods. Impact on the Economy
Except in all but the rarest of instances, tariffs hurt the country that imposes them, as their costs outweigh their benefits. Tariffs are a boon to domestic producers who now face reduced competition in their home market. The reduced competition causes prices to rise. The sales of domestic producers should also rise, all else being equal. The increased production and price causes domestic producers to hire more workers which causes consumer spending to rise.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-economic-effect-of-tariffs-1146368
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_475815095#3_1082742331
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Title: The Great Pueblo Revolt - Resistance Against Spanish Colonialism
Headings: The Great Pueblo Revolt - Resistance Against Spanish Colonialism
The Great Pueblo Revolt - Resistance Against Spanish Colonialism
What Drove the 17th Century American Southwestern Pueblo People to Revolt?
Life Under the Spanish
Growing Unrest
Leadership
August 10–19, 1680
Revitalization and Reconstruction
Reconquest
Archaeological and Historical Studies
Recommended Books
Sources
Content: The Spanish established missions of Franciscan friars in several pueblos to specifically break up the Indigenous religious and secular communities, stamp out religious practices and replace them with Christianity. According to both Pueblo oral history and Spanish documents, at the same time the Spanish demanded that the Pueblo people render implicit obedience and pay heavy tribute in goods and personal service. Active efforts to convert the Pueblo people to Christianity involved destroying kivas and other structures, burning ceremonial paraphernalia in public plazas, and using accusations of witchcraft to imprison and execute traditional ceremonial leaders. The government also established an encomienda system, allowing up to 35 leading Spanish colonists to collect tribute from the households of a particular pueblo. Hopi oral histories report that the reality of the Spanish rule included forced labor, the seduction of Hopi women, raiding of kivas and sacred ceremonies, harsh punishment for failing to attend mass, and several rounds of drought and famine. Many accounts among Hopis and Zunis and other Puebloan people recount different versions than that of the Catholics, including sexual abuse of Pueblo women by Franciscan priests, a fact never acknowledged by the Spanish but cited in litigation in later disputes. Growing Unrest
While the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was the event that (temporarily) removed the Spanish from the southwest, it was not the first attempt. The Pueblo people had offered resistance throughout the 80-year period following the conquest. Public conversions didn't (always) lead to people giving up their traditions but rather drove the ceremonies underground. The Jemez (1623), Zuni (1639) and Taos (1639) communities each separately (and unsuccessfully) revolted.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-great-pueblo-revolt-4102478
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_476608999#11_1084643591
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Title: What Does the Law Say About Prayer in School?
Headings: What Does the Law Say About Prayer in School?
What Does the Law Say About Prayer in School?
Relevant Court Cases
Guidelines for Religious Expression in Public Schools
Content: Students have the right to engage in individual and group prayer as well as religious discussion throughout the school day so long as it is not conducted in a disruptive manner or during school activities and/or instruction. Students may also participate in before or after school events with religious content, but school officials may not discourage nor encourage participation in such an event. Graduation prayer and baccalaureates. Schools may not mandate or organize prayer at graduation or organize baccalaureate ceremonies. Schools are permitted to open their facilities to private groups so long as all groups have equal access to those facilities under the same terms. Official neutrality regarding religious activity. School administrators and teachers, when serving those capacities, may not solicit or encourage religious activity. Likewise, they also may not prohibit such activity. Teaching about religion. Public schools may not provide religious instruction, but they may teach about religion.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-law-and-prayer-in-school-3194664
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_476608999#12_1084645028
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Title: What Does the Law Say About Prayer in School?
Headings: What Does the Law Say About Prayer in School?
What Does the Law Say About Prayer in School?
Relevant Court Cases
Guidelines for Religious Expression in Public Schools
Content: Official neutrality regarding religious activity. School administrators and teachers, when serving those capacities, may not solicit or encourage religious activity. Likewise, they also may not prohibit such activity. Teaching about religion. Public schools may not provide religious instruction, but they may teach about religion. Schools also are not allowed to observe holidays as religious events or promote such observance by students. Student assignments. Students may express their beliefs about religion in homework, art, orally, or in the written form. Religious literature. Students may distribute religious literature to their classmates on the same terms as other groups are allowed to distribute non-school related literature.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-law-and-prayer-in-school-3194664
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_476608999#13_1084646195
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Title: What Does the Law Say About Prayer in School?
Headings: What Does the Law Say About Prayer in School?
What Does the Law Say About Prayer in School?
Relevant Court Cases
Guidelines for Religious Expression in Public Schools
Content: Schools also are not allowed to observe holidays as religious events or promote such observance by students. Student assignments. Students may express their beliefs about religion in homework, art, orally, or in the written form. Religious literature. Students may distribute religious literature to their classmates on the same terms as other groups are allowed to distribute non-school related literature. Student garb. Students may display religious messages on items of clothing to the same extent that they are permitted to display other comparable messages. Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Meador, Derrick. " What Does the Law Say About Prayer in School?" ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/the-law-and-prayer-in-school-3194664.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-law-and-prayer-in-school-3194664
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_476795537#3_1085064220
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Title: The Marshall Plan - Rebuilding Western Europe After WW2
Headings: The Marshall Plan - Rebuilding Western Europe After WWII
The Marshall Plan - Rebuilding Western Europe After WWII
The Need for Aid
The Marshall Plan
The Plan in Action
Effects
Views of the Plan
Watch Now: The Marshall Plan
Content: The Marshall Plan
The US, also terrified that communist groups would gain further power—the Cold War was emerging and Soviet domination of Europe seemed a real danger—and wishing to secure European markets, opted for a program of financial aid. Announced on June 5th, 1947 by George Marshall, the European Recovery Program, ERP, called for a system of aid and loans, at first to all nations affected by the war. However, as plans for the ERP were being formalized, Russian leader Stalin, afraid of US economic domination, refused the initiative and pressured the nations under his control into refusing aid despite a desperate need. The Plan in Action
Once a committee of sixteen countries reported back favorably, the program was signed into US law on April 3, 1948. The Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) was then created under Paul G. Hoffman, and between then and 1952, over $13 billion worth of aid was given. To assist in coordinating the program, the European nations created the Committee of European Economic Cooperation which helped form a four-year recovery program. The nations receiving were: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and West Germany. Effects
During the years of the plan, receiving nations experienced economic growth of between 15%-25%. Industry was quickly renewed and agricultural production sometimes exceeded pre-war levels.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-marshall-plan-1221199
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_478497121#0_1089180159
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Title: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Headings: The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Black Women Don’t Marry
Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Content: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Humanities › Issues
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Roy Hsu / Getty Images
Issues
Race Relations
History
People & Events
Understanding Race & Racism
Law & Politics
The U. S. Government
U.S. Foreign Policy
U.S. Liberal Politics
U.S. Conservative Politics
Women's Issues
Civil Liberties
The Middle East
Immigration
Crime & Punishment
Canadian Government
View More
By
Nadra Kareem Nittle
M.A., English and Comparative Literary Studies, Occidental College
B.A., English, Comparative Literature, and American Studies, Occidental College
Nadra Kareem Nittle is a journalist with bylines in The Atlantic, Vox, and The New York Times. Her reporting focuses education, race, and public policy. our editorial process
Nadra Kareem Nittle
Updated February 28, 2021
Do Black people get married? That question has been asked in one form or another in a series of news reports about the Black marriage “crisis.” On the surface, such stories seem to be concerned about Black women in search of love, but these media reports have fueled stereotypes about Black people. By suggesting that too few Black men are available to wed, news stories on Black marriage have done little more than predict doom and gloom for Black women who hope to marry. In reality, Black marriage isn’t reserved for the likes of Barack and Michelle Obama. Analysis of census data and other figures has debunked much of the misinformation the media has reported about the Black marriage rate. Black Women Don’t Marry
The barrage of news reports about the Black marriage rate gives the impression that Black women’s chances of walking down the aisle are bleak.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_478497121#1_1089182364
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Title: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Headings: The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Black Women Don’t Marry
Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Content: On the surface, such stories seem to be concerned about Black women in search of love, but these media reports have fueled stereotypes about Black people. By suggesting that too few Black men are available to wed, news stories on Black marriage have done little more than predict doom and gloom for Black women who hope to marry. In reality, Black marriage isn’t reserved for the likes of Barack and Michelle Obama. Analysis of census data and other figures has debunked much of the misinformation the media has reported about the Black marriage rate. Black Women Don’t Marry
The barrage of news reports about the Black marriage rate gives the impression that Black women’s chances of walking down the aisle are bleak. A Yale University study found that just 42% of Black women are married, and a variety of high profile news networks such as CNN and ABC picked up that figure and ran with it. But researchers Ivory A. Toldson of Howard University and Bryant Marks of Morehouse College question the accuracy of this finding. “The often-cited figure of 42% of Black women never marrying includes all Black women 18 and older,” Toldson told the Root.com. “ Raising this age in an analysis eliminates age groups we don't really expect to be married and gives a more accurate estimate of true marriage rates.” Toldson and Marks found that 75% of Black women marry before they turn age 35 after examining census data from 2005 to 2009.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_478497121#2_1089184311
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Title: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Headings: The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Black Women Don’t Marry
Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Content: A Yale University study found that just 42% of Black women are married, and a variety of high profile news networks such as CNN and ABC picked up that figure and ran with it. But researchers Ivory A. Toldson of Howard University and Bryant Marks of Morehouse College question the accuracy of this finding. “The often-cited figure of 42% of Black women never marrying includes all Black women 18 and older,” Toldson told the Root.com. “ Raising this age in an analysis eliminates age groups we don't really expect to be married and gives a more accurate estimate of true marriage rates.” Toldson and Marks found that 75% of Black women marry before they turn age 35 after examining census data from 2005 to 2009. Plus, Black women in small towns have higher marriage rates than white women in urban centers such as New York and Los Angeles, Toldson remarked in The New York Times . Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Getting a college degree is the worst thing a Black woman can do if she wants to get married, right? Not exactly. News stories about Black marriage often mention that more Black women pursue higher education than Black men—by a 2-to-1 ratio, according to some estimates. What these articles leave out is that white women also earn college degrees more than white men do, and this gender imbalance hasn’t hurt white women’s chances at matrimony.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_478497121#3_1089186190
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Title: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Headings: The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Black Women Don’t Marry
Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Content: Plus, Black women in small towns have higher marriage rates than white women in urban centers such as New York and Los Angeles, Toldson remarked in The New York Times . Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Getting a college degree is the worst thing a Black woman can do if she wants to get married, right? Not exactly. News stories about Black marriage often mention that more Black women pursue higher education than Black men—by a 2-to-1 ratio, according to some estimates. What these articles leave out is that white women also earn college degrees more than white men do, and this gender imbalance hasn’t hurt white women’s chances at matrimony. What’s more, Black women who finish college actually improve their chances of marrying rather than lower them. “Among Black women, 70% of college graduates are married by 40, whereas only about 60% of Black high school graduates are married by that age,” Tara Parker-Pope of The New York Times reported. The same trend is at play for Black men. In 2008, 76% of Black men with a college degree married by age 40. In contrast, only 63% of Black men with just a high school diploma tied the knot.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_478497121#4_1089187846
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Title: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Headings: The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Black Women Don’t Marry
Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Content: What’s more, Black women who finish college actually improve their chances of marrying rather than lower them. “Among Black women, 70% of college graduates are married by 40, whereas only about 60% of Black high school graduates are married by that age,” Tara Parker-Pope of The New York Times reported. The same trend is at play for Black men. In 2008, 76% of Black men with a college degree married by age 40. In contrast, only 63% of Black men with just a high school diploma tied the knot. So education increases the likelihood of marriage for both Black men and women. Also, Toldson points out that Black women with college degrees are more likely to marry than White female high school dropouts. Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black men drop Black women as soon as they reach a certain level of success, don’t they? While plenty of rap stars, athletes and musicians may choose to date or marry interracially when they achieve fame, the same is not true for the bulk of successful Black men. By analyzing census data, Toldson and Marks found that 83% of married Black men who earned at least $100,000 annually got hitched to Black women.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_478497121#5_1089189485
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Title: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Headings: The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Black Women Don’t Marry
Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Content: So education increases the likelihood of marriage for both Black men and women. Also, Toldson points out that Black women with college degrees are more likely to marry than White female high school dropouts. Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black men drop Black women as soon as they reach a certain level of success, don’t they? While plenty of rap stars, athletes and musicians may choose to date or marry interracially when they achieve fame, the same is not true for the bulk of successful Black men. By analyzing census data, Toldson and Marks found that 83% of married Black men who earned at least $100,000 annually got hitched to Black women. The same is the case for educated Black men of all incomes. Eighty-five percent of Black male college graduates married Black women. Generally, 88% of married Black men (no matter their income or educational background) have Black wives. This means that interracial marriage should not alone be held responsible for the singleness of Black women. Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Just because Black women are more likely to graduate from college than their male counterparts doesn’t mean that they out-earn Black men.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_478497121#6_1089191155
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Title: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Headings: The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Black Women Don’t Marry
Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Content: The same is the case for educated Black men of all incomes. Eighty-five percent of Black male college graduates married Black women. Generally, 88% of married Black men (no matter their income or educational background) have Black wives. This means that interracial marriage should not alone be held responsible for the singleness of Black women. Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Just because Black women are more likely to graduate from college than their male counterparts doesn’t mean that they out-earn Black men. Actually, Black men are more likely than Black women to bring home at least $75,000 annually. Also, double the number of Black men than women make at least $250,000 annually. Because of pervasive gender gaps in income, Black men remain the breadwinners in the Black community. These numbers indicate that there are plenty of financially secure Black men for Black women. Of course, not every Black woman is looking for a breadwinner.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_478497121#7_1089192610
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Title: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Headings: The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Black Women Don’t Marry
Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Content: Actually, Black men are more likely than Black women to bring home at least $75,000 annually. Also, double the number of Black men than women make at least $250,000 annually. Because of pervasive gender gaps in income, Black men remain the breadwinners in the Black community. These numbers indicate that there are plenty of financially secure Black men for Black women. Of course, not every Black woman is looking for a breadwinner. Not every Black woman is even seeking marriage. Some Black women are happily single. Others are gay, lesbian, or bisexual and were unable to legally wed those they love until 2015 when the Supreme Court overturned the ban on gay marriage. For heterosexual Black women in search of marriage, however, the forecast is not nearly as gloomy as has been reported. Additional Reading
"Myth-Busting the Black Marriage 'Crisis.'"
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_478497121#9_1089194984
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Title: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Headings: The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Black Women Don’t Marry
Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Content: The Root, Aug. 18, 2011. Tara Parker-Pope. " Marriage and Women Over 40." New York Times, Jan. 26, 2010. Ivory A. Toldson. " Marriage: Education and Income, Not Race." New York Times, Dec. 20, 2011." Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Nittle, Nadra Kareem. " The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage."
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_478497121#10_1089195794
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Title: Black Marriage: Four Myths Busted by the Facts
Headings: The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage
Black Women Don’t Marry
Educated Black Women Have It Harder
Rich Black Men Marry Out
Black Men Don’t Earn as Much as Black Women
Content: Marriage: Education and Income, Not Race." New York Times, Dec. 20, 2011." Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Nittle, Nadra Kareem. " The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage." ThoughtCo, Mar. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526. Nittle, Nadra Kareem. ( 2021, March 6). The Top 4 Myths About Black Marriage. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526 Nittle, Nadra Kareem. "
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https://www.thoughtco.com/the-top-myths-about-black-marriage-2834526
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_480548216#0_1094340520
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Title: Highly Successful Parent Teacher Communication
Headings: Cultivating Highly Successful Parent Teacher Communication
Cultivating Highly Successful Parent Teacher Communication
Build Their Trust
Listen to Them
Communicate Often
Document Every Communication
Fake It When Necessary
Content: Highly Successful Parent Teacher Communication
Resources › For Educators
Cultivating Highly Successful Parent Teacher Communication
SW Productions/Photodisc/Getty Images
For Educators
Teaching
An Introduction to Teaching
Tips & Strategies
Policies & Discipline
Community Involvement
School Administration
Technology in the Classroom
Teaching Adult Learners
Issues In Education
Teaching Resources
Becoming A Teacher
Assessments & Tests
Elementary Education
Secondary Education
Special Education
Homeschooling
By
Derrick Meador
Education Expert
M.Ed., Educational Administration, Northeastern State University
B.Ed., Elementary Education, Oklahoma State University
Derrick Meador, M.Ed., is the superintendent for Jennings Public Schools in Oklahoma. He previously served as a school principal and middle school science teacher. our editorial process
Derrick Meador
Updated January 29, 2019
One of the most beneficial aspects of teaching is building positive relationships with parents. Effective parent-teacher communication is essential for a teacher to be successful. A good relationship between parents and a teacher is invaluable towards maximizing the time that the teacher has with that student. A student who knows that the teacher communicates on a regular basis with their parents and who knows that their parents trust the teacher will likely put more effort into school. Likewise, a student who knows that the teacher rarely or never communicates with their parents and/or their parents do not trust the teacher will often pit the two against each other.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/tips-for-highly-successful-parent-teacher-communication-3194676
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_482239527#4_1098719457
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Title: Weighing the Reasons to Become a Teacher
Headings: Weighing the Decision: To Teach or Not to Teach
Weighing the Decision: To Teach or Not to Teach
Education May be Calling So Be Ready with an Answer
Investment in the Future
Rewards of Student Success
Improving Your Own Mind
Teacher Peers as Support
Teacher Pay
Teacher shortages
The Myth of Summers Off
Teachers Who are Parents
The myth of tenure
Watch Now: How to Become a Better Teacher
Content: They use the school communities, large and small, to teach about kindness and social skills. Teachers use all these lessons and coupled them with subject area content to help students meet the challenges in the future. 02
of 09
Rewards of Student Success
Student success depends on teachers, and helping students to succeed is rewarding. According to a report issued by the Rand Corporation,
"Teachers matter more to student achievement than any other aspect of schooling...When it comes to student performance on reading and math tests, a teacher is estimated to have two to three times the impact of any other school factor, including services, facilities, and even leadership." Teachers get to celebrate accomplishments big and small throughout the school year. Teachers must adjust their teaching to meet the needs of students. Adjusting is a challenge, but finding the methods that work best for each student is rewarding. On occasion, students will return to talk about how helpful a teacher was was in helping them grow. 03
of 09
Improving Your Own Mind
Teachers know that the best way to learn a topic is to teach that topic. Annie Murphy Paul describes in her article (2011) in TIME magazine "The Protégé Effect," how scientists researched student teachers acting as tutors.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/top-reasons-to-become-a-teacher-8343
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_482239527#5_1098721420
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Title: Weighing the Reasons to Become a Teacher
Headings: Weighing the Decision: To Teach or Not to Teach
Weighing the Decision: To Teach or Not to Teach
Education May be Calling So Be Ready with an Answer
Investment in the Future
Rewards of Student Success
Improving Your Own Mind
Teacher Peers as Support
Teacher Pay
Teacher shortages
The Myth of Summers Off
Teachers Who are Parents
The myth of tenure
Watch Now: How to Become a Better Teacher
Content: Teachers must adjust their teaching to meet the needs of students. Adjusting is a challenge, but finding the methods that work best for each student is rewarding. On occasion, students will return to talk about how helpful a teacher was was in helping them grow. 03
of 09
Improving Your Own Mind
Teachers know that the best way to learn a topic is to teach that topic. Annie Murphy Paul describes in her article (2011) in TIME magazine "The Protégé Effect," how scientists researched student teachers acting as tutors. The scientists found that the student teachers "worked harder" were "more accurate" and more effective in an application of knowledge. Murphy Paul notes,
"In what scientists have dubbed 'the protégé effect,' student teachers score higher on tests than pupils who are learning only for their own sake known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to someone else. She notes this has been true far back in history, quoting the Roman philosopher Seneca who said, “While we teach, we learn.” 04
of 09
Teacher Peers as Support
Teachers working with other teachers has always happened in the past, but the implementation of mandated personal learning communities (PLC) in schools had formalized this form of support. The design to have teachers collaborate and work as like-minded people can be a privilege, especially if the teachers have a positive attitude and a sense of humor.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/top-reasons-to-become-a-teacher-8343
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_482239527#6_1098723536
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Title: Weighing the Reasons to Become a Teacher
Headings: Weighing the Decision: To Teach or Not to Teach
Weighing the Decision: To Teach or Not to Teach
Education May be Calling So Be Ready with an Answer
Investment in the Future
Rewards of Student Success
Improving Your Own Mind
Teacher Peers as Support
Teacher Pay
Teacher shortages
The Myth of Summers Off
Teachers Who are Parents
The myth of tenure
Watch Now: How to Become a Better Teacher
Content: The scientists found that the student teachers "worked harder" were "more accurate" and more effective in an application of knowledge. Murphy Paul notes,
"In what scientists have dubbed 'the protégé effect,' student teachers score higher on tests than pupils who are learning only for their own sake known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to someone else. She notes this has been true far back in history, quoting the Roman philosopher Seneca who said, “While we teach, we learn.” 04
of 09
Teacher Peers as Support
Teachers working with other teachers has always happened in the past, but the implementation of mandated personal learning communities (PLC) in schools had formalized this form of support. The design to have teachers collaborate and work as like-minded people can be a privilege, especially if the teachers have a positive attitude and a sense of humor. Because teaching is emotionally draining, the support of colleagues can help in all types of situations. When there is a large task, the responsibilities for the task can be shared based on individual teacher strengths and interests. Finally, every teacher knows that the teacher next door or down the hallway is often the best or most reliable support in the school. There is the mutual sharing of experiences that help forge relationships with other teachers. This sharing can be helpful, particularly if it comes with advice from another teacher's expertise.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/top-reasons-to-become-a-teacher-8343
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_483261550#8_1101311623
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Title: Treaty of Portsmouth
Headings: Treaty of Portsmouth Ended Russo-Japanese War
Treaty of Portsmouth Ended Russo-Japanese War
Fast Facts: Treaty of Portsmouth
The Russo-Japanese War
Terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth
Historical Significance
Sources and Further Reference
Content: Russia flatly refused to pay money its people might see as an indemnity for territory their soldiers had paid for with their lives. After a lengthy debate, Japan agreed to drop all of its claims for reparations in return for the southern half of Sakhalin Island. Historical Significance
The Treaty of Portsmouth led to nearly 30 years of peace between Japan and Russia. Japan emerged as the main power in East Asia, as Russia was forced to drop its imperialistic aspirations in the region. However, the agreement did not sit well with the people of either country. Postcard shows the building at the Portsmouth Navy Yard where the peace talks were held, the Hotel Wentworth, and flags of Japan and Russia, all superimposed on an American flag. Buyenlarge / Getty Images
The Japanese people considered themselves the victors and saw the refusal of war reparations as an act of disrespect. Protests and riots broke out in Tokyo when the terms were announced. At the same time, being forced to give up half of Sakhalin Island angered the Russian people. However, neither the average Japanese nor Russian citizen was aware of how badly the war had damaged the economies of their respective countries.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/treaty-of-portsmouth-4685902
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_484143696#1_1103455114
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Title: Types of Racial Bias: From Colorism to Prejudice
Headings: Racial Bias and Discrimination: From Colorism to Racial Profiling
Racial Bias and Discrimination: From Colorism to Racial Profiling
Different Forms of Racism
Overview of Racial Profiling
Defining Stereotypes
Examining Racial Prejudice
Watch Now: Drivers Show Bias Against Black Pedestrians
Content: Racism, for example, may refer to internalized racism, reverse racism, subtle racism and more. Racial profiling targets certain groups based on the notion that some demographics are more likely to commit certain crimes than others. And racial stereotypes are generalizations about racial groups that prejudiced people often use to justify excluding them from housing, educational, and employment opportunities. Familiarity with the various forms of bias and discrimination that exist in society may help to counter racial intolerance. Different Forms of Racism
Nullplus / E+ / Getty Images
While racism generally refers to the systemic oppression of a racial group due to the idea that some groups are inherently inferior to others, racism can also be broken down into specific forms. There’s internalized racism, which refers to the feelings of self-hatred experienced by individuals from oppressed groups. Victims of internalized racism may loathe their skin color, facial features, and other physical characteristics because the traits of minority groups have historically been devalued in Western society. Related to internalized racism is colorism, which is discrimination based on skin color. Colorism results in darker-skinned people from a variety of racial backgrounds—African Americans, Asian, Hispanic—being treated worse than their lighter-skinned counterparts by whites or even members of their own racial group. Subtle racism refers to the seemingly minor ways minorities experience discrimination.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-racial-bias-and-discrimination-2834985
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_484143696#4_1103462063
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Title: Types of Racial Bias: From Colorism to Prejudice
Headings: Racial Bias and Discrimination: From Colorism to Racial Profiling
Racial Bias and Discrimination: From Colorism to Racial Profiling
Different Forms of Racism
Overview of Racial Profiling
Defining Stereotypes
Examining Racial Prejudice
Watch Now: Drivers Show Bias Against Black Pedestrians
Content: Opponents of racial profiling say the practice simply doesn’t work. Black and Hispanic men have been targeted in cities such as New York by police who stop and frisk them for drugs, guns, etc. But research from the New York Civil Liberties Union indicates that police actually found more weapons on whites than their minority counterparts, calling into question the strategy of racial profiling. The same holds true for Black shoppers who say they’ve been racially profiled in stores. Research has found that white female shoppers are the group most likely to shoplift, making it doubly offensive for store personnel to target Black shoppers for theft. In addition to these examples, a number of law enforcement agencies have faced charges of misconduct for mistreating Latinos they believed to be unauthorized immigrants. Moreover, racial profiling has not been found to reduce crime. Defining Stereotypes
Stereotypes help perpetuate racial discrimination in a number of ways. Individuals who buy into these sweeping generalizations about racial groups use stereotypes to justify excluding minorities from job prospects, renting apartments and educational opportunities, to name a few. Stereotypes have led racial minority groups to be discriminated against in healthcare, the legal system and more.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-racial-bias-and-discrimination-2834985
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_484143696#5_1103463941
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Title: Types of Racial Bias: From Colorism to Prejudice
Headings: Racial Bias and Discrimination: From Colorism to Racial Profiling
Racial Bias and Discrimination: From Colorism to Racial Profiling
Different Forms of Racism
Overview of Racial Profiling
Defining Stereotypes
Examining Racial Prejudice
Watch Now: Drivers Show Bias Against Black Pedestrians
Content: In addition to these examples, a number of law enforcement agencies have faced charges of misconduct for mistreating Latinos they believed to be unauthorized immigrants. Moreover, racial profiling has not been found to reduce crime. Defining Stereotypes
Stereotypes help perpetuate racial discrimination in a number of ways. Individuals who buy into these sweeping generalizations about racial groups use stereotypes to justify excluding minorities from job prospects, renting apartments and educational opportunities, to name a few. Stereotypes have led racial minority groups to be discriminated against in healthcare, the legal system and more. Yet, many people insist on perpetuating stereotypes because they believe there’s a grain of truth in them. While members of minority groups definitely share some experiences, such experiences don’t mean that members of racial groups all share certain personality or physical traits. Because of discrimination, some racial groups in the U.S. have found more success in certain professions because doors were closed to them in other arenas. Stereotypes do not provide the historical context for why certain groups seem to excel in some areas and lag behind in others. Stereotypes don’t view the members of racial groups as individuals, denying them their humanity.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-racial-bias-and-discrimination-2834985
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_484143696#6_1103465834
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Title: Types of Racial Bias: From Colorism to Prejudice
Headings: Racial Bias and Discrimination: From Colorism to Racial Profiling
Racial Bias and Discrimination: From Colorism to Racial Profiling
Different Forms of Racism
Overview of Racial Profiling
Defining Stereotypes
Examining Racial Prejudice
Watch Now: Drivers Show Bias Against Black Pedestrians
Content: Yet, many people insist on perpetuating stereotypes because they believe there’s a grain of truth in them. While members of minority groups definitely share some experiences, such experiences don’t mean that members of racial groups all share certain personality or physical traits. Because of discrimination, some racial groups in the U.S. have found more success in certain professions because doors were closed to them in other arenas. Stereotypes do not provide the historical context for why certain groups seem to excel in some areas and lag behind in others. Stereotypes don’t view the members of racial groups as individuals, denying them their humanity. This is even the case when so-called positive stereotypes are at play. Examining Racial Prejudice
Old Globe Theatre
Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes go hand in hand. People who engage in racial prejudice often do so because of racial stereotypes. They write off entire groups of people based on sweeping generalizations. A prejudiced employer might deny a job to a member of a racial minority group because he believes that group is “lazy,” regardless of the actual work ethic of the person in question.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-racial-bias-and-discrimination-2834985
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_484143696#7_1103467601
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Title: Types of Racial Bias: From Colorism to Prejudice
Headings: Racial Bias and Discrimination: From Colorism to Racial Profiling
Racial Bias and Discrimination: From Colorism to Racial Profiling
Different Forms of Racism
Overview of Racial Profiling
Defining Stereotypes
Examining Racial Prejudice
Watch Now: Drivers Show Bias Against Black Pedestrians
Content: This is even the case when so-called positive stereotypes are at play. Examining Racial Prejudice
Old Globe Theatre
Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes go hand in hand. People who engage in racial prejudice often do so because of racial stereotypes. They write off entire groups of people based on sweeping generalizations. A prejudiced employer might deny a job to a member of a racial minority group because he believes that group is “lazy,” regardless of the actual work ethic of the person in question. Prejudiced people may also make a number of assumptions, assuming that anyone with a non-Western surname couldn’t have been born in the United States. Racial prejudice has historically led to institutional racism. During World War II, more than 110,000 Japanese Americans were rounding up and forced into internment camps because government officials presumed that these Americans would side with Japan in the war, ignoring the fact that Japanese Americans viewed themselves as Americans. In fact, no Japanese American was found guilty of espionage during this period. Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Nittle, Nadra Kareem. "
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https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-racial-bias-and-discrimination-2834985
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_484897788#0_1105272916
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Title: Unitary Executive Theory and the Imperial Presidency
Headings: Unitary Executive Theory and the Imperial Presidency
Unitary Executive Theory and the Imperial Presidency
Examples of the Imperial Presidency
Unitary Executive Theory
Imperial Presidency
Short History
Independent Counsel
Line-Item Veto
Presidential Signing Statements
Possible Use of Torture
Watch Now: Checks and Balances in the U.S. Government
Content: Unitary Executive Theory and the Imperial Presidency
Humanities › Issues
Unitary Executive Theory and the Imperial Presidency
Examples of the Imperial Presidency
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Marks 100th Anniversary Of JFK's Birth. Scott Eisen/Getty images
Issues
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By
Tom Head
Civil Liberties Expert
Ph.D., Religion and Society, Edith Cowan University
M.A., Humanities, California State University - Dominguez Hills
B.A., Liberal Arts, Excelsior College
Tom Head, Ph.D., is a historian specializing in the history of ethics, religion, and ideas. He has authored or co-authored 29 nonfiction books, including "Civil Liberties: A Beginner's Guide." our editorial process
Tom Head
Updated September 17, 2019
To what extent can presidential power be restricted by Congress ? Some believe the president holds broad power, citing this passage from Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. And from Section 3: [H]e shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. The view that the president holds total control over the executive branch is called the unitary executive theory.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/unitary-executive-theory-the-imperial-presidency-721716
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_484897788#1_1105275242
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Title: Unitary Executive Theory and the Imperial Presidency
Headings: Unitary Executive Theory and the Imperial Presidency
Unitary Executive Theory and the Imperial Presidency
Examples of the Imperial Presidency
Unitary Executive Theory
Imperial Presidency
Short History
Independent Counsel
Line-Item Veto
Presidential Signing Statements
Possible Use of Torture
Watch Now: Checks and Balances in the U.S. Government
Content: Some believe the president holds broad power, citing this passage from Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. And from Section 3: [H]e shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. The view that the president holds total control over the executive branch is called the unitary executive theory. Unitary Executive Theory
Under the George W. Bush administration's interpretation of the unitary executive theory, the president has authority over members of the executive branch. He functions as a CEO or Commander-in-Chief, and his power is restricted only by the U.S. Constitution as interpreted by the judiciary. Congress can hold the president accountable only by censure, impeachment or constitutional amendment. Legislation restricting the executive branch has no power. Imperial Presidency
Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. wrote The Imperial Presidency in 1973 , a groundbreaking history of presidential power centering on an extensive critique of President Richard Nixon.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/unitary-executive-theory-the-imperial-presidency-721716
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_485616401#2_1107105198
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Title: The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s
Headings: The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s
The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s
The 1960s' Effect on the Economy
The 1970s' Effect on the Economy
Content: President Kennedy's assassination in 1963 spurred Congress to enact much of his legislative agenda. His successor, Lyndon Johnson (1963-1969), sought to build a "Great Society" by spreading benefits of America's thriving economy to more citizens. Federal spending increased dramatically, as the government launched such new programs as Medicare (health care for the elderly), Food Stamps (food assistance for the poor), and numerous education initiatives (assistance to students as well as grants to schools and colleges). Military spending also increased as American's presence in Vietnam grew. What had started as a small military action under Kennedy mushroomed into a significant military initiative during Johnson's presidency. Ironically, spending on both wars -- the war on poverty and fighting the war in Vietnam -- contributed to prosperity in the short term. But by the end of the 1960s, the government's failure to raise taxes to pay for these efforts led to accelerating inflation, which eroded this prosperity. The 1970s' Effect on the Economy
The 1973-1974 oil embargo by members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) pushed energy prices rapidly higher and created shortages. Even after the embargo ended, energy prices stayed high, adding to inflation and eventually causing rising rates of unemployment. Federal budget deficits grew, foreign competition intensified, and the stock market sagged.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/us-economy-in-the-1960s-and-1970s-1148142
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_485616401#3_1107107037
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Title: The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s
Headings: The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s
The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s
The 1960s' Effect on the Economy
The 1970s' Effect on the Economy
Content: Ironically, spending on both wars -- the war on poverty and fighting the war in Vietnam -- contributed to prosperity in the short term. But by the end of the 1960s, the government's failure to raise taxes to pay for these efforts led to accelerating inflation, which eroded this prosperity. The 1970s' Effect on the Economy
The 1973-1974 oil embargo by members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) pushed energy prices rapidly higher and created shortages. Even after the embargo ended, energy prices stayed high, adding to inflation and eventually causing rising rates of unemployment. Federal budget deficits grew, foreign competition intensified, and the stock market sagged. The Vietnam War dragged on until 1975, President Richard Nixon (1969-1973) resigned under a cloud of impeachment charges, and a group of Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Tehran and held for more than a year. The nation seemed unable to control events, including economic affairs. America's trade deficit swelled as low-priced and frequently high-quality imports of everything from automobiles to steel to semiconductors flooded into the United States. This article is adapted from the book "Outline of the U.S. Economy" by Conte and Karr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State. Cite this Article
Format
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Your Citation
Moffatt, Mike. "
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https://www.thoughtco.com/us-economy-in-the-1960s-and-1970s-1148142
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_485616401#4_1107108849
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Title: The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s
Headings: The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s
The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s
The 1960s' Effect on the Economy
The 1970s' Effect on the Economy
Content: The Vietnam War dragged on until 1975, President Richard Nixon (1969-1973) resigned under a cloud of impeachment charges, and a group of Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Tehran and held for more than a year. The nation seemed unable to control events, including economic affairs. America's trade deficit swelled as low-priced and frequently high-quality imports of everything from automobiles to steel to semiconductors flooded into the United States. This article is adapted from the book "Outline of the U.S. Economy" by Conte and Karr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State. Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Moffatt, Mike. " The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/us-economy-in-the-1960s-and-1970s-1148142. Moffatt, Mike. ( 2020, August 28). The U.S. Economy of the1960s and 1970s.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/us-economy-in-the-1960s-and-1970s-1148142
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_485621283#3_1107116697
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Title: The 1980s American Economy
Headings: The 1980s American Economy
The 1980s American Economy
Supply-Side Economics and a Growing Budget Deficit
Impact of the 1970s
Reagan's Economic Policy
The Size of the Government
Growing Federal Deficit
Federal Reserve
Source
Content: Proponents argue that supply-side economics results in more savings, investment, production, and, ultimately, greater economic growth. Reagan’s tax cuts mainly benefited the wealthy, but through a chain-reaction, they also helped lower-income earners as higher levels of investment eventually led to new job openings and higher wages. The Size of the Government
Cutting taxes was only one part of Reagan’s national agenda of slashing government spending. Reagan believed the federal government had become too large and interfering. During his presidency, he cut social programs and worked to reduce or eliminate government regulations that affected the consumer, workplace, and environment. But he did spend on the military. In the wake of the disastrous Vietnam War, Reagan successfully pushed for big budget increases for defense spending by arguing that the U.S. had neglected its military. Growing Federal Deficit
In the end, the reduction in taxes combined with increased military spending outweighed the spending reductions on domestic social programs. This resulted in a federal budget deficit that went well beyond the deficit levels of the early 1980s. From $74 billion in 1980, the federal budget deficit ballooned to $221 billion in 1986.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/us-economy-in-the-1980s-1148148
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_485621283#4_1107118423
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Title: The 1980s American Economy
Headings: The 1980s American Economy
The 1980s American Economy
Supply-Side Economics and a Growing Budget Deficit
Impact of the 1970s
Reagan's Economic Policy
The Size of the Government
Growing Federal Deficit
Federal Reserve
Source
Content: But he did spend on the military. In the wake of the disastrous Vietnam War, Reagan successfully pushed for big budget increases for defense spending by arguing that the U.S. had neglected its military. Growing Federal Deficit
In the end, the reduction in taxes combined with increased military spending outweighed the spending reductions on domestic social programs. This resulted in a federal budget deficit that went well beyond the deficit levels of the early 1980s. From $74 billion in 1980, the federal budget deficit ballooned to $221 billion in 1986. It fell back to $150 billion in 1987, but then started growing again. Federal Reserve
With such levels of deficit spending, the Federal Reserve remained vigilant about controlling price increases and raising interest rates any time they seemed a threat. Under the leadership of Paul Volcker and his successor Alan Greenspan, the Federal Reserve effectively guided America’s economy and eclipsed Congress and the president. Although some economists were nervous that heavy government spending and borrowing would lead to steep inflation, the Federal Reserve succeeded in its role as an economic traffic cop during the 1980s. Source
Conte, Christopher and Karr, Albert R. “ Outline of the U.S. Economy .”
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https://www.thoughtco.com/us-economy-in-the-1980s-1148148
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_485642727#3_1107167134
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Title: Introduction to the Structure of U.S. Government
Headings: Basic Structure of the US Government
Basic Structure of the US Government
Checks and Balances and the Three Branches
The Executive Branch
The President
The Vice President
The Cabinet
The Legislative Branch
The Senate
The House of Representatives
The Judicial Branch
Watch Now: Checks and Balances in the U.S. Government
Content: Recognizing the inherent moral paradox posed by a society in which mere mortals govern other mere mortals, Hamilton and Madison went on to write, "In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions." The Executive Branch
The executive branch of the federal government ensures that the laws of the United States are obeyed. In carrying out this duty, the President of the United States is assisted by the Vice President, department heads – called Cabinet Secretaries – and the heads of the several independent agencies . The executive branch consists of the president, the vice president and 15 Cabinet-level executive departments. The President
The President of the United States is the elected leader of the country. As the head of state, the president is the leader of the federal government, and Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-basics-3322390
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_485642727#4_1107168902
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Title: Introduction to the Structure of U.S. Government
Headings: Basic Structure of the US Government
Basic Structure of the US Government
Checks and Balances and the Three Branches
The Executive Branch
The President
The Vice President
The Cabinet
The Legislative Branch
The Senate
The House of Representatives
The Judicial Branch
Watch Now: Checks and Balances in the U.S. Government
Content: The Executive Branch
The executive branch of the federal government ensures that the laws of the United States are obeyed. In carrying out this duty, the President of the United States is assisted by the Vice President, department heads – called Cabinet Secretaries – and the heads of the several independent agencies . The executive branch consists of the president, the vice president and 15 Cabinet-level executive departments. The President
The President of the United States is the elected leader of the country. As the head of state, the president is the leader of the federal government, and Commander in Chief of the United States Armed Forces. Elected according to the Electoral College process, the president serves a four-year term and is limited to serving no more than two terms. The Vice President
The Vice President of the United States supports and advises the president. Under the process of presidential succession, the vice president becomes president if the president becomes unable to serve. The vice president can be elected and serve an unlimited number of four-year terms, even under multiple presidents. The Cabinet
The members of the president’s cabinet serve as advisors to the president.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-basics-3322390
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_487673242#4_1112610468
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Title: Vietnam War Escalation and Americanization
Headings: Vietnam War: Americanization
Vietnam War: Americanization
Vietnam War Escalation and Americanization 1964-1968
Bombing Begins
Early Combat
Political Situation in South Vietnam
Watch Now: Timeline of the Vietnam War
Content: Political Situation in South Vietnam
In Saigon, the political situation began to calm in 1967, with the rise of Nguyen Van Theiu to the head of the South Vietnamese government. Theiu’s ascent to the presidency stabilized the government and ended a long series of military juntas that had administered the country since Diem’s removal. Despite this, the Americanization of the war clearly showed that the South Vietnamese were incapable of defending the country on their own. Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Hickman, Kennedy. " Vietnam War: Americanization." ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/vietnam-war-americanization-2361332. Hickman, Kennedy. ( 2020, August 26). Vietnam War:
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https://www.thoughtco.com/vietnam-war-americanization-2361332
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_488286272#7_1114175530
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Title: How Votes Are Counted on Election Day
Headings: How the Votes Are Counted on Election Day
How the Votes Are Counted on Election Day
Preparations
Paper Ballots
Punch Cards
Mail-In Ballots
Digital Ballots
Recounts and Other Issues
Effect of 2016 Russian Interference on Future Vote Counting
Watch Now: Learn About the Voting Machines Used in US Elections
Content: In some cases, these devices record their votes on removable media, such as hard disks or cassettes, which are transported to the central counting facility for counting. According to the Pew Research Center, nearly half of all Americans use optical-scan voting systems, and about a quarter use direct-recording voting machines. 5 Like any electronic device, these voting machines are vulnerable to hacking, at least in theory, experts say. 6 7
Recounts and Other Issues
Whenever the results of an election are very close, or problems have occurred with the voting equipment, one or more of the candidates often demand a recount of the votes. Some state laws call for mandatory recounts in any close election. The recounts may be done by a manual hand count of ballots or by the same type of machines used to make the original count. Recounts do sometimes change the outcome of an election. In almost all elections, some votes are lost or incorrectly counted due to voter mistakes, faulty voting equipment, or errors by election officials. From local elections to presidential elections, officials are constantly working to improve the voting process, with the goal of making sure that every vote is counted and counted correctly. Effect of 2016 Russian Interference on Future Vote Counting
Since Special Counsel Robert Mueller issued his "Report on the Investigation Into the Russia Interference in The 2016 Presidential Election" in March 2019, 8 the U.S. House of Representatives has passed legislation intended to reform the voting process and protect future elections.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/votes-counted-on-election-day-3322083
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_488286272#8_1114177699
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Title: How Votes Are Counted on Election Day
Headings: How the Votes Are Counted on Election Day
How the Votes Are Counted on Election Day
Preparations
Paper Ballots
Punch Cards
Mail-In Ballots
Digital Ballots
Recounts and Other Issues
Effect of 2016 Russian Interference on Future Vote Counting
Watch Now: Learn About the Voting Machines Used in US Elections
Content: The recounts may be done by a manual hand count of ballots or by the same type of machines used to make the original count. Recounts do sometimes change the outcome of an election. In almost all elections, some votes are lost or incorrectly counted due to voter mistakes, faulty voting equipment, or errors by election officials. From local elections to presidential elections, officials are constantly working to improve the voting process, with the goal of making sure that every vote is counted and counted correctly. Effect of 2016 Russian Interference on Future Vote Counting
Since Special Counsel Robert Mueller issued his "Report on the Investigation Into the Russia Interference in The 2016 Presidential Election" in March 2019, 8 the U.S. House of Representatives has passed legislation intended to reform the voting process and protect future elections. While the Senate Judiciary Committee has advanced two similar bipartisan bills on election security, they have yet to be debated by the full Senate. In addition, several states have announced plans to replace their current voting machines and computerized vote-counting systems with more modern and hacker-proof equipment before the 2020 presidential election. 9
According to a report by the Brennan Center for Justice, local election officials in 254 jurisdictions across 37 states planned to purchase new voting equipment in the “near future.” 10 Election officials in 31 of the 37 states hoped to replace their equipment before the 2020 election. 10 In 2002, Congress enacted the Help America Vote Act, which allocated funds to help states strengthen their election security.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/votes-counted-on-election-day-3322083
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_489060152#5_1116094412
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Title: Pathway to Personal Growth and Development for Teachers
Headings: Ways to Enhance Personal Growth and Development for Teachers
Ways to Enhance Personal Growth and Development for Teachers
Advanced Degree
Advice/Evaluations from Administrators
Experience
Journaling
Literature
Mentoring Program
Professional Development Workshops/Conferences
Social Media
Teacher-Teacher Observations
The Internet
Content: No amount of training can truly prepare you for the adversity that a teacher can face in the real world. First year teachers often wonder what they have gotten themselves into over the course of that first year. It can be frustrating and disheartening, but it does become easier. A classroom is a laboratory and teachers are chemists constantly tinkering, experimenting, and mixing things up until they find the right combination that works for them. Each day and year brings about new challenges, but experience allows us to adapt quickly and make changes ensuring that things continue to operate efficiently. Journaling
Journaling can provide valuable learning opportunities through self-reflection. It allows you to capture moments in your teaching career that may be beneficial to reference at other points along the way. Journaling does not have to take a lot of your time. 10-15 minutes a day can provide you with a lot of valuable information. Learning opportunities arise almost daily, and journaling allows you to encapsulate these moments, reflect on them at a later time, and make adjustments that can help you become a better teacher.
|
https://www.thoughtco.com/ways-to-enhance-personal-growth-and-development-for-teachers-3194353
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_489060152#6_1116096199
|
Title: Pathway to Personal Growth and Development for Teachers
Headings: Ways to Enhance Personal Growth and Development for Teachers
Ways to Enhance Personal Growth and Development for Teachers
Advanced Degree
Advice/Evaluations from Administrators
Experience
Journaling
Literature
Mentoring Program
Professional Development Workshops/Conferences
Social Media
Teacher-Teacher Observations
The Internet
Content: Journaling
Journaling can provide valuable learning opportunities through self-reflection. It allows you to capture moments in your teaching career that may be beneficial to reference at other points along the way. Journaling does not have to take a lot of your time. 10-15 minutes a day can provide you with a lot of valuable information. Learning opportunities arise almost daily, and journaling allows you to encapsulate these moments, reflect on them at a later time, and make adjustments that can help you become a better teacher. Literature
There is an overabundance of books and periodicals dedicated to teachers. You can find a plethora of terrific books and periodicals to help improve in any area you may struggle with as a teacher. You can also find several books and periodicals that are inspirational and motivational in nature. There are excellent content driven books and periodicals that can challenge how you teach critical concepts. You will probably not agree with every facet of every book or periodical, but most offer sensational tidbits that we can apply to ourselves and to our classrooms.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/ways-to-enhance-personal-growth-and-development-for-teachers-3194353
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_490224273#9_1119097618
|
Title: What Makes a Story Newsworthy?
Headings: What Makes a Story Newsworthy
What Makes a Story Newsworthy
Factors Journalists Use to Gauge How Big a Story Is
Impact or Consequences
Conflict
Loss of Life/Property Destruction
Proximity
Prominence
Timeliness
Novelty
Human Interest
Content: Prominence can apply to anyone who’s in the public eye. But it doesn’t have to mean someone who’s famous worldwide. The mayor of your town probably isn’t famous. But they are prominent locally, which means any story involving them will be more newsworthy. This is an example of two news values—prominence and proximity. Timeliness
In the news business, journalists tend to focus on what’s happening today. So events happening now are often more newsworthy than those that happened, say, a week ago. This is where the term "old news" comes from, meaning worthless. Another factor that relates to timeliness is currency. This involves stories that might not have just happened but instead, have an ongoing interest to your audience.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-counts-as-newsworthy-2073870
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_490224273#10_1119098863
|
Title: What Makes a Story Newsworthy?
Headings: What Makes a Story Newsworthy
What Makes a Story Newsworthy
Factors Journalists Use to Gauge How Big a Story Is
Impact or Consequences
Conflict
Loss of Life/Property Destruction
Proximity
Prominence
Timeliness
Novelty
Human Interest
Content: Timeliness
In the news business, journalists tend to focus on what’s happening today. So events happening now are often more newsworthy than those that happened, say, a week ago. This is where the term "old news" comes from, meaning worthless. Another factor that relates to timeliness is currency. This involves stories that might not have just happened but instead, have an ongoing interest to your audience. For example, the rise and fall in gas prices have been happening for years, but it’s still relevant to your readers, so it has currency. Novelty
Another old saying in the news business goes, “When a dog bites a man, no one cares. When the man bites back—now that’s a news story .” The idea is that any deviation from the normal course of events is novel and thus newsworthy. Human Interest
Human interest stories tend to be feature stories and often break some of the rules mentioned above.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-counts-as-newsworthy-2073870
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_490609948#1_1120099559
|
Title: What Is "Breaking News" in Journalism?
Headings: What Is a Breaking News Story?
What Is a Breaking News Story?
Characteristics and Professional Tips for Journalists
How to Cover Breaking News
Writing On Deadline
Content: Breaking news usually refers to events that are unexpected, such as a plane crash or building fire. How to Cover Breaking News
You're covering a breaking news story—a shooting, a fire, a tornado —it could be anything. Lots of media outlets are covering the same thing, so there's fierce competition to get the story first. But you also have to get it right. The problem is, breaking news stories are typically the most chaotic and confusing to cover. And too often, media outlets in a rush to be first end up reporting things that turn out to be wrong. For example, on Jan. 8, 2011, Rep. Gabrielle Giffords was seriously wounded in a mass shooting in Tuscon, Ariz. Some of the nation's most respected news outlets, including NPR, CNN and The New York Times, wrongly reported that Giffords had died. And in the digital age, bad information spreads fast when reporters post erroneous updates on Twitter or social media. With the Giffords story, NPR sent out an e-mail alert saying the congresswoman had died, and NPR's social media editor tweeted the same thing to millions of Twitter followers. Writing On Deadline
In the age of digital journalism, breaking news stories often have immediate deadlines, with reporters rushed to get stories online.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-breaking-news-story-2073757
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_490739686#3_1120433823
|
Title: Understanding Confidence Intervals
Headings: The Use of Confidence Intervals in Inferential Statistics
The Use of Confidence Intervals in Inferential Statistics
The Form of a Confidence Interval
Confidence Level
Margin of Error
Standard Deviation or Standard Error
Different Confidence Intervals
Content: Confidence Level
Attached to every confidence interval is a level of confidence. This is a probability or percent that indicates how much certainty we should be attributed to our confidence interval. If all other aspects of a situation are identical, the higher the confidence level the wider the confidence interval. This level of confidence can lead to some confusion. It is not a statement about the sampling procedure or population. Instead, it is giving an indication of the success of the process of construction of a confidence interval. For example, confidence intervals with confidence of 80 percent will, in the long run, miss the true population parameter one out of every five times. Any number from zero to one could, in theory, be used for a confidence level. In practice 90 percent, 95 percent and 99 percent are all common confidence levels. Margin of Error
The margin of error of a confidence level is determined by a couple of factors.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-confidence-interval-3126415
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_491804308#2_1123098162
|
Title: What is a Story Angle?
Headings: What Is a Story Angle?
What Is a Story Angle?
Whether local or national, sniff out the good story angle
Types of Story Angles
Local or National
Follow-Up Stories
Good News Judgment
Content: The impacts of legislation can range from financial to environmental, short term and long term. While each one of these could be included in one main story, each one also lends itself to a separate and interesting story and depending on the reach of the legislation at hand, each constitutes an angle of its own. Using the inverted-pyramid structure basic to American-style journalism, in which the most important, urgent information is at the top, the reporter threads that angle through the story to tell the reader why it matters to her or to him. Local or National
Both news and feature stories can also have angles based on geography and range of readership or viewership, depending on your location and the type of outlet you work for. Examples include the national angle and the local angle: The national angle is taken by national media for major stories, trend pieces, and stories about issues that affect the country as a whole: those are the kinds of stories that fill the front pages of major metropolitan dailies. An example would be the passage of President Barack Obama's Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and its effect on Americans of different socioeconomic groups on a national scale. Another might be a weather event that strikes a large swath of the country and affects millions of people. The local angle comes when a reporter localizes those stories and focuses on the local or regional impact of those events, making them immediately relevant to the local readers.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-story-angle-2073756
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_491804308#3_1123100074
|
Title: What is a Story Angle?
Headings: What Is a Story Angle?
What Is a Story Angle?
Whether local or national, sniff out the good story angle
Types of Story Angles
Local or National
Follow-Up Stories
Good News Judgment
Content: The national angle is taken by national media for major stories, trend pieces, and stories about issues that affect the country as a whole: those are the kinds of stories that fill the front pages of major metropolitan dailies. An example would be the passage of President Barack Obama's Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and its effect on Americans of different socioeconomic groups on a national scale. Another might be a weather event that strikes a large swath of the country and affects millions of people. The local angle comes when a reporter localizes those stories and focuses on the local or regional impact of those events, making them immediately relevant to the local readers. For example, in the case of a hurricane ravaging shorelines along the East Coast, a news outlet in Florida would focus specifically on the area where its readers or viewers are located. In the case of a law, the paper would assess local impact and reaction. Occasionally the reverse happens—local stories go national—when, for example, an event in a small town is so impactful as to prompt a national look at an issue or the passage of a national bill; or when a case from a lower court in a small town goes to the U.S. Supreme Court, or a soldier from your town testifies before the U.S. Congress. Those events can shine a light on a small locale (and often a local reporter) quite fittingly.
|
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-story-angle-2073756
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_492703504#17_1125427278
|
Title: Definition and Examples of Apologia in Rhetoric
Headings: Definition and Examples of Apologia in Rhetoric
Definition and Examples of Apologia in Rhetoric
The Art of Damage Control
Definition:
Apologia Strategies
Four Strategies
Examples and Observations
Purposes
Rhetoric
Damage Control
So Sorry
Taking Responsibility
Inappropriate Relationsship
Content: And good night. "—President Bill Clinton, televised speech to the American public, August 17, 1998. Clinton's apologia related to what was known as the "Monica Lewinsky Affair." In this case, Clinton initially denied having a relationship with Lewinsky, but he later recanted when confronted with physical evidence she presented of their relationship. In his apologia, Clinton initially denied the allegations; he then tried to bolster his image ("...at no time did I ask anyone to lie..."); he followed by using differentiation (comparing the accusations about the affair to the more egregious—in his view—investigation into his previous business dealings; and he finished with the strategy of transcendence (recrafting the context to say "it is past time to move on" from intrusive investigations and attempts to "pry" into his personal life). You could say that in his statement, Clinton met all four strategies that Ware and Linkugel set forth as the required parts of a true apologia. Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Nordquis
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-apologia-rhetoric-1688996
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_494053478#6_1128766161
|
Title: What Is Electrical Engineering? Courses, Jobs, Salaries
Headings: What Is Electrical Engineering?
What Is Electrical Engineering?
Required coursework, job prospects, and average salaries for graduates
Key Takeaways: Electrical Engineering
Specializations in Electrical Engineering
College Coursework for Electrical Engineers
Best Schools for Electrical Engineering Majors
Average Salaries for Electrical Engineers
Content: Technological progress depends upon developing ever-smaller devices with increased speed and functionality. Experts in microelectronics are at the forefront of this progress as they work to create electronic components at microscopic scales. Materials science and chemistry are important areas of expertise for this specialty. Power Systems: Power engineers work on the large systems for generating, storing, and transmitting the electricity that runs our world. From generators in a dam to fields of solar panels to the transmission lines that cross the country, experts in power tend to work on large-scale projects. College Coursework for Electrical Engineers
As with most STEM fields, electrical engineers must take foundation courses in math and the natural sciences, especially physics classes such as mechanics and electromagnetism. Some specializations, such as microelectronics, will also require significant coursework in chemistry and materials, whereas a field such as bioelectronics would require a strong grounding in the biological sciences. All electrical engineering majors, however, are likely to take the following courses: Calculus I, II, III and Differential Equations
Digital Logic Design
Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
Signals and Systems
Electric Circuits
Embedded Systems
Microelectronics
Probabilistic Methods
Communication Systems
Computer Organization
Students who want to excel in an electrical engineering profession may choose to take additional courses related to communication and leadership skills.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-electrical-engineering-4582558
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_494467261#2_1129760763
|
Title: Hard Determinism
Headings: Hard Determinism Explained
Hard Determinism Explained
Everything is predetermined and we have no free will
Arguments for hard determinism
What about quantum mechanics?
What about the feeling that we have free will?
Content: While soft determinism is a form of compatibilism, hard determinism is a form of incompatibilism. Arguments for hard determinism
Why would anyone want to deny that human beings have free will? The main argument is simple. Ever since the scientific revolution, led by the discoveries of people like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, science has largely presupposed that we live in a deterministic universe. The principle of sufficient reason asserts that every event has a complete explanation. We may not know what that explanation is, but we assume that everything that happens can be explained. Moreover, the explanation will consist of identifying the relevant causes and laws of nature that brought about the event in question. To say that every event is determined by prior causes and the operation of laws of nature means that it was bound to happen, given those prior conditions. If we could rewind the universe to a few seconds before the event and play the sequence through again, we’d get the same result. Lightning would strike in exactly the same spot;
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-hard-determinism-2670648
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_494467261#7_1129768719
|
Title: Hard Determinism
Headings: Hard Determinism Explained
Hard Determinism Explained
Everything is predetermined and we have no free will
Arguments for hard determinism
What about quantum mechanics?
What about the feeling that we have free will?
Content: Hard determinists look at this record of successful prediction and conclude that the assumption it rests on–every event is causally determined–is well-established and allows for no exceptions. That means that human decisions and actions are as predetermined as any other event. So the common belief that we enjoy a special sort of autonomy, or self-determination, because we can exercise a mysterious power we call “free will,” is an illusion. An understandable illusion, perhaps, since it makes us feel that we are importantly different from the rest of nature; but an illusion all the same. What about quantum mechanics? Determinism as an all-encompassing view of things received a severe blow in the 1920s with the development of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics dealing with the behavior of subatomic particles. According to the widely accepted model proposed by Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr, the subatomic world contains some indeterminacy. For instance, sometimes an electron jumps from one orbit around its atom’s nucleus to another orbit, and this is understood to be an event without a cause. Similarly, atoms will sometimes emit radioactive particles, but this, too, is viewed as an event without a cause.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-hard-determinism-2670648
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_494467261#8_1129770413
|
Title: Hard Determinism
Headings: Hard Determinism Explained
Hard Determinism Explained
Everything is predetermined and we have no free will
Arguments for hard determinism
What about quantum mechanics?
What about the feeling that we have free will?
Content: What about quantum mechanics? Determinism as an all-encompassing view of things received a severe blow in the 1920s with the development of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics dealing with the behavior of subatomic particles. According to the widely accepted model proposed by Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr, the subatomic world contains some indeterminacy. For instance, sometimes an electron jumps from one orbit around its atom’s nucleus to another orbit, and this is understood to be an event without a cause. Similarly, atoms will sometimes emit radioactive particles, but this, too, is viewed as an event without a cause. Consequently, such events cannot be predicted. We can say that there is, say, a 90% probability that something will happen, meaning that nine times out of ten, a specific set of conditions will produce that happening. But the reason we can’t be more precise is not because we are lacking a relevant piece of information; it is just that a degree of indeterminacy is built into nature. The discovery of quantum indeterminacy was one of the most surprising discoveries in the history of science, and it has never been universally accepted.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-hard-determinism-2670648
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_494467261#9_1129772037
|
Title: Hard Determinism
Headings: Hard Determinism Explained
Hard Determinism Explained
Everything is predetermined and we have no free will
Arguments for hard determinism
What about quantum mechanics?
What about the feeling that we have free will?
Content: Consequently, such events cannot be predicted. We can say that there is, say, a 90% probability that something will happen, meaning that nine times out of ten, a specific set of conditions will produce that happening. But the reason we can’t be more precise is not because we are lacking a relevant piece of information; it is just that a degree of indeterminacy is built into nature. The discovery of quantum indeterminacy was one of the most surprising discoveries in the history of science, and it has never been universally accepted. Einstein, for one, could not countenance it, and still today there are physicists who believe that the indeterminacy is only apparent, that eventually a new model will be developed which reinstates a thoroughly deterministic point of view. At present, though, quantum indeterminacy is generally accepted for much the same sort of reason that determinism is accepted outside quantum mechanics: the science that presupposes it is phenomenally successful. Quantum mechanics may have dented the prestige of determinism as a universal doctrine, but that doesn’t mean it has salvaged the idea of free will. There are still plenty of hard determinists around.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-hard-determinism-2670648
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_494467261#10_1129773681
|
Title: Hard Determinism
Headings: Hard Determinism Explained
Hard Determinism Explained
Everything is predetermined and we have no free will
Arguments for hard determinism
What about quantum mechanics?
What about the feeling that we have free will?
Content: Einstein, for one, could not countenance it, and still today there are physicists who believe that the indeterminacy is only apparent, that eventually a new model will be developed which reinstates a thoroughly deterministic point of view. At present, though, quantum indeterminacy is generally accepted for much the same sort of reason that determinism is accepted outside quantum mechanics: the science that presupposes it is phenomenally successful. Quantum mechanics may have dented the prestige of determinism as a universal doctrine, but that doesn’t mean it has salvaged the idea of free will. There are still plenty of hard determinists around. This is because when it comes to macro objects like human beings and human brains, and with macro events such as human actions, the effects of quantum indeterminacy is thought to be negligible to non-existent. All that is needed to rule out free will in this realm is what is sometimes called “near determinism.” This is what it sounds like–the view that determinism holds throughout most of nature. Yes, there may be some subatomic indeterminacy. But what is merely probabilistic at the subatomic level still translates into deterministic necessity when we are talking about the behavior of larger objects.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-hard-determinism-2670648
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_494467261#11_1129775406
|
Title: Hard Determinism
Headings: Hard Determinism Explained
Hard Determinism Explained
Everything is predetermined and we have no free will
Arguments for hard determinism
What about quantum mechanics?
What about the feeling that we have free will?
Content: This is because when it comes to macro objects like human beings and human brains, and with macro events such as human actions, the effects of quantum indeterminacy is thought to be negligible to non-existent. All that is needed to rule out free will in this realm is what is sometimes called “near determinism.” This is what it sounds like–the view that determinism holds throughout most of nature. Yes, there may be some subatomic indeterminacy. But what is merely probabilistic at the subatomic level still translates into deterministic necessity when we are talking about the behavior of larger objects. What about the feeling that we have free will? For most people, the strongest objection to hard determinism has always been the fact that when we choose to act in a certain way, it feels as if our choice is free: that is, it feels as if we are in control and exercising a power of self-determination. This is true whether we are making life-altering choices such as deciding to get married, or trivial choices such as opting for apple pie rather than cheesecake. How strong is this objection?
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-hard-determinism-2670648
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_495098699#0_1131273922
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Title: The Origins and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
Headings: The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
History of Pan-Africanism
African Association and Pan-African Congresses
African Independence
Modern Pan-Africanism
Sources
Content: The Origins and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
Humanities › History & Culture
The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
Marie Hansen / Getty Images
By
Alistair Boddy-Evans
History Expert
Postgraduate Certificate in Education, University College London
M.S., Imperial College London
B.S., Heriot-Watt University
Alistair Boddy-Evans is a teacher and African history scholar with more than 25 years of experience. our editorial process
Alistair Boddy-Evans
Updated November 21, 2019
Pan-Africanism was initially an anti-slavery and anti-colonial movement amongst Black people of Africa and the diaspora in the late 19th century. Its aims have evolved through the ensuing decades. Pan-Africanism has covered calls for African unity (both as a continent and as a people), nationalism, independence, political and economic cooperation, and historical and cultural awareness (especially for Afrocentric versus Eurocentric interpretations). History of Pan-Africanism
Some claim that Pan-Africanism goes back to the writings of formerly enslaved people such as Olaudah Equiano and Ottobah Cugoano. Pan-Africanism here relates to the ending of the trading of enslaved people and the need to rebut the "scientific" claims of African inferiority. For Pan-Africanists, such as Edward Wilmot Blyden, part of the call for African unity was to return the diaspora to Africa, whereas others, such as Frederick Douglass, called for rights in their adopted countries. Blyden and James Africanus Beale Horton, working in Africa, are seen as the true fathers of Pan-Africanism, writing about the potential for African nationalism and self-government amidst growing European colonialism. They, in turn, inspired a new generation of Pan-Africanists at the turn of the twentieth century, including JE Casely Hayford, and Martin Robinson Delany (who coined the phrase "Africa for Africans" later picked up by Marcus Garvey ). African Association and Pan-African Congresses
Pan-Africanism gained legitimacy with the founding of the African Association in London in 1897, and the first Pan-African conference held, again in London, in 1900.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-pan-africanism-44450
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_495098699#1_1131276571
|
Title: The Origins and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
Headings: The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
History of Pan-Africanism
African Association and Pan-African Congresses
African Independence
Modern Pan-Africanism
Sources
Content: Pan-Africanism here relates to the ending of the trading of enslaved people and the need to rebut the "scientific" claims of African inferiority. For Pan-Africanists, such as Edward Wilmot Blyden, part of the call for African unity was to return the diaspora to Africa, whereas others, such as Frederick Douglass, called for rights in their adopted countries. Blyden and James Africanus Beale Horton, working in Africa, are seen as the true fathers of Pan-Africanism, writing about the potential for African nationalism and self-government amidst growing European colonialism. They, in turn, inspired a new generation of Pan-Africanists at the turn of the twentieth century, including JE Casely Hayford, and Martin Robinson Delany (who coined the phrase "Africa for Africans" later picked up by Marcus Garvey ). African Association and Pan-African Congresses
Pan-Africanism gained legitimacy with the founding of the African Association in London in 1897, and the first Pan-African conference held, again in London, in 1900. Henry Sylvester Williams, the power behind the African Association, and his colleagues were interested in uniting the whole of the African diaspora and gaining political rights for those of African descent. Others were more concerned with the struggle against colonialism and Imperial rule in Africa and the Caribbean. Dusé Mohamed Ali, for example, believed that change could only come through economic development. Marcus Garvey combined the two paths, calling for political and economic gains as well as a return to Africa, either physically or through a return to an Africanized ideology. Between the World Wars, Pan-Africanism was influenced by communism and trade unionism, especially through the writings of George Padmore, Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Frantz Fanon, Aimé Césaire, Paul Robeson, CLR James, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Walter Rodney.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-pan-africanism-44450
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_495098699#2_1131278954
|
Title: The Origins and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
Headings: The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
History of Pan-Africanism
African Association and Pan-African Congresses
African Independence
Modern Pan-Africanism
Sources
Content: Henry Sylvester Williams, the power behind the African Association, and his colleagues were interested in uniting the whole of the African diaspora and gaining political rights for those of African descent. Others were more concerned with the struggle against colonialism and Imperial rule in Africa and the Caribbean. Dusé Mohamed Ali, for example, believed that change could only come through economic development. Marcus Garvey combined the two paths, calling for political and economic gains as well as a return to Africa, either physically or through a return to an Africanized ideology. Between the World Wars, Pan-Africanism was influenced by communism and trade unionism, especially through the writings of George Padmore, Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Frantz Fanon, Aimé Césaire, Paul Robeson, CLR James, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Walter Rodney. Significantly, Pan-Africanism had expanded out beyond the continent into Europe, the Caribbean, and the Americas. W.E.B. Du Bois organized a series of Pan-African Congresses in London, Paris, and New York in the first half of the twentieth century. International awareness of Africa was also heightened by the Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935. Also between the two World Wars, Africa's two main colonial powers, France and Britain, attracted a younger group of Pan-Africanists: Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Cheikh Anta Diop, and Ladipo Solanke.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-pan-africanism-44450
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_495098699#3_1131280896
|
Title: The Origins and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
Headings: The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
History of Pan-Africanism
African Association and Pan-African Congresses
African Independence
Modern Pan-Africanism
Sources
Content: Significantly, Pan-Africanism had expanded out beyond the continent into Europe, the Caribbean, and the Americas. W.E.B. Du Bois organized a series of Pan-African Congresses in London, Paris, and New York in the first half of the twentieth century. International awareness of Africa was also heightened by the Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935. Also between the two World Wars, Africa's two main colonial powers, France and Britain, attracted a younger group of Pan-Africanists: Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Cheikh Anta Diop, and Ladipo Solanke. As student activists, they gave rise to Africanist philosophies such as " Négritude ." International Pan-Africanism had probably reached its zenith by the end of World War II when W.E.B Du Bois held the fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester in 1945. African Independence
After World War II, Pan-Africanist interests once more returned to the African continent, with a particular focus on African unity and liberation. A number of leading Pan-Africanists, particularly George Padmore and W.E.B. Du Bois, emphasized their commitment to Africa by emigrating (in both cases to Ghana) and becoming African citizens. Across the continent, a new group of Pan-Africanists arose amongst the nationalists—Kwame Nkrumah, Sékou Ahmed Touré, Ahmed Ben Bella, Julius Nyerere, Jomo Kenyatta, Amilcar Cabral, and Patrice Lumumba.
|
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-pan-africanism-44450
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_495098699#4_1131282821
|
Title: The Origins and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
Headings: The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
History of Pan-Africanism
African Association and Pan-African Congresses
African Independence
Modern Pan-Africanism
Sources
Content: As student activists, they gave rise to Africanist philosophies such as " Négritude ." International Pan-Africanism had probably reached its zenith by the end of World War II when W.E.B Du Bois held the fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester in 1945. African Independence
After World War II, Pan-Africanist interests once more returned to the African continent, with a particular focus on African unity and liberation. A number of leading Pan-Africanists, particularly George Padmore and W.E.B. Du Bois, emphasized their commitment to Africa by emigrating (in both cases to Ghana) and becoming African citizens. Across the continent, a new group of Pan-Africanists arose amongst the nationalists—Kwame Nkrumah, Sékou Ahmed Touré, Ahmed Ben Bella, Julius Nyerere, Jomo Kenyatta, Amilcar Cabral, and Patrice Lumumba. In 1963, the Organization of African Unity was formed to advance cooperation and solidarity between newly independent African countries and fight against colonialism. In an attempt to revamp the organization, and move away from it being seen as an alliance of African dictators, it was re-imagined in July 2002 as the African Union . Modern Pan-Africanism
Pan-Africanism today is seen much more as a cultural and social philosophy than the politically driven movement of the past. People, such as Molefi Kete Asante, hold to the importance of ancient Egyptian and Nubian cultures being part of a Black African heritage and seek a re-evaluation of Africa's place, and the diaspora, in the world. Sources
Adi, Hakim and Sherwood, Marika.
|
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-pan-africanism-44450
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_495098699#5_1131284895
|
Title: The Origins and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
Headings: The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
The Origins, Purpose, and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism
History of Pan-Africanism
African Association and Pan-African Congresses
African Independence
Modern Pan-Africanism
Sources
Content: In 1963, the Organization of African Unity was formed to advance cooperation and solidarity between newly independent African countries and fight against colonialism. In an attempt to revamp the organization, and move away from it being seen as an alliance of African dictators, it was re-imagined in July 2002 as the African Union . Modern Pan-Africanism
Pan-Africanism today is seen much more as a cultural and social philosophy than the politically driven movement of the past. People, such as Molefi Kete Asante, hold to the importance of ancient Egyptian and Nubian cultures being part of a Black African heritage and seek a re-evaluation of Africa's place, and the diaspora, in the world. Sources
Adi, Hakim and Sherwood, Marika. Pan-African History: Political figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787. Routledge. 2003. Ali, A. Mazrui.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-pan-africanism-44450
|
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