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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_344157810#0_758095251
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Title: The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | PBS
Headings:
Content: The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | PBS
Intro | Court History | Just Change | Biographies of the Robes | Landmark Cases | Primary Sources
A mug shot of Ernesto Miranda, whose wrongful conviction led to the landmark case Miranda v. Arizona, in which the Court held that detained criminal suspects must be informed of their rights prior to police questioning. Reproduction courtesy of the Arizona Department of Corrections
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination. The case began with the 1963 arrest of Phoenix resident Ernesto Miranda, who was charged with rape, kidnapping, and robbery. Miranda was not informed of his rights prior to the police interrogation. During the two-hour interrogation, Miranda allegedly confessed to committing the crimes, which the police apparently recorded. Miranda, who had not finished ninth grade and had a history of mental instability, had no counsel present. At trial, the prosecution's case consisted solely of his confession.
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https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_miranda.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_344157810#1_758096862
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Title: The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | PBS
Headings:
Content: The case began with the 1963 arrest of Phoenix resident Ernesto Miranda, who was charged with rape, kidnapping, and robbery. Miranda was not informed of his rights prior to the police interrogation. During the two-hour interrogation, Miranda allegedly confessed to committing the crimes, which the police apparently recorded. Miranda, who had not finished ninth grade and had a history of mental instability, had no counsel present. At trial, the prosecution's case consisted solely of his confession. Miranda was convicted of both rape and kidnapping and sentenced to 20 to 30 years in prison. He appealed to the Arizona Supreme Court, claiming that the police had unconstitutionally obtained his confession. The court disagreed, however, and upheld the conviction. Miranda appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reviewed the case in 1966. The Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision written by Chief Justice Earl Warren, ruled that the prosecution could not introduce Miranda's confession as evidence in a criminal trial because the police had failed to first inform Miranda of his right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.
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https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_miranda.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_344157810#3_758100033
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Title: The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | PBS
Headings:
Content: The police duty to give these warnings is compelled by the Constitution's Fifth Amendment, which gives a criminal suspect the right to refuse "to be a witness against himself," and Sixth Amendment, which guarantees criminal defendants the right to an attorney. The Court maintained that the defendant's right against self-incrimination has long been part of Anglo-American law as a means to equalize the vulnerability inherent in being detained. Such a position, unchecked, can often lead to government abuse. For example, the Court cited the continued high incidence of police violence designed to compel confessions from a suspect. This and other forms of intimidation, maintained the Court, deprive criminal suspects of their basic liberties and can lead to false confessions. The defendant's right to an attorney is an equally fundamental right, because the presence of an attorney in interrogations, according to Chief Justice Warren, enables "the defendant under otherwise compelling circumstances to tell his story without fear, effectively, and in a way that eliminates the evils in the interrogations process." Without these two fundamental rights, both of which, the Court ruled, "dispel the compulsion inherent in custodial surroundings," "no statement obtained from the defendant can truly be the product of his free choice." Thus, to protect these rights in the face of widespread ignorance of the law, the Court devised statements that the police are required to tell a defendant who is being detained and interrogated. These mandatory " Miranda Rights " begin with "the right to remain silent," and continue with the statement that "anything said can and will be used against [the defendant] in a court of law." The police are further compelled to inform the suspect of his or her right to an attorney and allow for (or, if necessary, provide for) a defendant's attorney who can accompany him during interrogations.
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https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_miranda.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_344157810#4_758102291
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Title: The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | PBS
Headings:
Content: The defendant's right to an attorney is an equally fundamental right, because the presence of an attorney in interrogations, according to Chief Justice Warren, enables "the defendant under otherwise compelling circumstances to tell his story without fear, effectively, and in a way that eliminates the evils in the interrogations process." Without these two fundamental rights, both of which, the Court ruled, "dispel the compulsion inherent in custodial surroundings," "no statement obtained from the defendant can truly be the product of his free choice." Thus, to protect these rights in the face of widespread ignorance of the law, the Court devised statements that the police are required to tell a defendant who is being detained and interrogated. These mandatory " Miranda Rights " begin with "the right to remain silent," and continue with the statement that "anything said can and will be used against [the defendant] in a court of law." The police are further compelled to inform the suspect of his or her right to an attorney and allow for (or, if necessary, provide for) a defendant's attorney who can accompany him during interrogations. Because none of these rights was afforded to Ernesto Miranda and his "confession" was thus unconstitutionally admitted at trial, his conviction was reversed. Miranda was later retried and convicted without the admission of his confession. Miranda v. Arizona, in creating the "Miranda Rights" we take for granted today, reconciled the increasing police powers of the state with the basic rights of individuals. Miranda remains good law today. AUTHOR'S BIO
Alex McBride is a third year law student at Tulane Law School in New Orleans.
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https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_miranda.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_344157810#5_758104311
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Title: The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | PBS
Headings:
Content: Because none of these rights was afforded to Ernesto Miranda and his "confession" was thus unconstitutionally admitted at trial, his conviction was reversed. Miranda was later retried and convicted without the admission of his confession. Miranda v. Arizona, in creating the "Miranda Rights" we take for granted today, reconciled the increasing police powers of the state with the basic rights of individuals. Miranda remains good law today. AUTHOR'S BIO
Alex McBride is a third year law student at Tulane Law School in New Orleans. He is articles editor on the TULANE LAW REVIEW and the 2005 recipient of the Ray Forrester Award in Constitutional Law. In 2007, Alex will be clerking with Judge Susan Braden on the United States Court of Federal Claims in Washington.
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https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_miranda.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_344167862#1_758117391
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Title: The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Roe v. Wade (1973) | PBS
Headings:
Content: AP
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Roe v. Wade (1973) ruled unconstitutional a state law that banned abortions except to save the life of the mother. The Court ruled that the states were forbidden from outlawing or regulating any aspect of abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy, could only enact abortion regulations reasonably related to maternal health in the second and third trimesters, and could enact abortion laws protecting the life of the fetus only in the third trimester. Even then, an exception had to be made to protect the life of the mother. Controversial from the moment it was released, Roe v. Wade politically divided the nation more than any other recent case and continues to inspire heated debates, politics, and even violence today ("the culture wars"). Though by no means the Supreme Court's most important decision, Roe v. Wade remains its most recognized. At the time Roe was decided, most states severely restricted or banned the practice of abortion. However, these restrictions were challenged amid the sexual revolution and feminist movements of the 1960s. In 1970, two recent graduates of the University of Texas Law School, Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington, brought a lawsuit on behalf of a pregnant woman, Dallas area resident Norma L. McCorvey ("Jane Roe"), claiming a Texas law criminalizing most abortions violated Roe's constitutional rights. The Texas law banned all abortions except those necessary to save the life of the mother. Roe claimed that while her life was not endangered, she could not afford to travel out of state and had a right to terminate her pregnancy in a safe medical environment.
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https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_roe.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_344167862#2_758119346
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Title: The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Roe v. Wade (1973) | PBS
Headings:
Content: At the time Roe was decided, most states severely restricted or banned the practice of abortion. However, these restrictions were challenged amid the sexual revolution and feminist movements of the 1960s. In 1970, two recent graduates of the University of Texas Law School, Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington, brought a lawsuit on behalf of a pregnant woman, Dallas area resident Norma L. McCorvey ("Jane Roe"), claiming a Texas law criminalizing most abortions violated Roe's constitutional rights. The Texas law banned all abortions except those necessary to save the life of the mother. Roe claimed that while her life was not endangered, she could not afford to travel out of state and had a right to terminate her pregnancy in a safe medical environment. The lawsuit was filed against Henry Wade, Dallas Country District Attorney, in a Texas federal court. The Texas court ruled that the law violated the Constitution. Wade appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reviewed the case throughout 1971 and 1972. In a 7-2 decision written by Justice Harry Blackmun (who was chosen because of his prior experience as counsel to the Mayo Clinic), the Court ruled that the Texas statute violated Jane Roe's constitutional right to privacy. The Court argued that the Constitution's First, Fourth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments protect an individual's "zone of privacy" against state laws and cited past cases ruling that marriage, contraception, and child rearing are activities covered in this "zone of privacy."
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https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_roe.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_344167862#3_758121168
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Title: The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Roe v. Wade (1973) | PBS
Headings:
Content: The lawsuit was filed against Henry Wade, Dallas Country District Attorney, in a Texas federal court. The Texas court ruled that the law violated the Constitution. Wade appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reviewed the case throughout 1971 and 1972. In a 7-2 decision written by Justice Harry Blackmun (who was chosen because of his prior experience as counsel to the Mayo Clinic), the Court ruled that the Texas statute violated Jane Roe's constitutional right to privacy. The Court argued that the Constitution's First, Fourth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments protect an individual's "zone of privacy" against state laws and cited past cases ruling that marriage, contraception, and child rearing are activities covered in this "zone of privacy." The Court then argued that the "zone of privacy" was "broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy." This decision involved myriad physical, psychological, and economic stresses a pregnant woman must face. Because abortions lie within a pregnant woman's "zone of privacy," the abortion decision "and its effectuation" are fundamental rights that are protected by the Constitution from regulation by the states, so laws regulating abortion must be sufficiently "important." Was Texas's law sufficiently important to pass constitutional muster? The Court reviewed the history of abortion laws, from ancient Greece to contemporary America, and therein found three justifications for banning abortions: "
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https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_roe.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_344167862#7_758127924
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Title: The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Roe v. Wade (1973) | PBS
Headings:
Content: Additionally, because second- and third-trimester abortions present more health risks to the mother, the state might regulate certain aspects of abortions related to maternal health after three months of pregnancy. In the first trimester, however, a state's interests in regulating abortions can never be found "important" enough. Such abortions are thus exclusively for the patient and her doctor to govern. Roe v. Wade, controversial when released in January 1973, remains one of the most intensely debated Supreme Court decision today. In no other case has the Court entertained so many disputes around ethics, religion, and biology, and then so definitively ruled on them all. To the political Right, critics accuse the Court in Roe of legalizing the murder of human life with flimsy constitutional justifications. To the Left, critics maintain that Roe was poorly reasoned and caused an unnecessary political backlash against abortion rights. Defenders of the decision, however, argue that Roe v. Wade was a disinterested, pragmatic, and ultimately principled decision defending the most basic rights of personal liberty and privacy. AUTHOR'S BIO
Alex McBride is a third year law student at Tulane Law School in New Orleans. He is articles editor on the TULANE LAW REVIEW and the 2005 recipient of the Ray Forrester Award in Constitutional Law.
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https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_roe.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_356919032#5_792085057
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Title: Putting a Fresh Coat of Paint on Your Exterior - This Old House
Headings: Putting a Fresh Coat of Paint on Your Exterior
Navigation for
Curb Appeal
Putting a Fresh Coat of Paint on Your Exterior
House Inspection
Touching Up
Stripping
Brush Work
Content: Touching Up
Before you begin to paint the exterior of a house, mask windows and doors with heavy plastic or builder's paper and lay drop cloths on the ground. Use a hook scraper to remove loose paint. In spots where wood is uneven, try a putty knife, which is less likely to damage wood. Sand the remaining paint to a dull finish; taper or feather thicker spots. Remove all cracked caulking. Wash the house using your garden hose and awire brush to remove any remaining loose paint. Never use a steel or iron brush, which could leave stains and may glaze the surface. Then it's time for a primer, paint formulated with a high proportion of binder in order to adhere tightly to wood and to the next layer of paint. Some painters prefer the oil-based variety for its penetration and ability to block the stains that bleed out of redwood and cedar, but I would recommend an acrylic latex to lay the foundation for a lasting paint job.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/how-to/putting-fresh-coat-paint-your-exterior
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_356919032#6_792086453
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Title: Putting a Fresh Coat of Paint on Your Exterior - This Old House
Headings: Putting a Fresh Coat of Paint on Your Exterior
Navigation for
Curb Appeal
Putting a Fresh Coat of Paint on Your Exterior
House Inspection
Touching Up
Stripping
Brush Work
Content: Remove all cracked caulking. Wash the house using your garden hose and awire brush to remove any remaining loose paint. Never use a steel or iron brush, which could leave stains and may glaze the surface. Then it's time for a primer, paint formulated with a high proportion of binder in order to adhere tightly to wood and to the next layer of paint. Some painters prefer the oil-based variety for its penetration and ability to block the stains that bleed out of redwood and cedar, but I would recommend an acrylic latex to lay the foundation for a lasting paint job. This first coat of primer makes small cracks, nail heads and other imperfections more visible, so you'll want to fill them with a latex caulk and exterior filler, such as a two-part epoxy or a light weight spackle and sand until level. Remember to always prime before caulking or filling. Then mop the house's surface with a damp cloth to remove any remaining dust and apply a second coat of primer. Stripping
If you are stripping the whole house down to bare wood, start with a vigorous hand-scraping. When you've scraped as much as you can, patch any gouges or gaps with a two-part wood epoxy.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/how-to/putting-fresh-coat-paint-your-exterior
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_356919032#7_792088082
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Title: Putting a Fresh Coat of Paint on Your Exterior - This Old House
Headings: Putting a Fresh Coat of Paint on Your Exterior
Navigation for
Curb Appeal
Putting a Fresh Coat of Paint on Your Exterior
House Inspection
Touching Up
Stripping
Brush Work
Content: This first coat of primer makes small cracks, nail heads and other imperfections more visible, so you'll want to fill them with a latex caulk and exterior filler, such as a two-part epoxy or a light weight spackle and sand until level. Remember to always prime before caulking or filling. Then mop the house's surface with a damp cloth to remove any remaining dust and apply a second coat of primer. Stripping
If you are stripping the whole house down to bare wood, start with a vigorous hand-scraping. When you've scraped as much as you can, patch any gouges or gaps with a two-part wood epoxy. Then sand the entire surface until smooth. Even the most thorough scraping and sanding won't dislodge mold and mildew in old wood, but a cleaning solution containing a cup of bleach and a cup of trisodium phosphate in two gallons of water should do the trick. Spray the house's surface while scrubbing with a stiff-bristled brush. Let it sit for half an hour before gently rinsing with a garden hose. A power-washer may sound like a time saver but its streaming jets can damage old wood.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/how-to/putting-fresh-coat-paint-your-exterior
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_360467626#0_801595080
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Title: How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall - This Old House
Headings: How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall
Navigation for
Walls
How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall
Skill
Cost
Estimated Time
Steps for Cutting a Pass-Through in a Load-Bearing Wall
Resources:
Tools:
Content: How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall - This Old House
Navigation for
Walls
Overview
How To & DIY
Ideas & Inspiration
Installation
Maintenance
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Renovation
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Tools & Materials
Video
Overview
How To & DIY
Ideas & Inspiration
Installation
Maintenance
Planning
Renovation
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Video
How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall
Ask This Old House general contractor Tom Silva helps a couple frame an opening between their kitchen and living room in a load-bearing wall. By Tom Silva
Project details
Skill
3
out of
5 Moderate
Cost
$150-200
Estimated Time
4-6 hours
Steps for Cutting a Pass-Through in a Load-Bearing Wall
Before doing any work, determine if the wall is load-bearing or non-load bearing. If in doubt, consult a structural engineer. If the wall is load-bearing, a temporary wall will need to built using 2x8 plates on the floor and ceiling and 2x4 studs at an angle to support any weight from the floors above. Hammer the studs into the temporary wall until they’re snug. Use a drill/driver to secure a brace across the studs. Use a level to draw the outline for the opening. Cut the opening using a reciprocating saw. Remove the wallboard and studs in the area of the new opening. If needed, fill any extra space with studs.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/walls/21016147/how-to-cut-a-pass-through-in-a-load-bearing-wall
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_360467626#1_801596933
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Title: How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall - This Old House
Headings: How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall
Navigation for
Walls
How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall
Skill
Cost
Estimated Time
Steps for Cutting a Pass-Through in a Load-Bearing Wall
Resources:
Tools:
Content: Use a drill/driver to secure a brace across the studs. Use a level to draw the outline for the opening. Cut the opening using a reciprocating saw. Remove the wallboard and studs in the area of the new opening. If needed, fill any extra space with studs. Install the first jack studs on either side of the opening, with a small stud attached to hold the bottom plate of the new opening. Install two sill plates into the bottom of the opening. Secure them with screws. Create a header for the new opening using two 2x12 boards with a piece of ½” plywood sandwiched in between with construction adhesive and screws. Install the header in the opening.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/walls/21016147/how-to-cut-a-pass-through-in-a-load-bearing-wall
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_360467626#2_801598124
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Title: How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall - This Old House
Headings: How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall
Navigation for
Walls
How to Cut a Pass-Through in a Load Bearing Wall
Skill
Cost
Estimated Time
Steps for Cutting a Pass-Through in a Load-Bearing Wall
Resources:
Tools:
Content: Install the first jack studs on either side of the opening, with a small stud attached to hold the bottom plate of the new opening. Install two sill plates into the bottom of the opening. Secure them with screws. Create a header for the new opening using two 2x12 boards with a piece of ½” plywood sandwiched in between with construction adhesive and screws. Install the header in the opening. Install the additional jack studs inside the opening for the header to rest on. Attach the jack studs and header using screws. With the header in place, the temporary wall can be removed. Use the reciprocating saw to cut the drywall on the other side of the opening. Touch up the drywall or plaster around the opening.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/walls/21016147/how-to-cut-a-pass-through-in-a-load-bearing-wall
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_360565471#0_801844322
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Title: How To Cut Drywall - This Old House
Headings: How To Cut Drywall
Navigation for
Walls
How To Cut Drywall
Read this DIY guide to learn how to cut drywall.
How to Make Simple Knife Cuts to Drywall
Making Saw Cuts to Drywall
How to Cut Out Drywall for Electrical Boxes
Tools Needed:
Content: How To Cut Drywall - This Old House
Navigation for
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Overview
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How To Cut Drywall
Read this DIY guide to learn how to cut drywall. By Andy Engel
iStock
Drywall, often called wallboard or by the proprietary name Sheetrock, isn’t usually cut like wood. Consisting of two paper faces surrounding a core of gypsum, making all the cuts with a saw would produce a tremendous amount of dust. How to Make Simple Knife Cuts to Drywall
In most cases, drywall is cut by scoring through the paper on the finish side (the one with white paper) using a sharp drywall knife. As soon as you notice the blade dulling, turn it around or replace it. Blades are cheap. Once that side is scored, bending the drywall away from the cut breaks the gypsum core. Cut the brown paper on the back of the board at the break to complete the cut. The cut gypsum is usually ragged, but a pass or two with a drywall rasp cleans it up nicely. There’s no point in cutting drywall precisely—cutting it about ¼-inch short makes it easier to fit, and the gaps will be filled with joint compound.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/walls/22174908/how-to-cut-drywall
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_360565471#1_801846141
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Title: How To Cut Drywall - This Old House
Headings: How To Cut Drywall
Navigation for
Walls
How To Cut Drywall
Read this DIY guide to learn how to cut drywall.
How to Make Simple Knife Cuts to Drywall
Making Saw Cuts to Drywall
How to Cut Out Drywall for Electrical Boxes
Tools Needed:
Content: Blades are cheap. Once that side is scored, bending the drywall away from the cut breaks the gypsum core. Cut the brown paper on the back of the board at the break to complete the cut. The cut gypsum is usually ragged, but a pass or two with a drywall rasp cleans it up nicely. There’s no point in cutting drywall precisely—cutting it about ¼-inch short makes it easier to fit, and the gaps will be filled with joint compound. For crosscutting, guide the knife with a 4-foot drywall square to ensure accuracy. To cut along the length, snap a chalk line as a guide. Making Saw Cuts to Drywall
There are times you’ll have to use a drywall saw. For example, if you need to cut out for a door, you’ll need to make the two vertical cuts with a saw. Then, connect the ends of those cuts with a regular knife cut and snap the piece out.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/walls/22174908/how-to-cut-drywall
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_360565471#2_801847483
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Title: How To Cut Drywall - This Old House
Headings: How To Cut Drywall
Navigation for
Walls
How To Cut Drywall
Read this DIY guide to learn how to cut drywall.
How to Make Simple Knife Cuts to Drywall
Making Saw Cuts to Drywall
How to Cut Out Drywall for Electrical Boxes
Tools Needed:
Content: For crosscutting, guide the knife with a 4-foot drywall square to ensure accuracy. To cut along the length, snap a chalk line as a guide. Making Saw Cuts to Drywall
There are times you’ll have to use a drywall saw. For example, if you need to cut out for a door, you’ll need to make the two vertical cuts with a saw. Then, connect the ends of those cuts with a regular knife cut and snap the piece out. The saw cuts can be made with either a drywall saw that resembles a regular carpenter’s handsaw, or with a wallboard jab saw. If you buy only one saw, make it the jab saw. Tip: It’s easiest and most accurate to hang the drywall before cutting out door and window openings. Use the studs on the side of the opening to guide the saw cuts, and the bottom of the header to guide the knife cut.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/walls/22174908/how-to-cut-drywall
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_360565471#3_801848784
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Title: How To Cut Drywall - This Old House
Headings: How To Cut Drywall
Navigation for
Walls
How To Cut Drywall
Read this DIY guide to learn how to cut drywall.
How to Make Simple Knife Cuts to Drywall
Making Saw Cuts to Drywall
How to Cut Out Drywall for Electrical Boxes
Tools Needed:
Content: The saw cuts can be made with either a drywall saw that resembles a regular carpenter’s handsaw, or with a wallboard jab saw. If you buy only one saw, make it the jab saw. Tip: It’s easiest and most accurate to hang the drywall before cutting out door and window openings. Use the studs on the side of the opening to guide the saw cuts, and the bottom of the header to guide the knife cut. How to Cut Out Drywall for Electrical Boxes
It’s important to lay out the location of electrical boxes and rough plumbing carefully. Draw the cut on the drywall about 1/8-inch larger in all dimensions than the outside of the box. You can skip this step, but for the cleanest cut, score the drywall with a knife. Then, push the jab saw through from the front of the board and cut along the layout lines. It’s harder than you might think to accurately lay out for cutting electrical boxes.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/walls/22174908/how-to-cut-drywall
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_360565471#4_801850170
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Title: How To Cut Drywall - This Old House
Headings: How To Cut Drywall
Navigation for
Walls
How To Cut Drywall
Read this DIY guide to learn how to cut drywall.
How to Make Simple Knife Cuts to Drywall
Making Saw Cuts to Drywall
How to Cut Out Drywall for Electrical Boxes
Tools Needed:
Content: How to Cut Out Drywall for Electrical Boxes
It’s important to lay out the location of electrical boxes and rough plumbing carefully. Draw the cut on the drywall about 1/8-inch larger in all dimensions than the outside of the box. You can skip this step, but for the cleanest cut, score the drywall with a knife. Then, push the jab saw through from the front of the board and cut along the layout lines. It’s harder than you might think to accurately lay out for cutting electrical boxes. For speed and accuracy, pros make these cuts with a drywall router instead. Drywall routers are small handheld routers that use 1/8-inch-diameter self-guided bits. The center of the box is marked on the board, and the rough wiring is pushed well back into the box (be sure the circuits are turned off). Then the board is screwed in place with just a few perimeter screws. With the bit set about ½-inch deeper than that drywall thickness, the router is turned on and plunged into the center of the box.
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https://www.thisoldhouse.com/walls/22174908/how-to-cut-drywall
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_372597153#8_831715271
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Nixon hit the lowest debt as a % of GDP. Then Carter hit the all time lowest record of 32.5% all the while creating more jobs in his 1 term than Reagan created in either of his two terms. Reagan also tripled the national debt: http://useconomy.about.com/od/usdebtanddeficit/p/US-Debt-by-President.htm
douglaslee•4 years 1 week ago
#5
cont'd
Amount Added to the Debt for Each Fiscal Year Since 1960: Barack Obama: Added $6.167 trillion, a 53% increase in the $11.657 trillion debt level due to President Bush at the end of his last budget, FY 2009. FY 2014- $1.086 trillion. FY 2013- $672 billion. FY 2012- $1.276 trillion. FY 2011- $1.229 trillion.
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https://www.thomhartmann.com/users/nealedwards/blog/2015/11/bring-when-conservative-mentions-obamas-doubled-national-debt
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_374751989#5_835625857
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Title: Will electric vehicles really create a cleaner planet? | Thomson Reuters
Headings: Will electric vehicles really create a
cleaner planet
?
Future of energy
Will electric vehicles really create a cleaner planet?
What’s driving the electric vehicle revolution?
Environmental consciousness awakens
Governments step in
Internal combustion engine (ICE) sales ban proposals
Source: OFVAS
Technology rises to the occasion
When could we see 100% EV adoption?
What if all cars sold by the year 2040 are electric?
Jon Berntsen
Frank Melum
What's stopping EVs from being truly clean?
Is lithium the new gasoline?
Johann Wiebe
Conclusion: Driving forward
Content: Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook, published 2011-2017
As automakers ramp up production for evermore EVs, demand on the power grid from EVs will grow exponentially. According to best estimates, growth in EV adoption could drive a 300-fold increase in electricity consumption by 2040, compared to 2016. The current grid will need to evolve significantly to accommodate that growth, driving a blitz of new innovation in wind and solar power, which will ultimately shift global reliance on coal toward clean energy alternatives. But even that transition, while certainly cleaner, is not without environmental, economic, and legislative impact. Whatever form it takes, the growth in demand for EVs will spur a surge in demand for other organic elements used in EVs and the clean energy production process, notably lithium, cobalt, and rare earths, each of which comes with its own set of environmental, economic, and geopolitical challenges. In this new report, Thomson Reuters examines the knock-on effects of the growth of EVs, creating a “what-if” analysis that projects the impacts of large-scale growth in EV adoption on everything from consumer buying patterns to global energy consumption to carbon dioxide emissions. We also weigh the impact of the EV revolution on the metals and mining, automotive, and energy sectors; highlight various legislative initiatives rolling out globally; and share insights from our research teams who are working on the front lines of this transformation.
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https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/reports/electric-vehicles.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_374751989#6_835628228
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Title: Will electric vehicles really create a cleaner planet? | Thomson Reuters
Headings: Will electric vehicles really create a
cleaner planet
?
Future of energy
Will electric vehicles really create a cleaner planet?
What’s driving the electric vehicle revolution?
Environmental consciousness awakens
Governments step in
Internal combustion engine (ICE) sales ban proposals
Source: OFVAS
Technology rises to the occasion
When could we see 100% EV adoption?
What if all cars sold by the year 2040 are electric?
Jon Berntsen
Frank Melum
What's stopping EVs from being truly clean?
Is lithium the new gasoline?
Johann Wiebe
Conclusion: Driving forward
Content: Whatever form it takes, the growth in demand for EVs will spur a surge in demand for other organic elements used in EVs and the clean energy production process, notably lithium, cobalt, and rare earths, each of which comes with its own set of environmental, economic, and geopolitical challenges. In this new report, Thomson Reuters examines the knock-on effects of the growth of EVs, creating a “what-if” analysis that projects the impacts of large-scale growth in EV adoption on everything from consumer buying patterns to global energy consumption to carbon dioxide emissions. We also weigh the impact of the EV revolution on the metals and mining, automotive, and energy sectors; highlight various legislative initiatives rolling out globally; and share insights from our research teams who are working on the front lines of this transformation. Chapter One
What’s driving the electric vehicle revolution? In order to understand the full implications of the EV movement, it helps to look closely at what’s driving it. Unlike other massive shifts in consumer preference – such as the growth of smartphones, the rise of ecommerce, or even the first automotive revolution – which were all driven almost entirely by technological innovation, technology is just one part of a three-pronged phenomenon that’s behind the EV revolution. The other two critical variables are growing environmental awareness and fast-moving political policy changes. Environmental consciousness awakens
Let’s start with the environment.
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https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/reports/electric-vehicles.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_380720518#3_845295208
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Title: How Donald Trump Won - The 2016 Presidential Race
Headings: How Donald Trump Won the Presidential Election
How Donald Trump Won the Presidential Election
9 Reasons Trump Beat Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Presidential Race
Celebrity and Success
High Turnout Among Working-Class White Voters
Immigration
James Comey and the FBI's October Surprise
Free Media
Hillary Clinton's Condescension Toward Voters
Voters Didn't Want a Third Term for Obama
Bernie Sanders and the Enthusiasm Gap
Obamacare and Health Care Premiums
Content: He has said he is worth as much as $10 billion, and though critics suggested he is worth much less Trump projected an image of success and was one of the most well known brands in the county. It also didn't hurt that he was host and producer of NBC’s hit reality series The Apprentice. High Turnout Among Working-Class White Voters
This is the big story of the 2016 election. Working class white voters—men and women alike—fled the Democratic Party and sided with Trump because of his promise to renegotiate trade deals with countries including China and levy stiff tariffs on goods imported from these countries. Trump's position on trade was seen as a way to stop companies from shipping jobs overseas, though many economists pointed out taxing imports would drive up costs to American consumers first. His message resonated with white working-class voters, especially those who live in former steel and manufacturing towns. " Skilled craftsmen and tradespeople and factory workers have seen the jobs they loved shipped thousands of miles away," Trump said at a rally near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Immigration
Trump promised to essentially lock down the borders to prevent terrorists coming in, an appeal to white voters who were not necessarily worried about crimes being committed by undocumented immigrants by jobs being filled by them. " What we are going to do is get the people that are criminal and have criminal records, gang members, drug dealers. We have a lot of these people, probably two million, it could be even three million, we are getting them out of our country or we are going to incarcerate," Trump said.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/2016-presidential-race-4135399
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_382397442#3_849300373
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Title: Teaching Active Listening in the Classroom
Headings: Active Listening in the Classroom, an Important Motivational Strategy
Active Listening in the Classroom, an Important Motivational Strategy
Active Listening in the Classroom
Content: gaining self-understanding
improving relationships
making people feel understood
making people feel cared for
making learning easier
By using active listening with students, teachers build the relationship of trust and caring that is essential to student motivation. By teaching active listening, teachers help students overcome poor listening habits such as: dwelling on internal distractions
developing a prejudice about the speaker due to an early remark with which the listener disagrees
focusing on the personal characteristics of the speaker or their poor delivery, which prevents understanding
Since these poor listening habits interfere with classroom learning as well as interpersonal communication, learning active listening (specifically, the feedback step) may also improve students' study skills. In the feedback step, the listener summarizes or paraphrases the speaker's literal and implied message. For example, in the following dialogue, Para provides feedback to a student by guessing the student's implied message and then asking for confirmation. Student: I don't like this school as much as my old one. People are not very nice. Para: You are unhappy at this school?
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https://www.thoughtco.com/active-listening-for-the-classroom-6385
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_383233168#0_851007152
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Title: Black Men and the Criminal Justice System
Headings: African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
Why a disproportionate amount of Black men are in prison
Black Minors at Risk
Disparities Between Black and White Drug Users
A Quarter of Young Black Men Report Police Mistreatment
Race and the Death Penalty
Content: Black Men and the Criminal Justice System
Humanities › Issues
African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
Why a disproportionate amount of Black men are in prison
A disproportionate amount of black men are in prison. Alexander C. Kafka/Flickr
Issues
Race Relations
Understanding Race & Racism
History
People & Events
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U.S. Foreign Policy
U.S. Liberal Politics
U.S. Conservative Politics
Women's Issues
Civil Liberties
The Middle East
Immigration
Crime & Punishment
Canadian Government
View More
By
Nadra Kareem Nittle
M.A., English and Comparative Literary Studies, Occidental College
B.A., English, Comparative Literature, and American Studies, Occidental College
Nadra Kareem Nittle is a journalist with bylines in The Atlantic, Vox, and The New York Times. Her reporting focuses education, race, and public policy. our editorial process
Nadra Kareem Nittle
Updated August 21, 2019
Is the criminal justice system hopelessly rigged against Black men, leading to a disproportionate amount of them ending up in prison? This question surfaced repeatedly after July 13, 2013, when a Florida jury acquitted neighborhood watchman George Zimmerman of the murder of Trayvon Martin. Zimmerman shot Martin after trailing him around a gated community because he viewed the Black teen, who wasn’t involved in any wrongdoing, as suspicious. Whether Black men are victims, perpetrators or simply going about their day, civil rights activists say they don’t get a fair shake in the U.S. legal system. Black men, for example, are more likely to receive stiffer sentences for their crimes, including the death penalty, than others do. They are imprisoned at six times the rate of white men, according to the Washington Post. Nearly 1 in 12 Black men age 25-54 are incarcerated, compared to 1 in 60 non-black men, 1 in 200 Black women and 1 in 500 non-Black women, the New York Times reported .
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https://www.thoughtco.com/african-american-men-criminal-justice-system-2834814
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_383233168#1_851009702
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Title: Black Men and the Criminal Justice System
Headings: African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
Why a disproportionate amount of Black men are in prison
Black Minors at Risk
Disparities Between Black and White Drug Users
A Quarter of Young Black Men Report Police Mistreatment
Race and the Death Penalty
Content: Zimmerman shot Martin after trailing him around a gated community because he viewed the Black teen, who wasn’t involved in any wrongdoing, as suspicious. Whether Black men are victims, perpetrators or simply going about their day, civil rights activists say they don’t get a fair shake in the U.S. legal system. Black men, for example, are more likely to receive stiffer sentences for their crimes, including the death penalty, than others do. They are imprisoned at six times the rate of white men, according to the Washington Post. Nearly 1 in 12 Black men age 25-54 are incarcerated, compared to 1 in 60 non-black men, 1 in 200 Black women and 1 in 500 non-Black women, the New York Times reported . In a number of the nation’s biggest cities, Black men are more likely to be treated as criminals and stopped and frisked by police without cause than any other group. The statistics below, compiled largely by ThinkProgress, further illuminate the experiences of African American men in the criminal justice system. Black Minors at Risk
The discrepancies in the punishments Black and white offenders receive can even be found among minors. According to the National Council on Crime And Deliquency, Black youth referred to juvenile court are likelier to be incarcerated or wind up in adult court or prison than white youth. Blacks make up roughly 30 percent of juvenile arrests and referrals to juvenile court as well as 37 percent of incarcerated juveniles, 35 percent of juveniles sent to criminal court and 58 percent of juveniles sent to adult prisons.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/african-american-men-criminal-justice-system-2834814
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_383233168#2_851011864
|
Title: Black Men and the Criminal Justice System
Headings: African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
Why a disproportionate amount of Black men are in prison
Black Minors at Risk
Disparities Between Black and White Drug Users
A Quarter of Young Black Men Report Police Mistreatment
Race and the Death Penalty
Content: In a number of the nation’s biggest cities, Black men are more likely to be treated as criminals and stopped and frisked by police without cause than any other group. The statistics below, compiled largely by ThinkProgress, further illuminate the experiences of African American men in the criminal justice system. Black Minors at Risk
The discrepancies in the punishments Black and white offenders receive can even be found among minors. According to the National Council on Crime And Deliquency, Black youth referred to juvenile court are likelier to be incarcerated or wind up in adult court or prison than white youth. Blacks make up roughly 30 percent of juvenile arrests and referrals to juvenile court as well as 37 percent of incarcerated juveniles, 35 percent of juveniles sent to criminal court and 58 percent of juveniles sent to adult prisons. The term “ school to prison pipeline ” was created to illustrate how the criminal justice system paves a pathway to prison for Blacks when African Americans are still very young. The Sentencing Project has found that Black males born in 2001 have a 32 percent chance of being incarcerated at some point. In contrast, white males born that year have only a six percent chance of winding up in prison. Disparities Between Black and White Drug Users
While Blacks make up 13 percent of the U.S. population and 14 percent of monthly drug users, they comprise 34 percent of individuals arrested for drug offenses and more than half (53 percent) of individuals imprisoned for drug-related offenses, according to the American Bar Association. In other words, Black drug users are four times more likely to end up in prison than white drug users.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/african-american-men-criminal-justice-system-2834814
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_383233168#3_851014162
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Title: Black Men and the Criminal Justice System
Headings: African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
Why a disproportionate amount of Black men are in prison
Black Minors at Risk
Disparities Between Black and White Drug Users
A Quarter of Young Black Men Report Police Mistreatment
Race and the Death Penalty
Content: The term “ school to prison pipeline ” was created to illustrate how the criminal justice system paves a pathway to prison for Blacks when African Americans are still very young. The Sentencing Project has found that Black males born in 2001 have a 32 percent chance of being incarcerated at some point. In contrast, white males born that year have only a six percent chance of winding up in prison. Disparities Between Black and White Drug Users
While Blacks make up 13 percent of the U.S. population and 14 percent of monthly drug users, they comprise 34 percent of individuals arrested for drug offenses and more than half (53 percent) of individuals imprisoned for drug-related offenses, according to the American Bar Association. In other words, Black drug users are four times more likely to end up in prison than white drug users. Differences in the way the criminal justice system treats Black drug offenders and white drug offenders became especially clear when sentencing laws required crack-cocaine users to receive much stiffer penalties than powder-cocaine users. That’s because, at the height of its popularity, crack-cocaine was most popular among Blacks in the inner city, while powder-cocaine was most popular among whites. In 2010, Congress passed the Fair Sentencing Act, which helped to erase some of the sentencing disparities related to cocaine. A Quarter of Young Black Men Report Police Mistreatment
Gallup interviewed roughly 4,400 adults from June 13 to July 5, 2013, for its Minority Rights and Relations poll about police interactions and racial profiling. Gallup found that 24 percent of Black men between the ages of 18 and 34 felt they had been mistreated by police during the past month.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/african-american-men-criminal-justice-system-2834814
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_383233168#4_851016486
|
Title: Black Men and the Criminal Justice System
Headings: African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
African American Men and the Criminal Justice System
Why a disproportionate amount of Black men are in prison
Black Minors at Risk
Disparities Between Black and White Drug Users
A Quarter of Young Black Men Report Police Mistreatment
Race and the Death Penalty
Content: Differences in the way the criminal justice system treats Black drug offenders and white drug offenders became especially clear when sentencing laws required crack-cocaine users to receive much stiffer penalties than powder-cocaine users. That’s because, at the height of its popularity, crack-cocaine was most popular among Blacks in the inner city, while powder-cocaine was most popular among whites. In 2010, Congress passed the Fair Sentencing Act, which helped to erase some of the sentencing disparities related to cocaine. A Quarter of Young Black Men Report Police Mistreatment
Gallup interviewed roughly 4,400 adults from June 13 to July 5, 2013, for its Minority Rights and Relations poll about police interactions and racial profiling. Gallup found that 24 percent of Black men between the ages of 18 and 34 felt they had been mistreated by police during the past month. Meanwhile, 22 percent of Blacks from ages 35 to 54 felt the same and 11 percent of Black males older than age 55 agreed. These numbers are significant given that many people have absolutely no dealings with police in a month-long period. The fact that the young Black men polled had contact with police and roughly a quarter felt the authorities had mistreated them during these encounters indicates that racial profiling remains a serious issue for African Americans. Race and the Death Penalty
A number of studies have shown that race influences the likelihood a defendant will receive the death penalty. In Harris County, Texas, for example, the District Attorney’s Office was more than three times as likely to pursue the death penalty against Black defendants than their white counterparts, according to an analysis released in 2013 by University of Maryland criminology professor Ray Paternoster.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/african-american-men-criminal-justice-system-2834814
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_383540148#0_851547308
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Title: A History of African Traders of Enslaved People
Headings: African Traders of Enslaved People
African Traders of Enslaved People
Motivations for Enslavement
A Self-Replicating Cycle
Opposition to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Enslavement as a Part of Life
View Article Sources
Content: A History of African Traders of Enslaved People
Humanities › History & Culture
African Traders of Enslaved People
Century Magazine illustration by E.W. Kemble for an article called "The Slave-Trade in the Congo Basin". Kean Collection / Getty Images
History & Culture
African History
Key Events
American History
African American History
Ancient History and Culture
Asian History
European History
Genealogy
Inventions
Latin American History
Medieval & Renaissance History
Military History
The 20th Century
Women's History
View More
By
Angela Thompsell
Professor of British and African History
Ph.D., History, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
M.A., History, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
B.A./B.S, History and Zoology, University of Florida
Angela Thompsell, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of British and African History at SUNY Brockport. our editorial process
Angela Thompsell
Updated June 15, 2020
During the era of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Europeans did not have the power to invade African states or kidnap enslaved Africans. Because of this, between 15 and 20 million enslaved people were transported across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa and purchased from traders of enslaved people throughout Europe and European colonies. 1
There are still many questions people have about the triangular trade of enslaved people and goods during this time, such as the motivations of those in support of enslavement and how enslavement was woven into life. Here are some of the answers, explained. Motivations for Enslavement
One thing that many Westerners wonder about African enslavers is why they were willing to sell their own people. Why would they sell Africans to Europeans? The simple answer to this question is that they did not see enslaved people as "their own people." Blackness (as an identity or marker of difference) was at that time a preoccupation of Europeans, not Africans.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/african-slave-traders-44538
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_383540148#3_851552690
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Title: A History of African Traders of Enslaved People
Headings: African Traders of Enslaved People
African Traders of Enslaved People
Motivations for Enslavement
A Self-Replicating Cycle
Opposition to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Enslavement as a Part of Life
View Article Sources
Content: Enslaved people were different by virtue of their social and economic status (what we might think of today as their class). Enslavers also kidnapped people, but again, there was no reason in their minds that made them see enslaved people as "their own." A Self-Replicating Cycle
Another reason that African enslavers were so willing to sell off fellow Africans was that they felt they had no other option. As the trade of enslaved people intensified in the 1600s and 1700s, it became harder not to participate in the practice in some regions of West Africa. The enormous demand for enslaved Africans led to the formation of a few African states whose economy and politics were centered around raiding for and trading enslaved people. States and political factions that participated in the trade gained access to firearms and luxury goods that could be used to secure political support. States and communities not actively participating in the trade of enslaved people were increasingly at a disadvantage. The Mossi Kingdom is an example of a state that resisted the trade of enslaved people until the 1800s. Opposition to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Mossi Kingdom was not the only African state or community to resist selling enslaved Africans to Europeans. The king of the Kongo, Afonso I, who had converted to Catholicism, tried to stop the sale of enslaved people to Portuguese enslavers and traders.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/african-slave-traders-44538
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_383540148#4_851554578
|
Title: A History of African Traders of Enslaved People
Headings: African Traders of Enslaved People
African Traders of Enslaved People
Motivations for Enslavement
A Self-Replicating Cycle
Opposition to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Enslavement as a Part of Life
View Article Sources
Content: States and political factions that participated in the trade gained access to firearms and luxury goods that could be used to secure political support. States and communities not actively participating in the trade of enslaved people were increasingly at a disadvantage. The Mossi Kingdom is an example of a state that resisted the trade of enslaved people until the 1800s. Opposition to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Mossi Kingdom was not the only African state or community to resist selling enslaved Africans to Europeans. The king of the Kongo, Afonso I, who had converted to Catholicism, tried to stop the sale of enslaved people to Portuguese enslavers and traders. He lacked the power, however, to police the whole of his territory, and traders as well as nobles engaged in the trans-Atlantic trade of enslaved Africans to gain wealth and power. Alfonso tried writing to the Portuguese king asking him to stop Portuguese traders from engaging in the practice, but his plea was ignored. The Benin Empire offers a very different example. Benin sold enslaved people to Europeans when it was expanding and fighting many wars, which produced prisoners of war. Once the state stabilized, it stopped trading enslaved people until it started to decline in the 1700s.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/african-slave-traders-44538
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_383540148#5_851556323
|
Title: A History of African Traders of Enslaved People
Headings: African Traders of Enslaved People
African Traders of Enslaved People
Motivations for Enslavement
A Self-Replicating Cycle
Opposition to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Enslavement as a Part of Life
View Article Sources
Content: He lacked the power, however, to police the whole of his territory, and traders as well as nobles engaged in the trans-Atlantic trade of enslaved Africans to gain wealth and power. Alfonso tried writing to the Portuguese king asking him to stop Portuguese traders from engaging in the practice, but his plea was ignored. The Benin Empire offers a very different example. Benin sold enslaved people to Europeans when it was expanding and fighting many wars, which produced prisoners of war. Once the state stabilized, it stopped trading enslaved people until it started to decline in the 1700s. During this period of increasing instability, the state resumed participation in the trade of enslaved people. Enslavement as a Part of Life
It might be tempting to assume that African traders of enslaved people did not know how bad European plantation enslavement was, but they weren't naive. Not all traders would have known about the horrors of the Middle Passage or of what lives awaited enslaved Africans, but others at least had an idea. They simply didn't care. There are always going to be people willing to ruthlessly exploit others in the quest for money and power, but the story of the trade of enslaved Africans by Africans goes much further than a few bad people.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/african-slave-traders-44538
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_385269503#0_855931209
|
Title: What Does the National Education Association Do?
Headings: What Does the National Education Association Do?
What Does the National Education Association Do?
An Overview of the NEA
History
Membership
Mission
NEA Pros and Cons
Content: What Does the National Education Association Do? Resources › For Educators
What Does the National Education Association Do? An Overview of the NEA
Mark Wilson/Staff/Getty Images
For Educators
Teaching
An Introduction to Teaching
Tips & Strategies
Policies & Discipline
Community Involvement
School Administration
Technology in the Classroom
Teaching Adult Learners
Issues In Education
Teaching Resources
Becoming A Teacher
Assessments & Tests
Elementary Education
Secondary Education
Special Education
Homeschooling
By
Derrick Meador
Education Expert
M.Ed., Educational Administration, Northeastern State University
B.Ed., Elementary Education, Oklahoma State University
Derrick Meador, M.Ed., is the superintendent for Jennings Public Schools in Oklahoma. He previously served as a school principal and middle school science teacher. our editorial process
Derrick Meador
Updated June 12, 2019
The terms "National Education Association" and "teaching" are synonymous with one another. The National Education Association is the most popular teacher's union in the United States, but they are also the most scrutinized. Their primary goal is to protect teacher rights and to ensure that their members are getting treated fairly.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/an-overview-of-the-national-education-association-3194786
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_385269503#1_855932921
|
Title: What Does the National Education Association Do?
Headings: What Does the National Education Association Do?
What Does the National Education Association Do?
An Overview of the NEA
History
Membership
Mission
NEA Pros and Cons
Content: is the superintendent for Jennings Public Schools in Oklahoma. He previously served as a school principal and middle school science teacher. our editorial process
Derrick Meador
Updated June 12, 2019
The terms "National Education Association" and "teaching" are synonymous with one another. The National Education Association is the most popular teacher's union in the United States, but they are also the most scrutinized. Their primary goal is to protect teacher rights and to ensure that their members are getting treated fairly. The NEA has arguably done more for teachers and public education than any other advocacy group in the United States. Get an overview of the National Education Association, including a brief history and what they stand for. History
The National Education Association (NEA) was formed in 1857 when 100 educators decided to organize and create an organization in the name of public education. It was originally called the National Teachers Association. At that time, there were several professional education associations, but they were only on the state level.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/an-overview-of-the-national-education-association-3194786
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_385269503#5_855939572
|
Title: What Does the National Education Association Do?
Headings: What Does the National Education Association Do?
What Does the National Education Association Do?
An Overview of the NEA
History
Membership
Mission
NEA Pros and Cons
Content: The NEA has a budget of over $300 million per year. Mission
The stated mission of the National Education Association is "to advocate for education professionals and to unite our members and the nation to fulfill the promise of public education to prepare every student to succeed in a diverse and interdependent world." The NEA also is concerned with wage and working conditions common to other labor unions. The NEA’s vision is “building great public schools for every student.” The NEA relies on members to perform much of their work and provides a strong local, state, and national network in return. The NEA, at the local level, raises funds for scholarships, conducts professional development workshops, and bargains contracts for school employees. At the state level, they lobby legislators for funding, seek to influence legislation, and campaign for higher standards. They also file legal action on behalf of teachers to protect their rights. The NEA at the national level lobbies Congress and federal agencies on behalf of its members. They also work with other education organizations, provide training and assistance, and conduct activities conducive to their policies.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/an-overview-of-the-national-education-association-3194786
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_385269503#6_855941222
|
Title: What Does the National Education Association Do?
Headings: What Does the National Education Association Do?
What Does the National Education Association Do?
An Overview of the NEA
History
Membership
Mission
NEA Pros and Cons
Content: The NEA, at the local level, raises funds for scholarships, conducts professional development workshops, and bargains contracts for school employees. At the state level, they lobby legislators for funding, seek to influence legislation, and campaign for higher standards. They also file legal action on behalf of teachers to protect their rights. The NEA at the national level lobbies Congress and federal agencies on behalf of its members. They also work with other education organizations, provide training and assistance, and conduct activities conducive to their policies. NEA Pros and Cons
There are several issues that are continuously relevant to the NEA. Those include reforming No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). They also push to increase education funding and discourage merit pay. The NEA conducts events to support minority community outreach and dropout prevention. The union researches methods to lower the achievement gap.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/an-overview-of-the-national-education-association-3194786
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_386031564#13_857807950
|
Title: Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate
Headings: Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate
Biography of Andrew Carnegie, Steel Magnate
Fast Facts: Andrew Carnegie
Early Life
Early Business Success
Carnegie the Steel Magnate
The Homestead Strike
Carnegie’s Philanthropy
Death
Legacy
Sources
Content: Carnegie began to devote himself entirely to giving away his wealth. Carnegie’s Philanthropy
Carnegie had already been giving money to create museums, such as the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh. But his philanthropy accelerated after selling Carnegie Steel. Carnegie supported numerous causes, including scientific research, educational institutions, museums, and world peace. He is best known for funding more than 2,500 libraries throughout the English-speaking world, and, perhaps, for building Carnegie Hall, a performance hall that has become a beloved New York City landmark. Death
Carnegie died of bronchial pneumonia at his summer home in Lenox, Massachusetts on August 11, 1919. At the time of his death, he had already given away over a large portion of his wealth, more than $350 million. Legacy
While Carnegie was not known to be openly hostile to the rights of workers for much of his career, his silence during the notorious and bloody Homestead Steel Strike cast him in a very bad light in labor history. Carnegie's philanthropy left a huge mark on the world, including the endowment of many educational institutions and the funding of research and world peace efforts. The library system he helped form is a foundation of American education and democracy.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/andrew-carnegie-1773956
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_386719752#1_859482633
|
Title: Did Antonio Meucci Invent the Telephone?
Headings: Antonio Meucci
Antonio Meucci
Did Meucci Invent the Telephone Before Alexander Graham Bell?
Antonio Meucci and the Patent Caveat for the Telephone
Meucci Resolution - H.Res.269
Antonio Meucci - Patents
Content: Bell was the first person to patent the telephone, and his company was the first to bring telephone services successfully to the marketplace. But people are passionate in putting forward other inventors who deserve the credit. These include Meucci, who accused Bell of stealing his ideas. Another example is Elisha Gray , who almost patented the telephone before Alexander Graham Bell did. There are a few other inventors who have invented or claimed a telephone system including Johann Philipp Reis, Innocenzo Manzetti, Charles Bourseul, Amos Dolbear, Sylvanus Cushman, Daniel Drawbaugh, Edward Farrar, and James McDonough. Antonio Meucci and the Patent Caveat for the Telephone
Antonio Meucci filed a patent caveat for a telephone device in December of 1871. Patent caveats according to the law were "a description of an invention, intended to be patented, lodged in the patent office before the patent was applied for, and operated as a bar to the issue of any patent to any other person regarding the same invention." Caveats lasted one year and were renewable. They are no longer issued. Patent caveats were much less costly than a full patent application and required a less detailed description of the invention.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/antonio-meucci-4071768
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_387363027#10_861092549
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Title: Architectural Styles, American Homes From 1600 to Today
Headings: Influences on American Home Styles, 1600 to Today
Influences on American Home Styles, 1600 to Today
American Residential Architecture in a Nutshell
American Colonial House Styles
Neoclassicism After the Revolution, 1780-1860
The Victorian Era
Gilded Age 1880-1929
Wright's Influence
Indian Bungalow Influences
Early 20th Century Style Revivals
Mid-20th Century Boom
"Neo" Houses, 1965 to the Present
Immigrant Influences
Modernist Houses
Native American Influences
Homestead Houses
Industrial Prefabrication
The Influence of Science
Tiny House Movement
Content: Mid-20th Century Boom
Midcentury American Home. Jason Sanqui/Moment Mobile/Getty Images
During the Great Depression, the building industry struggled. From the Stock Market crash in 1929 until the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, those Americans who could afford new houses moved toward increasingly simple styles. After the wars ended in 1945, G.I. soldiers returned to the U.S. to build families and the suburbs. As soldiers returned from World War II, real estate developers raced to meet the rising demand for inexpensive housing. Mid-century homes from roughly 1930 until 1970 included the affordable Minimal Traditional style, the Ranch, and the beloved Cape Cod house style. These designs became the mainstays of the expanding suburbs in developments such as Levittown (in both New York and Pennsylvania). Building trends became responsive to federal legislation— the GI Bill in 1944 helped build America's great suburbs and the creation of the interstate highway system by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 made it possible for people to not live where they worked. "Neo" Houses, 1965 to the Present
America's Neo-Eclectic Mix of House Styles. J.Castro/Moment Mobile/Getty Images (cropped)
Neo means new.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/architectural-styles-american-homes-from-1600-to-today-178050
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_389289819#4_865856197
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Title: 7 Back to School Tips for Teachers
Headings: 7 Back to School Tips for Teachers
7 Back to School Tips for Teachers
Reflect on the Past
It Is a New Year
Set Goals
Be Prepared
Set the Tone
Make Contact
Plan Ahead
Content: For teachers with at least one year of experience, reflecting on the past can be a valuable tool. Great teachers are constantly looking for new ideas and methods to apply to their classroom. You should never be afraid to try a new approach, but understand that sometimes it works, sometimes it needs tweaking, and sometimes it will need to be thrown out altogether. Teachers must rely on their experiences when it comes to all aspects of their classroom. A teacher must allow experiences, both good and bad, to guide their overall approach to teaching. It Is a New Year
Never come into a school year or classroom with preconceived notions. Every student who walks into your classroom deserves the chance to come in with a clean slate. Teachers may pass along pertinent educational information such as standardized test scores to the next teacher, but they should never pass along information about how a particular student or class behaves. Every class and every student is unique, and a different teacher may get other behavior. A teacher who has preconceived notions can be detrimental to the overall development of a particular student or a group of students.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/back-to-school-for-teachers-3194669
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_389523426#0_866450024
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Title: Classic and Award-Winning Banned Books
Headings: Banned Books in America
Banned Books in America
12 Classic and Award-Winning Titles Banned in Public Schools
Common Objections
Banned Books Week
'The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian'
'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'
'The Catcher in the Rye'
'The Great Gatsby'
'To Kill a Mockingbird'
'The Lord of the Flies'
'Of Mice and Men'
'The Color Purple'
'Slaughterhouse-Five'
'The Bluest Eye'
'The Kite Runner'
Harry Potter Series
Content: Classic and Award-Winning Banned Books
Resources › For Educators
Banned Books in America
12 Classic and Award-Winning Titles Banned in Public Schools
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Guido Cavallini / Getty Images
For Educators
Teaching
Teaching Resources
An Introduction to Teaching
Tips & Strategies
Policies & Discipline
Community Involvement
School Administration
Technology in the Classroom
Teaching Adult Learners
Issues In Education
Becoming A Teacher
Assessments & Tests
Elementary Education
Secondary Education
Special Education
Homeschooling
By
Melissa Kelly
Education Expert
M.Ed., Curriculum and Instruction, University of Florida
B.A., History, University of Florida
Melissa Kelly, M.Ed., is a secondary school teacher, instructional designer, and the author of "The Everything New Teacher Book: A Survival Guide for the First Year and Beyond." our editorial process
Melissa Kelly
Updated August 12, 2019
Literature often mimics life, so naturally, some novels explore controversial subjects. When parents or educators take offense to a topic, they may challenge the appropriateness of making a particular book available at a public school. On occasion, the challenge may result in a ban that wholly restricts its distribution. The American Library Association, however, contends that "...only parents have the right and the responsibility to restrict the access of their children—and only their children—to library resources." The 12 books on this list have faced many challenges, and all have been banned on more than one occasion, many in public libraries themselves. This sampling illustrates the variety of books that may come under scrutiny each year.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/banned-books-in-american-schools-7704
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_389523426#1_866452436
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Title: Classic and Award-Winning Banned Books
Headings: Banned Books in America
Banned Books in America
12 Classic and Award-Winning Titles Banned in Public Schools
Common Objections
Banned Books Week
'The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian'
'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'
'The Catcher in the Rye'
'The Great Gatsby'
'To Kill a Mockingbird'
'The Lord of the Flies'
'Of Mice and Men'
'The Color Purple'
'Slaughterhouse-Five'
'The Bluest Eye'
'The Kite Runner'
Harry Potter Series
Content: When parents or educators take offense to a topic, they may challenge the appropriateness of making a particular book available at a public school. On occasion, the challenge may result in a ban that wholly restricts its distribution. The American Library Association, however, contends that "...only parents have the right and the responsibility to restrict the access of their children—and only their children—to library resources." The 12 books on this list have faced many challenges, and all have been banned on more than one occasion, many in public libraries themselves. This sampling illustrates the variety of books that may come under scrutiny each year. Common Objections
The most common objections include sexually explicit content, offensive language, and "unsuitable material," a catch-all phrase used when someone doesn't agree with the morality expressed in a book or the portrayal of characters, settings, or events. Parents initiate the majority of challenges. The ALA denounces such censorship and maintains an ongoing list of ban attempts to keep the public informed. Banned Books Week
The ALA also promotes Banned Books Week, an annual event in September that celebrates the freedom to read. " Highlighting the value of free and open access to information, Banned Books Week brings together the entire book community—librarians, booksellers, publishers, journalists, teachers, and readers of all types—in shared support of the freedom to seek, publish, read, and express ideas, even those some consider unorthodox or unpopular," says the ALA.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/banned-books-in-american-schools-7704
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_390888504#1_869723945
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Title: What Is Belief Perseverance? Definition and Examples
Headings: What Is Belief Perseverance? Definition and Examples
What Is Belief Perseverance? Definition and Examples
Key Takeaways: Belief Perseverance
Belief Perseverance Definition
Types of Belief Perseverance
Research on Belief Perseverance
Causes of Belief Perseverance
Countering Belief Perseverance
Sources
Content: We see this tendency with all kinds of beliefs, including those about the self and others, as well as beliefs about the way the world works, including prejudices and stereotypes. Key Takeaways: Belief Perseverance
Belief perseverance is the tendency to cling to one’s beliefs even when presented with information disproving them. There are three kinds of belief perseverance: self-impressions, social impressions, and social theories. Belief perseverance is difficult to overcome, but learning about the existence of this bias and thinking of explanations that support an opposing belief can help reduce it. Belief Perseverance Definition
If you’ve ever gotten into a conversation where you’ve attempted to change someone’s belief based on your knowledge of facts, only to have them refuse to consider the validity of the information you’ve presented, you’ve encountered belief perseverance in action. People have a natural tendency to cling to their pre-existing beliefs, even when new information is provided that proves those beliefs wrong. In other words, beliefs persevere. This is something we see regularly today in debates about climate change, criminal justice, and immigration.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/belief-perseverance-4774628
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_393390178#4_875753980
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Title: The Doomed Journey of Panfilo de Narvaez in Florida
Headings: Explorer Panfilo de Narvaez Found Disaster in Florida
Explorer Panfilo de Narvaez Found Disaster in Florida
The search for riches ended with just four survivors
In Pursuit of Cortes
The Battle of Cempoala
A New Expedition
Narvaez in Florida
The Mission Fails
The Death of Panfilo de Narvaez
The Aftermath of the Narvaez Expedition
Watch Now: Profile of Hernan Cortes
Content: By then, many of the soldiers had deserted, and only about 300 men remained. Narvaez in Florida
Narvaez and his men clumsily made their way inland, attacking every tribe they met. The expedition had brought insufficient supplies and survived by pillaging meager Native American storehouses, which caused violent retaliation. The conditions and lack of food caused many in the company to become ill, and within a few weeks, a third of the members of the expedition were severely incapacitated. The going was tough because Florida was then full of rivers, swamps, and forests. The Spanish were killed and picked off by irate natives, and Narvaez made a series of tactical blunders, including frequently dividing his forces and never seeking allies. The Mission Fails
The men were dying, picked off individually and in small groups by native attacks. Supplies had run out, and the expedition had alienated every native tribe it had encountered. With no hope to establish any sort of settlement and with no help coming, Narvaez decided to abort the mission and return to Cuba. He had lost touch with his ships and ordered the construction of four large rafts.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-panfilo-de-narvaez-2136335
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_394894120#0_879501747
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Title: The 9 Best Books About European History
Headings: The 9 Best Books About European History
The 9 Best Books About European History
Europe: A History by Norman Davies
The Penguin History of Europe by J. M. Roberts
The Making of Eastern Europe: From Prehistory to Postcommunism by Longworth
The Shortest History of Europe by John Hirst
Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe by Norman Davies
A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present by John Merriman
Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present by Brendan Simms
Revolution and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560–1991
Monarchy, Aristocracy and State in Europe 1300–1800 by Hillary Zamora
Content: The 9 Best Books About European History
Humanities › History & Culture
The 9 Best Books About European History
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History & Culture
European History
European History Figures & Events
Wars & Battles
The Holocaust
European Revolutions
Industry and Agriculture History in Europe
American History
African American History
African History
Ancient History and Culture
Asian History
Genealogy
Inventions
Latin American History
Medieval & Renaissance History
Military History
The 20th Century
Women's History
View More
By
ThoughtCo Editors
We’re a team of experienced writers and editors who obsessively scour the retail landscape (both online and off) to find the best products for your life. our editorial process
ThoughtCo Editors
Updated October 07, 2019
Our editors independently research, test, and recommend the best products; you can learn more about our review process here. We may receive commissions on purchases made from our chosen links. While many history books focus on a limited area, such as the Vietnam War, other texts examine far broader subjects, and there are plenty of volumes narrating Europe's past from prehistory until today. While lacking in detail, these books provide valuable insights into long-term development while avoiding the often nation-centric interpretations of shorter studies. 01
of 09
Europe: A History by Norman Davies
Buy on Amazon
This massive tome, which registers well over a thousand pages, explains the history of Europe from the ice age until the late 1990s, in an easily read and wholly entertaining style. An extensive appendix, containing maps and charts of information, creates a useful reference source. This best-selling work has been criticized for a bias towards Poland, but this corrects merely a deficiency in the genre.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/books-general-histories-1221138
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_394974823#0_879711178
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Title: Boris Yeltsin: Russian Federation's First President
Headings: Boris Yeltsin: First President of the Russian Federation
Boris Yeltsin: First President of the Russian Federation
Boris Yeltsin Fast Facts
Early and Personal Life
Political Career
First Term
Second Term and Resignation
Death and Legacy
Sources
Content: Boris Yeltsin: Russian Federation's First President
Humanities › History & Culture
Boris Yeltsin: First President of the Russian Federation
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
History & Culture
European History
European History Figures & Events
Wars & Battles
The Holocaust
European Revolutions
Industry and Agriculture History in Europe
American History
African American History
African History
Ancient History and Culture
Asian History
Genealogy
Inventions
Latin American History
Medieval & Renaissance History
Military History
The 20th Century
Women's History
View More
By
Brionne Frazier
Politics Expert
B.A., International Relations, Brown University
Brionne Frazier is a history and politics writer specializing in international security and society. She has covered topics including nuclear policy, organized crime, and climate policy. our editorial process
Brionne Frazier
Updated October 22, 2018
Boris Yeltsin (February 1, 1931 – April 23, 2007) was a Soviet Union politician who became the first president of the Russian Federation at the end of the Cold War. Yeltsin served two terms (July 1991 – December 1999) which were plagued by corruption, instability, and economic collapse, ultimately leading to his resignation. He was succeeded in office by Vladimir Putin. Boris Yeltsin Fast Facts
Full Name: Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin
Known For: First President of the Russian Federation
Born:
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https://www.thoughtco.com/boris-yeltsin-biography-4174703
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_394974823#7_879722660
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Title: Boris Yeltsin: Russian Federation's First President
Headings: Boris Yeltsin: First President of the Russian Federation
Boris Yeltsin: First President of the Russian Federation
Boris Yeltsin Fast Facts
Early and Personal Life
Political Career
First Term
Second Term and Resignation
Death and Legacy
Sources
Content: This position also allowed him to become a member of the Politburo, the policy-making branch of the Communist Party. On September 10th, 1987, Boris Yeltsin became the first-ever Politburo member to resign. That October during a meeting of the Central Committee, Yeltsin laid out six points from his resignation that no one had previously addressed, emphasizing the ways in which Gorbachev and previous general secretaries had failed. Yeltsin believed that the government was reforming too slowly as the economy had still not turned around, and was, in fact, getting worse in many regions. After leaving the Politburo, he was elected to the Congress People’s Deputy representing Moscow, then to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, which were institutions within the government of the Soviet Union, not the Communist Party. After the fall of the Soviet Union and the resignation of Gorbachev, Yeltsin was elected as the first president of the Russian Federation on June 12, 1991. First Term
In his first term, Yeltsin began to shift the Russian Federation to a market economy, defying the economic and social system that defined the Soviet Union during the decades prior. He lifted price controls and embraced capitalism. However, prices rose substantially and brought the new nation into an even deeper depression. Later in his term, Yeltsin worked toward nuclear disarmament by signing the START II treaty with George H. W. Bush on January 3, 1993.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/boris-yeltsin-biography-4174703
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_394974823#8_879724627
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Title: Boris Yeltsin: Russian Federation's First President
Headings: Boris Yeltsin: First President of the Russian Federation
Boris Yeltsin: First President of the Russian Federation
Boris Yeltsin Fast Facts
Early and Personal Life
Political Career
First Term
Second Term and Resignation
Death and Legacy
Sources
Content: After the fall of the Soviet Union and the resignation of Gorbachev, Yeltsin was elected as the first president of the Russian Federation on June 12, 1991. First Term
In his first term, Yeltsin began to shift the Russian Federation to a market economy, defying the economic and social system that defined the Soviet Union during the decades prior. He lifted price controls and embraced capitalism. However, prices rose substantially and brought the new nation into an even deeper depression. Later in his term, Yeltsin worked toward nuclear disarmament by signing the START II treaty with George H. W. Bush on January 3, 1993. The treaty stated that the Russian Federation would cut two-thirds of its nuclear weaponry. This treaty increased his unpopularity, with many Russians opposed to what appeared to be a concession of power. In September 1993, Yeltsin decided to dissolve the existing parliament and give himself broader powers. This move was met with riots in early October, which Yeltsin quelled with an increased military presence. In December after the riots were quelled, the parliament approved a new constitution with greater powers for the president as well as laws which allowed freedom to own private property.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/boris-yeltsin-biography-4174703
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_394974823#9_879726364
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Title: Boris Yeltsin: Russian Federation's First President
Headings: Boris Yeltsin: First President of the Russian Federation
Boris Yeltsin: First President of the Russian Federation
Boris Yeltsin Fast Facts
Early and Personal Life
Political Career
First Term
Second Term and Resignation
Death and Legacy
Sources
Content: The treaty stated that the Russian Federation would cut two-thirds of its nuclear weaponry. This treaty increased his unpopularity, with many Russians opposed to what appeared to be a concession of power. In September 1993, Yeltsin decided to dissolve the existing parliament and give himself broader powers. This move was met with riots in early October, which Yeltsin quelled with an increased military presence. In December after the riots were quelled, the parliament approved a new constitution with greater powers for the president as well as laws which allowed freedom to own private property. A year later in December 1994, Yeltsin sent groups into the town of Chechnya which had recently declared its independence from the Russian Federation. This invasion changed his portrayal in the West from a democratic savior to an imperialist. For Yeltsin, 1995 was plagued with health issues, as he suffered heart attacks and other cardiovascular trouble. News stories about his alleged alcohol-dependency had been running for several years. Even with these issues and his declining popularity, Yeltsin declared his intention to run for a second term.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/boris-yeltsin-biography-4174703
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_395387288#2_880770343
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Title: The History of the City of Rome
Headings: A Brief History of Rome
A Brief History of Rome
The History of Rome, Italy
The Origins of Rome
The Roman Republic and Empire
The Fall of Rome and the Rise of the Papacy
Decline and Renaissance
The Early Modern Era
Capital City
Content: As such, Rome became the focal point of a rich and opulent culture where vast sums were spent on buildings. The city swelled to contain perhaps a million people who were dependent on grain imports and aqueducts for water. This period ensured Rome would feature in the retelling of history for millennia. Emperor Constantine instituted two changes which affected Rome in the fourth century. Firstly, he converted to Christianity and began building works dedicated to his new god, changing the form and function of the city and laying the foundations for a second life once the empire vanished. Secondly, he built a new imperial capital, Constantinople, in the east, from where Roman rulers would increasingly run just the eastern half of the empire. Indeed, after Constantine no emperor made Rome a permanent home, and as the western empire declined in size, so did the city. Yet in 410, when Alaric and the Goths sacked Rome, it still sent shocks across the ancient world. The Fall of Rome and the Rise of the Papacy
The final collapse of Rome’s western power—the last western emperor abdicated in 476—occurred shortly after a Bishop of Rome, Leo I, was stressing his role as direct heir to Peter. But for a century Rome declined, passing between warring parties including Lombards and Byzantines (Eastern Romans), the latter trying to reconquer the west and continue the Roman empire:
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https://www.thoughtco.com/brief-history-of-rome-1221658
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_395387288#3_880772214
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Title: The History of the City of Rome
Headings: A Brief History of Rome
A Brief History of Rome
The History of Rome, Italy
The Origins of Rome
The Roman Republic and Empire
The Fall of Rome and the Rise of the Papacy
Decline and Renaissance
The Early Modern Era
Capital City
Content: Secondly, he built a new imperial capital, Constantinople, in the east, from where Roman rulers would increasingly run just the eastern half of the empire. Indeed, after Constantine no emperor made Rome a permanent home, and as the western empire declined in size, so did the city. Yet in 410, when Alaric and the Goths sacked Rome, it still sent shocks across the ancient world. The Fall of Rome and the Rise of the Papacy
The final collapse of Rome’s western power—the last western emperor abdicated in 476—occurred shortly after a Bishop of Rome, Leo I, was stressing his role as direct heir to Peter. But for a century Rome declined, passing between warring parties including Lombards and Byzantines (Eastern Romans), the latter trying to reconquer the west and continue the Roman empire: the draw of the homeland was strong, even though the eastern empire had been changing in different ways for so long. The population shrank to perhaps 30,000 and the senate, a relic from the republic, vanished in 580. Then arose the medieval papacy and a reshaping of western Christianity around the pope in Rome, initiated by Gregory the Great in the sixth century. As Christian rulers emerged from across Europe, so the power of the pope and the importance of Rome grew, especially for pilgrimages. As the wealth of the popes grew, Rome became center of a grouping of estates, cities, and lands known as the Papal States.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/brief-history-of-rome-1221658
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_396325973#1_883128610
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Title: Caesar's Role in the Collapse of the Roman Republic
Headings: Caesar's Role in the Collapse of the Roman Republic
Caesar's Role in the Collapse of the Roman Republic
Marius vs Sulla
Caesar as All But King
Content: Caesar did not mean "emperor" at this time. Between Caesar and Augustus, ruling as the first emperor, was a period of strife during which the pre-imperial Augustus fought the combined forces of his co-leader, Mark Antony, and Antony's ally, the famous Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII. When Augustus won, he added Egypt—known as Rome's breadbasket—to the territory of the Roman Empire. Thus Augustus brought an excellent source of food to the people who counted. Marius vs Sulla
Caesar was part of the era of Roman history known as the Republican Period, but by his day, a few memorable leaders, not restricted to one class or another, had taken control, defying custom and law, making a mockery of the Republican political institutions. One of these leaders was his uncle by marriage, Marius, a man who had not come from the aristocracy but was still wealthy enough to have married into Caesar's ancient, pedigreed, yet impoverished family. Marius improved the army. Even men who lacked property to worry about and defend could now join the ranks. And Marius saw to it that they were paid. This meant farmers wouldn't have to leave their fields at the productive period in the year to face Rome's enemies, all the while worrying about the fate of their families, and hoping for enough loot to make the venture worthwhile.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/caesars-role-collapse-of-roman-republic-118345
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_397431522#0_885868075
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Title: Casualty Figure Chart for World War 1
Headings: Casualties of World War I
Casualties of World War I
Estimating the Numbers
How People Died
Notes on Countries
Casualties of World War I
Sources and Further Reading
Watch Now: 5 Causes of World War I
Content: Casualty Figure Chart for World War 1
Humanities › History & Culture
Casualties of World War I
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Ohlsdorf Cemetery, Germany, burial site of WWI casualties. Staro1/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0
History & Culture
Military History
World War I
Battles & Wars
Key Figures
Arms & Weapons
Naval Battles & Warships
Aerial Battles & Aircraft
Civil War
French Revolution
Vietnam War
World War II
American History
African American History
African History
Ancient History and Culture
Asian History
European History
Genealogy
Inventions
Latin American History
Medieval & Renaissance History
The 20th Century
Women's History
View More
By
Robert Wilde
History Expert
M.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University
B.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University
Robert Wilde is a historian who writes about European history. He is the author of the History in an Afternoon textbook series. our editorial process
Robert Wilde
Updated May 22, 2019
Despite intensive research by historians, there is no—and there will never be—a definitive list of the casualties inflicted during World War I. Where detailed record-keeping was attempted, the demands of battle undermined it. The destructive nature of the war, a conflict where soldiers could be wholly obliterated or instantly buried, destroyed both the records themselves and the memories of those who knew the fates of their comrades. Estimating the Numbers
For many countries, the estimated figures only vary within the hundreds, even tens, of thousands, but those of others—particularly France—can be over a million apart. Consequently, the numbers given here have been rounded to the nearest thousand (Japan is an exception, given the low number). The figures in this, and almost every other list, will differ; however, the proportions should remain similar and it is these (represented here as percentages) which allow the greatest insight. In addition, there is no convention as to whether the dead and wounded of the British Empire are listed under this umbrella title or by individual nation (and there is certainly no convention for those regions which have since divided).
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https://www.thoughtco.com/casualties-of-world-war-1-1220837
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_397431522#1_885870720
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Title: Casualty Figure Chart for World War 1
Headings: Casualties of World War I
Casualties of World War I
Estimating the Numbers
How People Died
Notes on Countries
Casualties of World War I
Sources and Further Reading
Watch Now: 5 Causes of World War I
Content: Estimating the Numbers
For many countries, the estimated figures only vary within the hundreds, even tens, of thousands, but those of others—particularly France—can be over a million apart. Consequently, the numbers given here have been rounded to the nearest thousand (Japan is an exception, given the low number). The figures in this, and almost every other list, will differ; however, the proportions should remain similar and it is these (represented here as percentages) which allow the greatest insight. In addition, there is no convention as to whether the dead and wounded of the British Empire are listed under this umbrella title or by individual nation (and there is certainly no convention for those regions which have since divided). How People Died
Many people expect the deaths and wounds of World War I to have come from bullets, as soldiers were engaged in combat: charges into no man's land, struggles over trenches, etc. However, while bullets certainly killed a lot of people, it was aerial artillery which killed the most. This death from the skies could bury people or just blow a limb off, and the repeated hammerings of millions of shells induced illness even when the shrapnel didn't hit. This devastating killer, which could kill you while you were on your own territory away from enemy troops, was supplemented by new weapons:
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https://www.thoughtco.com/casualties-of-world-war-1-1220837
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_397431522#2_885872536
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Title: Casualty Figure Chart for World War 1
Headings: Casualties of World War I
Casualties of World War I
Estimating the Numbers
How People Died
Notes on Countries
Casualties of World War I
Sources and Further Reading
Watch Now: 5 Causes of World War I
Content: How People Died
Many people expect the deaths and wounds of World War I to have come from bullets, as soldiers were engaged in combat: charges into no man's land, struggles over trenches, etc. However, while bullets certainly killed a lot of people, it was aerial artillery which killed the most. This death from the skies could bury people or just blow a limb off, and the repeated hammerings of millions of shells induced illness even when the shrapnel didn't hit. This devastating killer, which could kill you while you were on your own territory away from enemy troops, was supplemented by new weapons: humanity lived up to its horrible reputation by deciding that new methods of killing were needed, and poison gas was introduced on both western and eastern fronts. This didn't kill as many people as you might think, given the way we remember it, but those it did kill died a painful and hideous death. Some say that the First World War's death toll is used today as an emotional weapon used to cast the conflict in overwhelmingly negative terms, part of the modern revisionism on the war, which may be a completely dishonest way to portray the conflict. One look at the list below, with millions dead, over a war for imperial control, is telling evidence. The vast and scarring psychological effects of those who were wounded, or those who bore no physical wounds (and don't appear in the list below), yet suffered emotional wounds, must also be born in mind when you consider the human cost of this conflict.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/casualties-of-world-war-1-1220837
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_397431522#12_885885936
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Title: Casualty Figure Chart for World War 1
Headings: Casualties of World War I
Casualties of World War I
Estimating the Numbers
How People Died
Notes on Countries
Casualties of World War I
Sources and Further Reading
Watch Now: 5 Causes of World War I
Content: Cite this Article
Format
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Your Citation
Wilde, Robert. " Casualties of World War I." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/casualties-of-world-war-1-1220837. Wilde, Robert. ( 2020, August 27). Casualties of World War I. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/casualties-of-world-war-1-1220837 Wilde, Robert. " Casualties of World War I." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/casualties-of-world-war-1-1220837 (accessed May 5, 2021). copy citation
Watch Now: 5 Causes of World War I
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https://www.thoughtco.com/casualties-of-world-war-1-1220837
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_397814620#1_886817664
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Title: Countries of Central America and the Caribbean
Headings: Countries of Central America and the Caribbean by Area
Countries of Central America and the Caribbean by Area
List of the 20 Countries of Central American and the Caribbean Regions
Central America and the Caribbean Countries
Content: Panama is the border between the two continents. At its narrowest point, the isthmus stretches only 30 miles (50 km) wide. The mainland portion of the region consists of seven different countries, but 13 nations in the Caribbean are also normally counted as a part of Central America. Central America shares borders with Mexico to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, Colombia to the south and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The region is considered part of the developing world, which means it has issues in poverty, education, transportation, communications, infrastructure, and/or access to health care for its residents. The following is a list of the countries of Central America and the Caribbean arranged by area. For reference the countries on the mainland portion of Central America are marked with an asterisk (*). The 2017 population estimates and capitals of each country have also been included. All information was obtained from the CIA World Factbook. Central America and the Caribbean Countries
Nicaragua*
Area:
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https://www.thoughtco.com/central-america-and-caribbean-by-area-1435133
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_397978026#1_887263987
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Title: What Is Chain of Custody?
Headings: What Is Chain of Custody? Definition and Examples
What Is Chain of Custody? Definition and Examples
Key Takeaways
Chain of Custody Definition
Chain of Custody Form
Chain of Custody in Civil Cases
Other Areas of Chain of Custody Importance
Sources and Further Reference
Content: Proving that an item has been properly handled through an unbroken chain of custody is required for it to be legally considered as evidence in court. While often unnoticed outside the courthouse, proper chain of custody has been a crucial factor in high-profile cases, such as the 1994 murder trial of former professional football star O.J. Simpson. Key Takeaways
Chain of custody is a legal term referring to the order and manner in which physical or electronic evidence in criminal and civil investigations has been handled. In criminal trials, the prosecution must typically prove that all evidence was handled according to a properly documented and unbroken chain of custody. Crime-related items found not to have followed a properly documented and unbroken chain of custody may not be allowed as evidence in trials. Chain of Custody Definition
In practice, a chain of custody is a chronological paper trail documenting when, how, and by whom individual items of physical or electronic evidence—such as cell phone logs—were collected, handled, analyzed, or otherwise controlled during an investigation. Under the law, an item will not be accepted as evidence during the trial—will not be seen by the jury—unless the chain of custody is an unbroken and properly documented trail without gaps or discrepancies. In order to convict a defendant of a crime, the evidence against them must have been handled in a meticulously careful manner to prevent tampering or contamination. In court, the chain of custody documentation is presented by the prosecution in order to prove that the item of evidence is, in fact, related to the alleged crime, and that it had been in the possession of the defendant. In an effort to establish a reasonable doubt of guilt, the defense looks for holes or acts of mishandling in the chain of custody to show, for example, that the item may have been fraudulently “planted” to make the accused person appear guilty.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/chain-of-custody-4589132
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_398993965#3_889756963
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Title: Book Censorship and Banning of Children's Books
Headings: Kids' Book Censorship: The Who and Why
Kids' Book Censorship: The Who and Why
Why Do People Want to Ban Books?
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
The Fight Against Book Censorship
Parents Against Bad Books in Schools
What Do You Think?
For More Information About Book Banning and Kids' Books
Content: The Fight Against Book Censorship
When the Harry Potter books came under attack, a number of organizations joined together to establish Muggles for Harry Potter, which became known as kidSPEAK and focused on being a voice for kids in fighting censorship in general. KidSPEAK stressed, "Kids have First Amendment rights—and kidSPEAK helps kids fight for them!" However, that organization no longer exists. For a good list of organizations that are dedicated to fighting book censorship, just take a look at the list of sponsoring organizations in my article about Banned Books Week. There are more than a dozen sponsors, including the American Library Association, National Council of Teachers of English, American Society of Journalists and Authors and the Association of American Publishers. Parents Against Bad Books in Schools
PABBIS (Parents Against Bad Books in Schools), is just one of a number of parent groups around the country challenging children's and young adult books in classroom teaching, and in school and public libraries. These parents go beyond wanting to restrict access to certain books for their own children; they seek to restrict access for other parents' children as well in one of two ways: either by getting one or more books removed from the library shelves or having access to the books restricted in some way. What Do You Think?
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https://www.thoughtco.com/childrens-book-censorship-overview-626315
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_398993965#4_889758903
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Title: Book Censorship and Banning of Children's Books
Headings: Kids' Book Censorship: The Who and Why
Kids' Book Censorship: The Who and Why
Why Do People Want to Ban Books?
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
The Fight Against Book Censorship
Parents Against Bad Books in Schools
What Do You Think?
For More Information About Book Banning and Kids' Books
Content: Parents Against Bad Books in Schools
PABBIS (Parents Against Bad Books in Schools), is just one of a number of parent groups around the country challenging children's and young adult books in classroom teaching, and in school and public libraries. These parents go beyond wanting to restrict access to certain books for their own children; they seek to restrict access for other parents' children as well in one of two ways: either by getting one or more books removed from the library shelves or having access to the books restricted in some way. What Do You Think? According to article Public Libraries and Intellectual Freedom on the American Library Association Web site, while it is important and appropriate for parents to oversee their children's reading and media exposure, and the library has many resources, including booklists, to assist them, it is not appropriate for the library to serve in loco parentis, making judgement calls appropriate for parents in terms of what their children do and do not have access to rather than serving in their capacity as librarians. For More Information About Book Banning and Kids' Books
ThoughtCo addresses the issue in the article Censorship and Book Banning in America about the controversy surrounding the teaching of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in an 11th Grade American Literature class. Read What Is a Banned Book? and how to save a book from banning by ThoughCo to learn how you can prevent book censorship. Cite this Article
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Kennedy, Elizabeth. "
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https://www.thoughtco.com/childrens-book-censorship-overview-626315
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_403278444#0_900743262
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Title: Important Events in the Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Headings: Important Events in the Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Important Events in the Conquest of the Aztec Empire
February 1519: Cortes Outsmarts Velazquez
March 1519: Malinche Joins the Expedition
August-September 1519: The Tlaxcalan Alliance
October 1519: The Cholula Massacre
November 1519: The Arrest of Montezuma
May 1520: The Battle of Cempoala
May 1520: The Temple Massacre
June 1520: The Night of Sorrows
July 1520: The Battle of Otumba
June-August 1521: The Fall of Tenochtitlan
Watch Now: Profile of Hernan Cortes
Content: Important Events in the Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Humanities › History & Culture
Important Events in the Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Unknown artists. " The Conquest of Tenochtitlán," from the Conquest of México series, Mexico, second half of seventeenth century, Oil on canvas. Jay I. Kislak Collection Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (26.2)
History & Culture
Latin American History
Mexican History
History Before Columbus
Colonialism and Imperialism
Caribbean History
Central American History
South American History
American History
African American History
African History
Ancient History and Culture
Asian History
European History
Genealogy
Inventions
Medieval & Renaissance History
Military History
The 20th Century
Women's History
View More
By
Christopher Minster
Professor of History and Literature
Ph.D., Spanish, Ohio State University
M.A., Spanish, University of Montana
B.A., Spanish, Penn State University
Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. our editorial process
Christopher Minster
Updated March 15, 2019
In 1519, Hernan Cortes and his small army of conquistadors, driven by gold-lust, ambition and religious fervor, began the audacious conquest of the Aztec Empire. By August 1521, three Mexica emperors were dead or captured, the city of Tenochtitlan was in ruins and the Spanish had conquered the mighty empire. Cortes was smart and tough, but he was also lucky. Their war against the mighty Aztecs—who outnumbered the Spaniards by over 100-to-one—took fortunate turns for the invaders on more than one occasion. Here are some of the important events of the conquest. 01
of 10
February 1519:
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https://www.thoughtco.com/conquest-of-aztec-empire-important-events-2136534
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_403332753#0_900894907
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Title: Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
Headings: Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
It Sparked a Wave of Conquests
The Population of the New World was Decimated
It Led to Cultural Genocide
It Brought Forth the Vile Encomienda System
It Made Spain a World Power
Sources
Watch Now: Profile of Hernan Cortes
Content: Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
Humanities › History & Culture
Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortez, (1485-1547), circa 1500. Kean Collection/Getty Images
History & Culture
Latin American History
Mexican History
History Before Columbus
Colonialism and Imperialism
Caribbean History
Central American History
South American History
American History
African American History
African History
Ancient History and Culture
Asian History
European History
Genealogy
Inventions
Medieval & Renaissance History
Military History
The 20th Century
Women's History
View More
By
Christopher Minster
Professor of History and Literature
Ph.D., Spanish, Ohio State University
M.A., Spanish, University of Montana
B.A., Spanish, Penn State University
Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. our editorial process
Christopher Minster
Updated May 30, 2019
In 1519, conquistador Hernan Cortes landed on Mexico's Gulf coast and began an audacious conquest of the mighty Aztec Empire. By August of 1521, the glorious city of Tenochtitlan was in ruins. The Aztec lands were renamed "New Spain" and the colonization process began. Conquistadors were replaced by bureaucrats and colonial officials, and Mexico would be a Spanish colony until it began its fight for independence in 1810. Cortes' defeat of the Aztec Empire had many ramifications, not the least of which was the eventual creation of the nation we know as Mexico. Here are some of the many consequences of the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs and their lands. It Sparked a Wave of Conquests
Cortes sent his first shipment of Aztec gold back to Spain in 1520, and from that moment, the gold rush was on.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/consequences-of-the-conquest-of-aztecs-2136519
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_403332753#1_900897326
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Title: Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
Headings: Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
It Sparked a Wave of Conquests
The Population of the New World was Decimated
It Led to Cultural Genocide
It Brought Forth the Vile Encomienda System
It Made Spain a World Power
Sources
Watch Now: Profile of Hernan Cortes
Content: The Aztec lands were renamed "New Spain" and the colonization process began. Conquistadors were replaced by bureaucrats and colonial officials, and Mexico would be a Spanish colony until it began its fight for independence in 1810. Cortes' defeat of the Aztec Empire had many ramifications, not the least of which was the eventual creation of the nation we know as Mexico. Here are some of the many consequences of the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs and their lands. It Sparked a Wave of Conquests
Cortes sent his first shipment of Aztec gold back to Spain in 1520, and from that moment, the gold rush was on. Thousands of adventurous young Europeans - not only Spanish - heard tales of the great riches of the Aztec Empire and they set out to make their fortune just like Cortes had. Some of them arrived in time to join Cortes, but most of them did not. Mexico and the Caribbean soon filled with desperate, ruthless soldiers looking to take part in the next great conquest. Conquistador armies scoured the New World for wealthy cities to loot. Some were successful, like Francisco Pizarro 's conquest of the Inca Empire in western South America, but most were failures, like Panfilo de Narvaez ' disastrous expedition to Florida in which all but four men out of over three hundred died.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/consequences-of-the-conquest-of-aztecs-2136519
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_403332753#7_900908450
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Title: Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
Headings: Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
It Sparked a Wave of Conquests
The Population of the New World was Decimated
It Led to Cultural Genocide
It Brought Forth the Vile Encomienda System
It Made Spain a World Power
Sources
Watch Now: Profile of Hernan Cortes
Content: a conquistador or bureaucrat was "entrusted" with vast lands and the Natives living on them. The encomendero was responsible for the safety, education and religious well-being of the men and women on his land, and in exchange, they paid him with goods, food, labor, etc. The system was implemented in subsequent conquests, including Central America and Peru. In reality, the encomienda system was thinly-disguised enslavement and millions died in unspeakable conditions, particularly in mines. The "New Laws" of 1542 tried to rein in the worst aspects of the system, but they were so unpopular with colonists that Spanish landowners in Peru went into open rebellion. It Made Spain a World Power
Before 1492, what we call Spain was a collection of feudal Christian Kingdoms which could barely put aside their own squabbling long enough to oust the Moors from Southern Spain. One hundred years later, a united Spain was a European powerhouse. Some of that had to do with a series of efficient rulers, but much was because of the great wealth flowing into Spain from its New World holdings. Although much of the original gold looted from the Aztec Empire was lost to shipwrecks or pirates, rich silver mines were discovered in Mexico and later in Peru. This wealth made Spain a world power and involved them in wars and conquests around the globe.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/consequences-of-the-conquest-of-aztecs-2136519
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_403332753#8_900910377
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Title: Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
Headings: Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
Consequences of the Conquest of the Aztecs
It Sparked a Wave of Conquests
The Population of the New World was Decimated
It Led to Cultural Genocide
It Brought Forth the Vile Encomienda System
It Made Spain a World Power
Sources
Watch Now: Profile of Hernan Cortes
Content: It Made Spain a World Power
Before 1492, what we call Spain was a collection of feudal Christian Kingdoms which could barely put aside their own squabbling long enough to oust the Moors from Southern Spain. One hundred years later, a united Spain was a European powerhouse. Some of that had to do with a series of efficient rulers, but much was because of the great wealth flowing into Spain from its New World holdings. Although much of the original gold looted from the Aztec Empire was lost to shipwrecks or pirates, rich silver mines were discovered in Mexico and later in Peru. This wealth made Spain a world power and involved them in wars and conquests around the globe. The tons of silver, much of which was made into the famous pieces of eight, would encourage Spain's "Siglo de Oro" or "golden century" which saw great contributions in art, architecture, music, and literature from Spanish artists. Sources
Levy, Buddy. . New York: Bantam, 2008. Silverberg, Robert.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/consequences-of-the-conquest-of-aztecs-2136519
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_407965120#9_911993841
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Title: Why Are There so Many Degas "Little Dancers"?
Headings: Why Are There so Many Degas "Little Dancers"?
Why Are There so Many Degas "Little Dancers"?
The true story of how one artwork ended up in 28 different collections
History of the "Little Dancer" Sculpture
How Did the "Little Dancer" End up at 28 Different Museums?
Where Are the "Little Dancers" and How Can I See Them?
Content: The negative reviewers were louder and ultimately most consequential. Louis Enault called the sculpture "quite simply hideous," and added, "Never has the misfortune of adolescence been more sadly represented." A British critic lamented how low art had sunk. Other criticisms (of which 30 can be assembled) included comparing the "Little Dancer" to a Madame Tussaud wax figure, a dressmakers mannequin, and a "semi-idiot." The "Little Dancer's Face" was subjected to especially brutal scrutiny. She was described as looking like a monkey and of having "a face marked by the hateful promise of every vice." During the Victorian era the study of phrenology, then a very popular and widely accepted scientific theory purported to predict moral character and mental abilities based on cranium size. This belief led many to believe that Degas gave the "Little Dancer" a prominent nose, mouth, and receding forehead to suggest she was a criminal. Also in the exhibition were pastel drawings by Degas that depicted murderers, which bolstered their theory. Degas was making no such statement.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/degas-little-dancers-4056134
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_408092122#4_912290616
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Title: The History and Origin of the U.S. Democratic Party
Headings: The US Democratic Party
The US Democratic Party
The Historic Roots of the Modern Democratic Party in the United States
Origins of the Democratic Party
Death of the Federalists
Political Platform of the Democratic Party
Interesting Facts
Updated by Robert Longley
Content: As a result, in 1816 the Federalist Party died out leaving a single political party, the Anti-Federalist or Democratic-Republican Party: but that lasted briefly. A split in the Democratic-Republican Party in the mid-1820s gave rise to two factions: the National Republicans (or Anti-Jacksonians) and the Democrats. After Andrew Jackson lost to John Quincy Adams in the election of 1824, Jackson's supporters created their own organization to get him elected. After Jackson's election in 1828, that organization became known as the Democratic Party. The National Republicans eventually coalesced into the Whig Party. Political Platform of the Democratic Party
In our modern form of government, both Democrat and Republican parties share similar values, in that it is the political elites of those parties who are the main repositories of the public conscience. The core set of ideological beliefs subscribed to by both parties includes a free market, equal opportunity, a strong economy, and peace maintained by an adequately strong defense. Their most glaring differences lie in their beliefs of the extent to which the government should be involved in the daily lives of the people.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/democratic-party-104837
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_408092122#5_912292319
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Title: The History and Origin of the U.S. Democratic Party
Headings: The US Democratic Party
The US Democratic Party
The Historic Roots of the Modern Democratic Party in the United States
Origins of the Democratic Party
Death of the Federalists
Political Platform of the Democratic Party
Interesting Facts
Updated by Robert Longley
Content: After Jackson's election in 1828, that organization became known as the Democratic Party. The National Republicans eventually coalesced into the Whig Party. Political Platform of the Democratic Party
In our modern form of government, both Democrat and Republican parties share similar values, in that it is the political elites of those parties who are the main repositories of the public conscience. The core set of ideological beliefs subscribed to by both parties includes a free market, equal opportunity, a strong economy, and peace maintained by an adequately strong defense. Their most glaring differences lie in their beliefs of the extent to which the government should be involved in the daily lives of the people. Democrats tend to favor the active intervention of the government, while Republicans favor a more “hands-off” policy. Ever since the 1890s, the Democratic Party has been measurably more socially liberal than the Republican Party. Democrats have long appealed to the poor and working classes and Franklin D. Roosevelt's "common man,” while Republicans have gained support from the middle class and higher, including suburbanites and the burgeoning number of retirees. Modern Democrats advocate for a liberal domestic policy featuring social and economic equality, welfare, support for labor unions, and nationalized universal health care. Other Democratic ideals embrace civil rights, stronger gun control laws, equal opportunity, consumer protection, and environmental protection.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/democratic-party-104837
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_408092122#6_912294360
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Title: The History and Origin of the U.S. Democratic Party
Headings: The US Democratic Party
The US Democratic Party
The Historic Roots of the Modern Democratic Party in the United States
Origins of the Democratic Party
Death of the Federalists
Political Platform of the Democratic Party
Interesting Facts
Updated by Robert Longley
Content: Democrats tend to favor the active intervention of the government, while Republicans favor a more “hands-off” policy. Ever since the 1890s, the Democratic Party has been measurably more socially liberal than the Republican Party. Democrats have long appealed to the poor and working classes and Franklin D. Roosevelt's "common man,” while Republicans have gained support from the middle class and higher, including suburbanites and the burgeoning number of retirees. Modern Democrats advocate for a liberal domestic policy featuring social and economic equality, welfare, support for labor unions, and nationalized universal health care. Other Democratic ideals embrace civil rights, stronger gun control laws, equal opportunity, consumer protection, and environmental protection. The party favors a liberal and inclusive immigration policy. Democrats, for example, support controversial sanctuary city laws protecting undocumented immigrants from federal detention and deportation. Currently, the Democratic coalition includes teachers' unions, women's groups, Blacks, Hispanics, the LGBT community, environmentalists and many others. Today, both the Democratic and Republican parties are made up of coalitions of many diverse groups whose loyalties have varied over the years. For example, blue-collar voters, who were for years attracted to the Democratic Party, have become Republican strongholds.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/democratic-party-104837
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_408108033#1_912326463
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Title: Democratic-Republican Party - Members and History
Headings: History of the Democratic-Republican Party
History of the Democratic-Republican Party
The Jeffersonian Republicans and the Original Republican Party
Founding of the Democratic-Republican Party
Prominent Members of the Democratic-Republican Party
End of the Democratic-Republican Party
Content: Founding of the Democratic-Republican Party
Jefferson and Madison founded the party in opposition to the Federalist Party, which was led by John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and John Marshall, who fought for a strong federal government and supporting policies that favored the wealthy. The primary difference between the Democratic-Republican Party and the Federalists was Jefferson's belief in the authority of local and state governments. "Jefferson's party stood for rural agricultural interests urban commercial interests represented by Hamilton and the Federalists," wrote Dinesh D'Souza in Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party . The Democratic-Republican Party was initially just a "loosely aligned group that shared their opposition to the programs introduced in the 1790s," wrote University of Virginia political scientist Larry Sabato. " Many of these programs, proposed by Alexander Hamilton, favored merchants, speculators, and the rich." Federalists including Hamilton favored the creation of a national bank and the power to impose taxes. Farmers in the western United States strongly opposed taxation because they worried about not being able to pay and having their land being bought up by "eastern interests," Sabato wrote. Jefferson and Hamilton also clashed over the creation of a national bank; Jefferson did not believe the Constitution permitted such a move, while Hamilton believed the document was open to interpretation on the matter.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/democratic-republican-party-4135452
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_409923395#7_916858063
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Title: Disinformation Definition
Headings: What Is Disinformation? Definition and Examples
What Is Disinformation? Definition and Examples
Key Takeaways: Disinformation
Definition of Disinformation
Disinformation vs. Misinformation
What Is a Disinformation Campaign?
Russian Disinformation
Sources:
Content: The ads were full of deliberate falsehoods designed to stir outrage. The placement of the ads had been fairly sophisticated, targeting and reaching millions of Americans at very little cost. On February 16, 2018, the Office of the Special Counsel, led by Robert Mueller, indicted the Russian government troll farm, the Internet Research Agency, along with 13 individuals and three companies. The highly detailed 37-page indictment described a sophisticated disinformation campaign designed to create discord and influence the 2016 election. Russian Disinformation
Disinformation campaigns had been a standard tool during the Cold War and mentions of Russian disinformation would occasionally appear in the American press. In 1982, TV Guide, one of the most popular magazines in America at the time, even published a cover story warning about Russian disinformation. Recent research has indicated that the Soviet Union spread disinformation about America and the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s. A conspiracy theory that AIDS had been created in an American germ warfare lab was spread by the Soviet KGB, according to a 2018 NPR report. The use of information as a potential weapon in the modern era was documented in a deeply reported article in the New York Times Magazine in June 2015. Writer Adrian Chen recounted remarkable stories of how Russian trolls, operating from an office building in St. Petersburg, Russia, had posted untrue information to wreak havoc in America.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/disinformation-definition-4587093
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410278607#5_917767616
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Title: Racial Stereotypes and Food Product Marketing
Headings: Do Your Food Products Have Racist Roots?
Do Your Food Products Have Racist Roots?
Frito Bandito
Uncle Ben's Rice
Chiquita Bananas
Land O' Lakes Butter
Eskimo Pie
Cream of Wheat
Aunt Jemima
Wrapping Up
Content: Mars, the owner of the rice brand, debuted a website in which Uncle Ben is portrayed as the chairman of the board in a posh office. This virtual facelift was a way for Mars to bring Ben, an outdated racial stereotype of the Black man as sharecropper-servant, into the 21st century. Chiquita Bananas
Generations of Americans have grown up eating Chiquita bananas. But it's not just the bananas they remember fondly, it's Miss Chiquita, the comely figure the banana company has used to brand the fruit since 1944. With a sensual swagger and flamboyant Latin American attire, the bilingual Miss Chiquita makes the men swoon, as vintage advertisements of the bombshell demonstrate. Miss Chiquita is widely thought to have been inspired by Brazilian beauty Carmen Miranda who appeared in ads for Chiquita bananas. The actress has been accused of promoting the exotic Latina stereotype because she achieved fame wearing pieces of fruit on her head and revealing tropical clothing. Some critics argue that it’s all the more insulting for a banana company to play into this stereotype because the women, men, and children who worked in banana farms toiled in grueling conditions, often falling gravely ill as a result of pesticide exposure. Land O' Lakes Butter
Make a trip to the dairy section of your grocery store, and you'll find the Indigenous woman on Land O' Lakes butter. How did this woman come to be featured on Land O'Lakes products?
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https://www.thoughtco.com/do-your-food-products-have-racist-roots-2834586
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410387466#5_918032448
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Title: Does Life Exist Elsewhere in the Cosmos?
Headings: Does Life Exist Elsewhere in the Cosmos?
Does Life Exist Elsewhere in the Cosmos?
How the Search for Life Is Done
How Life is Made
How Rare is Life in our Galaxy?
We Just Don't Know — Yet!
Content: can this planet support life? On some, conditions for life could be quite good. Some worlds, however, orbit too close to their star, or too far away. The best chances for finding life lie in the so-called "habitable zones". These are regions around the parent star where liquid water, which is necessary for life, could exist. Of course, there are many other scientific questions to be answered in the search for life. How Life is Made
Before scientists can understand if life exists on a planet, it's important to know how life arises. One major sticking point in discussions of life elsewhere is the question of how it gets started. Scientists can "manufacture" cells in a laboratory, so how hard could it really be for life to spring up under the right conditions? The problem is that they are not actually building them from the raw materials.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-life-exist-elsewhere-in-galaxy-3072592
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410409857#0_918086648
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Title: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Headings: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
How the Affordable Care Act Treats Undocumented Immigrants
Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Controversial Claims
Obama Refutes Claims
Continued Criticism
Content: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare? Humanities › Issues
Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare? How the Affordable Care Act Treats Undocumented Immigrants
Jose Luis Pelaez / Iconica / Getty Images
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By
Tom Murse
Tom Murse is a former political reporter and current Managing Editor of daily paper "LNP," and weekly political paper "The Caucus," both published by LNP Media in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. our editorial process
Tom Murse
Updated August 03, 2019
Medical help for illegal immigrants is prohibited under Obamacare, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act signed by President Barack Obama in 2010. The law is designed to make health insurance more affordable for low-income Americans but does not grant undocumented, or illegal, immigrants access to taxpayer-funded subsidies or credits to buy health insurance through exchanges. The relevant section of the law, also known as Obamacare, is Section 1312 (f) (3), which reads: "Access limited to lawful residents. If an individual is not, or is not reasonably expected to be for the entire period for which enrollment is sought, a citizen or national of the United States or an alien lawfully present in the United States, the individual shall not be treated as a qualified individual and may not be covered under a qualified health plan in the individual market that is offered through an Exchange. Medical help for illegal immigrants is still available in many cities across the United States, however. A 2016 survey of counties that have the largest populations of illegal immigrants found most had facilities that offer illegal immigrants "doctor visits, shots, prescription drugs, lab tests, and surgeries."
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410409857#1_918089421
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Title: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Headings: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
How the Affordable Care Act Treats Undocumented Immigrants
Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Controversial Claims
Obama Refutes Claims
Continued Criticism
Content: The relevant section of the law, also known as Obamacare, is Section 1312 (f) (3), which reads: "Access limited to lawful residents. If an individual is not, or is not reasonably expected to be for the entire period for which enrollment is sought, a citizen or national of the United States or an alien lawfully present in the United States, the individual shall not be treated as a qualified individual and may not be covered under a qualified health plan in the individual market that is offered through an Exchange. Medical help for illegal immigrants is still available in many cities across the United States, however. A 2016 survey of counties that have the largest populations of illegal immigrants found most had facilities that offer illegal immigrants "doctor visits, shots, prescription drugs, lab tests, and surgeries." The services cost U.S. taxpayers more than $1 billion a year. The survey was conducted by The Wall Street Journal. "The services usually are inexpensive or free to participants, who must prove they live in the county but are told their immigration status doesn’t matter," the newspaper reported . Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Undocumented immigrants living in the United States are the largest segment of the population without health insurance. It has been estimated that as much as half of the illegal immigrant population in the United States doesn't have health insurance.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410409857#2_918091445
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Title: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Headings: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
How the Affordable Care Act Treats Undocumented Immigrants
Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Controversial Claims
Obama Refutes Claims
Continued Criticism
Content: The services cost U.S. taxpayers more than $1 billion a year. The survey was conducted by The Wall Street Journal. "The services usually are inexpensive or free to participants, who must prove they live in the county but are told their immigration status doesn’t matter," the newspaper reported . Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Undocumented immigrants living in the United States are the largest segment of the population without health insurance. It has been estimated that as much as half of the illegal immigrant population in the United States doesn't have health insurance. The Congressional Budget Office has estimated illegal immigrants make up one-quarter of the 30 million uninsured people in the country. Undocumented immigrants are not subject to the health care reform law’s individual mandate, the controversial clause upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2012 requiring most Americans to purchase health insurance. Because illegal immigrants are not subject to the individual mandate, they are not penalized for being uninsured. According to the Congressional Research Service: " Unauthorized (illegal) immigrants are expressly exempted from the mandate to have health insurance and, as a result, cannot be penalized for noncompliance."
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410409857#3_918093317
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Title: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Headings: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
How the Affordable Care Act Treats Undocumented Immigrants
Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Controversial Claims
Obama Refutes Claims
Continued Criticism
Content: The Congressional Budget Office has estimated illegal immigrants make up one-quarter of the 30 million uninsured people in the country. Undocumented immigrants are not subject to the health care reform law’s individual mandate, the controversial clause upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2012 requiring most Americans to purchase health insurance. Because illegal immigrants are not subject to the individual mandate, they are not penalized for being uninsured. According to the Congressional Research Service: " Unauthorized (illegal) immigrants are expressly exempted from the mandate to have health insurance and, as a result, cannot be penalized for noncompliance." Illegal immigrants can still get emergency medical care under federal law. Controversial Claims
The question of whether Obama’s health care reform legislation provides coverage for illegal immigrants has been the subject of some debate over the years, largely because of their ability to still get treatment in emergency rooms and other facilities at the local level. U.S. Rep. Steve King, a Republican from Iowa, claimed in a 2009 written statement that Obama's health care reform law would provide coverage to 5.6 million illegal aliens because the government would not verify the citizenship or immigration status of those receiving taxpayer-funded health benefits. "Taxpaying families already weighed down by bailouts and massive spending bills, cannot afford to pay for health insurance for millions of illegal aliens. Hard and smart working Iowans should not be forced to pay for illegal aliens to obtain health benefits under any health care reform plan," King said.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410409857#4_918095568
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Title: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Headings: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
How the Affordable Care Act Treats Undocumented Immigrants
Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Controversial Claims
Obama Refutes Claims
Continued Criticism
Content: Illegal immigrants can still get emergency medical care under federal law. Controversial Claims
The question of whether Obama’s health care reform legislation provides coverage for illegal immigrants has been the subject of some debate over the years, largely because of their ability to still get treatment in emergency rooms and other facilities at the local level. U.S. Rep. Steve King, a Republican from Iowa, claimed in a 2009 written statement that Obama's health care reform law would provide coverage to 5.6 million illegal aliens because the government would not verify the citizenship or immigration status of those receiving taxpayer-funded health benefits. "Taxpaying families already weighed down by bailouts and massive spending bills, cannot afford to pay for health insurance for millions of illegal aliens. Hard and smart working Iowans should not be forced to pay for illegal aliens to obtain health benefits under any health care reform plan," King said. Obama Refutes Claims
Obama sought to clear up confusion and address many misleading statements about his proposals in a 2009 speech before a rare and notable joint session of Congress. " Now, there are also those who claim that our reform efforts would insure illegal immigrants. This, too, is false," Obama said. " The reforms I am proposing would not apply to those who are here illegally." At that moment in Obama's speech, Republican U.S. Rep. Joe Wilson of South Carolina brazenly shouted "You lie!"
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410409857#5_918097648
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Title: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Headings: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
How the Affordable Care Act Treats Undocumented Immigrants
Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Controversial Claims
Obama Refutes Claims
Continued Criticism
Content: Obama Refutes Claims
Obama sought to clear up confusion and address many misleading statements about his proposals in a 2009 speech before a rare and notable joint session of Congress. " Now, there are also those who claim that our reform efforts would insure illegal immigrants. This, too, is false," Obama said. " The reforms I am proposing would not apply to those who are here illegally." At that moment in Obama's speech, Republican U.S. Rep. Joe Wilson of South Carolina brazenly shouted "You lie!" at the president. Wilson later called the White House and apologized for his outburst, calling it "inappropriate and regrettable." Continued Criticism
Republican U.S. Sens. Tom Coburn and John Barrasso, opponents of the health care reform law, criticized the Obama administration’s handling of illegal immigrants in a report titled "Bad Medicine." They said the cost of allowing illegal immigrants to get health care in emergency rooms will cost taxpayers untold millions.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410409857#6_918099229
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Title: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Headings: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
How the Affordable Care Act Treats Undocumented Immigrants
Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Controversial Claims
Obama Refutes Claims
Continued Criticism
Content: at the president. Wilson later called the White House and apologized for his outburst, calling it "inappropriate and regrettable." Continued Criticism
Republican U.S. Sens. Tom Coburn and John Barrasso, opponents of the health care reform law, criticized the Obama administration’s handling of illegal immigrants in a report titled "Bad Medicine." They said the cost of allowing illegal immigrants to get health care in emergency rooms will cost taxpayers untold millions. "Starting in 2014, Americans will be subject to the individual mandate penalty of $695 annually if they do not purchase federally-dictated health insurance ," the lawmakers wrote. " However, under the new federal law, illegal immigrants will not be forced to purchase health insurance, though they will still be able to receive health care — regardless of their ability to pay — in a hospital's emergency department." Undocumented immigrants already have access to emergency-room treatment. "So illegal immigrants get health care without paying for it, but citizens face the choice of either buying expensive health insurance or paying a tax," Coburn and Barrasso wrote. " The cost of illegal immigrants‘ health care in the emergency department of hospitals will be shifted to Americans with insurance."
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410409857#7_918101125
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Title: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Headings: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
How the Affordable Care Act Treats Undocumented Immigrants
Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Controversial Claims
Obama Refutes Claims
Continued Criticism
Content: "Starting in 2014, Americans will be subject to the individual mandate penalty of $695 annually if they do not purchase federally-dictated health insurance ," the lawmakers wrote. " However, under the new federal law, illegal immigrants will not be forced to purchase health insurance, though they will still be able to receive health care — regardless of their ability to pay — in a hospital's emergency department." Undocumented immigrants already have access to emergency-room treatment. "So illegal immigrants get health care without paying for it, but citizens face the choice of either buying expensive health insurance or paying a tax," Coburn and Barrasso wrote. " The cost of illegal immigrants‘ health care in the emergency department of hospitals will be shifted to Americans with insurance." Cite this Article
Format
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Your Citation
Murse, Tom. " Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?" ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966. Murse, Tom. ( 2020, August 26).
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410409857#9_918103990
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Title: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Headings: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?
How the Affordable Care Act Treats Undocumented Immigrants
Individual Mandate and Undocumented Immigrants
Controversial Claims
Obama Refutes Claims
Continued Criticism
Content: Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966 Murse, Tom. " Is Medical Help for Illegal Immigrants Covered Under Obamacare?" ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966 (accessed June 1, 2021). copy citation
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-obamacare-cover-illegal-immigrants-3367966
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410432536#2_918148749
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Title: Does Quantum Physics Prove God's Existence?
Headings: Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Metaphysical Approaches Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Reason One: Human Observers Are Sufficient
Reason Two: an All-Seeing God Doesn't Count as an Observer
Content: This quantum wavefunction describes the probabilities of all possible configurations of the system. At the point when a measurement is made, the wavefunction at that point collapses into a single state (a process called decoherence of the wavefunction). This is best exemplified in the thought experiment and paradox of Schroedinger's Cat, which is both alive and dead at the same time until an observation is made. Now, there's one way to easily rid ourselves of the problem: The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics could be wrong about the need for a conscious act of observation. In fact, most physicists consider this element to be unnecessary and they think that the collapse really just comes from interactions within the system itself. There are some problems with this approach, though, and so we can't completely role out a potential role for the observer. Even if we allow that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics is completely correct, there are two significant reasons that might explain why this argument doesn't work. Reason One: Human Observers Are Sufficient
The argument being exploited in this method of proving God is that there needs to be an observer to cause a collapse.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-quantum-physics-prove-gods-existence-2699279
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410432536#3_918150514
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Title: Does Quantum Physics Prove God's Existence?
Headings: Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Metaphysical Approaches Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Reason One: Human Observers Are Sufficient
Reason Two: an All-Seeing God Doesn't Count as an Observer
Content: In fact, most physicists consider this element to be unnecessary and they think that the collapse really just comes from interactions within the system itself. There are some problems with this approach, though, and so we can't completely role out a potential role for the observer. Even if we allow that the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics is completely correct, there are two significant reasons that might explain why this argument doesn't work. Reason One: Human Observers Are Sufficient
The argument being exploited in this method of proving God is that there needs to be an observer to cause a collapse. However, it makes the error of assuming that the collapse has to take prior to the creation of that observer. In fact, the Copenhagen interpretation contains no such requirement. Instead, what would happen according to quantum physics is that the universe could exist as a superposition of states, unfolding simultaneously in every possible permutation, until such a time when an observer springs up in one such possible universe. At the point the observer potentially exists, there is, therefore, an act of observation, and the universe collapses into that state. This is essentially the argument of the Participatory Anthropic Principle, created by John Wheeler.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-quantum-physics-prove-gods-existence-2699279
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410432536#6_918155715
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Title: Does Quantum Physics Prove God's Existence?
Headings: Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Metaphysical Approaches Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Reason One: Human Observers Are Sufficient
Reason Two: an All-Seeing God Doesn't Count as an Observer
Content: an All-Seeing God Doesn't Count as an Observer
The second flaw in this line of reasoning is that it is usually tied in with the idea of an omniscient deity that is simultaneously aware of everything happening in the universe. God is very rarely depicted as having blind spots. In fact, if the deity's observational acumen is fundamentally required for the creation of the universe, as the argument suggests, presumably he/she/it doesn't let much slip by. And that poses a bit of a problem. Why? The only reason we know about the observer effect is that sometimes no observation is being made. This is clearly evident in the quantum double slit experiment. When a human makes an observation at the appropriate time, there is one result. When a human does not, there is a different result. However, if an omniscient God were observing things, then there would never be a "no observer" result to this experiment.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-quantum-physics-prove-gods-existence-2699279
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_410432536#7_918157177
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Title: Does Quantum Physics Prove God's Existence?
Headings: Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Metaphysical Approaches Using Quantum Physics to "Prove" God's Existence
Reason One: Human Observers Are Sufficient
Reason Two: an All-Seeing God Doesn't Count as an Observer
Content: The only reason we know about the observer effect is that sometimes no observation is being made. This is clearly evident in the quantum double slit experiment. When a human makes an observation at the appropriate time, there is one result. When a human does not, there is a different result. However, if an omniscient God were observing things, then there would never be a "no observer" result to this experiment. The events would always unfold as if there were an observer. But instead we always get the results as we expect, so it seems that in this case, the human observer is the only one that matters. While this certainly poses problems for an omniscient God, it doesn't entirely let a non-omniscient deity off the hook, either. Even if God looked at the slit every, say, 5% of the time, in between various other deity-related multitasking duties, scientific results would show that 5% of the time, we get an "observer" result when we should get a "no observer" result. But this doesn't happen, so if there is a God, then he/she/it apparently chooses consistently not to ever look at particles going through these slits.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/does-quantum-physics-prove-gods-existence-2699279
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_411782304#3_921477528
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Title: Henry Clay's American System Economic Plan
Headings: Henry Clay's American System of Economics
Henry Clay's American System of Economics
The powerful politician advocated policies to develop home markets
Agriculture and Manufacturing
Nationalist Appeal
Controversy Arises
Content: That argument resonated strongly, especially in the period following the War of 1812 and Europe's Napoleonic Wars. During those years of conflict, American businesses suffered from disruptions. The ideas put into practice included building the National Road, America's first major highway; chartering the Second Bank of the United States, a new national bank, in 1816; and passing the first protective tariff the same year. Clay's American System was essentially in practice during the Era of Good Feelings, which corresponded with the presidency of James Monroe from 1817 to 1825. Controversy Arises
Clay, who had served as a representative and senator from Kentucky, ran for president in 1824 and 1832, advocating extending the American System. But by that time sectional and partisan disputes made aspects of his plans controversial. Clay's arguments for high tariffs persisted for decades in various forms but often met with stiff opposition. In the late 1820s, tensions over the role the federal government should play in economic development escalated to the point that South Carolina threatened to withdraw from the Union over a tariff in what became known as the Nullification Crisis .
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https://www.thoughtco.com/economic-ideas-advanced-by-henry-clay-1773361
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_413509302#9_925777766
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Title: Enterprise Reporting and News Stories
Headings: Enterprise Reporting
Enterprise Reporting
Developing Stories That Go Beyond Press Releases
What Is Enterprise Reporting?
Finding Ideas for Enterprise Stories
Observation
Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes, and Trends
Why Ask Why?
Investigation
Example: A Story About Underage Drinking
Content: Example: A Story About Underage Drinking
Let's take one more example, this one involving a trend. Let's say you're the police reporter in your hometown. Every day you're in police headquarters, checking the arrest log. Over a period of several months, you notice a spike in arrests for underage drinking among students from the local high school. You interview the cops to see if beefed-up enforcement is responsible for the increase. They say no. So you interview the principal of the high school as well as teachers and counselors. You also talk to students and parents and discover that, for a variety of reasons, underage drinking is increasing. So you write a story about the problems of underage drinking and how it's on the rise in your hometown.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/enterprise-reporting-2073863
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_413711134#4_926280534
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Title: Equity vs. Equality: What Is the Difference?
Headings: Equity vs. Equality: What Is the Difference?
Equity vs. Equality: What Is the Difference?
Key Takeaways: Equity vs. Equality
Equality Definition and Examples
Equity Definition and Examples
Equity vs. Equality Examples
Education
Religion
Public Policy
Sources and Further Reference
Content: the fair, just and equitable distribution of public services and implementation of public policy; and the commitment to promote fairness, justice, and equity in the formation of public policy.” In essence, equity can be defined as a means of achieving equality. For example, the Help America Vote Act requires that people with disabilities be provided with access to polling places and voting systems equal to that of able-bodied people. Similarly, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that persons with disabilities have equal access to public facilities. Recently, U.S. government policy has focused on social equity in the area of sexual orientation. For example, President Barack Obama appointed nearly 200 self-declared members of the LGBTQ Community to paid positions within the executive branch. In 2013, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development published the first-ever estimate of discrimination against same-sex couples in housing opportunities . Equity in the area of gender-based discrimination in education is provided by Title IX of the federal Education Amendments Act of 1972, which states, “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” Title IX applies to virtually every aspect of the educational experience from scholarships and athletics, to employment and discipline at approximately 16,500 local school districts, 7,000 postsecondary institutions, as well as charter schools, for-profit schools, libraries, and museums.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/equity-vs-equality-4767021
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_413954338#29_926910061
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Title: World War II Research Essay Topics
Headings: World War II Research Essay Topics
World War II Research Essay Topics
Culture and People
Economy and Workforce
Military, Government, and War
Technology and Transportation
Content: What technology came from the war and how was it used after the war? TV technology. When did televisions start to appear in homes and what is significant about the timing? What TV shows were inspired by the war and how realistic were they? How long did World War II affect TV programming? Jet engine technology. What advances can be traced to WWII needs? Radar. What role did radar play, if any? Rockets.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/essay-topics-for-world-war-ii-1857247
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_414010028#0_927041679
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Title: Essential Standardized Test Taking Tips for Parents
Headings: Essential Standardized Test Taking Tips for Parents
Essential Standardized Test Taking Tips for Parents
Standardized Test Tips
Watch Now: 15 Tips for Taking Standardized Tests
Content: Essential Standardized Test Taking Tips for Parents
Resources › For Students and Parents
Essential Standardized Test Taking Tips for Parents
Getty Images/The Image Bank/Jamie Grill
For Students and Parents
Test Prep
Test Prep Strategies
Test Registration
Study Skills
SAT Test Prep
ACT Test Prep
GRE Test Prep
LSAT Test Prep
Certifications
Homework Help
Private School
College Admissions
College Life
Graduate School
Business School
Law School
Distance Learning
View More
By
Derrick Meador
Education Expert
M.Ed., Educational Administration, Northeastern State University
B.Ed., Elementary Education, Oklahoma State University
Derrick Meador, M.Ed., is the superintendent for Jennings Public Schools in Oklahoma. He previously served as a school principal and middle school science teacher. our editorial process
Derrick Meador
Updated January 14, 2020
Standardized testing will be a significant part of your child's education typically beginning in 3rd grade. These tests are crucial not only to you and your child, but also to the teachers, administrators, and school your child attends. The stakes can be extremely high for schools as they are given a grade based on how well students perform on these assessments. In addition, many states utilize standardized test scores as a component of a teacher's overall evaluation. Finally, many states have stakes tied to these assessments for students including grade promotion, graduation requirements, and the ability to receive their driver's license.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/essential-standardized-test-taking-tips-for-parents-3194598
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_414744457#21_928930945
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Title: Exceptional Things That Great Teachers Do
Headings: 15 Exceptional Things Great Teachers Do Well
15 Exceptional Things Great Teachers Do Well
A Great Teacher Is
Content: They are not afraid to do crazy things that motivate their students to learn. Going Above and Beyond: They volunteer their own time to tutor a struggling student after school or on weekends. They help out in other areas around school when they are needed. A great teacher is the first to help a family of a student in need in any way they can. They advocate for the students when necessary. They look out for each student’s best interest. They do what it takes to ensure that each student is safe, healthy, clothed, and fed. Loving What They Do: They are passionate about their job.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/exceptional-things-that-great-teachers-do-3194337
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_415429707#3_930749844
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Title: Statistics on Child Sexual Abuse
Headings: The Cold Hard Facts on Child Sexual Abuse
The Cold Hard Facts on Child Sexual Abuse
Statistics show most victims are molested by someone they know
Underreporting
Child Sex Abuse Percentages by Gender and Age
Offenders are Often People Children Know and Trust
How Poor Parenting Affects Child Sex Abuse
Psychological Ramifications of Early Sex Abuse
How Perpetrators Influence or Intimidate Their Victims
The Impact of Incest
Recognizing Signs of Child Sex Abuse
When Kids Abuse Kids
Steps Parents Can Take to Stop Child Sex Abuse
Sources
Content: When the abuser is not a family member, the victim is more often a boy than a girl. The results of a three-state study of reported rape survivors under age 12 revealed the following about offenders: Parental inadequacy
Parental unavailability
Parent-child conflict
A poor parent-child relationship
Psychological Ramifications of Early Sex Abuse
AACAP findings indicate that "a child of five or older who knows and cares for the abuser becomes trapped between affection or loyalty for the person and the sense that the sexual activities are terribly wrong. "If the child tries to break away from the sexual relationship, the abuser may threaten the child with violence or loss of love. When sexual abuse occurs within the family, the child may fear the anger, jealousy or shame of other family members, or be afraid the family will break up if the secret is told." How Perpetrators Influence or Intimidate Their Victims
Child sexual abuse involves coercion and occasionally violence. Perpetrators offer attention and gifts, manipulate or threaten the child, behave aggressively or use a combination of these tactics. In one study of child victims, half were subjected to a physical force such as being held down, struck, or violently shaken. The Impact of Incest
Girls are the victims of incest and/or intrafamily sexual abuse much more frequently than boys. Between 33-50% of perpetrators who sexually abuse girls are family members, while only 10-20% of those who sexually abuse boys are intrafamily perpetrators.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-child-sexual-abuse-statistics-3533871
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_415768429#7_931705562
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Title: 21 Plutonium Facts (Pu or Atomic Number 94)
Headings: Facts About Plutonium (Pu or Atomic Number 94)
Facts About Plutonium (Pu or Atomic Number 94)
Fast Facts: Plutonium
Facts About Plutonium
Content: Pu (VII) is green. Note this oxidation state is uncommon. The 2+ oxidation state also occurs in complexes. Unlike most substances, plutonium increases in density as it melts. The increase in density is about 2.5%. Near its melting point, liquid plutonium also exhibits higher-than-usual viscosity and surface tension for a metal. Plutonium is used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power spacecraft. The element has been used in nuclear weapons, including the Trinity test and the bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki. Plutonium-238 was once used to power heart pacemakers. Plutonium and its compounds are toxic and accumulate in bone marrow.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-plutonium-608917
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_415768429#8_931706615
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Title: 21 Plutonium Facts (Pu or Atomic Number 94)
Headings: Facts About Plutonium (Pu or Atomic Number 94)
Facts About Plutonium (Pu or Atomic Number 94)
Fast Facts: Plutonium
Facts About Plutonium
Content: Near its melting point, liquid plutonium also exhibits higher-than-usual viscosity and surface tension for a metal. Plutonium is used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators, which are used to power spacecraft. The element has been used in nuclear weapons, including the Trinity test and the bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki. Plutonium-238 was once used to power heart pacemakers. Plutonium and its compounds are toxic and accumulate in bone marrow. Inhalation of plutonium and its compounds increases the risk of lung cancer, although many people have inhaled substantial amounts of plutonium yet didn't develop lung cancer. Inhaled plutonium is said to have a metallic taste. Criticality accidents involving plutonium have occurred. The amount of plutonium required for critical mass is about one-third that necessary for uranium-235. Plutonium in solution is more likely to form critical mass than solid plutonium because the hydrogen in water acts as a moderator.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-plutonium-608917
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_421540020#0_946287435
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Title: How to Use Geographic Information Systems in School
Headings: What Is GIS and How to Use It in Education
What Is GIS and How to Use It in Education
Key Takeaways: GIS in the Classroom
What Is a GIS?
Google Earth for the Classroom
Examples of Google Earth GIS Lessons and Activities
ESRI GIS in the Classroom
Examples of Lessons and Activities Using ESRI
GIS for Education Policy
Students Know GIS
Content: How to Use Geographic Information Systems in School
Resources › For Educators
What Is GIS and How to Use It in Education
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allow students to map and visualize data in all content areas. Wavebreak Media / GETTY Images
For Educators
Teaching
Technology in the Classroom
An Introduction to Teaching
Tips & Strategies
Policies & Discipline
Community Involvement
School Administration
Teaching Adult Learners
Issues In Education
Teaching Resources
Becoming A Teacher
Assessments & Tests
Elementary Education
Secondary Education
Special Education
Homeschooling
By
Colette Bennett
Education Expert
M.A., English, Western Connecticut State University
B.S., Education, Southern Connecticut State University
Colette Bennett is a certified literacy specialist and curriculum coordinator with more than 20 years of classroom experience. our editorial process
Colette Bennett
Updated March 29, 2019
Maps are effective teaching tools for geography, but when maps are combined with technology, they can become visually powerful through a geographic information system (GIS). The combination of maps and data can produce digital maps that engage students in the science of where things are. The interactive features in digital maps can help students, for example, learn how things have changed over time or to research solutions to real-world problems at any grade level. Key Takeaways: GIS in the Classroom
Geographic Information Systems can produce digital maps that engage students in the science of where things are. GIS are able to manipulate and analyze data as a 3-D map of an environment. There are different GIS that educators can integrate into lessons in any content area. Systems like Google Earth and ESRI provide training, resources, and support to educators.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/geographic-information-systems-in-class-4588257
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_421540020#13_946308721
|
Title: How to Use Geographic Information Systems in School
Headings: What Is GIS and How to Use It in Education
What Is GIS and How to Use It in Education
Key Takeaways: GIS in the Classroom
What Is a GIS?
Google Earth for the Classroom
Examples of Google Earth GIS Lessons and Activities
ESRI GIS in the Classroom
Examples of Lessons and Activities Using ESRI
GIS for Education Policy
Students Know GIS
Content: For a world history class, there are lessons organized around story maps for the Cradles of Civilization, the Silk Roads: Then and Now, and Early European exploration. Environmental science students can investigate marine debris, the role of ocean gyres, and how humans impact trash accumulation. Whatever the platform, educators who use GIS in the classroom engage their students in inquiry-driven, problem-solving activities that are aligned to state standards. The application of GIS in the classroom can also prepare students to consider a variety of career pathways that are in demand. GIS for Education Policy
GIS helps students think critically about authentic problems by using real-time data, but there are other educational applications. A GIS can support large and small school districts in decision and policy making. For example, a GIS can provide district administrators and community safety experts the information about school buildings and surrounding areas to design and manage safety programs. In other examples, GIS data analysis of the community's transportation infrastructure can help streamline bus routes. When communities experience population shifts, a GIS can help districts in making decisions about building new schools or when to close old ones.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/geographic-information-systems-in-class-4588257
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_55_421540020#15_946312799
|
Title: How to Use Geographic Information Systems in School
Headings: What Is GIS and How to Use It in Education
What Is GIS and How to Use It in Education
Key Takeaways: GIS in the Classroom
What Is a GIS?
Google Earth for the Classroom
Examples of Google Earth GIS Lessons and Activities
ESRI GIS in the Classroom
Examples of Lessons and Activities Using ESRI
GIS for Education Policy
Students Know GIS
Content: The GIS can also provide school district administrators with tools to visualize patterns in student needs in attendance, academic achievement, or after-school support. Students Know GIS
Students are already familiar with GIS in game applications as a blend of real and virtual environments such as Pokémon Go, the mobile app which was downloaded 500 million times worldwide in its first year (July 2016). Students who play video games would be familiar with the urban environments created by GIS software, such as City Engine. Different GIS software is used for film, simulations, and virtual reality. Finally, any student who has been in a car with GPS or has used a mobile application with interactive maps applications from Google, Bing, Apple, or Waze has experienced how the data from GPS and analyzed by GIS (systems) can blend their real world with a virtual world. Student familiarity with GIS helps their understanding of how GIS applications operate in their world. They may have enough background knowledge through personal experience that they can help their teachers become more comfortable in learning about GIS! Cite this Article
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Your Citation
Bennett, Colette. " What Is GIS and How to Use It in Education." ThoughtCo, Oct. 30, 2020, thoughtco.com/geographic-information-systems-in-class-4588257.
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https://www.thoughtco.com/geographic-information-systems-in-class-4588257
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