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75,510,051 | Khalmer-Yu (disambiguation) | Khalmer-Yu is a ghost town in Komi Republic, Russia
Khalmer-Yu Khalmer;Yu, or Khalmeryu may also refer to: | [
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] | Khalmer-Yu is a ghost town in Komi Republic, Russia Khalmer-Yu Khalmer;Yu, or Khalmeryu may also refer to: Khalmer'yu River, Komi
Khalmer'yu River, Khanty-Mansi
Khalmer'yu River, Nenets | 2023-12-07T20:35:04Z | 2023-12-09T00:58:56Z | [
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75,510,058 | Juan Paz del Castillo | Juan Paz del Castillo y Díaz Padrón (Caracas; September 19, c. 1776/1778 — near Guayaquil; August 28, 1828) was a Venezuelan soldier who participated in the Venezuelan War of Independence, reaching the rank of Divisional general during the conflict.
He was born on September 19th—circa 1776 or 1778—in Caracas to Blas Francisco Paz del Castillo y Juana Isabel Díaz Padrón y Hernández Caraballo de Acosta, who were important people in Venezuela, then part of New Granada. In 1823, he married Micaela Llona, with whom he had three children.
He entered Caracas as Militia Captain on April 19, 1810. On December of 1911 he was elected as deputy for San Sebastián before the Supreme Junta. In May 1812, already a Colonel, he fought against Royalist Eusebio Antoñanzas [es] in the city of Calabozo. He later fought alongside Antonio Nicolás Briceño [es] in Camatagua. He was Military Governor of Caracas, returning to the Army at his own request.
In 1812, after the First Republic of Venezuela was disestablished with the signing of the capitulation treaty in San Mateo, Paz del Castillo was imprisoned in La Guaira by Manuel María de las Casas and deported to Cádiz under the orders of Juan Domingo de Monteverde, where he arrived on November 19. He was sent to Ceuta on May 5, 1813, and briefly managed to escape to Gibraltar on February 17, 1814, with the assistance of Canon José Cortés de Madariaga, Doctor Juan Germán Roscio and Colonel Juan Pablo Ayala, but was deported back to Ceuta by the Duke of Kent, then governor of Gibraltar.
He was released after 20 months by Prince William Frederick, along with this companions, possibly thanking the government in London personally in November 1815. In 1816 he arrived to Jamaica and left for the Les Cayes, from where Simón Bolívar had launched an expedition [es] to take Venezuela from the Spanish. Paz del Castillo had arrived by the time Bolívar had left, now leaving for New Spain with Roscio, where he arrived to Philadelphia. Once there, he heard of José de San Martín's success at Chacabuco, and left for Buenos Aires.
In January 1818 he joined the Army of the Andes, and as Jefe de Estado Mayor he fought in the Battle of Maipú and later substituted Brigadier Antonio Valcárcel as head of a division until May 1819. In 1820, he left for Peru with San Martín and his Liberating Expedition as Assistant Major General. Once in Lima, he left to find Bolívar, carrying an important mission from San Martín and the Venezuelans from the Numancia Battalion [es].
In July 1821, he was in Popayán, being named as Jefe de Estado Mayor by Venezuelan General Pedro León Torres [es] shortly after. On December he was authorised by Bolívar to, alongside Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Murgueitio, carry out a prisoner exchange after a treaty was signed in Babahoyo. The following year, he was commissioned for the armistice that was signed with Melchior Aymerich. On April of the same year, he fought with Bolívar at the Battle of Bomboná [es], later continuing with General José de Jesús Barreto [es] as his second-in-command. He returned from Popayán as the Chief of the division located there.
He was promoted to Brigadier General by Antonio José de Sucre for his actions in Quito, Guayaquil and Pichincha. After the Guayaquil Conference, he left for Peru with the Auxiliary Division. He successfully recruited foreign volunteers in Lima before leaving for Colombia, being lauded by Bolívar.
From January 1823 to 1824 he was put in charge of the Intendancy of Guayaquil, where he organised troops that were later of vital importance to the battles of Junín and Ayacucho, being awarded the rank of Divisional general by the Peruvian government.
Due to his explicit support of Bolivarianism during the controversy surrounding Bolívar's "Lifelong Constitution" and situation surrounding José Antonio Páez in Valencia, he became opposed by a large number of Republicans. He had continued fighting up until 1827, and in August of 1828, when he was to leave for Venezuela, he was assassinated in his hacienda near Guayaquil. | [
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"text": "He entered Caracas as Militia Captain on April 19, 1810. On December of 1911 he was elected as deputy for San Sebastián before the Supreme Junta. In May 1812, already a Colonel, he fought against Royalist Eusebio Antoñanzas [es] in the city of Calabozo. He later fought alongside Antonio Nicolás Briceño [es] in Camatagua. He was Military Governor of Caracas, returning to the Army at his own request.",
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"text": "In 1812, after the First Republic of Venezuela was disestablished with the signing of the capitulation treaty in San Mateo, Paz del Castillo was imprisoned in La Guaira by Manuel María de las Casas and deported to Cádiz under the orders of Juan Domingo de Monteverde, where he arrived on November 19. He was sent to Ceuta on May 5, 1813, and briefly managed to escape to Gibraltar on February 17, 1814, with the assistance of Canon José Cortés de Madariaga, Doctor Juan Germán Roscio and Colonel Juan Pablo Ayala, but was deported back to Ceuta by the Duke of Kent, then governor of Gibraltar.",
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"title": "Biography"
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"title": "Biography"
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75,510,079 | Bibudhendra Sarkar | Bibudhendra (Amu) Sarkar (born August 2, 1935) is a Canadian biochemist best known for his research on copper-histidine in human blood, leading to the first treatments for Menkes disease. He served as head of the Division of Biochemistry Research at the Sick Kids Research Institute in Toronto from 1990-2002, where he established the Department of Structural Biology Research in 1990.
Bibudhendra Sarkar was born on August 2, 1935 in Kushtia, Bengal, British India (now Bangladesh). His father, Surendra Nath Sarkar, was a lawyer and mother, Sucheta Sarkar (née Chaki), a homemaker who died when he was one year old. He attended Kushtia Mission School, a Catholic school for his kindergarten and primary education.
Following the Partition of India in 1947, his family was forced to leave behind everything and migrated to Calcutta. He studied in City College School and City College, Kolkata. He obtained his Matriculation and Intermediate Science Certification from the University of Calcutta. He then enrolled in the Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh where he received B. Pharm and M. Pharm degrees specializing in the chemistry of natural products. During his studies in BHU he was a regular summer student in the Central Drug Research Institute in Lucknow where he was mentored by Manojit Mohan Dhar. Dhar encouraged Sarkar to do his graduate studies in the USA or Europe. Sarkar then travelled to the USA to do his graduate studies in niochemistry in the University of Southern California, under the supervision of Paul Saltman. Sarkar was influenced by several scientists while at USC: Sydney Benson in chemical kinetics, Arthur Adamson in physical chemistry and Bo Malmström in metal-activated enzyme chemistry. Sarkar graduated with a PhD in biochemistry in 1964.
In early 1964 Sarkar was presenting his PhD work at the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) meeting in Chicago where Andrew Sass-Kortsak, a clinician specialist in Wilson’s disease at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada came to listen. Sass-Kortsak was leading the Genetic Metabolic Program of the Hospital for Sick Children and was looking for a young basic scientist to join in his program. Sass-Kortsak offered Sarkar a Staff Scientist’s position in the Genetic Metabolic Research Program with start-up funds and his own laboratory in a newly built wing in SickKids. Soon thereafter he was cross-appointed to the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Toronto.
Sarkar began attending Grand Rounds with Sass-Kortsak and went to the wards to visit Wilson’s disease patients. Because of his interest in the biophysical aspects of metal protein interactions and metal transport, Sarkar’s research turned to metal-related diseases. He pioneered multidisciplinary research in SickKids in association with Sass-Kortsak by crossing the boundaries between basic science and clinical medicine and creating a collaborative environment in SickKids. In 1990 he was appointed Head of the Division of Biochemistry Research in SickKids.
Sarkar discovered copper-histidine in human blood. He invented the treatment of Menkes disease by copper-histidine. He discovered the amino terminal Cu (II)- and Ni (II)- binding (ATCUN) motif of proteins. This motif has been used to cleave DNA, applied as a paramagnetic probe and used to kill Ehrlich cells. His laboratory identified and characterized the six copper-binding sites of copper-ATPase that is defective in Wilson’s disease. He pioneered the development of metalloproteomics, a subdiscipline of proteomics that attempts to identify and characterize all metal-associated proteins in a well-defined system. He also contributed to global health research in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Myanmar, where tens of thousands of people are exposed to naturally occurring arsenic and other toxic metals in drinking water from underground wells Sarkar is considered a pioneer in establishing inorganic biochemistry through his research in the early 1960s. He organized the first international meeting of Biological Inorganic Chemistry in the Board Room of the Hospital for Sick Children in 1972. This initiative was followed by the 56th Nobel Symposium in Inorganic Biochemistry held in Sweden under the auspices of the Nobel Foundation in 1982 where Sarkar was an invited speaker. He has published extensively in scientific journals, organized many series of international symposia on metals and genetics, edited several books on metals in biology, genetics, and environment. He was a founding member as well as a member of the first Editorial Board of Metallomics published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK.
Sarkar discovered copper-histidine in human blood in 1966 and recognized it as a biological form by which copper, an essential element to sustain life, is transported in blood. In 1976, Sarkar proposed that a baby with Menkes disease receive copper-histidine via subcutaneous injection. This was the world’s first Menkes patient to receive copper-histidine therapy. Children with this disease are now living longer and reaching adulthood with copper-histidine treatment. Sarkar did not patent copper-histidine; he intended that it be readily available to Menkes patients at a reasonable cost. The formulation and detailed compounding procedure for the preparation of copper-histidine is freely available by SickKids Pharmacy to physicians and hospital pharmacies around the world upon request. Sarkar also helped make copper-histidine formulation for Menkes disease in other countries including NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Md. USA, India, and Mexico.
Sarkar solved the structure of the copper(II)-histidine molecule used for the treatment of Menkes disease. He discovered the ATCUN (Amino terminal Cu(II), Ni(II) binding) motif of proteins and peptides.
Sarkar’s laboratory identified six copper-binding sites of Wilson’s disease ATPase with all six copper atoms binding ATPase in +1-oxidation state. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies, Sarkar’s team proposed that copper transfer to and between the N-terminal domains of the Wilson ATPase occurs via protein interactions that are facilitated by the flexibility of the linkers and the motional freedom of the domains with respect to each other.
Sarkar along with his colleague Eve Roberts, a hepatologist and Wilson’s disease specialist, pioneered the development of metalloproteomics. He first presented the concept and findings of metalloproetomics relating to copper in 2002.
Sarkar led a team of international scientists investigating naturally occurring arsenic and other toxic metals throughout South- and Southeast Asia. In his early research in Bangladesh, Sarkar identified a small child with advanced signs of arsenic poisoning, an observation that motivated extensive research in this region. Discovery Canada Television produced an hour-long documentary focusing on Sarkar’s work on this devastating health crisis in Bangladesh. Sarkar’s team discovered that arsenic is not the only toxic metal contaminating the groundwater; other toxic metals such as, manganese, lead, chromium, and uranium are also present in groundwater. They produced heat maps of arsenic and other toxic metals in Bangladesh and West Bengal (India) groundwater, identifying areas where contamination is of special concern. Their investigation was further extended to the neighboring country of Myanmar (Burma), which has a similar geology, and where they found high concentrations of many of the same toxic metals in groundwater. Sarkar’s team also carried out field work in Kathmandu, Nepal in 2015. In addition, the team called for the WHO to re-evaluate its guidelines for many toxic substances in drinking water based on their health hazards. Sarkar’s team stressed that multiple metal contamination of groundwater is an issue of global concern, and the risks may be further magnified by climate change.
Sarkar organized and chaired the first international meeting of Inorganic Biochemistry in the Board Room of SickKids with 35 participants in 1972 which included among others, R J P Williams (Oxford), Gerhard Schrauzer (University of California, San Diego), David R. Williams (Saint Andrews University, UK), David A Brown (University College Dublin) and Barry Lever (York University). To acknowledge this new discipline the 56th Nobel Symposium introducing Inorganic Biochemistry was held in Sweden under the auspices of the Nobel Foundation in 1982 where Sarkar was an invited speaker. He organized various series of Symposia on Metals and Genetics beginning in 1994 and edited several books on metals in biology, metal-related diseases, and metals in the environment. He was a member of the committee to establish terminology relating to -omics and metals under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). He was a founding member as well as a member of the first Editorial Board of Metallomics published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK.
He was married to Dipti Sarkar (née Dutt) (b. 1944 – d. 1985), an Indian classical dancer, choreographer, and historian. He has a son and a daughter. | [
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"text": "In early 1964 Sarkar was presenting his PhD work at the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) meeting in Chicago where Andrew Sass-Kortsak, a clinician specialist in Wilson’s disease at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada came to listen. Sass-Kortsak was leading the Genetic Metabolic Program of the Hospital for Sick Children and was looking for a young basic scientist to join in his program. Sass-Kortsak offered Sarkar a Staff Scientist’s position in the Genetic Metabolic Research Program with start-up funds and his own laboratory in a newly built wing in SickKids. Soon thereafter he was cross-appointed to the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Toronto.",
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"text": "Sarkar discovered copper-histidine in human blood. He invented the treatment of Menkes disease by copper-histidine. He discovered the amino terminal Cu (II)- and Ni (II)- binding (ATCUN) motif of proteins. This motif has been used to cleave DNA, applied as a paramagnetic probe and used to kill Ehrlich cells. His laboratory identified and characterized the six copper-binding sites of copper-ATPase that is defective in Wilson’s disease. He pioneered the development of metalloproteomics, a subdiscipline of proteomics that attempts to identify and characterize all metal-associated proteins in a well-defined system. He also contributed to global health research in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Myanmar, where tens of thousands of people are exposed to naturally occurring arsenic and other toxic metals in drinking water from underground wells Sarkar is considered a pioneer in establishing inorganic biochemistry through his research in the early 1960s. He organized the first international meeting of Biological Inorganic Chemistry in the Board Room of the Hospital for Sick Children in 1972. This initiative was followed by the 56th Nobel Symposium in Inorganic Biochemistry held in Sweden under the auspices of the Nobel Foundation in 1982 where Sarkar was an invited speaker. He has published extensively in scientific journals, organized many series of international symposia on metals and genetics, edited several books on metals in biology, genetics, and environment. He was a founding member as well as a member of the first Editorial Board of Metallomics published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK.",
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"title": "Research"
},
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"title": "Research"
},
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"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Sarkar along with his colleague Eve Roberts, a hepatologist and Wilson’s disease specialist, pioneered the development of metalloproteomics. He first presented the concept and findings of metalloproetomics relating to copper in 2002.",
"title": "Research"
},
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"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Sarkar led a team of international scientists investigating naturally occurring arsenic and other toxic metals throughout South- and Southeast Asia. In his early research in Bangladesh, Sarkar identified a small child with advanced signs of arsenic poisoning, an observation that motivated extensive research in this region. Discovery Canada Television produced an hour-long documentary focusing on Sarkar’s work on this devastating health crisis in Bangladesh. Sarkar’s team discovered that arsenic is not the only toxic metal contaminating the groundwater; other toxic metals such as, manganese, lead, chromium, and uranium are also present in groundwater. They produced heat maps of arsenic and other toxic metals in Bangladesh and West Bengal (India) groundwater, identifying areas where contamination is of special concern. Their investigation was further extended to the neighboring country of Myanmar (Burma), which has a similar geology, and where they found high concentrations of many of the same toxic metals in groundwater. Sarkar’s team also carried out field work in Kathmandu, Nepal in 2015. In addition, the team called for the WHO to re-evaluate its guidelines for many toxic substances in drinking water based on their health hazards. Sarkar’s team stressed that multiple metal contamination of groundwater is an issue of global concern, and the risks may be further magnified by climate change.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Sarkar organized and chaired the first international meeting of Inorganic Biochemistry in the Board Room of SickKids with 35 participants in 1972 which included among others, R J P Williams (Oxford), Gerhard Schrauzer (University of California, San Diego), David R. Williams (Saint Andrews University, UK), David A Brown (University College Dublin) and Barry Lever (York University). To acknowledge this new discipline the 56th Nobel Symposium introducing Inorganic Biochemistry was held in Sweden under the auspices of the Nobel Foundation in 1982 where Sarkar was an invited speaker. He organized various series of Symposia on Metals and Genetics beginning in 1994 and edited several books on metals in biology, metal-related diseases, and metals in the environment. He was a member of the committee to establish terminology relating to -omics and metals under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). He was a founding member as well as a member of the first Editorial Board of Metallomics published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK.",
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"text": "He was married to Dipti Sarkar (née Dutt) (b. 1944 – d. 1985), an Indian classical dancer, choreographer, and historian. He has a son and a daughter.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Bibudhendra (Amu) Sarkar is a Canadian biochemist best known for his research on copper-histidine in human blood, leading to the first treatments for Menkes disease. He served as head of the Division of Biochemistry Research at the Sick Kids Research Institute in Toronto from 1990-2002, where he established the Department of Structural Biology Research in 1990. | 2023-12-07T20:40:11Z | 2023-12-11T10:10:55Z | [
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75,510,082 | Martin Kansichi | Martin Kansichi is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Minister of Trade and Private Sector Development in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2005 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 20 February 2005. | [
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] | Martin Kansichi is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Minister of Trade and Private Sector Development in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2005 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 20 February 2005. | 2023-12-07T20:40:44Z | 2023-12-08T21:40:14Z | [
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75,510,091 | Elizabeth Aipira | Elizabeth Aipira is a Malawian politician and educator. She was the former Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Irrigation and Food Security in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2005 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. Her term began on 20 February 2005. | [
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] | Elizabeth Aipira is a Malawian politician and educator. She was the former Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Irrigation and Food Security in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2005 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. Her term began on 20 February 2005. | 2023-12-07T20:43:06Z | 2023-12-11T08:17:04Z | [
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75,510,100 | Aligedik | Aligedik is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.
Aligedik and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Otluk Mountains.
There is a primary school in the village. | [
{
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"text": "Aligedik is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Aligedik and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Otluk Mountains.",
"title": "Geology and geography"
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "There is a primary school in the village.",
"title": "Education"
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] | Aligedik is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. | 2023-12-07T20:45:04Z | 2023-12-10T01:25:20Z | [
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75,510,103 | Ines Kostić | Ines Kostić (born 21 October 1984) is a Bosnian-born Dutch political scientist and politician of the Party for the Animals (PvdD), who has served as a member of the Provincial Council of North Holland since 2019, and as a member of the House of Representatives since 2023. They are the first non-binary person to have been elected into the House of Representatives.
Kostić was born in Mostar in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina into a multiethnic family of Croats, Serbs and Bosniaks. At the age of 10, they fled the Bosnian War with their parents, seeking refuge in the Netherlands. Kostić obtained a bachelor's degree in art, culture and media studies from the University of Groningen. They subsequently completed a master's programme in political science at the University of Antwerp.
In May 2017, Kostić became a board member of the Animal Politics Foundation – the international branch of the Party for the Animals. They won a seat in the provincial council of North Holland in the 2019 provincial election, and were re-elected in the 2023 provincial election. On 22 November 2023, Kostić ran in the snap general election as the second candidate on the PvdD list, and was elected into the House of Representatives. They were installed as MP on 6 December 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ines Kostić (born 21 October 1984) is a Bosnian-born Dutch political scientist and politician of the Party for the Animals (PvdD), who has served as a member of the Provincial Council of North Holland since 2019, and as a member of the House of Representatives since 2023. They are the first non-binary person to have been elected into the House of Representatives.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Kostić was born in Mostar in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina into a multiethnic family of Croats, Serbs and Bosniaks. At the age of 10, they fled the Bosnian War with their parents, seeking refuge in the Netherlands. Kostić obtained a bachelor's degree in art, culture and media studies from the University of Groningen. They subsequently completed a master's programme in political science at the University of Antwerp.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
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"text": "In May 2017, Kostić became a board member of the Animal Politics Foundation – the international branch of the Party for the Animals. They won a seat in the provincial council of North Holland in the 2019 provincial election, and were re-elected in the 2023 provincial election. On 22 November 2023, Kostić ran in the snap general election as the second candidate on the PvdD list, and was elected into the House of Representatives. They were installed as MP on 6 December 2023.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Ines Kostić is a Bosnian-born Dutch political scientist and politician of the Party for the Animals (PvdD), who has served as a member of the Provincial Council of North Holland since 2019, and as a member of the House of Representatives since 2023. They are the first non-binary person to have been elected into the House of Representatives. | 2023-12-07T20:45:28Z | 2023-12-26T11:32:03Z | [
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75,510,114 | Adamawa Fulfulde | Adamawa Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language. It is spoken mainly in Cameroon but also by significant communities residing in Nigeria, Chad, and Sudan by Fulani pastoralists across the Sahel. It is also known as Eastern Fulfulde and by various other names including Boulbe, Dzemay, Fula, Fulfulde, Mbororo, Palata, Peul etc.
Adamawa Fulfulde was originally brought to Cameroon in the early parts of the 19th century during a religious war (Jihad) that was launched by Usman dan Fodio from Northern Nigeria. It was originally used as a trade language, however since the arrival of Christian missionaries in the latter half of the 19th century in 1885 to the area in what is now Northern Cameroon and Northern Nigeria, Adamawa Fulfulde became a language widely used in churches and is now used as a Language Of Wider Communication (LWC) in 3 regions of Cameroon.
It is a Atlantic language that belongs to the Niger-Congo language family. The speakers of the language are the Fulani people. The language itself is divided into a number of sub-dialects: Maroua, Garoua, Ngaondéré, Kambariire, Mbororoore, Bilkiri and Gombe.
In Sudan the language is spoken mainly in Blue Nile, Gedaref, and Kassala states with some communities of speakers also found in North Kordofan and South Kordofan states. In South Sudan it is spoken in Western Bahr el Ghazal state by Ambororo cattle herders. In Chad it is spoken in Lac Léré Department in the Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region. In Nigeria it is spoken in Adamawa and Taraba states. While in Cameroon the language is widespread across the Far North and Northern regions of the country.
Adamawa Fulfulde has the Morphological imperative in which words are divided into second singular and second plural, and like many of the languages of the Fula dialect continuum and Niger-Congo languages, Adamawa Fulfulde has a system of noun classes and marks plurals by mutating the initial consonant of a word. The word order for Adamawa Fulfulde is SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Adamawa Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language. It is spoken mainly in Cameroon but also by significant communities residing in Nigeria, Chad, and Sudan by Fulani pastoralists across the Sahel. It is also known as Eastern Fulfulde and by various other names including Boulbe, Dzemay, Fula, Fulfulde, Mbororo, Palata, Peul etc.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Adamawa Fulfulde was originally brought to Cameroon in the early parts of the 19th century during a religious war (Jihad) that was launched by Usman dan Fodio from Northern Nigeria. It was originally used as a trade language, however since the arrival of Christian missionaries in the latter half of the 19th century in 1885 to the area in what is now Northern Cameroon and Northern Nigeria, Adamawa Fulfulde became a language widely used in churches and is now used as a Language Of Wider Communication (LWC) in 3 regions of Cameroon.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "It is a Atlantic language that belongs to the Niger-Congo language family. The speakers of the language are the Fulani people. The language itself is divided into a number of sub-dialects: Maroua, Garoua, Ngaondéré, Kambariire, Mbororoore, Bilkiri and Gombe.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In Sudan the language is spoken mainly in Blue Nile, Gedaref, and Kassala states with some communities of speakers also found in North Kordofan and South Kordofan states. In South Sudan it is spoken in Western Bahr el Ghazal state by Ambororo cattle herders. In Chad it is spoken in Lac Léré Department in the Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region. In Nigeria it is spoken in Adamawa and Taraba states. While in Cameroon the language is widespread across the Far North and Northern regions of the country.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Adamawa Fulfulde has the Morphological imperative in which words are divided into second singular and second plural, and like many of the languages of the Fula dialect continuum and Niger-Congo languages, Adamawa Fulfulde has a system of noun classes and marks plurals by mutating the initial consonant of a word. The word order for Adamawa Fulfulde is SOV (Subject-Object-Verb).",
"title": ""
}
] | Adamawa Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language. It is spoken mainly in Cameroon but also by significant communities residing in Nigeria, Chad, and Sudan by Fulani pastoralists across the Sahel. It is also known as Eastern Fulfulde and by various other names including Boulbe, Dzemay, Fula, Fulfulde, Mbororo, Palata, Peul etc. Adamawa Fulfulde was originally brought to Cameroon in the early parts of the 19th century during a religious war (Jihad) that was launched by Usman dan Fodio from Northern Nigeria. It was originally used as a trade language, however since the arrival of Christian missionaries in the latter half of the 19th century in 1885 to the area in what is now Northern Cameroon and Northern Nigeria, Adamawa Fulfulde became a language widely used in churches and is now used as a Language Of Wider Communication (LWC) in 3 regions of Cameroon. It is a Atlantic language that belongs to the Niger-Congo language family. The speakers of the language are the Fulani people. The language itself is divided into a number of sub-dialects: Maroua, Garoua, Ngaondéré, Kambariire, Mbororoore, Bilkiri and Gombe. In Sudan the language is spoken mainly in Blue Nile, Gedaref, and Kassala states with some communities of speakers also found in North Kordofan and South Kordofan states. In South Sudan it is spoken in Western Bahr el Ghazal state by Ambororo cattle herders. In Chad it is spoken in Lac Léré Department in the Mayo-Kebbi Ouest Region. In Nigeria it is spoken in Adamawa and Taraba states. While in Cameroon the language is widespread across the Far North and Northern regions of the country. Adamawa Fulfulde has the Morphological imperative in which words are divided into second singular and second plural, and like many of the languages of the Fula dialect continuum and Niger-Congo languages, Adamawa Fulfulde has a system of noun classes and marks plurals by mutating the initial consonant of a word. The word order for Adamawa Fulfulde is SOV (Subject-Object-Verb). | 2023-12-07T20:46:27Z | 2023-12-31T01:42:58Z | [
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75,510,119 | JA One | JA One, also known simply as JA, is an American graffiti artist from the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, known for advocating street graffiti during the Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s clean train era as well as his prolific output.
JA began painting graffiti in New York as a teenager, and by 1985 was known for his work on the city’s trains. JA One took on his tag in 1986. In response to the MTA’s clamp down on train graffiti, initiated under the leadership of David L. Gunn, JA One spearheaded the movement to take graffiti bombing onto the streets. By 1990 JA was considered by peers to be all city king of New York. His willingness tackle difficult targets, such as police vehicles, has distinguished his output.
Throughout his artistic career JA One has had rivalries with other graffiti artists. In his book Subway Lives the journalist Jim Dwyer documented one of JA’s conflicts with a Bushwick based graffiti crew. In a 2020 interview the graffiti tagger Lord Ezec recounted physical confrontations and conflicts he and other graffiti artists had had with JA One in the past.
JA One is regarded as one of the most prolific graffiti artists ever. It has been estimated that he has produced more that 1 million tags over the course of his career. Interviewed for a Rolling Stone feature an anonymous New York police detective estimated that, by 1995, JA was responsible for $5 million worth of damage to property in the city.
JA One has been considered pivotal in the move away from the aesthetic legacy of the book Subway Art toward a stripped back focus on quantity and difficult to access spots. The impact of his artistic practice has extended beyond New York with well known graffiti artists from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom citing him as an influence.
In 2008 the fashion brand Supreme launched a collaboration featuring JA One’s designs on their clothing. His artwork has also featured in a variety of popular media including the video for Michael Jackson’s song Bad and the film Stir Crazy.
JA has been arrested on many occasions and received prison sentences as a result of his artistic practice including Rikers Island where he began tattooing other inmates. In 1990 JA One was apprehended by the New York State Police while painting graffiti on the FDR Drive and severely beaten. He was later taken to the Harlem Hospital Center where he was treated for his injuries, requiring over 130 stitches. The police charges against him were later dropped.
The son of a film director, JA has acted several roles in various films and television series including The Karate Kid Part III, Rocky V, and The District. JA One is a practicing vegetarian. He has stated that his activity as a graffiti writer has had a negative impact on his romantic relationships in the past.
JA was a close associate of the deceased graffiti artist Sane and regularly reproduces his tag in memory of his legacy. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "JA One, also known simply as JA, is an American graffiti artist from the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, known for advocating street graffiti during the Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s clean train era as well as his prolific output.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "JA began painting graffiti in New York as a teenager, and by 1985 was known for his work on the city’s trains. JA One took on his tag in 1986. In response to the MTA’s clamp down on train graffiti, initiated under the leadership of David L. Gunn, JA One spearheaded the movement to take graffiti bombing onto the streets. By 1990 JA was considered by peers to be all city king of New York. His willingness tackle difficult targets, such as police vehicles, has distinguished his output.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Throughout his artistic career JA One has had rivalries with other graffiti artists. In his book Subway Lives the journalist Jim Dwyer documented one of JA’s conflicts with a Bushwick based graffiti crew. In a 2020 interview the graffiti tagger Lord Ezec recounted physical confrontations and conflicts he and other graffiti artists had had with JA One in the past.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "JA One is regarded as one of the most prolific graffiti artists ever. It has been estimated that he has produced more that 1 million tags over the course of his career. Interviewed for a Rolling Stone feature an anonymous New York police detective estimated that, by 1995, JA was responsible for $5 million worth of damage to property in the city.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "JA One has been considered pivotal in the move away from the aesthetic legacy of the book Subway Art toward a stripped back focus on quantity and difficult to access spots. The impact of his artistic practice has extended beyond New York with well known graffiti artists from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom citing him as an influence.",
"title": "Influence"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2008 the fashion brand Supreme launched a collaboration featuring JA One’s designs on their clothing. His artwork has also featured in a variety of popular media including the video for Michael Jackson’s song Bad and the film Stir Crazy.",
"title": "Influence"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "JA has been arrested on many occasions and received prison sentences as a result of his artistic practice including Rikers Island where he began tattooing other inmates. In 1990 JA One was apprehended by the New York State Police while painting graffiti on the FDR Drive and severely beaten. He was later taken to the Harlem Hospital Center where he was treated for his injuries, requiring over 130 stitches. The police charges against him were later dropped.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The son of a film director, JA has acted several roles in various films and television series including The Karate Kid Part III, Rocky V, and The District. JA One is a practicing vegetarian. He has stated that his activity as a graffiti writer has had a negative impact on his romantic relationships in the past.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "JA was a close associate of the deceased graffiti artist Sane and regularly reproduces his tag in memory of his legacy.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | JA One, also known simply as JA, is an American graffiti artist from the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, known for advocating street graffiti during the Metropolitan Transportation Authority’s clean train era as well as his prolific output. | 2023-12-07T20:47:17Z | 2023-12-31T12:46:01Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JA_One |
75,510,125 | Wictor Songazaudzu Sajeni | Wictor Songazaudzu Sajeni is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Deputy Minister of Education, Science and Technology in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2011 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 19 August 2011. | [
{
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"text": "Wictor Songazaudzu Sajeni is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Deputy Minister of Education, Science and Technology in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2011 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 19 August 2011.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Wictor Songazaudzu Sajeni is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Deputy Minister of Education, Science and Technology in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2011 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 19 August 2011. | 2023-12-07T20:48:42Z | 2023-12-26T03:36:27Z | [
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75,510,133 | Christopher Ngwira | Christopher Ngwira is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Deputy Minister of Lands, Housing and Urban Development in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2011 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 19 August 2011. | [
{
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"text": "Christopher Ngwira is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Deputy Minister of Lands, Housing and Urban Development in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2011 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 19 August 2011.",
"title": ""
}
] | Christopher Ngwira is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Deputy Minister of Lands, Housing and Urban Development in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2011 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 19 August 2011. | 2023-12-07T20:50:09Z | 2023-12-17T05:48:26Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Ngwira |
75,510,142 | Flamenga Chelewani | Flamenga Chelewani is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Deputy Minister of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Affairs in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2011 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 19 August 2011. | [
{
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"text": "Flamenga Chelewani is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Deputy Minister of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Affairs in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2011 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 19 August 2011.",
"title": ""
}
] | Flamenga Chelewani is a Malawian politician and educator. He was the former Deputy Minister of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment Affairs in Malawi, having been appointed to the position in early 2011 by the former president of Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika. His term began on 19 August 2011. | 2023-12-07T20:51:42Z | 2023-12-25T09:59:59Z | [
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75,510,166 | UBXD8 | UBXD8 is a protein in the Ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domain-containing protein family. The UBX domain contains many eukaryotic proteins that have similarities in amino acid sequence to the tiny protein modifier ubiquitin. UBXD8 engages in a molecular interaction with p97, a protein that is essential for the degradation of membrane proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the proteasome. Ubxd8 possesses a UBA domain, alongside the UBX domain, that could interact with polyubiquitin chains. Additionally, it possesses a UAS domain of undetermined function, and this protein is used as a protein sensor that detects long chain unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), having a vital function in regulating the balance of Fatty Acids within cells to maintain cellular homeostasis.
The hairpin loop in cell membranes helps Ubxd8 get inside by sensing unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) and controlling the production of triglycerides (TGs). The inhibition of TG synthesis is caused by Ubxd8, which blocks the conversion of diacylglycerols (DAGs) to TGs. However, this inhibition is alleviated when there is an abundance of unsaturated fatty acids. The structure of Ubxd8 is altered by unsaturated FAs, which in turn releases the brake on the synthesis of TG. Ubxd8 contributes to maintaining cellular energy balance by attracting p97/VCP to lipid droplets (LDs) and suppressing the function of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the enzyme that controls the rate of triacylglycerol breakdown. Moreover, VCP brings UBXD8 to mitochondria, where it participates in the regulation of mitochondrial protein quality. Disruption of UBXD8 gene hinders the breakdown of the pro-survival protein Mcl1 and excessively stimulates the process of mitophagy. To better understand how lipo-toxicity is caused by saturated fatty acids, it might be helpful to learn how Ubxd8 works with unsaturated fatty acids. The inhibitory effect of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) on the interaction between Ubxd8 and Insig-1 is due to their ability to obstruct the binding between these two proteins, hence impeding the extraction of Insig-1 from the membrane. This inhibition is independent of the ubiquitination of Insig-1 and occurs after ubiquitination. Without affecting its ubiquitination, unsaturated FAs stabilize Insig-1, and they improve the capacity of sterols to inhibit the proteolytic activation of SREBP-1. The polymerization of the UAS domain of Ubxd8 occurs when it interacts with long-chain unsaturated FAs, which is essential for this process. For the polymerization reaction to be facilitated, the surface area of the UAS domain must be positively charged. The capacity of long-chain unsaturated FAs to stimulate oligomerization of Ubxd8 is hindered by mutations that take place in this specific region. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "UBXD8 is a protein in the Ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domain-containing protein family. The UBX domain contains many eukaryotic proteins that have similarities in amino acid sequence to the tiny protein modifier ubiquitin. UBXD8 engages in a molecular interaction with p97, a protein that is essential for the degradation of membrane proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the proteasome. Ubxd8 possesses a UBA domain, alongside the UBX domain, that could interact with polyubiquitin chains. Additionally, it possesses a UAS domain of undetermined function, and this protein is used as a protein sensor that detects long chain unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), having a vital function in regulating the balance of Fatty Acids within cells to maintain cellular homeostasis.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The hairpin loop in cell membranes helps Ubxd8 get inside by sensing unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) and controlling the production of triglycerides (TGs). The inhibition of TG synthesis is caused by Ubxd8, which blocks the conversion of diacylglycerols (DAGs) to TGs. However, this inhibition is alleviated when there is an abundance of unsaturated fatty acids. The structure of Ubxd8 is altered by unsaturated FAs, which in turn releases the brake on the synthesis of TG. Ubxd8 contributes to maintaining cellular energy balance by attracting p97/VCP to lipid droplets (LDs) and suppressing the function of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the enzyme that controls the rate of triacylglycerol breakdown. Moreover, VCP brings UBXD8 to mitochondria, where it participates in the regulation of mitochondrial protein quality. Disruption of UBXD8 gene hinders the breakdown of the pro-survival protein Mcl1 and excessively stimulates the process of mitophagy. To better understand how lipo-toxicity is caused by saturated fatty acids, it might be helpful to learn how Ubxd8 works with unsaturated fatty acids. The inhibitory effect of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) on the interaction between Ubxd8 and Insig-1 is due to their ability to obstruct the binding between these two proteins, hence impeding the extraction of Insig-1 from the membrane. This inhibition is independent of the ubiquitination of Insig-1 and occurs after ubiquitination. Without affecting its ubiquitination, unsaturated FAs stabilize Insig-1, and they improve the capacity of sterols to inhibit the proteolytic activation of SREBP-1. The polymerization of the UAS domain of Ubxd8 occurs when it interacts with long-chain unsaturated FAs, which is essential for this process. For the polymerization reaction to be facilitated, the surface area of the UAS domain must be positively charged. The capacity of long-chain unsaturated FAs to stimulate oligomerization of Ubxd8 is hindered by mutations that take place in this specific region.",
"title": "Influence of UBXD8 on lipid droplets"
}
] | UBXD8 is a protein in the Ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domain-containing protein family. The UBX domain contains many eukaryotic proteins that have similarities in amino acid sequence to the tiny protein modifier ubiquitin. UBXD8 engages in a molecular interaction with p97, a protein that is essential for the degradation of membrane proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the proteasome. Ubxd8 possesses a UBA domain, alongside the UBX domain, that could interact with polyubiquitin chains. Additionally, it possesses a UAS domain of undetermined function, and this protein is used as a protein sensor that detects long chain unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), having a vital function in regulating the balance of Fatty Acids within cells to maintain cellular homeostasis. | 2023-12-07T20:56:21Z | 2023-12-22T21:29:04Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
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75,510,223 | Western Niger Fulfulde | Western Niger Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language, spoken mainly in Niger, and Burkina Faso, as well as by a small number of speakers in Benin by 3 million people. It has SOV word order and is closely related to other varieties of Fula spoken in Niger.
Western Niger Fulfulde, a member of the Niger-Congo language family, exhibits a range of grammatical features, syntax, and phonology. In terms of phonology, the language is characterized by a system of vowels and consonants, and it employs a tonal system, where pitch variations play a crucial role in distinguishing lexical meaning. The consonantal inventory includes stops, fricatives, nasals, and glides. Additionally, Western Niger Fulfulde utilizes vowel harmony, where the vowels within a word harmonize in terms of features such as frontness or rounding.
Syntactically, the language employs a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, with the subject typically preceding the verb and the object following. However, word order can be flexible due to the use of nominal and verbal markers that convey grammatical relations. Western Niger Fulfulde exhibits agglutinative characteristics, where affixes are added to a root word to convey various grammatical meanings, such as tense, aspect, and mood. Verbal morphology is particularly complex, with a variety of affixes indicating person, number, and gender.
The language employs a system of noun class, which categorizes nouns into different classes, each marked by a specific prefix. These classes convey information about gender, and agreement markers on verbs and adjectives must match the noun class of the subject. Additionally, Western Niger Fulfulde employs extensive use of proverbs and idiomatic expressions. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Western Niger Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language, spoken mainly in Niger, and Burkina Faso, as well as by a small number of speakers in Benin by 3 million people. It has SOV word order and is closely related to other varieties of Fula spoken in Niger.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Western Niger Fulfulde, a member of the Niger-Congo language family, exhibits a range of grammatical features, syntax, and phonology. In terms of phonology, the language is characterized by a system of vowels and consonants, and it employs a tonal system, where pitch variations play a crucial role in distinguishing lexical meaning. The consonantal inventory includes stops, fricatives, nasals, and glides. Additionally, Western Niger Fulfulde utilizes vowel harmony, where the vowels within a word harmonize in terms of features such as frontness or rounding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Syntactically, the language employs a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, with the subject typically preceding the verb and the object following. However, word order can be flexible due to the use of nominal and verbal markers that convey grammatical relations. Western Niger Fulfulde exhibits agglutinative characteristics, where affixes are added to a root word to convey various grammatical meanings, such as tense, aspect, and mood. Verbal morphology is particularly complex, with a variety of affixes indicating person, number, and gender.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The language employs a system of noun class, which categorizes nouns into different classes, each marked by a specific prefix. These classes convey information about gender, and agreement markers on verbs and adjectives must match the noun class of the subject. Additionally, Western Niger Fulfulde employs extensive use of proverbs and idiomatic expressions.",
"title": ""
}
] | Western Niger Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language, spoken mainly in Niger, and Burkina Faso, as well as by a small number of speakers in Benin by 3 million people. It has SOV word order and is closely related to other varieties of Fula spoken in Niger. Western Niger Fulfulde, a member of the Niger-Congo language family, exhibits a range of grammatical features, syntax, and phonology. In terms of phonology, the language is characterized by a system of vowels and consonants, and it employs a tonal system, where pitch variations play a crucial role in distinguishing lexical meaning. The consonantal inventory includes stops, fricatives, nasals, and glides. Additionally, Western Niger Fulfulde utilizes vowel harmony, where the vowels within a word harmonize in terms of features such as frontness or rounding. Syntactically, the language employs a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, with the subject typically preceding the verb and the object following. However, word order can be flexible due to the use of nominal and verbal markers that convey grammatical relations. Western Niger Fulfulde exhibits agglutinative characteristics, where affixes are added to a root word to convey various grammatical meanings, such as tense, aspect, and mood. Verbal morphology is particularly complex, with a variety of affixes indicating person, number, and gender. The language employs a system of noun class, which categorizes nouns into different classes, each marked by a specific prefix. These classes convey information about gender, and agreement markers on verbs and adjectives must match the noun class of the subject. Additionally, Western Niger Fulfulde employs extensive use of proverbs and idiomatic expressions. | 2023-12-07T21:03:25Z | 2023-12-26T03:59:54Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Niger_Fulfulde |
75,510,251 | Maasina Fulfulde | Maasina Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language. It is spoken mainly in Mali, Ivory Coast, and Ghana by 1.6 million people. The language has several mutually intelligible dialects albeit with some differences. The variety is named after the Macina region in Mali.
Maasinankoore is the most widely spoken dialect of Fula spoken in Mali and is a national language of the country.
According to Ethnologue there are two dialects - Western and Eastern - and "There are some dialect differences, but popular opinion is that all dialects in Mali are inherently intelligible."
It is written in a modified Latin alphabet but historically was written in the Arabic script.
Maasina Fulfulde is grammatically basically the same as other varieties of Fula, with some particularities. For instance there are some slight differences in some verb endings.
The counting system retains a recapitulation of older systems historically used by other groups in what is now Mali. Tens from 60-90 have alternative versions not used in other varieties of Fula. In the table the general form, which would be understood by any Fulaphone person (basically counting by tens) and Maasina variant.
A progressive verbal expression is formed by inserting the word ni before the verb in the non-accomplished voice. For example, omo ni wara = she/he is coming (right now). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Maasina Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language. It is spoken mainly in Mali, Ivory Coast, and Ghana by 1.6 million people. The language has several mutually intelligible dialects albeit with some differences. The variety is named after the Macina region in Mali.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Maasinankoore is the most widely spoken dialect of Fula spoken in Mali and is a national language of the country.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "According to Ethnologue there are two dialects - Western and Eastern - and \"There are some dialect differences, but popular opinion is that all dialects in Mali are inherently intelligible.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "It is written in a modified Latin alphabet but historically was written in the Arabic script.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Maasina Fulfulde is grammatically basically the same as other varieties of Fula, with some particularities. For instance there are some slight differences in some verb endings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The counting system retains a recapitulation of older systems historically used by other groups in what is now Mali. Tens from 60-90 have alternative versions not used in other varieties of Fula. In the table the general form, which would be understood by any Fulaphone person (basically counting by tens) and Maasina variant.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "A progressive verbal expression is formed by inserting the word ni before the verb in the non-accomplished voice. For example, omo ni wara = she/he is coming (right now).",
"title": ""
}
] | Maasina Fulfulde is a variety of the Fula language. It is spoken mainly in Mali, Ivory Coast, and Ghana by 1.6 million people. The language has several mutually intelligible dialects albeit with some differences. The variety is named after the Macina region in Mali. Maasinankoore is the most widely spoken dialect of Fula spoken in Mali and is a national language of the country. According to Ethnologue there are two dialects - Western and Eastern - and "There are some dialect differences, but popular opinion is that all dialects in Mali are inherently intelligible." It is written in a modified Latin alphabet but historically was written in the Arabic script. Maasina Fulfulde is grammatically basically the same as other varieties of Fula, with some particularities. For instance there are some slight differences in some verb endings. The counting system retains a recapitulation of older systems historically used by other groups in what is now Mali. Tens from 60-90 have alternative versions not used in other varieties of Fula. In the table the general form, which would be understood by any Fulaphone person and Maasina variant. A progressive verbal expression is formed by inserting the word ni before the verb in the non-accomplished voice. For example, omo ni wara = she/he is coming. | 2023-12-07T21:09:24Z | 2023-12-26T03:57:13Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde |
75,510,256 | Jack McDaniels | Jack McDaniels (born December 21, 1998) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is currently the Quarterbacks Coach at Georgetown University. He played college football at Delaware State and West Alabama.
Jack McDaniels was the starting quarterback at Delaware State University for two years and the University of West Alabama for three years.
After a record breaking high school career at South County High School in Lorton, VA, McDaniels committed to Delaware State. He became the starter for the Hornets in his first summer with the program. While at Delaware State, McDaniels helped snapped a two-year losing streak, win consecutive games for the first time in four seasons, and was the only underclassmen member of the teams leadership council. McDaniels played under former FBS assistant coach, Kenny Carter, as well as Delaware State alum and former Super Bowl Champ, Rod Milstead.
After two seasons with Delaware State, McDaniels elected to transfer to Division-II powerhouse, West Alabama, located in Livingston, AL. There, McDaniels led the Tigers to Top-10 National Rankings (D-II) and a top ranked national offense. McDaniels participated in an abbreviated Covid season as well, during the spring of 2021. At West Alabama, McDaniels played for UWA alum Head Coach Brett Gilliland and former FBS Offensive Coordinator Don Bailey.
In total, McDaniels started 47 career games, accumulated more than 9,000 total yards and 90 touchdowns.
Immediately after his playing career ended in the fall of 2021, McDaniels joined the West Alabama staff as a Offensive Graduate Assistant.
McDaniels joined the Georgetown coaching staff in February 2022 as the Tight Ends Coach. At the age of 23, McDaniels was the youngest full-time D-1 position coach in the country. In his first season at Georgetown, the Tight Ends saw a 50% increase in receptions. McDaniels also ran the kickoff-return unit. The kickoff-return unit led the Patriot League in all statistical categories and was nationally ranked in many.
In January 2023, McDaniels was elevated to Quarterbacks Coach at Georgetown University. In his first season as Quarterbacks Coach, Georgetown more than doubled their win total, tying for the most improved team in the conference. McDaniels also helped Georgetown win the biggest game in program history over #14 (FCS) Fordham University, the program's first win over a ranked opponent in the modern era. McDaniels tutored first year starting quarterback, Tyler Knoop, to over 2,500 total yards, 64% completions and 21 total touchdowns. Due to injury, McDaniels started true sophomore quarterback Danny Lauter against #19 (FCS) Lafayette. In his first career start, McDaniels tutored Lauter to 428 passing yards (program record) and three touchdowns. McDaniels continued to oversee the kickoff-return unit in 2023. McDaniels was selected to the OurCoachingNetwork 30under30 list, as well as winning the OurCoachingNetwork Week 7 FCS QB Coach of the Week Award.
His father, Jeff McDaniels, was an F-16 fighter pilot in the USAF for 28 years. Jack is the younger brother of Jeff McDaniels, former Davidson College Wide Receiver and current Wide Receivers Coach at Eastern Washington University. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jack McDaniels (born December 21, 1998) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is currently the Quarterbacks Coach at Georgetown University. He played college football at Delaware State and West Alabama.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Jack McDaniels was the starting quarterback at Delaware State University for two years and the University of West Alabama for three years.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After a record breaking high school career at South County High School in Lorton, VA, McDaniels committed to Delaware State. He became the starter for the Hornets in his first summer with the program. While at Delaware State, McDaniels helped snapped a two-year losing streak, win consecutive games for the first time in four seasons, and was the only underclassmen member of the teams leadership council. McDaniels played under former FBS assistant coach, Kenny Carter, as well as Delaware State alum and former Super Bowl Champ, Rod Milstead.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After two seasons with Delaware State, McDaniels elected to transfer to Division-II powerhouse, West Alabama, located in Livingston, AL. There, McDaniels led the Tigers to Top-10 National Rankings (D-II) and a top ranked national offense. McDaniels participated in an abbreviated Covid season as well, during the spring of 2021. At West Alabama, McDaniels played for UWA alum Head Coach Brett Gilliland and former FBS Offensive Coordinator Don Bailey.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In total, McDaniels started 47 career games, accumulated more than 9,000 total yards and 90 touchdowns.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Immediately after his playing career ended in the fall of 2021, McDaniels joined the West Alabama staff as a Offensive Graduate Assistant.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "McDaniels joined the Georgetown coaching staff in February 2022 as the Tight Ends Coach. At the age of 23, McDaniels was the youngest full-time D-1 position coach in the country. In his first season at Georgetown, the Tight Ends saw a 50% increase in receptions. McDaniels also ran the kickoff-return unit. The kickoff-return unit led the Patriot League in all statistical categories and was nationally ranked in many.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In January 2023, McDaniels was elevated to Quarterbacks Coach at Georgetown University. In his first season as Quarterbacks Coach, Georgetown more than doubled their win total, tying for the most improved team in the conference. McDaniels also helped Georgetown win the biggest game in program history over #14 (FCS) Fordham University, the program's first win over a ranked opponent in the modern era. McDaniels tutored first year starting quarterback, Tyler Knoop, to over 2,500 total yards, 64% completions and 21 total touchdowns. Due to injury, McDaniels started true sophomore quarterback Danny Lauter against #19 (FCS) Lafayette. In his first career start, McDaniels tutored Lauter to 428 passing yards (program record) and three touchdowns. McDaniels continued to oversee the kickoff-return unit in 2023. McDaniels was selected to the OurCoachingNetwork 30under30 list, as well as winning the OurCoachingNetwork Week 7 FCS QB Coach of the Week Award.",
"title": "Coaching career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "His father, Jeff McDaniels, was an F-16 fighter pilot in the USAF for 28 years. Jack is the younger brother of Jeff McDaniels, former Davidson College Wide Receiver and current Wide Receivers Coach at Eastern Washington University.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Jack McDaniels is an American football coach and former quarterback who is currently the Quarterbacks Coach at Georgetown University. He played college football at Delaware State and West Alabama. | 2023-12-07T21:10:18Z | 2023-12-17T22:02:16Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_McDaniels |
75,510,257 | Plectranthus ernstii | Plectranthus ernstii, often called bonsai mint or bonsai spurflower, is a plant in the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae), genus Plectranthus.
A small perennial species originating from South Africa, the bonsai mint has fleshy, slightly pubescent leaves with a noticeable fragrance similar to other members of the Lamiaceae family. The stems grow in segments, which quickly harden, enhancing the bonsai-like appearance. They appear woody and trunk-like as they grow, and they can split if they thicken too quickly.
Bonsai mint typically stays fairly small, growing to a height of 15–25 in (380–640 mm), and are hardy to a very light frost. Ernstii blooms throughout the warmer months and puts out a spike of small, light purple flowers. These flowers are edible, with a slightly sweet flavor.
These are often used as houseplants, like bonsai. Growing naturally in humus-rich soil on rocky hillsides, they can thrive in sphagnum moss and bonsai soil, as long as the watering rate is adjusted appropriately. The leaves will wilt slightly at the edges when the plant is in need of water. Bonsai mints are not as fast-growing relative to traditional mints but have sturdy trunks that quickly thicken and gain a wood-like texture over time. They gain a mature appearance quicker than traditional bonsai tree species, and they are less rigid but more fragile. They thrive with moderate watering and in medium- to high-light environments. Stem cuttings of 2–4 nodes can be placed in water or planted directly and will put out substantial roots within a few weeks. These plants have no reported toxicity and are known to attract bees and other pollinators when flowering. Dry, bright conditions will lead to the leaves being small and compact, reducing moisture loss. Higher light results in a much shorter distance between layers of leaves.
First collected in South Africa in 1977 by Ernst and Erma van Jaarsveld, Plectranthus ernstii is classified as “Near Threatened” by the Red List of South African Plants, with fewer than 10 natural locations known, and even those are being threatened by invasive plant species. It is native to the rocky cliffsides of Scarp Forest, where it grows out of reach of most predators. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Plectranthus ernstii, often called bonsai mint or bonsai spurflower, is a plant in the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae), genus Plectranthus.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A small perennial species originating from South Africa, the bonsai mint has fleshy, slightly pubescent leaves with a noticeable fragrance similar to other members of the Lamiaceae family. The stems grow in segments, which quickly harden, enhancing the bonsai-like appearance. They appear woody and trunk-like as they grow, and they can split if they thicken too quickly.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Bonsai mint typically stays fairly small, growing to a height of 15–25 in (380–640 mm), and are hardy to a very light frost. Ernstii blooms throughout the warmer months and puts out a spike of small, light purple flowers. These flowers are edible, with a slightly sweet flavor.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "These are often used as houseplants, like bonsai. Growing naturally in humus-rich soil on rocky hillsides, they can thrive in sphagnum moss and bonsai soil, as long as the watering rate is adjusted appropriately. The leaves will wilt slightly at the edges when the plant is in need of water. Bonsai mints are not as fast-growing relative to traditional mints but have sturdy trunks that quickly thicken and gain a wood-like texture over time. They gain a mature appearance quicker than traditional bonsai tree species, and they are less rigid but more fragile. They thrive with moderate watering and in medium- to high-light environments. Stem cuttings of 2–4 nodes can be placed in water or planted directly and will put out substantial roots within a few weeks. These plants have no reported toxicity and are known to attract bees and other pollinators when flowering. Dry, bright conditions will lead to the leaves being small and compact, reducing moisture loss. Higher light results in a much shorter distance between layers of leaves.",
"title": "Environment & Growth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "First collected in South Africa in 1977 by Ernst and Erma van Jaarsveld, Plectranthus ernstii is classified as “Near Threatened” by the Red List of South African Plants, with fewer than 10 natural locations known, and even those are being threatened by invasive plant species. It is native to the rocky cliffsides of Scarp Forest, where it grows out of reach of most predators.",
"title": "Distribution"
}
] | Plectranthus ernstii, often called bonsai mint or bonsai spurflower, is a plant in the family Lamiaceae (Labiatae), genus Plectranthus. | 2023-12-07T21:10:19Z | 2023-12-24T18:04:09Z | [
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75,510,297 | NGC 1193 | NGC 1193 is an open cluster in the Perseus constellation. It was first observed and catalogued by astronomer William Herschel in 1786. The cluster is estimated to be approximately 4.2 billion years old.
NGC 1193 is usually classified as a Trumpler type II3m, indicating its stellar population have a wide range of brightness, from very bright to faint stars and little star concentration in the center of the cluster. The letter 'm' on the Trumpler classification indicates a population of 50 to a 100 stars. However a study released in 2022 indicates a population of approximately 181 stars in the cluster, possibly changing the type from II3m to II3r. A photometric study of this galaxy carried out in 1988 revealed a small population of 5 blue straggler stars, a number of subgiant branch stars and red giant branch stars. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "NGC 1193 is an open cluster in the Perseus constellation. It was first observed and catalogued by astronomer William Herschel in 1786. The cluster is estimated to be approximately 4.2 billion years old.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "NGC 1193 is usually classified as a Trumpler type II3m, indicating its stellar population have a wide range of brightness, from very bright to faint stars and little star concentration in the center of the cluster. The letter 'm' on the Trumpler classification indicates a population of 50 to a 100 stars. However a study released in 2022 indicates a population of approximately 181 stars in the cluster, possibly changing the type from II3m to II3r. A photometric study of this galaxy carried out in 1988 revealed a small population of 5 blue straggler stars, a number of subgiant branch stars and red giant branch stars.",
"title": "Stellar population"
}
] | NGC 1193 is an open cluster in the Perseus constellation. It was first observed and catalogued by astronomer William Herschel in 1786. The cluster is estimated to be approximately 4.2 billion years old. | 2023-12-07T21:17:14Z | 2023-12-25T17:39:49Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_1193 |
75,510,326 | Tales of Tarsylia | Tales of Tarsylia(Chinese:塔希里亞故事集 ) is a silhouette-style Manhua (Chinese-language comic) created by Chinese cartoonist Wu Miao and is his masterpiece. The Chinese version of Trade paperback of Tales of Tarsylia is published by JIELI PUBLISHING HOUSE and Yeren Publishing House Ltd., while the French version of Tales of Tarsylia is published by URBAN CHINA.
Tales of Tarsylia is set in the fictional "world of Tarsylia". The story has a huge layout, a unique worldview and profound meaning. In form, it is an anthology series, and the plots and characters of each story are often related. It has been serialized on the Internet since the end of 2006. The first volume of Trade paperback was published by JIELI PUBLISHING HOUSE in 2007. As of 2017, nine Trade paperbacks have been published, of which the first one has two versions.
In 2010, one of the core stories in Tales of Tarsylia, "The destination of silence"(沉默歸宿), was licensed to Beijing Infinite World Co., Ltd. for online game adaptation.
The 2013 Traditional Chinese characters edition of Trade paperback is published by Yeren Publishing House Ltd.
The 2015 French version of Tales of Tarsylia Trade paperback is published by URBAN CHINA.
In the world of Tarsylia, "Glyph"(詭法棋), a duel game popular among wizards, was launched in the PNP (print and play) version after the rules were revised by the author Wu Miao. The game is included in the second volume of the Chinese version of Trade paperbacks.
In 2015, the author Wu Miao cooperated with Canada's Bluepiper studio Ltd. to launch "Tales of Tarsylia-Glyph Chess"(塔希里亞-詭法棋), which is in the form of a Board game. In 2018, after revision, a new version of the board game "Tales of Tarsylia-Glyph Chess II" was launched.
The word "Tarsylia"(塔希里亞) means "Dual World"(雙重世界) in the Saint-Elf language(聖精靈語). Tarsylia in the broad sense refers to the entire known world, including Material Realm, Upper Realm, Lower Realm and other Realms(界域); Tarsylia in the narrow sense only refers to the Material Realm.
"Realm"(界域) refers to each Realm that exists in Tarsylia. All Realms are generated through "Three seeds"(三個種子).
Upper Realm
The Upper Realm(上層界), called Heaven(天界) and Paradise(天堂) by Humans, is located in the outer layer of the world of Tarsylia. This Realm comes from the part of The Third Consciousness(第三意識). The corresponding Realm is Lower Realm(下層界).
The gods reside in this realm.
Material Realm
Material Realm(主物質界) originates from The Second Consciousness(第二意識), its material basis comes from the Four Elemental Realms(四大元素界), and the energy comes from the Four Spiritual Realms(四大靈界).
There are two inhabited lands in Material Realm, namely Gaspar continent(加斯帕爾大陸) and Lakdossa Island(拉克多薩島), and the rest are all seas.
Lower Realm
The Lower Realm(下層界), also known as Abyss(深淵), also known as Hell(地域) by Humans, is located in the outer layer of the world of Tarsylia. It is a Realm formed by the No. 1 Splitting individual "Ring of Cause and Effect-Balsetu"(因果之環巴爾瑟圖茲) of The First Consciousness(第一意識) as its ontology. Devils(魔鬼) live in this Realm.
Four Spiritual Realms
"Four Spiritual Realms"(四大靈界) is the collective name for the four Realms: Rainbow-Islands Spirit Realm(彩虹群島), Jungle Spirit Realm(大叢林), Endless Sea Spirit Realm(無盡海), and Myriadvalleys Crypt Spirit Realm(萬壑地穴).
Four Elemental Realms
Four Elemental Realms(四大元素界) include Earth Elemental Realm(土元素界), Air Elemental Realm(風元素界), Water Elemental Realm(水元素界) and Fire Elemental Realm(火元素界). Four Elemental Realms not only provide the basic materials composed of Material Realm(主物質界), but are also the Realm where Elemental creatures(元素生物) live.
Gaspar Empire
The Gaspar Empire(加斯帕爾帝國), referred to as the Empire(帝國), was a huge empire that once unified the Humans, but gradually declined at the end of The second epoch(第二紀). The third epoch(第三紀), its territory is only the overseas Lakdossa Island(拉克多薩島), and the only remaining fortress on the Gaspar continent - Brokenblade Fortress(斷刃要塞) , whose symbol is the Black Crown(黑色王冠).
Shidal Trade Federation
Shidal Trade Federation(希達爾商貿聯邦) is a federal country controlled by the Big Four business group(四大商團). It can also be referred to as Shidal(希達爾), Trade Federation(商貿聯邦) or Federation(聯邦). The Shidal Trade Federation is based on trade, so it attaches great importance to credibility and seeks the greatest benefits by any means necessary. The Shidal Trade Federation controls much of the central part of the Gaspar continent(加斯帕爾大陸), and its symbol is the Golden Dagger(金色短劍).
There are many creatures in the world of Tarsylia, which are divided into humanoids(類人生物), Demi-humans(亞人生物), Transfinites(超限生物), Magical Creatures(魔法生物), Elemental creatures(元素生物), etc.
Human
Humans are one of the intelligent species living in the Material Realm(主物質界). They are the product of a compromise between the Upper Realm(上層界), Lower Realm(下層界) and Jungle Spirit Realm(大叢林), and almost dominate the entire Material Realm.
Human(人類)'s close relative is Barbarian(蠻人).
Barbarians are one of the intelligent species in the Material Realm. They are close relatives of humans, but are physically stronger than humans. The barbarians living in Northland(北地) and Skavia(斯卡維亞) were called Northland Barbarians(北地蠻人) and Mountain Barbarians(高山蠻人) respectively.
Elf
Elf(精靈) is one of the intelligent species of the Material Realm, derived from Angel(天使) who was transformed to adapt to the density of the Material Realm. Some of them still firmly believe in Heavenly Father(天父) and live in Emerald Paradise(翡翠天堂). In order to emphasize their specialness, they call themselves "Saint-Elf"(聖精靈). Nowadays, the term "Elf" refers more to the Elfs scattered throughout Tarsylia except Saint-Elf. They are not recognized by Saint-Elf and most of them live a life without fighting against the world.
Saint-Elf is one of the intelligent species in the Material Realm and one of the main branches of Elf. Because this community settled in Elf Holy Mountain(精靈聖山) more fanatically adheres to the belief of the Heavenly Father and considers itself superior to human beings, it calls itself "Saint-Elf". This has also led to the current term "Elf", which more refers to other Elfs scattered throughout Tahilia except Saint-Elf.
Dwarf
Dwarf(矮人) is one of the intelligent species living in the Material Realm and has an independent kingdom in Northland. There are 627 orthodox Dwarf Clanships, and meetings are held in the capital Light of Araton(阿拉頓之光). In addition, those ethnic groups or individuals who do not participate in the Dwarf Council(矮人會議) and are scattered outside are called Wild-Dwarf(野矮人).
Wild-Dwarf refers to the Dwarf tribe scattered outside the Dwarven Kingdom(矮人王國) and does not belong to the 627 Clanships of the Dwarf Council. They are unwilling to accept the call of Araton(阿拉頓) and go to the capital Light of Araton, preferring to stay in their existing homeland. In addition, orthodox Dwarfs who are exiled from the Clanship will also be called Wild-Dwarfs.
Gnome
Gnomes(侏儒) are an intelligent species living in the main material world. They are famous for possessing a variety of "Black Technology". They mostly live in Foureyes Grape City(四眼葡萄城).
Goblin
Goblin(地精) is one of the intelligent species living in the Material Realm and has a strong reproductive capacity. Goblin are usually considered to have low intelligence and insufficient force, but they are willing to obey the strong, so they are often used as slaves by various powerful races. Goblin also has many subspecies such as Hobgoblin(大地精), Bugbear(熊地精), etc. Among them, Bugbear is stronger and smarter, while Silvercup Winery(白銀杯酒廠)'s Silvercup-Goblin(銀杯族地精) has a level of civilization that far exceeds other Goblin.
Demonborn
Demonborn(魔裔) is the common name for people with demon blood, also known as "Tiefling"(泰夫林). Wizards have verified that the earliest Demonborn was born through "Primitive Symbiosis"(原始共生), but it is still a mystery who carried out such a large-scale cultivation ceremony in ancient times.
Vampire
"Vampire"(吸血鬼) is not a race, but a collective name for a class of creatures transformed through Vampirepact(吸血鬼契约). Humans believe that vampires are the sharp teeth of Archaic-Titan(始祖泰坦) "Devour the Tyrant"(吞噬暴君), but this is just a legend. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tales of Tarsylia(Chinese:塔希里亞故事集 ) is a silhouette-style Manhua (Chinese-language comic) created by Chinese cartoonist Wu Miao and is his masterpiece. The Chinese version of Trade paperback of Tales of Tarsylia is published by JIELI PUBLISHING HOUSE and Yeren Publishing House Ltd., while the French version of Tales of Tarsylia is published by URBAN CHINA.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Tales of Tarsylia is set in the fictional \"world of Tarsylia\". The story has a huge layout, a unique worldview and profound meaning. In form, it is an anthology series, and the plots and characters of each story are often related. It has been serialized on the Internet since the end of 2006. The first volume of Trade paperback was published by JIELI PUBLISHING HOUSE in 2007. As of 2017, nine Trade paperbacks have been published, of which the first one has two versions.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2010, one of the core stories in Tales of Tarsylia, \"The destination of silence\"(沉默歸宿), was licensed to Beijing Infinite World Co., Ltd. for online game adaptation.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The 2013 Traditional Chinese characters edition of Trade paperback is published by Yeren Publishing House Ltd.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The 2015 French version of Tales of Tarsylia Trade paperback is published by URBAN CHINA.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In the world of Tarsylia, \"Glyph\"(詭法棋), a duel game popular among wizards, was launched in the PNP (print and play) version after the rules were revised by the author Wu Miao. The game is included in the second volume of the Chinese version of Trade paperbacks.",
"title": "Game"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2015, the author Wu Miao cooperated with Canada's Bluepiper studio Ltd. to launch \"Tales of Tarsylia-Glyph Chess\"(塔希里亞-詭法棋), which is in the form of a Board game. In 2018, after revision, a new version of the board game \"Tales of Tarsylia-Glyph Chess II\" was launched.",
"title": "Game"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The word \"Tarsylia\"(塔希里亞) means \"Dual World\"(雙重世界) in the Saint-Elf language(聖精靈語). Tarsylia in the broad sense refers to the entire known world, including Material Realm, Upper Realm, Lower Realm and other Realms(界域); Tarsylia in the narrow sense only refers to the Material Realm.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "\"Realm\"(界域) refers to each Realm that exists in Tarsylia. All Realms are generated through \"Three seeds\"(三個種子).",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Upper Realm",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The Upper Realm(上層界), called Heaven(天界) and Paradise(天堂) by Humans, is located in the outer layer of the world of Tarsylia. This Realm comes from the part of The Third Consciousness(第三意識). The corresponding Realm is Lower Realm(下層界).",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The gods reside in this realm.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Material Realm",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Material Realm(主物質界) originates from The Second Consciousness(第二意識), its material basis comes from the Four Elemental Realms(四大元素界), and the energy comes from the Four Spiritual Realms(四大靈界).",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "There are two inhabited lands in Material Realm, namely Gaspar continent(加斯帕爾大陸) and Lakdossa Island(拉克多薩島), and the rest are all seas.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Lower Realm",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The Lower Realm(下層界), also known as Abyss(深淵), also known as Hell(地域) by Humans, is located in the outer layer of the world of Tarsylia. It is a Realm formed by the No. 1 Splitting individual \"Ring of Cause and Effect-Balsetu\"(因果之環巴爾瑟圖茲) of The First Consciousness(第一意識) as its ontology. Devils(魔鬼) live in this Realm.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Four Spiritual Realms",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "\"Four Spiritual Realms\"(四大靈界) is the collective name for the four Realms: Rainbow-Islands Spirit Realm(彩虹群島), Jungle Spirit Realm(大叢林), Endless Sea Spirit Realm(無盡海), and Myriadvalleys Crypt Spirit Realm(萬壑地穴).",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Four Elemental Realms",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Four Elemental Realms(四大元素界) include Earth Elemental Realm(土元素界), Air Elemental Realm(風元素界), Water Elemental Realm(水元素界) and Fire Elemental Realm(火元素界). Four Elemental Realms not only provide the basic materials composed of Material Realm(主物質界), but are also the Realm where Elemental creatures(元素生物) live.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Gaspar Empire",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The Gaspar Empire(加斯帕爾帝國), referred to as the Empire(帝國), was a huge empire that once unified the Humans, but gradually declined at the end of The second epoch(第二紀). The third epoch(第三紀), its territory is only the overseas Lakdossa Island(拉克多薩島), and the only remaining fortress on the Gaspar continent - Brokenblade Fortress(斷刃要塞) , whose symbol is the Black Crown(黑色王冠).",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Shidal Trade Federation",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Shidal Trade Federation(希達爾商貿聯邦) is a federal country controlled by the Big Four business group(四大商團). It can also be referred to as Shidal(希達爾), Trade Federation(商貿聯邦) or Federation(聯邦). The Shidal Trade Federation is based on trade, so it attaches great importance to credibility and seeks the greatest benefits by any means necessary. The Shidal Trade Federation controls much of the central part of the Gaspar continent(加斯帕爾大陸), and its symbol is the Golden Dagger(金色短劍).",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "There are many creatures in the world of Tarsylia, which are divided into humanoids(類人生物), Demi-humans(亞人生物), Transfinites(超限生物), Magical Creatures(魔法生物), Elemental creatures(元素生物), etc.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Human",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Humans are one of the intelligent species living in the Material Realm(主物質界). They are the product of a compromise between the Upper Realm(上層界), Lower Realm(下層界) and Jungle Spirit Realm(大叢林), and almost dominate the entire Material Realm.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Human(人類)'s close relative is Barbarian(蠻人).",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Barbarians are one of the intelligent species in the Material Realm. They are close relatives of humans, but are physically stronger than humans. The barbarians living in Northland(北地) and Skavia(斯卡維亞) were called Northland Barbarians(北地蠻人) and Mountain Barbarians(高山蠻人) respectively.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Elf",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Elf(精靈) is one of the intelligent species of the Material Realm, derived from Angel(天使) who was transformed to adapt to the density of the Material Realm. Some of them still firmly believe in Heavenly Father(天父) and live in Emerald Paradise(翡翠天堂). In order to emphasize their specialness, they call themselves \"Saint-Elf\"(聖精靈). Nowadays, the term \"Elf\" refers more to the Elfs scattered throughout Tarsylia except Saint-Elf. They are not recognized by Saint-Elf and most of them live a life without fighting against the world.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "Saint-Elf is one of the intelligent species in the Material Realm and one of the main branches of Elf. Because this community settled in Elf Holy Mountain(精靈聖山) more fanatically adheres to the belief of the Heavenly Father and considers itself superior to human beings, it calls itself \"Saint-Elf\". This has also led to the current term \"Elf\", which more refers to other Elfs scattered throughout Tahilia except Saint-Elf.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "Dwarf",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "Dwarf(矮人) is one of the intelligent species living in the Material Realm and has an independent kingdom in Northland. There are 627 orthodox Dwarf Clanships, and meetings are held in the capital Light of Araton(阿拉頓之光). In addition, those ethnic groups or individuals who do not participate in the Dwarf Council(矮人會議) and are scattered outside are called Wild-Dwarf(野矮人).",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "Wild-Dwarf refers to the Dwarf tribe scattered outside the Dwarven Kingdom(矮人王國) and does not belong to the 627 Clanships of the Dwarf Council. They are unwilling to accept the call of Araton(阿拉頓) and go to the capital Light of Araton, preferring to stay in their existing homeland. In addition, orthodox Dwarfs who are exiled from the Clanship will also be called Wild-Dwarfs.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "Gnome",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "Gnomes(侏儒) are an intelligent species living in the main material world. They are famous for possessing a variety of \"Black Technology\". They mostly live in Foureyes Grape City(四眼葡萄城).",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "Goblin",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "Goblin(地精) is one of the intelligent species living in the Material Realm and has a strong reproductive capacity. Goblin are usually considered to have low intelligence and insufficient force, but they are willing to obey the strong, so they are often used as slaves by various powerful races. Goblin also has many subspecies such as Hobgoblin(大地精), Bugbear(熊地精), etc. Among them, Bugbear is stronger and smarter, while Silvercup Winery(白銀杯酒廠)'s Silvercup-Goblin(銀杯族地精) has a level of civilization that far exceeds other Goblin.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "Demonborn",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "Demonborn(魔裔) is the common name for people with demon blood, also known as \"Tiefling\"(泰夫林). Wizards have verified that the earliest Demonborn was born through \"Primitive Symbiosis\"(原始共生), but it is still a mystery who carried out such a large-scale cultivation ceremony in ancient times.",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "Vampire",
"title": "Worldview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "\"Vampire\"(吸血鬼) is not a race, but a collective name for a class of creatures transformed through Vampirepact(吸血鬼契约). Humans believe that vampires are the sharp teeth of Archaic-Titan(始祖泰坦) \"Devour the Tyrant\"(吞噬暴君), but this is just a legend.",
"title": "Worldview"
}
] | Tales of Tarsylia(Chinese:塔希里亞故事集 ) is a silhouette-style Manhua created by Chinese cartoonist Wu Miao and is his masterpiece.
The Chinese version of Trade paperback of Tales of Tarsylia is published by JIELI PUBLISHING HOUSE and Yeren Publishing House Ltd., while the French version of Tales of Tarsylia is published by URBAN CHINA. | 2023-12-07T21:22:20Z | 2023-12-18T12:10:25Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Italic title",
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Infobox manhua",
"Template:Clear",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Tarsylia |
75,510,338 | Apology video | An apology video is a video in which a celebrity or influencer apologises for, or addresses, public criticism or backlash.
It is common for Internet celebrities to apologise or respond to criticism or backlash in the form of a video. Apology videos, especially from YouTubers, have been described as a genre and are an Internet meme on the platform. Most are purposefully orchestrated to illicit sympathy; individuals filming an apology video may not wear makeup, untidy their hair, and pretend to cry in order to show either relatability, authenticity or sincerity to their audience. A forced sigh, especially at the start of the video, is also common. Regarding the filming location, many may wish to avoid showing any affluence in their videos and use poor or natural lighting in order to generate a more authentic look and feel. By doing this, the person filming the apology video wishes to show vulnerability and establish a level of trust with their audience.
On YouTube, apology videos greatly range in length from a single minute to almost an hour, and are titled vaguely. Bettina Makalintal, writing for Vice, cited Logan Paul's "So Sorry", PewDiePie's "My Response", the Labrant Fam's "Addressing All the Hate We've Received" and Raw Alignment's "everything i had wish i said a long time ago" as examples of this, demonstrating also that the titles can be either wordy or brief. The thumbnail of these videos usually show the YouTuber in question with a sincere, teary-eyed expression while wearing minimal to no makeup; the latter is especially common for beauty YouTubers. Not all apology videos feature a person apologising, however; the individual filming an apology video may justify or explain their actions, allege that they are a victim of cancel culture, or simply apologise insincerely for the sake of retaining a positive reputation. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "An apology video is a video in which a celebrity or influencer apologises for, or addresses, public criticism or backlash.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It is common for Internet celebrities to apologise or respond to criticism or backlash in the form of a video. Apology videos, especially from YouTubers, have been described as a genre and are an Internet meme on the platform. Most are purposefully orchestrated to illicit sympathy; individuals filming an apology video may not wear makeup, untidy their hair, and pretend to cry in order to show either relatability, authenticity or sincerity to their audience. A forced sigh, especially at the start of the video, is also common. Regarding the filming location, many may wish to avoid showing any affluence in their videos and use poor or natural lighting in order to generate a more authentic look and feel. By doing this, the person filming the apology video wishes to show vulnerability and establish a level of trust with their audience.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On YouTube, apology videos greatly range in length from a single minute to almost an hour, and are titled vaguely. Bettina Makalintal, writing for Vice, cited Logan Paul's \"So Sorry\", PewDiePie's \"My Response\", the Labrant Fam's \"Addressing All the Hate We've Received\" and Raw Alignment's \"everything i had wish i said a long time ago\" as examples of this, demonstrating also that the titles can be either wordy or brief. The thumbnail of these videos usually show the YouTuber in question with a sincere, teary-eyed expression while wearing minimal to no makeup; the latter is especially common for beauty YouTubers. Not all apology videos feature a person apologising, however; the individual filming an apology video may justify or explain their actions, allege that they are a victim of cancel culture, or simply apologise insincerely for the sake of retaining a positive reputation.",
"title": "Overview"
}
] | An apology video is a video in which a celebrity or influencer apologises for, or addresses, public criticism or backlash. | 2023-12-07T21:24:45Z | 2023-12-30T22:14:12Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Know Your Meme",
"Template:YouTube navbox"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apology_video |
75,510,345 | Andrea Janjušević | Andrea Janjušević (born 23 December 2003) is a Montenegrin footballer who plays for Emina Mostar.
Janjušević started playing football at the age of twelve.
Janjušević played for Montenegrin side Ekonomist, where she was described as the "leader of the Nikšić team". She was the third top scorer of the 2021/22 Montenegrin Women's League with twenty-five goals.
Janjušević has been nicknamed "Šećer". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Andrea Janjušević (born 23 December 2003) is a Montenegrin footballer who plays for Emina Mostar.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Janjušević started playing football at the age of twelve.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Janjušević played for Montenegrin side Ekonomist, where she was described as the \"leader of the Nikšić team\". She was the third top scorer of the 2021/22 Montenegrin Women's League with twenty-five goals.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Janjušević has been nicknamed \"Šećer\".",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Andrea Janjušević is a Montenegrin footballer who plays for Emina Mostar. | 2023-12-07T21:25:09Z | 2023-12-07T21:25:47Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Janju%C5%A1evi%C4%87 |
75,510,359 | Sri Ramarchan Paddati | Sri Ramarchan Paddati (IAST: Srī Rāmārchana Padhati, Sanskrit: श्रीरामार्चनपद्धति) was authored by Jagadguru Ramanandacharya along with Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara. In this text Sri Ramanandacharya has explained the complete procedure to worship Sri Rama and Goddess Sita.
Sri Ramanandacharya has given the following mantra that should be used to wake Sri Rama:
कौशल्यासुप्रजाराम पूर्वासन्ध्या प्रवर्तते । उत्तिष्ठ नरशार्दूल कर्तव्यं दैवमाह्निकम् ॥१॥ उत्तिष्ठोत्तिष्ठभद्रं ते त्यजनिद्रां जगत्पते । त्वदीयोत्थानमात्रेण उत्थितं भूवनत्रयम् ॥२॥ उत्तिष्ठोत्तिष्ठ श्रीराम भद्रं ते करुणानिधे । उत्तिष्ठजानकीकान्त त्रैलोक्यं मङ्गलं कुरु ॥३॥ अप्रेमयकृपासिन्धुस्वरूपे रामसुप्रिये । सुप्रभातानिशा सीते श्रीरामाभिमुखीभव ॥४॥
This Translates to: O Rama, the embodiment of virtue and the beloved son of the devoted Queen Kaushalya, the time for the morning Sandhya (twilight) is approaching. Therefore, O lion among men, awaken from your slumber, for it is the dawn of a new day. It is necessary to perform the daily rituals and worship. This humble servant is present here to assist in carrying out those daily activities. Therefore, O Rama, please wake up. ||1||
O Rama, the supreme ruler of the universe, forsake your slumber and rise from your peaceful bed, O protector of the world! May your well-being be ensured. O Master, with your awakening, the three realms will awaken, meaning all the beings in the three worlds will engage in their respective daily and obligatory duties. Therefore, for the welfare of all beings, please wake up. ||2||
O Rama, the ocean of compassion, please awaken. O Rama, the beloved of Janaki (Sita), please arise, O Master, may your well-being be ensured. O Janaki's beloved Rama, please wake up. Rise and bring welfare to the three worlds. ||3||
O Janaki Devi, the embodiment of infinite grace, O beloved of Rama, O Sita Devi, the Supreme Goddess, the morning time has arrived. Therefore, O Empress, rise and withdraw from your daily duties, turning your attention towards Sri Rama. Adorn yourself facing Sri Rama and carry out all tasks according to the command of Shri Ramachandra. ||4||
In Sri Ramarchan Paddati Ramanandacharya has told what should be chanted while offering Tulsi leaves to Sri Ram and Sita:
साकेतं दिव्यलोकं सुरतरुमतुलं तत्र रत्नालिगर्भं हैमं सिंहासनं तच्छुभरुचिनिचयं भानुकोटिप्रकाशम् । पद्मं चानेकपत्रं कपिनिकरपतिं पादुके वातजातं सुग्रीवान् द्वारपालान् नलगवयमुखान् रामभक्तान् प्रपद्ये ॥१॥ वामं पादं प्रसार्याश्रितकलुषहरं दक्षिणं कुञ्चयित्वा जानुन्याधाय दिव्ये रिपुकुलदमने बाणचापे दधत्सः । रामः पाणिद्वयेन प्रतिभटभयदः पद्मगर्भारुणाक्षो देवीभूषादिजुष्टो वितरतु जगतां शर्मसाकेतनाथः ॥२॥
This mantra should be chanted while offering Tulsi leaves to Sri Ram and Goddess Sita.
In Ramarchan Paddati, Sri Ramanandacharya has written a shloka which one should chant while worshipping Sri Ram and Sita:
श्रीरामं जनकात्मजामनिलजं वेधोवशिष्ठावृषी योगीशञ्चपराशरं श्रुतिविदं व्यासं जिताक्षं शुकम् । श्रीमन्तं पुरुषोत्तमं गुणनिधिं गङ्गाधराद्यान् यतीन् श्रीमद्राघवदेशिकञ्च वरदं स्वाचार्यवर्यंश्रये ॥ I (ramanandacharya) take refuge in my Guru, the bestower of blessings, Raghavadeshik (Raghavanandacharya), along with all the purvacharyas such as Sri Ramachandra, Janakatmaja (Goddess Sita), Vayuputra (Lord Hanuman), Lord Brahma, Vashishtha, the greatest among yogis, Parashara, the knower of the Vedas, Vyasadeva, the conqueror of the senses, Shukadeva, the embodiment of all qualities, Purushottamacharya Maharishi Bodhayan, and the superior among ascetics Shri Gangadharacharya and others. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sri Ramarchan Paddati (IAST: Srī Rāmārchana Padhati, Sanskrit: श्रीरामार्चनपद्धति) was authored by Jagadguru Ramanandacharya along with Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara. In this text Sri Ramanandacharya has explained the complete procedure to worship Sri Rama and Goddess Sita.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sri Ramanandacharya has given the following mantra that should be used to wake Sri Rama:",
"title": "Mantra to wake Sri Rama"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "कौशल्यासुप्रजाराम पूर्वासन्ध्या प्रवर्तते । उत्तिष्ठ नरशार्दूल कर्तव्यं दैवमाह्निकम् ॥१॥ उत्तिष्ठोत्तिष्ठभद्रं ते त्यजनिद्रां जगत्पते । त्वदीयोत्थानमात्रेण उत्थितं भूवनत्रयम् ॥२॥ उत्तिष्ठोत्तिष्ठ श्रीराम भद्रं ते करुणानिधे । उत्तिष्ठजानकीकान्त त्रैलोक्यं मङ्गलं कुरु ॥३॥ अप्रेमयकृपासिन्धुस्वरूपे रामसुप्रिये । सुप्रभातानिशा सीते श्रीरामाभिमुखीभव ॥४॥",
"title": "Mantra to wake Sri Rama"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "This Translates to: O Rama, the embodiment of virtue and the beloved son of the devoted Queen Kaushalya, the time for the morning Sandhya (twilight) is approaching. Therefore, O lion among men, awaken from your slumber, for it is the dawn of a new day. It is necessary to perform the daily rituals and worship. This humble servant is present here to assist in carrying out those daily activities. Therefore, O Rama, please wake up. ||1||",
"title": "Mantra to wake Sri Rama"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "O Rama, the supreme ruler of the universe, forsake your slumber and rise from your peaceful bed, O protector of the world! May your well-being be ensured. O Master, with your awakening, the three realms will awaken, meaning all the beings in the three worlds will engage in their respective daily and obligatory duties. Therefore, for the welfare of all beings, please wake up. ||2||",
"title": "Mantra to wake Sri Rama"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "O Rama, the ocean of compassion, please awaken. O Rama, the beloved of Janaki (Sita), please arise, O Master, may your well-being be ensured. O Janaki's beloved Rama, please wake up. Rise and bring welfare to the three worlds. ||3||",
"title": "Mantra to wake Sri Rama"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "O Janaki Devi, the embodiment of infinite grace, O beloved of Rama, O Sita Devi, the Supreme Goddess, the morning time has arrived. Therefore, O Empress, rise and withdraw from your daily duties, turning your attention towards Sri Rama. Adorn yourself facing Sri Rama and carry out all tasks according to the command of Shri Ramachandra. ||4||",
"title": "Mantra to wake Sri Rama"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In Sri Ramarchan Paddati Ramanandacharya has told what should be chanted while offering Tulsi leaves to Sri Ram and Sita:",
"title": "Tulsi Offering Mantra"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "साकेतं दिव्यलोकं सुरतरुमतुलं तत्र रत्नालिगर्भं हैमं सिंहासनं तच्छुभरुचिनिचयं भानुकोटिप्रकाशम् । पद्मं चानेकपत्रं कपिनिकरपतिं पादुके वातजातं सुग्रीवान् द्वारपालान् नलगवयमुखान् रामभक्तान् प्रपद्ये ॥१॥ वामं पादं प्रसार्याश्रितकलुषहरं दक्षिणं कुञ्चयित्वा जानुन्याधाय दिव्ये रिपुकुलदमने बाणचापे दधत्सः । रामः पाणिद्वयेन प्रतिभटभयदः पद्मगर्भारुणाक्षो देवीभूषादिजुष्टो वितरतु जगतां शर्मसाकेतनाथः ॥२॥",
"title": "Tulsi Offering Mantra"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "This mantra should be chanted while offering Tulsi leaves to Sri Ram and Goddess Sita.",
"title": "Tulsi Offering Mantra"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In Ramarchan Paddati, Sri Ramanandacharya has written a shloka which one should chant while worshipping Sri Ram and Sita:",
"title": "Remembering The Lineage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "श्रीरामं जनकात्मजामनिलजं वेधोवशिष्ठावृषी योगीशञ्चपराशरं श्रुतिविदं व्यासं जिताक्षं शुकम् । श्रीमन्तं पुरुषोत्तमं गुणनिधिं गङ्गाधराद्यान् यतीन् श्रीमद्राघवदेशिकञ्च वरदं स्वाचार्यवर्यंश्रये ॥ I (ramanandacharya) take refuge in my Guru, the bestower of blessings, Raghavadeshik (Raghavanandacharya), along with all the purvacharyas such as Sri Ramachandra, Janakatmaja (Goddess Sita), Vayuputra (Lord Hanuman), Lord Brahma, Vashishtha, the greatest among yogis, Parashara, the knower of the Vedas, Vyasadeva, the conqueror of the senses, Shukadeva, the embodiment of all qualities, Purushottamacharya Maharishi Bodhayan, and the superior among ascetics Shri Gangadharacharya and others.",
"title": "Remembering The Lineage"
}
] | Sri Ramarchan Paddati was authored by Jagadguru Ramanandacharya along with Vaishnava Matabja Bhaskara. In this text Sri Ramanandacharya has explained the complete procedure to worship Sri Rama and Goddess Sita. | 2023-12-07T21:28:15Z | 2023-12-16T14:08:27Z | [
"Template:Infobox religious text",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Ramarchan_Paddati |
75,510,373 | Hussein Abayat | Hussein Abayat (died 9 November 2000) was a senior commander in Tanzim, the paramilitary unit of Palestinian movement Fatah. At the beginning of the Second Intifada, the Israeli military killed Abayat outside Bethlehem, the first time that Israel publicly acknolwdged conducted a targeted killing.
Abayat was commander of the Tanzim paramilitary group active in violence against Israel at the beginning of the Second Intifada. Israeli officials said that Abayat was the "mastermind" of a "terrorist network" that was responsible for deadly attacks on Israeli soldiers and civilians, including seven between 6 October and 1 November 2000. Palestinians confirmed that Abayat was the local leader of the intifada in Beit Sahur, a Palestinian town on the outskirts of Bethlehem..
Early in the Second Intifada, the Israeli Shin Bet discovered that Abayat was behind shooting attacks on roads in the West Bank and in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Gilo. After the Ramallah lynching in October 2000, however, Israeli forces were hesitant to operate in Area A of the West Bank without large numbers of IDF soldiers. Israel concluded that the only way to target Abayat was via an undercover force of Shaldag Unit operatives and an air attack.
On 9 November 2000, approximately six weeks into the Second Intifada, an IDF helicopter fired anti-tank missiles at Abayat's truck traveling on a road in Beit Sahur, on the outskirts of Bethlehem. Abayat's assistant Khaled Salahat was severely wounded in the strike.
The Israeli operation against Abayat represented a shifting in Israeli targeting policy. Israel previously used helicopter-fired missile to target only empty buildings and other facilities associated with the Palestinian Authority, after issuing warning for individuals to evacuate. Abayat was the first Palestinian leader to die in a systematic Israeli campaign to kill senior Palestinian militants.
The Israeli operation targeting Abayat occurred hours before Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat was to meet with U.S. President Bill Clinton in Washington.
Israeli deputy defense minister Efraim Sneh warned of additional missile attacks due to the nature of the guerrilla war with the Palestinians. Fatah officials vowed revenge, and Tanzim leader Marwan Barghouti warned of Palestinian reprisals.
In January 2001, an 18-year old Palestinian described as "simple-minded" was convicted in military trial and publicly executed by firing squad in Bethlehem for allegedly collaborating with Israel, leading to the operation against Abayat. Two other Palestinians were given prison terms of life. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hussein Abayat (died 9 November 2000) was a senior commander in Tanzim, the paramilitary unit of Palestinian movement Fatah. At the beginning of the Second Intifada, the Israeli military killed Abayat outside Bethlehem, the first time that Israel publicly acknolwdged conducted a targeted killing.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Abayat was commander of the Tanzim paramilitary group active in violence against Israel at the beginning of the Second Intifada. Israeli officials said that Abayat was the \"mastermind\" of a \"terrorist network\" that was responsible for deadly attacks on Israeli soldiers and civilians, including seven between 6 October and 1 November 2000. Palestinians confirmed that Abayat was the local leader of the intifada in Beit Sahur, a Palestinian town on the outskirts of Bethlehem..",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Early in the Second Intifada, the Israeli Shin Bet discovered that Abayat was behind shooting attacks on roads in the West Bank and in the Jerusalem neighborhood of Gilo. After the Ramallah lynching in October 2000, however, Israeli forces were hesitant to operate in Area A of the West Bank without large numbers of IDF soldiers. Israel concluded that the only way to target Abayat was via an undercover force of Shaldag Unit operatives and an air attack.",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 9 November 2000, approximately six weeks into the Second Intifada, an IDF helicopter fired anti-tank missiles at Abayat's truck traveling on a road in Beit Sahur, on the outskirts of Bethlehem. Abayat's assistant Khaled Salahat was severely wounded in the strike.",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Israeli operation against Abayat represented a shifting in Israeli targeting policy. Israel previously used helicopter-fired missile to target only empty buildings and other facilities associated with the Palestinian Authority, after issuing warning for individuals to evacuate. Abayat was the first Palestinian leader to die in a systematic Israeli campaign to kill senior Palestinian militants.",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The Israeli operation targeting Abayat occurred hours before Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat was to meet with U.S. President Bill Clinton in Washington.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Israeli deputy defense minister Efraim Sneh warned of additional missile attacks due to the nature of the guerrilla war with the Palestinians. Fatah officials vowed revenge, and Tanzim leader Marwan Barghouti warned of Palestinian reprisals.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In January 2001, an 18-year old Palestinian described as \"simple-minded\" was convicted in military trial and publicly executed by firing squad in Bethlehem for allegedly collaborating with Israel, leading to the operation against Abayat. Two other Palestinians were given prison terms of life.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | Hussein Abayat was a senior commander in Tanzim, the paramilitary unit of Palestinian movement Fatah. At the beginning of the Second Intifada, the Israeli military killed Abayat outside Bethlehem, the first time that Israel publicly acknolwdged conducted a targeted killing. | 2023-12-07T21:33:13Z | 2023-12-08T08:37:17Z | [
"Template:Authority control",
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"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Abayat |
75,510,381 | René Claassen | R.A.B. (René) Claassen (born 13 July 1971) is a Dutch politician representing the Party for Freedom (PVV). He has been a member of the Provincial Council of Limburg since 2019 and a Member of the House of Representatives since the 2023 Dutch general election.
Claassen was born in Heerlen on 13 July 1971. He trained as a nurse and was employed in various roles in the healthcare industry before working as a training manager at the Zuyd University of Applied Sciences and completing a master's degree in applied science from Maastricht University.
Claassen was elected to the Provincial Council of Limburg in March 2019 and to the municipal council of Landgraaf in March 2022. He quit both positions in December 2023.
During the 2023 Dutch general election, he was elected to the House of Representatives on the PVV's candidate list. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "R.A.B. (René) Claassen (born 13 July 1971) is a Dutch politician representing the Party for Freedom (PVV). He has been a member of the Provincial Council of Limburg since 2019 and a Member of the House of Representatives since the 2023 Dutch general election.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Claassen was born in Heerlen on 13 July 1971. He trained as a nurse and was employed in various roles in the healthcare industry before working as a training manager at the Zuyd University of Applied Sciences and completing a master's degree in applied science from Maastricht University.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Claassen was elected to the Provincial Council of Limburg in March 2019 and to the municipal council of Landgraaf in March 2022. He quit both positions in December 2023.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During the 2023 Dutch general election, he was elected to the House of Representatives on the PVV's candidate list.",
"title": "Political career"
}
] | R.A.B. (René) Claassen is a Dutch politician representing the Party for Freedom (PVV). He has been a member of the Provincial Council of Limburg since 2019 and a Member of the House of Representatives since the 2023 Dutch general election. | 2023-12-07T21:35:28Z | 2023-12-24T10:05:36Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Claassen |
75,510,388 | Nature Made | Nature Made is an American vitamin brand, founded in 1971 by Barry Pressman and Henry Burdick. Operating as a brand of Pharmavite, Nature Made manufactures over 150 different types of supplements.
In 1971, Barry Pressman and Henry Burdick launched Nature Made, inspired by the belief that “there was a better alternative to long term health than prescription drugs.”
Nature Made joined the Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN) in 1981.
In 2002, Nature Made became the first dietary supplement verified by United States Pharmacopeia (USP).
In 2016, Nature Made became the first USP-verified gummy brand. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nature Made is an American vitamin brand, founded in 1971 by Barry Pressman and Henry Burdick. Operating as a brand of Pharmavite, Nature Made manufactures over 150 different types of supplements.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1971, Barry Pressman and Henry Burdick launched Nature Made, inspired by the belief that “there was a better alternative to long term health than prescription drugs.”",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Nature Made joined the Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN) in 1981.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2002, Nature Made became the first dietary supplement verified by United States Pharmacopeia (USP).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2016, Nature Made became the first USP-verified gummy brand.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Nature Made is an American vitamin brand, founded in 1971 by Barry Pressman and Henry Burdick. Operating as a brand of Pharmavite, Nature Made manufactures over 150 different types of supplements. | 2023-12-07T21:36:31Z | 2023-12-13T15:59:36Z | [
"Template:Infobox company",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Made |
75,510,423 | Vepdegestrant | Vepdegestrant is an experimental estrogen receptor degrader that works via proteolysis targeting chimera. It is developed for advanced estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vepdegestrant is an experimental estrogen receptor degrader that works via proteolysis targeting chimera. It is developed for advanced estrogen receptor positive breast cancer.",
"title": ""
}
] | Vepdegestrant is an experimental estrogen receptor degrader that works via proteolysis targeting chimera. It is developed for advanced estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. | 2023-12-07T21:40:17Z | 2023-12-17T11:52:50Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox drug",
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepdegestrant |
75,510,430 | 1974 Australian Capital Territory general election | The 1974 Australian Capital Territory general election was held on 28 September 1974 to elect all 18 members of the Legislative Assembly, the main elected representative body of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). This was the first election for the Assembly, replacing the Advisory Council, although elected members did not start sitting until 1975.
The election saw a swing of almost 20% towards the Liberal Party, while Labor lost around 6% of its vote compared to the 1970 Advisory Council election.
As preparations were still being made for the granting of self-government to the ACT, the House served a largely advisory role, with most powers over the ACT still lying in the hands of the relevant federal minister through the life of the Assembly.
Nine members were elected by single transferable vote proportional representation from each of the ACT's two federal House of Representatives divisions, making 18 in total. Independent members who vacated mid-term were replaced by recounting their original votes to their next preferences to choose a runner-up. Members endorsed by a political party were replaced by a nominee of that party. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1974 Australian Capital Territory general election was held on 28 September 1974 to elect all 18 members of the Legislative Assembly, the main elected representative body of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). This was the first election for the Assembly, replacing the Advisory Council, although elected members did not start sitting until 1975.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The election saw a swing of almost 20% towards the Liberal Party, while Labor lost around 6% of its vote compared to the 1970 Advisory Council election.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As preparations were still being made for the granting of self-government to the ACT, the House served a largely advisory role, with most powers over the ACT still lying in the hands of the relevant federal minister through the life of the Assembly.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Nine members were elected by single transferable vote proportional representation from each of the ACT's two federal House of Representatives divisions, making 18 in total. Independent members who vacated mid-term were replaced by recounting their original votes to their next preferences to choose a runner-up. Members endorsed by a political party were replaced by a nominee of that party.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | The 1974 Australian Capital Territory general election was held on 28 September 1974 to elect all 18 members of the Legislative Assembly, the main elected representative body of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). This was the first election for the Assembly, replacing the Advisory Council, although elected members did not start sitting until 1975. The election saw a swing of almost 20% towards the Liberal Party, while Labor lost around 6% of its vote compared to the 1970 Advisory Council election. | 2023-12-07T21:41:43Z | 2023-12-09T04:19:43Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Australian_Capital_Territory_general_election |
75,510,431 | Edward Brezinski | Edward Brezinski is an American artist who, in the 1980s, became a fixture of the East Village arts scene, he was the subject of the documentary Make Me Famous. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Edward Brezinski is an American artist who, in the 1980s, became a fixture of the East Village arts scene, he was the subject of the documentary Make Me Famous.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Edward Brezinski is an American artist who, in the 1980s, became a fixture of the East Village arts scene, he was the subject of the documentary Make Me Famous. | 2023-12-07T21:41:56Z | 2023-12-08T00:06:43Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Artist-stub",
"Template:Infobox artist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Brezinski |
75,510,471 | Ciprofloxacin/celecoxib | Ciprofloxacin/celecoxib or PrimeC is a fixed-dose combination of ciprofloxacin and celecoxib developed for ALS. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ciprofloxacin/celecoxib or PrimeC is a fixed-dose combination of ciprofloxacin and celecoxib developed for ALS.",
"title": ""
}
] | Ciprofloxacin/celecoxib or PrimeC is a fixed-dose combination of ciprofloxacin and celecoxib developed for ALS. | 2023-12-07T21:50:18Z | 2023-12-31T23:36:47Z | [
"Template:Orphan",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacin/celecoxib |
75,510,491 | Rogério Cruz | Rogério Oliveira da Cruz (born 1 September 1966) is a Brazilian Evangelical pastor affiliated with the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, radio personality, and politician who has been the mayor of Goiânia since 2021. He is the first Black mayor of the city. Affiliated with the Republicanos, he initially was a councilman and later vice-mayor of the city, but took over after the death of then-mayor Maguito Vilela.
Cruz was born in Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro in 1966. He is married to Thelma Cruz. He graduated with a degree in public management from Universidade Paulista (UNIP). He was an administrator and radio talk show host during his years with Grupo Record, as well as with the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, of which he is a member and pastor of. In this manner, he has experience in radio and TV on the African continent, where he was responsible for the broadcasting of Record Internacional in Angola and Mozambique. He had served with the company as executive director for 16 years.
In recognition of his humanitarian actions, he received the title of Honorary Associate of the Rotary Club of Goiânia in 2022.
In 2010, Cruz moved to Goiânia, where he began his political career. Elected councilman in 2012 and 2016, he had been among the 5 most voted candidates in the city. During his mandate, he was president of the Commission of Persons with Disabilities and Special Needs (PPDNE). In 2012, he was elected with 7,774 votes, the third most voted, while in 2016, he was the 4th most voted with 8,312 votes.
In mid-2019, it was speculated that he would not be a candidate for council and had decided to focus exclusively on his position as a pastor with the Universal Church, which had been confirmed by a religious leader in 2020. However, amid the speculation, he became a candidate for vice-mayor for the campaign of Maguito Vilela.
Cruz and Vilela were elected during 2020 municipal elections. Vilela, however, contracted COVID-19 and died on 13 January 2021 at Hospital Albert Einstein, where he had been hospitalized for more than 80 days due to complications from an UTI. Cruz, as a result, became mayor and effectively guarantied that the political project of Vilela would take hold and would help to develop a harmonious relationship with members of Vilela's party, including with his son Daniel Vilela and governor Ronaldo Caiado. Cruz became the first Black mayor in Goiânia's history.
As mayor of the city, Cruz led the city's response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise in cases at the start of 2021, including closing the city's bars for the time being. Later, in February 2021, he positioned himself against more lockdowns. However, several weeks later, he joined other mayors in the metropolitan region and closed all non-essential businesses and opted to sanction an emergency line for 6 months for families that did not have any kind of formal income, called Renda Família, accompanied by new vaccines. During the same period, he began to organize work groups to revise the Director Plan of Goiânia, one of his main campaign promises.
In March 2021, due to pressure from the party base, Cruz began administrative reforms, demoting central figures that were carried over from the Vilela administration, such as the Secretary of Government Andrey Azeredo, who was replaced by Arthur Bernardes de Miranda. At the time, he also began to align his administration with religious leaders who are connected to the Universal Church, as well as other Evangelical churches and politicians such as João Campos. As a consequence, by April, every politician from Vilela's party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), called on secretaries to collectively ask for exoneration in protest to the abandonment of government plans, as well as the suspension of contracts made by former mayor Iris Rezende. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Rogério Oliveira da Cruz (born 1 September 1966) is a Brazilian Evangelical pastor affiliated with the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, radio personality, and politician who has been the mayor of Goiânia since 2021. He is the first Black mayor of the city. Affiliated with the Republicanos, he initially was a councilman and later vice-mayor of the city, but took over after the death of then-mayor Maguito Vilela.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Cruz was born in Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro in 1966. He is married to Thelma Cruz. He graduated with a degree in public management from Universidade Paulista (UNIP). He was an administrator and radio talk show host during his years with Grupo Record, as well as with the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, of which he is a member and pastor of. In this manner, he has experience in radio and TV on the African continent, where he was responsible for the broadcasting of Record Internacional in Angola and Mozambique. He had served with the company as executive director for 16 years.",
"title": "Early life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In recognition of his humanitarian actions, he received the title of Honorary Associate of the Rotary Club of Goiânia in 2022.",
"title": "Early life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2010, Cruz moved to Goiânia, where he began his political career. Elected councilman in 2012 and 2016, he had been among the 5 most voted candidates in the city. During his mandate, he was president of the Commission of Persons with Disabilities and Special Needs (PPDNE). In 2012, he was elected with 7,774 votes, the third most voted, while in 2016, he was the 4th most voted with 8,312 votes.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In mid-2019, it was speculated that he would not be a candidate for council and had decided to focus exclusively on his position as a pastor with the Universal Church, which had been confirmed by a religious leader in 2020. However, amid the speculation, he became a candidate for vice-mayor for the campaign of Maguito Vilela.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Cruz and Vilela were elected during 2020 municipal elections. Vilela, however, contracted COVID-19 and died on 13 January 2021 at Hospital Albert Einstein, where he had been hospitalized for more than 80 days due to complications from an UTI. Cruz, as a result, became mayor and effectively guarantied that the political project of Vilela would take hold and would help to develop a harmonious relationship with members of Vilela's party, including with his son Daniel Vilela and governor Ronaldo Caiado. Cruz became the first Black mayor in Goiânia's history.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "As mayor of the city, Cruz led the city's response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise in cases at the start of 2021, including closing the city's bars for the time being. Later, in February 2021, he positioned himself against more lockdowns. However, several weeks later, he joined other mayors in the metropolitan region and closed all non-essential businesses and opted to sanction an emergency line for 6 months for families that did not have any kind of formal income, called Renda Família, accompanied by new vaccines. During the same period, he began to organize work groups to revise the Director Plan of Goiânia, one of his main campaign promises.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In March 2021, due to pressure from the party base, Cruz began administrative reforms, demoting central figures that were carried over from the Vilela administration, such as the Secretary of Government Andrey Azeredo, who was replaced by Arthur Bernardes de Miranda. At the time, he also began to align his administration with religious leaders who are connected to the Universal Church, as well as other Evangelical churches and politicians such as João Campos. As a consequence, by April, every politician from Vilela's party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), called on secretaries to collectively ask for exoneration in protest to the abandonment of government plans, as well as the suspension of contracts made by former mayor Iris Rezende.",
"title": "Political career"
}
] | Rogério Oliveira da Cruz is a Brazilian Evangelical pastor affiliated with the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, radio personality, and politician who has been the mayor of Goiânia since 2021. He is the first Black mayor of the city. Affiliated with the Republicanos, he initially was a councilman and later vice-mayor of the city, but took over after the death of then-mayor Maguito Vilela. | 2023-12-07T21:54:09Z | 2023-12-29T16:53:53Z | [
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75,510,501 | GM-2505 | GM-2505 is an experimental psychedelic antidepressant that works as a 5-HT2A receptor agonist. Compared to other 5-HT2A receptor agonists, it has a shorter duration of action. | [
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75,510,503 | 2023 Temple University strike | The 2023 Temple University strike was a labor dispute between the Temple University Graduate Students Association (TUGSA), a graduate student employee union that represented roughly 750 graduate student employees at Temple University, and the university administration, led by President Jason Wingard. The strike began on January 31, 2023, and lasted until March 13, when union members voted to ratify a tentative agreement brokered between the negotiators for both parties.
In early 2022, the existing labor contract between the union and university expired without a replacement. While the two parties disagreed on several issues, including bereavement and parental leave and the grievance policy, the main point of contention regarded wage increases. The union sought an increase of 50 percent in the first year and 6 percent increases in subsequent years, but the university countered with annual wage increases of no greater than 2 percent. As an agreement was not reached, union members voted to authorize a strike, which began on January 31 of the following year. Over the course of the strike, TUGSA members held multiple rallies and demonstrations across Temple's campus and attracted support from both local and national politicians. On February 8, the university announced that they would be rescinding the tuition remission granted to graduate student employees, a move which provoked public criticism of the university and led to the union filing an unfair labor practice charge against the university with the National Labor Relations Board. On March 9, a tentative agreement was reached that was voted into effect by the union on March 13, bringing an immediate end to the strike. Terms of the contract were generally considered a compromise between the two side's initial proposals and saw first-year pay increases of between 30 and 40 percent for workers, amongst other changes regarding policies such as grievance procedures and time off.
Following the strike, President Wingard resigned from his position, with several publications indicating that his decision was due at least in part to criticism over his handling of the strike. Additionally, several publications noted that the Temple strike and its settlement were viewed positively by student labor activists at other nearby universities. In general, the strike has been viewed as being part of a broader nationwide labor movement amongst graduate student workers in the United States.
Temple University is an American public university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 2022, roughly 750 graduate student employees were members of the Temple University Graduate Students Association (TUGSA) Local 6290, a labor union which had been established about 20 years earlier and was an affiliate of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). These graduate students were employed by the university as either teaching assistants (TAs) or research assistants and as such had multiple responsibilities that included helping in conducting research, grading classes, and teaching introductory and general education classes. The union represented approximately 60 percent of the graduate student workers at Temple, with the total number of graduate students at the university numbering roughly 10,000.
In February 2022, the labor contract that existed between the union and the university expired without a contract, and that same month, the two sides began negotiations on the terms of a new contract. By November, despite months of negotiations, the union and university had not come to an agreement regarding a new contract.
The union was requesting an immediate wage increase of roughly 50 percent for the first year of the new contract and subsequent 6 percent annual wage increases for the next three years. Additionally, the union wanted changes to the employees' grievance procedures, improved bereavement and parental leave policies, and health care for the family members and dependents of graduate student employees, in addition to some other requests. At the time, graduate student employees at Temple were earning an annual stipend of between $19,000 and $20,000 on average, below the living wage level for Philadelphia, and the union justified their proposal, which would have raised that average to about $32,807 in the first year, by stating that it would constitute a cost of living adjustment. According to reporting from The Temple News, the university's student newspaper, graduate student workers had been affected acutely by the then-ongoing 2021–2022 inflation surge in the United States.
The university's counterproposal was for a 2 percent wage increase in the first year, 1.75 percent wage increases in the second and third years, and a 1.5 percent increase in the contract's fourth year. In a statement, the university noted that the graduate student workers were officially part-time employees who worked an average of 20 hours per week for nine months of the year, with the current stipend equating to an hourly wage of about $25, and received full benefits for the entirety of the year. Additionally, the university pointed out that graduate student workers also received free tuition, which the university said was a value of approximately $20,000 per year. A member of the union's negotiating committee also expressed disappointment with the university for only being willing to negotiate with TUGSA on matters regarding wages. Speaking later about the situation, President Kimmika Williams-Witherspoon of the faculty senate stated that the university was in an awkward position due to an overall 6.4 percent decline in enrollment at Temple, which she said had made operations at the university more difficult.
On November 11, 2022, a majority of TUGSA members participated in a vote and, with 99 percent in favor, authorized the union's negotiating committee to call for a strike action if they felt it was necessary. The vote did not establish a trigger date or deadline for calling a strike, and as the university and union had another negotiation session planned for November 17, it was unlikely that the strike would be called before that date. An article in The Philadelphia Inquirer noted that a strike at that time would be disruptive due to how late in the semester it was, but the university released a statement saying that they had plans in place to lessen the disruption that a strike would cause, including having faculty members, professors, and some undergraduate students fill in for striking graduate students. The strike would be the first in TUGSA's history and one of the first at the university in over a decade. The last major strike at the university involved nurses at the Temple University Hospital in 2010, while the last strike involving faculty at Temple occurred in 1990.
This move towards a possible strike action was part of a larger wave of labor disputes and organizing efforts at universities that had been occurring since 2021, with labor historian Heather Ann Thompson saying that the upsurge in unionization efforts, despite a broader long-term decline in unionization in the United States, coincided with an increased reliance from universities on the work of TAs and adjunct professors. A January 2023 article in Bloomberg Law reporting that, in 2022, there were 15 strikes conducted by graduate students, professors, and other academic workers in the United States, with the most notable being a strike at the University of California system that involved about 48,000 workers. In addition to the strikes, many universities had instituted substantial wage increases for their graduate student workers, with the University of Pennsylvania (also located in Philadelphia) agreeing in December 2022 to raise its minimum wage for doctoral students from $30,547 to $38,000—the largest single increase in the university's history.
On the morning of Tuesday, January 31, 2023, after about a year of negotiating, the union announced the start of the strike. Striking graduate students began picketing and distributed pro-strike flyers to other collegians, some of whom expressed support for the strikers. At around 2:15 p.m., before a scheduled meeting of the Temple University board of trustees, the union held a rally outside of the university's Charles Library that was attended by about 100 strike supporters. Pennsylvania State Senator Sharif Street was a speaker at the rally, where he voiced his support for the strike and led the protestors in a chant demanding higher pay. The picketing lasted until about 4 p.m., and the union announced plans for further picketing throughout the rest of the week. The strike ultimately caused the university to cancel some affected classes.
Union leaders stated from the beginning that the strike would be open-ended and indefinite, lasting until the union and university came to an agreement that they found satisfactory. At the time, the university's counterproposal to the union included 3 percent annual wage increases that would raise the average pay to $22,000 by 2026, in addition to one-time payments of up to $500. With regards to other points of contention, the university was offering to increase the number of parental paid leave days from 5 to 10, while the union was requesting 45. Additionally, in a statement from Provost Gregory Mandel, the university stated that they would "provide additional bereavement and provide healthcare benefits coverage" to graduate students. While health care coverage was available for free to graduate students, they had to pay for dependents' coverage, which the union said could amount to up to 80 percent of a graduate student workers' salary and was especially difficult for students from outside of the United States, as they were required to have their family covered in order to remain in the country.
On February 2, TUGSA held a rally on Temple's campus that included supportive speeches from local politicians and national labor leaders, including former Philadelphia city councilmember and then-mayoral candidate Helen Gym and AFT President Randi Weingarten. Additionally, in a statement to The Philadelphia Inquirer, President Jeffrey Doshna of the Temple Association of University Professionals (TAUP), the university's faculty union, said that, while the union could not officially participate in the strike, many faculty members were supportive of the graduate students' union and were declining to take on additional work as a show of support for the strikers.
On that same day, strikers were notified by the university that if they did not tell the chairperson of their academic department that they would return to work then they would lose their income, their benefits, and their free tuition. A union representative responded by saying that they were disappointed but not surprised by the announcement and that the union had been preparing for this. By the second week of the strike, Temple stated that roughly 80 percent of the university's graduate student employees were continuing to work, saying that 550 graduate students were continuing to work while roughly 120, mostly from the College of Liberal Arts, were the ones striking. However, this number was disputed by a representative for TUGSA, who said that the actual number of strikers was at least twice that and continuing to grow. That same week, the two parties entered into mediation. Around that same time, fliers began to be circulated around campus advocating for a general student walkout on February 15 in support of the strikers.
On February 8, Temple's bursar's office sent a notice to striking graduate student workers that said they must pay the full cost of their tuition by March 9 or they would have a $100 late fee applied to their account, which would prohibit them from registering for any more classes. In a statement defending their decision to revoke the graduate students' free tuition, the university said:
"In accordance with Pennsylvania law, those TUGSA members who have chosen not to work are no longer entitled to their compensation and work-related benefits, which include tuition remission, when they are on strike and not performing work for the university. Because striking workers are not entitled to tuition remission, they have been notified of their obligation to make arrangements to pay their tuition, consistent with how the university treats other students who have unpaid tuition obligations."
In addition to this, strikers also stated that the university had begun cutting benefits, with one striker saying that Temple had begun deactivating the health care accounts for some graduate student workers. In response, the union announced that they would be filing an unfair labor practice charge against the university with the National Labor Relations Board.
The decision drew criticism from many parties, with William Herbert, executive director of the National Center for the Study of Collective Bargaining in Higher Education, saying, "A threat of a retaliatory measure in response to a strike has occurred before, but it is frequently counterproductive. It can exacerbate the conflict, lengthen its duration, and lead to greater labor and community support for the strike". Labor historian Heather Ann Thompson, in an opinion piece published via CNN's website, was highly critical of the university's decision, saying, "no university has yet made the decision to go right for the jugular of its employee union in quite the sinister the way that Temple University just has".
"If Temple can afford to pay its football coach $2 million per year, it can afford to pay its grad student workers a living wage and decent benefits."
United States Senator Bernie Sanders expressing his support for TUGSA in a tweet
Following the announcement, Matthew Ford, a lead negotiator for TUGSA, announced that more graduate student workers were joining the strike. On February 9, the Philadelphia City Council passed a resolution introduced by Councilmember Isaiah Thomas expressing support for TUGSA and urging the university to come to an agreement with the union. At the time, several national politicians had similarly expressed support for the union, including United States Senators Bob Casey Jr., John Fetterman, and Bernie Sanders.
On February 14, the two parties returned to negotiations, with both sides calling the meeting "productive", though a member of the union's negotiating committee stated that they were still far apart on many key issues. That same day, strikers held a rally on campus that involved several members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, including Danilo Burgos and Malcolm Kenyatta. Also on February 14, the editorial board of The Temple News put out a statement expressing their support for the strike and advocating for students to voice their support as well through methods such as skipping classes with striking TAs and engaging in the student walkout on February 15. On that day, about 1,000 people, mainly students and faculty members, participated in the walkout and subsequent rally, which was co-organized by TUGSA and the Philadelphia branch of Socialist Alternative and resulted in traffic long part of Broad Street being shut down.
On February 17, the union and university announced that a tentative agreement on a new contract had been reached by the two negotiating teams, with the union stating that the agreement would soon be presented for a ratification vote by its members. According to reporting from The Temple News, the agreement would see the university reinstate the strikers' health benefits, tuition remission, and single-person healthcare coverage. Additionally, the university guaranteed that the minimum wages for its graduate student employees would increase in annual increments of 10 percent, 5 percent, 2.5 percent, and 2.25 percent over the next four years and that graduate student workers would receive a one-time payment of $1,000 following the end of the strike. In exchange, the union would rescind unfair labor practice charges they had raised against the university and would drop their demands for health care coverage for families and dependents. However, the union specified that, until the agreement was officially ratified, the strike would continue. Voting amongst the union members began on February 20 and continued into the following day.
On February 21, almost 400 people, representing 83 percent of eligible members, voted on the agreement, with 352 (over 92 percent) voting against it and about 30 voting in favor. Following this vote, the strike continued, and on February 28, a rally that saw about 300 undergraduate students march in support of the strike took place on the university's campus.
Around this same time, Temple University President Jason Wingard began to experience heightened criticism over his administration of the university, including his handling of the strike and concerns over safety on Temple's campus, with The Philadelphia Inquirer publishing an opinion article with the headline: "Temple is a campus in crisis. Jason Wingard is the wrong choice to fix it.". On February 28, in addition to the strike rally, several dozen students organized a separate rally on campus to draw attention to a perceived increase in crime on Temple's campus following the murder of a campus police officer the previous month and a lack of action from Temple's administration to address the issue. On March 2, members of the TAUP held a meeting to discuss holding a vote of no confidence on Wingard and other senior members of the university's leadership. While the meeting involved approximately 600 faculty members and lasted 90 minutes, the union did not come to a decision at that time, instead leaving the option open for further discussion. The following week, TAUP announced that a vote to hold a no-confidence vote would take place on March 17.
On March 6, TUGSA members traveled to Pennsylvania's state capital of Harrisburg in order to talk to politicians in an effort to foster more public support for the strike. The following day, two days before the deadline for striking employees to pay their tuition or face a late fee and the inability to register for classes, the two sides met for another round of negotiations. Following the meeting, both sides stated that progress had been made in negotiations, with the university stating that health insurance subsidies would be restored for striking employees effectively immediately and that another round of negotiations would take place the next day.
Following this round of negotiations, on March 9, it was announced that a new tentative agreement had been reached between the two sides, with voting amongst union members to commence the following day and the final vote expected to be announced that Monday, March 13. Unlike with the last tentative agreement, wherein the negotiating team presented the proposal for vote without taking an official stance on whether or not they support it, union leadership announced their full support for the new agreement. While specifics of the deal were not initially made available, the university stated in a release that the four-year proposal would see minimum annual salaries for the graduate student workers increase to $24,000 and would eliminate different pay tiers that existed wherein employees in certain colleges or schools were paid different rates than others. Additionally, the contract included increases in parental and bereavement leave, allowances for international travel for some students, a partial health care subsidy for dependents, and a one-time payment of $500 for union members.
On March 13, TUGSA announced that the proposed deal had been approved by the union's rank and file members with a vote of 344 for and 8 against (representing roughly 98 percent voting in favor), thus bringing an end to the strike. Provisions regarding wages in the new contract, which went into effect immediately after the vote, included an increase in the annual pay for the graduate student workers to $24,000 for the current academic year (retroactively starting on January 1), annual raises of $1,000 over the next three years, and a one-time bonus pay of $500. In total, this would result in minimum pay increases of between 30 and 40 percent for the employees, depending on their initial base pay, over the course of the contract's lifespan, which would last until 2026. As with the previous tentative agreement, the contract would also put an end to the tiered system of pay, replacing it with one standard tier.
Concerning other benefits, the contract would allow the employees to have a 25 percent health care coverage for dependents, an increase in paid parental leave from five business days to 21 calendar days, five additional days of bereavement leave for international graduate student workers, changes to the grievance system that would allow a meeting with the university as the first step in the process, and the creation of a joint committee composed of members of the university administration and union to revise work guidelines. Additionally, the tuition remission that the university had rescinded during the strike would be restored.
Several days after the conclusion of the strike, on March 21, TAUP stated that they would be holding no-confidence votes against several Temple administrators, including President Wingard. Reporting on the decision, journalist Susan Snyder of The Philadelphia Inquirer stated that "the administration’s handling of the graduate student negotiations may have been the impetus for considering a vote". Reports from Philadelphia magazine and The New York Times similarly stated that the strike had negatively affected Wingard's perception among the university's faculty, with the latter saying that it had "hobbled" his presidency. Ultimately, Wingard opted to resign as president in an announcement made on March 28.
During the course of the strike, the university hired several replacement instructors to take over classroom duties for striking graduate student employees. Due to these changes and others associated with the strike, such as the decision to make several classes online-only, the university stated that they gave students in these classes the opportunity to drop the classes without penalty and sign up for other classes past the normal deadline. Following the strike, several graduate students who had had their TA positions taken over by a replacement during the labor dispute stated that they were not able to return to their positions, which had been given to the replacements for the duration of the academic year. Concerning this, the university put out a statement reading, "To ensure continuity and to minimize further disruption to the students, we have elected to keep many of these instructors in place, and the returning instructors are instead being assigned new courses, research, or other academic responsibilities. There are some sections where striking instructors are returning as the instructor of record". This decision drew criticism from several undergraduate students and graduate student employees.
According to a March 2023 article published in The Philadelphia Inquirer, student labor activists at several nearby universities expressed optimism over the outcome of the Temple strike and believed that similar labor disputes at their respective universities could result in similarly successful results, a phenomenon that the newspaper labeled "The Temple Effect". During the strike, 1,400 workers in the University of Pennsylvania Health System filed a unionization petition, with one organizer at the health system stating that the Temple strike was "inspiring". A graduate student at Pennsylvania State University, whose graduate student workers were at the time exploring options regarding unionization, stated regarding TUGSA, "It’s impossible to not be inspired by them". A graduate student and union official at Rutgers University, discussing the possibility of a graduate student strike at that institution (which would become a reality several days later with the 2023 Rutgers University strike) stated that the Temple settlement "sets a really good precedent for us if we need to go on strike". In total, several publications have noted that the Temple strike can be viewed as part of a larger trend of unionization efforts and strikes that affected surrounding area. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 Temple University strike was a labor dispute between the Temple University Graduate Students Association (TUGSA), a graduate student employee union that represented roughly 750 graduate student employees at Temple University, and the university administration, led by President Jason Wingard. The strike began on January 31, 2023, and lasted until March 13, when union members voted to ratify a tentative agreement brokered between the negotiators for both parties.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In early 2022, the existing labor contract between the union and university expired without a replacement. While the two parties disagreed on several issues, including bereavement and parental leave and the grievance policy, the main point of contention regarded wage increases. The union sought an increase of 50 percent in the first year and 6 percent increases in subsequent years, but the university countered with annual wage increases of no greater than 2 percent. As an agreement was not reached, union members voted to authorize a strike, which began on January 31 of the following year. Over the course of the strike, TUGSA members held multiple rallies and demonstrations across Temple's campus and attracted support from both local and national politicians. On February 8, the university announced that they would be rescinding the tuition remission granted to graduate student employees, a move which provoked public criticism of the university and led to the union filing an unfair labor practice charge against the university with the National Labor Relations Board. On March 9, a tentative agreement was reached that was voted into effect by the union on March 13, bringing an immediate end to the strike. Terms of the contract were generally considered a compromise between the two side's initial proposals and saw first-year pay increases of between 30 and 40 percent for workers, amongst other changes regarding policies such as grievance procedures and time off.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Following the strike, President Wingard resigned from his position, with several publications indicating that his decision was due at least in part to criticism over his handling of the strike. Additionally, several publications noted that the Temple strike and its settlement were viewed positively by student labor activists at other nearby universities. In general, the strike has been viewed as being part of a broader nationwide labor movement amongst graduate student workers in the United States.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Temple University is an American public university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 2022, roughly 750 graduate student employees were members of the Temple University Graduate Students Association (TUGSA) Local 6290, a labor union which had been established about 20 years earlier and was an affiliate of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). These graduate students were employed by the university as either teaching assistants (TAs) or research assistants and as such had multiple responsibilities that included helping in conducting research, grading classes, and teaching introductory and general education classes. The union represented approximately 60 percent of the graduate student workers at Temple, with the total number of graduate students at the university numbering roughly 10,000.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In February 2022, the labor contract that existed between the union and the university expired without a contract, and that same month, the two sides began negotiations on the terms of a new contract. By November, despite months of negotiations, the union and university had not come to an agreement regarding a new contract.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The union was requesting an immediate wage increase of roughly 50 percent for the first year of the new contract and subsequent 6 percent annual wage increases for the next three years. Additionally, the union wanted changes to the employees' grievance procedures, improved bereavement and parental leave policies, and health care for the family members and dependents of graduate student employees, in addition to some other requests. At the time, graduate student employees at Temple were earning an annual stipend of between $19,000 and $20,000 on average, below the living wage level for Philadelphia, and the union justified their proposal, which would have raised that average to about $32,807 in the first year, by stating that it would constitute a cost of living adjustment. According to reporting from The Temple News, the university's student newspaper, graduate student workers had been affected acutely by the then-ongoing 2021–2022 inflation surge in the United States.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The university's counterproposal was for a 2 percent wage increase in the first year, 1.75 percent wage increases in the second and third years, and a 1.5 percent increase in the contract's fourth year. In a statement, the university noted that the graduate student workers were officially part-time employees who worked an average of 20 hours per week for nine months of the year, with the current stipend equating to an hourly wage of about $25, and received full benefits for the entirety of the year. Additionally, the university pointed out that graduate student workers also received free tuition, which the university said was a value of approximately $20,000 per year. A member of the union's negotiating committee also expressed disappointment with the university for only being willing to negotiate with TUGSA on matters regarding wages. Speaking later about the situation, President Kimmika Williams-Witherspoon of the faculty senate stated that the university was in an awkward position due to an overall 6.4 percent decline in enrollment at Temple, which she said had made operations at the university more difficult.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "On November 11, 2022, a majority of TUGSA members participated in a vote and, with 99 percent in favor, authorized the union's negotiating committee to call for a strike action if they felt it was necessary. The vote did not establish a trigger date or deadline for calling a strike, and as the university and union had another negotiation session planned for November 17, it was unlikely that the strike would be called before that date. An article in The Philadelphia Inquirer noted that a strike at that time would be disruptive due to how late in the semester it was, but the university released a statement saying that they had plans in place to lessen the disruption that a strike would cause, including having faculty members, professors, and some undergraduate students fill in for striking graduate students. The strike would be the first in TUGSA's history and one of the first at the university in over a decade. The last major strike at the university involved nurses at the Temple University Hospital in 2010, while the last strike involving faculty at Temple occurred in 1990.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "This move towards a possible strike action was part of a larger wave of labor disputes and organizing efforts at universities that had been occurring since 2021, with labor historian Heather Ann Thompson saying that the upsurge in unionization efforts, despite a broader long-term decline in unionization in the United States, coincided with an increased reliance from universities on the work of TAs and adjunct professors. A January 2023 article in Bloomberg Law reporting that, in 2022, there were 15 strikes conducted by graduate students, professors, and other academic workers in the United States, with the most notable being a strike at the University of California system that involved about 48,000 workers. In addition to the strikes, many universities had instituted substantial wage increases for their graduate student workers, with the University of Pennsylvania (also located in Philadelphia) agreeing in December 2022 to raise its minimum wage for doctoral students from $30,547 to $38,000—the largest single increase in the university's history.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "On the morning of Tuesday, January 31, 2023, after about a year of negotiating, the union announced the start of the strike. Striking graduate students began picketing and distributed pro-strike flyers to other collegians, some of whom expressed support for the strikers. At around 2:15 p.m., before a scheduled meeting of the Temple University board of trustees, the union held a rally outside of the university's Charles Library that was attended by about 100 strike supporters. Pennsylvania State Senator Sharif Street was a speaker at the rally, where he voiced his support for the strike and led the protestors in a chant demanding higher pay. The picketing lasted until about 4 p.m., and the union announced plans for further picketing throughout the rest of the week. The strike ultimately caused the university to cancel some affected classes.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Union leaders stated from the beginning that the strike would be open-ended and indefinite, lasting until the union and university came to an agreement that they found satisfactory. At the time, the university's counterproposal to the union included 3 percent annual wage increases that would raise the average pay to $22,000 by 2026, in addition to one-time payments of up to $500. With regards to other points of contention, the university was offering to increase the number of parental paid leave days from 5 to 10, while the union was requesting 45. Additionally, in a statement from Provost Gregory Mandel, the university stated that they would \"provide additional bereavement and provide healthcare benefits coverage\" to graduate students. While health care coverage was available for free to graduate students, they had to pay for dependents' coverage, which the union said could amount to up to 80 percent of a graduate student workers' salary and was especially difficult for students from outside of the United States, as they were required to have their family covered in order to remain in the country.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "On February 2, TUGSA held a rally on Temple's campus that included supportive speeches from local politicians and national labor leaders, including former Philadelphia city councilmember and then-mayoral candidate Helen Gym and AFT President Randi Weingarten. Additionally, in a statement to The Philadelphia Inquirer, President Jeffrey Doshna of the Temple Association of University Professionals (TAUP), the university's faculty union, said that, while the union could not officially participate in the strike, many faculty members were supportive of the graduate students' union and were declining to take on additional work as a show of support for the strikers.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "On that same day, strikers were notified by the university that if they did not tell the chairperson of their academic department that they would return to work then they would lose their income, their benefits, and their free tuition. A union representative responded by saying that they were disappointed but not surprised by the announcement and that the union had been preparing for this. By the second week of the strike, Temple stated that roughly 80 percent of the university's graduate student employees were continuing to work, saying that 550 graduate students were continuing to work while roughly 120, mostly from the College of Liberal Arts, were the ones striking. However, this number was disputed by a representative for TUGSA, who said that the actual number of strikers was at least twice that and continuing to grow. That same week, the two parties entered into mediation. Around that same time, fliers began to be circulated around campus advocating for a general student walkout on February 15 in support of the strikers.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "On February 8, Temple's bursar's office sent a notice to striking graduate student workers that said they must pay the full cost of their tuition by March 9 or they would have a $100 late fee applied to their account, which would prohibit them from registering for any more classes. In a statement defending their decision to revoke the graduate students' free tuition, the university said:",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "\"In accordance with Pennsylvania law, those TUGSA members who have chosen not to work are no longer entitled to their compensation and work-related benefits, which include tuition remission, when they are on strike and not performing work for the university. Because striking workers are not entitled to tuition remission, they have been notified of their obligation to make arrangements to pay their tuition, consistent with how the university treats other students who have unpaid tuition obligations.\"",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In addition to this, strikers also stated that the university had begun cutting benefits, with one striker saying that Temple had begun deactivating the health care accounts for some graduate student workers. In response, the union announced that they would be filing an unfair labor practice charge against the university with the National Labor Relations Board.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The decision drew criticism from many parties, with William Herbert, executive director of the National Center for the Study of Collective Bargaining in Higher Education, saying, \"A threat of a retaliatory measure in response to a strike has occurred before, but it is frequently counterproductive. It can exacerbate the conflict, lengthen its duration, and lead to greater labor and community support for the strike\". Labor historian Heather Ann Thompson, in an opinion piece published via CNN's website, was highly critical of the university's decision, saying, \"no university has yet made the decision to go right for the jugular of its employee union in quite the sinister the way that Temple University just has\".",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "\"If Temple can afford to pay its football coach $2 million per year, it can afford to pay its grad student workers a living wage and decent benefits.\"",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "United States Senator Bernie Sanders expressing his support for TUGSA in a tweet",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Following the announcement, Matthew Ford, a lead negotiator for TUGSA, announced that more graduate student workers were joining the strike. On February 9, the Philadelphia City Council passed a resolution introduced by Councilmember Isaiah Thomas expressing support for TUGSA and urging the university to come to an agreement with the union. At the time, several national politicians had similarly expressed support for the union, including United States Senators Bob Casey Jr., John Fetterman, and Bernie Sanders.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "On February 14, the two parties returned to negotiations, with both sides calling the meeting \"productive\", though a member of the union's negotiating committee stated that they were still far apart on many key issues. That same day, strikers held a rally on campus that involved several members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, including Danilo Burgos and Malcolm Kenyatta. Also on February 14, the editorial board of The Temple News put out a statement expressing their support for the strike and advocating for students to voice their support as well through methods such as skipping classes with striking TAs and engaging in the student walkout on February 15. On that day, about 1,000 people, mainly students and faculty members, participated in the walkout and subsequent rally, which was co-organized by TUGSA and the Philadelphia branch of Socialist Alternative and resulted in traffic long part of Broad Street being shut down.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "On February 17, the union and university announced that a tentative agreement on a new contract had been reached by the two negotiating teams, with the union stating that the agreement would soon be presented for a ratification vote by its members. According to reporting from The Temple News, the agreement would see the university reinstate the strikers' health benefits, tuition remission, and single-person healthcare coverage. Additionally, the university guaranteed that the minimum wages for its graduate student employees would increase in annual increments of 10 percent, 5 percent, 2.5 percent, and 2.25 percent over the next four years and that graduate student workers would receive a one-time payment of $1,000 following the end of the strike. In exchange, the union would rescind unfair labor practice charges they had raised against the university and would drop their demands for health care coverage for families and dependents. However, the union specified that, until the agreement was officially ratified, the strike would continue. Voting amongst the union members began on February 20 and continued into the following day.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "On February 21, almost 400 people, representing 83 percent of eligible members, voted on the agreement, with 352 (over 92 percent) voting against it and about 30 voting in favor. Following this vote, the strike continued, and on February 28, a rally that saw about 300 undergraduate students march in support of the strike took place on the university's campus.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Around this same time, Temple University President Jason Wingard began to experience heightened criticism over his administration of the university, including his handling of the strike and concerns over safety on Temple's campus, with The Philadelphia Inquirer publishing an opinion article with the headline: \"Temple is a campus in crisis. Jason Wingard is the wrong choice to fix it.\". On February 28, in addition to the strike rally, several dozen students organized a separate rally on campus to draw attention to a perceived increase in crime on Temple's campus following the murder of a campus police officer the previous month and a lack of action from Temple's administration to address the issue. On March 2, members of the TAUP held a meeting to discuss holding a vote of no confidence on Wingard and other senior members of the university's leadership. While the meeting involved approximately 600 faculty members and lasted 90 minutes, the union did not come to a decision at that time, instead leaving the option open for further discussion. The following week, TAUP announced that a vote to hold a no-confidence vote would take place on March 17.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "On March 6, TUGSA members traveled to Pennsylvania's state capital of Harrisburg in order to talk to politicians in an effort to foster more public support for the strike. The following day, two days before the deadline for striking employees to pay their tuition or face a late fee and the inability to register for classes, the two sides met for another round of negotiations. Following the meeting, both sides stated that progress had been made in negotiations, with the university stating that health insurance subsidies would be restored for striking employees effectively immediately and that another round of negotiations would take place the next day.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Following this round of negotiations, on March 9, it was announced that a new tentative agreement had been reached between the two sides, with voting amongst union members to commence the following day and the final vote expected to be announced that Monday, March 13. Unlike with the last tentative agreement, wherein the negotiating team presented the proposal for vote without taking an official stance on whether or not they support it, union leadership announced their full support for the new agreement. While specifics of the deal were not initially made available, the university stated in a release that the four-year proposal would see minimum annual salaries for the graduate student workers increase to $24,000 and would eliminate different pay tiers that existed wherein employees in certain colleges or schools were paid different rates than others. Additionally, the contract included increases in parental and bereavement leave, allowances for international travel for some students, a partial health care subsidy for dependents, and a one-time payment of $500 for union members.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "On March 13, TUGSA announced that the proposed deal had been approved by the union's rank and file members with a vote of 344 for and 8 against (representing roughly 98 percent voting in favor), thus bringing an end to the strike. Provisions regarding wages in the new contract, which went into effect immediately after the vote, included an increase in the annual pay for the graduate student workers to $24,000 for the current academic year (retroactively starting on January 1), annual raises of $1,000 over the next three years, and a one-time bonus pay of $500. In total, this would result in minimum pay increases of between 30 and 40 percent for the employees, depending on their initial base pay, over the course of the contract's lifespan, which would last until 2026. As with the previous tentative agreement, the contract would also put an end to the tiered system of pay, replacing it with one standard tier.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Concerning other benefits, the contract would allow the employees to have a 25 percent health care coverage for dependents, an increase in paid parental leave from five business days to 21 calendar days, five additional days of bereavement leave for international graduate student workers, changes to the grievance system that would allow a meeting with the university as the first step in the process, and the creation of a joint committee composed of members of the university administration and union to revise work guidelines. Additionally, the tuition remission that the university had rescinded during the strike would be restored.",
"title": "Course of the strike"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Several days after the conclusion of the strike, on March 21, TAUP stated that they would be holding no-confidence votes against several Temple administrators, including President Wingard. Reporting on the decision, journalist Susan Snyder of The Philadelphia Inquirer stated that \"the administration’s handling of the graduate student negotiations may have been the impetus for considering a vote\". Reports from Philadelphia magazine and The New York Times similarly stated that the strike had negatively affected Wingard's perception among the university's faculty, with the latter saying that it had \"hobbled\" his presidency. Ultimately, Wingard opted to resign as president in an announcement made on March 28.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "During the course of the strike, the university hired several replacement instructors to take over classroom duties for striking graduate student employees. Due to these changes and others associated with the strike, such as the decision to make several classes online-only, the university stated that they gave students in these classes the opportunity to drop the classes without penalty and sign up for other classes past the normal deadline. Following the strike, several graduate students who had had their TA positions taken over by a replacement during the labor dispute stated that they were not able to return to their positions, which had been given to the replacements for the duration of the academic year. Concerning this, the university put out a statement reading, \"To ensure continuity and to minimize further disruption to the students, we have elected to keep many of these instructors in place, and the returning instructors are instead being assigned new courses, research, or other academic responsibilities. There are some sections where striking instructors are returning as the instructor of record\". This decision drew criticism from several undergraduate students and graduate student employees.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "According to a March 2023 article published in The Philadelphia Inquirer, student labor activists at several nearby universities expressed optimism over the outcome of the Temple strike and believed that similar labor disputes at their respective universities could result in similarly successful results, a phenomenon that the newspaper labeled \"The Temple Effect\". During the strike, 1,400 workers in the University of Pennsylvania Health System filed a unionization petition, with one organizer at the health system stating that the Temple strike was \"inspiring\". A graduate student at Pennsylvania State University, whose graduate student workers were at the time exploring options regarding unionization, stated regarding TUGSA, \"It’s impossible to not be inspired by them\". A graduate student and union official at Rutgers University, discussing the possibility of a graduate student strike at that institution (which would become a reality several days later with the 2023 Rutgers University strike) stated that the Temple settlement \"sets a really good precedent for us if we need to go on strike\". In total, several publications have noted that the Temple strike can be viewed as part of a larger trend of unionization efforts and strikes that affected surrounding area.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | The 2023 Temple University strike was a labor dispute between the Temple University Graduate Students Association (TUGSA), a graduate student employee union that represented roughly 750 graduate student employees at Temple University, and the university administration, led by President Jason Wingard. The strike began on January 31, 2023, and lasted until March 13, when union members voted to ratify a tentative agreement brokered between the negotiators for both parties. In early 2022, the existing labor contract between the union and university expired without a replacement. While the two parties disagreed on several issues, including bereavement and parental leave and the grievance policy, the main point of contention regarded wage increases. The union sought an increase of 50 percent in the first year and 6 percent increases in subsequent years, but the university countered with annual wage increases of no greater than 2 percent. As an agreement was not reached, union members voted to authorize a strike, which began on January 31 of the following year. Over the course of the strike, TUGSA members held multiple rallies and demonstrations across Temple's campus and attracted support from both local and national politicians. On February 8, the university announced that they would be rescinding the tuition remission granted to graduate student employees, a move which provoked public criticism of the university and led to the union filing an unfair labor practice charge against the university with the National Labor Relations Board. On March 9, a tentative agreement was reached that was voted into effect by the union on March 13, bringing an immediate end to the strike. Terms of the contract were generally considered a compromise between the two side's initial proposals and saw first-year pay increases of between 30 and 40 percent for workers, amongst other changes regarding policies such as grievance procedures and time off. Following the strike, President Wingard resigned from his position, with several publications indicating that his decision was due at least in part to criticism over his handling of the strike. Additionally, several publications noted that the Temple strike and its settlement were viewed positively by student labor activists at other nearby universities. In general, the strike has been viewed as being part of a broader nationwide labor movement amongst graduate student workers in the United States. | 2023-12-07T21:56:11Z | 2023-12-30T04:48:12Z | [
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75,510,514 | Chytridiopsida | [] | 2023-12-07T21:58:58Z | 2023-12-07T23:27:55Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiopsida |
||
75,510,528 | Hermes of Andros | Hermes of Andros (Greek: Ερμής της Άνδρου) is a large Roman marble sculpture of the Greek god Hermes, god of commerce and messengers, unearthed in the Aegean island of Andros, Greece. The sculpture was discovered in 1832, just two years following Greece's independence from the Ottoman Empire, and originally displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Today it is housed in Andros, in the Archaeological Museum of Andros.
The statue was discovered in 1832 by a man named Demetrios Loukrezis digging in a plot of land he owned on the site of the ancient agora of Andros, alongside a second statue depicting a richly dressed woman (headless). Next year Spyridon Trikoupis announced the discovery of the statues in the archaeological journal Bullettino dell'Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica. During his visit in Andros in 1841 King Otto of Greece ordered the statue to be moved to the newly-established National Museum (then housed in the Temple of Hephaestus, incorrectly called the Theseum) after paying Loukrezis an amount of money.
Near the site where the statue of Hermes and the woman was found stood a shrine, probably for hero-worship, where a honorific inscription was found that mentioned Egnatia Maximilla and Publius Gleitius Gallus, benefactors of the city during the reigh of Emperor Nero (around 65 AD), thus causing the two sculptures to be associated with them. Although the date matched the year the female sculpture, which is a Herculaneum Woman type, was made, Hermes of Andros however proved to be an older work. It was then argued that the statue of Hermes was reused in conjunction with the female statue, which was common to usage of Hermes statues.
Finally in 1981 the statue was returned to Andros, where it has been displayed in the island's archaeological museum ever since.
At two meters and nineteen centimeters height, this statue made of Parian marble is over lifesize, and considered to be of great artistic value.
The statue, created around the first century BC, was one of the many copies of the original. That original statue was thought to have been a Lysippean type, but his sculptor belonged to the school of Praxiteles, as comparison with Hermes and the Infant Dionysus shows; it was thus produced around 360 BC.
The statue was found without arms and legs below the knees (which were later restored). The young god is nude, his chlamys resting on his left shoulder and falling down in his back. He supports his weight on his right leg, while the left one is slightly bent. To his right side is a support, shaped in the form of a tree trunk, around which is coiled a large snake. Hermes's head is tilted to the right. This sculpture from Andros is of the "Farnese" statuary type, and is in fact one of its best preserved examples.
Comparison with other extant copies, particularly the one displayed in the British Museum, can give us a clear picture of what the missing parts were like: the rest of his right hand (below the elbow) rested on the god's hip, while the missing chlamys wrapped around the slightly bent left arm and fell freely next to it. Hermes would also be holding a caduceus, the god's famed symbol, and wearing winged sandals (in Hermes of Andros, the feet have no sandals).
The craftmanship and harmony of this statue has been much praised, as one of the finest surviving statues in Greece. It has been described as having all the the naturalness, delicacy and grace that is missing from the similar statue Atalante Hermes, which is not Praxitelean but rather has Lysippean characteristics, and is made of Pentelic marble. | [
{
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"text": "Hermes of Andros (Greek: Ερμής της Άνδρου) is a large Roman marble sculpture of the Greek god Hermes, god of commerce and messengers, unearthed in the Aegean island of Andros, Greece. The sculpture was discovered in 1832, just two years following Greece's independence from the Ottoman Empire, and originally displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Today it is housed in Andros, in the Archaeological Museum of Andros.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The statue was discovered in 1832 by a man named Demetrios Loukrezis digging in a plot of land he owned on the site of the ancient agora of Andros, alongside a second statue depicting a richly dressed woman (headless). Next year Spyridon Trikoupis announced the discovery of the statues in the archaeological journal Bullettino dell'Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica. During his visit in Andros in 1841 King Otto of Greece ordered the statue to be moved to the newly-established National Museum (then housed in the Temple of Hephaestus, incorrectly called the Theseum) after paying Loukrezis an amount of money.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Near the site where the statue of Hermes and the woman was found stood a shrine, probably for hero-worship, where a honorific inscription was found that mentioned Egnatia Maximilla and Publius Gleitius Gallus, benefactors of the city during the reigh of Emperor Nero (around 65 AD), thus causing the two sculptures to be associated with them. Although the date matched the year the female sculpture, which is a Herculaneum Woman type, was made, Hermes of Andros however proved to be an older work. It was then argued that the statue of Hermes was reused in conjunction with the female statue, which was common to usage of Hermes statues.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Finally in 1981 the statue was returned to Andros, where it has been displayed in the island's archaeological museum ever since.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "At two meters and nineteen centimeters height, this statue made of Parian marble is over lifesize, and considered to be of great artistic value.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The statue, created around the first century BC, was one of the many copies of the original. That original statue was thought to have been a Lysippean type, but his sculptor belonged to the school of Praxiteles, as comparison with Hermes and the Infant Dionysus shows; it was thus produced around 360 BC.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The statue was found without arms and legs below the knees (which were later restored). The young god is nude, his chlamys resting on his left shoulder and falling down in his back. He supports his weight on his right leg, while the left one is slightly bent. To his right side is a support, shaped in the form of a tree trunk, around which is coiled a large snake. Hermes's head is tilted to the right. This sculpture from Andros is of the \"Farnese\" statuary type, and is in fact one of its best preserved examples.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Comparison with other extant copies, particularly the one displayed in the British Museum, can give us a clear picture of what the missing parts were like: the rest of his right hand (below the elbow) rested on the god's hip, while the missing chlamys wrapped around the slightly bent left arm and fell freely next to it. Hermes would also be holding a caduceus, the god's famed symbol, and wearing winged sandals (in Hermes of Andros, the feet have no sandals).",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The craftmanship and harmony of this statue has been much praised, as one of the finest surviving statues in Greece. It has been described as having all the the naturalness, delicacy and grace that is missing from the similar statue Atalante Hermes, which is not Praxitelean but rather has Lysippean characteristics, and is made of Pentelic marble.",
"title": "Description"
}
] | Hermes of Andros is a large Roman marble sculpture of the Greek god Hermes, god of commerce and messengers, unearthed in the Aegean island of Andros, Greece. The sculpture was discovered in 1832, just two years following Greece's independence from the Ottoman Empire, and originally displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Today it is housed in Andros, in the Archaeological Museum of Andros. | 2023-12-07T22:01:06Z | 2023-12-08T09:35:00Z | [
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75,510,562 | Sandrier | [] | Jean-Claude Sandrier
Yves Sandrier | 2023-12-07T22:05:08Z | 2023-12-08T01:09:50Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrier |
|
75,510,575 | Artistas 25 | The Artistas 25 is a chart published weekly by Billboard Brasil. The Billboard Brasil Artistas 25 ranks the most popular artists in Brazil based on the streaming activity of major music services. Ana Castela ranks as the artist with the most weeks atop the chart. | [
{
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"text": "The Artistas 25 is a chart published weekly by Billboard Brasil. The Billboard Brasil Artistas 25 ranks the most popular artists in Brazil based on the streaming activity of major music services. Ana Castela ranks as the artist with the most weeks atop the chart.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Artistas 25 is a chart published weekly by Billboard Brasil. The Billboard Brasil Artistas 25 ranks the most popular artists in Brazil based on the streaming activity of major music services. Ana Castela ranks as the artist with the most weeks atop the chart. | 2023-12-07T22:05:51Z | 2023-12-26T21:32:47Z | [
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75,510,579 | Visalia District | The Visalia District was a rail line in California's San Joaquin Valley that ran from Corcoran, California to Calwa, California. The line was originally built by the San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley Railroad and later acquired by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
Construction began in 1897, with rails laid from Calwa to Visalia. Passenger service began on September 10, 1897. Subsequently, the line was extended from Visalia to Corcoran via Tulare, in 1898. Depots were established along the line every few miles. The route of the line including locations of significance was as follows:
At the peak of passenger service around 1915, as many as 10 trains ran daily. In later years, service was provided by a doodlebug, sometimes pulling a trailer coach. Passenger service was eventually discontinued in 1949.
The line remained a valuable source of fright revenue for the Santa Fe through the 1970s, with produce being the predominant commodity. Many of the depots along the line were closed in the 1970s, but several remained open as of 1978, such as the depot in Cutler. Cutler was an important junction point on the line, with various lines extending north, south, and southwest. The other active depot on the line in 1978 was at Reedley. The Reedley depot was closed by 1979 and the one at Cutler was closed and demolished a few years later.
In 1992, the line was sold to the Tulare Valley Railroad. The TVRR provided limited service over the line; however, most of the track was subsequently abandoned and pulled up. The TVRR itself became part of the San Joaquin Valley Railroad in 1998.
Short segments of the line remain in Corcoran and Calwa, to serve on-line industries. The stub end at Calwa is sometimes used to store ballast and Maintenance of way cars.
A segment remains in place in Visalia, between "K" Ave (Ambler, now called Billy Goat Jct, also a connection with the SP/VE Visalia Branch) and Avenue 256 (Loma). Loma was the location of the last remaining rail shipper between Calwa and Corcoran, named Western Farm Service at the time. This shipper last received cars between 2007 and 2013, and the connection has since been removed.
A short segment just northeast of Reedley is still in use by the SJVR, including the ATSF bridge over the Kings River and a spur to the facility at Lacjac.
The last remaining depot is at Lone Star. This is a two-story type 2A depot which stands in its' original location. Built in 1913, the depot was closed for business in 1958 and is now privately owned.
Traces of the line, especially rails embedded in asphalt, can still be found today. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Visalia District was a rail line in California's San Joaquin Valley that ran from Corcoran, California to Calwa, California. The line was originally built by the San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley Railroad and later acquired by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Construction began in 1897, with rails laid from Calwa to Visalia. Passenger service began on September 10, 1897. Subsequently, the line was extended from Visalia to Corcoran via Tulare, in 1898. Depots were established along the line every few miles. The route of the line including locations of significance was as follows:",
"title": "Construction and route"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "At the peak of passenger service around 1915, as many as 10 trains ran daily. In later years, service was provided by a doodlebug, sometimes pulling a trailer coach. Passenger service was eventually discontinued in 1949.",
"title": "General info"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The line remained a valuable source of fright revenue for the Santa Fe through the 1970s, with produce being the predominant commodity. Many of the depots along the line were closed in the 1970s, but several remained open as of 1978, such as the depot in Cutler. Cutler was an important junction point on the line, with various lines extending north, south, and southwest. The other active depot on the line in 1978 was at Reedley. The Reedley depot was closed by 1979 and the one at Cutler was closed and demolished a few years later.",
"title": "Later Years"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1992, the line was sold to the Tulare Valley Railroad. The TVRR provided limited service over the line; however, most of the track was subsequently abandoned and pulled up. The TVRR itself became part of the San Joaquin Valley Railroad in 1998.",
"title": "TVRR ownership"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Short segments of the line remain in Corcoran and Calwa, to serve on-line industries. The stub end at Calwa is sometimes used to store ballast and Maintenance of way cars.",
"title": "TVRR ownership"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "A segment remains in place in Visalia, between \"K\" Ave (Ambler, now called Billy Goat Jct, also a connection with the SP/VE Visalia Branch) and Avenue 256 (Loma). Loma was the location of the last remaining rail shipper between Calwa and Corcoran, named Western Farm Service at the time. This shipper last received cars between 2007 and 2013, and the connection has since been removed.",
"title": "TVRR ownership"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "A short segment just northeast of Reedley is still in use by the SJVR, including the ATSF bridge over the Kings River and a spur to the facility at Lacjac.",
"title": "TVRR ownership"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The last remaining depot is at Lone Star. This is a two-story type 2A depot which stands in its' original location. Built in 1913, the depot was closed for business in 1958 and is now privately owned.",
"title": "TVRR ownership"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Traces of the line, especially rails embedded in asphalt, can still be found today.",
"title": "TVRR ownership"
}
] | The Visalia District was a rail line in California's San Joaquin Valley that ran from Corcoran, California to Calwa, California. The line was originally built by the San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley Railroad and later acquired by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. | 2023-12-07T22:05:57Z | 2023-12-26T20:05:39Z | [
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75,510,613 | Mafoprazine | Mafoprazine is an antipsychotic of the phenylpiperazine class which is used in veterinary medicine. Intramuscular injections of mafoprazine mesylate are used for the sedation of pigs either on its own, or in combination with sodium pentobarbital or thiopental.
It demonstrates activity as a D2 dopamine receptor antagonist, an α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, and an α2 adrenergic receptor agonist.
The affinity of mafoprazine for D2 dopamine receptors is 6 and 16 times lower than that of chlorpromazine and haloperidol, respectively, but 2 times higher than that of azaperone.
The Ki for various receptors was determined using rat neuronal receptor binding assays.
Mafoprazine was first synthesized in 1988. It is sold as Mafropan® by DS Pharma Animal Health Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mafoprazine is an antipsychotic of the phenylpiperazine class which is used in veterinary medicine. Intramuscular injections of mafoprazine mesylate are used for the sedation of pigs either on its own, or in combination with sodium pentobarbital or thiopental.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It demonstrates activity as a D2 dopamine receptor antagonist, an α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, and an α2 adrenergic receptor agonist.",
"title": "Pharmacology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The affinity of mafoprazine for D2 dopamine receptors is 6 and 16 times lower than that of chlorpromazine and haloperidol, respectively, but 2 times higher than that of azaperone.",
"title": "Pharmacology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Ki for various receptors was determined using rat neuronal receptor binding assays.",
"title": "Pharmacology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Mafoprazine was first synthesized in 1988. It is sold as Mafropan® by DS Pharma Animal Health Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Mafoprazine is an antipsychotic of the phenylpiperazine class which is used in veterinary medicine. Intramuscular injections of mafoprazine mesylate are used for the sedation of pigs either on its own, or in combination with sodium pentobarbital or thiopental. | 2023-12-07T22:14:08Z | 2023-12-14T15:13:20Z | [
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75,510,619 | Richard Hansen (horticulturist) | Richard Hansen (1912 – 2001) was a German horticulturist. Working at Weihenstephan, Hansen devised and popularised the idea of using artificial plant communities in planting design. He founded the Sichtungsgarten Weihenstephan, where he conducted trials of herbaceous perennials to evaluate their potential for use in gardens and public green spaces.
Hansen was born in Nortorf on 10 July 1912. From 1932 to 1934 he was an apprentice at a tree nursery in Rellingen. Afterwards, until 1936, he worked as an assistant successively to horticulturists Wilhelm Pfitzer in Stuttgart and Karl Foerster in Potsdam-Bornim. From 1936 to 1939 he studied horticulture at the Humboldt University in Berlin and also took up art history and plant sociology courses. In 1940 he married Renate von Wilmovsky, with whom he had two sons, born in 1942 and 1944.
In addition to Foerster, Hansen learned from landscape architect Hermann Mattern and phytosociologist Reinhold Tüxen. During the Second World War, Hansen worked under Tüxen at the Agency for Theoretical and Applied Plant Sociology (Arbeitsstelle für theoretische und angewandte Pflanzensoziologie) in Hanover. From 1945 to 1947, he was Tüxen's assistant at Central Office for Vegetation Mapping (Zentralstelle für Vegetationskartierung) in Stolzenau.
Foerster, who was the leading expert in the horticultural field of herbaceous perennials, was left stranded behind the Iron Curtain after the war, and it was Hansen who took over from him. In 1947, Hansen began his career at the State Teaching and Research Institute for Horticulture (Staatliche Lehr- und Forschungsanstalt für Gartenbau) in Weihenstephan as a plant science lecturer. The same year he established a trial garden known as the Sichtungsgarten Weihenstephan. At the Sichtungsgarten, Hansen conducted testings of herbaceous perennials and their suitability to garden cultivation. The Institut für Stauden, Gehölze und angewandte Pflanzensociologie (Institute for Perennials, Shrubs and Applied Plant Sociology) was established on Hansen's initiative in 1948. In 1949 he started teaching at the Technische Hochschule München-Weihenstephan as well.
Hansen adopted the principle of Bodenständigkeit (down-to-earthedness), which was introduced into planting design by landscape architect Alwin Seifert in the early 20th century and originally strongly favored native plants. Hansen, however, sought to include foreign species to create artificial plant communities. His main goal was to propose design solutions that required minimal maintenance. Having formulated the garden habitats theory, Hansen compiled lists of plant associations suitable for garden cultivation involving both indigenous and exotic species. His approach attracted so much interest in Germany and abroad that his 1981 book, Die Stauden und ihre Lebensbereiche, was translated into English under the title Perennials and their Garden Habitats in 1993.
Hansen retired in 1977. He received numerous honors, including the Karl Foerster Ring (1972), Georg Arends Memorial Medal (1983), the Federal Cross of Merit (1983), the Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell Ring of Honor (1986), as well as the honorary membership of the German Society for Garden Art and Landscape Culture (1987). He died on 18 August 2001 in Freising-Weihenstephan. | [
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"text": "Richard Hansen (1912 – 2001) was a German horticulturist. Working at Weihenstephan, Hansen devised and popularised the idea of using artificial plant communities in planting design. He founded the Sichtungsgarten Weihenstephan, where he conducted trials of herbaceous perennials to evaluate their potential for use in gardens and public green spaces.",
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"text": "Hansen was born in Nortorf on 10 July 1912. From 1932 to 1934 he was an apprentice at a tree nursery in Rellingen. Afterwards, until 1936, he worked as an assistant successively to horticulturists Wilhelm Pfitzer in Stuttgart and Karl Foerster in Potsdam-Bornim. From 1936 to 1939 he studied horticulture at the Humboldt University in Berlin and also took up art history and plant sociology courses. In 1940 he married Renate von Wilmovsky, with whom he had two sons, born in 1942 and 1944.",
"title": "Early career and family"
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"text": "In addition to Foerster, Hansen learned from landscape architect Hermann Mattern and phytosociologist Reinhold Tüxen. During the Second World War, Hansen worked under Tüxen at the Agency for Theoretical and Applied Plant Sociology (Arbeitsstelle für theoretische und angewandte Pflanzensoziologie) in Hanover. From 1945 to 1947, he was Tüxen's assistant at Central Office for Vegetation Mapping (Zentralstelle für Vegetationskartierung) in Stolzenau.",
"title": "Early career and family"
},
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"text": "Foerster, who was the leading expert in the horticultural field of herbaceous perennials, was left stranded behind the Iron Curtain after the war, and it was Hansen who took over from him. In 1947, Hansen began his career at the State Teaching and Research Institute for Horticulture (Staatliche Lehr- und Forschungsanstalt für Gartenbau) in Weihenstephan as a plant science lecturer. The same year he established a trial garden known as the Sichtungsgarten Weihenstephan. At the Sichtungsgarten, Hansen conducted testings of herbaceous perennials and their suitability to garden cultivation. The Institut für Stauden, Gehölze und angewandte Pflanzensociologie (Institute for Perennials, Shrubs and Applied Plant Sociology) was established on Hansen's initiative in 1948. In 1949 he started teaching at the Technische Hochschule München-Weihenstephan as well.",
"title": "Perennial trials"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Hansen adopted the principle of Bodenständigkeit (down-to-earthedness), which was introduced into planting design by landscape architect Alwin Seifert in the early 20th century and originally strongly favored native plants. Hansen, however, sought to include foreign species to create artificial plant communities. His main goal was to propose design solutions that required minimal maintenance. Having formulated the garden habitats theory, Hansen compiled lists of plant associations suitable for garden cultivation involving both indigenous and exotic species. His approach attracted so much interest in Germany and abroad that his 1981 book, Die Stauden und ihre Lebensbereiche, was translated into English under the title Perennials and their Garden Habitats in 1993.",
"title": "Perennial trials"
},
{
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"text": "Hansen retired in 1977. He received numerous honors, including the Karl Foerster Ring (1972), Georg Arends Memorial Medal (1983), the Federal Cross of Merit (1983), the Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell Ring of Honor (1986), as well as the honorary membership of the German Society for Garden Art and Landscape Culture (1987). He died on 18 August 2001 in Freising-Weihenstephan.",
"title": "Retirement"
}
] | Richard Hansen was a German horticulturist. Working at Weihenstephan, Hansen devised and popularised the idea of using artificial plant communities in planting design. He founded the Sichtungsgarten Weihenstephan, where he conducted trials of herbaceous perennials to evaluate their potential for use in gardens and public green spaces. | 2023-12-07T22:14:58Z | 2023-12-17T23:24:18Z | [
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75,510,635 | Whangārei Girls' High School | Whangārei Girls' High School is a single sex state secondary school founded in 1881 in Whangārei, New Zealand. It has a roll of 1542 as of April 2023.
Whangārei Girls' High School opened in 1881 alongside Whangārei Boys' High School.
In 2017 the school started construction on 10 new classrooms, which was expected to cost $6.8 million. The block was named Manawa Ora (New Beginning). It was opened in March 2018. In November 2018 the school won the Ngā Tohu Kairangi Special Commendation Award at the Māori Language Awards.
In 2023, a TikTok video inspired by the 2021 litter boxes in schools hoax went viral, making baseless claims about student and staff behaviour. The acting principal at the time said that "none of this has any truth to it at all" and referred the incident to New Zealand online safety agency Netsafe. | [
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"text": "Whangārei Girls' High School opened in 1881 alongside Whangārei Boys' High School.",
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"text": "In 2017 the school started construction on 10 new classrooms, which was expected to cost $6.8 million. The block was named Manawa Ora (New Beginning). It was opened in March 2018. In November 2018 the school won the Ngā Tohu Kairangi Special Commendation Award at the Māori Language Awards.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2023, a TikTok video inspired by the 2021 litter boxes in schools hoax went viral, making baseless claims about student and staff behaviour. The acting principal at the time said that \"none of this has any truth to it at all\" and referred the incident to New Zealand online safety agency Netsafe.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Whangārei Girls' High School is a single sex state secondary school founded in 1881 in Whangārei, New Zealand. It has a roll of 1542 as of April 2023. | 2023-12-07T22:20:12Z | 2023-12-24T22:05:08Z | [
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75,510,639 | Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex | The Mount Edziza volcanic complex (MEVC) in British Columbia, Canada, has a long history of volcanism that spans more than six million years. It occurred during five cycles of magmatic activity which were characterized by 13 periods of eruptive activity. This volcanism has led to the formation of several types of volcanic landforms, including cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, shield volcanoes, lava domes and lava fields. The 1,000-square-kilometre (390-square-mile) plateau comprising the MEVC owes its origin to successive eruptions of highly mobile lava flows. Eruptions of the MEVC issued a wide variety of volcanic rocks. Among them were alkali basalt, hawaiite, trachybasalt, benmoreite, tristanite, mugearite, trachyte and comendite. The latter seven volcanic rocks were produced by varying degrees of magmatic differentiation in underground magma reservoirs.
The first magmatic cycle between 12 and 5.3 million years ago is represented by the Raspberry, Little Iskut and Armadillo geological formations, each of which is the product of a distinct eruptive period. Three distinct periods of eruptive activity also characterized the second magmatic cycle between 6.0 and 1.0 million years ago. They are represented by the Nido, Spectrum and Pyramid geological formations. The third magmatic cycle about one million years ago is represented by the Ice Peak, Pillow Ridge and Edziza geological formations, each of which is also the product of a distinct eruptive period. Three distinct periods of eruptive activity also characterized the fourth magmatic cycle between 0.8 and 0.2 million years ago. They are represented by the Arctic Lake, Klastline and Kakiddi geological formations. The fifth magmatic cycle began in the last 20,000 years and may continue to the present. A single distinct eruptive period of this magmatic cycle is represented by the Big Raven Formation.
The Mount Edziza volcanic complex is a linear group of volcanoes in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is 75 kilometres (47 miles) long and 20 kilometres (12 miles) wide, consisting of several stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, lava domes and cinder cones. This volcanic complex of Miocene-to-Holocene age comprises a broad, steep-sided, intermontane plateau that rises from a base elevation of 760 metres (2,500 feet). A northerly-trending, elliptical, composite shield volcano consisting of multiple flat-lying lava flows forms the plateau. Four central volcanoes of felsic composition dominate the plateau, the highest of which is Mount Edziza with an elevation of 2,786 metres (9,140 feet).
The MEVC has a volume of 670 cubic kilometres (160 cubic miles) and an area of 1,000 square kilometres (390 square miles), making it the second largest eruptive centre in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province after Level Mountain. The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is a broad area of volcanoes extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through Yukon into easternmost Alaska. It is the most volcanically active area in Canada, experiencing an eruption roughly every 100 years. Volcanism of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to result from rifting of the North American Cordillera driven by changes in relative plate motion between the North American and Pacific plates.
The eruption rate of the MEVC has varied throughout its long volcanic history. Volcanism about seven million years ago occurred at a higher rate than it does today, having increased the rate of magmatism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province from 100,000 cubic metres (3,500,000 cubic feet) per year to 300,000 cubic metres (11,000,000 cubic feet) per year. A period of quiescence appears to have followed at the MEVC and elsewhere in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province between about four and three million years ago. Magmatism of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province has since rebounded to a relatively constant rate of 100,000 cubic metres (3,500,000 cubic feet) per year, significantly less than that estimated for the Cascade Volcanic Arc of western North America. An eruption recurrence interval of 379 years has been calculated for the MEVC by dividing 11,000 by the number of demonstrable Holocene eruptions. This would make the MEVC the most active eruptive centre in Canada throughout the Holocene.
Volcanism of the MEVC took place during five magmatic cycles, each of which began with the effusion of alkali basalt and culminated with the eruption of felsic magma. The most voluminous rocks produced during these magmatic cycles were mafic alkali basalts and hawaiites. MEVC hawaiites are thought to have formed as a result of partial fractional crystallization and the accumulation of feldspar inside rising columns of mantle-derived alkali basalt. Felsic peralkaline rocks such as comendite and trachyte were also produced during these magmatic cycles. They resulted from prolonged fractional crystallization of mantle-derived basalt in magma chambers. Volcanic rocks of intermediate composition such as benmoreite, trachybasalt, mugearite and tristanite were produced in relatively small volumes. They were the result of alkali basalt having pooled in large subterranean magma chambers on a shorter timespan. The chemistry and petrography of MEVC rocks is indicative of bimodal volcanism, a phenomenon associated with continental rifting.
The first magmatic cycle was restricted to the Late Miocene between 12 and 5.3 million years ago. Three distinct eruptive periods occurred during this magmatic cycle, each producing different types of volcanic rocks. The first eruptive period is represented by alkali basalt and hawaiite flows of the Raspberry Formation. They rest directly on older rocks of the Stikinia terrane and are exposed along the Mess Creek Escarpment. The Little Iskut Formation represents the second period of eruptive activity. It conformably overlies the Raspberry Formation and consists mainly of trachybasalt flows and breccia. The third and final eruptive period of the first magmatic cycle is represented by alkali basalt, comendite and trachyte of the Armadillo Formation which conformably overlies the Little Iskut Formation.
The Raspberry eruptive period between 12 and 5.4 million years ago began with the effusion of basaltic lava flows from near Raspberry Pass. More than 83 cubic kilometres (20 cubic miles) of lava flows were extruded in rapid succession, forming a Late Miocene shield volcano. They reached a maximum thickness of more than 300 metres (980 feet) near their source to only a few metres thick at their terminus. Disruption of the local drainage system by lava flows during this eruptive period resulted in the formation of so-named Raspberry Lake in the upper Little Iskut River valley. The lava flows damming Raspberry Lake originated from a cluster of small satellitic cones southeast of the Raspberry shield volcano. By the time the Raspberry eruptive period had come to an end, the Raspberry shield volcano covered an area of at least 775 square kilometres (299 square miles) and reached an elevation of nearly 2,100 metres (6,900 feet).
About 119 cubic kilometres (29 cubic miles) of volcanic material was emplaced by the Raspberry eruptions, making this eruptive period the second most productive of the first magmatic cycle. After the Raspberry eruptive period ceased, Raspberry Lake had already begun to erode a notch along the eastern edge of the lava dam. The Raspberry shield volcano and associated satellitic cones and ash beds had also begun to erode away, but the valleys and lowlands would remain filled with thick piles of basaltic lava flows. These lava flows would later be overlain by the much younger Mount Edziza and Spectrum Range.
Potassium–argon dating of volcanic rocks produced during this eruptive period has yielded a wide variety of ages. This includes 11.4 ± 1.5 million years, 8.4 ± 0.4 million years and 6.4 ± 0.3 million years for Raspberry hawaiite and 6.1 ± 0.4 million years and 5.5 ± 0.1 million years for Raspberry alkali basalt. The first date is anomalously old and has the largest error. A minimum age for the timing of Raspberry volcanism is 7.4–6.2 million years.
The Little Iskut eruptive period 7.2 million years ago began beneath the waters of Raspberry Lake. Interactions between the lake water and the erupting magma resulted in several violent phreatic explosions, the larger explosions having deposited ash and granular particles over much of the lake bed. The phreatic explosions were followed by the eruption of trachybasalt flows which began forming a lava dome on the bed of Raspberry Lake. This lava dome eventually grew above lake level from continued volcanic eruptions to form a small volcanic island. Renewed volcanism then transformed this small island into a broad shield volcano that overlapped with the northern shoreline of Raspberry Lake. By this time much of the original lake had been displaced with shattered rock fragments formed by the quenching and fracturing of lava. Subsequent eruptions of the Little Iskut shield volcano produced lava flows that travelled down its gentle eastern, southern and western flanks. Lava flowing down the eastern and southern flanks entered the shrinking remnants of Raspberry Lake while lava travelling down the western flank merged with the older Raspberry shield volcano.
The Little Iskut eruptions were much less voluminous than those of the Raspberry eruptive period, having emplaced only 14.6 cubic kilometres (3.5 cubic miles) of volcanic material. This makes the Little Iskut eruptive period the least productive of the first magmatic cycle. The lack of an erosion surface between the Raspberry and Little Iskut formations suggests that the Little Iskut eruptions immediately followed or may have been coeval with eruptions of the Raspberry period. Erosional remnants of trachybasalt flows from the Little Iskut eruptive period are exposed in a 10-kilometre-wide (6.2-mile) area northeast of the Spectrum Range. They range in thickness from about 300 metres (980 feet) near the centre of Artifact Ridge to 90 metres (300 feet) around the parameter, suggesting that their source was located near Artifact Ridge. This is supported by the existence of dikes along the northern side of Artifact Creek valley which may have been feeders for the overlying trachybasalt flows. A single potassium–argon date of 7.2 ± 0.3 million years has been obtained from Little Iskut trachybasalt.
The next eruptive period, the Armadillo period, occurred between 7.0 and 6.0 million years ago. It began with explosive activity from a vent at Cartoona Ridge which produced 10-kilometre-long (6.2-mile) ash flows and an air-fall pumice deposit that covers an area of several hundred square kilometres. This was followed by the effusion of viscous trachyte and rhyolite lava which piled up around the vent area to produce steep-sided, overlapping domes. As the lava domes continued to grow their slopes became oversteepened, forcing lava to move further away from the vent area. Eventually bulbous mounds of trachyte and rhyolite covered much of the southeastern highlands of the MEVC.
Rapid evacuation of a shallow magma chamber nearly 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) south of Cartoona Ridge resulted in the formation of the 3-kilometre-wide (1.9-mile) Armadillo Peak caldera. Fractures in the roof of the magma chamber provided passageways for trachyte magma to reach the subsiding caldera floor, resulting in the formation of lava lakes inside the newly-formed depression. Larger volumes of lava eventually spilled over the caldera rim to produce a nearly 13-kilometre-long (8.1-mile) sequence of trachyte and rhyolite flows. The sequence is up to 460 metres (1,510 feet) thick and extends to the west.
A number of other volcanic centres were active during the Armadillo eruptive period. Tadeda Peak and the IGC Centre, both satellitic vents of the Armadillo Peak caldera, produced trachyte and rhyolite. Alkali basalt, hawaiite and trachybasalt flows issued from Sezill Volcano and the Little Iskut shield volcano, many of which are exposed along the Mess Creek Escarpment. The thickest sections of Armadillo basalt flows are exposed in Sezill Creek canyon, Kadeya Creek canyon and near the southwestern end of Raspberry Pass where they reach thicknesses of up to 180 metres (590 feet).
The Armadillo eruptions emplaced 159 cubic kilometres (38 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making this eruptive period the most productive of the first magmatic cycle. An anomalously old potassium–argon date of 10.2 ± 1.4 million years has been obtained from Armadillo comendite. Potassium–argon dates more in line with the volcanic stratigraphy include 6.9 ± 0.3 million years and 6.1 ± 0.1 million years from comenditic ash flows, 6.9 ± 0.3 million years from comenditic glass and 6.5 ± 0.2 million years, 6.3 ± 0.5 million years, 6.2 ± 0.1 million years and 6.1 ± 0.2 million years from hawaiite.
The second magmatic cycle took place between 6.0 and 1.0 million years ago during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. Like the first magmatic cycle, it is subdivided into three distinct eruptive periods. The first eruptive period is represented by alkali basalt and hawaiite flows of the Nido Formation. They are exposed along the Mess Creek Escarpment and appear to have issued from several separate eruptive centres along the eastern margin of the MEVC. The Spectrum Formation represents the second period of eruptive activity. It is almost entirely underlain by the Nido Formation and consists mostly of trachyte and rhyolite. The third and final eruptive period of the second magmatic cycle is represented by trachyte, comendite and pantellerite of the Pyramid Formation which overlies the Nido Formation.
The Nido eruptive period was a long episode of volcanic activity that took place between 6.0 and 4.0 million years ago. It involved the effusion of highly mobile, fluid basaltic lava flows from multiple, widely spaced eruptive centres. These eruptive centres included at least six major volcanoes and many more smaller volcanic cones. The lava flows buried lag gravels and travelled into valleys where they disrupted the drainage system to form lava-dammed lakes. Volcanism of the Nido eruptive period was limited to the northern and southern ends of the MEVC, such that the lava flows formed two separate lava fields at each end of the volcanic complex. The northern lava field is represented by the Tenchen Member while the southern lava field is represented by the Kounugu Member. Both lava fields are separated by the Armadillo Highlands which acted as a topographic barrier at the time of their eruption. Volcanic activity in both lava fields occurred more or less simultaneously.
Three major volcanoes of the Tenchen Member were active during the Nido eruptive period, all of which have since been reduced to eroded remnants. Alpha Peak was the oldest of the three major volcanoes. It issued lava flows from both satellitic and central vents which diverted and blocked local streams to form lava-dammed lakes. The second oldest major volcano, Beta Peak, formed 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) south of Alpha Peak. It rose at least 365 metres (1,198 feet) above the surrounding landscape and produced lava flows that travelled at least 13 kilometres (8.1 miles) to the north. Gamma Peak, the youngest of the three major volcanoes, formed south of Beta Peak on the western flanks of Cartoona Ridge. Lava flows from Gamma Peak buried gently sloping alluvial fans on the northern and western flanks of the Armadillo Highlands. An eroded remnant of Gamma Peak forms a prominent spire just southeast of Coffee Crater called Cartoona Peak.
The Kounugu Member contains the eroded remains of at least four volcanoes that were active during Nido time. Swarm Peak, the oldest of the four volcanoes, issued lava flows that travelled down the western and southern flanks of the Little Iskut shield volcano. Vanished Peak further to the south was formed during a major eruption that involved lava fountaining. Most of the lava from this eruption flowed to the north and west. Lost Peak consists of volcanic ejecta that deposited in both subaerial and subaqueous environments. The subaqueous material was deposited in a lake that may have ponded between the erupting volcano and a lobe of glacial ice. Exile Hill formed on the extreme western edge of the MEVC and was almost completely inundated by younger lava flows.
The Nido eruptions were the most voluminous of the second magmatic cycle, having emplaced 127 cubic kilometres (30 cubic miles) of volcanic material. Potassium–argon dating of Nido alkali basalt has given ages of 7.8 ± 0.3 million years, 5.5 ± 1.6 million years, 4.5 ± 0.3 million years and 4.4 ± 0.5 million years. The first age comes from basalt of the Kounugu Member and, if correct, implies that Nido eruptions may have spanned from Raspberry to post-Armadillo time.
The next eruptive period, the Spectrum period, occurred between 4.0 and 2.0 million years ago. A relatively small initial eruption of pumice and ash was followed by the effusion of massive rhyolite flows, each up to 150 metres (490 feet) thick and 13 kilometres (8.1 miles) long. These rhyolite flows accumulated in rapid succession to form the broad Spectrum Range dome which reached a thickness of at least 750 metres (2,460 feet) and a width of more than 20 kilometres (12 miles). The predominantly rhyolitic eruptions were later replaced by the effusion of trachyte lava as deeper parts of the underlying magma chamber were tapped. Formation of the Spectrum Range dome was followed by evacuation of the magma chamber, resulting in the creation of a 4.5-kilometre-wide (2.8-mile) summit caldera. This caldera was eventually buried by lava from subsequent eruptions. The Spectrum eruptions emplaced 119 cubic kilometres (29 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making this eruptive period the second most productive of the second magmatic cycle.
Yeda Peak was the site of an explosive eruption near the end of the Spectrum period. This eruption resulted in the formation of a crater near the crest of the Spectrum Range dome. Some of the ejecta accumulated around the vent to form a low volcanic cone while the more volatile, pumice-rich phases of the eruption sent ash flows down the slopes of the dome. Renewed volcanism at Exile Hill 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) west of the Yeda Peak vent produced a similar but much smaller eruption. Late-stage volcanism of the Spectrum eruptive period produced alkali basalt flows of the Kitsu Member. These flows likely issued from several eruptive centres that have since been destroyed by erosion.
The once continuous Spectrum Range dome was substantially eroded to form the current peaks and ridges of the Spectrum Range. Extensive erosion also reduced the size of the dome, leaving behind a few remnants around its northern and southwestern edges. Relatively thin trachyte flows northwest of the Spectrum Range on the Kitsu Plateau are the most distal remnants, although they may have originated from a nearby satellitic vent. Erosional remnants of Kitsu Member alkali basalt flows cap the higher summits of the Spectrum Range where they overlie the unmodified upper surface of the original dome. The original dome was much higher in elevation as evidenced by the thick, gently dipping trachyte flows forming the summit of Kitsu Peak.
An anomalously old potassium–argon date of 5.9 ± 1.1 million years has been obtained from Kitsu Member alkali basalt. Potassium–argon dates more in line with the volcanic stratigraphy include 3.1 ± 0.1 million years and 3.0 ± 0.1 million years from comendite and 3.4 ± 0.1 million years and 2.9 ± 0.1 million years from comenditic glass.
The Pyramid eruptive period took place 1.1 million years ago. It involved violent explosive eruptions of rock fragments, gas and trachyte pumice from a vent adjacent to the northwestern margin of the MEVC. This explosivity was accompanied by phreatic explosions and pyroclastic surges. Subsequent eruptions sent thin basalt flows into the valley of a north-flowing glacial stream where they formed a small lava-dammed lake. This short period of basaltic volcanism was followed by the extrusion of felsic flows and domes forming The Pyramid.
Renewed volcanism during this eruptive period produced the Sphinx Dome which may have formed subglacially. Growth of the Sphinx Dome involved the eruption of viscous rhyolite and volcanic ejecta. Some of the ejecta settled in a lake that had formed between the growing dome and an ice field along its southern margin, resulting in the formation of an evenly distributed volcaniclastic deposit on the lake bed. The Sphinx Dome reached a height of 800 metres (2,600 feet) and a length of 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) by the time activity ceased.
A third pulse of volcanism constructed the Pharaoh Dome just south of the lake that ponded during Sphinx Dome activity. Eruptions were at first subglacial which led to a series of phreatic steam explosions and the quenching of rhyolite lava by meltwater. Pharaoh Dome eventually built above the level of the surrounding ice as flows of rhyolite continued to enlarge the dome. By the time activity ceased, Pharaoh Dome had risen above the surface of a large ice field as a nunatak; it was subsequently buried under glacial ice.
The Pyramid eruptions were much less voluminous than those of the Nido and Spectrum eruptive periods, having emplaced only 11.4 cubic kilometres (2.7 cubic miles) of volcanic material. Potassium–argon dating of comenditic glass produced during the Pyramid eruptive period has yielded ages of 1.2 ± 0.4 million years and 1.20 ± 0.03 million years. Trachyte produced during this eruptive period has yielded potassium–argon dates of 0.94 ± 0.12 million years and 0.94 ± 0.05 million years.
The third magmatic cycle occurred about one million years ago during the Early Pleistocene. It was characterized by three distinct eruptive periods, each represented by a geological formation. The first eruptive period created the Ice Peak Formation which overlies the Armadillo, Nido and Pyramid formations. A wide variety of volcanic rocks comprise the Ice Peak Formation, including alkali basalt, hawaiite, trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte. The second eruptive period resulted in the creation of the Pillow Ridge Formation which consists mainly of alkali basalt. This geological formation is confined to Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge at the northern end of the MEVC. The third and final eruptive period of the third magmatic cycle produced the Edziza Formation which overlies the Ice Peak Formation. Trachyte is the main volcanic rock comprising the Edziza Formation.
The Ice Peak eruptive period began at a time when the MEVC was covered by a receding regional ice sheet. Volcanism initially began on the southern flank of Sphinx Dome where pyroclastic material mixed with meltwater from residual ice to produce highly mobile debris flows and lahars. Lava flows advanced across the glaciated surface as successive eruptions built Ice Peak, resulting in the formation of narrow meltwater lakes. These lakes were displaced as the lava flows continued to advance down slope. Basaltic lava travelled further down slope onto the MEVC plateau while more viscous trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte lava accumulated around the vent area to form the steep, upper part of Ice Peak. At its climax, Ice Peak was a symmetrical stratovolcano containing a small crater at its summit; its symmetrical structure was later destroyed by glacial erosion. Potassium–argon dating of massive trachyte flows in the upper part of Ice Peak has yielded ages of 1.5 ± 0.4 million years and 1.5 ± 0.1 million years. These dates being older than those of the Pyramid eruptive period may be due to excess argon.
Two thick lobes of trachyte lava issued from satellitic domes on the western flank of Ice Peak during this eruptive period, both of which were deposited onto the MEVC plateau. The southern lobe, Koosick Bluff, ranges in elevation from 1,890 to 2,010 metres (6,200 to 6,590 feet). It is bounded by cliffs that rise 60–90 metres (200–300 feet) to a nearly flat surface. With a length of nearly 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) and a width of more than 1 kilometre (0.62 miles), Koosick Bluff is the largest of the two lava lobes. The northern and smaller lobe, Ornostay Bluff, is similar in composition and structure to Koosick Bluff. It has a potassium–argon date of 1.5 ± 0.4 million years which may be due to excess argon. The steep sides and unusually large thicknesses of these two lava lobes is attributed to them having been extruded through glacial ice.
Volcanic activity during Ice Peak time created two volcanoes west of the Armadillo Highlands. The northern volcano, Camp Hill, began forming when the MEVC was still partially covered by glacial ice. Eruptions under the glacial ice formed a circular meltwater pond which quenched the erupting lava and caused phreatic explosions. The resulting fractured and churned debris accumulated around the erupting vent to create a broad tuff ring. This feature eventually grew above the level of the meltwater pond to produce subaerial lava fountains which formed a relatively steep-sided pyroclastic cone on top of the tuff ring. By this time the surrounding glacial ice had retreated, allowing basalt flows to spread over the Big Raven Plateau. The southern volcano, Cache Hill, formed during a period of eruptions on the western side of the Armadillo Highlands. Basalt flows blocked a northwesterly flowing river in a broad valley to form a small lava-dammed lake. Subsequent basalt flows travelled to the southeast and northwest, the southeasterly flows having entered the lava-dammed lake to create pillow lava.
A circular volcanic plug called The Neck formed on the eastern side of the MEVC during the Ice Peak eruptive period. It consists of an older outer ring of fine grained trachyte and a younger inner core of coarse grained trachyte, suggesting that The Neck was the source of more than one trachyte eruption. This roughly 300-metre (980-foot) in diameter volcanic conduit has a potassium–argon date of 1.6 ± 0.2 million years which may be due to excess argon.
The eruptions during Ice Peak time emplaced 76.7 cubic kilometres (18.4 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making this eruptive period the most productive of the third magmatic cycle. It is also the latest eruptive period of the MEVC involving the outpouring of more than 20 cubic kilometres (4.8 cubic miles) of lava.
The next eruptive period, the Pillow Ridge period, occurred when the MEVC was still overlain by an ice sheet. Subglacial volcanism injected basaltic lava into the base of the ice sheet where the molten basalt was quenched and then shattered by phreatic explosions. Accumulation of this fragmented debris around the erupting vent created a subglacial pile of tuff, breccia and pillow lava inside a meltwater cavity. The overlying ice sheet sagged as the volcanic pile and enclosing meltwater cavity grew larger, resulting in the formation of a meltwater lake inside a depression on the surface of the ice sheet. This meltwater lake was churned by phreatic explosions and probably reached a length of more than 4 kilometres (2.5 miles). Successive eruptions eventually built the volcanic pile above lake level to form a small temporary island that issued subaerial lava flows and lava fountains. The volcanic pile that formed as a result of this activity comprises Pillow Ridge. Fission track dating of Pillow Ridge alkali basalt has yielded ages of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years and 0.8 ± 0.25 million years.
Another pulse of subglacial volcanism during the Pillow Ridge period created nearby Tsekone Ridge. Although it formed in a similar environment to that of Pillow Ridge, there is no evidence the Tsekone Ridge eruption was large enough to penetrate the overlying ice sheet. The basaltic magma that issued during this eruption may have been leftover from the series of eruptions that formed Pillow Ridge.
The eruptions during Pillow Ridge time were much less voluminous than those of the Ice Peak eruptive period, having emplaced only 2.9 cubic kilometres (0.70 cubic miles) of volcanic material. This makes the Pillow Ridge eruptive period the least productive of the third magmatic cycle.
The Edziza eruptive period constructed the symmetrical stratovolcano of Mount Edziza after the regional ice sheet had retreated from the MEVC. Growth began on the upper northern flank of Ice Peak with the eruption of viscous trachyte flows and steep-sided lava domes. The lava domes were punctuated by vent-clearing explosions which ejected volcanic blocks and lava bombs onto the slopes of the growing stratovolcano. Formation of the stratovolcano was followed by collapse of the original summit, creating the 2-kilometre (1.2-mile) in diameter caldera that truncates it. The cause of this collapse may have been a violent, climactic eruption that deposited parts of the original summit onto the flanks of the volcano. Prior to collapse, the summit of Mount Edziza was at least 610 metres (2,000 feet) higher than it is today. Part of the eastern caldera rim was destroyed by a small phreatic explosion which provided a new passageway for the venting of volcanic gases.
The Edziza eruptions emplaced 18 cubic kilometres (4.3 cubic miles) of volcanic material. This makes the Edziza eruptive period the second most productive of the third magmatic cycle. Most of the volcanic activity during this eruptive period was concentrated in the summit area of Mount Edziza but at least a few vents were active near the base of the volcano. Volcanism on the southeastern rim of the summit caldera created Nanook Dome. Lava from this dome flowed onto the outer surface of the stratovolcano and into the summit caldera to form lava lakes. Triangle Dome and Glacier Dome formed on the western and northeastern flanks of Mount Edziza, respectively. A trachyte flow from the latter dome travelled onto the gently sloping surface of the Big Raven Plateau. Lava from a small pyroclastic cone on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza nearly engulfed both Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge on the surrounding plateau. Pantelleritic trachyte produced during the Edziza eruptive period has yielded a potassium–argon date of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years.
The fourth magmatic cycle took place between 0.8 and 0.2 million years ago during the Pleistocene. Like the previous three magmatic cycles, it was characterized by three distinct eruptive periods. The first eruptive period created the Arctic Lake Formation which underlies much of the Arctic Lake Plateau. Alkali basalt flows and related pyroclastic rocks comprise the Arctic Lake Formation. The second eruptive period is represented by the Klastline Formation along the Kakiddi and Klastline valleys. Thick alkali basalt flows are the main features of the Klastline Formation. The third eruptive period produced thick trachyte flows and pyroclastic rocks of the Kakiddi Formation which occupy valleys on the eastern flank of Ice Peak.
The Arctic Lake eruptive period occurred 0.71 million years ago on and adjacent to the Arctic Lake Plateau. At least seven volcanoes formed during this period, all of which issued basaltic lava. Lava fountaining at the extreme northern end of the Arctic Lake Plateau created Outcast Hill which blocked westerly flowing streams. The damming of these streams resulted in the formation of a temporary lake against the eastern side of Outcast Hill. Lava from this volcano flowed into the lake but most of it travelled westward towards the Mess Creek Escarpment. Tadekho Hill 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) to the south formed on top of a 180-metre-high (590-foot) remnant of Spectrum trachyte. Lava from Tadekho Hill spread onto the surrounding plateau surface to form a small shield volcano. Outcast Hill and Tadekho Hill both formed when the Arctic Lake Plateau was relatively free of glacial ice.
The Arctic Lake Plateau was subsequently covered with ice as glaciers advanced from the neighbouring Spectrum Range. Subglacial volcanism at the height of this glacial advance created Wetalth Ridge near the middle of the plateau. This was followed by the eruption of four other volcanoes on the Arctic Lake Plateau during the waning stages of glaciation. Two small mounds of quenched pillow lava informally called Knob 1 and Knob 2 formed subglacially south of Wetalth Ridge. The third volcano, Source Hill, was created during a massive lava eruption when only the central part of the Arctic Lake Plateau contained a thin lobe of glacial ice. Late-stage volcanism of the Arctic Lake eruptive period formed Thaw Hill on the eastern side of the Arctic Lake Plateau.
The Arctic Lake eruptions were much less voluminous than those of the Edziza eruptive period, having emplaced only 2 cubic kilometres (0.48 cubic miles) of volcanic material. This makes the Arctic Lake eruptive period the least productive of the fourth magmatic cycle. Alkali basalt from this eruptive period has yielded a potassium–argon date of 0.71 ± 0.05 million years.
The Klastline eruptive period 0.62 million years ago was characterized by minor lava fountaining and the effusion of massive basalt flows from at least three vents along the northern flank of Mount Edziza. The basalt flows travelled adjacent to Buckley Lake and into the Klastline and Kakiddi valleys, the most extensive ones having reached 25 kilometres (16 miles) long. Pyroclastic cones developed on the lower slopes of the MEVC where eruptions were subaerial. Explosive interaction between lava and meltwater from an alpine glacier formed the Klastline tuff cone higher up on the plateau. Lava from Klastline Cone entered Kakiddi Valley where it blocked the flow of Kakiddi Creek. This lava then flowed north across dry gravel bars to the confluence with Klastline Valley, temporarily damming the Klastline River to form a large shallow lake. Most of the lava continued to flow westward through Klastline Valley for at least another 19 kilometres (12 miles).
The Klastline eruptive period was the second most productive of the fourth magmatic cycle, involving the eruption of 5.4 cubic kilometres (1.3 cubic miles) of volcanic material. Potassium–argon dating of Klastline alkali basalt has yielded an age of 0.62 ± 0.04 million years.
The Kakiddi eruptive period 0.3 million years ago involved the eruption of a massive trachyte flow that reaches almost 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) wide and 60–90 metres (200–300 feet) thick. It advanced 7 kilometres (4.3 miles) down the eastern flank of the MEVC into Kakiddi Valley where it spread out into a more than 20-square-kilometre (7.7-square-mile) terminal lobe. The source of this lava flow remains unknown but it may have issued from Ice Peak and possibly Nanook Dome at the summit of Mount Edziza. A relatively small lava flow issued from a vent on the western flank of Ice Peak and advanced onto the Big Raven Plateau.
The Kakiddi eruptions emplaced 8.3 cubic kilometres (2.0 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making this eruptive period the most productive of the fourth magmatic cycle. Potassium–argon dating has yielded an age of 0.31 ± 0.07 million years for Kakiddi mugearite and 0.30 ± 0.02 million years for Kakiddi trachyte.
The fifth magmatic cycle, which may still be ongoing, commenced in the last 20,000 years with the onset of the Big Raven eruptive period. It was marked by the eruption of subglacial volcanoes, cinder cones and lava flows along the entire length of the MEVC, as well as a single eruption of pumice from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak. Most of the Big Raven eruptions took place on the western flank of Ice Peak and on the northern flank of Mount Edziza where lava flows from several vents accumulated to form the Desolation and Snowshoe lava fields. About 1.7 cubic kilometres (0.41 cubic miles) of volcanic material was emplaced by the Big Raven eruptions.
The rocks produced during the Big Raven eruptive period comprise the Big Raven Formation. They are mainly alkali basalts and hawaittes, although a small volume of comenditic trachyte belonging to the Sheep Track Member was also produced. More than 29 eruptions took place during this eruptive period, most of which resulted in the creation of cinder cones. These cones are of Holocene age and occur in the Snowshoe Lava Field, the Desolation Lava Field and adjacent to the Spectrum Range. Eruptions during Big Raven time continued within the last 2,000 years, but the precise age of the latest one is unknown.
One of the first volcanoes to erupt during the Big Raven eruptive period was Tennena Cone which formed high on the western flank of Ice Peak. It issued basaltic magma under the summit ice cap during the height of the neoglaciation when the ice cap was much larger in area than it is now. As the molten basalt accumulated around the erupting vent, it was quenched by the overlying ice cap to form the steep-sided, pyramid-shaped pile of pillow lava that comprises Tennena Cone. A meltwater channel thawed from the base of the cone provided the pathway for a thin lava flow. As the lava flow reached the western edge of the ice cap, it caused a violent interaction with meltwater which spread onto the plateau. Two unnamed volcanoes also in the Snowshoe Lava Field formed subglacially south of Tennena Cone.
After the summit ice cap retreated from lower elevations, renewed volcanism in the Snowshoe Lava Field constructed Cocoa Crater, Coffee Crater and other subaerial cinder cones by lava fountaining. Their construction was accompanied by the eruption of massive lava flows that travelled into the valleys of Sezill Creek and Taweh Creek. Lava from a fissure eruption south of Tencho Glacier flowed west into Taweh Creek and east into Shaman Creek. The result of this eruption was the formation of The Saucer which is one of the youngest volcanic features in the Snowshoe Lava Field.
Two Big Raven centres occur at the southern end of the MEVC. Nahta Cone is the southernmost and lies near the northern edge of the Arctic Lake Plateau. It was the source of a narrow, 3-kilometre-long (1.9-mile) basaltic lava flow that travelled northwards and then westwards into the head of Nahta Creek. The other eruptive centre is a now-destroyed cinder cone that formed on the unstable southern flank of Kuno Peak in the Spectrum Range. It produced a basaltic lava flow that travelled onto the Arctic Lake Plateau. Subsequent landsliding on Kuno Peak removed much of the original cone and buried the associated lava flow.
At least three eruptive centres were active on the deeply eroded eastern flank of Mount Edziza during the Big Raven eruptive period. Cinder Cliff in the north fork of Tenchen Creek valley formed when an eruption of basaltic lava engulfed loose debris and ponded against stagnant ice. The other two eruptive centres, Icefall Cone and Ridge Cone, have been glaciated and are poorly exposed. Both cones produced lava flows but they are also poorly exposed, having been almost completely buried under gravel, moraine, talus and glacial ice. A 6.5-kilometre-long (4.0-mile) lava flow occupying a narrow, wedge-shaped valley on the east slope of Mount Edziza may have issued from Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone or an undiscovered vent inside the valley. Its terminus lies near Kakiddi Lake where it is well exposed for 2 kilometres (1.2 miles).
The first cones to form in the Desolation Lava Field were Sleet Cone and Storm Cone, both of which produced lava flows that travelled over glacial till. Subsequent volcanism created the three Triplex Cones 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) north of Storm Cone. They issued a 12-kilometre-long (7.5-mile) sequence of lava flows that extends northwesterly to near the south shore of Buckley Lake. Renewed eruptive activity formed Sidas Cone and Twin Cone, both of which are products of simultaneous lava fountaining from more than one vent. Lava flows from both cones travelled to the northwest and northeast, respectively. The subsequent eruption of Moraine Cone produced a roughly 14-kilometre-long (8.7-mile) lava flow that travelled northeast into the Kakiddi Creek and Klastline River valleys; both streams were temporarily dammed by the lava flow. Eve Cone and Williams Cone were created by the latest eruptions in the Desolation Lava Field, both of which produced lava flows more than 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) long. Willow twigs preserved in ejecta from Williams Cone have yielded a radiocarbon date of 610 CE ± 150 years.
The Mess Lake Lava Field northwest of the Spectrum Range issued from three cinder cones on the edge of the Mess Creek Escarpment. Lava flows from the two oldest cones travelled to the west and most likely cascaded down the escarpment into Mess Creek valley. However, any remnants of this lava on the escarpment or in Mess Creek valley have been removed by erosion. The youngest cinder cone, The Ash Pit, formed at the south end of the Mess Lake Lava Field. The Ash Pit eruption produced mainly pyroclastic ejecta in the form of ash and cinders. Much of this material was blown to the northeast by a strong, uniform wind during eruption and deposited onto the Kitsu Plateau.
The Kana Cone eruption was characterized by the effusion of basaltic lava flows and the build up of volcanic ejecta around the erupting vent. Several lobes of lava were produced during this eruption. They flowed around eroded remnants of lava produced during the Klastline eruptive period and engulfed the Klastline River valley, temporarily damming the river. The Klastline River was forced to establish a new route along the northern valley wall where it still flows to this day. Several pulses of lava took place during the Kana Cone eruption, each resulting in the formation of new lava channels.
Two small cinder cones formed in Walkout Creek valley during the Big Raven eruptive period, both of which produced basaltic lava flows. The largest cone is about 120 metres (390 feet) high and was constructed on top of a slow moving landslide originating from the northern side of the valley. Both cones have been deeply dissected, the larger cone having been segmented into arcuate, step-like slices from continued movement of the landslide.
A small but violent VEI-3 eruption burst from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak near the end of the Big Raven eruptive period. It deposited granular trachyte pumice of the Sheep Track Member which fell over an area of about 40 square kilometres (15 square miles). Larger, snowball-sized chunks of this pumice fell near the vent area while smaller, pea-sized fragments landed around the parameter of the deposit. All of the Snowshoe Lava Field flows and cones are covered by Sheep Track pumice with the exception of The Saucer which likely postdates the Sheep Track eruption. The location of the vent that issued the pumice is unknown but it may lie under Tencho Glacier. Fission track dating has yielded an age of 950 CE ± 6,000 years for the Sheep Track pumice. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Mount Edziza volcanic complex (MEVC) in British Columbia, Canada, has a long history of volcanism that spans more than six million years. It occurred during five cycles of magmatic activity which were characterized by 13 periods of eruptive activity. This volcanism has led to the formation of several types of volcanic landforms, including cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, shield volcanoes, lava domes and lava fields. The 1,000-square-kilometre (390-square-mile) plateau comprising the MEVC owes its origin to successive eruptions of highly mobile lava flows. Eruptions of the MEVC issued a wide variety of volcanic rocks. Among them were alkali basalt, hawaiite, trachybasalt, benmoreite, tristanite, mugearite, trachyte and comendite. The latter seven volcanic rocks were produced by varying degrees of magmatic differentiation in underground magma reservoirs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The first magmatic cycle between 12 and 5.3 million years ago is represented by the Raspberry, Little Iskut and Armadillo geological formations, each of which is the product of a distinct eruptive period. Three distinct periods of eruptive activity also characterized the second magmatic cycle between 6.0 and 1.0 million years ago. They are represented by the Nido, Spectrum and Pyramid geological formations. The third magmatic cycle about one million years ago is represented by the Ice Peak, Pillow Ridge and Edziza geological formations, each of which is also the product of a distinct eruptive period. Three distinct periods of eruptive activity also characterized the fourth magmatic cycle between 0.8 and 0.2 million years ago. They are represented by the Arctic Lake, Klastline and Kakiddi geological formations. The fifth magmatic cycle began in the last 20,000 years and may continue to the present. A single distinct eruptive period of this magmatic cycle is represented by the Big Raven Formation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Mount Edziza volcanic complex is a linear group of volcanoes in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is 75 kilometres (47 miles) long and 20 kilometres (12 miles) wide, consisting of several stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, lava domes and cinder cones. This volcanic complex of Miocene-to-Holocene age comprises a broad, steep-sided, intermontane plateau that rises from a base elevation of 760 metres (2,500 feet). A northerly-trending, elliptical, composite shield volcano consisting of multiple flat-lying lava flows forms the plateau. Four central volcanoes of felsic composition dominate the plateau, the highest of which is Mount Edziza with an elevation of 2,786 metres (9,140 feet).",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The MEVC has a volume of 670 cubic kilometres (160 cubic miles) and an area of 1,000 square kilometres (390 square miles), making it the second largest eruptive centre in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province after Level Mountain. The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is a broad area of volcanoes extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through Yukon into easternmost Alaska. It is the most volcanically active area in Canada, experiencing an eruption roughly every 100 years. Volcanism of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to result from rifting of the North American Cordillera driven by changes in relative plate motion between the North American and Pacific plates.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The eruption rate of the MEVC has varied throughout its long volcanic history. Volcanism about seven million years ago occurred at a higher rate than it does today, having increased the rate of magmatism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province from 100,000 cubic metres (3,500,000 cubic feet) per year to 300,000 cubic metres (11,000,000 cubic feet) per year. A period of quiescence appears to have followed at the MEVC and elsewhere in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province between about four and three million years ago. Magmatism of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province has since rebounded to a relatively constant rate of 100,000 cubic metres (3,500,000 cubic feet) per year, significantly less than that estimated for the Cascade Volcanic Arc of western North America. An eruption recurrence interval of 379 years has been calculated for the MEVC by dividing 11,000 by the number of demonstrable Holocene eruptions. This would make the MEVC the most active eruptive centre in Canada throughout the Holocene.",
"title": "Eruption rate and composition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Volcanism of the MEVC took place during five magmatic cycles, each of which began with the effusion of alkali basalt and culminated with the eruption of felsic magma. The most voluminous rocks produced during these magmatic cycles were mafic alkali basalts and hawaiites. MEVC hawaiites are thought to have formed as a result of partial fractional crystallization and the accumulation of feldspar inside rising columns of mantle-derived alkali basalt. Felsic peralkaline rocks such as comendite and trachyte were also produced during these magmatic cycles. They resulted from prolonged fractional crystallization of mantle-derived basalt in magma chambers. Volcanic rocks of intermediate composition such as benmoreite, trachybasalt, mugearite and tristanite were produced in relatively small volumes. They were the result of alkali basalt having pooled in large subterranean magma chambers on a shorter timespan. The chemistry and petrography of MEVC rocks is indicative of bimodal volcanism, a phenomenon associated with continental rifting.",
"title": "Eruption rate and composition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The first magmatic cycle was restricted to the Late Miocene between 12 and 5.3 million years ago. Three distinct eruptive periods occurred during this magmatic cycle, each producing different types of volcanic rocks. The first eruptive period is represented by alkali basalt and hawaiite flows of the Raspberry Formation. They rest directly on older rocks of the Stikinia terrane and are exposed along the Mess Creek Escarpment. The Little Iskut Formation represents the second period of eruptive activity. It conformably overlies the Raspberry Formation and consists mainly of trachybasalt flows and breccia. The third and final eruptive period of the first magmatic cycle is represented by alkali basalt, comendite and trachyte of the Armadillo Formation which conformably overlies the Little Iskut Formation.",
"title": "First magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The Raspberry eruptive period between 12 and 5.4 million years ago began with the effusion of basaltic lava flows from near Raspberry Pass. More than 83 cubic kilometres (20 cubic miles) of lava flows were extruded in rapid succession, forming a Late Miocene shield volcano. They reached a maximum thickness of more than 300 metres (980 feet) near their source to only a few metres thick at their terminus. Disruption of the local drainage system by lava flows during this eruptive period resulted in the formation of so-named Raspberry Lake in the upper Little Iskut River valley. The lava flows damming Raspberry Lake originated from a cluster of small satellitic cones southeast of the Raspberry shield volcano. By the time the Raspberry eruptive period had come to an end, the Raspberry shield volcano covered an area of at least 775 square kilometres (299 square miles) and reached an elevation of nearly 2,100 metres (6,900 feet).",
"title": "First magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "About 119 cubic kilometres (29 cubic miles) of volcanic material was emplaced by the Raspberry eruptions, making this eruptive period the second most productive of the first magmatic cycle. After the Raspberry eruptive period ceased, Raspberry Lake had already begun to erode a notch along the eastern edge of the lava dam. The Raspberry shield volcano and associated satellitic cones and ash beds had also begun to erode away, but the valleys and lowlands would remain filled with thick piles of basaltic lava flows. These lava flows would later be overlain by the much younger Mount Edziza and Spectrum Range.",
"title": "First magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Potassium–argon dating of volcanic rocks produced during this eruptive period has yielded a wide variety of ages. This includes 11.4 ± 1.5 million years, 8.4 ± 0.4 million years and 6.4 ± 0.3 million years for Raspberry hawaiite and 6.1 ± 0.4 million years and 5.5 ± 0.1 million years for Raspberry alkali basalt. The first date is anomalously old and has the largest error. A minimum age for the timing of Raspberry volcanism is 7.4–6.2 million years.",
"title": "First magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The Little Iskut eruptive period 7.2 million years ago began beneath the waters of Raspberry Lake. Interactions between the lake water and the erupting magma resulted in several violent phreatic explosions, the larger explosions having deposited ash and granular particles over much of the lake bed. The phreatic explosions were followed by the eruption of trachybasalt flows which began forming a lava dome on the bed of Raspberry Lake. This lava dome eventually grew above lake level from continued volcanic eruptions to form a small volcanic island. Renewed volcanism then transformed this small island into a broad shield volcano that overlapped with the northern shoreline of Raspberry Lake. By this time much of the original lake had been displaced with shattered rock fragments formed by the quenching and fracturing of lava. Subsequent eruptions of the Little Iskut shield volcano produced lava flows that travelled down its gentle eastern, southern and western flanks. Lava flowing down the eastern and southern flanks entered the shrinking remnants of Raspberry Lake while lava travelling down the western flank merged with the older Raspberry shield volcano.",
"title": "First magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The Little Iskut eruptions were much less voluminous than those of the Raspberry eruptive period, having emplaced only 14.6 cubic kilometres (3.5 cubic miles) of volcanic material. This makes the Little Iskut eruptive period the least productive of the first magmatic cycle. The lack of an erosion surface between the Raspberry and Little Iskut formations suggests that the Little Iskut eruptions immediately followed or may have been coeval with eruptions of the Raspberry period. Erosional remnants of trachybasalt flows from the Little Iskut eruptive period are exposed in a 10-kilometre-wide (6.2-mile) area northeast of the Spectrum Range. They range in thickness from about 300 metres (980 feet) near the centre of Artifact Ridge to 90 metres (300 feet) around the parameter, suggesting that their source was located near Artifact Ridge. This is supported by the existence of dikes along the northern side of Artifact Creek valley which may have been feeders for the overlying trachybasalt flows. A single potassium–argon date of 7.2 ± 0.3 million years has been obtained from Little Iskut trachybasalt.",
"title": "First magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The next eruptive period, the Armadillo period, occurred between 7.0 and 6.0 million years ago. It began with explosive activity from a vent at Cartoona Ridge which produced 10-kilometre-long (6.2-mile) ash flows and an air-fall pumice deposit that covers an area of several hundred square kilometres. This was followed by the effusion of viscous trachyte and rhyolite lava which piled up around the vent area to produce steep-sided, overlapping domes. As the lava domes continued to grow their slopes became oversteepened, forcing lava to move further away from the vent area. Eventually bulbous mounds of trachyte and rhyolite covered much of the southeastern highlands of the MEVC.",
"title": "First magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Rapid evacuation of a shallow magma chamber nearly 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) south of Cartoona Ridge resulted in the formation of the 3-kilometre-wide (1.9-mile) Armadillo Peak caldera. Fractures in the roof of the magma chamber provided passageways for trachyte magma to reach the subsiding caldera floor, resulting in the formation of lava lakes inside the newly-formed depression. Larger volumes of lava eventually spilled over the caldera rim to produce a nearly 13-kilometre-long (8.1-mile) sequence of trachyte and rhyolite flows. The sequence is up to 460 metres (1,510 feet) thick and extends to the west.",
"title": "First magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "A number of other volcanic centres were active during the Armadillo eruptive period. Tadeda Peak and the IGC Centre, both satellitic vents of the Armadillo Peak caldera, produced trachyte and rhyolite. Alkali basalt, hawaiite and trachybasalt flows issued from Sezill Volcano and the Little Iskut shield volcano, many of which are exposed along the Mess Creek Escarpment. The thickest sections of Armadillo basalt flows are exposed in Sezill Creek canyon, Kadeya Creek canyon and near the southwestern end of Raspberry Pass where they reach thicknesses of up to 180 metres (590 feet).",
"title": "First magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The Armadillo eruptions emplaced 159 cubic kilometres (38 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making this eruptive period the most productive of the first magmatic cycle. An anomalously old potassium–argon date of 10.2 ± 1.4 million years has been obtained from Armadillo comendite. Potassium–argon dates more in line with the volcanic stratigraphy include 6.9 ± 0.3 million years and 6.1 ± 0.1 million years from comenditic ash flows, 6.9 ± 0.3 million years from comenditic glass and 6.5 ± 0.2 million years, 6.3 ± 0.5 million years, 6.2 ± 0.1 million years and 6.1 ± 0.2 million years from hawaiite.",
"title": "First magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The second magmatic cycle took place between 6.0 and 1.0 million years ago during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. Like the first magmatic cycle, it is subdivided into three distinct eruptive periods. The first eruptive period is represented by alkali basalt and hawaiite flows of the Nido Formation. They are exposed along the Mess Creek Escarpment and appear to have issued from several separate eruptive centres along the eastern margin of the MEVC. The Spectrum Formation represents the second period of eruptive activity. It is almost entirely underlain by the Nido Formation and consists mostly of trachyte and rhyolite. The third and final eruptive period of the second magmatic cycle is represented by trachyte, comendite and pantellerite of the Pyramid Formation which overlies the Nido Formation.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The Nido eruptive period was a long episode of volcanic activity that took place between 6.0 and 4.0 million years ago. It involved the effusion of highly mobile, fluid basaltic lava flows from multiple, widely spaced eruptive centres. These eruptive centres included at least six major volcanoes and many more smaller volcanic cones. The lava flows buried lag gravels and travelled into valleys where they disrupted the drainage system to form lava-dammed lakes. Volcanism of the Nido eruptive period was limited to the northern and southern ends of the MEVC, such that the lava flows formed two separate lava fields at each end of the volcanic complex. The northern lava field is represented by the Tenchen Member while the southern lava field is represented by the Kounugu Member. Both lava fields are separated by the Armadillo Highlands which acted as a topographic barrier at the time of their eruption. Volcanic activity in both lava fields occurred more or less simultaneously.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Three major volcanoes of the Tenchen Member were active during the Nido eruptive period, all of which have since been reduced to eroded remnants. Alpha Peak was the oldest of the three major volcanoes. It issued lava flows from both satellitic and central vents which diverted and blocked local streams to form lava-dammed lakes. The second oldest major volcano, Beta Peak, formed 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) south of Alpha Peak. It rose at least 365 metres (1,198 feet) above the surrounding landscape and produced lava flows that travelled at least 13 kilometres (8.1 miles) to the north. Gamma Peak, the youngest of the three major volcanoes, formed south of Beta Peak on the western flanks of Cartoona Ridge. Lava flows from Gamma Peak buried gently sloping alluvial fans on the northern and western flanks of the Armadillo Highlands. An eroded remnant of Gamma Peak forms a prominent spire just southeast of Coffee Crater called Cartoona Peak.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "The Kounugu Member contains the eroded remains of at least four volcanoes that were active during Nido time. Swarm Peak, the oldest of the four volcanoes, issued lava flows that travelled down the western and southern flanks of the Little Iskut shield volcano. Vanished Peak further to the south was formed during a major eruption that involved lava fountaining. Most of the lava from this eruption flowed to the north and west. Lost Peak consists of volcanic ejecta that deposited in both subaerial and subaqueous environments. The subaqueous material was deposited in a lake that may have ponded between the erupting volcano and a lobe of glacial ice. Exile Hill formed on the extreme western edge of the MEVC and was almost completely inundated by younger lava flows.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "The Nido eruptions were the most voluminous of the second magmatic cycle, having emplaced 127 cubic kilometres (30 cubic miles) of volcanic material. Potassium–argon dating of Nido alkali basalt has given ages of 7.8 ± 0.3 million years, 5.5 ± 1.6 million years, 4.5 ± 0.3 million years and 4.4 ± 0.5 million years. The first age comes from basalt of the Kounugu Member and, if correct, implies that Nido eruptions may have spanned from Raspberry to post-Armadillo time.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "The next eruptive period, the Spectrum period, occurred between 4.0 and 2.0 million years ago. A relatively small initial eruption of pumice and ash was followed by the effusion of massive rhyolite flows, each up to 150 metres (490 feet) thick and 13 kilometres (8.1 miles) long. These rhyolite flows accumulated in rapid succession to form the broad Spectrum Range dome which reached a thickness of at least 750 metres (2,460 feet) and a width of more than 20 kilometres (12 miles). The predominantly rhyolitic eruptions were later replaced by the effusion of trachyte lava as deeper parts of the underlying magma chamber were tapped. Formation of the Spectrum Range dome was followed by evacuation of the magma chamber, resulting in the creation of a 4.5-kilometre-wide (2.8-mile) summit caldera. This caldera was eventually buried by lava from subsequent eruptions. The Spectrum eruptions emplaced 119 cubic kilometres (29 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making this eruptive period the second most productive of the second magmatic cycle.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Yeda Peak was the site of an explosive eruption near the end of the Spectrum period. This eruption resulted in the formation of a crater near the crest of the Spectrum Range dome. Some of the ejecta accumulated around the vent to form a low volcanic cone while the more volatile, pumice-rich phases of the eruption sent ash flows down the slopes of the dome. Renewed volcanism at Exile Hill 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) west of the Yeda Peak vent produced a similar but much smaller eruption. Late-stage volcanism of the Spectrum eruptive period produced alkali basalt flows of the Kitsu Member. These flows likely issued from several eruptive centres that have since been destroyed by erosion.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "The once continuous Spectrum Range dome was substantially eroded to form the current peaks and ridges of the Spectrum Range. Extensive erosion also reduced the size of the dome, leaving behind a few remnants around its northern and southwestern edges. Relatively thin trachyte flows northwest of the Spectrum Range on the Kitsu Plateau are the most distal remnants, although they may have originated from a nearby satellitic vent. Erosional remnants of Kitsu Member alkali basalt flows cap the higher summits of the Spectrum Range where they overlie the unmodified upper surface of the original dome. The original dome was much higher in elevation as evidenced by the thick, gently dipping trachyte flows forming the summit of Kitsu Peak.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "An anomalously old potassium–argon date of 5.9 ± 1.1 million years has been obtained from Kitsu Member alkali basalt. Potassium–argon dates more in line with the volcanic stratigraphy include 3.1 ± 0.1 million years and 3.0 ± 0.1 million years from comendite and 3.4 ± 0.1 million years and 2.9 ± 0.1 million years from comenditic glass.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The Pyramid eruptive period took place 1.1 million years ago. It involved violent explosive eruptions of rock fragments, gas and trachyte pumice from a vent adjacent to the northwestern margin of the MEVC. This explosivity was accompanied by phreatic explosions and pyroclastic surges. Subsequent eruptions sent thin basalt flows into the valley of a north-flowing glacial stream where they formed a small lava-dammed lake. This short period of basaltic volcanism was followed by the extrusion of felsic flows and domes forming The Pyramid.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Renewed volcanism during this eruptive period produced the Sphinx Dome which may have formed subglacially. Growth of the Sphinx Dome involved the eruption of viscous rhyolite and volcanic ejecta. Some of the ejecta settled in a lake that had formed between the growing dome and an ice field along its southern margin, resulting in the formation of an evenly distributed volcaniclastic deposit on the lake bed. The Sphinx Dome reached a height of 800 metres (2,600 feet) and a length of 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) by the time activity ceased.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "A third pulse of volcanism constructed the Pharaoh Dome just south of the lake that ponded during Sphinx Dome activity. Eruptions were at first subglacial which led to a series of phreatic steam explosions and the quenching of rhyolite lava by meltwater. Pharaoh Dome eventually built above the level of the surrounding ice as flows of rhyolite continued to enlarge the dome. By the time activity ceased, Pharaoh Dome had risen above the surface of a large ice field as a nunatak; it was subsequently buried under glacial ice.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "The Pyramid eruptions were much less voluminous than those of the Nido and Spectrum eruptive periods, having emplaced only 11.4 cubic kilometres (2.7 cubic miles) of volcanic material. Potassium–argon dating of comenditic glass produced during the Pyramid eruptive period has yielded ages of 1.2 ± 0.4 million years and 1.20 ± 0.03 million years. Trachyte produced during this eruptive period has yielded potassium–argon dates of 0.94 ± 0.12 million years and 0.94 ± 0.05 million years.",
"title": "Second magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "The third magmatic cycle occurred about one million years ago during the Early Pleistocene. It was characterized by three distinct eruptive periods, each represented by a geological formation. The first eruptive period created the Ice Peak Formation which overlies the Armadillo, Nido and Pyramid formations. A wide variety of volcanic rocks comprise the Ice Peak Formation, including alkali basalt, hawaiite, trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte. The second eruptive period resulted in the creation of the Pillow Ridge Formation which consists mainly of alkali basalt. This geological formation is confined to Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge at the northern end of the MEVC. The third and final eruptive period of the third magmatic cycle produced the Edziza Formation which overlies the Ice Peak Formation. Trachyte is the main volcanic rock comprising the Edziza Formation.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "The Ice Peak eruptive period began at a time when the MEVC was covered by a receding regional ice sheet. Volcanism initially began on the southern flank of Sphinx Dome where pyroclastic material mixed with meltwater from residual ice to produce highly mobile debris flows and lahars. Lava flows advanced across the glaciated surface as successive eruptions built Ice Peak, resulting in the formation of narrow meltwater lakes. These lakes were displaced as the lava flows continued to advance down slope. Basaltic lava travelled further down slope onto the MEVC plateau while more viscous trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, benmoreite and trachyte lava accumulated around the vent area to form the steep, upper part of Ice Peak. At its climax, Ice Peak was a symmetrical stratovolcano containing a small crater at its summit; its symmetrical structure was later destroyed by glacial erosion. Potassium–argon dating of massive trachyte flows in the upper part of Ice Peak has yielded ages of 1.5 ± 0.4 million years and 1.5 ± 0.1 million years. These dates being older than those of the Pyramid eruptive period may be due to excess argon.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Two thick lobes of trachyte lava issued from satellitic domes on the western flank of Ice Peak during this eruptive period, both of which were deposited onto the MEVC plateau. The southern lobe, Koosick Bluff, ranges in elevation from 1,890 to 2,010 metres (6,200 to 6,590 feet). It is bounded by cliffs that rise 60–90 metres (200–300 feet) to a nearly flat surface. With a length of nearly 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) and a width of more than 1 kilometre (0.62 miles), Koosick Bluff is the largest of the two lava lobes. The northern and smaller lobe, Ornostay Bluff, is similar in composition and structure to Koosick Bluff. It has a potassium–argon date of 1.5 ± 0.4 million years which may be due to excess argon. The steep sides and unusually large thicknesses of these two lava lobes is attributed to them having been extruded through glacial ice.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "Volcanic activity during Ice Peak time created two volcanoes west of the Armadillo Highlands. The northern volcano, Camp Hill, began forming when the MEVC was still partially covered by glacial ice. Eruptions under the glacial ice formed a circular meltwater pond which quenched the erupting lava and caused phreatic explosions. The resulting fractured and churned debris accumulated around the erupting vent to create a broad tuff ring. This feature eventually grew above the level of the meltwater pond to produce subaerial lava fountains which formed a relatively steep-sided pyroclastic cone on top of the tuff ring. By this time the surrounding glacial ice had retreated, allowing basalt flows to spread over the Big Raven Plateau. The southern volcano, Cache Hill, formed during a period of eruptions on the western side of the Armadillo Highlands. Basalt flows blocked a northwesterly flowing river in a broad valley to form a small lava-dammed lake. Subsequent basalt flows travelled to the southeast and northwest, the southeasterly flows having entered the lava-dammed lake to create pillow lava.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "A circular volcanic plug called The Neck formed on the eastern side of the MEVC during the Ice Peak eruptive period. It consists of an older outer ring of fine grained trachyte and a younger inner core of coarse grained trachyte, suggesting that The Neck was the source of more than one trachyte eruption. This roughly 300-metre (980-foot) in diameter volcanic conduit has a potassium–argon date of 1.6 ± 0.2 million years which may be due to excess argon.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "The eruptions during Ice Peak time emplaced 76.7 cubic kilometres (18.4 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making this eruptive period the most productive of the third magmatic cycle. It is also the latest eruptive period of the MEVC involving the outpouring of more than 20 cubic kilometres (4.8 cubic miles) of lava.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "The next eruptive period, the Pillow Ridge period, occurred when the MEVC was still overlain by an ice sheet. Subglacial volcanism injected basaltic lava into the base of the ice sheet where the molten basalt was quenched and then shattered by phreatic explosions. Accumulation of this fragmented debris around the erupting vent created a subglacial pile of tuff, breccia and pillow lava inside a meltwater cavity. The overlying ice sheet sagged as the volcanic pile and enclosing meltwater cavity grew larger, resulting in the formation of a meltwater lake inside a depression on the surface of the ice sheet. This meltwater lake was churned by phreatic explosions and probably reached a length of more than 4 kilometres (2.5 miles). Successive eruptions eventually built the volcanic pile above lake level to form a small temporary island that issued subaerial lava flows and lava fountains. The volcanic pile that formed as a result of this activity comprises Pillow Ridge. Fission track dating of Pillow Ridge alkali basalt has yielded ages of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years and 0.8 ± 0.25 million years.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "Another pulse of subglacial volcanism during the Pillow Ridge period created nearby Tsekone Ridge. Although it formed in a similar environment to that of Pillow Ridge, there is no evidence the Tsekone Ridge eruption was large enough to penetrate the overlying ice sheet. The basaltic magma that issued during this eruption may have been leftover from the series of eruptions that formed Pillow Ridge.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "The eruptions during Pillow Ridge time were much less voluminous than those of the Ice Peak eruptive period, having emplaced only 2.9 cubic kilometres (0.70 cubic miles) of volcanic material. This makes the Pillow Ridge eruptive period the least productive of the third magmatic cycle.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "The Edziza eruptive period constructed the symmetrical stratovolcano of Mount Edziza after the regional ice sheet had retreated from the MEVC. Growth began on the upper northern flank of Ice Peak with the eruption of viscous trachyte flows and steep-sided lava domes. The lava domes were punctuated by vent-clearing explosions which ejected volcanic blocks and lava bombs onto the slopes of the growing stratovolcano. Formation of the stratovolcano was followed by collapse of the original summit, creating the 2-kilometre (1.2-mile) in diameter caldera that truncates it. The cause of this collapse may have been a violent, climactic eruption that deposited parts of the original summit onto the flanks of the volcano. Prior to collapse, the summit of Mount Edziza was at least 610 metres (2,000 feet) higher than it is today. Part of the eastern caldera rim was destroyed by a small phreatic explosion which provided a new passageway for the venting of volcanic gases.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "The Edziza eruptions emplaced 18 cubic kilometres (4.3 cubic miles) of volcanic material. This makes the Edziza eruptive period the second most productive of the third magmatic cycle. Most of the volcanic activity during this eruptive period was concentrated in the summit area of Mount Edziza but at least a few vents were active near the base of the volcano. Volcanism on the southeastern rim of the summit caldera created Nanook Dome. Lava from this dome flowed onto the outer surface of the stratovolcano and into the summit caldera to form lava lakes. Triangle Dome and Glacier Dome formed on the western and northeastern flanks of Mount Edziza, respectively. A trachyte flow from the latter dome travelled onto the gently sloping surface of the Big Raven Plateau. Lava from a small pyroclastic cone on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza nearly engulfed both Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge on the surrounding plateau. Pantelleritic trachyte produced during the Edziza eruptive period has yielded a potassium–argon date of 0.9 ± 0.3 million years.",
"title": "Third magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "The fourth magmatic cycle took place between 0.8 and 0.2 million years ago during the Pleistocene. Like the previous three magmatic cycles, it was characterized by three distinct eruptive periods. The first eruptive period created the Arctic Lake Formation which underlies much of the Arctic Lake Plateau. Alkali basalt flows and related pyroclastic rocks comprise the Arctic Lake Formation. The second eruptive period is represented by the Klastline Formation along the Kakiddi and Klastline valleys. Thick alkali basalt flows are the main features of the Klastline Formation. The third eruptive period produced thick trachyte flows and pyroclastic rocks of the Kakiddi Formation which occupy valleys on the eastern flank of Ice Peak.",
"title": "Fourth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "The Arctic Lake eruptive period occurred 0.71 million years ago on and adjacent to the Arctic Lake Plateau. At least seven volcanoes formed during this period, all of which issued basaltic lava. Lava fountaining at the extreme northern end of the Arctic Lake Plateau created Outcast Hill which blocked westerly flowing streams. The damming of these streams resulted in the formation of a temporary lake against the eastern side of Outcast Hill. Lava from this volcano flowed into the lake but most of it travelled westward towards the Mess Creek Escarpment. Tadekho Hill 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) to the south formed on top of a 180-metre-high (590-foot) remnant of Spectrum trachyte. Lava from Tadekho Hill spread onto the surrounding plateau surface to form a small shield volcano. Outcast Hill and Tadekho Hill both formed when the Arctic Lake Plateau was relatively free of glacial ice.",
"title": "Fourth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "The Arctic Lake Plateau was subsequently covered with ice as glaciers advanced from the neighbouring Spectrum Range. Subglacial volcanism at the height of this glacial advance created Wetalth Ridge near the middle of the plateau. This was followed by the eruption of four other volcanoes on the Arctic Lake Plateau during the waning stages of glaciation. Two small mounds of quenched pillow lava informally called Knob 1 and Knob 2 formed subglacially south of Wetalth Ridge. The third volcano, Source Hill, was created during a massive lava eruption when only the central part of the Arctic Lake Plateau contained a thin lobe of glacial ice. Late-stage volcanism of the Arctic Lake eruptive period formed Thaw Hill on the eastern side of the Arctic Lake Plateau.",
"title": "Fourth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "The Arctic Lake eruptions were much less voluminous than those of the Edziza eruptive period, having emplaced only 2 cubic kilometres (0.48 cubic miles) of volcanic material. This makes the Arctic Lake eruptive period the least productive of the fourth magmatic cycle. Alkali basalt from this eruptive period has yielded a potassium–argon date of 0.71 ± 0.05 million years.",
"title": "Fourth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "The Klastline eruptive period 0.62 million years ago was characterized by minor lava fountaining and the effusion of massive basalt flows from at least three vents along the northern flank of Mount Edziza. The basalt flows travelled adjacent to Buckley Lake and into the Klastline and Kakiddi valleys, the most extensive ones having reached 25 kilometres (16 miles) long. Pyroclastic cones developed on the lower slopes of the MEVC where eruptions were subaerial. Explosive interaction between lava and meltwater from an alpine glacier formed the Klastline tuff cone higher up on the plateau. Lava from Klastline Cone entered Kakiddi Valley where it blocked the flow of Kakiddi Creek. This lava then flowed north across dry gravel bars to the confluence with Klastline Valley, temporarily damming the Klastline River to form a large shallow lake. Most of the lava continued to flow westward through Klastline Valley for at least another 19 kilometres (12 miles).",
"title": "Fourth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "The Klastline eruptive period was the second most productive of the fourth magmatic cycle, involving the eruption of 5.4 cubic kilometres (1.3 cubic miles) of volcanic material. Potassium–argon dating of Klastline alkali basalt has yielded an age of 0.62 ± 0.04 million years.",
"title": "Fourth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "The Kakiddi eruptive period 0.3 million years ago involved the eruption of a massive trachyte flow that reaches almost 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) wide and 60–90 metres (200–300 feet) thick. It advanced 7 kilometres (4.3 miles) down the eastern flank of the MEVC into Kakiddi Valley where it spread out into a more than 20-square-kilometre (7.7-square-mile) terminal lobe. The source of this lava flow remains unknown but it may have issued from Ice Peak and possibly Nanook Dome at the summit of Mount Edziza. A relatively small lava flow issued from a vent on the western flank of Ice Peak and advanced onto the Big Raven Plateau.",
"title": "Fourth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "The Kakiddi eruptions emplaced 8.3 cubic kilometres (2.0 cubic miles) of volcanic material, making this eruptive period the most productive of the fourth magmatic cycle. Potassium–argon dating has yielded an age of 0.31 ± 0.07 million years for Kakiddi mugearite and 0.30 ± 0.02 million years for Kakiddi trachyte.",
"title": "Fourth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "The fifth magmatic cycle, which may still be ongoing, commenced in the last 20,000 years with the onset of the Big Raven eruptive period. It was marked by the eruption of subglacial volcanoes, cinder cones and lava flows along the entire length of the MEVC, as well as a single eruption of pumice from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak. Most of the Big Raven eruptions took place on the western flank of Ice Peak and on the northern flank of Mount Edziza where lava flows from several vents accumulated to form the Desolation and Snowshoe lava fields. About 1.7 cubic kilometres (0.41 cubic miles) of volcanic material was emplaced by the Big Raven eruptions.",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "The rocks produced during the Big Raven eruptive period comprise the Big Raven Formation. They are mainly alkali basalts and hawaittes, although a small volume of comenditic trachyte belonging to the Sheep Track Member was also produced. More than 29 eruptions took place during this eruptive period, most of which resulted in the creation of cinder cones. These cones are of Holocene age and occur in the Snowshoe Lava Field, the Desolation Lava Field and adjacent to the Spectrum Range. Eruptions during Big Raven time continued within the last 2,000 years, but the precise age of the latest one is unknown.",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "One of the first volcanoes to erupt during the Big Raven eruptive period was Tennena Cone which formed high on the western flank of Ice Peak. It issued basaltic magma under the summit ice cap during the height of the neoglaciation when the ice cap was much larger in area than it is now. As the molten basalt accumulated around the erupting vent, it was quenched by the overlying ice cap to form the steep-sided, pyramid-shaped pile of pillow lava that comprises Tennena Cone. A meltwater channel thawed from the base of the cone provided the pathway for a thin lava flow. As the lava flow reached the western edge of the ice cap, it caused a violent interaction with meltwater which spread onto the plateau. Two unnamed volcanoes also in the Snowshoe Lava Field formed subglacially south of Tennena Cone.",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "After the summit ice cap retreated from lower elevations, renewed volcanism in the Snowshoe Lava Field constructed Cocoa Crater, Coffee Crater and other subaerial cinder cones by lava fountaining. Their construction was accompanied by the eruption of massive lava flows that travelled into the valleys of Sezill Creek and Taweh Creek. Lava from a fissure eruption south of Tencho Glacier flowed west into Taweh Creek and east into Shaman Creek. The result of this eruption was the formation of The Saucer which is one of the youngest volcanic features in the Snowshoe Lava Field.",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "Two Big Raven centres occur at the southern end of the MEVC. Nahta Cone is the southernmost and lies near the northern edge of the Arctic Lake Plateau. It was the source of a narrow, 3-kilometre-long (1.9-mile) basaltic lava flow that travelled northwards and then westwards into the head of Nahta Creek. The other eruptive centre is a now-destroyed cinder cone that formed on the unstable southern flank of Kuno Peak in the Spectrum Range. It produced a basaltic lava flow that travelled onto the Arctic Lake Plateau. Subsequent landsliding on Kuno Peak removed much of the original cone and buried the associated lava flow.",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "At least three eruptive centres were active on the deeply eroded eastern flank of Mount Edziza during the Big Raven eruptive period. Cinder Cliff in the north fork of Tenchen Creek valley formed when an eruption of basaltic lava engulfed loose debris and ponded against stagnant ice. The other two eruptive centres, Icefall Cone and Ridge Cone, have been glaciated and are poorly exposed. Both cones produced lava flows but they are also poorly exposed, having been almost completely buried under gravel, moraine, talus and glacial ice. A 6.5-kilometre-long (4.0-mile) lava flow occupying a narrow, wedge-shaped valley on the east slope of Mount Edziza may have issued from Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone or an undiscovered vent inside the valley. Its terminus lies near Kakiddi Lake where it is well exposed for 2 kilometres (1.2 miles).",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "The first cones to form in the Desolation Lava Field were Sleet Cone and Storm Cone, both of which produced lava flows that travelled over glacial till. Subsequent volcanism created the three Triplex Cones 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) north of Storm Cone. They issued a 12-kilometre-long (7.5-mile) sequence of lava flows that extends northwesterly to near the south shore of Buckley Lake. Renewed eruptive activity formed Sidas Cone and Twin Cone, both of which are products of simultaneous lava fountaining from more than one vent. Lava flows from both cones travelled to the northwest and northeast, respectively. The subsequent eruption of Moraine Cone produced a roughly 14-kilometre-long (8.7-mile) lava flow that travelled northeast into the Kakiddi Creek and Klastline River valleys; both streams were temporarily dammed by the lava flow. Eve Cone and Williams Cone were created by the latest eruptions in the Desolation Lava Field, both of which produced lava flows more than 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) long. Willow twigs preserved in ejecta from Williams Cone have yielded a radiocarbon date of 610 CE ± 150 years.",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "The Mess Lake Lava Field northwest of the Spectrum Range issued from three cinder cones on the edge of the Mess Creek Escarpment. Lava flows from the two oldest cones travelled to the west and most likely cascaded down the escarpment into Mess Creek valley. However, any remnants of this lava on the escarpment or in Mess Creek valley have been removed by erosion. The youngest cinder cone, The Ash Pit, formed at the south end of the Mess Lake Lava Field. The Ash Pit eruption produced mainly pyroclastic ejecta in the form of ash and cinders. Much of this material was blown to the northeast by a strong, uniform wind during eruption and deposited onto the Kitsu Plateau.",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "The Kana Cone eruption was characterized by the effusion of basaltic lava flows and the build up of volcanic ejecta around the erupting vent. Several lobes of lava were produced during this eruption. They flowed around eroded remnants of lava produced during the Klastline eruptive period and engulfed the Klastline River valley, temporarily damming the river. The Klastline River was forced to establish a new route along the northern valley wall where it still flows to this day. Several pulses of lava took place during the Kana Cone eruption, each resulting in the formation of new lava channels.",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"text": "Two small cinder cones formed in Walkout Creek valley during the Big Raven eruptive period, both of which produced basaltic lava flows. The largest cone is about 120 metres (390 feet) high and was constructed on top of a slow moving landslide originating from the northern side of the valley. Both cones have been deeply dissected, the larger cone having been segmented into arcuate, step-like slices from continued movement of the landslide.",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"text": "A small but violent VEI-3 eruption burst from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak near the end of the Big Raven eruptive period. It deposited granular trachyte pumice of the Sheep Track Member which fell over an area of about 40 square kilometres (15 square miles). Larger, snowball-sized chunks of this pumice fell near the vent area while smaller, pea-sized fragments landed around the parameter of the deposit. All of the Snowshoe Lava Field flows and cones are covered by Sheep Track pumice with the exception of The Saucer which likely postdates the Sheep Track eruption. The location of the vent that issued the pumice is unknown but it may lie under Tencho Glacier. Fission track dating has yielded an age of 950 CE ± 6,000 years for the Sheep Track pumice.",
"title": "Fifth magmatic cycle"
}
] | The Mount Edziza volcanic complex (MEVC) in British Columbia, Canada, has a long history of volcanism that spans more than six million years. It occurred during five cycles of magmatic activity which were characterized by 13 periods of eruptive activity. This volcanism has led to the formation of several types of volcanic landforms, including cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, shield volcanoes, lava domes and lava fields. The 1,000-square-kilometre (390-square-mile) plateau comprising the MEVC owes its origin to successive eruptions of highly mobile lava flows. Eruptions of the MEVC issued a wide variety of volcanic rocks. Among them were alkali basalt, hawaiite, trachybasalt, benmoreite, tristanite, mugearite, trachyte and comendite. The latter seven volcanic rocks were produced by varying degrees of magmatic differentiation in underground magma reservoirs. The first magmatic cycle between 12 and 5.3 million years ago is represented by the Raspberry, Little Iskut and Armadillo geological formations, each of which is the product of a distinct eruptive period. Three distinct periods of eruptive activity also characterized the second magmatic cycle between 6.0 and 1.0 million years ago. They are represented by the Nido, Spectrum and Pyramid geological formations. The third magmatic cycle about one million years ago is represented by the Ice Peak, Pillow Ridge and Edziza geological formations, each of which is also the product of a distinct eruptive period. Three distinct periods of eruptive activity also characterized the fourth magmatic cycle between 0.8 and 0.2 million years ago. They are represented by the Arctic Lake, Klastline and Kakiddi geological formations. The fifth magmatic cycle began in the last 20,000 years and may continue to the present. A single distinct eruptive period of this magmatic cycle is represented by the Big Raven Formation. | 2023-12-07T22:20:38Z | 2023-12-30T02:38:30Z | [
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75,510,654 | Las Tejerías | Las Tejerías is a city in Aragua, Venezuela. It is the capital of the Santos Michelena municipality, and it had a population of 54,392 people in 2018. The name of the city is thought to have originated from pottery, as well as the manufacture of tiles, bricks and adobes.
The city is located at 510 meters above sea level in the transitional zone between the coastal mountain range and the Aragua valleys. Its origins date back to the end of the 19th century, linked to the construction of the Caracas-Valencia railway. The Pan-American Highway and the Central Regional Highway run near to the city.
Much of the economy is based on industrial activities, where agroindustries and manufacturing stand out. There is agricultural development of pig breeding and sugar cane cultivation, but industrial and urban landscapes have replaced the fertile traditional agricultural spaces. Las Tejerías has two industrial zones of vital importance for the state of Aragua, with multiple important companies such as Mack de Venezuela, Galletera Puig, Concrecasa, La Montserratina and the Chery vehicle assembler. The first generation Range Rover was produced in the city.
On September 28, 1993, an accident occurred on the Central Regional Highway, as a result of the accidental rupture of a gas pipeline adjacent to the road. The event has been remembered in Venezuelan public opinion since then as the Tragedy of Las Tejerías, which left 53 people dead and 70 injured. In 2003, the Provegran Accident occurred in the city, leaving 9 dead.
On the night of October 8, 2022, the Los Patos stream overflowed due to heavy rainfall caused by Hurricane Julia, causing a landslide. The next day, 43 dead and more than 50 missing were officially confirmed. The president of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro decreed three days of mourning as a result of the tragedy. Delcy Rodríguez, the executive vice president of Venezuela, visited the site to evaluate and organize teams to care for those affected. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Las Tejerías is a city in Aragua, Venezuela. It is the capital of the Santos Michelena municipality, and it had a population of 54,392 people in 2018. The name of the city is thought to have originated from pottery, as well as the manufacture of tiles, bricks and adobes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The city is located at 510 meters above sea level in the transitional zone between the coastal mountain range and the Aragua valleys. Its origins date back to the end of the 19th century, linked to the construction of the Caracas-Valencia railway. The Pan-American Highway and the Central Regional Highway run near to the city.",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Much of the economy is based on industrial activities, where agroindustries and manufacturing stand out. There is agricultural development of pig breeding and sugar cane cultivation, but industrial and urban landscapes have replaced the fertile traditional agricultural spaces. Las Tejerías has two industrial zones of vital importance for the state of Aragua, with multiple important companies such as Mack de Venezuela, Galletera Puig, Concrecasa, La Montserratina and the Chery vehicle assembler. The first generation Range Rover was produced in the city.",
"title": "Local economy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On September 28, 1993, an accident occurred on the Central Regional Highway, as a result of the accidental rupture of a gas pipeline adjacent to the road. The event has been remembered in Venezuelan public opinion since then as the Tragedy of Las Tejerías, which left 53 people dead and 70 injured. In 2003, the Provegran Accident occurred in the city, leaving 9 dead.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On the night of October 8, 2022, the Los Patos stream overflowed due to heavy rainfall caused by Hurricane Julia, causing a landslide. The next day, 43 dead and more than 50 missing were officially confirmed. The president of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro decreed three days of mourning as a result of the tragedy. Delcy Rodríguez, the executive vice president of Venezuela, visited the site to evaluate and organize teams to care for those affected.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Las Tejerías is a city in Aragua, Venezuela. It is the capital of the Santos Michelena municipality, and it had a population of 54,392 people in 2018. The name of the city is thought to have originated from pottery, as well as the manufacture of tiles, bricks and adobes. | 2023-12-07T22:24:06Z | 2023-12-14T12:46:55Z | [
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75,510,672 | Kutlugün, Muş | Kutlugün is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.
There is a primary school in the village. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kutlugün is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "There is a primary school in the village.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Kutlugün is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. | 2023-12-07T22:27:24Z | 2023-12-12T01:18:38Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutlug%C3%BCn,_Mu%C5%9F |
75,510,675 | List of entertainment events at Movistar Arena (Buenos Aires) | Since opening in late 2019, Movistar Arena in Buenos Aires has hosted a large variety of concerts from Argentine and international artists, to the point of becoming the bussiest indoor arena in Argentina as well as the second-bussiest in South America after Movistar Arena in Santiago de Chile.
Below is a list of artists that have performed at the arena since its opening in November 2019. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Since opening in late 2019, Movistar Arena in Buenos Aires has hosted a large variety of concerts from Argentine and international artists, to the point of becoming the bussiest indoor arena in Argentina as well as the second-bussiest in South America after Movistar Arena in Santiago de Chile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Below is a list of artists that have performed at the arena since its opening in November 2019.",
"title": ""
}
] | Since opening in late 2019, Movistar Arena in Buenos Aires has hosted a large variety of concerts from Argentine and international artists, to the point of becoming the bussiest indoor arena in Argentina as well as the second-bussiest in South America after Movistar Arena in Santiago de Chile. Below is a list of artists that have performed at the arena since its opening in November 2019. | 2023-12-07T22:27:45Z | 2023-12-21T06:00:25Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_entertainment_events_at_Movistar_Arena_(Buenos_Aires) |
75,510,683 | James Black (rugby union) | James William Black (born 10 June 1958) is an Australian former rugby union international.
Black was born in Sydney and attended Beacon Hill High School.
A utility back, Black was a noted goal-kicker in the Shute Shield for Manly and won a place on Australia's 1984 grand slam tour of Britain and Ireland. Although he didn't feature in the Tests, he scored 62 points from his eight tour matches, a tally bettered by only Michael Lynagh. He was capped four times for the Wallabies in 1985. An injury to Roger Gould gave Black a chance at fullback in a two-Test home series against Canada. He then played outside centre in a Bledisloe Cup match in Auckland and was fullback again in a home Test against Fiji. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "James William Black (born 10 June 1958) is an Australian former rugby union international.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Black was born in Sydney and attended Beacon Hill High School.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A utility back, Black was a noted goal-kicker in the Shute Shield for Manly and won a place on Australia's 1984 grand slam tour of Britain and Ireland. Although he didn't feature in the Tests, he scored 62 points from his eight tour matches, a tally bettered by only Michael Lynagh. He was capped four times for the Wallabies in 1985. An injury to Roger Gould gave Black a chance at fullback in a two-Test home series against Canada. He then played outside centre in a Bledisloe Cup match in Auckland and was fullback again in a home Test against Fiji.",
"title": ""
}
] | James William Black is an Australian former rugby union international. Black was born in Sydney and attended Beacon Hill High School. A utility back, Black was a noted goal-kicker in the Shute Shield for Manly and won a place on Australia's 1984 grand slam tour of Britain and Ireland. Although he didn't feature in the Tests, he scored 62 points from his eight tour matches, a tally bettered by only Michael Lynagh. He was capped four times for the Wallabies in 1985. An injury to Roger Gould gave Black a chance at fullback in a two-Test home series against Canada. He then played outside centre in a Bledisloe Cup match in Auckland and was fullback again in a home Test against Fiji. | 2023-12-07T22:29:49Z | 2023-12-07T22:39:18Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Black_(rugby_union) |
75,510,690 | 2023 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season | The 2023 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association season was the season of college football played by the seven member schools of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) as part of the 2023 NCAA Division III football season.
The Alma Scots compiled a 10–0 record in the regular season and won the program's second consecutive MIAA championship. They advanced to the NCAA Division III Football Championship playoffs, winning in the first and second rounds, but losing to Cortland (41-58) in a quarterfinal match.
At the end of the regular season in November 2022, the MIAA head coaches voted on individual honors, including the following:
The following players received first-team honors on the 2023 All-MIAA football team:
Offense
Defense
Special teams
The 2023 Alma Scots football team represented Alma College as a member of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. In their sixth season under head coach Jason Couch, the Scots compiled an 12–1 record (6–0 against conference opponents), won the MIAA championship, and were ranked No. 11 nationally at the end of the regular season. They advanced to the Division III playoffs where they won games in the first and second rounds, but lost to Cortland in the quarterfinals.
The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Carter St. John with 3,323 passing yards, Eddie Williams with 686 rushing yards, Zach Poff with 90 points scored, Devon Frenchko with 1,259 receiving yards, and Odin Soffredine with 104 total tackles.
The 2023 Hope Flying Dutchmen football team represented Hope College as a member of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. In their seventh season under head coach Peter Stuursma, the Dutchmen compiled an 8–2 record (5–1 against conference opponents) and finished in second place in the MIAA.
The 2023 Trine Thunder football team represented Trine University as a member of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. In their ninth year under head coach Troy Abbs, the Thunder compiled a 6–4 record (4–2 against conference opponents) and finished in third place in the MIAA.
The 2023 Albion Britons football team represented Albion College as a member of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. In their first season under head coach Travis Rundle, the Britons compiled a 7–3 record (3–3 against conference opponents) and finished third in the MIAA.
The 2023 Olivet Comets football team represented The University of Olivet as a member of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. In their seventh year under head coach Dan Musielewicz, the Comets compiled a 4–6 record (2–4 against conference opponents), were outscored by a total of 315 to 236, and finished in fifth place in the MIAA. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association season was the season of college football played by the seven member schools of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) as part of the 2023 NCAA Division III football season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Alma Scots compiled a 10–0 record in the regular season and won the program's second consecutive MIAA championship. They advanced to the NCAA Division III Football Championship playoffs, winning in the first and second rounds, but losing to Cortland (41-58) in a quarterfinal match.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "Conference overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "At the end of the regular season in November 2022, the MIAA head coaches voted on individual honors, including the following:",
"title": "All-MIAA honors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The following players received first-team honors on the 2023 All-MIAA football team:",
"title": "All-MIAA honors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Offense",
"title": "All-MIAA honors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Defense",
"title": "All-MIAA honors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Special teams",
"title": "All-MIAA honors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The 2023 Alma Scots football team represented Alma College as a member of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. In their sixth season under head coach Jason Couch, the Scots compiled an 12–1 record (6–0 against conference opponents), won the MIAA championship, and were ranked No. 11 nationally at the end of the regular season. They advanced to the Division III playoffs where they won games in the first and second rounds, but lost to Cortland in the quarterfinals.",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Carter St. John with 3,323 passing yards, Eddie Williams with 686 rushing yards, Zach Poff with 90 points scored, Devon Frenchko with 1,259 receiving yards, and Odin Soffredine with 104 total tackles.",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The 2023 Hope Flying Dutchmen football team represented Hope College as a member of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. In their seventh season under head coach Peter Stuursma, the Dutchmen compiled an 8–2 record (5–1 against conference opponents) and finished in second place in the MIAA.",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The 2023 Trine Thunder football team represented Trine University as a member of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. In their ninth year under head coach Troy Abbs, the Thunder compiled a 6–4 record (4–2 against conference opponents) and finished in third place in the MIAA.",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The 2023 Albion Britons football team represented Albion College as a member of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. In their first season under head coach Travis Rundle, the Britons compiled a 7–3 record (3–3 against conference opponents) and finished third in the MIAA.",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The 2023 Olivet Comets football team represented The University of Olivet as a member of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. In their seventh year under head coach Dan Musielewicz, the Comets compiled a 4–6 record (2–4 against conference opponents), were outscored by a total of 315 to 236, and finished in fifth place in the MIAA.",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "",
"title": "Teams"
}
] | The 2023 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association season was the season of college football played by the seven member schools of the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) as part of the 2023 NCAA Division III football season. The Alma Scots compiled a 10–0 record in the regular season and won the program's second consecutive MIAA championship. They advanced to the NCAA Division III Football Championship playoffs, winning in the first and second rounds, but losing to Cortland (41-58) in a quarterfinal match. | 2023-12-07T22:31:11Z | 2023-12-29T01:30:56Z | [
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75,510,694 | 938th Field Artillery Battalion (United States) | The 938th Field Artillery Battalion was an American United States Army field artillery unit that fought during World War II. The battalion was created on March 7th, 1943, when the 166th Field Artillery of the Pennsylvania National Guard was split into multiple artillery battalions. It was equipped with the M1 155 mm howitzer.
The 938th departed the United States on August 21st, 1943, for further staging in northern Africa and arrived in Oran on September 2nd. They returned home from the war on October 26th, 1945. The battalion saw combat in Italy, Southern France, and Germany, and participated in Operation Shingle and Operation Dragoon
After arriving in northern Africa three months earlier, the 938th headed for mainland Europe and landed in Naples on November 23rd, 1943. It was first in combat near Venafro, Italy on December 1st.
While serving in the VI Corps within the Fifth Army, and attached to the French Expeditionary Corps, they engaged in continuous combat during the winter of 1943-44 as the Allied forces advanced toward the Winter Line.
While continuing up the Italian peninsula from Naples, Allied forces experienced ever increasing resistance from a determined German rearguard. Because of this, Allied commanders attempted to come up with another line of attack. The VI Corps was pulled off the line in preparation for an amphibious assault on Anzio.
As the front came ever closer to stalemate, Allied commanders aimed to outflank German defenses by securing a strategic foothold behind enemy lines. On January 22nd, 1944, amphibious landings began at Anzio. The 938th participated in the assault and at the time was still part of the VI Corps, attached to the 1st Armored Division. While at Anzio, the 938th's codename was "VOO DOO".
After the landings, the Allied forces became bogged down in intense fighting, and instead of pressing forward, they opted for a defensive stance. The landings stalled and men were stuck on the beachhead. For the next several months the 938th and their comrades were stuck on the beachhead and forced into foxholes. Intense shelling and artillery exchanges were common, including being fired upon by the Krupp_K5, nicknamed by the soldiers as the "Anzio Express". In March 1944, the 938th was attached to the 45th Infantry.
By May 1944, the Allies were still unsuccessful in breaking out of the beachhead and commanders had an acute need to gain the upper hand. A plan was created to break the deadlock that had ensued after the initial landings. Operation Buffalo aimed to regain momentum by launching a coordinated offensive, pushing the Germans back and creating opportunities for a breakthrough, ultimately achieving the original objective of outflanking the Axis defenses and advancing towards Rome.
On May 23rd, still attached to the VI Corps, the 938th participated in the massive artillery salvo that commenced the opening stages of Operation Buffalo. This initial barrage is described as followed:
The U.S. Fifth Army, under the command of Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, led the charge towards Rome. In the first days of the breakout from the beachhead, the 938th made it to made it to Cisterna. By the end of May, they were again fighting near the 45th Infantry still as part of the VI Corps. On June 5th the 938th made it to Rome and crossed the Tiber on the 6th. After capturing Rome, the Allies pursued the retreating Germans northwards. Just days later, the VI Corps was pulled off the front line for rest and refit.
The ports made available due to the success of Operation Overlord were not enough to adequately supply the Allied war effort. Because of this, Allied commanders decided to invade southern France near two important port cities, Marseille and Toulon, in order to increase the flow of necessary arms, munitions, and supplies to the front. At the beginning of the operation, the 938th was attached to the 45th Infantry and was still part of the VI Corps which had been moved to the Seventh Army under the command of Alexander Patch.
For the first months of the operation, the battalion stayed attached to the 45th Infantry. In November 1944, they were attached to the 100th Infantry with the explicit mission to “Reinforce fires of 100th Infantry Division Artillery. Establish a liaison with XV Corps Artillery"
The Seventh Army made rapid progress in France against the Axis defenders, pushing them further north. On September 10th, 1944, the Seventh Army and the Third Army, under the command of George S. Patton, met near Dijon, France, creating a unified front against the retreating Germans and setting the stage for the upcoming Battle of the Bulge.
On February 5th, 1945, the battalion reached its 365th day of combat.
In the closing months of the war, the battalion fought through eastern France and into Germany with various infantry and armored divisions, including the 36th, 44th, 100th, and 103rd Infantry Divisions, French forces (including Moroccan infantry), and the 10th Armored.
The 938th was in Füssen when the war ended. At that time, the battalion had seen well over 365 days of combat. During the war, the battalion suffered 87 wounded in action, and 17 killed in action. The highest award given to a member of the 938th was the Silver Star.
After serving as an occupation force for two months, the battalion left for home from Marseille on October 16th, 1945, and arrived in the United States on October 26th. The 938th Field Artillery Battalion was then deactivated at Camp Patrick Henry that same day. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 938th Field Artillery Battalion was an American United States Army field artillery unit that fought during World War II. The battalion was created on March 7th, 1943, when the 166th Field Artillery of the Pennsylvania National Guard was split into multiple artillery battalions. It was equipped with the M1 155 mm howitzer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The 938th departed the United States on August 21st, 1943, for further staging in northern Africa and arrived in Oran on September 2nd. They returned home from the war on October 26th, 1945. The battalion saw combat in Italy, Southern France, and Germany, and participated in Operation Shingle and Operation Dragoon",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After arriving in northern Africa three months earlier, the 938th headed for mainland Europe and landed in Naples on November 23rd, 1943. It was first in combat near Venafro, Italy on December 1st.",
"title": " Italian Campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "While serving in the VI Corps within the Fifth Army, and attached to the French Expeditionary Corps, they engaged in continuous combat during the winter of 1943-44 as the Allied forces advanced toward the Winter Line.",
"title": " Italian Campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "While continuing up the Italian peninsula from Naples, Allied forces experienced ever increasing resistance from a determined German rearguard. Because of this, Allied commanders attempted to come up with another line of attack. The VI Corps was pulled off the line in preparation for an amphibious assault on Anzio.",
"title": " Italian Campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "As the front came ever closer to stalemate, Allied commanders aimed to outflank German defenses by securing a strategic foothold behind enemy lines. On January 22nd, 1944, amphibious landings began at Anzio. The 938th participated in the assault and at the time was still part of the VI Corps, attached to the 1st Armored Division. While at Anzio, the 938th's codename was \"VOO DOO\".",
"title": " Italian Campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "After the landings, the Allied forces became bogged down in intense fighting, and instead of pressing forward, they opted for a defensive stance. The landings stalled and men were stuck on the beachhead. For the next several months the 938th and their comrades were stuck on the beachhead and forced into foxholes. Intense shelling and artillery exchanges were common, including being fired upon by the Krupp_K5, nicknamed by the soldiers as the \"Anzio Express\". In March 1944, the 938th was attached to the 45th Infantry.",
"title": " Italian Campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "By May 1944, the Allies were still unsuccessful in breaking out of the beachhead and commanders had an acute need to gain the upper hand. A plan was created to break the deadlock that had ensued after the initial landings. Operation Buffalo aimed to regain momentum by launching a coordinated offensive, pushing the Germans back and creating opportunities for a breakthrough, ultimately achieving the original objective of outflanking the Axis defenses and advancing towards Rome.",
"title": " Italian Campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "On May 23rd, still attached to the VI Corps, the 938th participated in the massive artillery salvo that commenced the opening stages of Operation Buffalo. This initial barrage is described as followed:",
"title": " Italian Campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The U.S. Fifth Army, under the command of Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, led the charge towards Rome. In the first days of the breakout from the beachhead, the 938th made it to made it to Cisterna. By the end of May, they were again fighting near the 45th Infantry still as part of the VI Corps. On June 5th the 938th made it to Rome and crossed the Tiber on the 6th. After capturing Rome, the Allies pursued the retreating Germans northwards. Just days later, the VI Corps was pulled off the front line for rest and refit.",
"title": " Italian Campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The ports made available due to the success of Operation Overlord were not enough to adequately supply the Allied war effort. Because of this, Allied commanders decided to invade southern France near two important port cities, Marseille and Toulon, in order to increase the flow of necessary arms, munitions, and supplies to the front. At the beginning of the operation, the 938th was attached to the 45th Infantry and was still part of the VI Corps which had been moved to the Seventh Army under the command of Alexander Patch.",
"title": "Operation Dragoon"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "For the first months of the operation, the battalion stayed attached to the 45th Infantry. In November 1944, they were attached to the 100th Infantry with the explicit mission to “Reinforce fires of 100th Infantry Division Artillery. Establish a liaison with XV Corps Artillery\"",
"title": "Operation Dragoon"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The Seventh Army made rapid progress in France against the Axis defenders, pushing them further north. On September 10th, 1944, the Seventh Army and the Third Army, under the command of George S. Patton, met near Dijon, France, creating a unified front against the retreating Germans and setting the stage for the upcoming Battle of the Bulge.",
"title": "Operation Dragoon"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "On February 5th, 1945, the battalion reached its 365th day of combat.",
"title": "Operation Dragoon"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In the closing months of the war, the battalion fought through eastern France and into Germany with various infantry and armored divisions, including the 36th, 44th, 100th, and 103rd Infantry Divisions, French forces (including Moroccan infantry), and the 10th Armored.",
"title": "Operation Dragoon"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The 938th was in Füssen when the war ended. At that time, the battalion had seen well over 365 days of combat. During the war, the battalion suffered 87 wounded in action, and 17 killed in action. The highest award given to a member of the 938th was the Silver Star.",
"title": "End of the War"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "After serving as an occupation force for two months, the battalion left for home from Marseille on October 16th, 1945, and arrived in the United States on October 26th. The 938th Field Artillery Battalion was then deactivated at Camp Patrick Henry that same day.",
"title": "End of the War"
}
] | The 938th Field Artillery Battalion was an American United States Army field artillery unit that fought during World War II. The battalion was created on March 7th, 1943, when the 166th Field Artillery of the Pennsylvania National Guard was split into multiple artillery battalions. It was equipped with the M1 155 mm howitzer. The 938th departed the United States on August 21st, 1943, for further staging in northern Africa and arrived in Oran on September 2nd. They returned home from the war on October 26th, 1945. The battalion saw combat in Italy, Southern France, and Germany, and participated in Operation Shingle and Operation Dragoon | 2023-12-07T22:32:20Z | 2023-12-14T14:18:20Z | [
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75,510,696 | 2023–24 Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils basketball team | The 2023–24 Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils basketball team represents Mississippi Valley State University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Delta Devils, led by second-year head coach George Ivory, play their home games at the Harrison HPER Complex in Itta Bena, Mississippi as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference.
The Delta Devils finished the 2022–23 season 5–27, 4–14 in SWAC play to finish in last place. They failed to qualify for the SWAC tournament, as only the top eight teams make it.
Sources: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils basketball team represents Mississippi Valley State University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Delta Devils, led by second-year head coach George Ivory, play their home games at the Harrison HPER Complex in Itta Bena, Mississippi as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Delta Devils finished the 2022–23 season 5–27, 4–14 in SWAC play to finish in last place. They failed to qualify for the SWAC tournament, as only the top eight teams make it.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Schedule and results"
}
] | The 2023–24 Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils basketball team represents Mississippi Valley State University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Delta Devils, led by second-year head coach George Ivory, play their home games at the Harrison HPER Complex in Itta Bena, Mississippi as members of the Southwestern Athletic Conference. | 2023-12-07T22:33:36Z | 2023-12-31T06:16:34Z | [
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75,510,704 | Shadow Cabinet of Tommy Lapid | The Shadow Cabinet of Tommy Lapid was created on 3 January 2005 following Shinui's withdrawal from the government in December 2004. Although the idea was considered before, especially in the 1980s when Likud and the Israeli Labor Party formed large blocs in the Knesset, this was the first time a Shadow Cabinet was formed in Israel. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Shadow Cabinet of Tommy Lapid was created on 3 January 2005 following Shinui's withdrawal from the government in December 2004. Although the idea was considered before, especially in the 1980s when Likud and the Israeli Labor Party formed large blocs in the Knesset, this was the first time a Shadow Cabinet was formed in Israel.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Shadow Cabinet of Tommy Lapid was created on 3 January 2005 following Shinui's withdrawal from the government in December 2004. Although the idea was considered before, especially in the 1980s when Likud and the Israeli Labor Party formed large blocs in the Knesset, this was the first time a Shadow Cabinet was formed in Israel. | 2023-12-07T22:35:55Z | 2023-12-28T12:36:32Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Infobox government cabinet"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Tommy_Lapid |
75,510,708 | Sarıdal | Sarıdal is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.
Sarıdal and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Otluk Mountains. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sarıdal is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sarıdal and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Otluk Mountains.",
"title": "Geology and geography"
}
] | Sarıdal is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. | 2023-12-07T22:36:23Z | 2023-12-10T01:23:42Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C4%B1dal |
75,510,710 | Rainaldo | Rainaldo was a 12th-century architect in Pisa. He is assumed to be the one who completed the work on the Pisa Cathedral started by Buscheto. The attribution is based on his own declaration left on the façade of the cathedral that defined the Pisan Romanesque style. Rainaldo, together with Buscheto, is therefore considered a creator of this influential style.
No details of Rainaldo's biography are known. Extent and timing of his contributions are also uncertain. Usually Rainaldo is thought to be an architect overseeing (in the 12th century) an extension of the nave by adding three bays consistent with the original style of Buscheto, enlarging the transept, and planning a new facade which was completed by workers under the direction of the sculptors Guglielmo and Biduino. The exact date of the work is unclear: according to some, the work was done right after the death of Buscheto about the year 1110, though others say it was done closer to 1140, yet other researchers suggest the end of the century. In any case, work was finished in 1180, as documented by the date written on the bronze knockers made by Bonanno Pisano found on the main door. Fedotova credits Raynaldo with a dominating architectural composition of the new facade, with four levels of arches and pillars, dating this change 1150–1160. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Rainaldo was a 12th-century architect in Pisa. He is assumed to be the one who completed the work on the Pisa Cathedral started by Buscheto. The attribution is based on his own declaration left on the façade of the cathedral that defined the Pisan Romanesque style. Rainaldo, together with Buscheto, is therefore considered a creator of this influential style.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "No details of Rainaldo's biography are known. Extent and timing of his contributions are also uncertain. Usually Rainaldo is thought to be an architect overseeing (in the 12th century) an extension of the nave by adding three bays consistent with the original style of Buscheto, enlarging the transept, and planning a new facade which was completed by workers under the direction of the sculptors Guglielmo and Biduino. The exact date of the work is unclear: according to some, the work was done right after the death of Buscheto about the year 1110, though others say it was done closer to 1140, yet other researchers suggest the end of the century. In any case, work was finished in 1180, as documented by the date written on the bronze knockers made by Bonanno Pisano found on the main door. Fedotova credits Raynaldo with a dominating architectural composition of the new facade, with four levels of arches and pillars, dating this change 1150–1160.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Rainaldo was a 12th-century architect in Pisa. He is assumed to be the one who completed the work on the Pisa Cathedral started by Buscheto. The attribution is based on his own declaration left on the façade of the cathedral that defined the Pisan Romanesque style. Rainaldo, together with Buscheto, is therefore considered a creator of this influential style. No details of Rainaldo's biography are known. Extent and timing of his contributions are also uncertain. Usually Rainaldo is thought to be an architect overseeing an extension of the nave by adding three bays consistent with the original style of Buscheto, enlarging the transept, and planning a new facade which was completed by workers under the direction of the sculptors Guglielmo and Biduino. The exact date of the work is unclear: according to some, the work was done right after the death of Buscheto about the year 1110, though others say it was done closer to 1140, yet other researchers suggest the end of the century. In any case, work was finished in 1180, as documented by the date written on the bronze knockers made by Bonanno Pisano found on the main door. Fedotova credits Raynaldo with a dominating architectural composition of the new facade, with four levels of arches and pillars, dating this change 1150–1160. | 2023-12-07T22:37:08Z | 2023-12-26T17:18:03Z | [
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75,510,722 | Leo-Ferdinand Henckel von Donnersmarck | Count Leo-Ferdinand Maria Lazarus Romwolt Wilhelm Edwin Gerhard Henckel von Donnersmarck (26 December 1935 – 23 July 2009) was a German-Polish historian, businessman, and Catholic lay worker. He worked as an executive for the German airline Lufthansa from 1967 to 1996. After retiring from business, Henckel von Donnersmarck served as the President of the German Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta from 1997 to 2006. He was made a Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta's highest honour. He was also a member of the Forum of German Catholics and, prior to that, a member of the Central Committee of German Catholics. Henckel von Donnersmarck was twice awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, receiving a Cross of Merit in 1991 and a Grand Cross of Merit in 2009.
Count Leo-Ferdinand Henckel von Donnersmarck was born on 26 December 1935 in Beuthen O.S. to Count Friedrich-Carl Henckel von Donnersmarck, a member of the Silesian nobility and a philosophist who specialized on the works of Thomas Aquinas, and Countess Anna-Ilse von Zitzewitz, a member of the Pomeranian nobility. He had a brother, Gregor. He was a member of the House of Henckel von Donnersmarck, an Austro-Hungarian noble family with agricultural holdings and mining operations in Silesia since the 17th century.
During World War II, the family's estates fell under the Iron Curtain and their properties and assets were seized by the Soviets. When Henckel von Donnersmarck was nine years old, he and his parents, as Silesian Germans, were forced to leave their home due to the expulsion of the Germans from Poland by the Soviet army. In 1943, his father was drafted to serve in the German Army and immediately surrendered to American troops. The family, left impoverished, became refugees and settled in West Germany.
Henckel von Donnersmarck studied law and political science at the University of Vienna and completed a Master of Business Administration at the Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires in Fontainebleau.
In 1967, Henckel von Donnersmarck began working as an executive at Lufthansa, a transport company and flag carrier of Germany. He retired in 1996.
From 2003 to 2009, he served on the board of trustees of Fürst Donnersmarck-Stiftung, a family foundation focusing on the rehabilitation of disabled people in Berlin. Henckel von Donnermarck was a member of the Central Committee of German Catholics. From 2000 to 2009, he served on the board of the Forum of German Catholics.
From 1997 to 2006, he served as the President of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta's German Association. During his presidency, he restructured the Maltese Relief Service. At the international level of the order, he acted as primus inter pares of the forty-seven presidents of national associations of the Order of Malta. He was succeeded by Prince Erich von Lobkowicz. Henckel von Donnersmarck was made a Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta's highest rank.
Henckel von Donnersmarck was twice awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, receiving a Cross of Merit in 1991 and a Grand Cross of Merit in 2009, presented by Klaus Wowereit.
In 1968, he married the literary scout Baroness Anna-Maria von Berg. His wife, who came from a noble family in Saxony-Anhalt, was four years old when her family fled to West Germany in order to escape the Soviet Army. Prior to their marriage, she was active in Leftist student movements in West Berlin. The couple had two sons, Sebastian and Florian.
When their sons were three and one, respectively, the family moved to Roosevelt Island in New York City's East River as part of a social experiment created by the Empire State Development Corporation to establish an economically diverse community on the former welfare island. The family left the island in 1981 and returned to Berlin.
Henckel von Donnersmarck was Catholic and deeply religious. His brother, Gregor, was an abbot.
Henckel von Donnersmarck died on 23 July 2009 in Berlin after battling leukemia. While in the hospital, he was shown a special screening of Valkyrie organized by Tom Cruise.
A Latin requiem mass took place at Heiligenkreuz Abbey, where his brother served as Abbot. The funeral was attended by members of the Henckel von Donnersmarck family and by representatives of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
He was buried in the family mausoleum at Wolfsberg Castle in Carinthia. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Count Leo-Ferdinand Maria Lazarus Romwolt Wilhelm Edwin Gerhard Henckel von Donnersmarck (26 December 1935 – 23 July 2009) was a German-Polish historian, businessman, and Catholic lay worker. He worked as an executive for the German airline Lufthansa from 1967 to 1996. After retiring from business, Henckel von Donnersmarck served as the President of the German Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta from 1997 to 2006. He was made a Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta's highest honour. He was also a member of the Forum of German Catholics and, prior to that, a member of the Central Committee of German Catholics. Henckel von Donnersmarck was twice awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, receiving a Cross of Merit in 1991 and a Grand Cross of Merit in 2009.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Count Leo-Ferdinand Henckel von Donnersmarck was born on 26 December 1935 in Beuthen O.S. to Count Friedrich-Carl Henckel von Donnersmarck, a member of the Silesian nobility and a philosophist who specialized on the works of Thomas Aquinas, and Countess Anna-Ilse von Zitzewitz, a member of the Pomeranian nobility. He had a brother, Gregor. He was a member of the House of Henckel von Donnersmarck, an Austro-Hungarian noble family with agricultural holdings and mining operations in Silesia since the 17th century.",
"title": "Early life, family, and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "During World War II, the family's estates fell under the Iron Curtain and their properties and assets were seized by the Soviets. When Henckel von Donnersmarck was nine years old, he and his parents, as Silesian Germans, were forced to leave their home due to the expulsion of the Germans from Poland by the Soviet army. In 1943, his father was drafted to serve in the German Army and immediately surrendered to American troops. The family, left impoverished, became refugees and settled in West Germany.",
"title": "Early life, family, and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Henckel von Donnersmarck studied law and political science at the University of Vienna and completed a Master of Business Administration at the Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires in Fontainebleau.",
"title": "Early life, family, and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1967, Henckel von Donnersmarck began working as an executive at Lufthansa, a transport company and flag carrier of Germany. He retired in 1996.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "From 2003 to 2009, he served on the board of trustees of Fürst Donnersmarck-Stiftung, a family foundation focusing on the rehabilitation of disabled people in Berlin. Henckel von Donnermarck was a member of the Central Committee of German Catholics. From 2000 to 2009, he served on the board of the Forum of German Catholics.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "From 1997 to 2006, he served as the President of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta's German Association. During his presidency, he restructured the Maltese Relief Service. At the international level of the order, he acted as primus inter pares of the forty-seven presidents of national associations of the Order of Malta. He was succeeded by Prince Erich von Lobkowicz. Henckel von Donnersmarck was made a Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta's highest rank.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Henckel von Donnersmarck was twice awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, receiving a Cross of Merit in 1991 and a Grand Cross of Merit in 2009, presented by Klaus Wowereit.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1968, he married the literary scout Baroness Anna-Maria von Berg. His wife, who came from a noble family in Saxony-Anhalt, was four years old when her family fled to West Germany in order to escape the Soviet Army. Prior to their marriage, she was active in Leftist student movements in West Berlin. The couple had two sons, Sebastian and Florian.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "When their sons were three and one, respectively, the family moved to Roosevelt Island in New York City's East River as part of a social experiment created by the Empire State Development Corporation to establish an economically diverse community on the former welfare island. The family left the island in 1981 and returned to Berlin.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Henckel von Donnersmarck was Catholic and deeply religious. His brother, Gregor, was an abbot.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Henckel von Donnersmarck died on 23 July 2009 in Berlin after battling leukemia. While in the hospital, he was shown a special screening of Valkyrie organized by Tom Cruise.",
"title": "Death and burial"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "A Latin requiem mass took place at Heiligenkreuz Abbey, where his brother served as Abbot. The funeral was attended by members of the Henckel von Donnersmarck family and by representatives of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.",
"title": "Death and burial"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "He was buried in the family mausoleum at Wolfsberg Castle in Carinthia.",
"title": "Death and burial"
}
] | Count Leo-Ferdinand Maria Lazarus Romwolt Wilhelm Edwin Gerhard Henckel von Donnersmarck was a German-Polish historian, businessman, and Catholic lay worker. He worked as an executive for the German airline Lufthansa from 1967 to 1996. After retiring from business, Henckel von Donnersmarck served as the President of the German Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta from 1997 to 2006. He was made a Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta's highest honour. He was also a member of the Forum of German Catholics and, prior to that, a member of the Central Committee of German Catholics. Henckel von Donnersmarck was twice awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, receiving a Cross of Merit in 1991 and a Grand Cross of Merit in 2009. | 2023-12-07T22:38:38Z | 2023-12-11T16:34:14Z | [
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75,510,759 | Sürügüden | Sürügüden is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.
Sürügüden and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Otluk Mountains. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sürügüden is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sürügüden and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Otluk Mountains.",
"title": "Geology and geography"
}
] | Sürügüden is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. | 2023-12-07T22:43:12Z | 2023-12-10T01:23:27Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Muş-geo-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox Turkey place"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCr%C3%BCg%C3%BCden |
75,510,766 | Shahabuddin Ahmed (ambassador) | Shahabuddin Ahmed is a Bangladeshi civil servant and ambassador of Bangladesh to Japan. He is a former secretary of the Ministry of Food.
Ahmed was born in 1960 in Bhola District, East Pakistan, Pakistan. He did his bachelors and masters in soil sciences from the University of Dhaka in 1981 and 1982 respectively. He has a second masters in development finance from the University of Birmingham.
Ahmed joined the Bangladesh Civil Service in 1986.
In September 2009, Ahmed was promoted from senior assistant secretary to deputy secretary.
Ahmed was appointed the acting secretary of the Ministry of Food in December 2017 from the Ministry of Finance. From December 2017 to December 2019, Ahmed was the secretary of the Ministry of Food. In April 2019, he visited Harvard University to attend a Leadership in Crises executive program paid for a capacity building for civil servants projects. He took his family with him whose expenses were paid by him.
Ahmed was appointed the ambassador of Bangladesh to Japan in March 2020 while on post retirement leave for a three year term. He replaced Ambassador Rabab Fatima who was appointed the Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations. He inaugurated the Bangladesh booth at the Fashion World Tokyo and urged more investment from Japan in Bangladesh. He has urged Japan to recruit more workers from Bangladesh. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Shahabuddin Ahmed is a Bangladeshi civil servant and ambassador of Bangladesh to Japan. He is a former secretary of the Ministry of Food.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ahmed was born in 1960 in Bhola District, East Pakistan, Pakistan. He did his bachelors and masters in soil sciences from the University of Dhaka in 1981 and 1982 respectively. He has a second masters in development finance from the University of Birmingham.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ahmed joined the Bangladesh Civil Service in 1986.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In September 2009, Ahmed was promoted from senior assistant secretary to deputy secretary.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Ahmed was appointed the acting secretary of the Ministry of Food in December 2017 from the Ministry of Finance. From December 2017 to December 2019, Ahmed was the secretary of the Ministry of Food. In April 2019, he visited Harvard University to attend a Leadership in Crises executive program paid for a capacity building for civil servants projects. He took his family with him whose expenses were paid by him.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Ahmed was appointed the ambassador of Bangladesh to Japan in March 2020 while on post retirement leave for a three year term. He replaced Ambassador Rabab Fatima who was appointed the Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations. He inaugurated the Bangladesh booth at the Fashion World Tokyo and urged more investment from Japan in Bangladesh. He has urged Japan to recruit more workers from Bangladesh.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Shahabuddin Ahmed is a Bangladeshi civil servant and ambassador of Bangladesh to Japan. He is a former secretary of the Ministry of Food. | 2023-12-07T22:43:46Z | 2023-12-08T09:41:26Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahabuddin_Ahmed_(ambassador) |
75,510,774 | Philip Pocock (cricketer) | Philip Frederick Pocock CB DSO (5 December 1871 – 9 November 1941) was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in both the British Army and the British Indian Army.
Pocock was born in December 1871 in British India at Mussoorie. He attended the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, graduating from there into the King's Regiment (Liverpool) as a second lieutenant in March 1891. Pocock transferred to the British Indian Army in July 1892, being concurrently promoted to lieutenant. While in serving in India, Pocock made three appearances in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team in the Bombay Presidency Match between 1896 and 1898. In these, he scored 12 runs with a highest score of 9. In the Indian Army, promotion to captain followed in July 1901. He was made a brigade major in May 1905, with promotion to major following in March 1909, at which point Pocock was serving with the 119th Infantry.
He served in the First World War with the 120th Rajputana Infantry in the Mesopotamian campaign, during which he was mentioned in dispatches and made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in August 1918. During the campaign, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1917. Following the war, he served in the Waziristan campaign, being mentioned in dispatches. By 1922, he held the rank of colonel. Pocock was decorated by France with the Croix de Guerre in February 1922, for services rendered during the First World War. In the 1924 Birthday Honours, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He was later appointed a brigade commander with the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade in September 1926, before being appointed an area commandant in November 1926. Pocock retired in May 1927, with him being granted the honorary rank of brigadier in August 1928. He retired to England after the cessation of his military career, where he died in November 1941 at Stansted Mountfitchet, Hertfordshire. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Philip Frederick Pocock CB DSO (5 December 1871 – 9 November 1941) was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in both the British Army and the British Indian Army.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Pocock was born in December 1871 in British India at Mussoorie. He attended the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, graduating from there into the King's Regiment (Liverpool) as a second lieutenant in March 1891. Pocock transferred to the British Indian Army in July 1892, being concurrently promoted to lieutenant. While in serving in India, Pocock made three appearances in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team in the Bombay Presidency Match between 1896 and 1898. In these, he scored 12 runs with a highest score of 9. In the Indian Army, promotion to captain followed in July 1901. He was made a brigade major in May 1905, with promotion to major following in March 1909, at which point Pocock was serving with the 119th Infantry.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He served in the First World War with the 120th Rajputana Infantry in the Mesopotamian campaign, during which he was mentioned in dispatches and made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in August 1918. During the campaign, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1917. Following the war, he served in the Waziristan campaign, being mentioned in dispatches. By 1922, he held the rank of colonel. Pocock was decorated by France with the Croix de Guerre in February 1922, for services rendered during the First World War. In the 1924 Birthday Honours, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He was later appointed a brigade commander with the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade in September 1926, before being appointed an area commandant in November 1926. Pocock retired in May 1927, with him being granted the honorary rank of brigadier in August 1928. He retired to England after the cessation of his military career, where he died in November 1941 at Stansted Mountfitchet, Hertfordshire.",
"title": ""
}
] | Philip Frederick Pocock was an English first-class cricketer and an officer in both the British Army and the British Indian Army. Pocock was born in December 1871 in British India at Mussoorie. He attended the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, graduating from there into the King's Regiment (Liverpool) as a second lieutenant in March 1891. Pocock transferred to the British Indian Army in July 1892, being concurrently promoted to lieutenant. While in serving in India, Pocock made three appearances in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team in the Bombay Presidency Match between 1896 and 1898. In these, he scored 12 runs with a highest score of 9. In the Indian Army, promotion to captain followed in July 1901. He was made a brigade major in May 1905, with promotion to major following in March 1909, at which point Pocock was serving with the 119th Infantry. He served in the First World War with the 120th Rajputana Infantry in the Mesopotamian campaign, during which he was mentioned in dispatches and made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in August 1918. During the campaign, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1917. Following the war, he served in the Waziristan campaign, being mentioned in dispatches. By 1922, he held the rank of colonel. Pocock was decorated by France with the Croix de Guerre in February 1922, for services rendered during the First World War. In the 1924 Birthday Honours, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He was later appointed a brigade commander with the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade in September 1926, before being appointed an area commandant in November 1926. Pocock retired in May 1927, with him being granted the honorary rank of brigadier in August 1928. He retired to England after the cessation of his military career, where he died in November 1941 at Stansted Mountfitchet, Hertfordshire. | 2023-12-07T22:44:17Z | 2023-12-14T14:02:59Z | [
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75,510,778 | Songadya | Songadya (transl. Jester) is a 1971 Indian Marathi-language drama film directed by Govind Kulkarni and written by Vasant Sabnis. The film is produced and starred by Dada Kondke with Usha Chavan. It was the debut of Kondke's own kind of ribald comedy, vaguely borrowed from tamasha, with a seductive heroine, an innocent but bumbling hero, and dialogue full of innuendo and sexual puns.
The cinematography is handled and Arvind Lad and editing is provided by N. S. Vaidya and the music is composed by Ram Kadam.
The gentle Namya, son of the rough Shitabai, is brought to a Tamasha performance by his friends. He becomes so enthralled by the Draupadi's Vastraharan episode from Mahabharata that he rushes onto the stage, interfering with the performance. When the actor supposed to portray the monkey god Hanuman becomes inebriated, he is asked to understudy the role and heads to the next hamlet to witness the show again. Namya is ejected from the house by his grieving mother, but dancer Kalavati gives him a place to stay. Then Namya, a simpleton, develops feelings for Kalavati, a gorgeous woman.
The music album is composed by Ram Kadam and songs were sung by Suman Kalyanpur, Usha Mangeshkar, Krishna Kulle, Jaywant Kulkarni, Pushpa Pagdhare. The sound design is by Ramnath Jathar and sound recording is done by Mangesh Desai, B. N. Sharma. | [
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"text": "Songadya (transl. Jester) is a 1971 Indian Marathi-language drama film directed by Govind Kulkarni and written by Vasant Sabnis. The film is produced and starred by Dada Kondke with Usha Chavan. It was the debut of Kondke's own kind of ribald comedy, vaguely borrowed from tamasha, with a seductive heroine, an innocent but bumbling hero, and dialogue full of innuendo and sexual puns.",
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},
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"text": "The gentle Namya, son of the rough Shitabai, is brought to a Tamasha performance by his friends. He becomes so enthralled by the Draupadi's Vastraharan episode from Mahabharata that he rushes onto the stage, interfering with the performance. When the actor supposed to portray the monkey god Hanuman becomes inebriated, he is asked to understudy the role and heads to the next hamlet to witness the show again. Namya is ejected from the house by his grieving mother, but dancer Kalavati gives him a place to stay. Then Namya, a simpleton, develops feelings for Kalavati, a gorgeous woman.",
"title": "Plot"
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"title": "Soundtrack"
}
] | Songadya is a 1971 Indian Marathi-language drama film directed by Govind Kulkarni and written by Vasant Sabnis. The film is produced and starred by Dada Kondke with Usha Chavan. It was the debut of Kondke's own kind of ribald comedy, vaguely borrowed from tamasha, with a seductive heroine, an innocent but bumbling hero, and dialogue full of innuendo and sexual puns. The cinematography is handled and Arvind Lad and editing is provided by N. S. Vaidya and the music is composed by Ram Kadam. | 2023-12-07T22:44:56Z | 2023-12-30T13:36:16Z | [
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75,510,791 | Yukarısızma | Yukarısızma is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey.
Yukarısızma and the plateau used for animal husbandry are located on the Otluk Mountains. | [
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] | Yukarısızma is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. | 2023-12-07T22:46:51Z | 2023-12-10T01:23:11Z | [
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75,510,802 | The Brimstone Club | The Brimstone Club is the fifteenth studio album by Midnight Syndicate, released August 18, 2023. With a "shadowy theatre" theme inspired by the Parisian Cabaret de L'Enfer, the album blends orchestral music and sound effects to create a "soundtrack to an imaginary film" in a style similar to the band's other releases.
In an August 2023 interview with WKYC, composer Edward Douglas mentioned that the album was inspired by pictures and stories of the hell-themed Parisian Cabaret de L'Enfer which he described as the first themed restaurant and a forerunner to the modern day haunted attraction. He added that there was "just enough" information about the club to "get the imagination going" but it was what was not known about the club that really served as much of the further inspiration.
The Brimstone Club was released and distributed by Entity Productions, debuting at #2 on Billboard's Classical Crossover charts on September 2, 2023. The album's packaging included a paper ticket to the imaginary club. French artist, Pascal Casolari created the album artwork.
In support of the album, the band produced a show with the Ohio amusement park, Cedar Point called Echoes of the Brimstone Club. The show began it's run at the park's HalloWeekends event on September 15, 2023. With set design inspired by the album's cover art, the show featured music from the album, various cirque-type specialty acts, and pyrotechnics.
Sue Granquist of Black Gate Magazine called the album her favorite album from the band adding that the music made it easy imagine "Parisians at the small cabaret tables, some in bowler hats to hide their horns and others with dark glasses to mask their black, iris-less eyes." Jeff Szpirglas of Rue Morgue Magazine mentioned that while "the sixteen tracks moved swiftly over the albums brief 33 minutes," there was fun to be had piecing together the environment through the cues and their titles adding that the album made good use of the band's talents given their aptitude for scoring theme park horror events. | [
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},
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"title": "Background and album information"
},
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"text": "The Brimstone Club was released and distributed by Entity Productions, debuting at #2 on Billboard's Classical Crossover charts on September 2, 2023. The album's packaging included a paper ticket to the imaginary club. French artist, Pascal Casolari created the album artwork.",
"title": "Release"
},
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"text": "In support of the album, the band produced a show with the Ohio amusement park, Cedar Point called Echoes of the Brimstone Club. The show began it's run at the park's HalloWeekends event on September 15, 2023. With set design inspired by the album's cover art, the show featured music from the album, various cirque-type specialty acts, and pyrotechnics.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Sue Granquist of Black Gate Magazine called the album her favorite album from the band adding that the music made it easy imagine \"Parisians at the small cabaret tables, some in bowler hats to hide their horns and others with dark glasses to mask their black, iris-less eyes.\" Jeff Szpirglas of Rue Morgue Magazine mentioned that while \"the sixteen tracks moved swiftly over the albums brief 33 minutes,\" there was fun to be had piecing together the environment through the cues and their titles adding that the album made good use of the band's talents given their aptitude for scoring theme park horror events.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | The Brimstone Club is the fifteenth studio album by Midnight Syndicate, released August 18, 2023. With a "shadowy theatre" theme inspired by the Parisian Cabaret de L'Enfer, the album blends orchestral music and sound effects to create a "soundtrack to an imaginary film" in a style similar to the band's other releases. | 2023-12-07T22:49:11Z | 2023-12-13T19:27:56Z | [
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75,510,810 | Tennessee Chocolate Drops | The Tennessee Chocolate Drops were an African-American string-band trio that started recording in 1930 during the
Knoxville Sessions. The trio consisted of brothers from Dayton, TN, Howard Armstrong (fiddle) and Roland Armstrong (guitar), as well as Carl Martin (bass) of Big Stone Gap, VA.
The trio first began playing music on street corners in Knoxville, TN. Eugene Ballinger convinced them to audition for the Brunswick-Vocalion recording sessions in Knoxville. They recorded two pieces on April 3rd, 1930, “Knox County Stomp,” and “Vine Street Rag.” Howard Armstrong claimed that “Vine Street Rag” began as “The Bully Of The Town,” but the piece eventually turned into a rag that highlights Carl Martin’s bass playing. It got the name because they often played music on Vine Street in Knoxville. The two pieces were released on the Vocalion label: once on their “old-time series,” where the group was called the “Tennessee Trio,” and once on their “race” records series under the name, “Tennessee Chocolate Drops.”
Howard Armstrong and Carl Martin went on to perform with mandolin player, Ted Bogan, whom Armstrong had started playing music with near the beginning of the Great Depression. Their trio took the name “Martin, Bogan, and Armstrong.” They spent around ten years performing in Chicago, IL, where they made their most notable appearance, at the 1933 World’s Fair. They split after the United States entered the Second World War. In the early 1970s, Martin, Bogan, and Armstrong reunited and made two records for the Flying Fish label. Carl Martin passed away in 1979, but Martin and Bogan kept performing as a duet. They made another appearance at the World’s Fair in Knoxville, TN, in 1982.
Howard Armstrong released his debut solo album, “Louis Bluie,” in 1995 for the Blue Suit label. He also has two documentaries about his life, one released in 1985 called, “Louis Bluie,” and, “Sweet Old Song,” released in 2002. He passed away at 94 years old in 2003.
The legacy of the Tennessee Chocolate Drops lives on today through the Carolina Chocolate Drops, who started after Dom Flemons, Rhiannon Giddens, and Justin Robinson met and formed a band at a black banjo gathering in Boone, NC in 2005. The name of their group is directly inspired by the Tennessee Chocolate Drops.
https://rhiannongiddens.com/carolina-chocolate-drops
Ted, Olson; Tony, Russell. 2016. The Knoxville Sessions 1929- 1930. Bear Family Productions LTD. | [
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"title": "Tennessee Chocolate Drops"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The trio first began playing music on street corners in Knoxville, TN. Eugene Ballinger convinced them to audition for the Brunswick-Vocalion recording sessions in Knoxville. They recorded two pieces on April 3rd, 1930, “Knox County Stomp,” and “Vine Street Rag.” Howard Armstrong claimed that “Vine Street Rag” began as “The Bully Of The Town,” but the piece eventually turned into a rag that highlights Carl Martin’s bass playing. It got the name because they often played music on Vine Street in Knoxville. The two pieces were released on the Vocalion label: once on their “old-time series,” where the group was called the “Tennessee Trio,” and once on their “race” records series under the name, “Tennessee Chocolate Drops.”",
"title": "Tennessee Chocolate Drops"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Howard Armstrong and Carl Martin went on to perform with mandolin player, Ted Bogan, whom Armstrong had started playing music with near the beginning of the Great Depression. Their trio took the name “Martin, Bogan, and Armstrong.” They spent around ten years performing in Chicago, IL, where they made their most notable appearance, at the 1933 World’s Fair. They split after the United States entered the Second World War. In the early 1970s, Martin, Bogan, and Armstrong reunited and made two records for the Flying Fish label. Carl Martin passed away in 1979, but Martin and Bogan kept performing as a duet. They made another appearance at the World’s Fair in Knoxville, TN, in 1982.",
"title": "Tennessee Chocolate Drops"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Howard Armstrong released his debut solo album, “Louis Bluie,” in 1995 for the Blue Suit label. He also has two documentaries about his life, one released in 1985 called, “Louis Bluie,” and, “Sweet Old Song,” released in 2002. He passed away at 94 years old in 2003.",
"title": "Tennessee Chocolate Drops"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The legacy of the Tennessee Chocolate Drops lives on today through the Carolina Chocolate Drops, who started after Dom Flemons, Rhiannon Giddens, and Justin Robinson met and formed a band at a black banjo gathering in Boone, NC in 2005. The name of their group is directly inspired by the Tennessee Chocolate Drops.",
"title": "Tennessee Chocolate Drops"
},
{
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"text": "https://rhiannongiddens.com/carolina-chocolate-drops",
"title": "Tennessee Chocolate Drops"
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"text": "Ted, Olson; Tony, Russell. 2016. The Knoxville Sessions 1929- 1930. Bear Family Productions LTD.",
"title": "Tennessee Chocolate Drops"
}
] | 2023-12-07T22:50:56Z | 2023-12-08T12:27:48Z | [
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|
75,510,815 | Damon Dayoub | Damon Joseph Dayoub (born July 14, 1980) is an American actor.
Throughout the early 2010s, Dayoub had minor appearances in television series such as, The Whole Truth (2010), Brothers & Sisters (2011), Single Ladies (2012), NCIS (2013), Dallas (2014), and The Last Ship (2015). On March 4, 2015, it was announced that he would star opposite Mireille Enos in the Shonda Rhimes-produced series, The Catch. However, in the following months, it was announced that Dayoub exited from the project and the role was recast with Peter Krause. In July of that year, Dayoub was promoted to series regular on the ABC Family series, Stitchers. Dayoub played Detective Quincy Fisher, a major recurring character in the first season. He would remain a series regular through the show's third and final season. In 2016, Dayoub starred in the thriller film, Monolith.
In 2018, Dayoub played a recurring role, Cordova, in the NBC series, Chicago Fire. In addition, he starred in the Freeform holiday movie, The Truth About Christmas, opposite Kali Hawk. He was set to guest star in the HBO Max original series, Red Bird Lane; however, the series did not move forward. He went on to star in the Peacock original movie, The Housewives of the North Poll, in 2021.
In the early 2020s, Dayoub had recurring roles in Fox's Monarch and The CW's Gotham Knights. | [
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"text": "Damon Joseph Dayoub (born July 14, 1980) is an American actor.",
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},
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"text": "Throughout the early 2010s, Dayoub had minor appearances in television series such as, The Whole Truth (2010), Brothers & Sisters (2011), Single Ladies (2012), NCIS (2013), Dallas (2014), and The Last Ship (2015). On March 4, 2015, it was announced that he would star opposite Mireille Enos in the Shonda Rhimes-produced series, The Catch. However, in the following months, it was announced that Dayoub exited from the project and the role was recast with Peter Krause. In July of that year, Dayoub was promoted to series regular on the ABC Family series, Stitchers. Dayoub played Detective Quincy Fisher, a major recurring character in the first season. He would remain a series regular through the show's third and final season. In 2016, Dayoub starred in the thriller film, Monolith.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2018, Dayoub played a recurring role, Cordova, in the NBC series, Chicago Fire. In addition, he starred in the Freeform holiday movie, The Truth About Christmas, opposite Kali Hawk. He was set to guest star in the HBO Max original series, Red Bird Lane; however, the series did not move forward. He went on to star in the Peacock original movie, The Housewives of the North Poll, in 2021.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the early 2020s, Dayoub had recurring roles in Fox's Monarch and The CW's Gotham Knights.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Damon Joseph Dayoub is an American actor. | 2023-12-07T22:51:25Z | 2023-12-26T10:09:14Z | [
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75,510,827 | Fred Binka | Fred Newton Binka is a public health physician and researcher from Ghana. He serves as a distinguished professor of clinical epidemiology at the University of Health and Allied Sciences (UHAS) in Ho, Ghana, and has previously coordinated the World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Response to Artemisinin Resistance in the Greater Mekong sub-region of Asia. He is the founding vice-chancellor of UHAS and the former executive secretary of the INDEPTH Network, a global network of health and demographic surveillance systems. His work in malaria control and health development in Africa, particularly in the areas of vitamin A supplementation, insecticide-treated bed nets, and rotavirus and meningitis vaccination, has been impactful.
Binka was born in Ghana and earned his medical degree (MB ChB) with a focus on community health from the University of Ghana in 1978. He then served as a general duty medical officer in Ho, Ghana, and Abeokuta, Nigeria, before advancing his studies in public health. He received his Master of Public Health (MPH) degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel in 1987. He also secured a Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (DTM&H) from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) in 1990, and a PhD in epidemiology and population sciences from the University of Basel in 1997.
Binka began his research career as an epidemiologist and led fieldwork for the Ghana Vitamin A Supplementation Trials, a large-scale randomised controlled trial that studied the effects of vitamin A supplementation on child mortality and morbidity. He then joined the Navrongo Health Research Centre (NHRC) in northern Ghana as its director in 1992, where he conducted studies on malaria prevention and control, such as the evaluation of insecticide-treated bed nets, the introduction of intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women, and the assessment of the feasibility and acceptability of seasonal malaria chemoprevention. He also established the Navrongo Demographic Surveillance System, which became a model for health and demographic research in Africa and a founding member of the INDEPTH Network.
In 2001, Binka became an associate professor of epidemiology at the School of Public Health, University of Ghana, where he taught and supervised postgraduate students and conducted research on various topics, such as the epidemiology and burden of rotavirus and meningococcal infections, the effectiveness and safety of vaccines, and the impact of health sector reforms on malaria control. He also served as a public health specialist for the Ministry of Health of Ghana and a medical officer for the Roll Back Malaria Partnership at the WHO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. He participated in several international committees and initiatives related to malaria and health development, such as the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, and the Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa project.
In 2012, Binka was appointed as the inaugural vice-chancellor of the newly established University of Health and Allied Sciences in Ho, Ghana, where he contributed to the development of the university as an institution for health education and research. He also served as a professor of clinical epidemiology at the School of Public Health of UHAS and conducted research on malaria and other infectious diseases. In 2016, he transitioned from UHAS to join the WHO as the coordinator of the Emergency Response to Artemisinin Resistance in the Greater Mekong sub-region of Asia, where he was involved in efforts to address and eliminate the threat of drug-resistant malaria in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Binka has been recognised with several awards for his work in public health and malaria control. In 2001, he received the Rudolf Geigy Award, an award given by the R. Geigy Foundation in Basel, Switzerland, for his work in science and contributions to malaria control and health development in Africa. In 2010, he was awarded the Prince Mahidol Award, an award given by the Royal Thai Government for achievements in the field of public health. He is a fellow of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Fred Newton Binka is a public health physician and researcher from Ghana. He serves as a distinguished professor of clinical epidemiology at the University of Health and Allied Sciences (UHAS) in Ho, Ghana, and has previously coordinated the World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Response to Artemisinin Resistance in the Greater Mekong sub-region of Asia. He is the founding vice-chancellor of UHAS and the former executive secretary of the INDEPTH Network, a global network of health and demographic surveillance systems. His work in malaria control and health development in Africa, particularly in the areas of vitamin A supplementation, insecticide-treated bed nets, and rotavirus and meningitis vaccination, has been impactful.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Binka was born in Ghana and earned his medical degree (MB ChB) with a focus on community health from the University of Ghana in 1978. He then served as a general duty medical officer in Ho, Ghana, and Abeokuta, Nigeria, before advancing his studies in public health. He received his Master of Public Health (MPH) degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel in 1987. He also secured a Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (DTM&H) from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) in 1990, and a PhD in epidemiology and population sciences from the University of Basel in 1997.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Binka began his research career as an epidemiologist and led fieldwork for the Ghana Vitamin A Supplementation Trials, a large-scale randomised controlled trial that studied the effects of vitamin A supplementation on child mortality and morbidity. He then joined the Navrongo Health Research Centre (NHRC) in northern Ghana as its director in 1992, where he conducted studies on malaria prevention and control, such as the evaluation of insecticide-treated bed nets, the introduction of intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women, and the assessment of the feasibility and acceptability of seasonal malaria chemoprevention. He also established the Navrongo Demographic Surveillance System, which became a model for health and demographic research in Africa and a founding member of the INDEPTH Network.",
"title": "Career and research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2001, Binka became an associate professor of epidemiology at the School of Public Health, University of Ghana, where he taught and supervised postgraduate students and conducted research on various topics, such as the epidemiology and burden of rotavirus and meningococcal infections, the effectiveness and safety of vaccines, and the impact of health sector reforms on malaria control. He also served as a public health specialist for the Ministry of Health of Ghana and a medical officer for the Roll Back Malaria Partnership at the WHO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. He participated in several international committees and initiatives related to malaria and health development, such as the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, and the Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa project.",
"title": "Career and research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2012, Binka was appointed as the inaugural vice-chancellor of the newly established University of Health and Allied Sciences in Ho, Ghana, where he contributed to the development of the university as an institution for health education and research. He also served as a professor of clinical epidemiology at the School of Public Health of UHAS and conducted research on malaria and other infectious diseases. In 2016, he transitioned from UHAS to join the WHO as the coordinator of the Emergency Response to Artemisinin Resistance in the Greater Mekong sub-region of Asia, where he was involved in efforts to address and eliminate the threat of drug-resistant malaria in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.",
"title": "Career and research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Binka has been recognised with several awards for his work in public health and malaria control. In 2001, he received the Rudolf Geigy Award, an award given by the R. Geigy Foundation in Basel, Switzerland, for his work in science and contributions to malaria control and health development in Africa. In 2010, he was awarded the Prince Mahidol Award, an award given by the Royal Thai Government for achievements in the field of public health. He is a fellow of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons.",
"title": "Awards and honours"
}
] | Fred Newton Binka is a public health physician and researcher from Ghana. He serves as a distinguished professor of clinical epidemiology at the University of Health and Allied Sciences (UHAS) in Ho, Ghana, and has previously coordinated the World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Response to Artemisinin Resistance in the Greater Mekong sub-region of Asia. He is the founding vice-chancellor of UHAS and the former executive secretary of the INDEPTH Network, a global network of health and demographic surveillance systems. His work in malaria control and health development in Africa, particularly in the areas of vitamin A supplementation, insecticide-treated bed nets, and rotavirus and meningitis vaccination, has been impactful. | 2023-12-07T22:53:15Z | 2023-12-11T16:33:19Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Binka |
75,510,834 | Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood | Tanveer Fathima Syeda-Mahmood is an Indian-American computer scientist whose research topics include image retrieval, multimedia databases, and medical image analysis. She is a chief scientist for the IBM Research Almaden Laboratory in San Jose, California, where she has led groups developing cognitive assistants for radiologists and cardiologists, assistive technology for people with memory impairments, and biologically inspired storage media.
Syeda-Mahmood was home-schooled, and then skipped two grades after entering primary school in India. She earned a bachelor's degree in electronics and communication from Osmania University, and a master's degree in computer science from IIT Madras. She went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for doctoral study, funded by an IBM graduate fellowship; her early projects there included a 1988 prototype robotic vacuum cleaner. After completing her Ph.D. at MIT in 1993, under the supervision of Eric Grimson, she worked for Xerox at their Webster Research Center, on content-based image retrieval, before moving to IBM in 1998.
Syeda-Mahmood was named as an IEEE Fellow, in the 2011 class of fellows, "for contributions to content-based image and video indexing and retrieval". She is an IBM Fellow, elected in 2016, and a member of the IBM Academy of Technology. In 2020 she was inducted into the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering College of Fellows, "for outstanding technical achievement and leadership in multimodal imaging decision support with lasting impact to academia/industry in healthcare AI". | [
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"text": "Tanveer Fathima Syeda-Mahmood is an Indian-American computer scientist whose research topics include image retrieval, multimedia databases, and medical image analysis. She is a chief scientist for the IBM Research Almaden Laboratory in San Jose, California, where she has led groups developing cognitive assistants for radiologists and cardiologists, assistive technology for people with memory impairments, and biologically inspired storage media.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Syeda-Mahmood was home-schooled, and then skipped two grades after entering primary school in India. She earned a bachelor's degree in electronics and communication from Osmania University, and a master's degree in computer science from IIT Madras. She went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for doctoral study, funded by an IBM graduate fellowship; her early projects there included a 1988 prototype robotic vacuum cleaner. After completing her Ph.D. at MIT in 1993, under the supervision of Eric Grimson, she worked for Xerox at their Webster Research Center, on content-based image retrieval, before moving to IBM in 1998.",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Syeda-Mahmood was named as an IEEE Fellow, in the 2011 class of fellows, \"for contributions to content-based image and video indexing and retrieval\". She is an IBM Fellow, elected in 2016, and a member of the IBM Academy of Technology. In 2020 she was inducted into the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering College of Fellows, \"for outstanding technical achievement and leadership in multimodal imaging decision support with lasting impact to academia/industry in healthcare AI\".",
"title": "Recognition"
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] | Tanveer Fathima Syeda-Mahmood is an Indian-American computer scientist whose research topics include image retrieval, multimedia databases, and medical image analysis. She is a chief scientist for the IBM Research Almaden Laboratory in San Jose, California, where she has led groups developing cognitive assistants for radiologists and cardiologists, assistive technology for people with memory impairments, and biologically inspired storage media. | 2023-12-07T22:54:27Z | 2023-12-07T22:54:27Z | [
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75,510,847 | Theodorico Netto | Theodorico Bezerra Netto (born 29 July 1961) is a Brazilian businessman and politician, affiliated with the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB). He briefly served as one of the senators from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, serving only 5 days. He held the position due to the previous senator, Jean Paul Prates, took up a role in the Lula administration as the head of Petrobras. Theodorico Netto was succeeded by Rogério Simonetti Marinho, who had been elected to the position in 2022. Prior to being senator, he had been the mayor of the town of Tangará from 1989 to 1992. | [
{
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"text": "Theodorico Bezerra Netto (born 29 July 1961) is a Brazilian businessman and politician, affiliated with the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB). He briefly served as one of the senators from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, serving only 5 days. He held the position due to the previous senator, Jean Paul Prates, took up a role in the Lula administration as the head of Petrobras. Theodorico Netto was succeeded by Rogério Simonetti Marinho, who had been elected to the position in 2022. Prior to being senator, he had been the mayor of the town of Tangará from 1989 to 1992.",
"title": ""
}
] | Theodorico Bezerra Netto is a Brazilian businessman and politician, affiliated with the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB). He briefly served as one of the senators from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, serving only 5 days. He held the position due to the previous senator, Jean Paul Prates, took up a role in the Lula administration as the head of Petrobras. Theodorico Netto was succeeded by Rogério Simonetti Marinho, who had been elected to the position in 2022. Prior to being senator, he had been the mayor of the town of Tangará from 1989 to 1992. | 2023-12-07T22:56:12Z | 2023-12-08T19:01:54Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorico_Netto |
75,510,858 | Pin-Pon (TV series) | Pin-Pon is a Canadian children's television series, which aired on Canal Famille from 1996 to 1998. The series starred Yves Soutière and Thomas Graton as Pin-Pin and Pon-Pon, two firemen who lead children in various songs, stories and games in their fire station.
The supporting cast also included Philippe Lambert as Pin-Pin's brother Pouet-Pouet, who was ordinarily featured in a smaller capacity but stood in as one of the main stars for a few episodes in the final season when Soutière was away on paternity leave.
The series ended production in 1998, but aired in reruns until 2001, and was subsequently also rebroadcast on Télé-Québec.
In 2022, Soutière and Graton reunited to create a short social media video in character as Pin-Pin and Pon-Pon, to promote the new non-fiction book Génération Canal Famille.
A film expansion, Pin-Pon: The Film (Pin-Pon, le film), was directed by Ghyslaine Côté and released in 1999. The film centred on Pin-Pin, Pon-Pon and Pouet-Pouet taking a road trip in a red Volkswagen Beetle to a campground, and meeting various characters along the way. Its cast included Julien Poulin as Uncle Mimile, Stéphane Vallières as Filipo, Mireille Lévesque as Filipa, Melven Gilbert as Filipetto and Anastassia Fomina as Filipetta.
It received two Jutra Award nominations at the 2nd Jutra Awards in 2000, for Best Art Direction (Michel Marsolais, Hélène Schneider) and Best Editing (José Heppell). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pin-Pon is a Canadian children's television series, which aired on Canal Famille from 1996 to 1998. The series starred Yves Soutière and Thomas Graton as Pin-Pin and Pon-Pon, two firemen who lead children in various songs, stories and games in their fire station.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The supporting cast also included Philippe Lambert as Pin-Pin's brother Pouet-Pouet, who was ordinarily featured in a smaller capacity but stood in as one of the main stars for a few episodes in the final season when Soutière was away on paternity leave.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The series ended production in 1998, but aired in reruns until 2001, and was subsequently also rebroadcast on Télé-Québec.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2022, Soutière and Graton reunited to create a short social media video in character as Pin-Pin and Pon-Pon, to promote the new non-fiction book Génération Canal Famille.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "A film expansion, Pin-Pon: The Film (Pin-Pon, le film), was directed by Ghyslaine Côté and released in 1999. The film centred on Pin-Pin, Pon-Pon and Pouet-Pouet taking a road trip in a red Volkswagen Beetle to a campground, and meeting various characters along the way. Its cast included Julien Poulin as Uncle Mimile, Stéphane Vallières as Filipo, Mireille Lévesque as Filipa, Melven Gilbert as Filipetto and Anastassia Fomina as Filipetta.",
"title": "Film"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "It received two Jutra Award nominations at the 2nd Jutra Awards in 2000, for Best Art Direction (Michel Marsolais, Hélène Schneider) and Best Editing (José Heppell).",
"title": "Film"
}
] | Pin-Pon is a Canadian children's television series, which aired on Canal Famille from 1996 to 1998. The series starred Yves Soutière and Thomas Graton as Pin-Pin and Pon-Pon, two firemen who lead children in various songs, stories and games in their fire station. The supporting cast also included Philippe Lambert as Pin-Pin's brother Pouet-Pouet, who was ordinarily featured in a smaller capacity but stood in as one of the main stars for a few episodes in the final season when Soutière was away on paternity leave. The series ended production in 1998, but aired in reruns until 2001, and was subsequently also rebroadcast on Télé-Québec. In 2022, Soutière and Graton reunited to create a short social media video in character as Pin-Pin and Pon-Pon, to promote the new non-fiction book Génération Canal Famille. | 2023-12-07T22:57:11Z | 2023-12-07T22:57:19Z | [
"Template:Imdb title",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin-Pon_(TV_series) |
75,510,867 | Mill Creek Township, Lincoln County, Arkansas | Mill Creek Township is a township in Lincoln County, in the U.S. state of Arkansas. Its population was 247 as of the 2020 census.
33°51′N 91°55′W / 33.850°N 91.917°W / 33.850; -91.917 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mill Creek Township is a township in Lincoln County, in the U.S. state of Arkansas. Its population was 247 as of the 2020 census.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "33°51′N 91°55′W / 33.850°N 91.917°W / 33.850; -91.917",
"title": "External links"
},
{
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"text": "",
"title": "External links"
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] | Mill Creek Township is a township in Lincoln County, in the U.S. state of Arkansas. Its population was 247 as of the 2020 census. | 2023-12-07T22:58:31Z | 2023-12-08T02:13:53Z | [
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75,510,884 | Giovanni Pavani | Giovanni Fernando Confreste Pavani (born November 22, 1996) commonly known as Giovanni Pavani or simply Pavani, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Remo.
On loan from Linense, Pavani has signed for Operário for the Série B. He played in 40 games and scored four goals.
In 2023, he was loaned to Chapecoense. He played 44 games and scored 2 goals, helping the team escape relegation to the third division. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Giovanni Fernando Confreste Pavani (born November 22, 1996) commonly known as Giovanni Pavani or simply Pavani, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Remo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On loan from Linense, Pavani has signed for Operário for the Série B. He played in 40 games and scored four goals.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2023, he was loaned to Chapecoense. He played 44 games and scored 2 goals, helping the team escape relegation to the third division.",
"title": "Club career"
}
] | Giovanni Fernando Confreste Pavani commonly known as Giovanni Pavani or simply Pavani, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Remo. | 2023-12-07T23:00:01Z | 2023-12-07T23:00:01Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Pavani |
75,510,896 | Terminalia glabrata | Terminalia glabrata is a species of flowering plant in family Combretaceae. It is a tree native to Cook Islands, Marquesas Islands, Samoan Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago, and Tubuai Islands in the South Pacific.
Four varieties are accepted: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Terminalia glabrata is a species of flowering plant in family Combretaceae. It is a tree native to Cook Islands, Marquesas Islands, Samoan Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago, and Tubuai Islands in the South Pacific.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Four varieties are accepted:",
"title": ""
}
] | Terminalia glabrata is a species of flowering plant in family Combretaceae. It is a tree native to Cook Islands, Marquesas Islands, Samoan Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago, and Tubuai Islands in the South Pacific. Four varieties are accepted: Terminalia glabrata var. brownii Fosberg & Sachet
Terminalia glabrata var. glabrata
Terminalia glabrata var. haroldii (Exell) Fosberg & Sachet
Terminalia glabrata var. koariki (Exell) Fosberg & Sachet | 2023-12-07T23:00:28Z | 2023-12-08T01:10:35Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_glabrata |
75,510,932 | 2023-24 Leinster Senior Cup | The 2024 Leinster Senior Cup is the 120th edition of the Leinster Football Association's primary competition. It includes all Leinster based League of Ireland clubs from the Premier Division and First Division, as well as a selection of intermediate and amateur level sides. The competition began on the weekend of 12 August 2023. A new group stage was added after the third round with all League of Ireland clubs entering the competition. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 Leinster Senior Cup is the 120th edition of the Leinster Football Association's primary competition. It includes all Leinster based League of Ireland clubs from the Premier Division and First Division, as well as a selection of intermediate and amateur level sides. The competition began on the weekend of 12 August 2023. A new group stage was added after the third round with all League of Ireland clubs entering the competition.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 2024 Leinster Senior Cup is the 120th edition of the Leinster Football Association's primary competition. It includes all Leinster based League of Ireland clubs from the Premier Division and First Division, as well as a selection of intermediate and amateur level sides. The competition began on the weekend of 12 August 2023. A new group stage was added after the third round with all League of Ireland clubs entering the competition. | 2023-12-07T23:03:40Z | 2023-12-16T00:03:21Z | [
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75,510,939 | List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1894 | This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1894. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland.
For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.
The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number.
All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896.
Continuing the second session of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom, which met from 31 January 1893 until 5 March 1894.
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Sale of Goods Act 1893|note1=|public|71|20-02-1894|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act for codifying the Law relating to the Sale of Goods.|note4=(Repealed by Senior Court Act 1981) }}
| {{|Colonial Acts Confirmation Act 1894|public|72|20-02-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to confirm certain Acts of Colonial Legislatures.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1989) }}
| {{|Local Government Act 1894|public|73|05-03-1894|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make further provision for Local Government in England and Wales.}}
}}
The third session of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom, which met from 12 March 1894 until 25 August 1894.
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 1) Act 1894|public|1|29-03-1894|archived=n|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four, and one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five.}}
| {{|Behring Sea Award Act 1894|public|2|23-04-1894|maintained=y|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to provide; for carrying into effect the Award of the Tribunal of Arbitration constituted under a Treaty between Her Majesty the Queen and the United States of America.|note4=(Repealed by Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009) }}
| {{|Army (Annual) Act 1894|public|3|23-04-1894|archived=n|An Act to provide, during twelve months, for the Discipline and Regulation of the Army.}}
| {{|Four Courts Library Act 1894|public|4|01-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to authorise an advance out of the general fund of monies belonging to the Suitors of the Supreme Court in Ireland for the purposes of the Library used by the Bar of Ireland at the Four Courts, Dublin.}}
| {{|County Councils Association (Scotland) Expenses Act 1894|public|5|01-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to provide for the Establishment of a County Councils Association in Scotland, and to enable County Councils to contribute to the Expenses of the Association.}}
| {{|Quarter Sessions Act 1894|public|6|01-06-1894|archived=n|An Act for amending the Law with respect to the Time for holding Quarter Sessions.}}
| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 2) Act 1894|public|7|01-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five.}}
| {{|Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1894|public|8|18-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Industrial and Prorident Societies Act, 1893, in so far as it relates to the Island of Jersey.}}
| {{|Solicitors Act 1894|public|9|18-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the provisions of the Solicitors Act, 1877, relating to the Examination of Persons applying to be admitted Solicitors of the Supreme Court in England.}}
| {{|Trustee Act 1893, Amendment Act 1894|public|10|18-06-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Trustee Act, 1893.}}
| {{|Public Works Loans Act 1894|public|11|18-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to grant Money for the purpose of certain Local Loans, and for other purposes relating to Local Loans.}}
| {{|Indian Railways Act 1894|public|12|03-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to enable Indian Bailway Companies to pay Interest out of Capital during construction.}}
| {{|Arbitration (Scotland) Act 1894|public|13|03-07-1894|maintained=y|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law of Arbitration in Scotland.|note4=(Repealed by Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010) }}
| {{|Fishery Board (Scotland) Extension of Powers Act 1894|public|14|03-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to extend the powers of the Fishery Board for Scotland in relation to Harbours and Piers.}}
| {{|Music and Dancing Licences (Middlesex) Act 1894|public|15|03-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law as regards Music and Dancing Licences in Middlesex.}}
| {{|Supreme Court of Judicature (Procedure) Act 1894|public|16|03-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts.}}
| {{|Colonial Officers (Leave of Absence) Act 1894|public|17|03-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to regulate the Conditions as to Leave of Absence for certain Colonial Officers.}}
| {{|Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892 Amendment Act 1894|public|18|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892.}}
| {{|Merchandise Marks (Prosecutions) Act 1894|public|19|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act for enabling the Board of Agriculture to undertake Prosecutions in certain cases under the Merchandise Marks Act, 1887.}}
| {{|Public Libraries (Scotland) Act 1894|public|20|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Libraries Consolidation (Scotland) Act, 1887.}}
| {{|Bishopric of Bristol Amendment Act 1894|public|21|20-07-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Bishopric of Bristol Act, 1884.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973) }}
| {{|Injured Animals Act 1894|public|22|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to enable police constables to cause horses and certain other animals when mortally or seriously injured to be slaughtered.}}
| {{|Commissioners of Works Act 1894|public|23|20-07-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Commissioners of Works Act, 1852, and for other purposes relating to the Commissioners of Works.}}
| {{|Wild Birds Protection Act 1894|public|24|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880.}}
| {{|Outdoor Relief Friendly Societies Act 1894|public|25|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to empower Boards of Guardians to grant Relief to Members of Friendly Societies in Receipt of any Allowances from the same.}}
| {{|Sea Fisheries (Shell Fish) Regulation Act 1894|public|26|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to extend the Powers of Local Fisheries Committees with respect to Fisheries for Shell Fish.}}
| {{|Prevention of Cruelty to Children (Amendment) Act 1894|public|27|20-07-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.|note4=(Repealed by Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act 1894) }}
| {{|Notice of Accidents Act 1894|public|28|20-07-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act for providing for notice of and inquiry into Accidents occurring in certain Employments and Industries.}}
| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 3) Act 1894|public|29|31-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five.}}
| {{|Finance Act 1894|public|30|31-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to grant certain Duties of Customs and Inland Revenue, to alter other Duties, and to amend the Law relating to Customs and Inland Revenue, and to make other provision for the financial arrangements of the year.}}
| {{|Zanzibar Indemnity Act 1894|public|31|31-07-1894|archived=n|An Act for authorising the Treasury to indemnify the Bank of England with respect to the Transfer of Consolidated Bank Annuities standing in the name of the late Sultan of Zanzibar.}}
| {{|Registration Acceleration Act 1894|public|32|31-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to accelerate the Registration of Parochial Electors in England and Wales in the present year.}}
| {{|Industrial Schools Acts Amendment Act 1894|public|33|17-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to further amend the Industrial Schools Act, 1866.}}
| {{|British Museum (Purchase of Land) Act 1894|public|34|17-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for the purchase of certain Lands belonging to the Duke of Bedford by the Trustees of the British Museum.}}
| {{|Charitable Trusts (Places of Religious Worship) Amendment Act 1894|public|35|17-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Charitable Trusts Acts.}}
| {{|Valuation of Lands (Scotland) Acts Amendment Act 1894|public|36|17-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Valuation of Lands (Scotland) Acts in regard to the duties of the Assessor of Railways and Canals.}}
| {{|Locomotive Threshing Engines Act 1894|public|37|17-08-1894|archived=n|An Act for removal of the Restrictions on the use of Locomotive Engines for Threshing purposes.}}
| {{|Public Libraries (Ireland) Act 1894|public|38|17-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Libraries (Ireland) Acts.}}
| {{|Prize Courts Act 1894|public|39|17-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make further provision for the establishment of Prize Courts, and for other purposes connected therewith.}}
| {{|Nautical Assessors (Scotland) Act 1894|public|40|17-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for the attendance of Assessors at the trial and hearing of Maritime Causes in the Court of Session and Sheriff Courts in Scotland, and in Appeals to the House of Lords.}}
| {{|Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act 1894|public|41|17-08-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate the Acts relating to the Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children.|note4=(Repealed by Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act 1904) }}
| {{|Quarries Act 1894|public|42|25-08-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for the better Regulation of Quarries.|note4=(Repealed by Mines and Quarries Act 1954) }}
| {{|Crown Lands Act 1894|public|43|25-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Management of the Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues of the Crown.}}
| {{|Heritable Securities (Scotland) Act 1894|public|44|25-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Heritable Securities in Scotland.}}
| {{|Uniforms Act 1894|public|45|25-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to regulate and restrict the wearing of Naval and Military Uniforms.}}
| {{|Copyhold Act 1894|public|46|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to consolidate the Copyhold Acts.}}
| {{|Building Societies Act 1894|public|47|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Building Societies Acts.}}
| {{|Expiring Laws Continuance Act 1894|public|48|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to continue various Expiring Laws.}}
| {{|Jurors (Ireland) Amendment Act 1894|public|49|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Juries (Ireland) Acts.}}
| {{|Congested Districts Board (Ireland) Act 1894|public|50|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to make further provision with respect to the Congested Districts Board for Ireland.}}
| {{|Chimney Sweepers Act 1894|public|51|25-08-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to make better provision for the Regulation of Chimney Sweepers.|note4=(Repealed by Chimney Sweepers Acts (Repeal) Act 1938) }}
| {{|Coal Mines (Check Weigher) Act 1894|public|52|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Provisions of the Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1887, with respect to Check Weighers.}}
| {{|London (Equalisation of Rates) Act 1894|public|53|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to make better provision for the Equalisation of Rates as between the different parts of London.}}
| {{|Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1894|public|54|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888.}}
| {{|Housing of the Working Classes Act 1894|public|55|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to explain the provisions of Part II. of the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, with respect to powers of borrowing.}}
| {{|Statute Law Revision Act 1894|public|56|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act for further promoting the Revision of the Statute Law by repealing Enactments which have ceased to be in force or have become unnecessary.}}
| {{|Diseases of Animals Act 1894|public|57|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to consolidate the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts, 1878 to 1893.}}
| {{|Local Government (Scotland) Act 1894|public|58|25-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to establish a Local Government Board for Scotland, and make further provision for Local Government in Scotland, and for other purposes.}}
| {{|Appropriation Act 1894|public|59|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five, and to appropriate the Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.}}
| {{|Merchant Shipping Act 1894|note1=|public|60|25-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate Enactments relating to Merchant Shipping.}}
}}
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|North Berwick Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1894|local|1|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}
| {{|St. Andrews Links Act 1894|local|84|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=y|archived=n| |note4=(Repealed by St. Andrews Links Order Confirmation Act 1974 (c. iii)) }}
| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 7) Act 1894|local|120|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Belper Union Order 1894| |po2=Bradford (Yorkshire) Order 1894| |po3=Bromsgrove Union (Webheath) Order 1894| |po4=Saddleworth Township Order 1894| |po5=St. George Order 1894| |po6=Wakefield Union Order 1894|}}
| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 9) Act 1894|local|121|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Chorley Joint Hospital Order 1894| |po2=Fulstone and Hepworth Joint Hospital| |po3=Leigh Joint Hospital Order 1894| |po4=Pontefract Joint Hospital Order 1894|}}
| {{|London Building Act 1894|local|213|25-08-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend the Enactments relating to Streets and Buildings in London.|note4=(Repealed by London Building Act 1930 (20 & 21 Geo. 5. c. clviii)) }}
| {{|Drumcondra and North Dublin Link Railway Act 1894|local|214|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}
| {{|Ealing and South Harrow Railway Act 1894|local|215|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}
| {{|London, Walthamstow and Epping Forest Railway Act 1894|local|216|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=y|archived=n| |note4=(Repealed by London, Walthamstow and Epping Forest Railway (Abandonment) Act 1900 (c.cclii)) }}
}}
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Bathwick and Wrington Estates Act 1894|private|1|31-07-1894|maintained=y|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Money to be raised by Mortgage for Improvement of the Bathwick Estate and the Wrington Estate in the County of Somerset devised by the Will of the Most Noble Harry George Powlett late Duke of Cleveland deceased.}}
| {{|Walker's Estate Act 1894|private|2|17-08-1894|maintained=y|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to confer further powers on the Executors and Trustees of the Will of the late Thomas Andrew Walker in relation to his real and personal estate.}}
| {{|Whitaker's Divorce Act 1894|note1=|private|3|03-07-1894|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to dissolve the Marriage of John Minchin Whitaker, of Cove House, Sandycove, Kingstown, in the County of Dublin, Surgeon, with Catherine Anne Whitaker, his now Wife, and to enable him to Marry again, and for other purposes.}}
| {{|Graves' Divorce Act 1894|note1=|private|4|03-07-1894|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Arnold Felix Graves, of 41, Raglan Road, Dublin, Barrister-at-Law, with Constance Louise Graves, his present wife, and to enable him to Marry again, and for other purposes.}}
| {{|Von Roemer's Resumption of British Nationality Act 1894|note1=|private|5|25-08-1894|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to restore Justina Clementina Boeheim or Von Roemer to British Nationality, and to confer upon her all the rights, privileges, and capacities of a natural-born subject of Her Majesty the Queen.}}
}} | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1894. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as \"39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67\", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus \"41 Geo. 3\" rather than \"41 Geo. III\"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as \"41 Geo. 3\". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Continuing the second session of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom, which met from 31 January 1893 until 5 March 1894.",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Sale of Goods Act 1893|note1=|public|71|20-02-1894|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act for codifying the Law relating to the Sale of Goods.|note4=(Repealed by Senior Court Act 1981) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "| {{|Colonial Acts Confirmation Act 1894|public|72|20-02-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to confirm certain Acts of Colonial Legislatures.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1989) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "| {{|Local Government Act 1894|public|73|05-03-1894|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make further provision for Local Government in England and Wales.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The third session of the 25th Parliament of the United Kingdom, which met from 12 March 1894 until 25 August 1894.",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 1) Act 1894|public|1|29-03-1894|archived=n|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four, and one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "| {{|Behring Sea Award Act 1894|public|2|23-04-1894|maintained=y|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to provide; for carrying into effect the Award of the Tribunal of Arbitration constituted under a Treaty between Her Majesty the Queen and the United States of America.|note4=(Repealed by Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009) }}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "| {{|Army (Annual) Act 1894|public|3|23-04-1894|archived=n|An Act to provide, during twelve months, for the Discipline and Regulation of the Army.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "| {{|Four Courts Library Act 1894|public|4|01-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to authorise an advance out of the general fund of monies belonging to the Suitors of the Supreme Court in Ireland for the purposes of the Library used by the Bar of Ireland at the Four Courts, Dublin.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "| {{|County Councils Association (Scotland) Expenses Act 1894|public|5|01-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to provide for the Establishment of a County Councils Association in Scotland, and to enable County Councils to contribute to the Expenses of the Association.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "| {{|Quarter Sessions Act 1894|public|6|01-06-1894|archived=n|An Act for amending the Law with respect to the Time for holding Quarter Sessions.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 2) Act 1894|public|7|01-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "| {{|Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1894|public|8|18-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Industrial and Prorident Societies Act, 1893, in so far as it relates to the Island of Jersey.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "| {{|Solicitors Act 1894|public|9|18-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the provisions of the Solicitors Act, 1877, relating to the Examination of Persons applying to be admitted Solicitors of the Supreme Court in England.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "| {{|Trustee Act 1893, Amendment Act 1894|public|10|18-06-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Trustee Act, 1893.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "| {{|Public Works Loans Act 1894|public|11|18-06-1894|archived=n|An Act to grant Money for the purpose of certain Local Loans, and for other purposes relating to Local Loans.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "| {{|Indian Railways Act 1894|public|12|03-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to enable Indian Bailway Companies to pay Interest out of Capital during construction.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "| {{|Arbitration (Scotland) Act 1894|public|13|03-07-1894|maintained=y|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law of Arbitration in Scotland.|note4=(Repealed by Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010) }}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "| {{|Fishery Board (Scotland) Extension of Powers Act 1894|public|14|03-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to extend the powers of the Fishery Board for Scotland in relation to Harbours and Piers.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "| {{|Music and Dancing Licences (Middlesex) Act 1894|public|15|03-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law as regards Music and Dancing Licences in Middlesex.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "| {{|Supreme Court of Judicature (Procedure) Act 1894|public|16|03-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "| {{|Colonial Officers (Leave of Absence) Act 1894|public|17|03-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to regulate the Conditions as to Leave of Absence for certain Colonial Officers.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "| {{|Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892 Amendment Act 1894|public|18|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "| {{|Merchandise Marks (Prosecutions) Act 1894|public|19|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act for enabling the Board of Agriculture to undertake Prosecutions in certain cases under the Merchandise Marks Act, 1887.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "| {{|Public Libraries (Scotland) Act 1894|public|20|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Libraries Consolidation (Scotland) Act, 1887.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "| {{|Bishopric of Bristol Amendment Act 1894|public|21|20-07-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Bishopric of Bristol Act, 1884.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973) }}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "| {{|Injured Animals Act 1894|public|22|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to enable police constables to cause horses and certain other animals when mortally or seriously injured to be slaughtered.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "| {{|Commissioners of Works Act 1894|public|23|20-07-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Commissioners of Works Act, 1852, and for other purposes relating to the Commissioners of Works.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "| {{|Wild Birds Protection Act 1894|public|24|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "| {{|Outdoor Relief Friendly Societies Act 1894|public|25|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to empower Boards of Guardians to grant Relief to Members of Friendly Societies in Receipt of any Allowances from the same.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "| {{|Sea Fisheries (Shell Fish) Regulation Act 1894|public|26|20-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to extend the Powers of Local Fisheries Committees with respect to Fisheries for Shell Fish.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "| {{|Prevention of Cruelty to Children (Amendment) Act 1894|public|27|20-07-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.|note4=(Repealed by Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act 1894) }}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "| {{|Notice of Accidents Act 1894|public|28|20-07-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act for providing for notice of and inquiry into Accidents occurring in certain Employments and Industries.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 3) Act 1894|public|29|31-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "| {{|Finance Act 1894|public|30|31-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to grant certain Duties of Customs and Inland Revenue, to alter other Duties, and to amend the Law relating to Customs and Inland Revenue, and to make other provision for the financial arrangements of the year.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "| {{|Zanzibar Indemnity Act 1894|public|31|31-07-1894|archived=n|An Act for authorising the Treasury to indemnify the Bank of England with respect to the Transfer of Consolidated Bank Annuities standing in the name of the late Sultan of Zanzibar.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "| {{|Registration Acceleration Act 1894|public|32|31-07-1894|archived=n|An Act to accelerate the Registration of Parochial Electors in England and Wales in the present year.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "| {{|Industrial Schools Acts Amendment Act 1894|public|33|17-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to further amend the Industrial Schools Act, 1866.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "| {{|British Museum (Purchase of Land) Act 1894|public|34|17-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for the purchase of certain Lands belonging to the Duke of Bedford by the Trustees of the British Museum.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "| {{|Charitable Trusts (Places of Religious Worship) Amendment Act 1894|public|35|17-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Charitable Trusts Acts.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "| {{|Valuation of Lands (Scotland) Acts Amendment Act 1894|public|36|17-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Valuation of Lands (Scotland) Acts in regard to the duties of the Assessor of Railways and Canals.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "| {{|Locomotive Threshing Engines Act 1894|public|37|17-08-1894|archived=n|An Act for removal of the Restrictions on the use of Locomotive Engines for Threshing purposes.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "| {{|Public Libraries (Ireland) Act 1894|public|38|17-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Libraries (Ireland) Acts.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "| {{|Prize Courts Act 1894|public|39|17-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make further provision for the establishment of Prize Courts, and for other purposes connected therewith.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "| {{|Nautical Assessors (Scotland) Act 1894|public|40|17-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for the attendance of Assessors at the trial and hearing of Maritime Causes in the Court of Session and Sheriff Courts in Scotland, and in Appeals to the House of Lords.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "| {{|Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act 1894|public|41|17-08-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate the Acts relating to the Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children.|note4=(Repealed by Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act 1904) }}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "| {{|Quarries Act 1894|public|42|25-08-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for the better Regulation of Quarries.|note4=(Repealed by Mines and Quarries Act 1954) }}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "| {{|Crown Lands Act 1894|public|43|25-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Management of the Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues of the Crown.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "| {{|Heritable Securities (Scotland) Act 1894|public|44|25-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Heritable Securities in Scotland.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "| {{|Uniforms Act 1894|public|45|25-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to regulate and restrict the wearing of Naval and Military Uniforms.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "| {{|Copyhold Act 1894|public|46|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to consolidate the Copyhold Acts.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "| {{|Building Societies Act 1894|public|47|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Building Societies Acts.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"text": "| {{|Expiring Laws Continuance Act 1894|public|48|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to continue various Expiring Laws.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"text": "| {{|Jurors (Ireland) Amendment Act 1894|public|49|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Juries (Ireland) Acts.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"text": "| {{|Congested Districts Board (Ireland) Act 1894|public|50|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to make further provision with respect to the Congested Districts Board for Ireland.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"text": "| {{|Chimney Sweepers Act 1894|public|51|25-08-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to make better provision for the Regulation of Chimney Sweepers.|note4=(Repealed by Chimney Sweepers Acts (Repeal) Act 1938) }}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"text": "| {{|Coal Mines (Check Weigher) Act 1894|public|52|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Provisions of the Coal Mines Regulation Act, 1887, with respect to Check Weighers.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"text": "| {{|London (Equalisation of Rates) Act 1894|public|53|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to make better provision for the Equalisation of Rates as between the different parts of London.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"text": "| {{|Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1894|public|54|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to amend the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"text": "| {{|Housing of the Working Classes Act 1894|public|55|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to explain the provisions of Part II. of the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, with respect to powers of borrowing.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"text": "| {{|Statute Law Revision Act 1894|public|56|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act for further promoting the Revision of the Statute Law by repealing Enactments which have ceased to be in force or have become unnecessary.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"text": "| {{|Diseases of Animals Act 1894|public|57|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to consolidate the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts, 1878 to 1893.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"text": "| {{|Local Government (Scotland) Act 1894|public|58|25-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to establish a Local Government Board for Scotland, and make further provision for Local Government in Scotland, and for other purposes.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"text": "| {{|Appropriation Act 1894|public|59|25-08-1894|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-five, and to appropriate the Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"text": "| {{|Merchant Shipping Act 1894|note1=|public|60|25-08-1894|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate Enactments relating to Merchant Shipping.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"text": "}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|North Berwick Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1894|local|1|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"text": "| {{|St. Andrews Links Act 1894|local|84|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=y|archived=n| |note4=(Repealed by St. Andrews Links Order Confirmation Act 1974 (c. iii)) }}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"text": "| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 7) Act 1894|local|120|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Belper Union Order 1894| |po2=Bradford (Yorkshire) Order 1894| |po3=Bromsgrove Union (Webheath) Order 1894| |po4=Saddleworth Township Order 1894| |po5=St. George Order 1894| |po6=Wakefield Union Order 1894|}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"text": "| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 9) Act 1894|local|121|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Chorley Joint Hospital Order 1894| |po2=Fulstone and Hepworth Joint Hospital| |po3=Leigh Joint Hospital Order 1894| |po4=Pontefract Joint Hospital Order 1894|}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"text": "| {{|London Building Act 1894|local|213|25-08-1894|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend the Enactments relating to Streets and Buildings in London.|note4=(Repealed by London Building Act 1930 (20 & 21 Geo. 5. c. clviii)) }}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"text": "| {{|Drumcondra and North Dublin Link Railway Act 1894|local|214|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"text": "| {{|Ealing and South Harrow Railway Act 1894|local|215|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"text": "| {{|London, Walthamstow and Epping Forest Railway Act 1894|local|216|12-03-1894|note3=|repealed=y|archived=n| |note4=(Repealed by London, Walthamstow and Epping Forest Railway (Abandonment) Act 1900 (c.cclii)) }}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"text": "}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Bathwick and Wrington Estates Act 1894|private|1|31-07-1894|maintained=y|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable Money to be raised by Mortgage for Improvement of the Bathwick Estate and the Wrington Estate in the County of Somerset devised by the Will of the Most Noble Harry George Powlett late Duke of Cleveland deceased.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"text": "| {{|Walker's Estate Act 1894|private|2|17-08-1894|maintained=y|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to confer further powers on the Executors and Trustees of the Will of the late Thomas Andrew Walker in relation to his real and personal estate.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"text": "| {{|Whitaker's Divorce Act 1894|note1=|private|3|03-07-1894|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to dissolve the Marriage of John Minchin Whitaker, of Cove House, Sandycove, Kingstown, in the County of Dublin, Surgeon, with Catherine Anne Whitaker, his now Wife, and to enable him to Marry again, and for other purposes.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"text": "| {{|Graves' Divorce Act 1894|note1=|private|4|03-07-1894|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Arnold Felix Graves, of 41, Raglan Road, Dublin, Barrister-at-Law, with Constance Louise Graves, his present wife, and to enable him to Marry again, and for other purposes.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"text": "| {{|Von Roemer's Resumption of British Nationality Act 1894|note1=|private|5|25-08-1894|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to restore Justina Clementina Boeheim or Von Roemer to British Nationality, and to confer upon her all the rights, privileges, and capacities of a natural-born subject of Her Majesty the Queen.}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"text": "}}",
"title": "57 & 58 Vict."
}
] | This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1894. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland. For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland. The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations. Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number. All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896. | 2023-12-07T23:04:24Z | 2023-12-30T21:12:57Z | [
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75,510,951 | Carbliss | Carbliss is an American canned cocktail brand headquartered in Plymouth, Wisconsin. The drink is produced by SNFood & Beverage formed by Adam and Amanda Kroener in 2018. Carbliss, despite not being a seltzer-based drink, won at the 2021 and 2022 Seltzerland Contest hosted in Milwaukee, as well as Minneapolis in 2022.
Developed in July 2018, Carbliss started as a vodka and sparkling water beverage with natural extracts.
The drink is produced by SNFood & Beverage LLC, a company founded by the Kroeners in September 2018. The company, named in memory of Kroener's friend Stefan Nicholas Fiedler.
The Kroeners collaborated with the Sheboygan County Economic Development Corporation and UW-Green Bay's Small Business Development Center to kickstart their business. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Carbliss is an American canned cocktail brand headquartered in Plymouth, Wisconsin. The drink is produced by SNFood & Beverage formed by Adam and Amanda Kroener in 2018. Carbliss, despite not being a seltzer-based drink, won at the 2021 and 2022 Seltzerland Contest hosted in Milwaukee, as well as Minneapolis in 2022.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Developed in July 2018, Carbliss started as a vodka and sparkling water beverage with natural extracts.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The drink is produced by SNFood & Beverage LLC, a company founded by the Kroeners in September 2018. The company, named in memory of Kroener's friend Stefan Nicholas Fiedler.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Kroeners collaborated with the Sheboygan County Economic Development Corporation and UW-Green Bay's Small Business Development Center to kickstart their business.",
"title": "Collaborations"
}
] | Carbliss is an American canned cocktail brand headquartered in Plymouth, Wisconsin. The drink is produced by SNFood & Beverage formed by Adam and Amanda Kroener in 2018. Carbliss, despite not being a seltzer-based drink, won at the 2021 and 2022 Seltzerland Contest hosted in Milwaukee, as well as Minneapolis in 2022. | 2023-12-07T23:06:35Z | 2024-01-01T00:49:21Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbliss |
75,510,954 | List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1892 | This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1892. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland.
For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.
The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number.
All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896.
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Millbank Prison Act 1892|public|1|29-03-1892|archived=n|An Act to transfer the site of Millbank Prison to the management of the Commissioners of Works.}}
| {{|Army (Annual) Act 1892|public|2|29-03-1892|archived=n|An Act to provide, during twelve months, for the Discipline and Regulation of the Army.}}
| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 1) Act 1892|public|3|29-03-1892|archived=n|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, and one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three.}}
| {{|Betting and Loans (Infants) Act 1892|public|4|29-03-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to render Penal the inciting Infants to Betting or Wagering or to borrowing Money.|note4=(Repealed by Minors' Contracts Act 1987 (England and Wales) and Age of Legal Capacity (Scotland) Act 1991) }}
| {{|Poor Law (Ireland) Act 1892|public|5|20-05-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Poor Law (Ireland) Acts.}}
| {{|Colonial Probates Act 1892|public|6|20-05-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for the Recognition in the United Kingdom of Probates and Letters of Administration granted in British Possessions.}}
| {{|Labourers (Ireland) Act 1892|public|7|20-05-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Labourers (Ireland) Acts for the purpose of providing increased Allotments of Land for the Agricultural Labourers in Ireland.}}
| {{|Hares Preservation Act 1892|public|8|20-05-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to enact a Close Time for Hares during the Breeding Season.}}
| {{|Gaming Act 1892|public|9|20-05-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Act of the eighth and ninth Victoria, chapter one hundred and nine, intituled " An Act to amend the Law concerning Games and Wagers."|note4=(Repealed by Gambling Act 2005) }}
| {{|Short Titles Act 1892|public|10|20-05-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the Citation of sundry Acts of Parliament.|note4=(Repealed by Short Titles Act 1896) }}
| {{|Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act Amendment Act 1892|public|11|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act, 1888.}}
| {{|Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Amendment Act 1892|public|12|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law in regard to Roads and Bridges in Scotland.}}
| {{|Conveyancing and Law of Property Act 1892|public|13|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act 1881.}}
| {{|Indian Councils Act 1892|note1=|public|14|20-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Indian Councils Act, 1861.|note4=(Repealed by Government of India Act 1915) }}
| {{|Charity Inquiries (Expenses) Act 1892|public|15|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to authorise the Councils of Counties and County Boroughs to contribute to the Expenses of Inquiries into certain Charities.}}
| {{|Customs and Inland Revenue Act 1892|public|16|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to grant and alter certain Duties of Customs and Inland Revenue, and to amend the Law relating to Customs and Inland Revenue.}}
| {{|Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Extracts Act 1892|public|17|20-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to simplify the Forms of Extracts of Decrees in the Sheriff Courts of Scotland.}}
| {{|Weights and Measures (Purchase) Act 1892|public|18|20-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for authorising County and Borough Councils to purchase Franchises of Weights and Measures.|note4=(Repealed by Weights and Measures Act 1963) }}
| {{|Statute Law Revision Act 1892|public|19|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act for further promoting the Revision of the Statute Law by repealing Enactments which have ceased to be in force or have become unnecessary.}}
| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 2) Act 1892|public|20|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three.}}
| {{|High Court of Justiciary (Scotland) Act 1892|public|21|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to regulate the sittings of the High Court of Justiciary in Scotland.}}
| {{|Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890, Amendment (Scotland) Act 1892|public|22|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, as to Scotland.}}
| {{|Foreign Marriage Act 1892|public|23|27-06-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate Enactments relating to the Marriage of British Subjects outside the United Kingdom.|note4=(Repealed by Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013) }}
| {{|Post Office Act 1892|public|24|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Post Office Act, 1891, in relation to its application to Scotland, and to apply that Act to the Isle of Man and to the Channel Islands.|note4=(Repealed by Post Office Act 1908) }}
| {{|Taxes (Regulation of Remuneration) Amendment Act 1892|public|25|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Taxes (Regulation of Remuneration) Act, 1891.}}
| {{|National Debt (Conversion of Exchequer Bonds) Act 1892|public|26|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to make provision respecting Advances made by the National Debt Commissioners under the National Debt (Redemption) Act, 1889.}}
| {{|Parliamentary Deposits and Bonds Act 1892|note1=|public|27|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to authorise the release of certain Deposits, and the cancellation of certain Bonds, made or given to secure the performance of undertakings authorised by Parliament.}}
| {{|Isle of Man Customs Act 1892|public|28|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law respecting the Customs Duties in the Isle of Man.|note4=(Repealed by Isle of Man (Customs) Act 1895) }}
| {{|Technical and Industrial Institutions Act 1892|note1=|public|29|27-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the Acquisition and Holding of Land by Institutions for promoting Technical and Industrial Instruction and Training.}}
| {{|Alkali, &c. Works Regulation Act 1892|public|30|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Alkali, &c. Works Regulation Act, 1881.}}
| {{|Small Holdings Act 1892|public|31|27-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the acquisition of small agricultural holdings.}}
| {{|Clergy Discipline Act 1892|public|32|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act for better enforcing Discipline in the Case of Crimes and other Offences against Morality committed by Clergymen.}}
| {{|Appropriation Act 1892|public|33|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, and to appropriate tho Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.}}
| {{|Naval Knights of Windsor (Dissolution) Act 1892|public|34|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act for dissolving the Corporation styled the Naval Knights of Windsor of the foundation of Samuel Travers, Esquire, and for regulating the application of the property thereof, and for applying and amending the Greenwich Hospital Acts.}}
| {{|Colonial Stock Act 1892|note1=|public|35|27-06-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Colonial Stock Act, 1877, so far as regards the mode of transfer of Stock to which that Act applies.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998) }}
| {{|Forged Transfers Act 1892|note1=|public|36|27-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to remove doubts as to the meaning of the Forged Transfers Act 1891.}}
| {{|Merchant Shipping Act 1892|public|37|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Merchant Shipping Acts.|note4=(Repealed by Merchant Shipping Act 1894) }}
| {{|Police Returns Act 1892|public|38|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to alter the period for which certain Police Returns are required to be made.}}
| {{|National Debt (Stockholders Relief) Act 1892|note1=|public|39|27-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the National Debt Act 1870.}}
| {{|Superannuation Act 1892|public|40|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Acts relating to Superannuation Allowances and Gratuities to Persons in the Public Service so far as respects the computation of successive Service in different Offices where not all subject to the Superannuation Acts, 1834 to 1887, and as respects the application of Section Six of the Superannuation Act, 1887, to Employments of Profit under the Government of India.}}
| {{|Boards of Management of Poor Law District Schools (Ireland) Act 1892|public|41|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to provide for expenses incurred by Members of Boards of Management of Poor Law District Schools in Ireland.}}
| {{|Irish Education Act 1892|public|42|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to improve National Education in Ireland.}}
| {{|Military Lands Act 1892|public|43|27-06-1892|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend certain enactments relating to the acquisition of land for military purposes.}}
| {{|Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1892|public|44|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888.}}
| {{|Land Commissioners (Ireland) Salaries Act 1892|public|45|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to provide for the increase of the Salaries of certain Land Commissioners in Ireland, and for other purposes connected with the Land Commission.}}
| {{|Ancient Monuments Protection (Ireland) Act 1892|public|46|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1882.}}
| {{|Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act 1892|public|47|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts, 1878 to 1890.|note4=(Repealed by Diseases of Animals Act 1894) }}
| {{|Bank Act 1892|public|48|27-06-1892|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act for making further Provision respecting certain Payments to the Banks of England and Ireland, and for other purposes connected with those Banks.}}
| {{|Mauritius Hurricane Loan Act 1892|public|49|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to authorise the Treasury to guarantee the Payment of a Loan to be raised by the Government of the Colony of Mauritius.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}
| {{|Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1892|public|50|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries.}}
| {{|Education and Local Taxation Account (Scotland) Act 1892|public|51|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to make provision in regard to the Distribution and Application of Sums from time to time paid to the Local Taxation (Scotland) Account and in regard to the Pee Grant in Scotland.}}
| {{|British Columbia (Loan) Act 1892|public|52|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to authorise an Advance to the Government of the Province of British Columbia.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}
| {{|Public Libraries Act 1892|public|53|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend the Law relating to Public Libraries.}}
| {{|Allotments (Scotland) Act 1892|public|54|28-06-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the provision of Allotments for the Labouring Classes in Scotland.|note4=(Repealed by Community Empowerment (Scotland) Act 2015) }}
| {{|Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892|public|55|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act for regulating the Police and Sanitary Administration of towns and populous places, and for facilitating the union of Police and Municipal Administration in burghs in Scotland.}}
| {{|Coroners Act 1892|public|56|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law in relation to the Appointment of Coroners and Deputy Coroners in Comities and Boroughs.}}
| {{|Private Street Works Act 1892|public|57|28-06-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Health Acts in relation to Private Street Improvement Expenses.|note4=(Repealed by Highways Act 1959) }}
| {{|Accumulations Act 1892|public|58|28-06-1892|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the law respecting accumulations.}}
| {{|Telegraph Act 1892|public|59|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to make further provision respecting Telegraphs.}}
| {{|Expiring Laws Continuance Act 1892|public|60|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to continue various Expiring Laws.}}
| {{|Public Works Loans Act 1892|public|61|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to grant Money for the purpose of certain Local Loans, and for other purposes relating to Local Loans.}}
| {{|Shop Hours Act 1892|public|62|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Employment of Young Persons in Shops.}}
| {{|Technical Instruction Amendment (Scotland) Act 1892|public|63|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to explain and amend the Local Taxation (Customs and Excise) Act, 1890, with respect to Contributions for Technical Instruction in Scotland.}}
| {{|Witnesses (Public Inquiries) Protection Act 1892|public|64|28-06-1892|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act for the better Protection of Witnesses giving Evidence before any Royal Commission or any Committee of either House of Parliament, or on other Public Inquiries.}}
| {{|Drainage and Improvement of Land (Ireland) Act 1892|public|65|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Drainage and Improvement of Land in Ireland, and for other purposes.}}
}}
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|South Yorkshire Junction Railway Act 1892|local|1|09-02-1892|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}
| {{|Brynmawr and Abertillery Gas and Water Act 1892|local|150|09-02-1892|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}
| {{|Lee Valley Drainage Act 1892|local|151|09-02-1892|note3=|repealed=y|archived=n| |note4=(Repealed by SR&O 1934/92(L)) }}
| {{|Birmingham Corporation Water Act 1892|local|173|27-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=n|archived=n|An Act for empowering the corporation of the city of Birmingham to obtain a supply of water from the rivers Elan and Claerwen and for other purposes.}}
| {{|Great Northern and City Railway Act 1892|local|242|09-02-1892|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}
}}
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Glenmuick Estate Act 1892|private|1|27-06-1892|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Trustees of the late Sir James Thompson Mackenzie, Baronet, of Glenmuick, to postpone the sale of certain heritable subjects held by them, and for other purposes.}}
}} | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1892. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as \"39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67\", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus \"41 Geo. 3\" rather than \"41 Geo. III\"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as \"41 Geo. 3\". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Millbank Prison Act 1892|public|1|29-03-1892|archived=n|An Act to transfer the site of Millbank Prison to the management of the Commissioners of Works.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "| {{|Army (Annual) Act 1892|public|2|29-03-1892|archived=n|An Act to provide, during twelve months, for the Discipline and Regulation of the Army.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 1) Act 1892|public|3|29-03-1892|archived=n|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, and one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "| {{|Betting and Loans (Infants) Act 1892|public|4|29-03-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to render Penal the inciting Infants to Betting or Wagering or to borrowing Money.|note4=(Repealed by Minors' Contracts Act 1987 (England and Wales) and Age of Legal Capacity (Scotland) Act 1991) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "| {{|Poor Law (Ireland) Act 1892|public|5|20-05-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Poor Law (Ireland) Acts.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "| {{|Colonial Probates Act 1892|public|6|20-05-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for the Recognition in the United Kingdom of Probates and Letters of Administration granted in British Possessions.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "| {{|Labourers (Ireland) Act 1892|public|7|20-05-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Labourers (Ireland) Acts for the purpose of providing increased Allotments of Land for the Agricultural Labourers in Ireland.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "| {{|Hares Preservation Act 1892|public|8|20-05-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to enact a Close Time for Hares during the Breeding Season.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "| {{|Gaming Act 1892|public|9|20-05-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Act of the eighth and ninth Victoria, chapter one hundred and nine, intituled \" An Act to amend the Law concerning Games and Wagers.\"|note4=(Repealed by Gambling Act 2005) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "| {{|Short Titles Act 1892|public|10|20-05-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the Citation of sundry Acts of Parliament.|note4=(Repealed by Short Titles Act 1896) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "| {{|Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act Amendment Act 1892|public|11|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act, 1888.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "| {{|Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Amendment Act 1892|public|12|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law in regard to Roads and Bridges in Scotland.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "| {{|Conveyancing and Law of Property Act 1892|public|13|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act 1881.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "| {{|Indian Councils Act 1892|note1=|public|14|20-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Indian Councils Act, 1861.|note4=(Repealed by Government of India Act 1915) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "| {{|Charity Inquiries (Expenses) Act 1892|public|15|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to authorise the Councils of Counties and County Boroughs to contribute to the Expenses of Inquiries into certain Charities.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "| {{|Customs and Inland Revenue Act 1892|public|16|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to grant and alter certain Duties of Customs and Inland Revenue, and to amend the Law relating to Customs and Inland Revenue.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "| {{|Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Extracts Act 1892|public|17|20-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to simplify the Forms of Extracts of Decrees in the Sheriff Courts of Scotland.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "| {{|Weights and Measures (Purchase) Act 1892|public|18|20-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for authorising County and Borough Councils to purchase Franchises of Weights and Measures.|note4=(Repealed by Weights and Measures Act 1963) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "| {{|Statute Law Revision Act 1892|public|19|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act for further promoting the Revision of the Statute Law by repealing Enactments which have ceased to be in force or have become unnecessary.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 2) Act 1892|public|20|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "| {{|High Court of Justiciary (Scotland) Act 1892|public|21|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to regulate the sittings of the High Court of Justiciary in Scotland.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "| {{|Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890, Amendment (Scotland) Act 1892|public|22|20-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, as to Scotland.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "| {{|Foreign Marriage Act 1892|public|23|27-06-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate Enactments relating to the Marriage of British Subjects outside the United Kingdom.|note4=(Repealed by Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "| {{|Post Office Act 1892|public|24|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Post Office Act, 1891, in relation to its application to Scotland, and to apply that Act to the Isle of Man and to the Channel Islands.|note4=(Repealed by Post Office Act 1908) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "| {{|Taxes (Regulation of Remuneration) Amendment Act 1892|public|25|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Taxes (Regulation of Remuneration) Act, 1891.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "| {{|National Debt (Conversion of Exchequer Bonds) Act 1892|public|26|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to make provision respecting Advances made by the National Debt Commissioners under the National Debt (Redemption) Act, 1889.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "| {{|Parliamentary Deposits and Bonds Act 1892|note1=|public|27|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to authorise the release of certain Deposits, and the cancellation of certain Bonds, made or given to secure the performance of undertakings authorised by Parliament.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "| {{|Isle of Man Customs Act 1892|public|28|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law respecting the Customs Duties in the Isle of Man.|note4=(Repealed by Isle of Man (Customs) Act 1895) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "| {{|Technical and Industrial Institutions Act 1892|note1=|public|29|27-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the Acquisition and Holding of Land by Institutions for promoting Technical and Industrial Instruction and Training.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "| {{|Alkali, &c. Works Regulation Act 1892|public|30|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Alkali, &c. Works Regulation Act, 1881.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "| {{|Small Holdings Act 1892|public|31|27-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the acquisition of small agricultural holdings.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "| {{|Clergy Discipline Act 1892|public|32|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act for better enforcing Discipline in the Case of Crimes and other Offences against Morality committed by Clergymen.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "| {{|Appropriation Act 1892|public|33|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, and to appropriate tho Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "| {{|Naval Knights of Windsor (Dissolution) Act 1892|public|34|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act for dissolving the Corporation styled the Naval Knights of Windsor of the foundation of Samuel Travers, Esquire, and for regulating the application of the property thereof, and for applying and amending the Greenwich Hospital Acts.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "| {{|Colonial Stock Act 1892|note1=|public|35|27-06-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Colonial Stock Act, 1877, so far as regards the mode of transfer of Stock to which that Act applies.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "| {{|Forged Transfers Act 1892|note1=|public|36|27-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to remove doubts as to the meaning of the Forged Transfers Act 1891.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "| {{|Merchant Shipping Act 1892|public|37|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Merchant Shipping Acts.|note4=(Repealed by Merchant Shipping Act 1894) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "| {{|Police Returns Act 1892|public|38|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to alter the period for which certain Police Returns are required to be made.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "| {{|National Debt (Stockholders Relief) Act 1892|note1=|public|39|27-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the National Debt Act 1870.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "| {{|Superannuation Act 1892|public|40|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Acts relating to Superannuation Allowances and Gratuities to Persons in the Public Service so far as respects the computation of successive Service in different Offices where not all subject to the Superannuation Acts, 1834 to 1887, and as respects the application of Section Six of the Superannuation Act, 1887, to Employments of Profit under the Government of India.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "| {{|Boards of Management of Poor Law District Schools (Ireland) Act 1892|public|41|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to provide for expenses incurred by Members of Boards of Management of Poor Law District Schools in Ireland.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "| {{|Irish Education Act 1892|public|42|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to improve National Education in Ireland.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "| {{|Military Lands Act 1892|public|43|27-06-1892|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend certain enactments relating to the acquisition of land for military purposes.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "| {{|Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1892|public|44|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "| {{|Land Commissioners (Ireland) Salaries Act 1892|public|45|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to provide for the increase of the Salaries of certain Land Commissioners in Ireland, and for other purposes connected with the Land Commission.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "| {{|Ancient Monuments Protection (Ireland) Act 1892|public|46|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1882.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "| {{|Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act 1892|public|47|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts, 1878 to 1890.|note4=(Repealed by Diseases of Animals Act 1894) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "| {{|Bank Act 1892|public|48|27-06-1892|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act for making further Provision respecting certain Payments to the Banks of England and Ireland, and for other purposes connected with those Banks.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "| {{|Mauritius Hurricane Loan Act 1892|public|49|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to authorise the Treasury to guarantee the Payment of a Loan to be raised by the Government of the Colony of Mauritius.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "| {{|Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Act 1892|public|50|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "| {{|Education and Local Taxation Account (Scotland) Act 1892|public|51|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to make provision in regard to the Distribution and Application of Sums from time to time paid to the Local Taxation (Scotland) Account and in regard to the Pee Grant in Scotland.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "| {{|British Columbia (Loan) Act 1892|public|52|27-06-1892|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to authorise an Advance to the Government of the Province of British Columbia.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "| {{|Public Libraries Act 1892|public|53|27-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend the Law relating to Public Libraries.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"text": "| {{|Allotments (Scotland) Act 1892|public|54|28-06-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the provision of Allotments for the Labouring Classes in Scotland.|note4=(Repealed by Community Empowerment (Scotland) Act 2015) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"text": "| {{|Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1892|public|55|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act for regulating the Police and Sanitary Administration of towns and populous places, and for facilitating the union of Police and Municipal Administration in burghs in Scotland.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"text": "| {{|Coroners Act 1892|public|56|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law in relation to the Appointment of Coroners and Deputy Coroners in Comities and Boroughs.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"text": "| {{|Private Street Works Act 1892|public|57|28-06-1892|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Health Acts in relation to Private Street Improvement Expenses.|note4=(Repealed by Highways Act 1959) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"text": "| {{|Accumulations Act 1892|public|58|28-06-1892|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the law respecting accumulations.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"text": "| {{|Telegraph Act 1892|public|59|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to make further provision respecting Telegraphs.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"text": "| {{|Expiring Laws Continuance Act 1892|public|60|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to continue various Expiring Laws.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"text": "| {{|Public Works Loans Act 1892|public|61|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to grant Money for the purpose of certain Local Loans, and for other purposes relating to Local Loans.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"text": "| {{|Shop Hours Act 1892|public|62|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Employment of Young Persons in Shops.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"text": "| {{|Technical Instruction Amendment (Scotland) Act 1892|public|63|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to explain and amend the Local Taxation (Customs and Excise) Act, 1890, with respect to Contributions for Technical Instruction in Scotland.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"text": "| {{|Witnesses (Public Inquiries) Protection Act 1892|public|64|28-06-1892|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act for the better Protection of Witnesses giving Evidence before any Royal Commission or any Committee of either House of Parliament, or on other Public Inquiries.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"text": "| {{|Drainage and Improvement of Land (Ireland) Act 1892|public|65|28-06-1892|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Drainage and Improvement of Land in Ireland, and for other purposes.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"text": "}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|South Yorkshire Junction Railway Act 1892|local|1|09-02-1892|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"text": "| {{|Brynmawr and Abertillery Gas and Water Act 1892|local|150|09-02-1892|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"text": "| {{|Lee Valley Drainage Act 1892|local|151|09-02-1892|note3=|repealed=y|archived=n| |note4=(Repealed by SR&O 1934/92(L)) }}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"text": "| {{|Birmingham Corporation Water Act 1892|local|173|27-06-1892|repealed=n|maintained=n|archived=n|An Act for empowering the corporation of the city of Birmingham to obtain a supply of water from the rivers Elan and Claerwen and for other purposes.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"text": "| {{|Great Northern and City Railway Act 1892|local|242|09-02-1892|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"text": "}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Glenmuick Estate Act 1892|private|1|27-06-1892|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Trustees of the late Sir James Thompson Mackenzie, Baronet, of Glenmuick, to postpone the sale of certain heritable subjects held by them, and for other purposes.}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"text": "}}",
"title": "55 & 56 Vict."
}
] | This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1892. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland. For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland. The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations. Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number. All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896. | 2023-12-07T23:06:56Z | 2023-12-11T11:31:01Z | [
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75,510,955 | Patient No. 1 | Patient No. 1 is a 2023 Georgian feature film directed by Rezo Gigineishvili. Produced by the Georgian studio Independent Film Project.
The action of the movie takes place in the late USSR. General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Konstantin Chernenko is lying in Moscow Central Clinical Hospital. He is old and infirm, but he holds power tightly. "Power is only taken, it is never given away," he repeats. And this is convenient for both the elites and the security services - as long as the "body" is alive, various groups are scoring political points. The General Secretary is "condemned to life." He is cared for by a young nurse Sasha. Small, fragile and inconspicuous, she bears the heavy burden of responsibility for the life of the country's top official. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Patient No. 1 is a 2023 Georgian feature film directed by Rezo Gigineishvili. Produced by the Georgian studio Independent Film Project.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The action of the movie takes place in the late USSR. General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Konstantin Chernenko is lying in Moscow Central Clinical Hospital. He is old and infirm, but he holds power tightly. \"Power is only taken, it is never given away,\" he repeats. And this is convenient for both the elites and the security services - as long as the \"body\" is alive, various groups are scoring political points. The General Secretary is \"condemned to life.\" He is cared for by a young nurse Sasha. Small, fragile and inconspicuous, she bears the heavy burden of responsibility for the life of the country's top official.",
"title": "Plot"
}
] | Patient No. 1 is a 2023 Georgian feature film directed by Rezo Gigineishvili. Produced by the Georgian studio Independent Film Project. | 2023-12-07T23:07:43Z | 2023-12-16T21:10:08Z | [
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75,510,961 | 2023 Guyana Defence Force helicopter crash | On 6 December 2023, a Bell 412EP helicopter operated by the Guyana Defence Force crashed in western Guyana, killing five out of the seven on board. The crash happened about 30 miles east of Arau near the Venezuelan border. The helicopter carried senior GDF military officers, and was reportedly conducting "border operations".
The crash occurred during a political crisis between Guyana and Venezuela about the Guayana Esequiba region. The crash marked the deadliest incident in Guyana's recent military history since the Rupununi uprising in 1969.
Under the command of Col. Michael Shahoud, Commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion, the helicopter was bound for a military outpost in Arau, situated on the Venezuelan border, to survey GDF defenses in the area, bolstered as a result of the December 2023 Venezuelan Esequiba referendum. The army helicopter was piloted by Lt. Col. Michael Charles, with forty years experience.
The GDF Bell helicopter took off from Camp Ayanganna at 08:00.
At 11:00, the Bell helicopter stopped for refueling at Olive Creek airport, located in central Esequiba.
Contact was lost at 11:20, approximately 30 miles east of Arau, near a hamlet of Ekereku, in a mountainous area with dense jungle.
On 7 December, at 14:30, the crashed helicopter was found. Five of the seven on-board were found dead, with two survivors; Corporal Dwayne Jackson and Lieutenant Colonel Andio Michaeal Crawford (Special Forces Squadron).
Shahoud was of Indo-Guyanese descent. In 2018, Shahoud was promoted from Major to Lt. Colonel, as commander of the Guyana Defence Coast Guard. He was promoted to Colonel in February 2023, taking command of the 1st Infantry Battalion, one of three battalions in the GDF. On 17 November, Lt. Col. Shahoud led an induction of new soldiers into the GDF. On 24 November, as commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion, he led a Guyana Defence Force military delegation to meet senior Brazilian military officials, led by Commander of the 1st Jungle Infantry, Maj. Gen. Paulo Santa Barba, in Georgetown as part of the 26th Regional Meeting of Military Exchange between Guyana and Brazil.
Guyanese authorities ruled out a Venezuelan attack, according to Brig. Gen. Omar Khan.
The loss of the Bell 412EP helicopter had a significant impact on the Guyana Defence Force's aerial capabilities, as it represented a quarter of their helicopter fleet. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "On 6 December 2023, a Bell 412EP helicopter operated by the Guyana Defence Force crashed in western Guyana, killing five out of the seven on board. The crash happened about 30 miles east of Arau near the Venezuelan border. The helicopter carried senior GDF military officers, and was reportedly conducting \"border operations\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The crash occurred during a political crisis between Guyana and Venezuela about the Guayana Esequiba region. The crash marked the deadliest incident in Guyana's recent military history since the Rupununi uprising in 1969.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Under the command of Col. Michael Shahoud, Commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion, the helicopter was bound for a military outpost in Arau, situated on the Venezuelan border, to survey GDF defenses in the area, bolstered as a result of the December 2023 Venezuelan Esequiba referendum. The army helicopter was piloted by Lt. Col. Michael Charles, with forty years experience.",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The GDF Bell helicopter took off from Camp Ayanganna at 08:00.",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "At 11:00, the Bell helicopter stopped for refueling at Olive Creek airport, located in central Esequiba.",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Contact was lost at 11:20, approximately 30 miles east of Arau, near a hamlet of Ekereku, in a mountainous area with dense jungle.",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 7 December, at 14:30, the crashed helicopter was found. Five of the seven on-board were found dead, with two survivors; Corporal Dwayne Jackson and Lieutenant Colonel Andio Michaeal Crawford (Special Forces Squadron).",
"title": "Timeline"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Shahoud was of Indo-Guyanese descent. In 2018, Shahoud was promoted from Major to Lt. Colonel, as commander of the Guyana Defence Coast Guard. He was promoted to Colonel in February 2023, taking command of the 1st Infantry Battalion, one of three battalions in the GDF. On 17 November, Lt. Col. Shahoud led an induction of new soldiers into the GDF. On 24 November, as commander of the 1st Infantry Battalion, he led a Guyana Defence Force military delegation to meet senior Brazilian military officials, led by Commander of the 1st Jungle Infantry, Maj. Gen. Paulo Santa Barba, in Georgetown as part of the 26th Regional Meeting of Military Exchange between Guyana and Brazil.",
"title": "Fatalities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Guyanese authorities ruled out a Venezuelan attack, according to Brig. Gen. Omar Khan.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The loss of the Bell 412EP helicopter had a significant impact on the Guyana Defence Force's aerial capabilities, as it represented a quarter of their helicopter fleet.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | On 6 December 2023, a Bell 412EP helicopter operated by the Guyana Defence Force crashed in western Guyana, killing five out of the seven on board. The crash happened about 30 miles east of Arau near the Venezuelan border. The helicopter carried senior GDF military officers, and was reportedly conducting "border operations". The crash occurred during a political crisis between Guyana and Venezuela about the Guayana Esequiba region. The crash marked the deadliest incident in Guyana's recent military history since the Rupununi uprising in 1969. | 2023-12-07T23:08:57Z | 2023-12-24T20:17:33Z | [
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75,510,979 | Soccer in the Northern Territory | Soccer is a popular but predominantly amateur sport in the Northern Territory. The sport is governed by Football Northern Territory, which is a regional affiliate of Football Australia, the national governing body for the sport. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Soccer is a popular but predominantly amateur sport in the Northern Territory. The sport is governed by Football Northern Territory, which is a regional affiliate of Football Australia, the national governing body for the sport.",
"title": ""
}
] | Soccer is a popular but predominantly amateur sport in the Northern Territory. The sport is governed by Football Northern Territory, which is a regional affiliate of Football Australia, the national governing body for the sport. | 2023-12-07T23:12:51Z | 2023-12-08T04:50:09Z | [
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75,510,987 | Guizhou WS-19 | Guizhou WS-19, code name Huangshan, is an afterburner turbofan engine designed and manufactured by Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation to power China's stealth naval fighter Shenyang J-35. The engine was reportedly in serial production by March 2023. The engine thrust is 115.7 kN (26,000 lbf) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Guizhou WS-19, code name Huangshan, is an afterburner turbofan engine designed and manufactured by Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation to power China's stealth naval fighter Shenyang J-35. The engine was reportedly in serial production by March 2023. The engine thrust is 115.7 kN (26,000 lbf)",
"title": ""
}
] | Guizhou WS-19, code name Huangshan, is an afterburner turbofan engine designed and manufactured by Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation to power China's stealth naval fighter Shenyang J-35. The engine was reportedly in serial production by March 2023. The engine thrust is 115.7 kN (26,000 lbf) | 2023-12-07T23:14:00Z | 2023-12-20T02:56:18Z | [
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75,510,988 | Martín Menem | Martín Alexis Menem (born 19 April 1975) is an Argentine lawyer, businessman and politician, elected national deputy for La Rioja. He served as provincial deputy of La Rioja between 2021 and 2023. He was appointed to preside over the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies as of December 10, 2023.
Martín was born on 19 April 1975, in the Argentine province of La Rioja. Son of the former senator, Eduardo Menem and the social worker, Susana Cristina Valente. He is the nephew of former president Carlos Menem. At the age of fifteen he moved to the City of Buenos Aires.
In 1997, after studying law at the Universidad de Belgrano, he obtained his law degree. He later founded “Gentech”, a dietary supplement company.
He entered politics in 2021 with the help of La Libertad Avanza, the coalition led by Javier Milei, with whom he held a joint electoral event, this being the only one carried out by him outside the City of Buenos Aires.
He was a candidate for governor of La Rioja, in the provincial elections of May 2023. He was defeated, coming third with 14.70% of the votes, against the Peronist candidate Ricardo Quintela who obtained 52.63% of the votes.
He was elected national deputy in the 2023 legislative elections, representing La Rioja, for La Libertad Avanza (which had been founded as a provincial party in said district) with 38.01% of the votes. Although, on 7 December, he was elected as president of the Chamber of Deputies by all the parliamentary blocs, with the exception of the Left Front bloc, which abstained. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Martín Alexis Menem (born 19 April 1975) is an Argentine lawyer, businessman and politician, elected national deputy for La Rioja. He served as provincial deputy of La Rioja between 2021 and 2023. He was appointed to preside over the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies as of December 10, 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Martín was born on 19 April 1975, in the Argentine province of La Rioja. Son of the former senator, Eduardo Menem and the social worker, Susana Cristina Valente. He is the nephew of former president Carlos Menem. At the age of fifteen he moved to the City of Buenos Aires.",
"title": "Early life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1997, after studying law at the Universidad de Belgrano, he obtained his law degree. He later founded “Gentech”, a dietary supplement company.",
"title": "Early life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He entered politics in 2021 with the help of La Libertad Avanza, the coalition led by Javier Milei, with whom he held a joint electoral event, this being the only one carried out by him outside the City of Buenos Aires.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He was a candidate for governor of La Rioja, in the provincial elections of May 2023. He was defeated, coming third with 14.70% of the votes, against the Peronist candidate Ricardo Quintela who obtained 52.63% of the votes.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He was elected national deputy in the 2023 legislative elections, representing La Rioja, for La Libertad Avanza (which had been founded as a provincial party in said district) with 38.01% of the votes. Although, on 7 December, he was elected as president of the Chamber of Deputies by all the parliamentary blocs, with the exception of the Left Front bloc, which abstained.",
"title": "Political career"
}
] | Martín Alexis Menem is an Argentine lawyer, businessman and politician, elected national deputy for La Rioja. He served as provincial deputy of La Rioja between 2021 and 2023. He was appointed to preside over the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies as of December 10, 2023. | 2023-12-07T23:14:27Z | 2023-12-26T16:40:27Z | [
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75,510,990 | Ministry of Communications, Knowledge and Technology (Botswana) | The Ministry of Communications, Knowledge and Technology is a ministry within the Cabinet of Botswana. There are 6 departments of the ministry, the Radiation Protection Inspectorate, Shared Digital Sevices [sic], Technology and Commercialisation [sic], Research and Knowledge Business, Digital Communication, Infrastructure and Business, and the Digital Transformation Coordination Office. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Ministry of Communications, Knowledge and Technology is a ministry within the Cabinet of Botswana. There are 6 departments of the ministry, the Radiation Protection Inspectorate, Shared Digital Sevices [sic], Technology and Commercialisation [sic], Research and Knowledge Business, Digital Communication, Infrastructure and Business, and the Digital Transformation Coordination Office.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Ministry of Communications, Knowledge and Technology is a ministry within the Cabinet of Botswana. There are 6 departments of the ministry, the Radiation Protection Inspectorate, Shared Digital Sevices [sic], Technology and Commercialisation [sic], Research and Knowledge Business, Digital Communication, Infrastructure and Business, and the Digital Transformation Coordination Office. Thulagano Merafe Segokgo | 2023-12-07T23:14:48Z | 2023-12-08T09:37:25Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications,_Knowledge_and_Technology_(Botswana) |
75,510,994 | List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1893 | This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1893. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland.
For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.
The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number.
All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896.
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Coinage Act 1893|note1=|public|1|28-03-1893|archived=n|An Act to make further Provision for the Expenses of the Coinage Act, 1891.}}
| {{|Trade Union (Provident Funds) Act 1893|note1=|public|2|31-01-1893|archived=n|An Act to exempt from Income Tax the Invested Funds of Trade TTnions applied in payment of Provident Benefits.}}
| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 1) Act 1893|note1=|public|3|31-01-1893|archived=n|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, and one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four.}}
| {{|Army (Annual) Act 1893|note1=|public|4|29-04-1893|archived=n|An Act to provide, during twelve months, for the Discipline and Regulation of the Army.}}
| {{|Regimental Debts Act 1893|note1=renamed to Debts (Deceased Servicemen etc) Act 1893|public|5|29-04-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend the Law relating to the Payment of Regimental Debts, and the Collection and Disposal of the Effects of Officers and Soldiers in case of Death, Desertion, Insanity, and other cases.}}
| {{|Police Disabilities Removal Act 1893|note1=|public|6|12-05-1893|archived=n|An Act to remove Disabilities of Policemen with regard to their Vote in Municipal, School Board, and other Elections.}}
| {{|Customs and Inland Revenue Act 1893|note1=|public|7|12-05-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to grant certain Duties of Customs and Inland Revenue, to repeal and alter other Duties, and to amend the Law relating to Inland Revenue.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2004) }}
| {{|Local Authorities Loans (Scotland) Act 1891, Amendment Act 1893|note1=|public|8|12-05-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Local Authorities Loans (Scotland) Act, 1891.}}
| {{|Municipal Corporations Act 1893|note1=|public|9|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Municipal Corporations Act, 1882.}}
| {{|Police Act 1893|note1=|public|10|09-06-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Police Acts.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}
| {{|Public Libraries (Amendment) Act 1893|note1=|public|11|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Libraries Act, 1892.}}
| {{|Day Industrial Schools (Scotland) Act 1893|note1=|public|12|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to make provision for the establishment of Day Industrial Schools in Scotland and to amend the Education (Scotland) Acts, 1872 to 1883.}}
| {{|Cholera Hospitals (Ireland) Act 1893|public|13|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to enable sanitary authorities in Ireland to take possession of land for the erection of temporary Cholera Hospitals.}}
| {{|Statute Law Revision Act 1893|public|14|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act for further promoting the Revision of the Statute Law by repealing Enactments which have ceased to be in force or have become unnecessary.}}
| {{|Reformatory Schools (Scotland) Act 1893|public|15|09-06-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Acts relating to Reformatory Schools in Scotland.|note4=(Repealed by Reformatory Schools Act 1893) }}
| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 2) Act 1893|public|16|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four.}}
| {{|North Sea Fisheries Act 1893|public|17|29-06-1893|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to carry into effect an International Convention respecting the Liquor Traffic in the North Sea.|note4=(Repealed by Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009) }}
| {{|Treasury Chest Fund Act 1893|public|18|29-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to reduce the Limit of the Balance of the Treasury Chest Fund.}}
| {{|Weights and Measures Act 1893|public|19|29-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Weights and Measures.}}
| {{|Duchy of Cornwall Management Act 1893|public|20|29-06-1893|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to extend the Provisions of the Duchy of Cornwall Management Act, 1863, relating to the Powers of Sale and Enfranchisement, and for other purposes.|note4=(Repealed by Trustee Act 2000) }}
| {{|Voluntary Conveyances Act 1893|public|21|29-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Avoidance of Voluntary Conveyances.}}
| {{|Appeal (Formâ Pauperis) Act 1893|note1=|public|22|29-06-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, 1876, so far as regards Appeals in Formâ Pauperis.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973) }}
| {{|Seal Fishery (North Pacific) Act 1893|public|23|29-06-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for prohibiting the Catching of Seals at certain periods in Behring's Sea and other parts of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to Behring's Sea.|note4=(Repealed by Seal Fisheries (North Pacific) Act 1895) }}
| {{|Public Works Loans Act 1893|public|24|29-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to grant Money for the purpose of certain Local Loans.}}
| {{|Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1893|public|25|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892.}}
| {{|Prison (Officers' Superannuation) Act 1893|public|26|27-07-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to explain and amend certain Provisions of the Prison Act, 1877, with respect to the Superannuation of Prison Officers.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}
| {{|Land Tax Commissioners Names Act 1893|public|27|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to appoint additional Commissioners for executing the Acts for granting a Land Tax and other Rates and Taxes.}}
| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 3) Act 1893|public|28|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four.}}
| {{|Railway Regulation Act 1893|public|29|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law with respect to the Hours of Labour of Railway Servants.}}
| {{|Friendly Societies Act 1893|public|30|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Friendly Societies Act, 1875.}}
| {{|Rivers Pollution Prevention Act 1893|public|31|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to explain the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act, 1876.}}
| {{|Barbed Wire Act 1893|public|32|27-07-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to prevent the use of Barbed Wire for Fences in Roads, Streets, Lanes, and other Thoroughfares.|note4=(Repealed by Highways Act 1959) }}
| {{|Housing of the Working Classes Act 1893|public|33|24-08-1893|archived=n|An Act to remove certain doubts as to the application of Part III. of the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, to certain authorities in Ireland.}}
| {{|Improvement of Land (Scotland) Act 1893|public|34|24-08-1893|archived=n|n Act to extend the operation of the Improvement of Land Act, 1864, so far as regards Scotland.}}
| {{|Congested Districts Board (Ireland) Act 1893|public|35|24-08-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the power of the Congested Districts Board for Ireland so far as respects the Purchase and Holding of Property.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}
| {{|Law of Distress and Small Debts (Ireland) Act 1893|public|36|24-08-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law of Distress and Small Debts (Ireland) Act, 1888.}}
| {{|Liverpool Court of Passage Act 1893|public|37|24-08-1893|archived=n|An Act to better define the Jurisdiction and to improve the Procedure of the Court of Passage in the City of Liverpool, and for other purposes connected therewith.}}
| {{|Conveyance of Mails Act 1893|note1=|public|38|24-08-1893|archived=n|An Act to make further provision for the Conveyance of Her Majesty's Mails.}}
| {{|Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1893|public|39|12-09-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend the Laws relating to Industrial and Provident Societies.}}
| {{|Public Works Loans (No. 2) Act 1893|public|40|12-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to make provision for certain purposes relating to Local Loans.}}
| {{|Irish Education Act 1893|public|41|12-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Irish Education Act, 1892.}}
| {{|Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act 1893|public|42|12-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to make better Provision for the Elementary Education of Blind and Deaf Children in England and Wales.}}
| {{|Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act 1893|public|43|12-09-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to confer further powers under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts, 1878 to 1892, with respect to Swine Fever.|note4=(Repealed by Diseases of Animals Act 1894) }}
| {{|Sheriff Courts Consignations (Scotland) Act 1893|public|44|12-09-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make provision in regard to the Consignation of Money in the Sheriff Courts in Scotland.}}
| {{|Naval Defence Act 1893|public|45|12-09-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to make further provision for the completion and equipment of Ships under the Naval Defence Act, 1889* and to amend that Aet.|note4=(Repealed by Finance Act 1894) }}
| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 4) Act 1893|public|46|12-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four.}}
| {{|Public Health (London) Act 1891, Amendment Act 1893|public|47|12-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Health (London) Act, 1891, with respect to the Removal of Refuse.}}
| {{|Reformatory Schools Act 1893|public|48|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Reformatory Schools.}}
| {{|County Surveyors (Ireland) Act 1893|public|49|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Appointment of County Surveyors in Ireland.}}
| {{|Light Railways (Ireland) Act 1893|public|50|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Provisions as to Payments for Light Railways in Ireland.}}
| {{|Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893|public|51|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Elementary Education Acts with respect to the age for attendance at School.}}
| {{|Burghs Gas Supply (Scotland) Act 1893|public|52|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Burghs Gas Supply (Scotland) Act, 1876.}}
| {{|Trustee Act 1893|public|53|22-09-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate Enactments relating to Trustees.}}
| {{|Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act 1893|public|54|22-09-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for further promoting the Revision of the Statute Law by repealing Enactments which have ceased to be in force or have become unnecessary.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998) }}
| {{|Metropolis Management (Plumstead and Hackney) Act 1893|note=|public|55|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Metropolis Management Acts.}}
| {{|Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1893|note=|public|56|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law with respect to the sale of Agricultural Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.}}
| {{|Law of Commons Amendment Act 1893|note=|public|57|22-09-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Commons.}}
| {{|Companies (Winding-up) Act 1893|note=|public|58|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend Section Ten of the Companies (Winding-up) Act, 1890.}}
| {{|Expiring Laws Continuance Act 1893|note=|public|59|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to continue various Expiring Laws.}}
| {{|Appropriation Act 1893|public|60|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four, and to appropriate the Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.}}
| {{|Public Authorities Protection Act 1893|public|61|05-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to generalize and amend certain statutory provisions for the protection of persons acting in the execution of statutory and other public duties.}}
| {{|Madras and Bombay Armies Act 1893|public|62|05-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Madras and Bombay Armies.}}
| {{|Married Women's Property Act 1893|public|63|05-12-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Married Women's Property Act, 1882.}}
| {{|National Debt Redemption Act 1893|public|64|05-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to authorise the Redemption of the New Three pounds ten shillings per centum Annuities.}}
| {{|Public Works Loans (No. 3) Act 1893|public|65|05-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend certain provisions relating to Local Loans in Ireland.}}
| {{|Rules Publication Act 1893|public|66|21-12-1893|archived=n|An Act for the Publication of Statutory Rules.}}
| {{|Shop Hours Act 1893|public|67|21-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Shop Hours Act, 1892.}}
| {{|Isolation Hospitals Act 1893|public|68|21-12-1893|archived=n|An Act for enabling County Councils to promote the establishment of Hospitals for the reception of Patients suffering from Infectious Diseases.}}
| {{|Savings Bank Act 1893|public|69|21-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Savings Banks.}}
| {{|East India Loan Act 1893|note1=|public|70|21-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to enable the Secretary of State in Council of India to raise Money in the United Kingdom for the Service of the Government of India, and for other purposes relating thereto.}}
}}
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (Extension to London, &c.) Act 1893|local|1|31-01-1893|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}
| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 12) Act 1893|local|130|31-01-1893|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Manchester Order (No. 2) 1893| |po2=Manchester Order (No. 3) 1893|}}
| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 14) Act 1893|local|131|31-01-1893|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Isle of Thanet (Urban) Joint Hospital Order 1893| |po2=Keighley and Bingley Joint Hospital Order 1893|}}
| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 13) Act 1893|local|229|31-01-1893|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Carshalton Order 1893| |po2=Festiniog Order 1893| |po3=Macclesfield Order 1893| |po4=Northampton Order 1893| |po5=Ossett Order 1893| |po6=Richmond (Surrey) Order 1893| |po7=Wakefield Union Order 1893|}}
}}
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Ryland's Estate Act 1893|private|1|09-06-1893|maintained=y|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to authorise the payment under certain conditions of a Legacy bequeathed by Louisa Anne Ryland to the General Hospital Birmingham.}}
| {{|Fleming's Divorce Act 1893|note1=|personal|2|27-07-1893|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Delamere Peter Fleming, of Kingstown in the County of Dublin, Master Mariner, with Catherine Fleming, his now Wife, and to enable him to marry again, and for other purposes.}}
}} | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1893. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as \"39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67\", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus \"41 Geo. 3\" rather than \"41 Geo. III\"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as \"41 Geo. 3\". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Coinage Act 1893|note1=|public|1|28-03-1893|archived=n|An Act to make further Provision for the Expenses of the Coinage Act, 1891.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "| {{|Trade Union (Provident Funds) Act 1893|note1=|public|2|31-01-1893|archived=n|An Act to exempt from Income Tax the Invested Funds of Trade TTnions applied in payment of Provident Benefits.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 1) Act 1893|note1=|public|3|31-01-1893|archived=n|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, and one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "| {{|Army (Annual) Act 1893|note1=|public|4|29-04-1893|archived=n|An Act to provide, during twelve months, for the Discipline and Regulation of the Army.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "| {{|Regimental Debts Act 1893|note1=renamed to Debts (Deceased Servicemen etc) Act 1893|public|5|29-04-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend the Law relating to the Payment of Regimental Debts, and the Collection and Disposal of the Effects of Officers and Soldiers in case of Death, Desertion, Insanity, and other cases.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "| {{|Police Disabilities Removal Act 1893|note1=|public|6|12-05-1893|archived=n|An Act to remove Disabilities of Policemen with regard to their Vote in Municipal, School Board, and other Elections.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "| {{|Customs and Inland Revenue Act 1893|note1=|public|7|12-05-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to grant certain Duties of Customs and Inland Revenue, to repeal and alter other Duties, and to amend the Law relating to Inland Revenue.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2004) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "| {{|Local Authorities Loans (Scotland) Act 1891, Amendment Act 1893|note1=|public|8|12-05-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Local Authorities Loans (Scotland) Act, 1891.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "| {{|Municipal Corporations Act 1893|note1=|public|9|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Municipal Corporations Act, 1882.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "| {{|Police Act 1893|note1=|public|10|09-06-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Police Acts.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "| {{|Public Libraries (Amendment) Act 1893|note1=|public|11|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Libraries Act, 1892.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "| {{|Day Industrial Schools (Scotland) Act 1893|note1=|public|12|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to make provision for the establishment of Day Industrial Schools in Scotland and to amend the Education (Scotland) Acts, 1872 to 1883.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "| {{|Cholera Hospitals (Ireland) Act 1893|public|13|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to enable sanitary authorities in Ireland to take possession of land for the erection of temporary Cholera Hospitals.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "| {{|Statute Law Revision Act 1893|public|14|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act for further promoting the Revision of the Statute Law by repealing Enactments which have ceased to be in force or have become unnecessary.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "| {{|Reformatory Schools (Scotland) Act 1893|public|15|09-06-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Acts relating to Reformatory Schools in Scotland.|note4=(Repealed by Reformatory Schools Act 1893) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 2) Act 1893|public|16|09-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "| {{|North Sea Fisheries Act 1893|public|17|29-06-1893|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to carry into effect an International Convention respecting the Liquor Traffic in the North Sea.|note4=(Repealed by Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "| {{|Treasury Chest Fund Act 1893|public|18|29-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to reduce the Limit of the Balance of the Treasury Chest Fund.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "| {{|Weights and Measures Act 1893|public|19|29-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Weights and Measures.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "| {{|Duchy of Cornwall Management Act 1893|public|20|29-06-1893|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to extend the Provisions of the Duchy of Cornwall Management Act, 1863, relating to the Powers of Sale and Enfranchisement, and for other purposes.|note4=(Repealed by Trustee Act 2000) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "| {{|Voluntary Conveyances Act 1893|public|21|29-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Avoidance of Voluntary Conveyances.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "| {{|Appeal (Formâ Pauperis) Act 1893|note1=|public|22|29-06-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, 1876, so far as regards Appeals in Formâ Pauperis.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "| {{|Seal Fishery (North Pacific) Act 1893|public|23|29-06-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for prohibiting the Catching of Seals at certain periods in Behring's Sea and other parts of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to Behring's Sea.|note4=(Repealed by Seal Fisheries (North Pacific) Act 1895) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "| {{|Public Works Loans Act 1893|public|24|29-06-1893|archived=n|An Act to grant Money for the purpose of certain Local Loans.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "| {{|Burgh Police (Scotland) Act 1893|public|25|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "| {{|Prison (Officers' Superannuation) Act 1893|public|26|27-07-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to explain and amend certain Provisions of the Prison Act, 1877, with respect to the Superannuation of Prison Officers.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "| {{|Land Tax Commissioners Names Act 1893|public|27|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to appoint additional Commissioners for executing the Acts for granting a Land Tax and other Rates and Taxes.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 3) Act 1893|public|28|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "| {{|Railway Regulation Act 1893|public|29|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law with respect to the Hours of Labour of Railway Servants.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "| {{|Friendly Societies Act 1893|public|30|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Friendly Societies Act, 1875.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "| {{|Rivers Pollution Prevention Act 1893|public|31|27-07-1893|archived=n|An Act to explain the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act, 1876.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "| {{|Barbed Wire Act 1893|public|32|27-07-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to prevent the use of Barbed Wire for Fences in Roads, Streets, Lanes, and other Thoroughfares.|note4=(Repealed by Highways Act 1959) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "| {{|Housing of the Working Classes Act 1893|public|33|24-08-1893|archived=n|An Act to remove certain doubts as to the application of Part III. of the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, to certain authorities in Ireland.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "| {{|Improvement of Land (Scotland) Act 1893|public|34|24-08-1893|archived=n|n Act to extend the operation of the Improvement of Land Act, 1864, so far as regards Scotland.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "| {{|Congested Districts Board (Ireland) Act 1893|public|35|24-08-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the power of the Congested Districts Board for Ireland so far as respects the Purchase and Holding of Property.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "| {{|Law of Distress and Small Debts (Ireland) Act 1893|public|36|24-08-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law of Distress and Small Debts (Ireland) Act, 1888.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "| {{|Liverpool Court of Passage Act 1893|public|37|24-08-1893|archived=n|An Act to better define the Jurisdiction and to improve the Procedure of the Court of Passage in the City of Liverpool, and for other purposes connected therewith.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "| {{|Conveyance of Mails Act 1893|note1=|public|38|24-08-1893|archived=n|An Act to make further provision for the Conveyance of Her Majesty's Mails.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "| {{|Industrial and Provident Societies Act 1893|public|39|12-09-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend the Laws relating to Industrial and Provident Societies.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "| {{|Public Works Loans (No. 2) Act 1893|public|40|12-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to make provision for certain purposes relating to Local Loans.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "| {{|Irish Education Act 1893|public|41|12-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Irish Education Act, 1892.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "| {{|Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act 1893|public|42|12-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to make better Provision for the Elementary Education of Blind and Deaf Children in England and Wales.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "| {{|Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act 1893|public|43|12-09-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to confer further powers under the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts, 1878 to 1892, with respect to Swine Fever.|note4=(Repealed by Diseases of Animals Act 1894) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "| {{|Sheriff Courts Consignations (Scotland) Act 1893|public|44|12-09-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make provision in regard to the Consignation of Money in the Sheriff Courts in Scotland.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "| {{|Naval Defence Act 1893|public|45|12-09-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to make further provision for the completion and equipment of Ships under the Naval Defence Act, 1889* and to amend that Aet.|note4=(Repealed by Finance Act 1894) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 4) Act 1893|public|46|12-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "| {{|Public Health (London) Act 1891, Amendment Act 1893|public|47|12-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Health (London) Act, 1891, with respect to the Removal of Refuse.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "| {{|Reformatory Schools Act 1893|public|48|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Reformatory Schools.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "| {{|County Surveyors (Ireland) Act 1893|public|49|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Appointment of County Surveyors in Ireland.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "| {{|Light Railways (Ireland) Act 1893|public|50|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Provisions as to Payments for Light Railways in Ireland.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "| {{|Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893|public|51|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Elementary Education Acts with respect to the age for attendance at School.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "| {{|Burghs Gas Supply (Scotland) Act 1893|public|52|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Burghs Gas Supply (Scotland) Act, 1876.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "| {{|Trustee Act 1893|public|53|22-09-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate Enactments relating to Trustees.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"text": "| {{|Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act 1893|public|54|22-09-1893|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act for further promoting the Revision of the Statute Law by repealing Enactments which have ceased to be in force or have become unnecessary.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1998) }}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"text": "| {{|Metropolis Management (Plumstead and Hackney) Act 1893|note=|public|55|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Metropolis Management Acts.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"text": "| {{|Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1893|note=|public|56|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law with respect to the sale of Agricultural Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"text": "| {{|Law of Commons Amendment Act 1893|note=|public|57|22-09-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Commons.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"text": "| {{|Companies (Winding-up) Act 1893|note=|public|58|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend Section Ten of the Companies (Winding-up) Act, 1890.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"text": "| {{|Expiring Laws Continuance Act 1893|note=|public|59|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to continue various Expiring Laws.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"text": "| {{|Appropriation Act 1893|public|60|22-09-1893|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-four, and to appropriate the Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"text": "| {{|Public Authorities Protection Act 1893|public|61|05-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to generalize and amend certain statutory provisions for the protection of persons acting in the execution of statutory and other public duties.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"text": "| {{|Madras and Bombay Armies Act 1893|public|62|05-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Madras and Bombay Armies.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"text": "| {{|Married Women's Property Act 1893|public|63|05-12-1893|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Married Women's Property Act, 1882.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"text": "| {{|National Debt Redemption Act 1893|public|64|05-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to authorise the Redemption of the New Three pounds ten shillings per centum Annuities.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"text": "| {{|Public Works Loans (No. 3) Act 1893|public|65|05-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend certain provisions relating to Local Loans in Ireland.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"text": "| {{|Rules Publication Act 1893|public|66|21-12-1893|archived=n|An Act for the Publication of Statutory Rules.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"text": "| {{|Shop Hours Act 1893|public|67|21-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Shop Hours Act, 1892.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"text": "| {{|Isolation Hospitals Act 1893|public|68|21-12-1893|archived=n|An Act for enabling County Councils to promote the establishment of Hospitals for the reception of Patients suffering from Infectious Diseases.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"text": "| {{|Savings Bank Act 1893|public|69|21-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Savings Banks.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"text": "| {{|East India Loan Act 1893|note1=|public|70|21-12-1893|archived=n|An Act to enable the Secretary of State in Council of India to raise Money in the United Kingdom for the Service of the Government of India, and for other purposes relating thereto.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"text": "}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (Extension to London, &c.) Act 1893|local|1|31-01-1893|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"text": "| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 12) Act 1893|local|130|31-01-1893|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Manchester Order (No. 2) 1893| |po2=Manchester Order (No. 3) 1893|}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"text": "| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 14) Act 1893|local|131|31-01-1893|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Isle of Thanet (Urban) Joint Hospital Order 1893| |po2=Keighley and Bingley Joint Hospital Order 1893|}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"text": "| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 13) Act 1893|local|229|31-01-1893|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Carshalton Order 1893| |po2=Festiniog Order 1893| |po3=Macclesfield Order 1893| |po4=Northampton Order 1893| |po5=Ossett Order 1893| |po6=Richmond (Surrey) Order 1893| |po7=Wakefield Union Order 1893|}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"text": "}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Ryland's Estate Act 1893|private|1|09-06-1893|maintained=y|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to authorise the payment under certain conditions of a Legacy bequeathed by Louisa Anne Ryland to the General Hospital Birmingham.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"text": "| {{|Fleming's Divorce Act 1893|note1=|personal|2|27-07-1893|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to dissolve the Marriage of Delamere Peter Fleming, of Kingstown in the County of Dublin, Master Mariner, with Catherine Fleming, his now Wife, and to enable him to marry again, and for other purposes.}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"text": "}}",
"title": "56 & 57 Vict."
}
] | This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1893. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland. For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland. The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations. Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number. All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896. | 2023-12-07T23:15:04Z | 2023-12-11T11:33:36Z | [
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75,510,996 | Mattéo Baud | Mattéo Baud (born 26 June 2022) is a French nordic combined skier. He competed in the individual NH, individual LH and team LH events at the 2022 Winter Olympics. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mattéo Baud (born 26 June 2022) is a French nordic combined skier. He competed in the individual NH, individual LH and team LH events at the 2022 Winter Olympics.",
"title": ""
}
] | Mattéo Baud is a French nordic combined skier. He competed in the individual NH, individual LH and team LH events at the 2022 Winter Olympics. | 2023-12-07T23:15:22Z | 2023-12-18T13:38:32Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%C3%A9o_Baud |
75,510,998 | List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1891 | This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1891. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland.
For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.
The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus "41 Geo. 3" rather than "41 Geo. III"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number.
All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896.
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Custody of Children Act 1891|public|3|26-03-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Custody of Children.}}
| {{|Technical Instruction Act 1891|public|4|26-03-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Technical Instruction.}}
| {{|Army (Annual) Act 1891|public|5|26-03-1891|archived=n|An Act to provide, during twelve months, for the Discipline and Regulation of the Army.}}
| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 1) Act 1891|public|6|26-03-1891|archived=n|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, and one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two.}}
| {{|Seed Potatoes Supply (Ireland) Act 1891|public|7|26-03-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Seed Potatoes Supply (Ireland) Act, 1890.}}
| {{|Tithe Act 1891|note1=|public|8|26-03-1891|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make better provision for the Recovery of Tithe Rentcharge in England and Wales.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1993) }}
| {{|Registration of Certain Writs (Scotland) Act 1891|public|9|11-05-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make provisions in regard to the registration of certain writs in the divisions of the General Register of Sasines for Scotland.}}
| {{|Middlesex Registry Act 1891|public|10|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to make temporary Provision for the business of the Middlesex Registry of Deeds.}}
| {{|Electoral Disabilities Removal Act 1891|public|11|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to remove certain Disabilities of Persons by reason of absence to be registered as Voters at Parliamentary and Local Elections.}}
| {{|Railway and Canal Traffic (Provisional Orders) Amendment Act 1891|public|12|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to remove doubts as to the Powers of Public Bodies in reference to Provisional Order Bills under the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888.}}
| {{|Taxes (Regulation of Remuneration) Act 1891|public|13|11-05-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to regulate the Remuneration payable to Clerks to Commissioners of Income Tax and Inhabited House Duties, and to Assessors and Collectors thereof.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973) }}
| {{|Supreme Court of Judicature (London Causes) Act 1891|public|14|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to provide for the Trial of Civil Causes in the City of London.}}
| {{|Merchandise Marks Act 1891|note1=|public|15|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Merchandise Marks Act, 1887.}}
| {{|Army Schools Act 1891|public|16|11-05-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to extend to Army Schools the benefit of certain Educational Endowments.}}
| {{|Charitable Trusts (Recovery) Act 1891|public|17|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the Recovery of Rentcharges and other Payments owing to Charities.}}
| {{|Registration of Electors Act 1891|public|18|11-06-1891|archived=n|An Act for the removing of Doubts arising under the Registration of Electors Acts.}}
| {{|Seal Fishery (Behring's Sea) Act 1891|public|19|11-06-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to enable Her Majesty, by Order in Council, to make Special Provision for prohibiting the Catching of Seals in Behring’s Sea by Her Majesty’s Subjects during the Period named in the Order.|note4=(Repealed by Seal Fishery (North Pacific) Act 1893) }}
| {{|Pollen Fisheries (Ireland) Act 1891|public|20|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act for the better Preservation of the Pollen Fisheries in Ireland.}}
| {{|Savings Banks Act 1891|note1=|public|21|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Savings Banks.}}
| {{|Museums and Gymnasiums Act 1891|public|22|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to enable Urban Authorities to provide and maintain Museums and Gymnasiums.}}
| {{|Reformatory and Industrial Schools Act 1891|public|23|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to assist the Managers of Reformatory and Industrial Schools in advantageously launching into useful Careers the Children under their Charge.}}
| {{|Public Accounts and Charges Act 1891|note1=|public|24|03-07-1891|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend certain provisions of the Law with respect to Money charged on or payable out of the Consolidated Fund, and with respect to Public Accounts.|note4=(Repealed by Commissioners for Revenue and Customs Act 2005) }}
| {{|Customs and Inland Revenue Act 1891|public|25|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to grant certain Duties of Customs and Inland Revenue and to amend the Law relating to Customs and Inland Revenue.}}
| {{|Russian Dutch Loan Act 1891|public|26|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to make provision for paying off the British portion of the Russian Dutch Loan.}}
| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 2) Act 1891|public|27|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to apply the sum of fifteen million nine hundred and thirty thousand and two pounds out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two.}}
| {{|Branding of Herrings (Northumberland) Act 1891|public|28|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law respecting the Branding of Herrings on the Coast of Northumberland.}}
| {{|Presumption of Life Limitation (Scotland) Act 1891|public|29|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law of Scotland as regards Presumption of Life.}}
| {{|Law Agents and Notaries Public (Scotland) Act 1891|public|30|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Law Agents and Notaries Public practising in Scotland.}}
| {{|Mail Ships Act 1891|note1=|public|31|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to enable Her Majesty in Council to carry into effect Conventions which may be made with Foreign Countries respecting Ships engaged in Postal Service.}}
| {{|Roads and Streets in Police Burghs (Scotland) Act 1891|public|32|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Roads and Streets in Police Burghs in Scotland.}}
| {{|Allotments Rating Exemption Act 1891|public|33|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Laws relating to the Rating of Allotments for Sanitary purposes.}}
| {{|Local Authorities Loans (Scotland) Act 1891|public|34|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to provide increased Facilities for the raising of Money by Local Authorities in Scotland by the issue of Debentures, Stock, or otherwise.}}
| {{|Bills of Sale Act 1891|public|35|21-07-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Bills of Sale Act 1890.}}
| {{|Consular Salaries and Fees Act 1891|public|36|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Salaries and Fees of Consular Officers.}}
| {{|Fisheries Act 1891|note1=|public|37|21-07-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to carry into effect an International Declaration respecting the North Sea Fisheries, and to amend the Law relating to Sea Fisheries and Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries.}}
| {{|Stamp Duties Management Act 1891|public|38|21-07-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate the Law relating to the Management of Stamp Duties.}}
| {{|Stamp Act 1891|public|39|21-07-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate the Enactments granting and relating to the Stamp Duties upon Instruments and certain other enactments relating to Stamp Duties.}}
| {{|Brine Pumping (Compensation for Subsidence) Act 1891|public|40|28-07-1891|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to provide Compensation for Owners of Property-suffering through the Subsidence of the Ground caused by the pumping of Brine.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1995) }}
| {{|Crofters Common Grazings Regulation Act 1891|public|41|28-07-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to regulate Crofters Common Grazings in Scotland.}}
| {{|Tramways (Ireland) Amendment Act 1891|note1=|public|42|28-07-1891|archived=n|An Act further to amend the Tramways (Ireland) Act, 1860.}}
| {{|Forged Transfers Act 1891|note1=|public|43|05-08-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act for preserving Purchasers of Stock from Losses by Forged Transfers.}}
| {{|Trusts (Scotland) Amendment Act 1891|public|44|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law of Trusts in Scotland.}}
| {{|Turbary (Ireland) Act 1891|note1=|public|45|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to provide for and regulate the user by purchasing tenants of Rights of Turbary.}}
| {{|Post Office Act 1891|public|46|05-08-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Post Office Acts and to make provision for the Service of the Post Office.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}
| {{|Metalliferous Mines (Isle of Man) Act 1891|public|47|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Metalliferous Mines Regulation Act, 1872, in its application to the Isle of Man.}}
| {{|Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1891|note1=|public|48|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to provide further Funds for the Purchase of Land in Ireland, and to make permanent the Land Commission; and to provide for the Improvement of the Congested Districts in Ireland.}}
| {{|Returning Officers (Scotland) Act 1891|public|49|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to regulate the Charges of Returning Officers at Parliamentary Elections in Scotland.}}
| {{|Commissioners for Oaths Act 1891|note1=|public|50|05-08-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Commissioners for Oaths Act 1889.}}
| {{|Slander of Women Act 1891|public|51|05-08-1891|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Slander of Women.|note4=(Repealed by Defamation Act 2013 (England and Wales) and Defamation Act (Northern Ireland) 2022) }}
| {{|Public Health (Scotland) Amendment Act 1891|public|52|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Health (Scotland) Acts.}}
| {{|Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1891|public|53|05-08-1891|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts.|note4=(Repealed by Constitutional Reform Act 2005) }}
| {{|Ranges Act 1891|public|54|05-08-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the Acquisition of Ranges by Volunteer Corps and others.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}
| {{|Appropriation Act 1891|public|55|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, and to appropriate the Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.}}
| {{|Elementary Education Act 1891|public|56|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to make further provision for assisting Education in Public Elementary Schools in England and Wales.}}
| {{|Redemption of Rent (Ireland) Act 1891|public|57|05-08-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for the Redemption of Rent by long Leaseholders and others.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}
| {{|Western Highlands and Islands (Scotland) Works Act 1891|public|58|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to make provisions in regard to the Construction and Maintenance of certain Works of public and local utility in the Western Highlands and Islands of Scotland.}}
| {{|Public Works Loans Act 1891|public|59|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to grant Money for the purpose of certain Local Loans, and for other purposes relating to Local Loans.}}
| {{|Expiring Laws Continuance Act 1891|public|60|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to continue various Expiring Laws.}}
| {{|Schools for Science and Art Act 1891|public|61|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the transfer of Schools for Science and Art to Local Authorities.}}
| {{|London County Council (Money) Act 1891|public|62|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to further amend the Acts relating to the raising of Money by the London County Council, and for other purposes.}}
| {{|Highways and Bridges Act 1891|public|63|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to confer further powers on County Councils and other Authorities with respect to Main Roads and other Highways and Bridges.}}
| {{|Land Registry (Middlesex Deeds) Act 1891|public|64|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to transfer the Middlesex Registry of Deeds to the Land Registry, and provide for the conduct of the business thereof.}}
| {{|Lunacy Act 1891|public|65|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Lunacy Act, 1890.}}
| {{|Local Registration of Title (Ireland) Act 1891|note1=also known in Ireland as the Registration of Title Act 1891|public|66|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to establish Local Registries of Titles to Land in Ireland.}}
| {{|Statute Law Revision Act 1891|public|67|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act for further promoting the Revision of the Statute Law by repealing Enactments which have ceased to be in force or have become unnecessary.}}
| {{|County Councils (Elections) Act 1891|public|68|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to alter the Date of holding County Council Elections, and to remove Doubts respecting the Holding of such Elections.}}
| {{|Penal Servitude Act 1891|public|69|05-08-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Penal Servitude and the Prevention of Crime.}}
| {{|Markets and Fairs (Weighing of Cattle) Act 1891|public|70|05-08-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Markets and Fairs (Weighing of Cattle) Act 1887.}}
| {{|Labourers (Ireland) Act 1891|public|71|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Labourers, Ireland, Acts.}}
| {{|Coinage Act 1891|public|72|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Coinage Act, 1870.}}
| {{|Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act 1891|public|73|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act, 1888, and the Law relating to Mortmain and Charitable Uses.}}
| {{|Foreign Marriage Act 1891|public|74|05-08-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend and explain the Foreign Marriage Acts.|note4=(Repealed by Foreign Marriage Act 1892) }}
| {{|Factory and Workshop Act 1891|public|75|05-08-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Factories and Workshops.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}
| {{|Public Health (London) Act 1891|public|76|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend the Laws relating to Public Health in London.}}
}}
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Tramways Orders in Council (Ireland)(Athenry and Tuam Extension to Claremorris Railway) Confirmation Act 1891|local|1|25-11-1890|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Athenry and Tuam Extension to Claremorris Railway Order 1891|}}
| {{|City of Glasgow Act 1891|local|130|25-11-1890|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}
| {{|South Hampshire Railway and Pier Act 1891|local|131|25-11-1890|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}
| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 15) Act 1891|local|223|25-11-1890|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Borough of Burslem Order 1891| |po2=Borough of Middleton Order 1891| |po3=Borough of Morley Order 1891|}}
}}
{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Flowers Estate Act 1891|private|1|28-07-1891|maintained=y|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Trustees of the Will of Philip William Flower deceased to postpone the sale and conversion of certain Real Estates held on the trusts of his Will and give them powers with reference thereto.}}
| {{|Walker's Estate Act 1891|private|2|05-08-1891|maintained=y|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to confer powers on the Executors and Trustees of the Will of the late Thomas Andrew Walker in relation to his real and personal estate and various contracts entered into by him for the execution of public works.}}
}} | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1891. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as \"39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67\", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations (thus \"41 Geo. 3\" rather than \"41 Geo. III\"). Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as \"41 Geo. 3\". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Custody of Children Act 1891|public|3|26-03-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Custody of Children.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "| {{|Technical Instruction Act 1891|public|4|26-03-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Technical Instruction.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "| {{|Army (Annual) Act 1891|public|5|26-03-1891|archived=n|An Act to provide, during twelve months, for the Discipline and Regulation of the Army.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 1) Act 1891|public|6|26-03-1891|archived=n|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, and one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "| {{|Seed Potatoes Supply (Ireland) Act 1891|public|7|26-03-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Seed Potatoes Supply (Ireland) Act, 1890.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "| {{|Tithe Act 1891|note1=|public|8|26-03-1891|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make better provision for the Recovery of Tithe Rentcharge in England and Wales.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1993) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "| {{|Registration of Certain Writs (Scotland) Act 1891|public|9|11-05-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to make provisions in regard to the registration of certain writs in the divisions of the General Register of Sasines for Scotland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "| {{|Middlesex Registry Act 1891|public|10|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to make temporary Provision for the business of the Middlesex Registry of Deeds.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "| {{|Electoral Disabilities Removal Act 1891|public|11|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to remove certain Disabilities of Persons by reason of absence to be registered as Voters at Parliamentary and Local Elections.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "| {{|Railway and Canal Traffic (Provisional Orders) Amendment Act 1891|public|12|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to remove doubts as to the Powers of Public Bodies in reference to Provisional Order Bills under the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1888.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "| {{|Taxes (Regulation of Remuneration) Act 1891|public|13|11-05-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to regulate the Remuneration payable to Clerks to Commissioners of Income Tax and Inhabited House Duties, and to Assessors and Collectors thereof.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1973) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "| {{|Supreme Court of Judicature (London Causes) Act 1891|public|14|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to provide for the Trial of Civil Causes in the City of London.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "| {{|Merchandise Marks Act 1891|note1=|public|15|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Merchandise Marks Act, 1887.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "| {{|Army Schools Act 1891|public|16|11-05-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to extend to Army Schools the benefit of certain Educational Endowments.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "| {{|Charitable Trusts (Recovery) Act 1891|public|17|11-05-1891|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the Recovery of Rentcharges and other Payments owing to Charities.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "| {{|Registration of Electors Act 1891|public|18|11-06-1891|archived=n|An Act for the removing of Doubts arising under the Registration of Electors Acts.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "| {{|Seal Fishery (Behring's Sea) Act 1891|public|19|11-06-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to enable Her Majesty, by Order in Council, to make Special Provision for prohibiting the Catching of Seals in Behring’s Sea by Her Majesty’s Subjects during the Period named in the Order.|note4=(Repealed by Seal Fishery (North Pacific) Act 1893) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "| {{|Pollen Fisheries (Ireland) Act 1891|public|20|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act for the better Preservation of the Pollen Fisheries in Ireland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "| {{|Savings Banks Act 1891|note1=|public|21|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Savings Banks.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "| {{|Museums and Gymnasiums Act 1891|public|22|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to enable Urban Authorities to provide and maintain Museums and Gymnasiums.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "| {{|Reformatory and Industrial Schools Act 1891|public|23|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to assist the Managers of Reformatory and Industrial Schools in advantageously launching into useful Careers the Children under their Charge.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "| {{|Public Accounts and Charges Act 1891|note1=|public|24|03-07-1891|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend certain provisions of the Law with respect to Money charged on or payable out of the Consolidated Fund, and with respect to Public Accounts.|note4=(Repealed by Commissioners for Revenue and Customs Act 2005) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "| {{|Customs and Inland Revenue Act 1891|public|25|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to grant certain Duties of Customs and Inland Revenue and to amend the Law relating to Customs and Inland Revenue.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "| {{|Russian Dutch Loan Act 1891|public|26|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to make provision for paying off the British portion of the Russian Dutch Loan.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "| {{|Consolidated Fund (No. 2) Act 1891|public|27|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to apply the sum of fifteen million nine hundred and thirty thousand and two pounds out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "| {{|Branding of Herrings (Northumberland) Act 1891|public|28|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law respecting the Branding of Herrings on the Coast of Northumberland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "| {{|Presumption of Life Limitation (Scotland) Act 1891|public|29|03-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law of Scotland as regards Presumption of Life.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "| {{|Law Agents and Notaries Public (Scotland) Act 1891|public|30|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Law Agents and Notaries Public practising in Scotland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "| {{|Mail Ships Act 1891|note1=|public|31|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to enable Her Majesty in Council to carry into effect Conventions which may be made with Foreign Countries respecting Ships engaged in Postal Service.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "| {{|Roads and Streets in Police Burghs (Scotland) Act 1891|public|32|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Roads and Streets in Police Burghs in Scotland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "| {{|Allotments Rating Exemption Act 1891|public|33|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Laws relating to the Rating of Allotments for Sanitary purposes.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "| {{|Local Authorities Loans (Scotland) Act 1891|public|34|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to provide increased Facilities for the raising of Money by Local Authorities in Scotland by the issue of Debentures, Stock, or otherwise.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "| {{|Bills of Sale Act 1891|public|35|21-07-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Bills of Sale Act 1890.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "| {{|Consular Salaries and Fees Act 1891|public|36|21-07-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Salaries and Fees of Consular Officers.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "| {{|Fisheries Act 1891|note1=|public|37|21-07-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to carry into effect an International Declaration respecting the North Sea Fisheries, and to amend the Law relating to Sea Fisheries and Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "| {{|Stamp Duties Management Act 1891|public|38|21-07-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate the Law relating to the Management of Stamp Duties.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "| {{|Stamp Act 1891|public|39|21-07-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to consolidate the Enactments granting and relating to the Stamp Duties upon Instruments and certain other enactments relating to Stamp Duties.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "| {{|Brine Pumping (Compensation for Subsidence) Act 1891|public|40|28-07-1891|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to provide Compensation for Owners of Property-suffering through the Subsidence of the Ground caused by the pumping of Brine.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1995) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "| {{|Crofters Common Grazings Regulation Act 1891|public|41|28-07-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to regulate Crofters Common Grazings in Scotland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "| {{|Tramways (Ireland) Amendment Act 1891|note1=|public|42|28-07-1891|archived=n|An Act further to amend the Tramways (Ireland) Act, 1860.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "| {{|Forged Transfers Act 1891|note1=|public|43|05-08-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act for preserving Purchasers of Stock from Losses by Forged Transfers.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "| {{|Trusts (Scotland) Amendment Act 1891|public|44|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law of Trusts in Scotland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "| {{|Turbary (Ireland) Act 1891|note1=|public|45|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to provide for and regulate the user by purchasing tenants of Rights of Turbary.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "| {{|Post Office Act 1891|public|46|05-08-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Post Office Acts and to make provision for the Service of the Post Office.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "| {{|Metalliferous Mines (Isle of Man) Act 1891|public|47|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Metalliferous Mines Regulation Act, 1872, in its application to the Isle of Man.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "| {{|Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1891|note1=|public|48|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to provide further Funds for the Purchase of Land in Ireland, and to make permanent the Land Commission; and to provide for the Improvement of the Congested Districts in Ireland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "| {{|Returning Officers (Scotland) Act 1891|public|49|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to regulate the Charges of Returning Officers at Parliamentary Elections in Scotland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "| {{|Commissioners for Oaths Act 1891|note1=|public|50|05-08-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Commissioners for Oaths Act 1889.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "| {{|Slander of Women Act 1891|public|51|05-08-1891|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to the Slander of Women.|note4=(Repealed by Defamation Act 2013 (England and Wales) and Defamation Act (Northern Ireland) 2022) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "| {{|Public Health (Scotland) Amendment Act 1891|public|52|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Public Health (Scotland) Acts.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "| {{|Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1891|public|53|05-08-1891|repealed=y|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts.|note4=(Repealed by Constitutional Reform Act 2005) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "| {{|Ranges Act 1891|public|54|05-08-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the Acquisition of Ranges by Volunteer Corps and others.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "| {{|Appropriation Act 1891|public|55|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety-two, and to appropriate the Supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"text": "| {{|Elementary Education Act 1891|public|56|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to make further provision for assisting Education in Public Elementary Schools in England and Wales.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"text": "| {{|Redemption of Rent (Ireland) Act 1891|public|57|05-08-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to provide for the Redemption of Rent by long Leaseholders and others.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"text": "| {{|Western Highlands and Islands (Scotland) Works Act 1891|public|58|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to make provisions in regard to the Construction and Maintenance of certain Works of public and local utility in the Western Highlands and Islands of Scotland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"text": "| {{|Public Works Loans Act 1891|public|59|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to grant Money for the purpose of certain Local Loans, and for other purposes relating to Local Loans.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"text": "| {{|Expiring Laws Continuance Act 1891|public|60|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to continue various Expiring Laws.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"text": "| {{|Schools for Science and Art Act 1891|public|61|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to facilitate the transfer of Schools for Science and Art to Local Authorities.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"text": "| {{|London County Council (Money) Act 1891|public|62|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to further amend the Acts relating to the raising of Money by the London County Council, and for other purposes.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"text": "| {{|Highways and Bridges Act 1891|public|63|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to confer further powers on County Councils and other Authorities with respect to Main Roads and other Highways and Bridges.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"text": "| {{|Land Registry (Middlesex Deeds) Act 1891|public|64|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to transfer the Middlesex Registry of Deeds to the Land Registry, and provide for the conduct of the business thereof.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"text": "| {{|Lunacy Act 1891|public|65|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Lunacy Act, 1890.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"text": "| {{|Local Registration of Title (Ireland) Act 1891|note1=also known in Ireland as the Registration of Title Act 1891|public|66|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to establish Local Registries of Titles to Land in Ireland.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"text": "| {{|Statute Law Revision Act 1891|public|67|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act for further promoting the Revision of the Statute Law by repealing Enactments which have ceased to be in force or have become unnecessary.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"text": "| {{|County Councils (Elections) Act 1891|public|68|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to alter the Date of holding County Council Elections, and to remove Doubts respecting the Holding of such Elections.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"text": "| {{|Penal Servitude Act 1891|public|69|05-08-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Penal Servitude and the Prevention of Crime.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"text": "| {{|Markets and Fairs (Weighing of Cattle) Act 1891|public|70|05-08-1891|repealed=n|maintained=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Markets and Fairs (Weighing of Cattle) Act 1887.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"text": "| {{|Labourers (Ireland) Act 1891|public|71|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Labourers, Ireland, Acts.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"text": "| {{|Coinage Act 1891|public|72|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Coinage Act, 1870.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"text": "| {{|Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act 1891|public|73|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to amend the Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act, 1888, and the Law relating to Mortmain and Charitable Uses.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"text": "| {{|Foreign Marriage Act 1891|public|74|05-08-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend and explain the Foreign Marriage Acts.|note4=(Repealed by Foreign Marriage Act 1892) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"text": "| {{|Factory and Workshop Act 1891|public|75|05-08-1891|repealed=y|archived=n|An Act to amend the Law relating to Factories and Workshops.|note4=(Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1950) }}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"text": "| {{|Public Health (London) Act 1891|public|76|05-08-1891|archived=n|An Act to consolidate and amend the Laws relating to Public Health in London.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"text": "}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Tramways Orders in Council (Ireland)(Athenry and Tuam Extension to Claremorris Railway) Confirmation Act 1891|local|1|25-11-1890|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Athenry and Tuam Extension to Claremorris Railway Order 1891|}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"text": "| {{|City of Glasgow Act 1891|local|130|25-11-1890|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"text": "| {{|South Hampshire Railway and Pier Act 1891|local|131|25-11-1890|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n|}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"text": "| {{|Local Government Board's Provisional Orders Confirmation (No. 15) Act 1891|local|223|25-11-1890|note3=|repealed=n|archived=n||po1=Borough of Burslem Order 1891| |po2=Borough of Middleton Order 1891| |po3=Borough of Morley Order 1891|}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"text": "}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"text": "{{legislationuk|act |- | {{|Flowers Estate Act 1891|private|1|28-07-1891|maintained=y|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to enable the Trustees of the Will of Philip William Flower deceased to postpone the sale and conversion of certain Real Estates held on the trusts of his Will and give them powers with reference thereto.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"text": "| {{|Walker's Estate Act 1891|private|2|05-08-1891|maintained=y|repealed=n|archived=n|An Act to confer powers on the Executors and Trustees of the Will of the late Thomas Andrew Walker in relation to his real and personal estate and various contracts entered into by him for the execution of public works.}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"text": "}}",
"title": "54 & 55 Vict."
}
] | This is an incomplete list of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the year 1891. Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland). For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland. For acts passed from 1707 to 1800, see the list of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain. See also the list of acts of the Parliament of Ireland. For acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom, see the list of acts of the Scottish Parliament, the list of acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the list of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru; see also the list of acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland. The number shown after each act's title is its chapter number. Acts passed before 1963 are cited using this number, preceded by the year(s) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as "39 & 40 Geo. 3 c. 67", meaning the 67th act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign. Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations. Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as "41 Geo. 3". Acts passed from 1963 onwards are simply cited by calendar year and chapter number. All modern acts have a short title, e.g. the Local Government Act 2003. Some earlier acts also have a short title given to them by later acts, such as by the Short Titles Act 1896. | 2023-12-07T23:15:31Z | 2023-12-11T11:29:31Z | [
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75,511,015 | Salahuddin Noman Chowdhury | Salahuddin Noman Chowdhury is a Bangladeshi diplomat and ambassador of Bangladesh to Nepal. He is the former Deputy High Commissioner of Bangladesh to India.
Chowdhury was born on 29 August 1969 in Dhaka, East Pakistan, Pakistan. He did his undergrad in cvi engineering from the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in 1993.
Chowdhury worked in the private sector after his graduation before joining the foreign service branch of the Bangladesh Civil Service in 1998. He worked at the Admin and United Nations Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 2002 to 2005, he was second and first secretary the High Commission of Bangladesh in Pakistan.
From 2005 to 2007, Chowdhury was stationed at the Bangladeshi consulate in New York City. He then worked at the Permanent Mission of Bangladesh to the United Nations. From 2008 to 2010, he was the Deputy Chief of Protocol of visit at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He would also go on to serve as the director of Economic Affairs and South East Asia.
Chowdhury served as the Vice Principal of the Bangladesh Foreign Service Academy and Director General of external affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 2014 to 2017, he was the Bangladesh High Commission of Bangladesh in India. In April 2015, he sought information from the Indian government on the rape and murder of a Bangladeshi national in New Delhi. In May 2017, he was transferred from India to China as Deputy Ambassador.
Chowdhury was the Director General of Administration at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 2017 to 2020. On 11 November 2020, he was appointed the Ambassador of Bangladesh to Nepal. During his tenure an agreement on trading power was signed between Bangladesh and Nepal. He oversaw the participation of Bangladesh in the Nepal trade fair. He signed an agreement for Bangladesh to build a Buddhist temple in Nepal. He oversaw the repatriation of a Bangladeshi woman, Ameena Khatun, from Sunsari District of Nepal. Khatun has been missing from 22 years. She was identified and repatriated with the help of Bengali speakers in Sunsari District and officials of National Security Intelligence personnel in Bogora District. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Salahuddin Noman Chowdhury is a Bangladeshi diplomat and ambassador of Bangladesh to Nepal. He is the former Deputy High Commissioner of Bangladesh to India.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Chowdhury was born on 29 August 1969 in Dhaka, East Pakistan, Pakistan. He did his undergrad in cvi engineering from the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in 1993.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Chowdhury worked in the private sector after his graduation before joining the foreign service branch of the Bangladesh Civil Service in 1998. He worked at the Admin and United Nations Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 2002 to 2005, he was second and first secretary the High Commission of Bangladesh in Pakistan.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "From 2005 to 2007, Chowdhury was stationed at the Bangladeshi consulate in New York City. He then worked at the Permanent Mission of Bangladesh to the United Nations. From 2008 to 2010, he was the Deputy Chief of Protocol of visit at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He would also go on to serve as the director of Economic Affairs and South East Asia.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Chowdhury served as the Vice Principal of the Bangladesh Foreign Service Academy and Director General of external affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 2014 to 2017, he was the Bangladesh High Commission of Bangladesh in India. In April 2015, he sought information from the Indian government on the rape and murder of a Bangladeshi national in New Delhi. In May 2017, he was transferred from India to China as Deputy Ambassador.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Chowdhury was the Director General of Administration at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 2017 to 2020. On 11 November 2020, he was appointed the Ambassador of Bangladesh to Nepal. During his tenure an agreement on trading power was signed between Bangladesh and Nepal. He oversaw the participation of Bangladesh in the Nepal trade fair. He signed an agreement for Bangladesh to build a Buddhist temple in Nepal. He oversaw the repatriation of a Bangladeshi woman, Ameena Khatun, from Sunsari District of Nepal. Khatun has been missing from 22 years. She was identified and repatriated with the help of Bengali speakers in Sunsari District and officials of National Security Intelligence personnel in Bogora District.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Salahuddin Noman Chowdhury is a Bangladeshi diplomat and ambassador of Bangladesh to Nepal. He is the former Deputy High Commissioner of Bangladesh to India. | 2023-12-07T23:19:43Z | 2023-12-31T07:58:31Z | [
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75,511,028 | East Alabama Masonic Female Institute | East Alabama Masonic Female Institute was an American girls' school in Talladega, Alabama, established in February 1851.
This institution, located at Talladega, Ala., was founded under the auspices of Clinton Lodge, No. 38, aided by the liberality of Brethren of sister Lodges, and others, not of the Fraternity, but friendly to the enterprize. It is essentially a Masonic undertaking. Its President and Board of Trustees are required to be Master Masons, and its friends look mainly to the Masonic Fraternity for the encouragement and support necessary to sustain it. Nearly twenty thousand dollars have been already expended on the edifice and grounds, the principal part of which large sum was contributed by Clinton Lodge, and members of the Fraternity, without the expectation of realizing any returns, other than those arising from the satisfaction of having contributed to the moral and intellectual wants of the needy, and the welfare of the community in whose midst their lines have fallen.
The edifice is a large and beautiful brick building, having 27 airy and commodious rooms.. It is situated on an eminence commanding a picturesque view of rich and varied landscape. The grounds are spacious and retired, affording ample room for exercise in either riding or walking.
The board of instruction consists of a President (who is the Professor of ancient and modern languages); a Professor of natural and moral science, and mathematics; an instructor in the preparatory department; a Professor of music, with a female assistant; and a lady teacher in drawing, painting, ornamental needle-work, &c. Competent lecturers on chemistry and electro magnetism, are also employed.
The course of studies, in both the Primary and Collegiate departments is well selected and arranged. The first term commenced in February 1851.
W. C. HILL, Esq., served as the initial Secretary of the Board of Trustees. | [
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"text": "East Alabama Masonic Female Institute was an American girls' school in Talladega, Alabama, established in February 1851.",
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},
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"text": "This institution, located at Talladega, Ala., was founded under the auspices of Clinton Lodge, No. 38, aided by the liberality of Brethren of sister Lodges, and others, not of the Fraternity, but friendly to the enterprize. It is essentially a Masonic undertaking. Its President and Board of Trustees are required to be Master Masons, and its friends look mainly to the Masonic Fraternity for the encouragement and support necessary to sustain it. Nearly twenty thousand dollars have been already expended on the edifice and grounds, the principal part of which large sum was contributed by Clinton Lodge, and members of the Fraternity, without the expectation of realizing any returns, other than those arising from the satisfaction of having contributed to the moral and intellectual wants of the needy, and the welfare of the community in whose midst their lines have fallen.",
"title": ""
},
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"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The board of instruction consists of a President (who is the Professor of ancient and modern languages); a Professor of natural and moral science, and mathematics; an instructor in the preparatory department; a Professor of music, with a female assistant; and a lady teacher in drawing, painting, ornamental needle-work, &c. Competent lecturers on chemistry and electro magnetism, are also employed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The course of studies, in both the Primary and Collegiate departments is well selected and arranged. The first term commenced in February 1851.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "W. C. HILL, Esq., served as the initial Secretary of the Board of Trustees.",
"title": ""
}
] | East Alabama Masonic Female Institute was an American girls' school in Talladega, Alabama, established in February 1851. This institution, located at Talladega, Ala., was founded under the auspices of Clinton Lodge, No. 38, aided by the liberality of Brethren of sister Lodges, and others, not of the Fraternity, but friendly to the enterprize. It is essentially a Masonic undertaking. Its President and Board of Trustees are required to be Master Masons, and its friends look mainly to the Masonic Fraternity for the encouragement and support necessary to sustain it. Nearly twenty thousand dollars have been already expended on the edifice and grounds, the principal part of which large sum was contributed by Clinton Lodge, and members of the Fraternity, without the expectation of realizing any returns, other than those arising from the satisfaction of having contributed to the moral and intellectual wants of the needy, and the welfare of the community in whose midst their lines have fallen. The edifice is a large and beautiful brick building, having 27 airy and commodious rooms.. It is situated on an eminence commanding a picturesque view of rich and varied landscape. The grounds are spacious and retired, affording ample room for exercise in either riding or walking. The board of instruction consists of a President; a Professor of natural and moral science, and mathematics; an instructor in the preparatory department; a Professor of music, with a female assistant; and a lady teacher in drawing, painting, ornamental needle-work, &c. Competent lecturers on chemistry and electro magnetism, are also employed. The course of studies, in both the Primary and Collegiate departments is well selected and arranged. The first term commenced in February 1851. W. C. HILL, Esq., served as the initial Secretary of the Board of Trustees. | 2023-12-07T23:20:48Z | 2023-12-08T09:32:58Z | [
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75,511,029 | 2012 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council election | Elections to Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council were held on 3 May 2012, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 22 seats (one third) of the council were up for election. The Labour Party remained in control of the council. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elections to Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council were held on 3 May 2012, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 22 seats (one third) of the council were up for election. The Labour Party remained in control of the council.",
"title": ""
}
] | Elections to Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council were held on 3 May 2012, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 22 seats of the council were up for election. The Labour Party remained in control of the council. | 2023-12-07T23:20:50Z | 2023-12-07T23:20:50Z | [
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75,511,045 | Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (Botswana) | The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development is a ministry within the Cabinet of Botswana.
Department of Local Government Finance and Procurement
Department of Local Governance and Development Planning
Department of Tribal Administration
Department of Local Government
Technical Services
Department of Social Protection
Department of Community Development
Rural Development
Corporate Services | [
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"text": "Department of Local Government Finance and Procurement",
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"text": "Department of Local Government",
"title": "Departments"
},
{
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"text": "Technical Services",
"title": "Departments"
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{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Department of Social Protection",
"title": "Departments"
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{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Department of Community Development",
"title": "Departments"
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{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Rural Development",
"title": "Departments"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Corporate Services",
"title": "Departments"
}
] | The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development is a ministry within the Cabinet of Botswana. | 2023-12-07T23:26:04Z | 2023-12-26T16:41:22Z | [
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75,511,049 | 2012 Mole Valley District Council election | Elections to Mole Valley District Council were held on 3 May 2012, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 13 seats (one third) of the council were up for election. Following the election the council remained under no overall control. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elections to Mole Valley District Council were held on 3 May 2012, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 13 seats (one third) of the council were up for election. Following the election the council remained under no overall control.",
"title": ""
}
] | Elections to Mole Valley District Council were held on 3 May 2012, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 13 seats of the council were up for election. Following the election the council remained under no overall control. | 2023-12-07T23:27:14Z | 2023-12-07T23:27:14Z | [
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75,511,083 | 2011 Mole Valley District Council election | Elections to Mole Valley District Council were held on 5 May 2011, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 14 seats (one third) of the council were up for election. Following the election the council remained under no overall control. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elections to Mole Valley District Council were held on 5 May 2011, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 14 seats (one third) of the council were up for election. Following the election the council remained under no overall control.",
"title": ""
}
] | Elections to Mole Valley District Council were held on 5 May 2011, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 14 seats of the council were up for election. Following the election the council remained under no overall control. | 2023-12-07T23:32:26Z | 2023-12-07T23:32:26Z | [
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75,511,085 | Husref Redžić | Husref Redžić (1919 – 29 April 1984) was a Bosnian architect, historian of architecture, specifically Islamic and medieval art and Islamic and medieval architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia.
Husref Redžić graduated from the Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Belgrade, in Belgrade.
After finishing education, he first worked as a designer, after which he became a head of the National Design Bureau in Sarajevo, at the time a notable and the only institution of its kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As soon as the Faculty of Engineering, University of Sarajevo was establishment in 1949, he turned to teaching, and already in 1950, he was appointed as assistant lecturer on the History of Architecture at the Faculty's Department of Architecture, later the Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo. Here he was an expert-associate and teacher at the institution for 35 years, becoming senior lecturer in 1954, and from 1960 to his death a full professor.
He worked outside the country as well, with a faculties such as ones in Rome, Paris, Brussels and Turin.
His focus was the architecture in rehabilitation and conservation of historic buildings and cultural and historical heritage, putting emphasis on training architects in respect to preserving architectural heritage. He noted that the greatest threat to this heritage comes from architects and town planners themselves, because of untrained and inappropriate use of procedures and inadequate knowledge.
Redžić was a reputable expert in his field in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia and abroad. He was an editor-in-chief of the Faculty's Proceedings, a head of the Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering, later the Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo. He held a Chair of the History of Art and Architecture and the Revitalization of the Built Heritage. He was a dean and a member of the Faculty's board and of the University of Sarajevo.
Redžić advocated the idea of bringing architecture closer to ordinary citizens through the media, but that a good working relationship must first be established between architects and the media in order to draw the attention of journalists to their mistakes in writing about architecture and its trends and norms, especially concerning conservation and preservation.
The Husref Redžić Award is an annual award given by the Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Husref Redžić (1919 – 29 April 1984) was a Bosnian architect, historian of architecture, specifically Islamic and medieval art and Islamic and medieval architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Husref Redžić graduated from the Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Belgrade, in Belgrade.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
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"text": "After finishing education, he first worked as a designer, after which he became a head of the National Design Bureau in Sarajevo, at the time a notable and the only institution of its kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As soon as the Faculty of Engineering, University of Sarajevo was establishment in 1949, he turned to teaching, and already in 1950, he was appointed as assistant lecturer on the History of Architecture at the Faculty's Department of Architecture, later the Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo. Here he was an expert-associate and teacher at the institution for 35 years, becoming senior lecturer in 1954, and from 1960 to his death a full professor.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "He worked outside the country as well, with a faculties such as ones in Rome, Paris, Brussels and Turin.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "His focus was the architecture in rehabilitation and conservation of historic buildings and cultural and historical heritage, putting emphasis on training architects in respect to preserving architectural heritage. He noted that the greatest threat to this heritage comes from architects and town planners themselves, because of untrained and inappropriate use of procedures and inadequate knowledge.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Redžić was a reputable expert in his field in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia and abroad. He was an editor-in-chief of the Faculty's Proceedings, a head of the Department of Architecture of the Faculty of Engineering, later the Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo. He held a Chair of the History of Art and Architecture and the Revitalization of the Built Heritage. He was a dean and a member of the Faculty's board and of the University of Sarajevo.",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Redžić advocated the idea of bringing architecture closer to ordinary citizens through the media, but that a good working relationship must first be established between architects and the media in order to draw the attention of journalists to their mistakes in writing about architecture and its trends and norms, especially concerning conservation and preservation.",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The Husref Redžić Award is an annual award given by the Faculty of Architecture, University of Sarajevo.",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] | Husref Redžić was a Bosnian architect, historian of architecture, specifically Islamic and medieval art and Islamic and medieval architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia. | 2023-12-07T23:33:11Z | 2023-12-26T15:07:25Z | [
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75,511,092 | David Campaña | David Campaña Piquer (born 23 May 1974) is a Spanish football manager, who is currently in charge of Primera Federación side Linares Deportivo.
Born in Marbella, Málaga, Andalusia, Campaña was a futsal player who notably represented Benalmádena FS. After retiring, he worked as an assistant of José Luis Montes at Marbella FC before being appointed manager of UD Tesorillo on 31 October 2013, after a brief period at CD Atlético Marbellí. He was sacked by the club on 25 February 2014.
On 15 May 2017, after two years working in China, Campaña moved abroad and was appointed manager of Lithuanian club FK Utenis Utena. In November, after avoiding relegation, he left.
On 23 July 2018, Campaña returned to Spain after being named in charge of CD Alcalá in the División de Honor. On 18 June of the following year, he switched teams and countries again after being appointed manager of Lori FC in the Armenian Premier League.
Campaña left Lori on 2 June 2020, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, but moved to fellow league team FC Ararat-Armenia on 22 July. He left the latter by mutual consent on 5 March 2021.
On 26 June 2021, Campaña took over Tercera División RFEF side Atlético Porcuna CF. He left the club the following 26 April, after achieving the club's best-ever campaign in a national competition, and signed for fellow league team El Palo FC on 19 May 2022.
On 27 June 2023, after leading El Palo to a promotion to Segunda Federación, Campaña took over Sevilla FC C in the fifth tier. On 29 November, he replaced Óscar Fernández at the helm of Linares Deportivo in Primera Federación until the end of the season, on "loan" from Sevilla. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "David Campaña Piquer (born 23 May 1974) is a Spanish football manager, who is currently in charge of Primera Federación side Linares Deportivo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born in Marbella, Málaga, Andalusia, Campaña was a futsal player who notably represented Benalmádena FS. After retiring, he worked as an assistant of José Luis Montes at Marbella FC before being appointed manager of UD Tesorillo on 31 October 2013, after a brief period at CD Atlético Marbellí. He was sacked by the club on 25 February 2014.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 15 May 2017, after two years working in China, Campaña moved abroad and was appointed manager of Lithuanian club FK Utenis Utena. In November, after avoiding relegation, he left.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 23 July 2018, Campaña returned to Spain after being named in charge of CD Alcalá in the División de Honor. On 18 June of the following year, he switched teams and countries again after being appointed manager of Lori FC in the Armenian Premier League.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Campaña left Lori on 2 June 2020, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, but moved to fellow league team FC Ararat-Armenia on 22 July. He left the latter by mutual consent on 5 March 2021.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 26 June 2021, Campaña took over Tercera División RFEF side Atlético Porcuna CF. He left the club the following 26 April, after achieving the club's best-ever campaign in a national competition, and signed for fellow league team El Palo FC on 19 May 2022.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 27 June 2023, after leading El Palo to a promotion to Segunda Federación, Campaña took over Sevilla FC C in the fifth tier. On 29 November, he replaced Óscar Fernández at the helm of Linares Deportivo in Primera Federación until the end of the season, on \"loan\" from Sevilla.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | David Campaña Piquer is a Spanish football manager, who is currently in charge of Primera Federación side Linares Deportivo. | 2023-12-07T23:35:04Z | 2023-12-07T23:35:12Z | [
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75,511,098 | 2011 Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council election | Elections to Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council were held on 5 May 2011, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 21 seats (one third) of the council were up for election. Following the election the council remained under Labour control. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elections to Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council were held on 5 May 2011, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 21 seats (one third) of the council were up for election. Following the election the council remained under Labour control.",
"title": ""
}
] | Elections to Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council were held on 5 May 2011, alongside other local elections across the United Kingdom. 21 seats of the council were up for election. Following the election the council remained under Labour control. | 2023-12-07T23:35:42Z | 2023-12-07T23:35:42Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Blackburn_with_Darwen_Borough_Council_election |
75,511,112 | A Tail of Identity (short documentary) | A Tail of Identity is a short documentary about people identifying as furries. The film includes testimonies of three people about their experience being part of the furry fandom. It was produced as part of MediaStorm's storytelling workshop.
The short film includes clips of three people talking about their experiences. These three people are: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A Tail of Identity is a short documentary about people identifying as furries. The film includes testimonies of three people about their experience being part of the furry fandom. It was produced as part of MediaStorm's storytelling workshop.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The short film includes clips of three people talking about their experiences. These three people are:",
"title": "Cast"
}
] | A Tail of Identity is a short documentary about people identifying as furries. The film includes testimonies of three people about their experience being part of the furry fandom. It was produced as part of MediaStorm's storytelling workshop. | 2023-12-07T23:38:13Z | 2023-12-26T01:11:20Z | [
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75,511,115 | Laurent Muhlethaler | Laurent Muhlethaler (born 27 September 1997) is a French nordic combined skier. He competed in the individual NH, individual LH and team LH events at the 2022 Winter Olympics. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Laurent Muhlethaler (born 27 September 1997) is a French nordic combined skier. He competed in the individual NH, individual LH and team LH events at the 2022 Winter Olympics.",
"title": ""
}
] | Laurent Muhlethaler is a French nordic combined skier. He competed in the individual NH, individual LH and team LH events at the 2022 Winter Olympics. | 2023-12-07T23:38:47Z | 2023-12-14T19:53:43Z | [
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75,511,122 | Fire code (disambiguation) | Fire code may refer to: | [
{
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"text": "Fire code may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Fire code may refer to: Fire safety code, a set of rules to mitigate fire and explosion hazards
Fire code, a class of binary cyclic burst-error correcting code | 2023-12-07T23:40:20Z | 2023-12-16T05:14:36Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_code_(disambiguation) |
75,511,124 | Dabbagh | Dabbagh, al-Dabbagh or Aldabbagh is an Arabic surname that may refer to the following notable people: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dabbagh, al-Dabbagh or Aldabbagh is an Arabic surname that may refer to the following notable people:",
"title": ""
}
] | Dabbagh, al-Dabbagh or Aldabbagh is an Arabic surname that may refer to the following notable people: Bahram Dabbagh, Iranian football midfielder
Khalil Dabbagh, Iraqi military officer
Oday Dabbagh, Palestinian football forward
Selma Dabbagh,a British-Palestinian writer
Wafa Dabbagh, Canadian military officer Ali Aldabbagh, Iraqi engineer, businessman and politician
Amr Al-Dabbagh, Saudi businessman
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Dabbagh (1928–2008), Moroccan jurisprudent and writer
Salim al-Dabbagh, Iraqi painter
Yasmeen Al-Dabbagh, Saudi Arabian sprinter | 2023-12-07T23:40:50Z | 2023-12-07T23:40:50Z | [
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75,511,133 | Ram Naresh Kushwaha | Ram Naresh Kushwaha (30 April 1929 – 7 October 2013) was an Indian social activist, politician, and writer of Hindi literature, who served as a Member of Parliament (1977). In Uttar Pradesh, he held organizational positions under the Socialist Party, Praja Socialist Party, Samyukta Socialist Party, and Bhartiya Lok Dal (Janata Party) during his political career (1964-1997).
Ram Naresh Kushwaha was born on 30 April 1929 in Lar, district of Deoria Uttar Pradesh. Received early education at Junior High School Mathlaar, Swami Devanand Inter College, Mathlaar in Deoria District. Thereafter he privately earned Sahitya Ratna (as a B.A. degree) from I.G.D. Diploma Drawing Board, Bombay. He worked as an agriculturist and teacher.
Raam Naresh Kushwaha earlier worked at the party level as General Secretary, (i)Uttar Pradesh Samyukta Socialist Party, 1967—69 and (ii) U. P. Socialist Party, 1971–72; Convener, Ganna Sangharsh Samiti of Bharatiya Lok Dal, Uttar Pradesh, 1974–76; Member, Cooperative Agriculture Advisory Committee of Uttar Pradesh Government (1966–67). He was elected for the first time in the 1977 Indian general election as a Member of Parliament from Salempur constituency, Deoria district on Janata Party symbol.In his tenure of Parliament (1977-1979), he stood for the right cause and was present at debates with his questions on regional and other national issues. He served as a Member of the Committee on Absence of Members in the house of Parliament, Lok Sabha. In addition, he was elected a member of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament, from Uttar Pradesh as a Lok Dal Party candidate holding the aforementioned office (1982-1988).
He died on 7 October 2013 in Lar Deoria. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ram Naresh Kushwaha (30 April 1929 – 7 October 2013) was an Indian social activist, politician, and writer of Hindi literature, who served as a Member of Parliament (1977). In Uttar Pradesh, he held organizational positions under the Socialist Party, Praja Socialist Party, Samyukta Socialist Party, and Bhartiya Lok Dal (Janata Party) during his political career (1964-1997).",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Ram Naresh Kushwaha was born on 30 April 1929 in Lar, district of Deoria Uttar Pradesh. Received early education at Junior High School Mathlaar, Swami Devanand Inter College, Mathlaar in Deoria District. Thereafter he privately earned Sahitya Ratna (as a B.A. degree) from I.G.D. Diploma Drawing Board, Bombay. He worked as an agriculturist and teacher.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Raam Naresh Kushwaha earlier worked at the party level as General Secretary, (i)Uttar Pradesh Samyukta Socialist Party, 1967—69 and (ii) U. P. Socialist Party, 1971–72; Convener, Ganna Sangharsh Samiti of Bharatiya Lok Dal, Uttar Pradesh, 1974–76; Member, Cooperative Agriculture Advisory Committee of Uttar Pradesh Government (1966–67). He was elected for the first time in the 1977 Indian general election as a Member of Parliament from Salempur constituency, Deoria district on Janata Party symbol.In his tenure of Parliament (1977-1979), he stood for the right cause and was present at debates with his questions on regional and other national issues. He served as a Member of the Committee on Absence of Members in the house of Parliament, Lok Sabha. In addition, he was elected a member of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament, from Uttar Pradesh as a Lok Dal Party candidate holding the aforementioned office (1982-1988).",
"title": "Political Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He died on 7 October 2013 in Lar Deoria.",
"title": "Death"
}
] | Ram Naresh Kushwaha was an Indian social activist, politician, and writer of Hindi literature, who served as a Member of Parliament (1977). In Uttar Pradesh, he held organizational positions under the Socialist Party, Praja Socialist Party, Samyukta Socialist Party, and Bhartiya Lok Dal during his political career (1964-1997). | 2023-12-07T23:41:34Z | 2023-12-30T10:05:11Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Naresh_Kushwaha |
75,511,141 | Styphelia epacridis | Styphelia epacridis is a flowering plant in the family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a straggling shrub with lance-shaped or linear leaves with a sharp point on the tip, and red, tube-shaped flowers arranged singly in leaf axils.
Styphelia epacridis is a straggling shrub that typically grows up to a height of 0.3–0.6 m (1 ft 0 in – 2 ft 0 in) and has softly-hairy branchlets. The leaves are lance-shaped or linear, up to about 6 mm (0.24 in) long, with the edges rolled under and a sharp, rigid point on the tip. The flowers are arranged singly in leaf axils with bracteoles about 1 mm (0.039 in) long at the base. The sepals are 6.5–8.5 mm (0.26–0.33 in) long and the petals red and joined at the base to form a tube slightly longer than the sepals with lobes about 5.5 mm (0.22 in) long and bearded.
This species was first described in 1839 by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle who gave it the name Leucopogon epacridis in his Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis from specimens collected by James Drummond near the Swan River Colony. In 1867 Ferdinand von Mueller transferred it to the genus Styphelia as S. conostephioides in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae.
Styphelia epacridis is found in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest, Mallee and Warren bioregions of south-western Western Australia. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Styphelia epacridis is a flowering plant in the family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a straggling shrub with lance-shaped or linear leaves with a sharp point on the tip, and red, tube-shaped flowers arranged singly in leaf axils.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Styphelia epacridis is a straggling shrub that typically grows up to a height of 0.3–0.6 m (1 ft 0 in – 2 ft 0 in) and has softly-hairy branchlets. The leaves are lance-shaped or linear, up to about 6 mm (0.24 in) long, with the edges rolled under and a sharp, rigid point on the tip. The flowers are arranged singly in leaf axils with bracteoles about 1 mm (0.039 in) long at the base. The sepals are 6.5–8.5 mm (0.26–0.33 in) long and the petals red and joined at the base to form a tube slightly longer than the sepals with lobes about 5.5 mm (0.22 in) long and bearded.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "This species was first described in 1839 by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle who gave it the name Leucopogon epacridis in his Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis from specimens collected by James Drummond near the Swan River Colony. In 1867 Ferdinand von Mueller transferred it to the genus Styphelia as S. conostephioides in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae.",
"title": "Taxonomy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Styphelia epacridis is found in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest, Mallee and Warren bioregions of south-western Western Australia.",
"title": "Distribution"
}
] | Styphelia epacridis is a flowering plant in the family Ericaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a straggling shrub with lance-shaped or linear leaves with a sharp point on the tip, and red, tube-shaped flowers arranged singly in leaf axils. | 2023-12-07T23:42:14Z | 2023-12-07T23:42:14Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styphelia_epacridis |
75,511,144 | BKS (film) | BKS: Breakup Sex (French: SDR: Sexe de rupture) is a Canadian short film, directed by Alexa-Jeanne Dubé and released in 2019. The film stars Victoria Diamond as a woman narrating the story of her breakup with her boyfriend (Iannicko N'Doua-Légaré), using ASMR-based sound design to accentuate the viewer's emotional response.
The film premiered at the 2019 Festival du nouveau cinéma.
The film was a Prix Iris nominee for Best Live Action Short Film at the 22nd Quebec Cinema Awards in 2020. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "BKS: Breakup Sex (French: SDR: Sexe de rupture) is a Canadian short film, directed by Alexa-Jeanne Dubé and released in 2019. The film stars Victoria Diamond as a woman narrating the story of her breakup with her boyfriend (Iannicko N'Doua-Légaré), using ASMR-based sound design to accentuate the viewer's emotional response.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The film premiered at the 2019 Festival du nouveau cinéma.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The film was a Prix Iris nominee for Best Live Action Short Film at the 22nd Quebec Cinema Awards in 2020.",
"title": ""
}
] | BKS: Breakup Sex is a Canadian short film, directed by Alexa-Jeanne Dubé and released in 2019. The film stars Victoria Diamond as a woman narrating the story of her breakup with her boyfriend, using ASMR-based sound design to accentuate the viewer's emotional response. The film premiered at the 2019 Festival du nouveau cinéma. The film was a Prix Iris nominee for Best Live Action Short Film at the 22nd Quebec Cinema Awards in 2020. | 2023-12-07T23:43:02Z | 2023-12-07T23:43:32Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKS_(film) |
75,511,190 | Crépol stabbing | On 19 November 2023, a mass stabbing took place in Crépol, Drôme, France.
Thomas Perotto (age 16) was killed, while a number of people were wounded.
High immigration to France combined with Islamist attacks and international armed conflicts have resulted in racial, religious and political hostility. According to several witnesses, "We are here to stab white people" was exclaimed by one or more attackers leading many to believe the attack to be racially, politically, and possibly religiously motivated.
On the evening of 19 November 2023, a fight broke out at a party in Crepol, a village in Drôme, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. The fight continued outside, where a group of young people arrived by car, tried to gatecrash the party, and attacked some of the attendees. Ten people were wounded; one of them, a 16-year-old boy, died of his injuries on the way to hospital.
The authorities are treating the stabbing as a gang murder. Nine people were arrested and charged in connection with it, of whom six have been remanded in custody. Nine of the witnesses said that anti-white comments were made by the attackers. Later in November activists - some of whom were far-right - marched in nearby Romans-sur-Isère. This however, has raised allegations of a politically biased, concerted effort by the media's characterization of the protests being "ultra-right", due only to the fact that the protests in part challenged lax immigration policies and attitudes towards many people migrating to Europe who presumably may have anti-west sentiment. Many French citizens of all political backgrounds have rejected such media narratives in response. They say the attackers live there and are of North African origin. Police arrested 24 protesters. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "On 19 November 2023, a mass stabbing took place in Crépol, Drôme, France.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Thomas Perotto (age 16) was killed, while a number of people were wounded.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "High immigration to France combined with Islamist attacks and international armed conflicts have resulted in racial, religious and political hostility. According to several witnesses, \"We are here to stab white people\" was exclaimed by one or more attackers leading many to believe the attack to be racially, politically, and possibly religiously motivated.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On the evening of 19 November 2023, a fight broke out at a party in Crepol, a village in Drôme, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. The fight continued outside, where a group of young people arrived by car, tried to gatecrash the party, and attacked some of the attendees. Ten people were wounded; one of them, a 16-year-old boy, died of his injuries on the way to hospital.",
"title": "Stabbing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The authorities are treating the stabbing as a gang murder. Nine people were arrested and charged in connection with it, of whom six have been remanded in custody. Nine of the witnesses said that anti-white comments were made by the attackers. Later in November activists - some of whom were far-right - marched in nearby Romans-sur-Isère. This however, has raised allegations of a politically biased, concerted effort by the media's characterization of the protests being \"ultra-right\", due only to the fact that the protests in part challenged lax immigration policies and attitudes towards many people migrating to Europe who presumably may have anti-west sentiment. Many French citizens of all political backgrounds have rejected such media narratives in response. They say the attackers live there and are of North African origin. Police arrested 24 protesters.",
"title": "Reaction"
}
] | On 19 November 2023, a mass stabbing took place in Crépol, Drôme, France. Thomas Perotto was killed, while a number of people were wounded. | 2023-12-07T23:46:52Z | 2023-12-26T02:44:09Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9pol_stabbing |
75,511,219 | Boncore | Boncore is a surname. Notable people with this surname include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Boncore is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Boncore is a surname. Notable people with this surname include: Giuseppe Boncore, a Roman Catholic bishop of Lavello, Italy
John Boncore, am American activist and actor of partial Native American descent
Joseph Boncore, an American lawyer and local politician | 2023-12-07T23:51:51Z | 2023-12-07T23:51:51Z | [
"Template:Surname"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boncore |
75,511,231 | Kabango | Kabango is a surname commonly present in Central and East Africa. Notable people with this surname include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kabango is a surname commonly present in Central and East Africa. Notable people with this surname include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Kabango is a surname commonly present in Central and East Africa. Notable people with this surname include: Michael Kabango, Ugandan brigadier
Shadrach Kabango, or Shad, Kenyan rapper and broadcaster | 2023-12-07T23:53:05Z | 2023-12-22T20:04:49Z | [
"Template:Surname"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabango |
75,511,234 | Nelson Santana | Nelson Santana also called Nelsinho (31 July 1955 – 24 December 1964) was a Brazilian boy who died of osteosarcoma. Widely venerated in his hometown Ibitinga, Pope Francis recognized the heroic virtues of Santana in 2019 and declared him venerable.
Santana was born on 31 July 1955 to Joao Joaquim Santana and Ocrezia Aparecida Santana at Ronca Farm in Ibitinga. The third of eight children in a poor and deeply religious family, Santana was baptized on 1 October 1955. From a young age, his parents gave him religious instruction and he attended school on the farm where he lived.
When he was about seven years old, Santana fell from a tree, seriously injuring his left shoulder and was subsequently hospitalized at the Holy House of Araqua. To cover medical expenses, his parents sold many of their possessions. While hospitalized, Santana received love and support from doctors, nurses, and other patients. One nun, Sister Gennarina Gecchele of the Congregation of the Apostles of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, believed Santana was especially pure and took it upon herself to catechize him. On 15 June 1964, Santana received his first communion in the hospital chapel.
When osteosarcoma was discovered in Santana's left arm, the only solution presented by the doctors was amputation. When Santana was informed by Sr. Gennaria Gecchele of the pending amputation, he did not complain and believed the pain in his arm helped him better understand the suffering of Jesus. Santana was very devoted to Catholic teaching and kissed the crucifix to distract himself from the pain. He believed that he would die at Christmas time. On Christmas Eve of 1964, Santana died at the age of nine as a result of infections caused by the amputation.
When Santana died, his family could not afford a funeral for him. His body was buried as a pauper at the cemetery of St. Benedict in Araraquara. Later, a grave at São Bento Cemetery was donated to his family. Santana's grave attracts many devotees and visitors and is often covered in flowers and candles. Santana's remains were exhumed on October 24, 2011 and transferred to the Senhor Bom Jesus parish in Ibitinga and placed in a crypt in the Mother Church of Senhor Bom Jesus.
Santana's life has attracted much veneration and in 2012, the Vatican started investigating his life after it obtained evidence for beatification. Father Gerhard Rudolfo Anderer, a priest who visited Santana in the hospital, wrote a book called Nelsinho para Todos and started Santana's cause for beatification. The following year, the commission that investigated Santana's life declared that there was not enough medical evidence of the miracles attributed to Santana. One miracle attributed to Santana was Vitor da Silva Leitão's recovery from macrocephaly. According to the child's family, they received a copy of Santana's death certificate and asked for intercession. On 8 April 2019, Pope Francis recognized Santana's heroic virtues and declared him venerable. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nelson Santana also called Nelsinho (31 July 1955 – 24 December 1964) was a Brazilian boy who died of osteosarcoma. Widely venerated in his hometown Ibitinga, Pope Francis recognized the heroic virtues of Santana in 2019 and declared him venerable.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Santana was born on 31 July 1955 to Joao Joaquim Santana and Ocrezia Aparecida Santana at Ronca Farm in Ibitinga. The third of eight children in a poor and deeply religious family, Santana was baptized on 1 October 1955. From a young age, his parents gave him religious instruction and he attended school on the farm where he lived.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "When he was about seven years old, Santana fell from a tree, seriously injuring his left shoulder and was subsequently hospitalized at the Holy House of Araqua. To cover medical expenses, his parents sold many of their possessions. While hospitalized, Santana received love and support from doctors, nurses, and other patients. One nun, Sister Gennarina Gecchele of the Congregation of the Apostles of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, believed Santana was especially pure and took it upon herself to catechize him. On 15 June 1964, Santana received his first communion in the hospital chapel.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "When osteosarcoma was discovered in Santana's left arm, the only solution presented by the doctors was amputation. When Santana was informed by Sr. Gennaria Gecchele of the pending amputation, he did not complain and believed the pain in his arm helped him better understand the suffering of Jesus. Santana was very devoted to Catholic teaching and kissed the crucifix to distract himself from the pain. He believed that he would die at Christmas time. On Christmas Eve of 1964, Santana died at the age of nine as a result of infections caused by the amputation.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "When Santana died, his family could not afford a funeral for him. His body was buried as a pauper at the cemetery of St. Benedict in Araraquara. Later, a grave at São Bento Cemetery was donated to his family. Santana's grave attracts many devotees and visitors and is often covered in flowers and candles. Santana's remains were exhumed on October 24, 2011 and transferred to the Senhor Bom Jesus parish in Ibitinga and placed in a crypt in the Mother Church of Senhor Bom Jesus.",
"title": "Burial and Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Santana's life has attracted much veneration and in 2012, the Vatican started investigating his life after it obtained evidence for beatification. Father Gerhard Rudolfo Anderer, a priest who visited Santana in the hospital, wrote a book called Nelsinho para Todos and started Santana's cause for beatification. The following year, the commission that investigated Santana's life declared that there was not enough medical evidence of the miracles attributed to Santana. One miracle attributed to Santana was Vitor da Silva Leitão's recovery from macrocephaly. According to the child's family, they received a copy of Santana's death certificate and asked for intercession. On 8 April 2019, Pope Francis recognized Santana's heroic virtues and declared him venerable.",
"title": "Burial and Legacy"
}
] | Nelson Santana also called Nelsinho was a Brazilian boy who died of osteosarcoma. Widely venerated in his hometown Ibitinga, Pope Francis recognized the heroic virtues of Santana in 2019 and declared him venerable. | 2023-12-07T23:53:58Z | 2023-12-24T05:35:02Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Santana |
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