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75,492,173 | Abd al-Razzaq Kāshānī | Kamāl al-Dīn Abūʾl-Faḍl Abd al-Razzaq ibn Jamāl al-Dīn Abu al-Ghānīm Kāshānī was a 14th-century Persian Shi'ite Sufi mystic and scholar. He wrote the Ta'wilat al-Qur'an al-Karim, a famous mystical exegesis (interpretation) of the Qur'an.
Abd al-Razzaq was born in Kashan. His birthdate is unknown, theorised to be between 1252 to 1262. At adulthood he became a disciple of Abdussamad Esfahani. Abd al-Razzaq also went on nine trips throughout his lifetime to places such as Shiraz and even the Iraqi cities of Najaf and Baghdad, but his trips always ended in a return to Natanz. In Semnan, he debated with the Kubrāwī Sufi mystic, 'Ala' al-Dawla Simnani over the concept of Wahdat al-Wujood. He also wrote a commentary on Ibn Arabi's Fusus al-Hikam. He died in 1345, and was buried next to his first teacher, Abdussamad Esfahani, in the khanqah of the Jameh Mosque of Natanz.
Abd al-Razzaq inspired generations of Sufis. He was respected by Shi'ites. His writings influenced the Sufi mystics Shah Nimatullah Wali and Haydar Amuli who frequently quoted from him. Abd al-Razzaq is a prominent figure in schools dedicated to teaching Ibn Arabi's mysticism. | [
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"text": "Abd al-Razzaq was born in Kashan. His birthdate is unknown, theorised to be between 1252 to 1262. At adulthood he became a disciple of Abdussamad Esfahani. Abd al-Razzaq also went on nine trips throughout his lifetime to places such as Shiraz and even the Iraqi cities of Najaf and Baghdad, but his trips always ended in a return to Natanz. In Semnan, he debated with the Kubrāwī Sufi mystic, 'Ala' al-Dawla Simnani over the concept of Wahdat al-Wujood. He also wrote a commentary on Ibn Arabi's Fusus al-Hikam. He died in 1345, and was buried next to his first teacher, Abdussamad Esfahani, in the khanqah of the Jameh Mosque of Natanz.",
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"text": "Abd al-Razzaq inspired generations of Sufis. He was respected by Shi'ites. His writings influenced the Sufi mystics Shah Nimatullah Wali and Haydar Amuli who frequently quoted from him. Abd al-Razzaq is a prominent figure in schools dedicated to teaching Ibn Arabi's mysticism.",
"title": "Legacy"
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] | Kamāl al-Dīn Abūʾl-Faḍl Abd al-Razzaq ibn Jamāl al-Dīn Abu al-Ghānīm Kāshānī was a 14th-century Persian Shi'ite Sufi mystic and scholar. He wrote the Ta'wilat al-Qur'an al-Karim, a famous mystical exegesis (interpretation) of the Qur'an. | 2023-12-05T19:21:07Z | 2023-12-06T13:05:49Z | [
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75,492,188 | Diana Mondino | Diana Elena Mondino (born 8 August 1958) is an Argentine libertarian economist, academic, and politician, currently serving as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Argentine Republic since 2023 under President Javier Milei. Mondino was previously the Director of Institutional Affairs at the University of CEMA.
In the 2023 Argentine general election, she was elected as a national deputy for Buenos Aires city for the La Libertad Avanza coalition. She became Foreign Minister on Milei's inauguration on December 10, 2023.
Mondino was born in 1958 in the City of Cordoba, attending kindergarten through secondary school at the Juan Zorrilla de San Martín Public School. She studied economics at the National University of Córdoba where she received the gold medal for her academic performance and best grade point average. She also began a Doctorate in Economics at the same university but did not complete the degree due to bureaucratic issues, despite defending her thesis.
In 1982, Mondino moved to Spain, completing a master's degree in economics and marketing from IESE Business School at the University of Navarra. Graduating in 1986, Mondino furthered her education in the United States, completing a master's degree from Columbia Business School in 2001, a degree in executive education from the Yale School of Management in 2018, and a postgraduate degree in ethics from Mendoza College of Business at the University of Notre Dame.
She founded Rysk Analysis in 1991, and subsequently worked in various private companies, including Loma Negra , S&P Global Ratings, and Banco Supervielle.
Mondino works as a professor at UCEMA as a Finance professor in the Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration and Marketing, among several courses, including for international students. She is also Director of Institutional Affairs at the same university.
In 2023, Mondino officially entered politics as a candidate for deputy for La Libertad Avanza in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. After the list she was a member of obtained 17.81% in the PASO and 20.44% in the general elections, she elected for the period 2023–2027.
When Javier Milei was elected president, Mondino resigned from her seat in the chamber to be able to take over as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
On Tuesday, October 31, in an interview with journalist Luis Novaresio for his program on La Nación +, Mondino generated controversy with his statements in defense of the idea of an "organ market" and by comparing equal marriage with having lice, maintaining that "As a liberal I agree with each person's life project. It is much broader than marriage equality. Let me exaggerate: if you prefer not to bathe and be full of lice and it is your choice, that's it, then don't complain if there is someone who doesn't like you having lice."
Mondino has assets according to her sworn statement of 5,027 million pesos, which makes her the richest official among the ministers appointed by Javier Milei to be part of his cabinet. | [
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"text": "Mondino was born in 1958 in the City of Cordoba, attending kindergarten through secondary school at the Juan Zorrilla de San Martín Public School. She studied economics at the National University of Córdoba where she received the gold medal for her academic performance and best grade point average. She also began a Doctorate in Economics at the same university but did not complete the degree due to bureaucratic issues, despite defending her thesis.",
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"text": "In 1982, Mondino moved to Spain, completing a master's degree in economics and marketing from IESE Business School at the University of Navarra. Graduating in 1986, Mondino furthered her education in the United States, completing a master's degree from Columbia Business School in 2001, a degree in executive education from the Yale School of Management in 2018, and a postgraduate degree in ethics from Mendoza College of Business at the University of Notre Dame.",
"title": "Early life and career"
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"text": "Mondino works as a professor at UCEMA as a Finance professor in the Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration and Marketing, among several courses, including for international students. She is also Director of Institutional Affairs at the same university.",
"title": "Early life and career"
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"text": "In 2023, Mondino officially entered politics as a candidate for deputy for La Libertad Avanza in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. After the list she was a member of obtained 17.81% in the PASO and 20.44% in the general elections, she elected for the period 2023–2027.",
"title": "Political career"
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"text": "When Javier Milei was elected president, Mondino resigned from her seat in the chamber to be able to take over as Minister of Foreign Affairs.",
"title": "Political career"
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"text": "On Tuesday, October 31, in an interview with journalist Luis Novaresio for his program on La Nación +, Mondino generated controversy with his statements in defense of the idea of an \"organ market\" and by comparing equal marriage with having lice, maintaining that \"As a liberal I agree with each person's life project. It is much broader than marriage equality. Let me exaggerate: if you prefer not to bathe and be full of lice and it is your choice, that's it, then don't complain if there is someone who doesn't like you having lice.\"",
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"text": "Mondino has assets according to her sworn statement of 5,027 million pesos, which makes her the richest official among the ministers appointed by Javier Milei to be part of his cabinet.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Diana Elena Mondino is an Argentine libertarian economist, academic, and politician, currently serving as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Argentine Republic since 2023 under President Javier Milei. Mondino was previously the Director of Institutional Affairs at the University of CEMA. In the 2023 Argentine general election, she was elected as a national deputy for Buenos Aires city for the La Libertad Avanza coalition. She became Foreign Minister on Milei's inauguration on December 10, 2023. | 2023-12-05T19:23:58Z | 2023-12-27T18:46:51Z | [
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75,492,225 | Jhariah | Jhariah Clare is a musician, illustrator, and animator based in New York City. He is known for his convoluted and undefinable music style, as per their motto "No Genre, All Drama". He has cited Gerard Way as an inspiration for his work.
Jhariah showed interest in music from an early age, releasing his first song, a 20-second electronic track called "Electrolite". The song, along with a handful of others was uploaded on his YouTube Channel under the name "ShinySwordStorm", a moniker he used for many years creating videos on YouTube.
He went on to study 2D animation at the Brooklyn campus of the Pratt Institute in New York. It was there that they formed the illustration techniques that were used to create some of their album and singles' covers.
He made his first appearance with his 2017 single "Catch Me If You Can", which was part of the first ever songs he wrote, excluding his previous electronic music tracks, in the concept album that they released in 2018 "The Great Tale of How I Ruined It All", that tells the story of a character that is the last one standing in an apocalyptic wasteland where everyone else has been brainwashed by a cult. Their first release that gained significant traction was the 2020 single "Needed a Change of Pace", which was part of their also popular EP "A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO FAKING YOUR DEATH" which is about a man who fakes his death to escape from his old life, but fears that his past will catch up to him and he'll have to pay for the consequences. He has accredited this success to the traction it gained on TikTok.
Their 2023 single, "RISK, RISK, RISK!" , which he wrote about his need to live up to his potential, was followed up by a collaboration with the Baltimore punk band Pinkshift in their single "Eat your friends", which criticizes the music industry's ability to pit him and his friends against one another, igniting jealousy and competition rather than creating space. This lead to the two parties announcing the collaborative "Eat Your Friends Tour". | [
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"title": "History"
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"text": "He went on to study 2D animation at the Brooklyn campus of the Pratt Institute in New York. It was there that they formed the illustration techniques that were used to create some of their album and singles' covers.",
"title": "History"
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"text": "He made his first appearance with his 2017 single \"Catch Me If You Can\", which was part of the first ever songs he wrote, excluding his previous electronic music tracks, in the concept album that they released in 2018 \"The Great Tale of How I Ruined It All\", that tells the story of a character that is the last one standing in an apocalyptic wasteland where everyone else has been brainwashed by a cult. Their first release that gained significant traction was the 2020 single \"Needed a Change of Pace\", which was part of their also popular EP \"A BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO FAKING YOUR DEATH\" which is about a man who fakes his death to escape from his old life, but fears that his past will catch up to him and he'll have to pay for the consequences. He has accredited this success to the traction it gained on TikTok.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Their 2023 single, \"RISK, RISK, RISK!\" , which he wrote about his need to live up to his potential, was followed up by a collaboration with the Baltimore punk band Pinkshift in their single \"Eat your friends\", which criticizes the music industry's ability to pit him and his friends against one another, igniting jealousy and competition rather than creating space. This lead to the two parties announcing the collaborative \"Eat Your Friends Tour\".",
"title": "History"
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] | Jhariah Clare is a musician, illustrator, and animator based in New York City. He is known for his convoluted and undefinable music style, as per their motto "No Genre, All Drama". He has cited Gerard Way as an inspiration for his work. | 2023-12-05T19:30:18Z | 2023-12-22T01:00:34Z | [
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75,492,241 | Botaretigene sparoparvovec | Botaretigene sparoparvovec (AAV5-RPGR) is an experimental gene therapy for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals. | [
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"text": "Botaretigene sparoparvovec (AAV5-RPGR) is an experimental gene therapy for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals.",
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] | Botaretigene sparoparvovec (AAV5-RPGR) is an experimental gene therapy for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals. | 2023-12-05T19:32:40Z | 2023-12-18T04:19:17Z | [
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75,492,248 | Martin Dubéci | Martin Dubéci (born 26 August 1986) is a Slovak politician and member of Progressive Slovakia.
From May 2012 to September 2013, Dubéci worked as an advisor to Erika Jurinová (OĽaNO), then-vice president of the National Council of the Slovak Republic. In October 2013, he became an assistant to then-member of Slovak Parliament Radoslav Procházka. As a parliamentary assistant, Dubéci had a contracted monthly salary of 2,000 Euros.
Dubéci worked as the head of Procházka's presidential campaign between July 2013 and May 2014, where was responsible for campaign transparency communications. When Procházka provided SME with a list of donors, in which a donation of 10,000 euros from Andrej Zmeček was missing, Dubéci did not answer other questions about why Zmeček was not recognised as a donor earlier. On 3 June 2014, Procházka stated: "only my colleagues, including Martin Dubéci, knew about the money that went to the presidential campaign, but not through a transparent account until Monday."
In September 2015, Dubéci ended his work as member of Slovak Conservative Party, which he justified by its approach to solving the migration crisis. The following December, Dubéci received an award from Jana Dubovcová for creating a space for all who felt the need to express solidarity with refugees.
Prior to the 2016 Slovak parliamentary election, Dubéci said that the approval of the anti-terrorist amendment to the Constitution of Slovakia by deputies of Smer-SD would not happen.
On the day of the election, Dubéci received 4,996 preferential votes on the candidate list of Most-Híd (2.94% of all votes of the Most-Híd party) and did not become a member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic, finishing 33rd place. As a result of reserving himself against disinformation, he also initiated "the Call to Humanity" signed by the public.
During the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election, Dubéci ran in tenth place as a candidate of the PS/Spolu coalition. He received 4,138 votes in the election and was ranked 24th among the candidates after taking preferential votes into account. Due to the result of the coalition, Dubéci did not get into the parliament again.
Dubéci ran his first marathon in 3 hours and 27 minutes in 2021, then became general manager of the cultural center Tabačka Kulturfabrik one year later. During the 2023 Slovak parliamentary election, he ran for the 21st place among the candidates of the Progressive Slovakia party. | [
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"title": "Political career"
},
{
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"text": "Dubéci worked as the head of Procházka's presidential campaign between July 2013 and May 2014, where was responsible for campaign transparency communications. When Procházka provided SME with a list of donors, in which a donation of 10,000 euros from Andrej Zmeček was missing, Dubéci did not answer other questions about why Zmeček was not recognised as a donor earlier. On 3 June 2014, Procházka stated: \"only my colleagues, including Martin Dubéci, knew about the money that went to the presidential campaign, but not through a transparent account until Monday.\"",
"title": "Political career"
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{
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"text": "In September 2015, Dubéci ended his work as member of Slovak Conservative Party, which he justified by its approach to solving the migration crisis. The following December, Dubéci received an award from Jana Dubovcová for creating a space for all who felt the need to express solidarity with refugees.",
"title": "Political career"
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"text": "Prior to the 2016 Slovak parliamentary election, Dubéci said that the approval of the anti-terrorist amendment to the Constitution of Slovakia by deputies of Smer-SD would not happen.",
"title": "Political career"
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"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On the day of the election, Dubéci received 4,996 preferential votes on the candidate list of Most-Híd (2.94% of all votes of the Most-Híd party) and did not become a member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic, finishing 33rd place. As a result of reserving himself against disinformation, he also initiated \"the Call to Humanity\" signed by the public.",
"title": "Political career"
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"text": "During the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election, Dubéci ran in tenth place as a candidate of the PS/Spolu coalition. He received 4,138 votes in the election and was ranked 24th among the candidates after taking preferential votes into account. Due to the result of the coalition, Dubéci did not get into the parliament again.",
"title": "Political career"
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"text": "Dubéci ran his first marathon in 3 hours and 27 minutes in 2021, then became general manager of the cultural center Tabačka Kulturfabrik one year later. During the 2023 Slovak parliamentary election, he ran for the 21st place among the candidates of the Progressive Slovakia party.",
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] | Martin Dubéci is a Slovak politician and member of Progressive Slovakia. | 2023-12-05T19:35:13Z | 2023-12-11T13:15:06Z | [
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75,492,266 | Daniel Bäckström (footballer) | Carl Daniel Bäckström (born 22 December 1987) is a Swedish football manager and former player, who is the manager of Sweden U21. He will be the caretaker manager of Sweden in January 2024. | [
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] | Carl Daniel Bäckström is a Swedish football manager and former player, who is the manager of Sweden U21. He will be the caretaker manager of Sweden in January 2024. | 2023-12-05T19:38:08Z | 2023-12-09T21:01:28Z | [
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75,492,269 | Lyle Conway | Lyle Conway is an actor, puppeteer, and designer, best known for his work with Jim Henson on The Dark Crystal (1982) and his work on Little Shop of Horrors through the creation of the Audrey II puppet.
Lyle Conway was raised in Chicago's Southwest side. He gained interest in the world of fantasy creatures as a child through the TV show Kukla, Fran, and Ollie, and the film King Kong. Conway created his first puppets as a child using household materials to replicate these characters. When Conway was older he attended art school where he won several awards from the Art Institute of Chicago before moving on to Hollywood.
Conway worked as a social worker for four years and then went on to design for a leading toy company. He then began his work in Hollywood with Gene Warren and David Allen. Conway worked under Jim Henson in the Creature Shop where he began his work sculpting Miss Piggy for the fifth season of The Muppet Show and The Great Muppet Caper.
On The Muppet Show Conway worked mainly as a Muppet designer. He worked as a sculptor for characters like Miss Piggy and the Dodo. He also was the creator behind Lyle the Dog, and the character was named after him.
This allowed him to work on the film The Dark Crystal. On Dark Crystal, Conway was the design and fabrication supervisor of creature development He worked specifically on Skeksis, Urskeks, and Aughra where he developed cable and radio control mechanisms through the creation of their animatronic characters. Conway built and designed the Aughra puppet used in the film. Conway also provided the voice of the Urskeks.
Conway led the design team on Disney and Walter Murch's film Return to Oz. There he created characters including Jack Pumpkinhead, Billina, and Gump. Conway not only created Gump but voiced the character as well. The character Jack Pumpkinhead was voiced by Brian Henson through Conway's casting.
Conway returned to the Jim Henson Creature Shop to work on the film Dreamchild where he oversaw the shop for the film. Through his experience, he and his team were able to efficiently create several creatures with a minimal budget. Conway described it as, "one-fourth the work of The Dark Crystal at ten times the speed", where they created six creatures in fourteen weeks.
Conway worked on the film Link where he was a creature effects supervisor as well as a consultant on the film.
Conway created the animatronics used in the TV movie Red Crow and the Ghost Ship. One of the animatronics that Conway worked on was the Red Crow.
Conway worked on the TV movie The Murders in the Rue Morgue as a puppet designer and creator. Here he created the ape used in the film.
Conway worked under Frank Oz on Little Shop of Horrors where they created and designed the Audrey II puppet. When Conway was designing the puppet he looked towards flower shops and botanical gardens to look for inspiration. Conway wanted Audrey II to be a cross between a cactus and Ukrainian eggs. He wanted to make Audrey II into something precious that Seymour would take home with him. In the designing process, Conway and Frank Oz had conflicting ideas on what Audrey II should look like. Oz wanted to make Audrey II look soft and Conway wanted to make it look horrific so they had to compromise and ended up creating the Audrey II used in the film. Conway began creating Audrey II through the creation of working prototypes that they named the "Feed Me" Plant. This prototype was created for three months before being rebuilt. Conway used cables, radio controls, and hydraulic pumps to achieve the movement seen in the film and foam rubber and cables to create the puppet. Both Conway and Oz recorded the footage of Audrey II's movement so it could be reviewed. Through this revision, Conway sped through the footage and realized that Audrey II's movement looked better sped up. Because of this Conway pitched the idea of having the actors act in slow motion and to speed it up in the final cut to make the puppet more fluid. The actors agreed to this and the scenes where the actors are in the same frame as Audrey II were performed in slow motion. Through his work on the Audrey II puppet, Conway was nominated for three awards, an Academy Award, a Saturn Award, and a BAFTA film award, for the special effects used.
Conway worked on The Blob where he focused on the special effects and was one of the designers. Conway was originally in charge of the film's effects but after personnel changes, Tony Gardner took over.
Conway was the associate producer on the film Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie.
On the 1998 film Deep Rising, Conway was hired by Rob Bottin's studio. He worked as a painter on the film's crew.
In the 1998 film Blade, Conway makes an appearance as the character Reichardt.
Conway worked for Jim Henson's creature shop on the 2009 film Where the Wild Things Are. For this film, he sculpted the models of the monsters. | [
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"text": "Lyle Conway was raised in Chicago's Southwest side. He gained interest in the world of fantasy creatures as a child through the TV show Kukla, Fran, and Ollie, and the film King Kong. Conway created his first puppets as a child using household materials to replicate these characters. When Conway was older he attended art school where he won several awards from the Art Institute of Chicago before moving on to Hollywood.",
"title": "Early life"
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"text": "Conway worked as a social worker for four years and then went on to design for a leading toy company. He then began his work in Hollywood with Gene Warren and David Allen. Conway worked under Jim Henson in the Creature Shop where he began his work sculpting Miss Piggy for the fifth season of The Muppet Show and The Great Muppet Caper.",
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"text": "On The Muppet Show Conway worked mainly as a Muppet designer. He worked as a sculptor for characters like Miss Piggy and the Dodo. He also was the creator behind Lyle the Dog, and the character was named after him.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "This allowed him to work on the film The Dark Crystal. On Dark Crystal, Conway was the design and fabrication supervisor of creature development He worked specifically on Skeksis, Urskeks, and Aughra where he developed cable and radio control mechanisms through the creation of their animatronic characters. Conway built and designed the Aughra puppet used in the film. Conway also provided the voice of the Urskeks.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "Conway led the design team on Disney and Walter Murch's film Return to Oz. There he created characters including Jack Pumpkinhead, Billina, and Gump. Conway not only created Gump but voiced the character as well. The character Jack Pumpkinhead was voiced by Brian Henson through Conway's casting.",
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{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Conway returned to the Jim Henson Creature Shop to work on the film Dreamchild where he oversaw the shop for the film. Through his experience, he and his team were able to efficiently create several creatures with a minimal budget. Conway described it as, \"one-fourth the work of The Dark Crystal at ten times the speed\", where they created six creatures in fourteen weeks.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Conway worked on the film Link where he was a creature effects supervisor as well as a consultant on the film.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Conway created the animatronics used in the TV movie Red Crow and the Ghost Ship. One of the animatronics that Conway worked on was the Red Crow.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Conway worked on the TV movie The Murders in the Rue Morgue as a puppet designer and creator. Here he created the ape used in the film.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Conway worked under Frank Oz on Little Shop of Horrors where they created and designed the Audrey II puppet. When Conway was designing the puppet he looked towards flower shops and botanical gardens to look for inspiration. Conway wanted Audrey II to be a cross between a cactus and Ukrainian eggs. He wanted to make Audrey II into something precious that Seymour would take home with him. In the designing process, Conway and Frank Oz had conflicting ideas on what Audrey II should look like. Oz wanted to make Audrey II look soft and Conway wanted to make it look horrific so they had to compromise and ended up creating the Audrey II used in the film. Conway began creating Audrey II through the creation of working prototypes that they named the \"Feed Me\" Plant. This prototype was created for three months before being rebuilt. Conway used cables, radio controls, and hydraulic pumps to achieve the movement seen in the film and foam rubber and cables to create the puppet. Both Conway and Oz recorded the footage of Audrey II's movement so it could be reviewed. Through this revision, Conway sped through the footage and realized that Audrey II's movement looked better sped up. Because of this Conway pitched the idea of having the actors act in slow motion and to speed it up in the final cut to make the puppet more fluid. The actors agreed to this and the scenes where the actors are in the same frame as Audrey II were performed in slow motion. Through his work on the Audrey II puppet, Conway was nominated for three awards, an Academy Award, a Saturn Award, and a BAFTA film award, for the special effects used.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Conway worked on The Blob where he focused on the special effects and was one of the designers. Conway was originally in charge of the film's effects but after personnel changes, Tony Gardner took over.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Conway was the associate producer on the film Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "On the 1998 film Deep Rising, Conway was hired by Rob Bottin's studio. He worked as a painter on the film's crew.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In the 1998 film Blade, Conway makes an appearance as the character Reichardt.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Conway worked for Jim Henson's creature shop on the 2009 film Where the Wild Things Are. For this film, he sculpted the models of the monsters.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Lyle Conway is an actor, puppeteer, and designer, best known for his work with Jim Henson on The Dark Crystal (1982) and his work on Little Shop of Horrors through the creation of the Audrey II puppet. | 2023-12-05T19:38:22Z | 2023-12-28T06:30:26Z | [
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"Template:Infobox person",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Conway |
75,492,273 | Veli Lake | Veli Lake or Veli Kayal is a freshwater lake in the state of Kerala and is situated in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. lake is 8 km from Kerala's capital city, Thiruvananthapuram.
On the eastern side, Veli Lake is connected to the Arabian Sea.
The lake is situated 8 km north west of Thiruvananthapuram City. ISRO's space research organization, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, is situated near by the lake. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Veli Lake or Veli Kayal is a freshwater lake in the state of Kerala and is situated in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. lake is 8 km from Kerala's capital city, Thiruvananthapuram.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On the eastern side, Veli Lake is connected to the Arabian Sea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The lake is situated 8 km north west of Thiruvananthapuram City. ISRO's space research organization, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, is situated near by the lake.",
"title": "Location"
}
] | Veli Lake or Veli Kayal is a freshwater lake in the state of Kerala and is situated in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. lake is 8 km from Kerala's capital city, Thiruvananthapuram. On the eastern side, Veli Lake is connected to the Arabian Sea. | 2023-12-05T19:39:20Z | 2023-12-16T02:24:56Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Infobox body of water",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veli_Lake |
75,492,277 | 2015 Subway Firecracker 250 | The 2015 Subway Firecracker 250 was a NASCAR Xfinity Series race held at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida on July 4, 2015. The race was 14th iteration of the event and the 15th race of the 2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series. This would also be the first race since 2006 that NBC would telecast a NASCAR Xfinity Series race. Rookie Daniel Suárez won the pole while Brian Scott led the most laps. But it was Austin Dillon who would win the race in the end.
Daytona International Speedway is a race track in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. Since opening in 1959, it has been the home of the Daytona 500, the most prestigious race in NASCAR as well as its season opening event. In addition to NASCAR, the track also hosts races for ARCA, AMA Superbike, IMSA, SCCA, and Motocross. The track features multiple layouts including the primary 2.500 mi (4.023 km) high-speed tri-oval, a 3.560 mi (5.729 km) sports car course, a 2.950 mi (4.748 km) motorcycle course, and a 1,320 ft (402.3 m) karting and motorcycle flat-track. The track's 180-acre (72.8 ha) infield includes the 29-acre (11.7 ha) Lake Lloyd, which has hosted powerboat racing. The speedway is operated by NASCAR pursuant to a lease with the City of Daytona Beach on the property that runs until 2054. Dale Earnhardt is Daytona International Speedway's all-time winningest driver, with a total of 34 career victories (12- Daytona 500 Qualifying Races) (7- NASCAR Xfinity Series Races) (6- Busch Clash Races) (6- IROC Races) (2- Pepsi 400 July Races) (1- The 1998 Daytona 500).
Rookie Daniel Suárez won the pole for the race with his time being 49.929.
* – Made the field via owners points
** – Mike Harmon and Joey Gase had to go to the rear of the field. Gase had Unapproved adjustments and Harmon missed the drivers intro.
The race was meant to start at around 7 pm Eastern but got delayed nearly two hours because of rain and started at nearly 9 pm Eastern instead. Outside pole sitter Brian Scott took the lead from pole sitter Daniel Suárez and Scott led the first lap of the race. The first caution did not take long as it flew on lap 3 when Bobby Gerhart spun off of turn 4 after he got turned by Joey Gase. The race would restart on lap 7. On the restart, Joey Logano took the lead from Scott but was immediately passed by Daniel Suárez and Suárez took the lead. On lap 9, the second caution would fly when rookie Cale Conley spun going into turn 3 after he got turned by Scott Lagasse Jr. The race would restart on lap 13. On the restart, Brian Scott took the lead from Suárez. On lap 15, the third caution would fly when Derrike Cope hit the outside wall in the tri-oval after he came across the nose of Austin Dillon. During the caution as the cars made their way to pit road, Jeremy Clements decided to come to pit road at almost the very last minute but Landon Cassill decided not to pit at the very last minute and the two made contact near the entrance and turned Cassill around in the process and gave both cars damage. The race would restart on lap 20. Eventually, the race would finally get its first green flag run of over 5 laps and went green for the next 62 laps. Eventually, green flag pitstops would begin on lap 56. Brian Scott pitted on that lap and gave the lead to Joey Logano. Logano pitted on lap 59 and gave the lead back to Scott after everything cycled through. On lap 59, a weird incident occurred when Scott Lagasse Jr's hood all of a sudden blew up and had to retire from the race.
With 20 laps to go on lap 81, the 4th caution would fly when Cale Conley spun in turns 3 and 4. The race would restart with 15 laps to go with Scott leading. Scott was looking for his first ever Xfinity Series win of his career in his 190th start. But with 10 laps to go, the 5th caution would fly for the first big one of the race that occurred going into turn 1. It started when Ryan Reed got sideways by Ty Dillon and Reed turned down into Brendan Gaughan and Gaughan turned down into Bubba Wallace which caused Wallace to spin up right in front of the pack and take out more cars with him. A scary moment in the wreck also occurred when Brennan Poole went down to avoid a spinning Aric Almirola and Poole ended up sliding on the wet pavement and shot across the track and hit the outside wall head on in turn 1. Poole and everyone else were okay. The wreck collected a total of 14 cars. The wreck collected Bubba Wallace, Brennan Poole, Aric Almirola, Chris Buescher, Blake Koch, Ryan Reed, John Wes Townley, Brendan Gaughan, Daniel Suárez, Ty Dillon, Regan Smith, Joey Gase, Kasey Kahne, and Martin Roy. The race was red flagged for a short bit to clean up the mess. The race would restart with 5 laps to go. With 4 to go, Elliott Sadler went to take the lead from Brian Scott down the backstretch. Scott went up to block but cut across Sadler's nose and hit the outside wall and would cause the 2nd big one bringing out the 6th caution of the race and took out 15 cars. Joey Logano went down to avoid Scott but got turned by David Starr which caused the wreck. The cars involved were Brian Scott, Joey Logano, Harrison Rhodes, David Ragan, Ryan Sieg, David Starr, Dakoda Armstrong, Regan Smith, Erik Jones, Elliott Sadler, Chase Elliott, Joey Gase, Ross Chastain, Benny Gordon, and Martin Roy. The wreck would set up three attempts of a green-white-checkered finish with Austin Dillon as the new leader. On the restart, Dillon would take the lead from Dakoda Armstrong. On the final lap, the 7th and final caution would fly when Daniel Suárez spun down the frontstretch towards the tri-oval and it meant Austin Dillon would win. The race would be Dillon's first win of his Xfinity Series career at Daytona. Elliott Sadler, Chase Elliott, Kasey Kahne, and Benny Gordon rounded out the top 5 while Dakoda Armstrong, David Ragan, Erik Jones, Harrison Rhodes, and Ross Chastain rounded out the top 10. This would be Benny Gordon's first and only top 5 finish of his Xfinity Series career. This would be Harrison Rhodes' first top 10 of his Xfinity Series career. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2015 Subway Firecracker 250 was a NASCAR Xfinity Series race held at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida on July 4, 2015. The race was 14th iteration of the event and the 15th race of the 2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series. This would also be the first race since 2006 that NBC would telecast a NASCAR Xfinity Series race. Rookie Daniel Suárez won the pole while Brian Scott led the most laps. But it was Austin Dillon who would win the race in the end.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Daytona International Speedway is a race track in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. Since opening in 1959, it has been the home of the Daytona 500, the most prestigious race in NASCAR as well as its season opening event. In addition to NASCAR, the track also hosts races for ARCA, AMA Superbike, IMSA, SCCA, and Motocross. The track features multiple layouts including the primary 2.500 mi (4.023 km) high-speed tri-oval, a 3.560 mi (5.729 km) sports car course, a 2.950 mi (4.748 km) motorcycle course, and a 1,320 ft (402.3 m) karting and motorcycle flat-track. The track's 180-acre (72.8 ha) infield includes the 29-acre (11.7 ha) Lake Lloyd, which has hosted powerboat racing. The speedway is operated by NASCAR pursuant to a lease with the City of Daytona Beach on the property that runs until 2054. Dale Earnhardt is Daytona International Speedway's all-time winningest driver, with a total of 34 career victories (12- Daytona 500 Qualifying Races) (7- NASCAR Xfinity Series Races) (6- Busch Clash Races) (6- IROC Races) (2- Pepsi 400 July Races) (1- The 1998 Daytona 500).",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Rookie Daniel Suárez won the pole for the race with his time being 49.929.",
"title": "Qualifying"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "* – Made the field via owners points",
"title": "Qualifying"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "** – Mike Harmon and Joey Gase had to go to the rear of the field. Gase had Unapproved adjustments and Harmon missed the drivers intro.",
"title": "Qualifying"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The race was meant to start at around 7 pm Eastern but got delayed nearly two hours because of rain and started at nearly 9 pm Eastern instead. Outside pole sitter Brian Scott took the lead from pole sitter Daniel Suárez and Scott led the first lap of the race. The first caution did not take long as it flew on lap 3 when Bobby Gerhart spun off of turn 4 after he got turned by Joey Gase. The race would restart on lap 7. On the restart, Joey Logano took the lead from Scott but was immediately passed by Daniel Suárez and Suárez took the lead. On lap 9, the second caution would fly when rookie Cale Conley spun going into turn 3 after he got turned by Scott Lagasse Jr. The race would restart on lap 13. On the restart, Brian Scott took the lead from Suárez. On lap 15, the third caution would fly when Derrike Cope hit the outside wall in the tri-oval after he came across the nose of Austin Dillon. During the caution as the cars made their way to pit road, Jeremy Clements decided to come to pit road at almost the very last minute but Landon Cassill decided not to pit at the very last minute and the two made contact near the entrance and turned Cassill around in the process and gave both cars damage. The race would restart on lap 20. Eventually, the race would finally get its first green flag run of over 5 laps and went green for the next 62 laps. Eventually, green flag pitstops would begin on lap 56. Brian Scott pitted on that lap and gave the lead to Joey Logano. Logano pitted on lap 59 and gave the lead back to Scott after everything cycled through. On lap 59, a weird incident occurred when Scott Lagasse Jr's hood all of a sudden blew up and had to retire from the race.",
"title": "Race"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "With 20 laps to go on lap 81, the 4th caution would fly when Cale Conley spun in turns 3 and 4. The race would restart with 15 laps to go with Scott leading. Scott was looking for his first ever Xfinity Series win of his career in his 190th start. But with 10 laps to go, the 5th caution would fly for the first big one of the race that occurred going into turn 1. It started when Ryan Reed got sideways by Ty Dillon and Reed turned down into Brendan Gaughan and Gaughan turned down into Bubba Wallace which caused Wallace to spin up right in front of the pack and take out more cars with him. A scary moment in the wreck also occurred when Brennan Poole went down to avoid a spinning Aric Almirola and Poole ended up sliding on the wet pavement and shot across the track and hit the outside wall head on in turn 1. Poole and everyone else were okay. The wreck collected a total of 14 cars. The wreck collected Bubba Wallace, Brennan Poole, Aric Almirola, Chris Buescher, Blake Koch, Ryan Reed, John Wes Townley, Brendan Gaughan, Daniel Suárez, Ty Dillon, Regan Smith, Joey Gase, Kasey Kahne, and Martin Roy. The race was red flagged for a short bit to clean up the mess. The race would restart with 5 laps to go. With 4 to go, Elliott Sadler went to take the lead from Brian Scott down the backstretch. Scott went up to block but cut across Sadler's nose and hit the outside wall and would cause the 2nd big one bringing out the 6th caution of the race and took out 15 cars. Joey Logano went down to avoid Scott but got turned by David Starr which caused the wreck. The cars involved were Brian Scott, Joey Logano, Harrison Rhodes, David Ragan, Ryan Sieg, David Starr, Dakoda Armstrong, Regan Smith, Erik Jones, Elliott Sadler, Chase Elliott, Joey Gase, Ross Chastain, Benny Gordon, and Martin Roy. The wreck would set up three attempts of a green-white-checkered finish with Austin Dillon as the new leader. On the restart, Dillon would take the lead from Dakoda Armstrong. On the final lap, the 7th and final caution would fly when Daniel Suárez spun down the frontstretch towards the tri-oval and it meant Austin Dillon would win. The race would be Dillon's first win of his Xfinity Series career at Daytona. Elliott Sadler, Chase Elliott, Kasey Kahne, and Benny Gordon rounded out the top 5 while Dakoda Armstrong, David Ragan, Erik Jones, Harrison Rhodes, and Ross Chastain rounded out the top 10. This would be Benny Gordon's first and only top 5 finish of his Xfinity Series career. This would be Harrison Rhodes' first top 10 of his Xfinity Series career.",
"title": "Race"
}
] | The 2015 Subway Firecracker 250 was a NASCAR Xfinity Series race held at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida on July 4, 2015. The race was 14th iteration of the event and the 15th race of the 2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series. This would also be the first race since 2006 that NBC would telecast a NASCAR Xfinity Series race. Rookie Daniel Suárez won the pole while Brian Scott led the most laps. But it was Austin Dillon who would win the race in the end. | 2023-12-05T19:39:49Z | 2023-12-31T23:48:05Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Subway_Firecracker_250 |
75,492,280 | I Can Feel It | I Can Feel It may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "I Can Feel It may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | I Can Feel It may refer to: "I Can Feel It", 2023
"I Can Feel It", 1972
"I Can Feel It", 1970
"I Can Feel It", 1969 | 2023-12-05T19:40:39Z | 2023-12-16T01:24:48Z | [
"Template:Dab"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_Feel_It |
75,492,296 | Nahum Ta-Shma | Nahum Ta-Shma (Hebrew: נחום תא שמע; born 22 June 1953) is an Israeli former footballer.
Ta-Shma played club football for Hapoel Jerusalem and Hapoel Haifa, won with the club in 1972–73 Israel State Cup when he scored the second goal in the final.
Ta-Shma made two appearance for Israeli national side. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nahum Ta-Shma (Hebrew: נחום תא שמע; born 22 June 1953) is an Israeli former footballer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ta-Shma played club football for Hapoel Jerusalem and Hapoel Haifa, won with the club in 1972–73 Israel State Cup when he scored the second goal in the final.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ta-Shma made two appearance for Israeli national side.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Nahum Ta-Shma is an Israeli former footballer. | 2023-12-05T19:42:29Z | 2023-12-07T14:55:08Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:IFA league player",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Israel-footy-bio-stub",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahum_Ta-Shma |
75,492,315 | I Can't Escape from You | I Can't Escape from You may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "I Can't Escape from You may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | I Can't Escape from You may refer to: I Can't Escape from You, 1936
I Can't Escape from You, 1953
I Can't Escape from You, 1988 | 2023-12-05T19:45:33Z | 2023-12-05T19:46:22Z | [
"Template:Dab"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Escape_from_You |
75,492,325 | Nike Fixing her Sandal | Nike Fixing her Sandal (Ancient Greek: Νίκη Σανδαλίζουσα, romanized: Níkē Sandalízousa) also known as Nike Taking off her Sandal or Nike Sandalbinder is an ancient marble relief of the Greek goddess of victory Nike in the process of fixing or removing her sandal. It originally adorned the temple of Athena-Nike, and now it is kept in the Acropolis Museum of Athens, in Greece.
A sculpture of the high classical period, it was produced around 420–400 BC, and it is the right part of a slab from the south side of the paparet of the temple of Athena-Nike. Its similarities with some of Aphrodite's iconography have been taken to suggest the existence of a cult to Aphrodite Pandemos in the area. The temple and the paparet of Athena-Nike were demolished by the Ottomans in 1687 to strengthen the rampart and better fortify the western side of the Acropolis against the Venetian attacks of general Francesco Morosini; the slab was finally excavated in 1835 near that temple, just five years after Greece had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire.
Nike leans forward and places her right foot upon a rock, the leg bent at the knee while she balances on her left leg, which is slightly bent. She uses her right hand to adjust the sandal, act which gave the relief its name, while the upper part of her torse is turned to the front. Her left arm is slightly bent at the elbow and holds the folds of her himation so both ends fall on the left side. Her winds frame her figure from the behind.
She wears a himation (a type of cloak) and a very thin chiton with sleeves pinned on each of her shoulders, but the clip of the right shoulder sleeve has slipped off, causing the chiton to fall away from Nike's right breast. The thin cloth she wears with the many folds embraces the goddess's torso as if it is wet; the drapery is so thin it is nearly transparent.
Most of the upper rim of the balustrade remains. Her right hand is not actually touching the sandal but rather it looks like it is holding a strap. The head, neck, left hand, surface of the leftfoot and the top of the right wing are not preserved, having been broken off.
The relief was produced in the workshop of Agoracritus, commonly attributed to "Master E" whose work on the parapet has been described as "among the most stylistically advanced". The relief is made of Pentelic marble, and it is 1,06 m. tall and 52 cm wide.
This slab is the most noteworthy out of all the sculptures of Nike that have been found in temples, as no other known example has the same graceful attitude combined with the drapery's delicacy. The compositon's originality is also considered to be one of the points that distinguish Nike Fixing her Sandal from other sculptures.
The elaborate drapery's folds of the chiton over the breast are finely worked, and there is clear distinction between the fabric and Nike's body underneath. The folds of the himation between the legs are very deeply cut; as Carpenter notes, the technique of the drapery involves the carving of occasional ridges over a fully modeled nude, and thus the drapery is used to emphasize the figure's pose. The sculptor has been noted for his use of catenary folds and many fine ridges widely spaced, as well as instances of chiton slipping off the shoulder to reveal more skin.
The lower party of the body is in profile or close enough to it, while the upper part is almost frontal; the drapery masks the transition, as well as the fact that should Nike's right leg be straightened, it would be longer than the left. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nike Fixing her Sandal (Ancient Greek: Νίκη Σανδαλίζουσα, romanized: Níkē Sandalízousa) also known as Nike Taking off her Sandal or Nike Sandalbinder is an ancient marble relief of the Greek goddess of victory Nike in the process of fixing or removing her sandal. It originally adorned the temple of Athena-Nike, and now it is kept in the Acropolis Museum of Athens, in Greece.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A sculpture of the high classical period, it was produced around 420–400 BC, and it is the right part of a slab from the south side of the paparet of the temple of Athena-Nike. Its similarities with some of Aphrodite's iconography have been taken to suggest the existence of a cult to Aphrodite Pandemos in the area. The temple and the paparet of Athena-Nike were demolished by the Ottomans in 1687 to strengthen the rampart and better fortify the western side of the Acropolis against the Venetian attacks of general Francesco Morosini; the slab was finally excavated in 1835 near that temple, just five years after Greece had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Nike leans forward and places her right foot upon a rock, the leg bent at the knee while she balances on her left leg, which is slightly bent. She uses her right hand to adjust the sandal, act which gave the relief its name, while the upper part of her torse is turned to the front. Her left arm is slightly bent at the elbow and holds the folds of her himation so both ends fall on the left side. Her winds frame her figure from the behind.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She wears a himation (a type of cloak) and a very thin chiton with sleeves pinned on each of her shoulders, but the clip of the right shoulder sleeve has slipped off, causing the chiton to fall away from Nike's right breast. The thin cloth she wears with the many folds embraces the goddess's torso as if it is wet; the drapery is so thin it is nearly transparent.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Most of the upper rim of the balustrade remains. Her right hand is not actually touching the sandal but rather it looks like it is holding a strap. The head, neck, left hand, surface of the leftfoot and the top of the right wing are not preserved, having been broken off.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The relief was produced in the workshop of Agoracritus, commonly attributed to \"Master E\" whose work on the parapet has been described as \"among the most stylistically advanced\". The relief is made of Pentelic marble, and it is 1,06 m. tall and 52 cm wide.",
"title": "Craftmanship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "This slab is the most noteworthy out of all the sculptures of Nike that have been found in temples, as no other known example has the same graceful attitude combined with the drapery's delicacy. The compositon's originality is also considered to be one of the points that distinguish Nike Fixing her Sandal from other sculptures.",
"title": "Craftmanship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The elaborate drapery's folds of the chiton over the breast are finely worked, and there is clear distinction between the fabric and Nike's body underneath. The folds of the himation between the legs are very deeply cut; as Carpenter notes, the technique of the drapery involves the carving of occasional ridges over a fully modeled nude, and thus the drapery is used to emphasize the figure's pose. The sculptor has been noted for his use of catenary folds and many fine ridges widely spaced, as well as instances of chiton slipping off the shoulder to reveal more skin.",
"title": "Craftmanship"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The lower party of the body is in profile or close enough to it, while the upper part is almost frontal; the drapery masks the transition, as well as the fact that should Nike's right leg be straightened, it would be longer than the left.",
"title": "Craftmanship"
}
] | Nike Fixing her Sandal also known as Nike Taking off her Sandal or Nike Sandalbinder is an ancient marble relief of the Greek goddess of victory Nike in the process of fixing or removing her sandal. It originally adorned the temple of Athena-Nike, and now it is kept in the Acropolis Museum of Athens, in Greece. | 2023-12-05T19:47:05Z | 2023-12-24T17:27:04Z | [
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75,492,338 | Cerium(IV) selenate | Cerium(IV) selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ce(SeO4)2.
Cerium(IV) selenate can be obtained by reacting cerium(IV) hydroxide with hot selenic acid, and the tetrahydrate can be crystallized from the solution.
Cerium(IV) selenate has a space group of Pbca, and its unit cell parameters are a = 9.748 Å, b = 9.174 Å, and c = 13.740 Å.
It hydrolyzes when exposed to water and can be reduced to trivalent cerium using hydrogen peroxide. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Cerium(IV) selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ce(SeO4)2.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Cerium(IV) selenate can be obtained by reacting cerium(IV) hydroxide with hot selenic acid, and the tetrahydrate can be crystallized from the solution.",
"title": "Preparation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Cerium(IV) selenate has a space group of Pbca, and its unit cell parameters are a = 9.748 Å, b = 9.174 Å, and c = 13.740 Å.",
"title": "Properties"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "It hydrolyzes when exposed to water and can be reduced to trivalent cerium using hydrogen peroxide.",
"title": "Properties"
}
] | Cerium(IV) selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ce(SeO4)2. | 2023-12-05T19:49:18Z | 2023-12-14T12:07:29Z | [
"Template:Selenates",
"Template:Chembox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cerium compounds"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium(IV)_selenate |
75,492,349 | Armoured production and repair factory (Egypt) | The Armoured Production and Repair Factory or Military Factory 200 or Abu Zaabal Factory is an Egyptian government joint-stock company, one of the companies of the National Authority for Military Production, affiliated with the Ministry of Military Production. It was established in 1987 in the Abu Zaabal area of Qalyubia Governorate on an area of 2.5 million square metres, as a result of the agreement concluded between the Egyptian government and the United States government for the joint production of the American M1A1 Abrams main battle tank, where the first tank was produced at the factory in 1992, and the factory continued production until it produced more than 1,000 tanks of this type for the Egyptian Armed Forces.
M1A1 tank coproduction program in Egypt. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Armoured Production and Repair Factory or Military Factory 200 or Abu Zaabal Factory is an Egyptian government joint-stock company, one of the companies of the National Authority for Military Production, affiliated with the Ministry of Military Production. It was established in 1987 in the Abu Zaabal area of Qalyubia Governorate on an area of 2.5 million square metres, as a result of the agreement concluded between the Egyptian government and the United States government for the joint production of the American M1A1 Abrams main battle tank, where the first tank was produced at the factory in 1992, and the factory continued production until it produced more than 1,000 tanks of this type for the Egyptian Armed Forces.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "M1A1 tank coproduction program in Egypt.",
"title": "See also"
}
] | The Armoured Production and Repair Factory or Military Factory 200 or Abu Zaabal Factory is an Egyptian government joint-stock company, one of the companies of the National Authority for Military Production, affiliated with the Ministry of Military Production. It was established in 1987 in the Abu Zaabal area of Qalyubia Governorate on an area of 2.5 million square metres, as a result of the agreement concluded between the Egyptian government and the United States government for the joint production of the American M1A1 Abrams main battle tank, where the first tank was produced at the factory in 1992, and the factory continued production until it produced more than 1,000 tanks of this type for the Egyptian Armed Forces. | 2023-12-05T19:50:26Z | 2023-12-18T16:32:33Z | [
"Template:Infobox company",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_production_and_repair_factory_(Egypt) |
75,492,358 | Les Gregory (speedway rider) | Leslie Norman Stansell Gregory (29 September 1914 – 4 March 1993) was an international motorcycle speedway rider and team manager from England. He earned one international cap for the England national speedway team and was the England team manager in 1951.
Gregory was born in Hackney, London, educated at Haberdashers' Boys' School and trained to become a mechanical engineer to work at his father's cream containers business in Shepherds's Bush. He competed in the 1932 amateur Isle of Man TT before coming to prominence on a speedway track, when he rode for the Crystal Palace discoveries in April 1933. Crystal Palace Glaziers signed him in May 1933, after he impressed in earlier races.
Despite not riding for a team during the 1934 season, he was selected for the first ever England team for the 1934–35 winter tour of Australia. Before the 1935 UK season started, he signed for West Ham Hammers from Harringay Tigers, who held his registration. However, he moved to Plymouth Tigers in July and raced in challenge matches. He returned to Australia with England for the 1935–36 winter test series. His first British leagues season as a first team regular was in the newly formed 1936 Provincial Speedway League, where he rode for Plymouth (now called the Panthers). He was also awarded the captaincy of the team.
Another winter tour in Australia resulted in a heavy crash that broke seven bones in his hand but he did get engaged during the tour to the sister of Tiger Stevenson. On his return he signed for Birmingham Bulldogs, where he spent the 1937 season.
When Sheffield were granted a licence for the 1938 season, Gregory joined them. His last season was in 1939, riding in a couple of events before he retired from riding aged just 25.
In 1948, he became the team manager of Rayleigh Rockets and helped them into the National League. Two years later in 1950, he joined Stoke Potters as their new team manager. In September 1951, he was appointed the England team manager for the test series against New Zealand. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Leslie Norman Stansell Gregory (29 September 1914 – 4 March 1993) was an international motorcycle speedway rider and team manager from England. He earned one international cap for the England national speedway team and was the England team manager in 1951.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Gregory was born in Hackney, London, educated at Haberdashers' Boys' School and trained to become a mechanical engineer to work at his father's cream containers business in Shepherds's Bush. He competed in the 1932 amateur Isle of Man TT before coming to prominence on a speedway track, when he rode for the Crystal Palace discoveries in April 1933. Crystal Palace Glaziers signed him in May 1933, after he impressed in earlier races.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Despite not riding for a team during the 1934 season, he was selected for the first ever England team for the 1934–35 winter tour of Australia. Before the 1935 UK season started, he signed for West Ham Hammers from Harringay Tigers, who held his registration. However, he moved to Plymouth Tigers in July and raced in challenge matches. He returned to Australia with England for the 1935–36 winter test series. His first British leagues season as a first team regular was in the newly formed 1936 Provincial Speedway League, where he rode for Plymouth (now called the Panthers). He was also awarded the captaincy of the team.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Another winter tour in Australia resulted in a heavy crash that broke seven bones in his hand but he did get engaged during the tour to the sister of Tiger Stevenson. On his return he signed for Birmingham Bulldogs, where he spent the 1937 season.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "When Sheffield were granted a licence for the 1938 season, Gregory joined them. His last season was in 1939, riding in a couple of events before he retired from riding aged just 25.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1948, he became the team manager of Rayleigh Rockets and helped them into the National League. Two years later in 1950, he joined Stoke Potters as their new team manager. In September 1951, he was appointed the England team manager for the test series against New Zealand.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Leslie Norman Stansell Gregory was an international motorcycle speedway rider and team manager from England. He earned one international cap for the England national speedway team and was the England team manager in 1951. | 2023-12-05T19:51:46Z | 2023-12-06T18:55:15Z | [
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"Template:Infobox Speedway rider",
"Template:Reflist",
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"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Gregory_(speedway_rider) |
75,492,365 | Zirconium selenate | Zirconium selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Zr(SeO4)2. Its tetrahydrate can be obtained by the reaction of selenic acid and a saturated aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (or zirconium hydroxide). The tetrahydrate belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system and is isostructural with Zr(SO4)2·4H2O. It loses water when heated and becomes anhydrous at 220-230 °C. It reacts with potassium fluoride to obtain K2Zr(SeO4)2F2·3H2O. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zirconium selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Zr(SeO4)2. Its tetrahydrate can be obtained by the reaction of selenic acid and a saturated aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (or zirconium hydroxide). The tetrahydrate belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system and is isostructural with Zr(SO4)2·4H2O. It loses water when heated and becomes anhydrous at 220-230 °C. It reacts with potassium fluoride to obtain K2Zr(SeO4)2F2·3H2O.",
"title": ""
}
] | Zirconium selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Zr(SeO4)2. Its tetrahydrate can be obtained by the reaction of selenic acid and a saturated aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (or zirconium hydroxide). The tetrahydrate belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system and is isostructural with Zr(SO4)2·4H2O. It loses water when heated and becomes anhydrous at 220-230 °C. It reacts with potassium fluoride to obtain K2Zr(SeO4)2F2·3H2O. | 2023-12-05T19:52:57Z | 2023-12-26T15:46:49Z | [
"Template:Chembox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:ISSN",
"Template:Zirconium compounds",
"Template:Selenates"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium_selenate |
75,492,370 | Tati Makgoka | Tati Moffat Makgoka (born 13 February 1968) is a South African judge of the Supreme Court of Appeal. Formerly an attorney in Pretoria, he served in the Gauteng High Court from August 2009 until June 2018, when he was elevated to the Supreme Court of Appeal. He was an acting judge in the Constitutional Court in 2023.
Makgoka was born on 13 February 1968 in Moletši outside Polokwane in the former Northern Transvaal (now Limpopo Province). He matriculated at Hwiti High School and went on to the University of the North, where he completed a BProc in 1992. 30 years later, in 2021 and while serving as a judge, he also completed an LLB at the University of South Africa.
After graduating from the University of the North, Makgoka served his articles of clerkship at a firm in Pretoria. Thereafter, between 1994 and 2009, he practised as an attorney in Pretoria. He acted as a judge in the High Court of South Africa in 2007, sitting in the Transvaal Provincial Division.
On 26 August 2009, Makgoka joined the High Court permanently when he was appointed as a judge of the Gauteng High Court. Notable judgements handed down by Makgoka included a judgement confirming that Harmony Gold and other mining companies were obligated to rehabilitate environmental damage produced by corporate pollution. His order in that matter was upheld by the Supreme Court of Appeal in Harmony Gold v Free State Department of Water Affairs. In October 2013, Makgoka ordered Legal Aid to provide legal representation at the Farlam Commission to mineworkers who had been injured or arrested during the Marikana massacre.
During his nearly nine years in the High Court, Makgoka was seconded to appellate courts three times. He was an acting judge in the Labour Appeal Court from June to November 2015 and in the Supreme Court of Appeal on two occasions, from June to November 2016 and then from October 2017 to May 2018. During that period, he wrote the Supreme Court of Appeal's judgement in a vicarious liability matter. He also acted in the Constitutional Division of the Lesotho High Court in April 2015.
In April 2018, Makgoka was one of nine candidates whom the Judicial Service Commission shortlisted and interviewed for possible permanent appointment to one of three vacancies in the Supreme Court of Appeal. During his interview, he was asked about his impression of the level of collegiality in the Supreme Court of Appeal, and he expressed his support for gender-based affirmative action in the judiciary. The Judicial Service Commission recommended him for appointment, alongside Mahube Molemela and Ashton Schippers, and the trio joined the bench on 1 June 2018.
In November 2022, Makgoka wrote the court's unanimous judgement in the controversial matter of the parole of former President Jacob Zuma, who had been imprisoned for contempt of court. Makgoka's judgement said that Arthur Fraser, the National Commissioner for Correctional Services, had acted unlawfully and irrationally in granting Zuma medical parole; the court ordered that Zuma should return to prison to serve out his sentence.
Between February and May 2023, Makgoka was an acting judge in the Constitutional Court of South Africa. He wrote the court's judgement in N.O. v Minister of Police, which overturned a Supreme Court of Appeal ruling on the application of the "once-and-for-all" rule for claiming damages.
Makgoka was highly involved in judicial education and training, including through the Legal Education Centre of the Black Lawyers Association, and he serves on the editorial committee of the South African Institute of Judicial Education Journal. He has been the chancellor of the Anglican Diocese of Pretoria since 2012 and a member of the Advisory Board of Judges to the World Intellectual Property Organisation since 2020. Since 2019, he has been a member of the Judicial Conduct Committee of the Judicial Service Commission, in which capacity he served on the three-member tribunal that found Western Cape Judge President John Hlophe guilty of gross misconduct for attempting to improperly influence the views of Justices Chris Jafta and Bess Nkabinde.
Makgoka is a widower and has two children. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tati Moffat Makgoka (born 13 February 1968) is a South African judge of the Supreme Court of Appeal. Formerly an attorney in Pretoria, he served in the Gauteng High Court from August 2009 until June 2018, when he was elevated to the Supreme Court of Appeal. He was an acting judge in the Constitutional Court in 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Makgoka was born on 13 February 1968 in Moletši outside Polokwane in the former Northern Transvaal (now Limpopo Province). He matriculated at Hwiti High School and went on to the University of the North, where he completed a BProc in 1992. 30 years later, in 2021 and while serving as a judge, he also completed an LLB at the University of South Africa.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After graduating from the University of the North, Makgoka served his articles of clerkship at a firm in Pretoria. Thereafter, between 1994 and 2009, he practised as an attorney in Pretoria. He acted as a judge in the High Court of South Africa in 2007, sitting in the Transvaal Provincial Division.",
"title": "Legal practice"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 26 August 2009, Makgoka joined the High Court permanently when he was appointed as a judge of the Gauteng High Court. Notable judgements handed down by Makgoka included a judgement confirming that Harmony Gold and other mining companies were obligated to rehabilitate environmental damage produced by corporate pollution. His order in that matter was upheld by the Supreme Court of Appeal in Harmony Gold v Free State Department of Water Affairs. In October 2013, Makgoka ordered Legal Aid to provide legal representation at the Farlam Commission to mineworkers who had been injured or arrested during the Marikana massacre.",
"title": "Gauteng High Court: 2009–2018"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During his nearly nine years in the High Court, Makgoka was seconded to appellate courts three times. He was an acting judge in the Labour Appeal Court from June to November 2015 and in the Supreme Court of Appeal on two occasions, from June to November 2016 and then from October 2017 to May 2018. During that period, he wrote the Supreme Court of Appeal's judgement in a vicarious liability matter. He also acted in the Constitutional Division of the Lesotho High Court in April 2015.",
"title": "Gauteng High Court: 2009–2018"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In April 2018, Makgoka was one of nine candidates whom the Judicial Service Commission shortlisted and interviewed for possible permanent appointment to one of three vacancies in the Supreme Court of Appeal. During his interview, he was asked about his impression of the level of collegiality in the Supreme Court of Appeal, and he expressed his support for gender-based affirmative action in the judiciary. The Judicial Service Commission recommended him for appointment, alongside Mahube Molemela and Ashton Schippers, and the trio joined the bench on 1 June 2018.",
"title": "Supreme Court of Appeal: 2018–present"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In November 2022, Makgoka wrote the court's unanimous judgement in the controversial matter of the parole of former President Jacob Zuma, who had been imprisoned for contempt of court. Makgoka's judgement said that Arthur Fraser, the National Commissioner for Correctional Services, had acted unlawfully and irrationally in granting Zuma medical parole; the court ordered that Zuma should return to prison to serve out his sentence.",
"title": "Supreme Court of Appeal: 2018–present"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Between February and May 2023, Makgoka was an acting judge in the Constitutional Court of South Africa. He wrote the court's judgement in N.O. v Minister of Police, which overturned a Supreme Court of Appeal ruling on the application of the \"once-and-for-all\" rule for claiming damages.",
"title": "Supreme Court of Appeal: 2018–present"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Makgoka was highly involved in judicial education and training, including through the Legal Education Centre of the Black Lawyers Association, and he serves on the editorial committee of the South African Institute of Judicial Education Journal. He has been the chancellor of the Anglican Diocese of Pretoria since 2012 and a member of the Advisory Board of Judges to the World Intellectual Property Organisation since 2020. Since 2019, he has been a member of the Judicial Conduct Committee of the Judicial Service Commission, in which capacity he served on the three-member tribunal that found Western Cape Judge President John Hlophe guilty of gross misconduct for attempting to improperly influence the views of Justices Chris Jafta and Bess Nkabinde.",
"title": "Public service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Makgoka is a widower and has two children.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Tati Moffat Makgoka is a South African judge of the Supreme Court of Appeal. Formerly an attorney in Pretoria, he served in the Gauteng High Court from August 2009 until June 2018, when he was elevated to the Supreme Court of Appeal. He was an acting judge in the Constitutional Court in 2023. | 2023-12-05T19:54:22Z | 2023-12-06T10:36:06Z | [
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"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tati_Makgoka |
75,492,390 | Rachel van Meetelen | Rachel van Meetelen (born in Amsterdam, March 1975) is a member of the Dutch House of Representatives. She lives in Bergen op Zoom and since 1998 runs a poffertjes stand at fairgrounds. She is also, since 2023, a member of the management team of the National Legaue of Fairground Business Owners (Nationale Bond van Kermisbedrijfshouders.)
In 2023, she stood, without any political experience, on third place on the candidate list for the Party for Freedom. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Rachel van Meetelen (born in Amsterdam, March 1975) is a member of the Dutch House of Representatives. She lives in Bergen op Zoom and since 1998 runs a poffertjes stand at fairgrounds. She is also, since 2023, a member of the management team of the National Legaue of Fairground Business Owners (Nationale Bond van Kermisbedrijfshouders.)",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 2023, she stood, without any political experience, on third place on the candidate list for the Party for Freedom.",
"title": ""
}
] | Rachel van Meetelen is a member of the Dutch House of Representatives. She lives in Bergen op Zoom and since 1998 runs a poffertjes stand at fairgrounds. She is also, since 2023, a member of the management team of the National Legaue of Fairground Business Owners In 2023, she stood, without any political experience, on third place on the candidate list for the Party for Freedom. | 2023-12-05T19:57:19Z | 2023-12-24T09:50:16Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_van_Meetelen |
75,492,398 | Shmulik Levi | Shmulik Levi (born 9 June 1972) is an Israeli former footballer. His father Avraham Levi is a former Beitar Jerusalem's director.
Levi signed to the Beitar Jerusalem's youth team when he was 12 years. In 1987–88 he joined to the senior team when he was 16 years old. In 1997 became the club's captain.
Levi won with Beitar at 3 championships and once in Toto Cup. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Shmulik Levi (born 9 June 1972) is an Israeli former footballer. His father Avraham Levi is a former Beitar Jerusalem's director.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Levi signed to the Beitar Jerusalem's youth team when he was 12 years. In 1987–88 he joined to the senior team when he was 16 years old. In 1997 became the club's captain.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Levi won with Beitar at 3 championships and once in Toto Cup.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Shmulik Levi is an Israeli former footballer. His father Avraham Levi is a former Beitar Jerusalem's director. | 2023-12-05T19:59:35Z | 2023-12-06T10:27:38Z | [
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"Template:WorldFootball.net",
"Template:IFA league player",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmulik_Levi |
75,492,428 | Anosibe Ambohiby | Anosibe Ambohiby is a village in the Central Highlands of Madagascar, located in the crater of the extinct volcano Ambohiby Massif.
The village is situated in the district of Tsiroanomandidy, which is in the Bongolava Region.
Anosibe ("Big Island") Ambohiby was founded in 2008 by Betsileo farmers from the Manandriana District, about 380 kilometres (240 mi) to the south.
As overcrowding worsened in their hometown, the farmers migrated in search of a large plot of arable land. The village grows cash crops, primarily citrus fruit, which they sell in the markets of neighboring cities, though transportation in and out of the village is a challenge due to the poor distribution and conditions of local roads. As of 2023, the village is made up of around 50 houses with a population of around 300 people.
Anosibe translates to "Big Island", named for the four streams that surround the village on all sides. Ambohiby, on the other hand, is the name of the alkaline ring complex Anosibe Ambohiby is located on, known as Ambohiby Massif.
The village of Anosibe Ambohiby is situated in the center of the Ambohiby Massif, a massive alkaline ring complex over 13 kilometers in diameter, dating back to the Late Cretaceous. This volcanic geological formation, associated with the separation of Madagascar and India, contributes to the region's unique landscape. The Massif, characterized by its fertile soil due to alkaline chemicals, hosts the village in its crater. It is flanked by four streams running in the north, south, east, and west, all part of the alkaline ring structure. The village, surrounded by vegetation, is a part of the district of Tsiroanomandidy, which is situated in the Bongolava Region. It lies 8 kilometers from the nearest labeled town, Antaniditra, and 18 kilometers from the closest major city, Tsiroanomandidy.
The approximately 300 residents of Anosibe Ambohiby are of the Betsileo ethnic group, and migrated from the Manadriana District of Central Madagascar to settle in the crater. The people are mostly employed in agriculture, with a large portion of land dedicated to farming oranges and lemons which the villagers sell at market themselves. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Anosibe Ambohiby is a village in the Central Highlands of Madagascar, located in the crater of the extinct volcano Ambohiby Massif.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The village is situated in the district of Tsiroanomandidy, which is in the Bongolava Region.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Anosibe (\"Big Island\") Ambohiby was founded in 2008 by Betsileo farmers from the Manandriana District, about 380 kilometres (240 mi) to the south.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "As overcrowding worsened in their hometown, the farmers migrated in search of a large plot of arable land. The village grows cash crops, primarily citrus fruit, which they sell in the markets of neighboring cities, though transportation in and out of the village is a challenge due to the poor distribution and conditions of local roads. As of 2023, the village is made up of around 50 houses with a population of around 300 people.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Anosibe translates to \"Big Island\", named for the four streams that surround the village on all sides. Ambohiby, on the other hand, is the name of the alkaline ring complex Anosibe Ambohiby is located on, known as Ambohiby Massif.",
"title": "Terminology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The village of Anosibe Ambohiby is situated in the center of the Ambohiby Massif, a massive alkaline ring complex over 13 kilometers in diameter, dating back to the Late Cretaceous. This volcanic geological formation, associated with the separation of Madagascar and India, contributes to the region's unique landscape. The Massif, characterized by its fertile soil due to alkaline chemicals, hosts the village in its crater. It is flanked by four streams running in the north, south, east, and west, all part of the alkaline ring structure. The village, surrounded by vegetation, is a part of the district of Tsiroanomandidy, which is situated in the Bongolava Region. It lies 8 kilometers from the nearest labeled town, Antaniditra, and 18 kilometers from the closest major city, Tsiroanomandidy.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The approximately 300 residents of Anosibe Ambohiby are of the Betsileo ethnic group, and migrated from the Manadriana District of Central Madagascar to settle in the crater. The people are mostly employed in agriculture, with a large portion of land dedicated to farming oranges and lemons which the villagers sell at market themselves.",
"title": "Demographics"
}
] | Anosibe Ambohiby is a village in the Central Highlands of Madagascar, located in the crater of the extinct volcano Ambohiby Massif. The village is situated in the district of Tsiroanomandidy, which is in the Bongolava Region. | 2023-12-05T20:03:13Z | 2023-12-25T06:38:23Z | [
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"Template:Bongolava Region",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
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"Template:Convert"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosibe_Ambohiby |
75,492,429 | Activation strain model | The activation strain model, also referred to as the distortion/interaction model, is a computational tool for modeling and understanding the potential energy curves of a reaction as a function of reaction coordinate (ζ), as portrayed in reaction coordinate diagrams. The activation strain model decomposes these energy curves into 2 terms: the strain of the reactant molecules as they undergo a distortion and the interaction between these reactant molecules. A particularly important aspect of this type of analysis compared others is that it describes the energetics of the reaction in terms of the original reactant molecules and describes their distortion and interaction using intuitive models such as molecular orbital theory that are capable using most quantum chemical programs. Such a model allows for the calculation of transition state energies, and hence the activation energy, of a particular reaction mechanism and allows the model to be used as a predictive tool for describing competitive mechanisms and relative preference for certain pathways. In chemistry literature, the activation strain model has been used for modeling bimolecular reactions like SN2 and E2 reactions, transition metal mediated C-H bond activation, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, among others.
The activation strain model was originally proposed and has been extensively developed by Bickelhaupt and coworkers. This model breaks the potential energy curve as a function of reaction coordinate, ζ, of a reaction into 2 components as shown in equation 1: the energy due to straining the original reactant molecules (∆Estrain) and the energy due to interaction between reactant molecules (∆Eint). The strain term ∆Estrain is usually destabilizing as it represents the distortion of a molecule from the equilibrium geometry. The interaction term, ∆Eint, is generally stabilizing as it represents the electronic interactions of reactants that typically drive the reaction. The interaction energy is further decomposed based on an energy decomposition scheme from an approach by Morokuma and the Transition State Method from by Ziegler and Rauk. This decomposition breaks the interaction energy into terms that are easily processed within the framework of Kohn-Sham molecular orbital model. These terms relate to the electrostatic interactions, steric repulsion, orbital interactions, and dispersion forces as shown in equation 2.
E q u a t i o n 1 : Δ E ( ζ ) = Δ E s t r a i n + Δ E i n t {\displaystyle Equation\ 1\colon \ \Delta E(\zeta )=\Delta E_{strain}+\Delta E_{int}}
E q u a t i o n 2 : Δ E i n t = Δ V e l s t . + Δ E p a u l i + Δ E o i + Δ E d i s p {\displaystyle Equation\ 2\colon \ \Delta E_{int}=\Delta V_{elst.}+\Delta E_{pauli}+\Delta E_{oi}+\Delta E_{disp}}
The electrostatic interaction, ∆Velst, is the classical repulsion and attraction between the nuclei and electron densities of the approaching reactant molecules. The Pauli repulsion term, ∆Epauli, relates to the interaction between the filled orbitals of reactant molecules. In other words, it describes steric repulsion between approaching reactants. The orbital interaction, ∆Eoi, describes bond formation, HOMO-LUMO interactions, and polarization. Further, this term is well complimented by group theory and MO theory as a way to describe interaction between orbitals of the correct symmetry. The last term, Δ E d i s p {\displaystyle \Delta E_{disp}} , relates to dispersion forces between the reactants.
The transition states, defined as local maxima of potential energy surface, are found where equation 3 is satisfied. At this point along the reaction coordinate, as long as the strain and interaction energies at ζ = 0 is set to zero, the transition state energy ( Δ E ( ζ T S ) {\displaystyle \Delta E(\zeta _{TS})} ) is the activation energy ( Δ E ‡ {\displaystyle \Delta E^{\ddagger }} ) of the reaction. The activation energy can then be defined as the sum of the activation strain ( Δ E s t r a i n ‡ {\displaystyle \Delta E_{strain}^{\ddagger }} ) and the TS interaction energy ( Δ E i n t ‡ {\displaystyle \Delta E_{int}^{\ddagger }} ) as shown in equation 4.
E q u a t i o n 3 : d Δ E ( ζ ) d ζ = d Δ E s t r a i n ( ζ ) d ζ + d Δ E i n t ( ζ ) d ζ = 0 {\displaystyle Equation\ 3:{d\Delta E(\zeta ) \over d\zeta }={d\Delta E_{strain}(\zeta ) \over d\zeta }+{d\Delta E_{int}(\zeta ) \over d\zeta }=0}
E q u a t i o n 4 : Δ E ‡ = Δ E s t r a i n ‡ + Δ E i n t ‡ {\displaystyle Equation\ 4:\ \Delta E^{\ddagger }=\Delta E_{strain}^{\ddagger }+\Delta E_{int}^{\ddagger }}
The bimolecular elimination (E2) and substitution (SN2) reactions are often in competition with each other because of mechanistic similarities, mainly that both benefit from a good leaving group and that the E2 reaction uses strong bases, which are often good nucleophiles for an SN2 reaction. Bickelhaupt et. al used the activation strain model to analyze this competition between the two reactions in acidic and basic media using the 4 representative reactions below. Reactions [1] and [2] represent the E2 and SN2 reactions, respectively, in basic conditions while reactions [3] and [4] represent the E2 and SN2 reactions in acidic conditions.
Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle \ce{[1] \ OH^- \ +\ CH_3CH_2OH\ -> H_2O\ {+}\ CH_2CH_2\ {+} \ OH^- \ }}
[ 2 ] OH − + CH 3 CH 2 OH ⟶ CH 3 CH 2 OH + OH − {\displaystyle {\ce {[2]\ OH^{-}\ +\ CH_{3}CH_{2}OH\ ->CH_{3}CH_{2}OH\ +\ OH^{-}}}}
[ 3 ] H 2 O + CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + ⟶ H 3 O + + CH 2 CH 2 + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {[3]\ H_{2}O\ +\ CH3CH2OH_{2}+->H_{3}O+\ +\ CH2CH2\ +\ H2O}}}
[ 4 ] H 2 O + CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + ⟶ CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {[4]\ H2O\ +\ CH3CH2OH2+->CH3CH2OH2+\ +\ H2O}}}
Initial calculations show that, in basic media, the transition state energy ΔE of the E2 pathway is lower while acidic conditions favor the SN2. Closer observation of the interaction and strain energies show that, for the E2 mechanism, upon shifting from acidic to basic media, the strain energy becomes more destabilizing, yet the interaction energy becomes more even more stabilizing, making it the driving force for the preference of the E2 pathway in basic conditions.
To rationalize this increase in stabilizing interaction upon shifting to basic conditions, it is useful to represent the interaction energy in terms of molecular orbital theory. The figure below shows the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO)s of ethanol (basic conditions) and protonated ethanol (acidic conditions), which can be visualized as a combinations of the fragment ⋅ CH 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {*CH_3}}} radical and either the ⋅ CH 2 OH {\displaystyle {\ce {*CH2OH}}} (basic conditions) or the ⋅ CH 2 OH 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {*CH2OH2+}}} (acidic conditions) radical. Upon protonation of the ⋅ CH 2 OH {\displaystyle {\ce {*CH2OH}}} fragment, these orbitals are lowered in energy, resulting in the overall LUMO for each molecule having different parentage. This change in parentage in the linear combination of atomic orbitals results in the LUMO of CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CH2OH2+}}} having bonding character between β-carbon and the hydrogen atom abstracted in the E2 pathway while the LUMO of CH 3 CH 2 OH {\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CH2OH}}} has antibonding character along this bond.
In either the SN2 or the E2 pathway, the HOMO of the nucleophile/base will be donating electron density into this LUMO. As the LUMO for CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + {\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CH2OH2+}}} has bonding character along the C(β)-H bond, putting electrons into this orbital should result in strengthening of this bond, dissuading its abstraction as necessary in the E2 reaction. The opposite goes for the LUMO of CH 3 CH 2 OH {\displaystyle {\ce {CH3CH2OH}}} , as donation into the orbital that is antibonding with respect to this bond will weaken the C(β)-H bond and allow it abstraction in the E2 reaction. This relatively intuitive comparison within MO theory shows how the increase in stabilizing interaction for the E2 mechanism arises when switching from acidic to basic conditions.
An issue in the interpretation of interaction (∆Eint) and strain (∆Estrain) curves arises when only single points along the reaction coordinate are considered. Such issues become apparent when two model reactions are considered, which have identical strain energy ∆Estrain curves that become more destabilizing along the reaction coordinate but have different interaction energy curves. If one of the reactions has a more stabilizing interaction energy curve with greater curvature, the transition state will be reached sooner along the reaction coordinate in order to satisfy the condition in equation 3, while a reaction with a less stabilizing interaction curve will reach the transition state later in the reaction coordinate with a higher transition state energy.
If only the transition states are observed, it would appear that the transition state of the second representative reaction would have a higher energy due to the higher strain energy at the respective transition states. However, if one considers the entire curves for both of the reactions, it would become clear that the higher transition sate energy of the second reaction is due to the less stabilizing interaction energy at all points along the reaction coordinate, while they have identical strain energy curves. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The activation strain model, also referred to as the distortion/interaction model, is a computational tool for modeling and understanding the potential energy curves of a reaction as a function of reaction coordinate (ζ), as portrayed in reaction coordinate diagrams. The activation strain model decomposes these energy curves into 2 terms: the strain of the reactant molecules as they undergo a distortion and the interaction between these reactant molecules. A particularly important aspect of this type of analysis compared others is that it describes the energetics of the reaction in terms of the original reactant molecules and describes their distortion and interaction using intuitive models such as molecular orbital theory that are capable using most quantum chemical programs. Such a model allows for the calculation of transition state energies, and hence the activation energy, of a particular reaction mechanism and allows the model to be used as a predictive tool for describing competitive mechanisms and relative preference for certain pathways. In chemistry literature, the activation strain model has been used for modeling bimolecular reactions like SN2 and E2 reactions, transition metal mediated C-H bond activation, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, among others.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The activation strain model was originally proposed and has been extensively developed by Bickelhaupt and coworkers. This model breaks the potential energy curve as a function of reaction coordinate, ζ, of a reaction into 2 components as shown in equation 1: the energy due to straining the original reactant molecules (∆Estrain) and the energy due to interaction between reactant molecules (∆Eint). The strain term ∆Estrain is usually destabilizing as it represents the distortion of a molecule from the equilibrium geometry. The interaction term, ∆Eint, is generally stabilizing as it represents the electronic interactions of reactants that typically drive the reaction. The interaction energy is further decomposed based on an energy decomposition scheme from an approach by Morokuma and the Transition State Method from by Ziegler and Rauk. This decomposition breaks the interaction energy into terms that are easily processed within the framework of Kohn-Sham molecular orbital model. These terms relate to the electrostatic interactions, steric repulsion, orbital interactions, and dispersion forces as shown in equation 2.",
"title": "Theory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "E q u a t i o n 1 : Δ E ( ζ ) = Δ E s t r a i n + Δ E i n t {\\displaystyle Equation\\ 1\\colon \\ \\Delta E(\\zeta )=\\Delta E_{strain}+\\Delta E_{int}}",
"title": "Theory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "E q u a t i o n 2 : Δ E i n t = Δ V e l s t . + Δ E p a u l i + Δ E o i + Δ E d i s p {\\displaystyle Equation\\ 2\\colon \\ \\Delta E_{int}=\\Delta V_{elst.}+\\Delta E_{pauli}+\\Delta E_{oi}+\\Delta E_{disp}}",
"title": "Theory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The electrostatic interaction, ∆Velst, is the classical repulsion and attraction between the nuclei and electron densities of the approaching reactant molecules. The Pauli repulsion term, ∆Epauli, relates to the interaction between the filled orbitals of reactant molecules. In other words, it describes steric repulsion between approaching reactants. The orbital interaction, ∆Eoi, describes bond formation, HOMO-LUMO interactions, and polarization. Further, this term is well complimented by group theory and MO theory as a way to describe interaction between orbitals of the correct symmetry. The last term, Δ E d i s p {\\displaystyle \\Delta E_{disp}} , relates to dispersion forces between the reactants.",
"title": "Theory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The transition states, defined as local maxima of potential energy surface, are found where equation 3 is satisfied. At this point along the reaction coordinate, as long as the strain and interaction energies at ζ = 0 is set to zero, the transition state energy ( Δ E ( ζ T S ) {\\displaystyle \\Delta E(\\zeta _{TS})} ) is the activation energy ( Δ E ‡ {\\displaystyle \\Delta E^{\\ddagger }} ) of the reaction. The activation energy can then be defined as the sum of the activation strain ( Δ E s t r a i n ‡ {\\displaystyle \\Delta E_{strain}^{\\ddagger }} ) and the TS interaction energy ( Δ E i n t ‡ {\\displaystyle \\Delta E_{int}^{\\ddagger }} ) as shown in equation 4.",
"title": "Theory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "E q u a t i o n 3 : d Δ E ( ζ ) d ζ = d Δ E s t r a i n ( ζ ) d ζ + d Δ E i n t ( ζ ) d ζ = 0 {\\displaystyle Equation\\ 3:{d\\Delta E(\\zeta ) \\over d\\zeta }={d\\Delta E_{strain}(\\zeta ) \\over d\\zeta }+{d\\Delta E_{int}(\\zeta ) \\over d\\zeta }=0}",
"title": "Theory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "E q u a t i o n 4 : Δ E ‡ = Δ E s t r a i n ‡ + Δ E i n t ‡ {\\displaystyle Equation\\ 4:\\ \\Delta E^{\\ddagger }=\\Delta E_{strain}^{\\ddagger }+\\Delta E_{int}^{\\ddagger }}",
"title": "Theory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The bimolecular elimination (E2) and substitution (SN2) reactions are often in competition with each other because of mechanistic similarities, mainly that both benefit from a good leaving group and that the E2 reaction uses strong bases, which are often good nucleophiles for an SN2 reaction. Bickelhaupt et. al used the activation strain model to analyze this competition between the two reactions in acidic and basic media using the 4 representative reactions below. Reactions [1] and [2] represent the E2 and SN2 reactions, respectively, in basic conditions while reactions [3] and [4] represent the E2 and SN2 reactions in acidic conditions.",
"title": "Select applications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Failed to parse (syntax error): {\\displaystyle \\ce{[1] \\ OH^- \\ +\\ CH_3CH_2OH\\ -> H_2O\\ {+}\\ CH_2CH_2\\ {+} \\ OH^- \\ }}",
"title": "Select applications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "[ 2 ] OH − + CH 3 CH 2 OH ⟶ CH 3 CH 2 OH + OH − {\\displaystyle {\\ce {[2]\\ OH^{-}\\ +\\ CH_{3}CH_{2}OH\\ ->CH_{3}CH_{2}OH\\ +\\ OH^{-}}}}",
"title": "Select applications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "[ 3 ] H 2 O + CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + ⟶ H 3 O + + CH 2 CH 2 + H 2 O {\\displaystyle {\\ce {[3]\\ H_{2}O\\ +\\ CH3CH2OH_{2}+->H_{3}O+\\ +\\ CH2CH2\\ +\\ H2O}}}",
"title": "Select applications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "[ 4 ] H 2 O + CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + ⟶ CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + + H 2 O {\\displaystyle {\\ce {[4]\\ H2O\\ +\\ CH3CH2OH2+->CH3CH2OH2+\\ +\\ H2O}}}",
"title": "Select applications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Initial calculations show that, in basic media, the transition state energy ΔE of the E2 pathway is lower while acidic conditions favor the SN2. Closer observation of the interaction and strain energies show that, for the E2 mechanism, upon shifting from acidic to basic media, the strain energy becomes more destabilizing, yet the interaction energy becomes more even more stabilizing, making it the driving force for the preference of the E2 pathway in basic conditions.",
"title": "Select applications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "To rationalize this increase in stabilizing interaction upon shifting to basic conditions, it is useful to represent the interaction energy in terms of molecular orbital theory. The figure below shows the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO)s of ethanol (basic conditions) and protonated ethanol (acidic conditions), which can be visualized as a combinations of the fragment ⋅ CH 3 {\\displaystyle {\\ce {*CH_3}}} radical and either the ⋅ CH 2 OH {\\displaystyle {\\ce {*CH2OH}}} (basic conditions) or the ⋅ CH 2 OH 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {*CH2OH2+}}} (acidic conditions) radical. Upon protonation of the ⋅ CH 2 OH {\\displaystyle {\\ce {*CH2OH}}} fragment, these orbitals are lowered in energy, resulting in the overall LUMO for each molecule having different parentage. This change in parentage in the linear combination of atomic orbitals results in the LUMO of CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {CH3CH2OH2+}}} having bonding character between β-carbon and the hydrogen atom abstracted in the E2 pathway while the LUMO of CH 3 CH 2 OH {\\displaystyle {\\ce {CH3CH2OH}}} has antibonding character along this bond.",
"title": "Select applications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In either the SN2 or the E2 pathway, the HOMO of the nucleophile/base will be donating electron density into this LUMO. As the LUMO for CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + {\\displaystyle {\\ce {CH3CH2OH2+}}} has bonding character along the C(β)-H bond, putting electrons into this orbital should result in strengthening of this bond, dissuading its abstraction as necessary in the E2 reaction. The opposite goes for the LUMO of CH 3 CH 2 OH {\\displaystyle {\\ce {CH3CH2OH}}} , as donation into the orbital that is antibonding with respect to this bond will weaken the C(β)-H bond and allow it abstraction in the E2 reaction. This relatively intuitive comparison within MO theory shows how the increase in stabilizing interaction for the E2 mechanism arises when switching from acidic to basic conditions.",
"title": "Select applications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "An issue in the interpretation of interaction (∆Eint) and strain (∆Estrain) curves arises when only single points along the reaction coordinate are considered. Such issues become apparent when two model reactions are considered, which have identical strain energy ∆Estrain curves that become more destabilizing along the reaction coordinate but have different interaction energy curves. If one of the reactions has a more stabilizing interaction energy curve with greater curvature, the transition state will be reached sooner along the reaction coordinate in order to satisfy the condition in equation 3, while a reaction with a less stabilizing interaction curve will reach the transition state later in the reaction coordinate with a higher transition state energy.",
"title": "Single point calculations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "If only the transition states are observed, it would appear that the transition state of the second representative reaction would have a higher energy due to the higher strain energy at the respective transition states. However, if one considers the entire curves for both of the reactions, it would become clear that the higher transition sate energy of the second reaction is due to the less stabilizing interaction energy at all points along the reaction coordinate, while they have identical strain energy curves.",
"title": "Single point calculations"
}
] | The activation strain model, also referred to as the distortion/interaction model, is a computational tool for modeling and understanding the potential energy curves of a reaction as a function of reaction coordinate (ζ), as portrayed in reaction coordinate diagrams. The activation strain model decomposes these energy curves into 2 terms: the strain of the reactant molecules as they undergo a distortion and the interaction between these reactant molecules. A particularly important aspect of this type of analysis compared others is that it describes the energetics of the reaction in terms of the original reactant molecules and describes their distortion and interaction using intuitive models such as molecular orbital theory that are capable using most quantum chemical programs. Such a model allows for the calculation of transition state energies, and hence the activation energy, of a particular reaction mechanism and allows the model to be used as a predictive tool for describing competitive mechanisms and relative preference for certain pathways. In chemistry literature, the activation strain model has been used for modeling bimolecular reactions like SN2 and E2 reactions, transition metal mediated C-H bond activation, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, among others. | 2023-12-05T20:03:19Z | 2023-12-31T23:07:24Z | [
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_strain_model |
75,492,444 | NGC 1167 | NGC 1167 is a late type, lenticular, nonbarred galaxy in the Perseus constellation. It was first observed and catalogued in 1784 by the astronomer William Herschel.
NGC 1167 is a massive galaxy with a giant HI disk of DHI = 160 kpc. For comparison, the Milky Way galaxy is approximately 30.6 kpc across. Astronomers suggest NGC 1167 is accumulating gas by satellite accretion, incorporating its neighboring galaxies through fairly recent mergers, expanding its disk. While this galaxy contains significant amount of gas, matter is distributed over a very large area, resulting in a relatively low surface density (less than 2 M⊙/pc).
NGC 1167 has ring-like arcs where star formation is taking place. However its arcs are uncommonly thin and smooth, not showing the expected irregularities observed in star-forming regions of a galaxy's arms. Astronomers suggest this might be due to the lack of O stars within the structure. The nature of the phenomenon is yet not fully comprehended.
In a research paper released in 2022, astronomers reported the detection of a radio jet (named B2 0258+35) on NGC 1167. Given the properties of the detected X-ray emission coming from the jet and its similarity with an extended emission from an active galactic nucleus, the researchers concluded the galaxy is presently a LINER but had an AGN in the past.
Other LINER galaxies include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "NGC 1167 is a late type, lenticular, nonbarred galaxy in the Perseus constellation. It was first observed and catalogued in 1784 by the astronomer William Herschel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "NGC 1167 is a massive galaxy with a giant HI disk of DHI = 160 kpc. For comparison, the Milky Way galaxy is approximately 30.6 kpc across. Astronomers suggest NGC 1167 is accumulating gas by satellite accretion, incorporating its neighboring galaxies through fairly recent mergers, expanding its disk. While this galaxy contains significant amount of gas, matter is distributed over a very large area, resulting in a relatively low surface density (less than 2 M⊙/pc).",
"title": "Characteristics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "NGC 1167 has ring-like arcs where star formation is taking place. However its arcs are uncommonly thin and smooth, not showing the expected irregularities observed in star-forming regions of a galaxy's arms. Astronomers suggest this might be due to the lack of O stars within the structure. The nature of the phenomenon is yet not fully comprehended.",
"title": "Characteristics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In a research paper released in 2022, astronomers reported the detection of a radio jet (named B2 0258+35) on NGC 1167. Given the properties of the detected X-ray emission coming from the jet and its similarity with an extended emission from an active galactic nucleus, the researchers concluded the galaxy is presently a LINER but had an AGN in the past.",
"title": "Radio jet"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Other LINER galaxies include:",
"title": "See also"
}
] | NGC 1167 is a late type, lenticular, nonbarred galaxy in the Perseus constellation. It was first observed and catalogued in 1784 by the astronomer William Herschel. | 2023-12-05T20:05:12Z | 2023-12-15T00:35:29Z | [
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"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Catalogs",
"Template:Perseus (constellation)",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_1167 |
75,492,457 | Rick and morty (franchise) | REDIRECT Rick and Morty (franchise) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "REDIRECT Rick and Morty (franchise)",
"title": ""
}
] | REDIRECT Rick and Morty (franchise) | 2023-12-05T20:07:39Z | 2023-12-05T20:07:39Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_and_morty_(franchise) |
75,492,458 | Rufino Cuervo y Barreto | Rufino Cuervo y Barreto (Tibiritá, July 28, 1801 — Bogotá, November 21, 1853) was a Grenadine politician, lawyer and journalist.
He studied at the Universidad del Rosario, where he obtained a doctorate in Civil and Canon Law.
After finishing his studies, he joined public office as an official in the Treasury Department and then as a parliamentarian and political leader of Bogotá. During the presidency of Pedro Alcántara Herrán he was secretary of the treasury and ambassador to Ecuador.
Cuervo participated in the writing of the newspaper La Miscelánea (founded in 1825), collaborated in La Bandera Tricolor, in opposition to Simón Bolívar (1826); He also defended the centralist side in El Constitucional de Popayán (1828). Later he directed El Cultivador Cundinamarqués, “Newspaper of the agricultural industry and domestic economy,” which sought to popularize agricultural knowledge.
Cuervo was a candidate in the presidential elections of 1845, occupying the third place. Although Congress, which had to define the election as there was no candidacy with an absolute majority, chose him as vice president, and General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera as president. Between April to May and August 14 to December 14, 1847, he held the presidency of the republic, in the absence of General Mosquera.
In 1849, he presented his candidacy for the presidential elections of that year, again he was third, but again the final decision passed to Congress, so that he could choose between the three candidates with the most support. The candidacies of General José Hilario López (liberal), former minister Joaquín Gori [es] and that of Cuervo (both conservatives) were considered by Congress and finally, after a close dispute between Lopistas and Corvistas (the Goristas dissolved), López was elected. Cuervo, that same month, before the inauguration of José Hilario López, held the position of president again for one day on March 31.
From the 1820s until his last days he dedicated himself to journalism. Married to Mrs. María Francisca Urisarri y Tordecillas, two of his children were part of the political (Antonio Basilio [es]) and cultural (Rufino José) history of the country. Cuervo died on November 21, 1853 in Bogotá, and was buried in the city's Central Cemetery. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Rufino Cuervo y Barreto (Tibiritá, July 28, 1801 — Bogotá, November 21, 1853) was a Grenadine politician, lawyer and journalist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He studied at the Universidad del Rosario, where he obtained a doctorate in Civil and Canon Law.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After finishing his studies, he joined public office as an official in the Treasury Department and then as a parliamentarian and political leader of Bogotá. During the presidency of Pedro Alcántara Herrán he was secretary of the treasury and ambassador to Ecuador.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Cuervo participated in the writing of the newspaper La Miscelánea (founded in 1825), collaborated in La Bandera Tricolor, in opposition to Simón Bolívar (1826); He also defended the centralist side in El Constitucional de Popayán (1828). Later he directed El Cultivador Cundinamarqués, “Newspaper of the agricultural industry and domestic economy,” which sought to popularize agricultural knowledge.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Cuervo was a candidate in the presidential elections of 1845, occupying the third place. Although Congress, which had to define the election as there was no candidacy with an absolute majority, chose him as vice president, and General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera as president. Between April to May and August 14 to December 14, 1847, he held the presidency of the republic, in the absence of General Mosquera.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1849, he presented his candidacy for the presidential elections of that year, again he was third, but again the final decision passed to Congress, so that he could choose between the three candidates with the most support. The candidacies of General José Hilario López (liberal), former minister Joaquín Gori [es] and that of Cuervo (both conservatives) were considered by Congress and finally, after a close dispute between Lopistas and Corvistas (the Goristas dissolved), López was elected. Cuervo, that same month, before the inauguration of José Hilario López, held the position of president again for one day on March 31.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "From the 1820s until his last days he dedicated himself to journalism. Married to Mrs. María Francisca Urisarri y Tordecillas, two of his children were part of the political (Antonio Basilio [es]) and cultural (Rufino José) history of the country. Cuervo died on November 21, 1853 in Bogotá, and was buried in the city's Central Cemetery.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Rufino Cuervo y Barreto was a Grenadine politician, lawyer and journalist. | 2023-12-05T20:07:47Z | 2023-12-06T10:35:28Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufino_Cuervo_y_Barreto |
75,492,466 | 2023–24 Kayserispor season | The 2023–24 season is Kayserispor's 58th season in existence and ninth consecutive in the Süper Lig. They are also competing in the Turkish Cup.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Win Draw Loss Fixtures
Last updated: 3 December 2023 Source: Soccerway | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 season is Kayserispor's 58th season in existence and ninth consecutive in the Süper Lig. They are also competing in the Turkish Cup.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures",
"title": "Pre-season and friendlies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Last updated: 3 December 2023 Source: Soccerway",
"title": "Competitions"
}
] | The 2023–24 season is Kayserispor's 58th season in existence and ninth consecutive in the Süper Lig. They are also competing in the Turkish Cup. | 2023-12-05T20:08:56Z | 2023-12-05T20:08:56Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Kayserispor_season |
75,492,474 | Raymond College | Raymond College was an undergraduate honors college at the University of the Pacific from the years 1962 to 1979. Located in Stockton, California, it had an interdisciplinary curriculum that emphasized learning in the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, styling itself in the tradition of the liberal arts. Raymond College initially offered an accelerated three-year program, though it moved to a standard four-year program in the early 1970s. The curriculum emphasized seminar style learning, only offered a single interdisciplinary major, and students received written evaluations (called term letters) rather than traditional letter grades.
Raymond was the first of the three cluster colleges developed under University of the Pacific President Robert Burns. President Burns, driven by the pressure of a new generation of qualified applicants, decided that the best way to serve these students was to develop cluster colleges: small colleges offering a unique undergraduate education. He stated that "growing larger by growing smaller" was the best way to expand the university while maintaining the high-quality personalized education that he viewed as essential to Pacific. He based this new model on Oxford, Cambridge, and the Claremont colleges, noticing their success and viewing these new residential cluster colleges as a force for improved academic standards at and renewed attention for the university. Covell College, a college entirely taught in Spanish and aimed at an inter-American audience, and Callison College, a college focused on Asian studies that offered the opportunity to spend a year abroad in Asia, were the other two cluster colleges, launched in 1963 and 1967 respectively.
Raymond College was funded by the donation of property by Mr. and Mrs. Walter Raymond, which was sold to fund the college. The first Provost of Raymond College was Provost Warren Bryan Martin. Provost Martin brought the perspective that President Burns had most wanted for the school, emphasizing the importance of the liberal arts and the preparation of the whole student for a fulfilling, engaged life. The first class of students arrived in the fall of 1962.
In these first years, the curriculum was strictly structured, with students following a rigid curriculum designed to build upon itself. Each academic year included three 12-week semesters. The key components of this curriculum included:
There were also two comprehensive examinations: the first examination took place at the end of the first year of study and the final examination took place at the end of the last year of study. The curricular demands were intense, with heavy reading and writing loads; dropout rates during these early years of Raymond college were high. One alum estimated a third of students dropped out before completing their degree.
Provost Martin took a leave of absence, then left Raymond entirely during the 1965-66 academic year. A new provost, Berndt Kolker, was selected to lead the college starting in the 66-67 academic year and began to re-envision the curriculum. One major impact of these revisions was a change to a four-year program as standard, moving away from the initial accelerated three-year track. The curricular structure also gradually loosened; students could take a greater diversity of courses, and professors responded by developing new courses beyond the regimented structure, with such titles as "Utopias", "Alternatives to the Nuclear Family", and "Comparative Totalitarianism: Russia and Germany".
President Burns's death in 1971 rocked the University of the Pacific, and excitement about the cluster colleges fell under the subsequent president, President McCaffrey. During a time of economic malaise in the United States, students were looking to college to provide a sense of security and a path into middle class professions, and the cluster college's 60s idealism had reduced appeal to many students. Raymond College responded by shifting to a two-semester calendar like the College of the Pacific and ending the science requirement, as well as providing more career preparation opportunities.
Raymond College continued to struggle throughout the 70s. In an effort to increase appeal, they even compromised their vision so far as to provide traditional grades for those students who wanted them. But declining enrollments continued to plague the school, and it merged with Callison in 1977 to form Raymond-Callison or Ray-Cal. This persisted for two years before Raymond-Callison itself was shut down in 1979 and folded into the College of the Pacific, the liberal arts school at Pacific.
Raymond College had a significant impact on the university, even after it closed. Many faculty members moved into the College of the Pacific and brought with them new ideas about how best to educate their students. Alumni also continue to advocate for small classes and seminar learning.
Raymond College incorporated a number of unique features that made the experience there different from that at the College of the Pacific, the traditional liberal arts core of the university.
Raymond College held weekly High Table sessions, which were inspired by the Oxford-Cambridge model that President Burns had worked to incorporate. Each High Table would include a formal dinner and a presentation from that week's speaker, followed by discussion in the Raymond Common Room (a central gathering space.) Some speakers sparked controversy, and the roster included people from such diverse backgrounds as Angela Davis, John Rousselot of the John Birch Society, and United Nations officials.
Classes were not graded through traditional letter grades. Rather, students received term letters in which their professor described how well they did in the class and provided individualized feedback. Students received one of three grade levels during the early years; these were unsatisfactory (a failing grade), satisfactory, and superior. This changed in the mid 1960s to just two levels: unsatisfactory and satisfactory. The remainder of the term letter would provide context for the grade and give the student feedback for how they could improve. This changed again in the late 70s, as the College moved towards more traditional grading structures.
Raymond, as compared to a traditional collegiate structure, never had majors or academic departments. While there sometimes would be multiple professors who taught in a certain discipline, they would not be organized into traditional departments. In Raymond's early years, students would take classes in every discipline in the prescribed curriculum. In later years, they were more free to choose courses based on interest. Regardless, all students graduated with an interdisciplinary liberal arts major.
In addition, students at Raymond were not allowed to join social fraternities or sororities, and competitive athletics were not emphasized. This drew a distinction between Raymond and the university at large, which was dominated by a football-oriented culture and an active social Greek life. This difference led to divisions and disagreements between the cluster colleges and the rest of the university. Raymond alumni often refer to this as the Eucalyptus Curtain, drawing a parallel between the row of trees separating the schools and the differences in perspective between them.
Raymond had a number of internal controversies that reflected both the structure of the college as well as the tenor of the times. In the early years, Raymond College was, according to one alum, "academically innovative and socially traditional, if not reactionary." This meant strict curfews for women, following the dominant in loco parentis idea that defined many colleges in the fifties and allowed them to assume responsibility for 'protecting' their female students. Dress codes were also imposed on students; women were not allowed to wear pants. Students opposed these restrictions, but the college administration was not responsive to this changing culture under Provost Martin.
That began to change with the arrival of Berndt Kolker and the subsequent exit of the conservative Dean of Student Life, Edmund Peckham. Co-ed residential halls appeared, dress codes eased, and curfews disappeared as students were given more autonomy to decide how to regulate themselves. In addition, alcohol and marijuana usage began to increase as Raymond College transformed into a school that, while nevertheless remaining academically rigorous, was firmly embedded in the counterculture movements of the time.
The Vietnam War was a driving issue for many students, especially men, as the end of their undergraduate years meant the end of their ability to defer the draft. For many, opposition to the Vietnam War and the draft was a crucial component of their years at Pacific, with Raymond students going so far as to hold protests of US government actions during the war and regularly going to join the protests over at UC Berkeley. Raymond College and the University of the Pacific also held moratorium days in which students were encouraged to attend teach-ins on the war, attempting to provide an outlet that was less disruptive to student learning.
The initial establishment of Raymond College and the cluster colleges more generally was met with articles in the Wall Street Journal and LA Times. They generally praised Pacific's commitment to increasing educational diversity and suggested that the unique curricula of the cluster colleges would make them last longer than other experimental colleges.
The cluster college model was successful enough to earn emulation by UC Santa Cruz in 1965, in one of the few cluster college concept models that survives to this day. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Raymond College was an undergraduate honors college at the University of the Pacific from the years 1962 to 1979. Located in Stockton, California, it had an interdisciplinary curriculum that emphasized learning in the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, styling itself in the tradition of the liberal arts. Raymond College initially offered an accelerated three-year program, though it moved to a standard four-year program in the early 1970s. The curriculum emphasized seminar style learning, only offered a single interdisciplinary major, and students received written evaluations (called term letters) rather than traditional letter grades.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Raymond was the first of the three cluster colleges developed under University of the Pacific President Robert Burns. President Burns, driven by the pressure of a new generation of qualified applicants, decided that the best way to serve these students was to develop cluster colleges: small colleges offering a unique undergraduate education. He stated that \"growing larger by growing smaller\" was the best way to expand the university while maintaining the high-quality personalized education that he viewed as essential to Pacific. He based this new model on Oxford, Cambridge, and the Claremont colleges, noticing their success and viewing these new residential cluster colleges as a force for improved academic standards at and renewed attention for the university. Covell College, a college entirely taught in Spanish and aimed at an inter-American audience, and Callison College, a college focused on Asian studies that offered the opportunity to spend a year abroad in Asia, were the other two cluster colleges, launched in 1963 and 1967 respectively.",
"title": "History"
},
{
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"text": "Raymond College was funded by the donation of property by Mr. and Mrs. Walter Raymond, which was sold to fund the college. The first Provost of Raymond College was Provost Warren Bryan Martin. Provost Martin brought the perspective that President Burns had most wanted for the school, emphasizing the importance of the liberal arts and the preparation of the whole student for a fulfilling, engaged life. The first class of students arrived in the fall of 1962.",
"title": "History"
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{
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"text": "In these first years, the curriculum was strictly structured, with students following a rigid curriculum designed to build upon itself. Each academic year included three 12-week semesters. The key components of this curriculum included:",
"title": "History"
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"text": "There were also two comprehensive examinations: the first examination took place at the end of the first year of study and the final examination took place at the end of the last year of study. The curricular demands were intense, with heavy reading and writing loads; dropout rates during these early years of Raymond college were high. One alum estimated a third of students dropped out before completing their degree.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Provost Martin took a leave of absence, then left Raymond entirely during the 1965-66 academic year. A new provost, Berndt Kolker, was selected to lead the college starting in the 66-67 academic year and began to re-envision the curriculum. One major impact of these revisions was a change to a four-year program as standard, moving away from the initial accelerated three-year track. The curricular structure also gradually loosened; students could take a greater diversity of courses, and professors responded by developing new courses beyond the regimented structure, with such titles as \"Utopias\", \"Alternatives to the Nuclear Family\", and \"Comparative Totalitarianism: Russia and Germany\".",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "President Burns's death in 1971 rocked the University of the Pacific, and excitement about the cluster colleges fell under the subsequent president, President McCaffrey. During a time of economic malaise in the United States, students were looking to college to provide a sense of security and a path into middle class professions, and the cluster college's 60s idealism had reduced appeal to many students. Raymond College responded by shifting to a two-semester calendar like the College of the Pacific and ending the science requirement, as well as providing more career preparation opportunities.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Raymond College continued to struggle throughout the 70s. In an effort to increase appeal, they even compromised their vision so far as to provide traditional grades for those students who wanted them. But declining enrollments continued to plague the school, and it merged with Callison in 1977 to form Raymond-Callison or Ray-Cal. This persisted for two years before Raymond-Callison itself was shut down in 1979 and folded into the College of the Pacific, the liberal arts school at Pacific.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Raymond College had a significant impact on the university, even after it closed. Many faculty members moved into the College of the Pacific and brought with them new ideas about how best to educate their students. Alumni also continue to advocate for small classes and seminar learning.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Raymond College incorporated a number of unique features that made the experience there different from that at the College of the Pacific, the traditional liberal arts core of the university.",
"title": "Unique Features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Raymond College held weekly High Table sessions, which were inspired by the Oxford-Cambridge model that President Burns had worked to incorporate. Each High Table would include a formal dinner and a presentation from that week's speaker, followed by discussion in the Raymond Common Room (a central gathering space.) Some speakers sparked controversy, and the roster included people from such diverse backgrounds as Angela Davis, John Rousselot of the John Birch Society, and United Nations officials.",
"title": "Unique Features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Classes were not graded through traditional letter grades. Rather, students received term letters in which their professor described how well they did in the class and provided individualized feedback. Students received one of three grade levels during the early years; these were unsatisfactory (a failing grade), satisfactory, and superior. This changed in the mid 1960s to just two levels: unsatisfactory and satisfactory. The remainder of the term letter would provide context for the grade and give the student feedback for how they could improve. This changed again in the late 70s, as the College moved towards more traditional grading structures.",
"title": "Unique Features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Raymond, as compared to a traditional collegiate structure, never had majors or academic departments. While there sometimes would be multiple professors who taught in a certain discipline, they would not be organized into traditional departments. In Raymond's early years, students would take classes in every discipline in the prescribed curriculum. In later years, they were more free to choose courses based on interest. Regardless, all students graduated with an interdisciplinary liberal arts major.",
"title": "Unique Features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In addition, students at Raymond were not allowed to join social fraternities or sororities, and competitive athletics were not emphasized. This drew a distinction between Raymond and the university at large, which was dominated by a football-oriented culture and an active social Greek life. This difference led to divisions and disagreements between the cluster colleges and the rest of the university. Raymond alumni often refer to this as the Eucalyptus Curtain, drawing a parallel between the row of trees separating the schools and the differences in perspective between them.",
"title": "Unique Features"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Raymond had a number of internal controversies that reflected both the structure of the college as well as the tenor of the times. In the early years, Raymond College was, according to one alum, \"academically innovative and socially traditional, if not reactionary.\" This meant strict curfews for women, following the dominant in loco parentis idea that defined many colleges in the fifties and allowed them to assume responsibility for 'protecting' their female students. Dress codes were also imposed on students; women were not allowed to wear pants. Students opposed these restrictions, but the college administration was not responsive to this changing culture under Provost Martin.",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "That began to change with the arrival of Berndt Kolker and the subsequent exit of the conservative Dean of Student Life, Edmund Peckham. Co-ed residential halls appeared, dress codes eased, and curfews disappeared as students were given more autonomy to decide how to regulate themselves. In addition, alcohol and marijuana usage began to increase as Raymond College transformed into a school that, while nevertheless remaining academically rigorous, was firmly embedded in the counterculture movements of the time.",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The Vietnam War was a driving issue for many students, especially men, as the end of their undergraduate years meant the end of their ability to defer the draft. For many, opposition to the Vietnam War and the draft was a crucial component of their years at Pacific, with Raymond students going so far as to hold protests of US government actions during the war and regularly going to join the protests over at UC Berkeley. Raymond College and the University of the Pacific also held moratorium days in which students were encouraged to attend teach-ins on the war, attempting to provide an outlet that was less disruptive to student learning.",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The initial establishment of Raymond College and the cluster colleges more generally was met with articles in the Wall Street Journal and LA Times. They generally praised Pacific's commitment to increasing educational diversity and suggested that the unique curricula of the cluster colleges would make them last longer than other experimental colleges.",
"title": "Public Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The cluster college model was successful enough to earn emulation by UC Santa Cruz in 1965, in one of the few cluster college concept models that survives to this day.",
"title": "Public Reception"
}
] | Raymond College was an undergraduate honors college at the University of the Pacific from the years 1962 to 1979. Located in Stockton, California, it had an interdisciplinary curriculum that emphasized learning in the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, styling itself in the tradition of the liberal arts. Raymond College initially offered an accelerated three-year program, though it moved to a standard four-year program in the early 1970s. The curriculum emphasized seminar style learning, only offered a single interdisciplinary major, and students received written evaluations rather than traditional letter grades. | 2023-12-05T20:10:49Z | 2023-12-28T11:05:11Z | [
"Template:Uncategorized",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox university",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_College |
75,492,491 | RAM card | A RAM card is a computer peripheral card that accommodates RAM chips, often beyond those installable on the motherboard. In the early days of IBM-compatible personal computers, especially in the PC/XT era, size limitations and hence limitations in both the number of onboard DRAM sockets and their upgradability meant users wishing to upgrade their computers to the full 640K (or beyond) often needed to install an ISA RAM card. With the development of higher-capacity RAM and more modern IC packaging, as well as RAM-specific daughterboards (memory modules) like SIPPs, SIMMs and DIMMs, later computers mostly no longer required the addition of a full-size peripheral card to max-out the RAM. However, some RAM card offerings remained available as specialised solutions, e.g. for installation and use in certain servers. Such ISA (or later PCI) cards may in turn accommodate SIMMs or DIMMs – technically daughterboards on daughterboards, though not generally referred to as such.
RAM cards are not to be confused with RAM disks, though some RAM cards came with software that allowed some of their memory being configured as a RAM disk.
Some early RAM cards were (also) EMS cards: They were a hardware option to supply Expanded Memory to machines that could not run an EMS emulator. These cards came before the emulators. It was the behaviour of these specification-compliant physical RAM cards which executables like EMM386.EXE were later emulating. Not all RAM cards were EMS cards, but a RAM card capable of upgrading the PC beyond the 640K limit might have been configurable to supply any further RAM as expanded memory (EMS memory). Otherwise RAM above e.g. a 286 PC's conventional memory was often configured as XMS.
Many ISA multifunction cards also had RAM card functionality. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A RAM card is a computer peripheral card that accommodates RAM chips, often beyond those installable on the motherboard. In the early days of IBM-compatible personal computers, especially in the PC/XT era, size limitations and hence limitations in both the number of onboard DRAM sockets and their upgradability meant users wishing to upgrade their computers to the full 640K (or beyond) often needed to install an ISA RAM card. With the development of higher-capacity RAM and more modern IC packaging, as well as RAM-specific daughterboards (memory modules) like SIPPs, SIMMs and DIMMs, later computers mostly no longer required the addition of a full-size peripheral card to max-out the RAM. However, some RAM card offerings remained available as specialised solutions, e.g. for installation and use in certain servers. Such ISA (or later PCI) cards may in turn accommodate SIMMs or DIMMs – technically daughterboards on daughterboards, though not generally referred to as such.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "RAM cards are not to be confused with RAM disks, though some RAM cards came with software that allowed some of their memory being configured as a RAM disk.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Some early RAM cards were (also) EMS cards: They were a hardware option to supply Expanded Memory to machines that could not run an EMS emulator. These cards came before the emulators. It was the behaviour of these specification-compliant physical RAM cards which executables like EMM386.EXE were later emulating. Not all RAM cards were EMS cards, but a RAM card capable of upgrading the PC beyond the 640K limit might have been configurable to supply any further RAM as expanded memory (EMS memory). Otherwise RAM above e.g. a 286 PC's conventional memory was often configured as XMS.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Many ISA multifunction cards also had RAM card functionality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
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] | A RAM card is a computer peripheral card that accommodates RAM chips, often beyond those installable on the motherboard. In the early days of IBM-compatible personal computers, especially in the PC/XT era, size limitations and hence limitations in both the number of onboard DRAM sockets and their upgradability meant users wishing to upgrade their computers to the full 640K often needed to install an ISA RAM card. With the development of higher-capacity RAM and more modern IC packaging, as well as RAM-specific daughterboards like SIPPs, SIMMs and DIMMs, later computers mostly no longer required the addition of a full-size peripheral card to max-out the RAM. However, some RAM card offerings remained available as specialised solutions, e.g. for installation and use in certain servers. Such ISA cards may in turn accommodate SIMMs or DIMMs – technically daughterboards on daughterboards, though not generally referred to as such. RAM cards are not to be confused with RAM disks, though some RAM cards came with software that allowed some of their memory being configured as a RAM disk. Some early RAM cards were (also) EMS cards: They were a hardware option to supply Expanded Memory to machines that could not run an EMS emulator. These cards came before the emulators. It was the behaviour of these specification-compliant physical RAM cards which executables like EMM386.EXE were later emulating. Not all RAM cards were EMS cards, but a RAM card capable of upgrading the PC beyond the 640K limit might have been configurable to supply any further RAM as expanded memory. Otherwise RAM above e.g. a 286 PC's conventional memory was often configured as XMS. Many ISA multifunction cards also had RAM card functionality. | 2023-12-05T20:12:56Z | 2023-12-07T22:02:25Z | [
"Template:Article for deletion/dated",
"Template:Multiple issues",
"Template:Uncategorized stub",
"Template:Compu-hardware-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM_card |
75,492,509 | Niobium perchlorate | Niobium perchlorate is a chemical compound with the formula Nb(ClO4)5. It is a hygroscopic, white crystalline solid that readily reacts with moist air or water to produce niobium(V) oxide.
Niobium perchlorate is produced from the reaction of niobium pentachloride and anhydrous perchloric acid:
It decomposes at 70 °C (343 K; 158 °F) to niobyl perchlorate, releasing dichlorine heptoxide:
Niobyl perchlorate further decomposes at 115 °C (388 K; 239 °F) to NbO2ClO4, which decomposes at 220 °C (493 K; 428 °F) to niobium pentoxide.
Perchloratoniobates, such as Cs[Nb(ClO4)6] and Cs2[Nb(ClO4)7], are produced by the reaction of perchlorate sources, such as cesium perchlorate and niobium perchlorate, in anhydrous perchloric acid at 0 °C (273 K; 32 °F).
Although the structure of niobium perchlorate has not been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, the structure has been probed by IR spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Niobium perchlorate has both monodentate and bidentate perchlorate ligands. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Niobium perchlorate is a chemical compound with the formula Nb(ClO4)5. It is a hygroscopic, white crystalline solid that readily reacts with moist air or water to produce niobium(V) oxide.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Niobium perchlorate is produced from the reaction of niobium pentachloride and anhydrous perchloric acid:",
"title": "Synthesis and reactions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "It decomposes at 70 °C (343 K; 158 °F) to niobyl perchlorate, releasing dichlorine heptoxide:",
"title": "Synthesis and reactions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Niobyl perchlorate further decomposes at 115 °C (388 K; 239 °F) to NbO2ClO4, which decomposes at 220 °C (493 K; 428 °F) to niobium pentoxide.",
"title": "Synthesis and reactions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Perchloratoniobates, such as Cs[Nb(ClO4)6] and Cs2[Nb(ClO4)7], are produced by the reaction of perchlorate sources, such as cesium perchlorate and niobium perchlorate, in anhydrous perchloric acid at 0 °C (273 K; 32 °F).",
"title": "Synthesis and reactions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Although the structure of niobium perchlorate has not been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, the structure has been probed by IR spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Niobium perchlorate has both monodentate and bidentate perchlorate ligands.",
"title": "Structure"
}
] | Niobium perchlorate is a chemical compound with the formula Nb(ClO4)5. It is a hygroscopic, white crystalline solid that readily reacts with moist air or water to produce niobium(V) oxide. | 2023-12-05T20:15:29Z | 2023-12-07T09:57:30Z | [
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75,492,512 | I Can't Take It | [] | 2023-12-05T20:15:48Z | 2023-12-05T20:16:25Z | [
"Template:Redirect category shell"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Take_It |
||
75,492,521 | 1999 Exeter City Council election | The 1999 Exeter City Council election took place on 6 May 1999 to elect members of Exeter City Council in Devon, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1999 Exeter City Council election took place on 6 May 1999 to elect members of Exeter City Council in Devon, England. This was on the same day as other local elections.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 1999 Exeter City Council election took place on 6 May 1999 to elect members of Exeter City Council in Devon, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. | 2023-12-05T20:17:02Z | 2023-12-05T20:17:02Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Exeter_City_Council_election |
75,492,537 | Royal Society for Publication of Manuscripts on Scandinavian History | The Royal Society for Publication of Manuscripts on Scandinavian History is a Swedish royal academy responsible of promoting the history of science and to preserve documents of historical interests.
On 10 November 1815, a committee of publication was founded on the initiative of Adolf Ludvig Stierneld, Baron Stierneld, the famous nobleman and collector of historical documents. Its by-laws was passed in 1821 by Charles XIV John, King of Sweden and Norway. Some recent notable presidents include Erik Lönnroth and Herman Schück. | [
{
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"text": "The Royal Society for Publication of Manuscripts on Scandinavian History is a Swedish royal academy responsible of promoting the history of science and to preserve documents of historical interests.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On 10 November 1815, a committee of publication was founded on the initiative of Adolf Ludvig Stierneld, Baron Stierneld, the famous nobleman and collector of historical documents. Its by-laws was passed in 1821 by Charles XIV John, King of Sweden and Norway. Some recent notable presidents include Erik Lönnroth and Herman Schück.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Royal Society for Publication of Manuscripts on Scandinavian History is a Swedish royal academy responsible of promoting the history of science and to preserve documents of historical interests. | 2023-12-05T20:19:46Z | 2023-12-06T13:32:32Z | [
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75,492,572 | List of songs recorded by Bruce Springsteen | Bruce Springsteen is an American singer-songwriter who has recorded almost 400 songs over a career lasting six decades. He began his career in the 1960s with local New Jersey bands the Castiles, Earth, and Steel Mill before embarking on a solo career and signing to Columbia Records in 1972. Since 1973, he has released songs across studio albums, live albums, extended plays, compilation albums, and box sets. His primary backing band is the E Street Band, who have played with him from his debut album to their break-up in the late-1980s, and more sporadically since their reformation in the late 1990s. Springsteen is the primary songwriter for the majority of his songs, but he has also released cover material, such as live renditions of Edwin Starr's "War" (1986) and Bob Dylan's "Chimes of Freedom" (1988), which were chart hits, and the cover albums We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006) and Only the Strong Survive (2022). Several of his songs have also been chart hits for other artists, such as "Blinded by the Light" for Manfred Mann's Earth Band, "Because the Night" for Patti Smith, "Fire" for the Pointer Sisters, "This Little Girl" for Gary U.S. Bonds, and "Pink Cadillac" for Natalie Cole. Songs Springsteen has written for film soundtracks include "Streets of Philadelphia" (1993), and "Dead Man Walkin'" (1995), "Lift Me Up" (1999), and "Addicted to Romance" (2023). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bruce Springsteen is an American singer-songwriter who has recorded almost 400 songs over a career lasting six decades. He began his career in the 1960s with local New Jersey bands the Castiles, Earth, and Steel Mill before embarking on a solo career and signing to Columbia Records in 1972. Since 1973, he has released songs across studio albums, live albums, extended plays, compilation albums, and box sets. His primary backing band is the E Street Band, who have played with him from his debut album to their break-up in the late-1980s, and more sporadically since their reformation in the late 1990s. Springsteen is the primary songwriter for the majority of his songs, but he has also released cover material, such as live renditions of Edwin Starr's \"War\" (1986) and Bob Dylan's \"Chimes of Freedom\" (1988), which were chart hits, and the cover albums We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006) and Only the Strong Survive (2022). Several of his songs have also been chart hits for other artists, such as \"Blinded by the Light\" for Manfred Mann's Earth Band, \"Because the Night\" for Patti Smith, \"Fire\" for the Pointer Sisters, \"This Little Girl\" for Gary U.S. Bonds, and \"Pink Cadillac\" for Natalie Cole. Songs Springsteen has written for film soundtracks include \"Streets of Philadelphia\" (1993), and \"Dead Man Walkin'\" (1995), \"Lift Me Up\" (1999), and \"Addicted to Romance\" (2023).",
"title": ""
}
] | Bruce Springsteen is an American singer-songwriter who has recorded almost 400 songs over a career lasting six decades. He began his career in the 1960s with local New Jersey bands the Castiles, Earth, and Steel Mill before embarking on a solo career and signing to Columbia Records in 1972. Since 1973, he has released songs across studio albums, live albums, extended plays, compilation albums, and box sets. His primary backing band is the E Street Band, who have played with him from his debut album to their break-up in the late-1980s, and more sporadically since their reformation in the late 1990s. Springsteen is the primary songwriter for the majority of his songs, but he has also released cover material, such as live renditions of Edwin Starr's "War" (1986) and Bob Dylan's "Chimes of Freedom" (1988), which were chart hits, and the cover albums We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006) and Only the Strong Survive (2022). Several of his songs have also been chart hits for other artists, such as "Blinded by the Light" for Manfred Mann's Earth Band, "Because the Night" for Patti Smith, "Fire" for the Pointer Sisters, "This Little Girl" for Gary U.S. Bonds, and "Pink Cadillac" for Natalie Cole. Songs Springsteen has written for film soundtracks include "Streets of Philadelphia" (1993), and "Dead Man Walkin'" (1995), "Lift Me Up" (1999), and "Addicted to Romance" (2023). | 2023-12-05T20:25:00Z | 2023-12-18T14:41:41Z | [
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75,492,573 | GLY-200 | GLY-200 is an experimental drug that acts as a "polymeric mucin binding duodenal exclusion therapy"; it is developed by Glyscend Therapeutics for type 2 diabetes and obesity. It is intended to reversibly mimic the effects of gastric bypass without the need for surgery. The drug is not absorbed into the body from the gut and has been tested as monotherapy and with metformin. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "GLY-200 is an experimental drug that acts as a \"polymeric mucin binding duodenal exclusion therapy\"; it is developed by Glyscend Therapeutics for type 2 diabetes and obesity. It is intended to reversibly mimic the effects of gastric bypass without the need for surgery. The drug is not absorbed into the body from the gut and has been tested as monotherapy and with metformin.",
"title": ""
}
] | GLY-200 is an experimental drug that acts as a "polymeric mucin binding duodenal exclusion therapy"; it is developed by Glyscend Therapeutics for type 2 diabetes and obesity. It is intended to reversibly mimic the effects of gastric bypass without the need for surgery. The drug is not absorbed into the body from the gut and has been tested as monotherapy and with metformin. | 2023-12-05T20:25:35Z | 2023-12-31T23:44:17Z | [
"Template:Orphan",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLY-200 |
75,492,581 | Cerium(III) selenate | Cerium(III) selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ce2(SeO4)3. It can be obtained by reacting selenic acid and cerium(III) carbonate, and the solvent is evaporated to precipitate crystals. The double salt CsCe(SeO4)2·4H2O can be obtained from mixing cerium(III) selenate and cesium selenate in an aqueous solution, and then evaporating and crystallizing the solution. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Cerium(III) selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ce2(SeO4)3. It can be obtained by reacting selenic acid and cerium(III) carbonate, and the solvent is evaporated to precipitate crystals. The double salt CsCe(SeO4)2·4H2O can be obtained from mixing cerium(III) selenate and cesium selenate in an aqueous solution, and then evaporating and crystallizing the solution.",
"title": ""
}
] | Cerium(III) selenate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ce2(SeO4)3. It can be obtained by reacting selenic acid and cerium(III) carbonate, and the solvent is evaporated to precipitate crystals. The double salt CsCe(SeO4)2·4H2O can be obtained from mixing cerium(III) selenate and cesium selenate in an aqueous solution, and then evaporating and crystallizing the solution. | 2023-12-05T20:27:08Z | 2023-12-07T10:00:55Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium(III)_selenate |
75,492,610 | 2023 dengue outbreak in Jamaica | In the 2023 dengue outbreak in Jamaica, a significant rise in the number of dengue fever cases was reported in Jamaica. In September 2023 The Ministry of Health and Wellness, Jamaica declared it as an outbreak.
The outbreak peaked at around September with over 500 cases across the island. Andrew Holness, the Prime Minister of Jamaica announced a programme of around $200 million to curb the spread of virus at schools, households and communities. It was declared as outbreak by Health ministry in September citing that virus surpassed the epidemic threshold for July and August and was heading towards same for September. The number of confirmed cases as reported by health ministry were 3,147 with nine deaths, as of November 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In the 2023 dengue outbreak in Jamaica, a significant rise in the number of dengue fever cases was reported in Jamaica. In September 2023 The Ministry of Health and Wellness, Jamaica declared it as an outbreak.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The outbreak peaked at around September with over 500 cases across the island. Andrew Holness, the Prime Minister of Jamaica announced a programme of around $200 million to curb the spread of virus at schools, households and communities. It was declared as outbreak by Health ministry in September citing that virus surpassed the epidemic threshold for July and August and was heading towards same for September. The number of confirmed cases as reported by health ministry were 3,147 with nine deaths, as of November 2023.",
"title": "Outbreak"
}
] | In the 2023 dengue outbreak in Jamaica, a significant rise in the number of dengue fever cases was reported in Jamaica. In September 2023 The Ministry of Health and Wellness, Jamaica declared it as an outbreak. | 2023-12-05T20:30:26Z | 2023-12-13T17:37:06Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_dengue_outbreak_in_Jamaica |
75,492,622 | Tres Islas Formation | The Tres Islas Formation is a Permian geologic formation in Uruguay.
The Almirón Hotsprings have their origin here. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Tres Islas Formation is a Permian geologic formation in Uruguay.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Almirón Hotsprings have their origin here.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Tres Islas Formation is a Permian geologic formation in Uruguay. The Almirón Hotsprings have their origin here. | 2023-12-05T20:33:32Z | 2023-12-05T21:17:55Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres_Islas_Formation |
75,492,624 | Eufemia (given name) | Eufemia is a feminine given name, a variant spelling of Euphemia in different languages.
It may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Eufemia is a feminine given name, a variant spelling of Euphemia in different languages.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Eufemia is a feminine given name, a variant spelling of Euphemia in different languages. It may refer to: Eufemia "Femi" Benussi, Yugoslav-Italian film actress
Eufemia Cullamat, Filipina farmer, activist, and politician
Eufemia von Adlersfeld-Ballestrem (1854-1941), German novelist and aristocrat | 2023-12-05T20:33:39Z | 2023-12-19T16:11:44Z | [
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemia_(given_name) |
75,492,658 | Ofir Azo | Ofir Azo (Hebrew: אופיר עזו; born October 14, 1982) is an Israeli footballer who plays in Ironi Beit Shemesh.
His brother is the footballer Assaf Azo.
On 14 August 1999 Azo made his senior debut in Hapoel Jerusalem. On 24 March 2000 scored his debut goal in the 3-1 win against Hapoel Rishon LeZion.
On 24 October 2003 joined the urban rival Beitar Jerusalem and played for Beitar 3 seasons.
In summer 2006 signed for 3 season in Maccabi Petah Tikva, but later in the season returned to Hapoel Jerusalem. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ofir Azo (Hebrew: אופיר עזו; born October 14, 1982) is an Israeli footballer who plays in Ironi Beit Shemesh.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "His brother is the footballer Assaf Azo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 14 August 1999 Azo made his senior debut in Hapoel Jerusalem. On 24 March 2000 scored his debut goal in the 3-1 win against Hapoel Rishon LeZion.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 24 October 2003 joined the urban rival Beitar Jerusalem and played for Beitar 3 seasons.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In summer 2006 signed for 3 season in Maccabi Petah Tikva, but later in the season returned to Hapoel Jerusalem.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Ofir Azo is an Israeli footballer who plays in Ironi Beit Shemesh. His brother is the footballer Assaf Azo. | 2023-12-05T20:39:08Z | 2023-12-28T07:14:48Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofir_Azo |
75,492,665 | Mariano Arosemena | Mariano Arosemena de la Barrera (Panama; July 26, 1794 — Lima; May 31, 1868) was a Colombian–Panamanian neoclassical writer, journalist and politician who lived in the Isthmus of Panama when it was part of Gran Colombia. Arosemena married Dolores de Quesada y Velarde with whom he had his son, Justo Arosemena, a politician and writer considered the "father of Panamanian nationality."
He was the son of Pablo Arosemena and Martina de la Barrera. As a politician he was councilor, mayor and deputy of the Isthmus in the colonial era; He promoted the first printing press in the isthmus and founded La Miscelánea del Istmo in 1820, the first newspaper in Panama. In said newspaper he advocated for the independence of Panama, which ultimately took place on November 28, 1821, with him being one of the main figures of this event.
After independence, when Panama voluntarily joined Gran Colombia, he was consul of Panama in Ecuador and of Colombia in Peru; He was a delegate to the American Congress of Lima, agent of the Public Credit of Panama, attorney general of Panama State (1862-1863). He also represented Panama before several congresses of New Granada. Before his death he was a correspondent for the Peruvian newspaper El Mercurio.
As a writer he had his crowning work with Apuntamientos históricos. | [
{
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"text": "Mariano Arosemena de la Barrera (Panama; July 26, 1794 — Lima; May 31, 1868) was a Colombian–Panamanian neoclassical writer, journalist and politician who lived in the Isthmus of Panama when it was part of Gran Colombia. Arosemena married Dolores de Quesada y Velarde with whom he had his son, Justo Arosemena, a politician and writer considered the \"father of Panamanian nationality.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was the son of Pablo Arosemena and Martina de la Barrera. As a politician he was councilor, mayor and deputy of the Isthmus in the colonial era; He promoted the first printing press in the isthmus and founded La Miscelánea del Istmo in 1820, the first newspaper in Panama. In said newspaper he advocated for the independence of Panama, which ultimately took place on November 28, 1821, with him being one of the main figures of this event.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After independence, when Panama voluntarily joined Gran Colombia, he was consul of Panama in Ecuador and of Colombia in Peru; He was a delegate to the American Congress of Lima, agent of the Public Credit of Panama, attorney general of Panama State (1862-1863). He also represented Panama before several congresses of New Granada. Before his death he was a correspondent for the Peruvian newspaper El Mercurio.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "As a writer he had his crowning work with Apuntamientos históricos.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Mariano Arosemena de la Barrera was a Colombian–Panamanian neoclassical writer, journalist and politician who lived in the Isthmus of Panama when it was part of Gran Colombia. Arosemena married Dolores de Quesada y Velarde with whom he had his son, Justo Arosemena, a politician and writer considered the "father of Panamanian nationality." | 2023-12-05T20:39:55Z | 2023-12-06T02:49:51Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Arosemena |
75,492,671 | Ben Fainer | Bernard "Ben" Joseph Fainer (May 1, 1930-2016) was a Holocaust survivor and educator who documented his experiences in his 2012 memoir, Silent for Sixty Years.
Fanier was born in Bedzin, Poland to Rubin Fainer and Hannah Ida Urman Fainer. He was abducted from his home by the Nazis at the age of nine and forced into six slave labor camps including Blechhammer, a satellite location of Auschwitz-Birkenau, where he worked in a metal shop. He was later moved to Buchenwald concentration camp.
Fanier was liberated during a death march near Buchenwald at the age of 15. His mother, three siblings, and 250 relatives were murdered in the Holocaust. His father survived.
Following liberation, Fainer stayed with relatives in Ireland where her met his wife, Susie. The couple passed through Canada before settling in St. Louis, MIssouri in 1957. They had seven children.
Fanier worked at Barad & Company.
Fanier didn't speak about his experiences during The Holocaust for sixty years after which he recorded testimony for the Shoah Foundation and spoke regularly spoke to students at the St. Louis Kaplan Feldman Holocaust Museum. Fanier, with his friend Mark W. Leach, wrote a memoir about his experiences. The book, titled Silent for Sixty Years, was published in 2012.
While at Blechhammer, Fainer made a bracelet with his name, his mother's maiden name, and his ID number. The bracelet was discovered during a 1990s archaeological dig near Buchenwald. In 2018, the bracelet was returned by to Fanier's daughter who donated it to the St. Louis Kaplan Feldman Holocaust Museum. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bernard \"Ben\" Joseph Fainer (May 1, 1930-2016) was a Holocaust survivor and educator who documented his experiences in his 2012 memoir, Silent for Sixty Years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Fanier was born in Bedzin, Poland to Rubin Fainer and Hannah Ida Urman Fainer. He was abducted from his home by the Nazis at the age of nine and forced into six slave labor camps including Blechhammer, a satellite location of Auschwitz-Birkenau, where he worked in a metal shop. He was later moved to Buchenwald concentration camp.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Fanier was liberated during a death march near Buchenwald at the age of 15. His mother, three siblings, and 250 relatives were murdered in the Holocaust. His father survived.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Following liberation, Fainer stayed with relatives in Ireland where her met his wife, Susie. The couple passed through Canada before settling in St. Louis, MIssouri in 1957. They had seven children.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Fanier worked at Barad & Company.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Fanier didn't speak about his experiences during The Holocaust for sixty years after which he recorded testimony for the Shoah Foundation and spoke regularly spoke to students at the St. Louis Kaplan Feldman Holocaust Museum. Fanier, with his friend Mark W. Leach, wrote a memoir about his experiences. The book, titled Silent for Sixty Years, was published in 2012.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "While at Blechhammer, Fainer made a bracelet with his name, his mother's maiden name, and his ID number. The bracelet was discovered during a 1990s archaeological dig near Buchenwald. In 2018, the bracelet was returned by to Fanier's daughter who donated it to the St. Louis Kaplan Feldman Holocaust Museum.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Bernard "Ben" Joseph Fainer was a Holocaust survivor and educator who documented his experiences in his 2012 memoir, Silent for Sixty Years. | 2023-12-05T20:41:26Z | 2023-12-13T07:30:02Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Fainer |
75,492,674 | Yu Di | Yu Di may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Yu Di may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Yu Di may refer to: Jade Emperor, supreme sovereign in Chinese folk religions
Yu Di, minister and warlord during the Tang dynasty
Yu Di (singer), Chinese singer-songwriter and musical actor | 2023-12-05T20:42:12Z | 2023-12-09T09:39:13Z | [
"Template:Zh",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Di |
75,492,679 | 2010 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team | The 2010 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team represented North Carolina A&T State University as a member of Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) during the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by second-year head coach Alonzo Lee, the Aggies compiled an overall record of 1–10 with a mark of 1–7 in conference play, placing in eighth in the MEAC. North Carolina A&T played home games at Aggie Stadium in Greensboro, North Carolina. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2010 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team represented North Carolina A&T State University as a member of Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) during the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by second-year head coach Alonzo Lee, the Aggies compiled an overall record of 1–10 with a mark of 1–7 in conference play, placing in eighth in the MEAC. North Carolina A&T played home games at Aggie Stadium in Greensboro, North Carolina.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "Schedule"
}
] | The 2010 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team represented North Carolina A&T State University as a member of Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) during the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by second-year head coach Alonzo Lee, the Aggies compiled an overall record of 1–10 with a mark of 1–7 in conference play, placing in eighth in the MEAC. North Carolina A&T played home games at Aggie Stadium in Greensboro, North Carolina. | 2023-12-05T20:42:34Z | 2023-12-05T20:47:57Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_North_Carolina_A%26T_Aggies_football_team |
75,492,737 | Matano Fault | The Matano fault is a major active WNW-ESE trending left lateral strike-slip fault on the island of Sulawesi. It extends for about 190 km from near the southern end of the Palu-Koro Fault in the west, to Kolono Bay on the east coast of the island.
The fault zone is subdivided into six main segments. From west to east, these are the Kuleana, Pewusai, Matano, Pamsoa, Ballawi and Geresa segments. Lake Matano is formed as a pull-apart basin in a releasing stepover between the Pamsoa and Matano segments of the fault zone. The fault zone extends offshore to the east and may link to the Tolo Thrust and/or the South Sula Fault.
Together with the Palu-Koro Fault, this fault zone forms part of the boundary between two of the major crustal blocks that form the island, the North Sula Block to the north and east and the Makassar Block to the south and west. The current slip rate along the Matano Fault is estimated to be in the range 17 to 28 millimetres (0.67 to 1.10 in) per year.
No earthquake has been recorded along the Matano fault zone for at least 200 years. Paleoseismic investigations on some of the segments have revealed evidence of past ruptures. Five faulting events have been detected along the easternmost Geresa segment of the fault, three in the last 1,000 years. The most recent is dated to between 1432 and 1819 with a rupture length of ~110 km and an estimated magnitude of ~7.4 Mw. The recurrence interval interpreted from these observations is 335±135 years, suggesting that a further rupture is likely due. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Matano fault is a major active WNW-ESE trending left lateral strike-slip fault on the island of Sulawesi. It extends for about 190 km from near the southern end of the Palu-Koro Fault in the west, to Kolono Bay on the east coast of the island.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The fault zone is subdivided into six main segments. From west to east, these are the Kuleana, Pewusai, Matano, Pamsoa, Ballawi and Geresa segments. Lake Matano is formed as a pull-apart basin in a releasing stepover between the Pamsoa and Matano segments of the fault zone. The fault zone extends offshore to the east and may link to the Tolo Thrust and/or the South Sula Fault.",
"title": "Geometry"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Together with the Palu-Koro Fault, this fault zone forms part of the boundary between two of the major crustal blocks that form the island, the North Sula Block to the north and east and the Makassar Block to the south and west. The current slip rate along the Matano Fault is estimated to be in the range 17 to 28 millimetres (0.67 to 1.10 in) per year.",
"title": "Regional setting"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "No earthquake has been recorded along the Matano fault zone for at least 200 years. Paleoseismic investigations on some of the segments have revealed evidence of past ruptures. Five faulting events have been detected along the easternmost Geresa segment of the fault, three in the last 1,000 years. The most recent is dated to between 1432 and 1819 with a rupture length of ~110 km and an estimated magnitude of ~7.4 Mw. The recurrence interval interpreted from these observations is 335±135 years, suggesting that a further rupture is likely due.",
"title": "Seismicity"
}
] | The Matano fault is a major active WNW-ESE trending left lateral strike-slip fault on the island of Sulawesi. It extends for about 190 km from near the southern end of the Palu-Koro Fault in the west, to Kolono Bay on the east coast of the island. | 2023-12-05T20:49:49Z | 2023-12-14T14:52:19Z | [
"Template:Convert",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matano_Fault |
75,492,745 | CT-868 | CT-868 is an experimental "biased dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor modulator that exhibits no arrestin coupling or receptor internalization at either receptor". It is developed by Carmot Therapeutics for diabetes and obesity. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "CT-868 is an experimental \"biased dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor modulator that exhibits no arrestin coupling or receptor internalization at either receptor\". It is developed by Carmot Therapeutics for diabetes and obesity.",
"title": ""
}
] | CT-868 is an experimental "biased dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor modulator that exhibits no arrestin coupling or receptor internalization at either receptor". It is developed by Carmot Therapeutics for diabetes and obesity. | 2023-12-05T20:50:43Z | 2024-01-01T01:19:10Z | [
"Template:Cite journal",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT-868 |
75,492,762 | Tino Júnior | Celestino de Azevedo Vivas Júnior, best known as Tino Júnior (born July 30, 1975), is a Brazilian television and radio presenter.
He worked at FM O Dia, during the mid-2000s, until he was hired to work at Sistema Globo de Rádio, first at Beat98 since 2008 and later, since 2009 at Rádio Globo presenting the program Vale-Tudo na Globo, which replaced Quintal da Globo, at night and, years later, it became in the afternoon. Some of his characteristic marks are his strong Rio accent and his catchphrase “Que isso, fera!” (“What this, beast!”, in Portuguese). He was responsible for naming two of the Fruit Women, Andressa Soares, the Watermelon Woman and Renata Frisson, the Melon Woman.
On May 15, 2014, Tino receives a new challenge of presenting the humorous program Alegria ao Meio-Dia (Joy at Noon), from 12pm to 2pm, together with Tropa do Riso, composed of Maurício Menezes, Helio Junior and Sergio Ricardo. Vale-Tudo gives way to David da Tarde (David of the Afternoon), presented by David Rangel, from 2pm to 5pm.
After six years, Tino leaves Sistema Globo de Rádio definitively. The Alegria program is now commanded by Mário Esteves and also Beat98, as he was hired by Record to present the news program RJ no Ar. In January 2018, he temporarily presented the program Hoje em Dia, during César Filho's vacation.
In June 2018, he returned to the radio FM O Dia presenting the new program Que Isso, Fera! in the morning and remains on Record with Balanço Geral RJ in the afternoon. Tino left FM O Dia in 2021, remaining only on television.
In 2023, Tino was nominated for the Best of the Year Award, on the website NaTelinha, where he won in the Best Local Presenter category, competing with Maurício Paulucci (TV Globo Minas), Kenzô Machida (SBT Brasília), Alan Severiano (TV Globo São Paulo), Jessica Senra (TV Bahia) and Cristina Ranzolin (RBS TV).
Tino is married to public servant Gabriela Vivas, with whom he has a son, named Miguel. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Celestino de Azevedo Vivas Júnior, best known as Tino Júnior (born July 30, 1975), is a Brazilian television and radio presenter.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He worked at FM O Dia, during the mid-2000s, until he was hired to work at Sistema Globo de Rádio, first at Beat98 since 2008 and later, since 2009 at Rádio Globo presenting the program Vale-Tudo na Globo, which replaced Quintal da Globo, at night and, years later, it became in the afternoon. Some of his characteristic marks are his strong Rio accent and his catchphrase “Que isso, fera!” (“What this, beast!”, in Portuguese). He was responsible for naming two of the Fruit Women, Andressa Soares, the Watermelon Woman and Renata Frisson, the Melon Woman.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On May 15, 2014, Tino receives a new challenge of presenting the humorous program Alegria ao Meio-Dia (Joy at Noon), from 12pm to 2pm, together with Tropa do Riso, composed of Maurício Menezes, Helio Junior and Sergio Ricardo. Vale-Tudo gives way to David da Tarde (David of the Afternoon), presented by David Rangel, from 2pm to 5pm.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After six years, Tino leaves Sistema Globo de Rádio definitively. The Alegria program is now commanded by Mário Esteves and also Beat98, as he was hired by Record to present the news program RJ no Ar. In January 2018, he temporarily presented the program Hoje em Dia, during César Filho's vacation.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In June 2018, he returned to the radio FM O Dia presenting the new program Que Isso, Fera! in the morning and remains on Record with Balanço Geral RJ in the afternoon. Tino left FM O Dia in 2021, remaining only on television.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2023, Tino was nominated for the Best of the Year Award, on the website NaTelinha, where he won in the Best Local Presenter category, competing with Maurício Paulucci (TV Globo Minas), Kenzô Machida (SBT Brasília), Alan Severiano (TV Globo São Paulo), Jessica Senra (TV Bahia) and Cristina Ranzolin (RBS TV).",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Tino is married to public servant Gabriela Vivas, with whom he has a son, named Miguel.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Celestino de Azevedo Vivas Júnior, best known as Tino Júnior, is a Brazilian television and radio presenter. | 2023-12-05T20:52:06Z | 2023-12-06T13:38:45Z | [
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75,492,779 | Manuel Koranteng | Manuel Koranteng (born Emmanuel Kojo Koranteng) is a Ghanaian journalist who currently works for the BBC World Service. Until his move to the BBC, Koranteng worked as a Multimedia Journalist and News Anchor with Joy News and Joy FM in Ghana.
Manuel Koranteng attended Accra Academy. He holds a BA in political science and philosophy from the University of Ghana and is currently pursuing a Master of Arts Degree at the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom.
He started his career during his university days at Radio Universe as a Morning Show host then moved to the Multimedia Group of companies where he worked at Joy News TV and Joy FM radio as a news anchor. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Manuel Koranteng (born Emmanuel Kojo Koranteng) is a Ghanaian journalist who currently works for the BBC World Service. Until his move to the BBC, Koranteng worked as a Multimedia Journalist and News Anchor with Joy News and Joy FM in Ghana.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Manuel Koranteng attended Accra Academy. He holds a BA in political science and philosophy from the University of Ghana and is currently pursuing a Master of Arts Degree at the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He started his career during his university days at Radio Universe as a Morning Show host then moved to the Multimedia Group of companies where he worked at Joy News TV and Joy FM radio as a news anchor.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Manuel Koranteng is a Ghanaian journalist who currently works for the BBC World Service. Until his move to the BBC, Koranteng worked as a Multimedia Journalist and News Anchor with Joy News and Joy FM in Ghana. | 2023-12-05T20:54:22Z | 2023-12-21T13:55:06Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Koranteng |
75,492,792 | Ahmad Yar Gharany | Ahmad Yar Gharany is an Afghan entrepreneur. He is the chairman of Gharany Group of Companies.
Gharany earned his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Kabul University in 2007, and received a second degree in building and management from Australia's TAFE University in 2015. He started Gharany Group of Companies and establishing a manufacturing factory of lapis lazuli, marble, onyx and jade stone slabs. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ahmad Yar Gharany is an Afghan entrepreneur. He is the chairman of Gharany Group of Companies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Gharany earned his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Kabul University in 2007, and received a second degree in building and management from Australia's TAFE University in 2015. He started Gharany Group of Companies and establishing a manufacturing factory of lapis lazuli, marble, onyx and jade stone slabs.",
"title": ""
}
] | Ahmad Yar Gharany is an Afghan entrepreneur. He is the chairman of Gharany Group of Companies. Gharany earned his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Kabul University in 2007, and received a second degree in building and management from Australia's TAFE University in 2015. He started Gharany Group of Companies and establishing a manufacturing factory of lapis lazuli, marble, onyx and jade stone slabs. | 2023-12-05T20:56:41Z | 2023-12-15T23:21:45Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Yar_Gharany |
75,492,796 | Conostylis juncea | Conostylis juncea is a rhizomatous, tufted perennial, grass-like plant or herb in the family Haemodoraceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has cylindrical or flat leaves and yellow flowers on a short flowering stem.
Conostylis juncea is a rhizomatous, proliferous perennial with tufts up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in diameter. Its leaves are more or less round in cross-section or almost flat, 100–400 mm (3.9–15.7 in) long and 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) wide and usually glabrous with prominent veins. The flowers borne just above the ground on a short flowering stalk with broadly egg-shaped or lance-shaped green bracts at the base. The perianth is hairy, yellow or greenish-yellow, 12–20 mm (0.47–0.79 in) long with lobes 9–12.5 mm (0.35–0.49 in) long. The anthers are 3.5–6 mm (0.14–0.24 in) long. Flowering occurs from July to September.
Conostylis juncea was first formally described in 1839 by Stephan Endlicher in Novarum Stirpium Decades. The specific epithet (juncea) means "rush-like".
This species of conostylis grows in sand in open woodland and heath in near-coastal areas between Jurien Bay and Australind in the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain bioregions of south-western Western Australia.
Conostylis juncea is listed as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Conostylis juncea is a rhizomatous, tufted perennial, grass-like plant or herb in the family Haemodoraceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has cylindrical or flat leaves and yellow flowers on a short flowering stem.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Conostylis juncea is a rhizomatous, proliferous perennial with tufts up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in diameter. Its leaves are more or less round in cross-section or almost flat, 100–400 mm (3.9–15.7 in) long and 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) wide and usually glabrous with prominent veins. The flowers borne just above the ground on a short flowering stalk with broadly egg-shaped or lance-shaped green bracts at the base. The perianth is hairy, yellow or greenish-yellow, 12–20 mm (0.47–0.79 in) long with lobes 9–12.5 mm (0.35–0.49 in) long. The anthers are 3.5–6 mm (0.14–0.24 in) long. Flowering occurs from July to September.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Conostylis juncea was first formally described in 1839 by Stephan Endlicher in Novarum Stirpium Decades. The specific epithet (juncea) means \"rush-like\".",
"title": "Taxonomy and naming"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "This species of conostylis grows in sand in open woodland and heath in near-coastal areas between Jurien Bay and Australind in the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain bioregions of south-western Western Australia.",
"title": "Distribution and habitat"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Conostylis juncea is listed as \"not threatened\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.",
"title": "Conservation status"
}
] | Conostylis juncea is a rhizomatous, tufted perennial, grass-like plant or herb in the family Haemodoraceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has cylindrical or flat leaves and yellow flowers on a short flowering stem. | 2023-12-05T20:57:39Z | 2023-12-05T20:57:39Z | [
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75,492,807 | Gaetano Giuliano | Gaetano Giuliano (23 July 1929 – 3 December 2023) was an Italian politician. In 1980 he served as Acting President of the Sicilian Region. Giuliano died on 3 December 2023, at the age of 94. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gaetano Giuliano (23 July 1929 – 3 December 2023) was an Italian politician. In 1980 he served as Acting President of the Sicilian Region. Giuliano died on 3 December 2023, at the age of 94.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
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] | Gaetano Giuliano was an Italian politician. In 1980 he served as Acting President of the Sicilian Region. Giuliano died on 3 December 2023, at the age of 94. | 2023-12-05T20:59:09Z | 2023-12-07T00:59:03Z | [
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75,492,813 | Denatonium acetate | Denatonium acetate (ARD-101) is an experimental anti-obesity drug that is a prodrug of the bitter compound denatonium, which is thought to be an agonist of the bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2R). It is hoped to activate the TAS2R receptors in the gut. It is tested in healthy adults and people with Prader-Willi syndrome. | [
{
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"text": "Denatonium acetate (ARD-101) is an experimental anti-obesity drug that is a prodrug of the bitter compound denatonium, which is thought to be an agonist of the bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2R). It is hoped to activate the TAS2R receptors in the gut. It is tested in healthy adults and people with Prader-Willi syndrome.",
"title": ""
}
] | Denatonium acetate (ARD-101) is an experimental anti-obesity drug that is a prodrug of the bitter compound denatonium, which is thought to be an agonist of the bitter taste-sensing type 2 receptors (TAS2R). It is hoped to activate the TAS2R receptors in the gut. It is tested in healthy adults and people with Prader-Willi syndrome. | 2023-12-05T20:59:44Z | 2023-12-31T21:57:48Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatonium_acetate |
75,492,834 | Jesse Darling | Jesse Darling (born 1981) is a British artist working in sculpture and installation. He won the Turner Prize in 2023.
Darling was born in 1981 in Oxford. He received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree from Central Saint Martins in 2010 and a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) degree from Slade School of Fine Art in 2014.
Darling is known for his work with unconventional materials including hazard tape and welded barriers. From September 2018 to February 2019, a number of Darling's sculptures and drawings were on display at the Tate Britain as an exhibition titled "The Ballad of Saint Jerome". Darling's show at Modern Art Oxford in 2022, "No Medals, No Ribbons", was the exhibition for which he was nominated for the Turner Prize.
Darling lives and works in Berlin. He identifies as bisexual. | [
{
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"text": "Jesse Darling (born 1981) is a British artist working in sculpture and installation. He won the Turner Prize in 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Darling was born in 1981 in Oxford. He received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree from Central Saint Martins in 2010 and a Master of Fine Arts (MFA) degree from Slade School of Fine Art in 2014.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Darling is known for his work with unconventional materials including hazard tape and welded barriers. From September 2018 to February 2019, a number of Darling's sculptures and drawings were on display at the Tate Britain as an exhibition titled \"The Ballad of Saint Jerome\". Darling's show at Modern Art Oxford in 2022, \"No Medals, No Ribbons\", was the exhibition for which he was nominated for the Turner Prize.",
"title": "Art career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Darling lives and works in Berlin. He identifies as bisexual.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Jesse Darling is a British artist working in sculpture and installation. He won the Turner Prize in 2023. | 2023-12-05T21:02:43Z | 2023-12-11T09:28:29Z | [
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75,492,842 | 1912 suspension of Ty Cobb | During the 1912 season, Ty Cobb was suspended for ten days. The center fielder of Major League Baseball's (MLB) Detroit Tigers, Cobb was at the time probably baseball's biggest star. American League (AL) president Ban Johnson suspended and fined him $50 for going into the stands at New York's Hilltop Park and beating Claude Lucker, a fan who had been heckling him. Cobb's teammates supported him by refusing to play the May 18, 1912 game against the Philadelphia Athletics at Shibe Park. They were replaced by Detroit's manager, coaches, and some hastily recruited volunteers, some of whom had no baseball experience. The replacements were beaten by the Athletics, 24–2.
Cobb had been Lucker's verbal target throughout the four-game series between the Tigers and New York Yankees. By the fourth inning of the fourth game, on May 15, 1912, with the stream of insults continuing, the hot-tempered Southerner had had enough, and raced into the stands, punching and kicking Lucker, who due to an industrial accident had lost eight fingers and could not defend himself. Cobb was ejected from the game. These events were witnessed by Johnson, who suspended Cobb indefinitely.
Since there were at the time few protections for ballplayers from the insults and hurled objects of fans, many took Cobb's side, including his teammates. After beating the Athletics on May 17, the Detroit players telegraphed Johnson that they would not play again until Cobb was reinstated. Johnson refused to do so. Seeking to avoid a $5,000 fine if Detroit did not field a team, owner Frank Navin instructed manager Hughie Jennings to recruit a team. Aided by Connie Mack, the Philadelphia owner/manager, they did so. Facing baseball's World Champions, the replacement team lost badly.
After the game, Johnson came to Philadelphia to negotiate with the players. Cobb urged them go back to work, and they did. The striking players were fined, as was Cobb when his suspension was lifted on May 25, but all penalties were paid by Navin. One of baseball's first strikes, it had little effect, but teams put additional security into their stadium's seating area.
By 1912, rowdyism in Major League Baseball (MLB) stadiums had become a matter of public discussion. Despite efforts to provide a family-friendly atmosphere, it was common for some of those attending MLB games to spend time hurling bottles and epithets at those on the field. Players sometimes responded verbally, or even physically—even so mild-mannered a player as Cy Young had gone into the stands to confront a heckler. There were no security guards or ushers at the time, and the police could be as partisan as the fans.
Ty Cobb of the Detroit Tigers was one of the dominant players in MLB in 1912, and was probably baseball's biggest star. The previous season, he had won the batting title with an average of .420, and led the league in runs, hits, doubles, triples, RBI, slugging percentage, and stolen bases. He was also controversial, notable for violent actions on and off the field. A native of Georgia, he had the racial attitudes of many whites of his state at the time, although in later life, he expressed support for the integration of baseball.
Claude Lucker (sometimes rendered "Lueker") was a former pressman for The New York Times who had lost eight fingers in an industrial accident about 1910, and subsequently did odd jobs for the Sheriff of New York County, Thomas F. Foley. His employment paid enough for him to be well-dressed and to attend all four games of the series between the Detroit Tigers and the New York Yankees. There, he sat along the left field line and engaged himself in hurling insults at Cobb in center field. According to Cobb, Lucker had been heckling him for years. The reasons for Lucker's hostility toward Cobb are unknown; the player's biographer, Richard Bak, suggested that it was a case of "one of life's victims venting his bitterness" at "a thin-skinned star whose slow burn made for great sport".
Lucker, like Cobb, had lived in Georgia, and the insults Lucker shouted at Cobb often focused on racial matters. Lucker called Cobb's mother a "nigger lover" and Cobb himself "half black" and a "coon". Cobb shouted for Lucker to go back to his "waiter's job" but Lucker persisted. By May 15, the fourth and final game of the series between the two teams, Cobb's patience, never one of his outstanding character traits, was wearing thin. According to Bak, "on the afternoon of May 15, 1912, Claude Lucker outdid himself, pushing Cobb over the edge and setting in motion one of the wildest chain of events in sports history".
During pregame fielding practice Cobb muffed a fly ball, and someone in the stands yelled, "Hey, are you on dope". Lucker later denied being the person who yelled this; nevertheless, the accusation upset Cobb. Between the home halves of the first and second inning, Cobb remained behind the outfield rather than return to the dugout and pass Lucker. During the third inning, Cobb visited the Yankee dugout and asked for Frank J. Farrell, co-owner of the team, apparently in an attempt to have Lucker removed from the ballpark, but Farrell could not be located and Cobb made no request of other Yankee officials. Lucker was not the only fan screaming insults at Cobb, and the epithets questioned Cobb's race and morals.
The stream of insults from Lucker continued into the fourth inning. One of Cobb's teammates, perhaps Davy Jones, or Sam Crawford, suggested to Cobb that he could not let the insults pass. This was enough to spark Cobb's rage, and he ran over to where Lucker was sitting, leaped into the stands, and began to punch and kick Lucker as other fans tried to get out of his way. Fans shouted at Cobb, "He has no hands!", referring to Lucker's disability, which meant he could not defend himself. Cobb responded, continuing to pummel Lucker, "I don't care if he has no feet."
The Detroit manager, Hughie Jennings, by some accounts stated to the press that he heard Cobb called a "half-nigger" and "no Southerner would stand such an insult". Jennings, a Pennsylvanian by birth, added that he "knew it would be useless to restrain Ty as he would have got his tormentor sooner or later. When Ty’s Southern blood is aroused, he is a bad man to handle."
Fred Westervelt, one of the umpires, separated the two men with the aid of a Pinkerton guard. Cobb was kicked out of the game, but was allowed to remain in the dugout for several innings, and the fans cheered him as he was taken away from Lucker. Despite Cobb being thrown out in the fourth inning, Detroit beat New York, 8–4.
The American League president, Ban Johnson, was present at Hilltop Park that day and saw the incident. He sent one of his assistants, named O'Neill, over to Lucker to urge him not to have Cobb arrested, and O'Neill got Lucker to leave the ballpark, though what if anything he was promised in exchange for not filing a complaint is unknown. He did feel free to voice his opinion of Cobb, first to anyone who would listen on his way out of Hilltop Park, and then to the baseball press.
Much of the press supported Cobb, stating that he had been a target for fan abuse in every ballpark the Tigers visited. The entire Georgia congressional delegation, including both senators, sent Cobb a telegram applauding his actions. Johnson summoned Cobb to the league president's hotel room the evening of May 15 and asked the player for his version of events. Cobb recounted the epithet regarding his ancestry, and stated that when a spectator called him that, "I think it is about time to fight". Johnson was aghast at Cobb's defense.
The Tigers traveled to Philadelphia for a series against the Athletics, but the first game, on May 16, was rained out. That evening, Johnson informed Jennings that Cobb was suspended indefinitely for the May 15 incident, to which Cobb objected. "Johnson has always believed himself to be infallible. He suspends a man first and then investigates afterward. It should be the reverse." Johnson responded that Cobb may have had "great provocation", but he should have appealed to the umpire to have Lucker thrown out of the ballpark: "What right did Cobb have to rush into the stand, knock down a man and kick him with his spikes?"
Angered by the indefinite suspension of Cobb, the players for the Tigers sent a telegram to Johnson stating they would not play beyond the game with the Athletics on the 17th if Cobb's suspension was not lifted. Baseball historian Harold Seymour found it significant that all 18 Detroit players joined in, showing the depth of player resentment at spectator abuse, despite the fact that some disliked Cobb. They wrote,
Feeling that Mr. Cobb is being done an injustice by your action in suspending him we, the undersigned, refuse to play in another game after today until such action is adjusted to our satisfaction. He was fully justified in his actions, as no one could stand such personal abuse from anyone. We want him reinstated for tomorrow’s game, May 18 or there will be no game. If players cannot have protection we must protect ourselves.
Jennings backed his players, saying, "The suspension was not warranted. I am in the hands of my players, if they refuse to play I will finish way down in the races. I expect Johnson to reconcile the matter, fine Cobb or announce definitely the length of the suspension." Johnson received the telegram on the evening of May 17. He responded that Cobb was not permanently banned, but only until the investigation was complete. He told the owner of the Tigers, Frank Navin, that the franchise would be fined $5,000 if it failed to put a team on the field to face the Athletics on the 18th. Navin instructed Jennings to make sure the Tigers had a team there, by whatever means were necessary.
Accordingly, Jennings and his coaches Deacon McGuire and Joe Sugden, with the help of the Athletics owner/manager, Connie Mack, decided to seek replacement players who could take the field for the Tigers on the 18th if Cobb's teammates did not relent. Mack was willing to be helpful because he feared losing a day's gate receipts. There are various accounts of how they went about this. By one version, Aloysius Travers, a student at Saint Joseph's College who was an outfielder on a team called the Park Sparrows, was tipped off by a sports editor named John Nolan to bring as many players as he could recruit to Shibe Park the following day. Nolan told Jennings that the players would be there and waiting. By another account, Jennings and his coaches (who would also play in the game), combed the streets for players and held tryouts at the team hotel. According to Mack biographer Norman Macht, both stories may be true.
Another version of the story has Mack informing Jennings that the Athletics had played (and lost) an exhibition game to Saint Joseph's baseball team, the Philadelphia collegiate city champions, during spring training, and had Jennings get in touch with Nolan, who referred him to Travers. However, the Saint Joseph's team had played a game out of town on Friday and apparently declined the offer, leaving Travers to gather up whatever volunteers he could find. In addition to himself, he secured five sandlot baseball players and two amateur boxers.
Travers and the others were in the grandstand when the Tigers, including Cobb, came on the field on the afternoon of May 18. Cobb was asked to leave the field by umpire Bill Dinneen; he did, and his teammates followed. The replacement players also went into the clubhouse, where the striking Tigers gave them the shirts off their backs and they were signed to one-day contracts by Jennings. Then, they went out on the field to face the two-time defending World Series champion Athletics, featuring the future Hall of Famers Home Run Baker, Eddie Collins and Herb Pennock. Mack had hinted he would play his reserves against the substitute Tigers, but he chose six of his eight starting position players, with veteran pitcher Jack Coombs to start for his team. Travers took the pitching assignment for the Tigers upon learning that the pitcher would be paid more; by other accounts he was the best performer at the pitching tryouts. He had failed to make the team at Saint Joseph's. Many of Cobb's teammates sat in the stands to see what would transpire.
About 15,000 fans came to Shibe Park to see the game. In the top of the first inning, the Tigers were retired in order. Philadelphia scored three times in the bottom of the first, with three hits (two on bunts), two stolen bases and a throwing error by McGuire on one of the stolen base attempts. Travers, who was advised to throw slow balls, tried throwing Home Run Baker a fastball, who hit it well out of the park but barely foul.
Detroit went in order in the top of the second, with Coombs securing two strikeouts. Travers was able to hold Philadelphia without a run in the bottom of the inning; catcher Jack Lapp singled, but was out trying to extend it to a double. In the top of the third, Detroit managed only a walk from right fielder Hap Ward, who was caught stealing. The bottom of the third saw Detroit retire the first two batters, then Collins bunted a ball that third baseman Billy Maharg fumbled. Collins stole second and went to third on another wild throw from McGuire. Baker bunted for a base hit and stole second; Danny Murphy walked to load the bases. Stuffy McInnis hit to shortstop Vincent Maney, who let the ball by him and all three baserunners scored. This made the score 6–0 Philadelphia.
Maharg was unable to continue after losing two teeth to a ground ball, so Ed Irwin pinch hit for him in the top of the fourth and tripled, but could not score against Boardwalk Brown, who had replaced Coombs on the pitcher's mound for Philadelphia. The Athletics did not score in the bottom of the fourth despite getting two singles. In the top of the fifth, Sugden and McGuire each singled with one out, and Maney walked. Catcher Jack Lapp threw to first in an attempt to pick off Maney, but the throw got away, and Sugden and McGuire scored to cut Philadelphia's lead to 6–2.
Philadelphia scored eight times in the bottom of the fifth inning, with Jack Barry beginning the scoring with a bases-loaded double, and was himself driven in by a single by the pitcher, Brown. With two on following a walk, Strunk hit a fly ball to right field, but Ward fell down and the hit went for a double, scoring two more runs. Collins bunted for a base hit, with Strunk scoring all the way from second base, and then stole second. After Baker grounded out, Murphy tripled, scoring Collins, but was out trying to extend it to an inside the park home run, retiring the side with the score 14–2 Philadelphia.
Four runs followed in the bottom of the sixth, with the highlights triples from Brown and Strunk, and a double from Maggert, each of which drive in a run. Collins also drove in a run with a single, making the score 18–2. Pennock relieved Brown in the top of the seventh. He allowed a walk, to McGuire, who was picked off first base for the third out. In the bottom of the seventh, four more runs scored, two of them on a double by Pennock and a triple by Maggert making the score 22–2. Bill Leinhauser, Cobb's 18-year-old replacement in center field, was hit on the head by one fly ball, leading Jennings to advise him, "Don't try to catch them. Just play them off the walls." Leinhauser, like Maharg, was not a baseball player; the two were amateur boxers.
In the bottom of the eighth inning, Collins reached on an error, then stole second base and continued to third as no one was covering the base. Baker tripled, scoring Collins, and after Travers retired the next two batters, Barry doubled, driving in Baker. He was caught trying to steal third base to retire the side, but the score was now 24–2 Philadelphia. In the top of the ninth, Irwin tripled, his second of the game. Jennings batted for Travers, but struck out. Dan McGarvey was hit by a pitch and stole second base, but Pennock retired the next two batters to end the game.
Coombs was the winning pitcher; there was no requirement at the time that a pitcher complete five innings to be credited with the decision. Travers took the loss, having completed the entire game, and Pennock was later credited with a save despite never having less than a sixteen-run lead. Travers's 24 runs allowed set a MLB record that has never been equalled or surpassed. His 26 hits allowed by a pitcher tied a major league record, broken (with 29) in an 18-inning game by Eddie Rommel of the Athletics in 1932.
Of the players recruited to join the Tigers, only Irwin got a hit, though his two triples did not figure into the scoring. Irwin, a 30-year-old semipro player, concluded his brief major league career with a lifetime batting average of .667 and a slugging percentage of 2.000. The everyday coaches, Sugden and McGuire, aged 41 and 48 respectively, got the other two hits for Detroit. Manager Jennings, who pinch-hit in the ninth inning, was aged 43 at the time. Tigers shortstop Donie Bush said, "It’s a circus. Gosh, I’m glad I came." Jim Delahanty, who had helped instigate the strike, commented, "This is great, I wouldn’t have missed it for a minute."
Jennings stated after the game, "I put a team on the field today to save the owners of the Detroit franchise from being fined $5,000. It is now up to President Johnson of the league and President Navin of the Detroit club to settle with the 'strikers'. I do not intend to take sides one way or the other. You can say this much for me. There will be a club, professional club of some sort on the field at Shibe Park on Monday." While the Detroit Free Press supported the players' actions, The Sporting News called Cobb a "natural insurrectionist" and The New York Times compared the players' actions to a mutiny of soldiers.
Since Sunday baseball was illegal in Pennsylvania, there was no game on the 19th, and Johnson, who arrived in Philadelphia on Sunday, cancelled the Tigers-Athletics game for the 20th, stating that Detroit would not play again until the regular players were on the field. Johnson assembled Cobb's teammates and told them they would be fined $100 per game if they refused to play; they remained resolute. Cobb, however, urged them got go back to work. On Tuesday, they beat the host Washington Senators and pitcher Walter Johnson, 2–0. According to Seymour, "although the strike was quickly broken, it was significant in that it exemplified a growing dissatisfaction among major-league players." The strike by the Tigers, one of the first ever in the major leagues, led to the formation of the first player's union, headed by Dave Fultz, but the organization lasted only a few years and had no lasting effect.
Cobb's teammates were fined $100 each, representing $50 each for the Saturday game and the cancelled Monday game. On the evening of May 25, Johnson, who had pledged to deal as lightly with Cobb as possible, lifted his suspension and fined him $50. Navin had pledged to pay all fines incurred by the players, and Cobb's salary was unaffected by the suspension. Detroit had a record of 13–14 through May 15. Of the six games played with Cobb under suspension, all on the road, they won two (the May 17 game against Philadelphia and the May 21 game against Washington). On his return they won their next four games, but finished the season sixth out of eight in the American League with a record of 69–84. Johnson had promised additional security in American League ballparks, and in the aftermath of Cobb's suspension, almost all teams provided ushers.
Travers later became a Catholic priest, the only priest ever to have MLB experience. Billy Maharg became a driver and assistant trainer for the Philadelphia Phillies, and was allowed to play in their final game of the 1916 season, the only one of the recruited players to play again in the major leagues. In 1919, he was one of the gamblers involved in the Black Sox scandal, when members of the Chicago White Sox helped throw the 1919 World Series. The Detroit manager, Jennings, appeared in one more game for the Tigers, in 1918. Leinhauser later became a policeman for the city of Philadelphia. The last to die of the replacement players, second baseman Jim McCarr, lived until 1981. McCarr outlived by 65 years the first replacement player to die, Irwin, who died after being thrown through a saloon window in 1916. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "During the 1912 season, Ty Cobb was suspended for ten days. The center fielder of Major League Baseball's (MLB) Detroit Tigers, Cobb was at the time probably baseball's biggest star. American League (AL) president Ban Johnson suspended and fined him $50 for going into the stands at New York's Hilltop Park and beating Claude Lucker, a fan who had been heckling him. Cobb's teammates supported him by refusing to play the May 18, 1912 game against the Philadelphia Athletics at Shibe Park. They were replaced by Detroit's manager, coaches, and some hastily recruited volunteers, some of whom had no baseball experience. The replacements were beaten by the Athletics, 24–2.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Cobb had been Lucker's verbal target throughout the four-game series between the Tigers and New York Yankees. By the fourth inning of the fourth game, on May 15, 1912, with the stream of insults continuing, the hot-tempered Southerner had had enough, and raced into the stands, punching and kicking Lucker, who due to an industrial accident had lost eight fingers and could not defend himself. Cobb was ejected from the game. These events were witnessed by Johnson, who suspended Cobb indefinitely.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Since there were at the time few protections for ballplayers from the insults and hurled objects of fans, many took Cobb's side, including his teammates. After beating the Athletics on May 17, the Detroit players telegraphed Johnson that they would not play again until Cobb was reinstated. Johnson refused to do so. Seeking to avoid a $5,000 fine if Detroit did not field a team, owner Frank Navin instructed manager Hughie Jennings to recruit a team. Aided by Connie Mack, the Philadelphia owner/manager, they did so. Facing baseball's World Champions, the replacement team lost badly.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After the game, Johnson came to Philadelphia to negotiate with the players. Cobb urged them go back to work, and they did. The striking players were fined, as was Cobb when his suspension was lifted on May 25, but all penalties were paid by Navin. One of baseball's first strikes, it had little effect, but teams put additional security into their stadium's seating area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "By 1912, rowdyism in Major League Baseball (MLB) stadiums had become a matter of public discussion. Despite efforts to provide a family-friendly atmosphere, it was common for some of those attending MLB games to spend time hurling bottles and epithets at those on the field. Players sometimes responded verbally, or even physically—even so mild-mannered a player as Cy Young had gone into the stands to confront a heckler. There were no security guards or ushers at the time, and the police could be as partisan as the fans.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Ty Cobb of the Detroit Tigers was one of the dominant players in MLB in 1912, and was probably baseball's biggest star. The previous season, he had won the batting title with an average of .420, and led the league in runs, hits, doubles, triples, RBI, slugging percentage, and stolen bases. He was also controversial, notable for violent actions on and off the field. A native of Georgia, he had the racial attitudes of many whites of his state at the time, although in later life, he expressed support for the integration of baseball.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Claude Lucker (sometimes rendered \"Lueker\") was a former pressman for The New York Times who had lost eight fingers in an industrial accident about 1910, and subsequently did odd jobs for the Sheriff of New York County, Thomas F. Foley. His employment paid enough for him to be well-dressed and to attend all four games of the series between the Detroit Tigers and the New York Yankees. There, he sat along the left field line and engaged himself in hurling insults at Cobb in center field. According to Cobb, Lucker had been heckling him for years. The reasons for Lucker's hostility toward Cobb are unknown; the player's biographer, Richard Bak, suggested that it was a case of \"one of life's victims venting his bitterness\" at \"a thin-skinned star whose slow burn made for great sport\".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Lucker, like Cobb, had lived in Georgia, and the insults Lucker shouted at Cobb often focused on racial matters. Lucker called Cobb's mother a \"nigger lover\" and Cobb himself \"half black\" and a \"coon\". Cobb shouted for Lucker to go back to his \"waiter's job\" but Lucker persisted. By May 15, the fourth and final game of the series between the two teams, Cobb's patience, never one of his outstanding character traits, was wearing thin. According to Bak, \"on the afternoon of May 15, 1912, Claude Lucker outdid himself, pushing Cobb over the edge and setting in motion one of the wildest chain of events in sports history\".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "During pregame fielding practice Cobb muffed a fly ball, and someone in the stands yelled, \"Hey, are you on dope\". Lucker later denied being the person who yelled this; nevertheless, the accusation upset Cobb. Between the home halves of the first and second inning, Cobb remained behind the outfield rather than return to the dugout and pass Lucker. During the third inning, Cobb visited the Yankee dugout and asked for Frank J. Farrell, co-owner of the team, apparently in an attempt to have Lucker removed from the ballpark, but Farrell could not be located and Cobb made no request of other Yankee officials. Lucker was not the only fan screaming insults at Cobb, and the epithets questioned Cobb's race and morals.",
"title": "Game at Hilltop Park"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The stream of insults from Lucker continued into the fourth inning. One of Cobb's teammates, perhaps Davy Jones, or Sam Crawford, suggested to Cobb that he could not let the insults pass. This was enough to spark Cobb's rage, and he ran over to where Lucker was sitting, leaped into the stands, and began to punch and kick Lucker as other fans tried to get out of his way. Fans shouted at Cobb, \"He has no hands!\", referring to Lucker's disability, which meant he could not defend himself. Cobb responded, continuing to pummel Lucker, \"I don't care if he has no feet.\"",
"title": "Game at Hilltop Park"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The Detroit manager, Hughie Jennings, by some accounts stated to the press that he heard Cobb called a \"half-nigger\" and \"no Southerner would stand such an insult\". Jennings, a Pennsylvanian by birth, added that he \"knew it would be useless to restrain Ty as he would have got his tormentor sooner or later. When Ty’s Southern blood is aroused, he is a bad man to handle.\"",
"title": "Game at Hilltop Park"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Fred Westervelt, one of the umpires, separated the two men with the aid of a Pinkerton guard. Cobb was kicked out of the game, but was allowed to remain in the dugout for several innings, and the fans cheered him as he was taken away from Lucker. Despite Cobb being thrown out in the fourth inning, Detroit beat New York, 8–4.",
"title": "Game at Hilltop Park"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The American League president, Ban Johnson, was present at Hilltop Park that day and saw the incident. He sent one of his assistants, named O'Neill, over to Lucker to urge him not to have Cobb arrested, and O'Neill got Lucker to leave the ballpark, though what if anything he was promised in exchange for not filing a complaint is unknown. He did feel free to voice his opinion of Cobb, first to anyone who would listen on his way out of Hilltop Park, and then to the baseball press.",
"title": "Game at Hilltop Park"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Much of the press supported Cobb, stating that he had been a target for fan abuse in every ballpark the Tigers visited. The entire Georgia congressional delegation, including both senators, sent Cobb a telegram applauding his actions. Johnson summoned Cobb to the league president's hotel room the evening of May 15 and asked the player for his version of events. Cobb recounted the epithet regarding his ancestry, and stated that when a spectator called him that, \"I think it is about time to fight\". Johnson was aghast at Cobb's defense.",
"title": "Game at Hilltop Park"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The Tigers traveled to Philadelphia for a series against the Athletics, but the first game, on May 16, was rained out. That evening, Johnson informed Jennings that Cobb was suspended indefinitely for the May 15 incident, to which Cobb objected. \"Johnson has always believed himself to be infallible. He suspends a man first and then investigates afterward. It should be the reverse.\" Johnson responded that Cobb may have had \"great provocation\", but he should have appealed to the umpire to have Lucker thrown out of the ballpark: \"What right did Cobb have to rush into the stand, knock down a man and kick him with his spikes?\"",
"title": "Cobb suspended"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Angered by the indefinite suspension of Cobb, the players for the Tigers sent a telegram to Johnson stating they would not play beyond the game with the Athletics on the 17th if Cobb's suspension was not lifted. Baseball historian Harold Seymour found it significant that all 18 Detroit players joined in, showing the depth of player resentment at spectator abuse, despite the fact that some disliked Cobb. They wrote,",
"title": "Cobb suspended"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Feeling that Mr. Cobb is being done an injustice by your action in suspending him we, the undersigned, refuse to play in another game after today until such action is adjusted to our satisfaction. He was fully justified in his actions, as no one could stand such personal abuse from anyone. We want him reinstated for tomorrow’s game, May 18 or there will be no game. If players cannot have protection we must protect ourselves.",
"title": "Cobb suspended"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Jennings backed his players, saying, \"The suspension was not warranted. I am in the hands of my players, if they refuse to play I will finish way down in the races. I expect Johnson to reconcile the matter, fine Cobb or announce definitely the length of the suspension.\" Johnson received the telegram on the evening of May 17. He responded that Cobb was not permanently banned, but only until the investigation was complete. He told the owner of the Tigers, Frank Navin, that the franchise would be fined $5,000 if it failed to put a team on the field to face the Athletics on the 18th. Navin instructed Jennings to make sure the Tigers had a team there, by whatever means were necessary.",
"title": "Cobb suspended"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Accordingly, Jennings and his coaches Deacon McGuire and Joe Sugden, with the help of the Athletics owner/manager, Connie Mack, decided to seek replacement players who could take the field for the Tigers on the 18th if Cobb's teammates did not relent. Mack was willing to be helpful because he feared losing a day's gate receipts. There are various accounts of how they went about this. By one version, Aloysius Travers, a student at Saint Joseph's College who was an outfielder on a team called the Park Sparrows, was tipped off by a sports editor named John Nolan to bring as many players as he could recruit to Shibe Park the following day. Nolan told Jennings that the players would be there and waiting. By another account, Jennings and his coaches (who would also play in the game), combed the streets for players and held tryouts at the team hotel. According to Mack biographer Norman Macht, both stories may be true.",
"title": "Cobb suspended"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Another version of the story has Mack informing Jennings that the Athletics had played (and lost) an exhibition game to Saint Joseph's baseball team, the Philadelphia collegiate city champions, during spring training, and had Jennings get in touch with Nolan, who referred him to Travers. However, the Saint Joseph's team had played a game out of town on Friday and apparently declined the offer, leaving Travers to gather up whatever volunteers he could find. In addition to himself, he secured five sandlot baseball players and two amateur boxers.",
"title": "Cobb suspended"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Travers and the others were in the grandstand when the Tigers, including Cobb, came on the field on the afternoon of May 18. Cobb was asked to leave the field by umpire Bill Dinneen; he did, and his teammates followed. The replacement players also went into the clubhouse, where the striking Tigers gave them the shirts off their backs and they were signed to one-day contracts by Jennings. Then, they went out on the field to face the two-time defending World Series champion Athletics, featuring the future Hall of Famers Home Run Baker, Eddie Collins and Herb Pennock. Mack had hinted he would play his reserves against the substitute Tigers, but he chose six of his eight starting position players, with veteran pitcher Jack Coombs to start for his team. Travers took the pitching assignment for the Tigers upon learning that the pitcher would be paid more; by other accounts he was the best performer at the pitching tryouts. He had failed to make the team at Saint Joseph's. Many of Cobb's teammates sat in the stands to see what would transpire.",
"title": "Cobb suspended"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "About 15,000 fans came to Shibe Park to see the game. In the top of the first inning, the Tigers were retired in order. Philadelphia scored three times in the bottom of the first, with three hits (two on bunts), two stolen bases and a throwing error by McGuire on one of the stolen base attempts. Travers, who was advised to throw slow balls, tried throwing Home Run Baker a fastball, who hit it well out of the park but barely foul.",
"title": "Replacement game"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Detroit went in order in the top of the second, with Coombs securing two strikeouts. Travers was able to hold Philadelphia without a run in the bottom of the inning; catcher Jack Lapp singled, but was out trying to extend it to a double. In the top of the third, Detroit managed only a walk from right fielder Hap Ward, who was caught stealing. The bottom of the third saw Detroit retire the first two batters, then Collins bunted a ball that third baseman Billy Maharg fumbled. Collins stole second and went to third on another wild throw from McGuire. Baker bunted for a base hit and stole second; Danny Murphy walked to load the bases. Stuffy McInnis hit to shortstop Vincent Maney, who let the ball by him and all three baserunners scored. This made the score 6–0 Philadelphia.",
"title": "Replacement game"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Maharg was unable to continue after losing two teeth to a ground ball, so Ed Irwin pinch hit for him in the top of the fourth and tripled, but could not score against Boardwalk Brown, who had replaced Coombs on the pitcher's mound for Philadelphia. The Athletics did not score in the bottom of the fourth despite getting two singles. In the top of the fifth, Sugden and McGuire each singled with one out, and Maney walked. Catcher Jack Lapp threw to first in an attempt to pick off Maney, but the throw got away, and Sugden and McGuire scored to cut Philadelphia's lead to 6–2.",
"title": "Replacement game"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Philadelphia scored eight times in the bottom of the fifth inning, with Jack Barry beginning the scoring with a bases-loaded double, and was himself driven in by a single by the pitcher, Brown. With two on following a walk, Strunk hit a fly ball to right field, but Ward fell down and the hit went for a double, scoring two more runs. Collins bunted for a base hit, with Strunk scoring all the way from second base, and then stole second. After Baker grounded out, Murphy tripled, scoring Collins, but was out trying to extend it to an inside the park home run, retiring the side with the score 14–2 Philadelphia.",
"title": "Replacement game"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Four runs followed in the bottom of the sixth, with the highlights triples from Brown and Strunk, and a double from Maggert, each of which drive in a run. Collins also drove in a run with a single, making the score 18–2. Pennock relieved Brown in the top of the seventh. He allowed a walk, to McGuire, who was picked off first base for the third out. In the bottom of the seventh, four more runs scored, two of them on a double by Pennock and a triple by Maggert making the score 22–2. Bill Leinhauser, Cobb's 18-year-old replacement in center field, was hit on the head by one fly ball, leading Jennings to advise him, \"Don't try to catch them. Just play them off the walls.\" Leinhauser, like Maharg, was not a baseball player; the two were amateur boxers.",
"title": "Replacement game"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "In the bottom of the eighth inning, Collins reached on an error, then stole second base and continued to third as no one was covering the base. Baker tripled, scoring Collins, and after Travers retired the next two batters, Barry doubled, driving in Baker. He was caught trying to steal third base to retire the side, but the score was now 24–2 Philadelphia. In the top of the ninth, Irwin tripled, his second of the game. Jennings batted for Travers, but struck out. Dan McGarvey was hit by a pitch and stole second base, but Pennock retired the next two batters to end the game.",
"title": "Replacement game"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Coombs was the winning pitcher; there was no requirement at the time that a pitcher complete five innings to be credited with the decision. Travers took the loss, having completed the entire game, and Pennock was later credited with a save despite never having less than a sixteen-run lead. Travers's 24 runs allowed set a MLB record that has never been equalled or surpassed. His 26 hits allowed by a pitcher tied a major league record, broken (with 29) in an 18-inning game by Eddie Rommel of the Athletics in 1932.",
"title": "Replacement game"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Of the players recruited to join the Tigers, only Irwin got a hit, though his two triples did not figure into the scoring. Irwin, a 30-year-old semipro player, concluded his brief major league career with a lifetime batting average of .667 and a slugging percentage of 2.000. The everyday coaches, Sugden and McGuire, aged 41 and 48 respectively, got the other two hits for Detroit. Manager Jennings, who pinch-hit in the ninth inning, was aged 43 at the time. Tigers shortstop Donie Bush said, \"It’s a circus. Gosh, I’m glad I came.\" Jim Delahanty, who had helped instigate the strike, commented, \"This is great, I wouldn’t have missed it for a minute.\"",
"title": "Replacement game"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Jennings stated after the game, \"I put a team on the field today to save the owners of the Detroit franchise from being fined $5,000. It is now up to President Johnson of the league and President Navin of the Detroit club to settle with the 'strikers'. I do not intend to take sides one way or the other. You can say this much for me. There will be a club, professional club of some sort on the field at Shibe Park on Monday.\" While the Detroit Free Press supported the players' actions, The Sporting News called Cobb a \"natural insurrectionist\" and The New York Times compared the players' actions to a mutiny of soldiers.",
"title": "Remainder of suspension and aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Since Sunday baseball was illegal in Pennsylvania, there was no game on the 19th, and Johnson, who arrived in Philadelphia on Sunday, cancelled the Tigers-Athletics game for the 20th, stating that Detroit would not play again until the regular players were on the field. Johnson assembled Cobb's teammates and told them they would be fined $100 per game if they refused to play; they remained resolute. Cobb, however, urged them got go back to work. On Tuesday, they beat the host Washington Senators and pitcher Walter Johnson, 2–0. According to Seymour, \"although the strike was quickly broken, it was significant in that it exemplified a growing dissatisfaction among major-league players.\" The strike by the Tigers, one of the first ever in the major leagues, led to the formation of the first player's union, headed by Dave Fultz, but the organization lasted only a few years and had no lasting effect.",
"title": "Remainder of suspension and aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Cobb's teammates were fined $100 each, representing $50 each for the Saturday game and the cancelled Monday game. On the evening of May 25, Johnson, who had pledged to deal as lightly with Cobb as possible, lifted his suspension and fined him $50. Navin had pledged to pay all fines incurred by the players, and Cobb's salary was unaffected by the suspension. Detroit had a record of 13–14 through May 15. Of the six games played with Cobb under suspension, all on the road, they won two (the May 17 game against Philadelphia and the May 21 game against Washington). On his return they won their next four games, but finished the season sixth out of eight in the American League with a record of 69–84. Johnson had promised additional security in American League ballparks, and in the aftermath of Cobb's suspension, almost all teams provided ushers.",
"title": "Remainder of suspension and aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "Travers later became a Catholic priest, the only priest ever to have MLB experience. Billy Maharg became a driver and assistant trainer for the Philadelphia Phillies, and was allowed to play in their final game of the 1916 season, the only one of the recruited players to play again in the major leagues. In 1919, he was one of the gamblers involved in the Black Sox scandal, when members of the Chicago White Sox helped throw the 1919 World Series. The Detroit manager, Jennings, appeared in one more game for the Tigers, in 1918. Leinhauser later became a policeman for the city of Philadelphia. The last to die of the replacement players, second baseman Jim McCarr, lived until 1981. McCarr outlived by 65 years the first replacement player to die, Irwin, who died after being thrown through a saloon window in 1916.",
"title": "Remainder of suspension and aftermath"
}
] | During the 1912 season, Ty Cobb was suspended for ten days. The center fielder of Major League Baseball's (MLB) Detroit Tigers, Cobb was at the time probably baseball's biggest star. American League (AL) president Ban Johnson suspended and fined him $50 for going into the stands at New York's Hilltop Park and beating Claude Lucker, a fan who had been heckling him. Cobb's teammates supported him by refusing to play the May 18, 1912 game against the Philadelphia Athletics at Shibe Park. They were replaced by Detroit's manager, coaches, and some hastily recruited volunteers, some of whom had no baseball experience. The replacements were beaten by the Athletics, 24–2. Cobb had been Lucker's verbal target throughout the four-game series between the Tigers and New York Yankees. By the fourth inning of the fourth game, on May 15, 1912, with the stream of insults continuing, the hot-tempered Southerner had had enough, and raced into the stands, punching and kicking Lucker, who due to an industrial accident had lost eight fingers and could not defend himself. Cobb was ejected from the game. These events were witnessed by Johnson, who suspended Cobb indefinitely. Since there were at the time few protections for ballplayers from the insults and hurled objects of fans, many took Cobb's side, including his teammates. After beating the Athletics on May 17, the Detroit players telegraphed Johnson that they would not play again until Cobb was reinstated. Johnson refused to do so. Seeking to avoid a $5,000 fine if Detroit did not field a team, owner Frank Navin instructed manager Hughie Jennings to recruit a team. Aided by Connie Mack, the Philadelphia owner/manager, they did so. Facing baseball's World Champions, the replacement team lost badly. After the game, Johnson came to Philadelphia to negotiate with the players. Cobb urged them go back to work, and they did. The striking players were fined, as was Cobb when his suspension was lifted on May 25, but all penalties were paid by Navin. One of baseball's first strikes, it had little effect, but teams put additional security into their stadium's seating area. | 2023-12-05T21:03:59Z | 2023-12-22T21:31:07Z | [
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75,492,851 | 1979 Australian Capital Territory general election | The 1979 Australian Capital Territory general election was held on 2 June 1979 to elect all 18 members of the House of Assembly, the main elected representative body of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). This was the first election for the House after it had been renamed from Legislative Assembly.
The election saw a swing of 15% towards the Labor Party, while the conservative Family Team won its first seat. The Australian Democrats also contested for the first time, winning two seats.
As preparations were still being made for the granting of self-government to the ACT, the House served a largely advisory role, with most powers over the ACT still lying in the hands of the relevant federal minister through the life of the Assembly.
Nine members were elected by single transferable vote proportional representation from each of the ACT's two federal House of Representatives divisions, making 18 in total. Independent members who vacated mid-term were replaced by recounting their original votes to their next preferences to choose a runner-up. Members endorsed by a political party were replaced by a nominee of that party. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1979 Australian Capital Territory general election was held on 2 June 1979 to elect all 18 members of the House of Assembly, the main elected representative body of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). This was the first election for the House after it had been renamed from Legislative Assembly.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The election saw a swing of 15% towards the Labor Party, while the conservative Family Team won its first seat. The Australian Democrats also contested for the first time, winning two seats.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As preparations were still being made for the granting of self-government to the ACT, the House served a largely advisory role, with most powers over the ACT still lying in the hands of the relevant federal minister through the life of the Assembly.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Nine members were elected by single transferable vote proportional representation from each of the ACT's two federal House of Representatives divisions, making 18 in total. Independent members who vacated mid-term were replaced by recounting their original votes to their next preferences to choose a runner-up. Members endorsed by a political party were replaced by a nominee of that party.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | The 1979 Australian Capital Territory general election was held on 2 June 1979 to elect all 18 members of the House of Assembly, the main elected representative body of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). This was the first election for the House after it had been renamed from Legislative Assembly. The election saw a swing of 15% towards the Labor Party, while the conservative Family Team won its first seat. The Australian Democrats also contested for the first time, winning two seats. | 2023-12-05T21:04:41Z | 2023-12-09T05:25:25Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Australian_Capital_Territory_general_election |
75,492,866 | Arkansas State Veterans Cemetery | The Arkansas State Veterans Cemetery is a system of two veterans cemeteries owned and operated by the Arkansas Department of Veterans Affairs. One location is in North Little Rock and the other is located in Birdeye. As of August 2017, there have been approximately 8,300 interments.
In 1997, the Arkansas General Assembly passed Act 235, which gave the Arkansas Department of Veterans Affairs the authority to establish a system of State Operated Veterans Cemeteries. The first to be established is located in North Little Rock which was dedicated on 11 November 2001.
The land for the Veterans Cemetery at Birdeye was purchased in 2008, and the cemetery finished construction in 2010. It received its first interment in February 2012. On August 10, 2018, it received an award from the Department of Veterans Affairs. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Arkansas State Veterans Cemetery is a system of two veterans cemeteries owned and operated by the Arkansas Department of Veterans Affairs. One location is in North Little Rock and the other is located in Birdeye. As of August 2017, there have been approximately 8,300 interments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1997, the Arkansas General Assembly passed Act 235, which gave the Arkansas Department of Veterans Affairs the authority to establish a system of State Operated Veterans Cemeteries. The first to be established is located in North Little Rock which was dedicated on 11 November 2001.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The land for the Veterans Cemetery at Birdeye was purchased in 2008, and the cemetery finished construction in 2010. It received its first interment in February 2012. On August 10, 2018, it received an award from the Department of Veterans Affairs.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Arkansas State Veterans Cemetery is a system of two veterans cemeteries owned and operated by the Arkansas Department of Veterans Affairs. One location is in North Little Rock and the other is located in Birdeye. As of August 2017, there have been approximately 8,300 interments. | 2023-12-05T21:06:49Z | 2023-12-17T14:05:58Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Veterans_Cemetery |
75,492,875 | Craster radar station | Craster radar station (also known as RAF Craster), was a Chain Home Low (later a Chain Home Extra Low) Second World War radar site at Craster in Northumberland, England. The radar site is north of the village of Craster on an escarpment overlooking the North Sea. The site was opened by early 1942 and was staffed initially by the British Army, but later came under the control of No. 73 Wing of the Royal Air Force, part of No. 60 Group. It closed in 1944 and was later used as a PoW camp.
At the time of the Munich crisis in October 1938, Britain had eleven radar sites, which were mostly located on the eastern coast. The concern over the rise of Nazi Germany prompted a wider development of the radar system. The site at Craster was built in 1941 and opened in April 1942 under the auspices of the British Army's chain of radar stations, operating as a Coastal Defence/Chain Home Low station (CD/CHL). It was built on an escarpment some 150 metres (490 ft) from the shoreline and 50 metres (160 ft) above sea level. The escarpment is an outcrop of Whin Sill which has a gentle slope towards the sea, giving the radar station an "..uninterrupted sweep of the coast from a relatively elevated position." The prefix of M at Craster (its code was M28), signified that it was initially equipped with a 1.5-metre (4 ft 11 in) radar.
The site was handed over to the Royal Air Force c. 1942, and was staffed by communications personnel drawn from No. 73 Wing (part of No 60 Group RAF), who had their headquarters in Malton, North Yorkshire. By 1944, Craster had become a Chain Home Extra Low site.
After closure as a radar station, the site was used briefly as a PoW camp.
Two buildings remain on the site, the former transmit/receive block (TxRx) and the standby set house. The standby set house was used to provide emergency power to the TxRx block in case of electricity supply issues. The buildings are now maintained by the National Trust and are recorded as 10355 / MNA124708. Both buildings are 3 metres (9.8 ft) high and the site is listed as grade II with Historic England. The TxRx building was a set design, measuring 50 feet (15 m) by 18 feet (5.5 m) upon which was mounted an aerial which could turn continuously. The footprint of the radar base including the TxRx, standby set house and accommodation buildings, covered an area of 230 metres (750 ft) by 170 metres (560 ft). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Craster radar station (also known as RAF Craster), was a Chain Home Low (later a Chain Home Extra Low) Second World War radar site at Craster in Northumberland, England. The radar site is north of the village of Craster on an escarpment overlooking the North Sea. The site was opened by early 1942 and was staffed initially by the British Army, but later came under the control of No. 73 Wing of the Royal Air Force, part of No. 60 Group. It closed in 1944 and was later used as a PoW camp.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "At the time of the Munich crisis in October 1938, Britain had eleven radar sites, which were mostly located on the eastern coast. The concern over the rise of Nazi Germany prompted a wider development of the radar system. The site at Craster was built in 1941 and opened in April 1942 under the auspices of the British Army's chain of radar stations, operating as a Coastal Defence/Chain Home Low station (CD/CHL). It was built on an escarpment some 150 metres (490 ft) from the shoreline and 50 metres (160 ft) above sea level. The escarpment is an outcrop of Whin Sill which has a gentle slope towards the sea, giving the radar station an \"..uninterrupted sweep of the coast from a relatively elevated position.\" The prefix of M at Craster (its code was M28), signified that it was initially equipped with a 1.5-metre (4 ft 11 in) radar.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The site was handed over to the Royal Air Force c. 1942, and was staffed by communications personnel drawn from No. 73 Wing (part of No 60 Group RAF), who had their headquarters in Malton, North Yorkshire. By 1944, Craster had become a Chain Home Extra Low site.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After closure as a radar station, the site was used briefly as a PoW camp.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Two buildings remain on the site, the former transmit/receive block (TxRx) and the standby set house. The standby set house was used to provide emergency power to the TxRx block in case of electricity supply issues. The buildings are now maintained by the National Trust and are recorded as 10355 / MNA124708. Both buildings are 3 metres (9.8 ft) high and the site is listed as grade II with Historic England. The TxRx building was a set design, measuring 50 feet (15 m) by 18 feet (5.5 m) upon which was mounted an aerial which could turn continuously. The footprint of the radar base including the TxRx, standby set house and accommodation buildings, covered an area of 230 metres (750 ft) by 170 metres (560 ft).",
"title": "Buildings"
}
] | Craster radar station, was a Chain Home Low Second World War radar site at Craster in Northumberland, England. The radar site is north of the village of Craster on an escarpment overlooking the North Sea. The site was opened by early 1942 and was staffed initially by the British Army, but later came under the control of No. 73 Wing of the Royal Air Force, part of No. 60 Group. It closed in 1944 and was later used as a PoW camp. | 2023-12-05T21:08:24Z | 2023-12-15T22:00:59Z | [
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75,492,878 | S-309309 | S-309309 is an experimental MGAT2 inhibitor developed as an anti-obesity drug by the Japanese company Shionogi. Phase II trial results are expected in late 2023. | [
{
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"text": "S-309309 is an experimental MGAT2 inhibitor developed as an anti-obesity drug by the Japanese company Shionogi. Phase II trial results are expected in late 2023.",
"title": ""
}
] | S-309309 is an experimental MGAT2 inhibitor developed as an anti-obesity drug by the Japanese company Shionogi. Phase II trial results are expected in late 2023. | 2023-12-05T21:09:07Z | 2023-12-06T10:27:08Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-309309 |
75,492,889 | Amii (research institute) | Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute (Amii) is a machine learning institute in Edmonton, Alberta. Amii was established in 2002 to drive innovation in the artificial intelligence space and partner with companies to adopt and grow the technology. Since their inception, Amii have worked with more than 300 companies to translate knowledge, talent and technology into industry and secured $600M+ in venture financing, including $450M raised by Canadian-based companies.
Along with Montreal's Mila (research institute) and Toronto's Vector Institute (Canada), Amii is a member of the Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy.
Amii began in 2002 as the Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Machine Learning (AICML), a joint effort between the Government of Alberta and the University of Alberta. In 2017, they rebranded under their current Amii name and moved into a large open-concept collaborative office in downtown Edmonton. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute (Amii) is a machine learning institute in Edmonton, Alberta. Amii was established in 2002 to drive innovation in the artificial intelligence space and partner with companies to adopt and grow the technology. Since their inception, Amii have worked with more than 300 companies to translate knowledge, talent and technology into industry and secured $600M+ in venture financing, including $450M raised by Canadian-based companies.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Along with Montreal's Mila (research institute) and Toronto's Vector Institute (Canada), Amii is a member of the Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Amii began in 2002 as the Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Machine Learning (AICML), a joint effort between the Government of Alberta and the University of Alberta. In 2017, they rebranded under their current Amii name and moved into a large open-concept collaborative office in downtown Edmonton.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute (Amii) is a machine learning institute in Edmonton, Alberta. Amii was established in 2002 to drive innovation in the artificial intelligence space and partner with companies to adopt and grow the technology. Since their inception, Amii have worked with more than 300 companies to translate knowledge, talent and technology into industry and secured $600M+ in venture financing, including $450M raised by Canadian-based companies. Along with Montreal's Mila and Toronto's Vector Institute (Canada), Amii is a member of the Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy. | 2023-12-05T21:11:47Z | 2023-12-10T06:06:22Z | [
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75,492,899 | Pemvidutide | Pemvidutide (ALT-801) is an experimental dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Altimmune. The drug reduced LDL-C in a clinical trial and does not require dose titration as with GLP-1 mono agonists. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pemvidutide (ALT-801) is an experimental dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Altimmune. The drug reduced LDL-C in a clinical trial and does not require dose titration as with GLP-1 mono agonists.",
"title": ""
}
] | Pemvidutide (ALT-801) is an experimental dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Altimmune. The drug reduced LDL-C in a clinical trial and does not require dose titration as with GLP-1 mono agonists. | 2023-12-05T21:14:59Z | 2023-12-12T19:45:55Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemvidutide |
75,492,923 | Charles D. Walton | Charles Dee Walton (born 1948) is an American retired politician and higher education administrator. He was the first African American elected to the Rhode Island Senate, serving from 1983 through 2002 as a Democrat representing South Providence. He was also the first African-American Rhode Island Senate president pro tempore. Walton subsequently served as an associate dean at the Community College of Rhode Island.
Born in Raleigh, North Carolina, on July 13, 1948, Walton grew up in Washington, D.C., and earned his bachelor's degree from Shaw University in 1971 and his PhD in educational administration from the University of Massachusetts in 1974. He moved to Rhode Island in the mid-1970s for a position at Roger Williams University, then became director of the Urban Education Center in Providence. He became active in the National Urban League and NAACP, which sued the state for racially gerrymandered Rhode Island Senate districts and prevailed in federal court.
Redistricting paved the way for Walton to win election on June 21, 1983, as Rhode Island's first African-American state senator. He served four years as the first African-American president pro tempore of the Rhode Island Senate, as Senior Deputy Majority Leader in 1997–1998, and as a member of the Judiciary Committee and the Committee on Special Legislation. He introduced the Community Reinvestment Act, which banned the practice of redlining by banks, and enacted legislation to establish a minority health program under the Rhode Island Department of Health.
Having served nearly twenty years in the senate, Walton lost the June 2002 Democratic primary election after legislative redistricting split South Providence into separate districts and removed many African-American voters from Walton's district while adding numerous Latino voters. Walton was unseated in the primary by Juan Pichardo, who went on to win the general election and become Rhode Island's first Latino state senator. Civil rights organizations sued in May 2002, arguing that the redistricting violated the ability of Black voters to select candidates of their choice, but the election went ahead. Senate leaders negotiated with the plaintiffs to redraw district lines, leading to the 2004 election of Harold Metts, a Black man, as well as Pichardo's reelection.
After leaving office at the end of 2002, Walton worked as associate dean for the Office of College Opportunity and Support Programs at the Community College of Rhode Island. He helped to establish the community college's Providence campus. He received an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of Rhode Island in May 2009. He has served on numerous boards and committees, including the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority, Rhode Island Adult Education Commission, Rhode Island Black Heritage Society, Washington Park Citizens Association, NAACP, and National Organization for Women. Walton lives in Durham, North Carolina, and is married to Anita Earls, an associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Charles Dee Walton (born 1948) is an American retired politician and higher education administrator. He was the first African American elected to the Rhode Island Senate, serving from 1983 through 2002 as a Democrat representing South Providence. He was also the first African-American Rhode Island Senate president pro tempore. Walton subsequently served as an associate dean at the Community College of Rhode Island.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born in Raleigh, North Carolina, on July 13, 1948, Walton grew up in Washington, D.C., and earned his bachelor's degree from Shaw University in 1971 and his PhD in educational administration from the University of Massachusetts in 1974. He moved to Rhode Island in the mid-1970s for a position at Roger Williams University, then became director of the Urban Education Center in Providence. He became active in the National Urban League and NAACP, which sued the state for racially gerrymandered Rhode Island Senate districts and prevailed in federal court.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Redistricting paved the way for Walton to win election on June 21, 1983, as Rhode Island's first African-American state senator. He served four years as the first African-American president pro tempore of the Rhode Island Senate, as Senior Deputy Majority Leader in 1997–1998, and as a member of the Judiciary Committee and the Committee on Special Legislation. He introduced the Community Reinvestment Act, which banned the practice of redlining by banks, and enacted legislation to establish a minority health program under the Rhode Island Department of Health.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Having served nearly twenty years in the senate, Walton lost the June 2002 Democratic primary election after legislative redistricting split South Providence into separate districts and removed many African-American voters from Walton's district while adding numerous Latino voters. Walton was unseated in the primary by Juan Pichardo, who went on to win the general election and become Rhode Island's first Latino state senator. Civil rights organizations sued in May 2002, arguing that the redistricting violated the ability of Black voters to select candidates of their choice, but the election went ahead. Senate leaders negotiated with the plaintiffs to redraw district lines, leading to the 2004 election of Harold Metts, a Black man, as well as Pichardo's reelection.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After leaving office at the end of 2002, Walton worked as associate dean for the Office of College Opportunity and Support Programs at the Community College of Rhode Island. He helped to establish the community college's Providence campus. He received an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of Rhode Island in May 2009. He has served on numerous boards and committees, including the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority, Rhode Island Adult Education Commission, Rhode Island Black Heritage Society, Washington Park Citizens Association, NAACP, and National Organization for Women. Walton lives in Durham, North Carolina, and is married to Anita Earls, an associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court.",
"title": "Life and career"
}
] | Charles Dee Walton is an American retired politician and higher education administrator. He was the first African American elected to the Rhode Island Senate, serving from 1983 through 2002 as a Democrat representing South Providence. He was also the first African-American Rhode Island Senate president pro tempore. Walton subsequently served as an associate dean at the Community College of Rhode Island. | 2023-12-05T21:19:22Z | 2023-12-05T21:41:56Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D._Walton |
75,492,936 | Henri Berssenbrugge | Bernard Heinrich Wilhelm (Henri) Berssenbrugge (Rotterdam, 13 March 1873–Goirle, 4 May 1959) was a major Dutch photographer. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bernard Heinrich Wilhelm (Henri) Berssenbrugge (Rotterdam, 13 March 1873–Goirle, 4 May 1959) was a major Dutch photographer.",
"title": ""
}
] | Bernard Heinrich Wilhelm (Henri) Berssenbrugge was a major Dutch photographer. | 2023-12-05T21:21:00Z | 2023-12-05T22:05:08Z | [
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Berssenbrugge |
75,492,939 | William Harwood (councillor) | William Harwood (1589-after 1635) became a soldier, landowner and politician in the Colony of Virginia, and survived the massacre of 1622, but was recalled to Britain in 1635. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "William Harwood (1589-after 1635) became a soldier, landowner and politician in the Colony of Virginia, and survived the massacre of 1622, but was recalled to Britain in 1635.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | William Harwood became a soldier, landowner and politician in the Colony of Virginia, and survived the massacre of 1622, but was recalled to Britain in 1635. | 2023-12-05T21:21:29Z | 2023-12-30T22:53:11Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harwood_(councillor) |
75,492,946 | Ambohiby Massif | Ambohiby Massif is an alkaline ring complex in Tsiroanomandidy District, Bongolava, Madagascar, which covers approximately 225 km (87 sq mi).
The settlement of Anosibe Ambohiby, which has a population of about 300 Betsileo people, is located within the complex almost entirely isolated from the rest of the region; the closest settlement is the town of Antaniditra, 8 km (5.0 mi) away, and the nearest city, Tsiroanomandidy, is 18 km (11 mi) away.
The massif was formed during the Late Cretaceous period, as the Madagascar Plate and the Indian Plate separated around 90 million years ago. Originally it was a volcano, however as the tectonic plates separated, the hotspot supplying it was cut off, causing the volcano to cool and collapse as it had no heat source.
According to the record from French botanist Jacques Désiré Leandri published in 1935, the crater was called 'Andranomangatsiaka' (translating to 'where we find fresh water') by the area's indigenous people. Leandri also described the massif as having two peaks which dominate it, one called Andapa which was used as a geodetic point. He also said that the western part of the wooded region is named Ampihirano.
The complex became more well known due to a video published by Vox about the landform and the settlement inside it in 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ambohiby Massif is an alkaline ring complex in Tsiroanomandidy District, Bongolava, Madagascar, which covers approximately 225 km (87 sq mi).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The settlement of Anosibe Ambohiby, which has a population of about 300 Betsileo people, is located within the complex almost entirely isolated from the rest of the region; the closest settlement is the town of Antaniditra, 8 km (5.0 mi) away, and the nearest city, Tsiroanomandidy, is 18 km (11 mi) away.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The massif was formed during the Late Cretaceous period, as the Madagascar Plate and the Indian Plate separated around 90 million years ago. Originally it was a volcano, however as the tectonic plates separated, the hotspot supplying it was cut off, causing the volcano to cool and collapse as it had no heat source.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "According to the record from French botanist Jacques Désiré Leandri published in 1935, the crater was called 'Andranomangatsiaka' (translating to 'where we find fresh water') by the area's indigenous people. Leandri also described the massif as having two peaks which dominate it, one called Andapa which was used as a geodetic point. He also said that the western part of the wooded region is named Ampihirano.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The complex became more well known due to a video published by Vox about the landform and the settlement inside it in 2023.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Ambohiby Massif is an alkaline ring complex in Tsiroanomandidy District, Bongolava, Madagascar, which covers approximately 225 km2 (87 sq mi). The settlement of Anosibe Ambohiby, which has a population of about 300 Betsileo people, is located within the complex almost entirely isolated from the rest of the region; the closest settlement is the town of Antaniditra, 8 km (5.0 mi) away, and the nearest city, Tsiroanomandidy, is 18 km (11 mi) away. | 2023-12-05T21:22:10Z | 2023-12-22T02:22:42Z | [
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75,492,953 | Yaguarí Formation | The Yaguarí Formation is an upper Permian geologic formation in Uruguay. It underlies Buena Vista Formation.
Cyclodendron fossils have been found here. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Yaguarí Formation is an upper Permian geologic formation in Uruguay. It underlies Buena Vista Formation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Cyclodendron fossils have been found here.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "Bibliography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
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"title": "Bibliography"
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] | The Yaguarí Formation is an upper Permian geologic formation in Uruguay. It underlies Buena Vista Formation. Cyclodendron fossils have been found here. | 2023-12-05T21:24:12Z | 2023-12-05T21:24:21Z | [
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75,492,959 | Ovaprene | Ovaprene is an experimental non-hormonal contraception developed by Daré Bioscience that is composed of an intervaginal device that releases ferrous gluconate, ascorbic acid, and glycine. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ovaprene is an experimental non-hormonal contraception developed by Daré Bioscience that is composed of an intervaginal device that releases ferrous gluconate, ascorbic acid, and glycine.",
"title": ""
}
] | Ovaprene is an experimental non-hormonal contraception developed by Daré Bioscience that is composed of an intervaginal device that releases ferrous gluconate, ascorbic acid, and glycine. | 2023-12-05T21:25:04Z | 2023-12-31T23:07:56Z | [
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75,492,975 | The Other Side (TV series) | The Other Side (Spanish: El otro lado) is a Spanish horror comedy television series created by Berto Romero.
Following a suicide attempt, Nacho Nieto, paranormal journalist at a low ebb, acquaints with the ghost of his long deceased mentor, Dr. Estrada, and so, he takes over a poltergeist case in a decrepit apartment in Barcelona haunting a widow and her son (Eva and Rubén) with the help of close collaborator Juana. He also comes across his nemesis, Gorka Romero, another (and more successful) pupil of Dr. Estrada.
The series received a pre-screening in the 'Velodrome' section of the 71st San Sebastián International Film Festival on 24 September 2023. The first two episodes debuted on Movistar Plus+ on 23 November 2023.
Raquel Hernández Luján of HobbyConsolas rated the series with 80 points ('very good'), assessing that in addition to the humour side, it also works in the horror side and the criticism towards a certain brand of journalism appealing to the gullibility of the audience.
Enric Albero of El Cultural wrote that the series "successfully combines jokes, scares and mordacity". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Other Side (Spanish: El otro lado) is a Spanish horror comedy television series created by Berto Romero.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following a suicide attempt, Nacho Nieto, paranormal journalist at a low ebb, acquaints with the ghost of his long deceased mentor, Dr. Estrada, and so, he takes over a poltergeist case in a decrepit apartment in Barcelona haunting a widow and her son (Eva and Rubén) with the help of close collaborator Juana. He also comes across his nemesis, Gorka Romero, another (and more successful) pupil of Dr. Estrada.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The series received a pre-screening in the 'Velodrome' section of the 71st San Sebastián International Film Festival on 24 September 2023. The first two episodes debuted on Movistar Plus+ on 23 November 2023.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Raquel Hernández Luján of HobbyConsolas rated the series with 80 points ('very good'), assessing that in addition to the humour side, it also works in the horror side and the criticism towards a certain brand of journalism appealing to the gullibility of the audience.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Enric Albero of El Cultural wrote that the series \"successfully combines jokes, scares and mordacity\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | The Other Side is a Spanish horror comedy television series created by Berto Romero. | 2023-12-05T21:29:00Z | 2023-12-05T21:29:00Z | [
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75,492,984 | Below and On Top | Below and On Top (1898) is a collection of short stories by Australian writer Edward Dyson. It was published by George Robertson publishers in 1898.
The collection includes 24 stories by the author, from a variety of original sources; mainly The Bulletin, The Argus, Melbourne Punch, The Antipodean and Cosmos. The title story, "Below and On Top", was published for the first time in this edition.
A writer in The Herald stated: "Mr Dyson has unquestionably the happy knack of describing in crisp and attractive style the scenes of daily life in tlie bush and in the township. His pictures are those we see around us every day, and yet through the medium of his pen we can while away many an hour looking at them again."
Writing about the book in a piece in 1954 for The Bulletin magazine Norman Lindsay noted: "Much of the best literature springs from a lack of literary consciousness, and Below and On Top is from that genesis. It was written shortly after Dyson had left the life of a working miner to make a living as a writer...As is inevitable with a young writer, some of the stories in Below and On Top are of unequal quality. If I were making a selection, I would pass the 'Dick Haddon' boy-stories. They generate, I suspect, from Tom Sawyer...The lasting quality of Below and On Top is in the mining stories, headed by 'The Golden Shanty,' which would be a classic in whatever country it was written."
After the book's initial publication on Melbourne in 1898 it was not until 2004 that it was reprinted by the Sydney University Press. | [
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"text": "Below and On Top (1898) is a collection of short stories by Australian writer Edward Dyson. It was published by George Robertson publishers in 1898.",
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},
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"text": "The collection includes 24 stories by the author, from a variety of original sources; mainly The Bulletin, The Argus, Melbourne Punch, The Antipodean and Cosmos. The title story, \"Below and On Top\", was published for the first time in this edition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A writer in The Herald stated: \"Mr Dyson has unquestionably the happy knack of describing in crisp and attractive style the scenes of daily life in tlie bush and in the township. His pictures are those we see around us every day, and yet through the medium of his pen we can while away many an hour looking at them again.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Writing about the book in a piece in 1954 for The Bulletin magazine Norman Lindsay noted: \"Much of the best literature springs from a lack of literary consciousness, and Below and On Top is from that genesis. It was written shortly after Dyson had left the life of a working miner to make a living as a writer...As is inevitable with a young writer, some of the stories in Below and On Top are of unequal quality. If I were making a selection, I would pass the 'Dick Haddon' boy-stories. They generate, I suspect, from Tom Sawyer...The lasting quality of Below and On Top is in the mining stories, headed by 'The Golden Shanty,' which would be a classic in whatever country it was written.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
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"text": "After the book's initial publication on Melbourne in 1898 it was not until 2004 that it was reprinted by the Sydney University Press.",
"title": "Publication history"
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] | Below and On Top (1898) is a collection of short stories by Australian writer Edward Dyson. It was published by George Robertson publishers in 1898. The collection includes 24 stories by the author, from a variety of original sources; mainly The Bulletin, The Argus, Melbourne Punch, The Antipodean and Cosmos. The title story, "Below and On Top", was published for the first time in this edition. | 2023-12-05T21:30:22Z | 2023-12-05T23:52:16Z | [
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75,492,986 | Vérité (political party) | Plateforme Vérité (English: Truth Platform) was a Haitian political party co-founded by former president René Préval. After the 2015-16 legislative elections, Vérité emerged as the second largest party behind only the PHTK, winning 17 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and three in the Senate.
Vérité's candidate for the 2015 presidential election, Jacky Lumarque, at the time the rector of Quisqueya University, was removed from the official ballot by the Conseil Électoral Provisoire (CEP), Haiti's official election body. According to the CEP, they were unable to obtain a document showing that Lumarque had not misused public money during his tenure as a member of a governmental education commission during the presidency of René Préval, although the Court of Auditors held that he did not require such a document, since he was not tasked with the handling of public money as a member of the commission. Citing this, as well as violence against polling stations and voting centers in the first round of the elections, the party decided to withdraw from the second round.
In 2017, the party split over disagreement considering the legitimacy of the presidency of Jovenel Moïse. Several prominent figures within the party decided to stop opposing the Moïse government, reversing the party's prior stance. René Monplaisir, a left-wing figure within the party who was previously a pro-Lavalas figure in Cité Soleil, rejected the decision and maintained his anti-Moïse stance, saying, "Platform Vérité does not exist anymore!" While remnants of the party have continued on, it does not exist in the same configuration that it once did and does not exert the same level of power or influence.
In 2015 the Conseil Électoral Provisoire, Haiti's central election body, accused Vérité of election-day disruptions in the Nord, Ouest, and Sud departments. | [
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"text": "Vérité's candidate for the 2015 presidential election, Jacky Lumarque, at the time the rector of Quisqueya University, was removed from the official ballot by the Conseil Électoral Provisoire (CEP), Haiti's official election body. According to the CEP, they were unable to obtain a document showing that Lumarque had not misused public money during his tenure as a member of a governmental education commission during the presidency of René Préval, although the Court of Auditors held that he did not require such a document, since he was not tasked with the handling of public money as a member of the commission. Citing this, as well as violence against polling stations and voting centers in the first round of the elections, the party decided to withdraw from the second round.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "In 2017, the party split over disagreement considering the legitimacy of the presidency of Jovenel Moïse. Several prominent figures within the party decided to stop opposing the Moïse government, reversing the party's prior stance. René Monplaisir, a left-wing figure within the party who was previously a pro-Lavalas figure in Cité Soleil, rejected the decision and maintained his anti-Moïse stance, saying, \"Platform Vérité does not exist anymore!\" While remnants of the party have continued on, it does not exist in the same configuration that it once did and does not exert the same level of power or influence.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "In 2015 the Conseil Électoral Provisoire, Haiti's central election body, accused Vérité of election-day disruptions in the Nord, Ouest, and Sud departments.",
"title": ""
}
] | Plateforme Vérité was a Haitian political party co-founded by former president René Préval. After the 2015-16 legislative elections, Vérité emerged as the second largest party behind only the PHTK, winning 17 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and three in the Senate. Vérité's candidate for the 2015 presidential election, Jacky Lumarque, at the time the rector of Quisqueya University, was removed from the official ballot by the Conseil Électoral Provisoire (CEP), Haiti's official election body. According to the CEP, they were unable to obtain a document showing that Lumarque had not misused public money during his tenure as a member of a governmental education commission during the presidency of René Préval, although the Court of Auditors held that he did not require such a document, since he was not tasked with the handling of public money as a member of the commission. Citing this, as well as violence against polling stations and voting centers in the first round of the elections, the party decided to withdraw from the second round. In 2017, the party split over disagreement considering the legitimacy of the presidency of Jovenel Moïse. Several prominent figures within the party decided to stop opposing the Moïse government, reversing the party's prior stance. René Monplaisir, a left-wing figure within the party who was previously a pro-Lavalas figure in Cité Soleil, rejected the decision and maintained his anti-Moïse stance, saying, "Platform Vérité does not exist anymore!" While remnants of the party have continued on, it does not exist in the same configuration that it once did and does not exert the same level of power or influence. In 2015 the Conseil Électoral Provisoire, Haiti's central election body, accused Vérité of election-day disruptions in the Nord, Ouest, and Sud departments. | 2023-12-05T21:31:08Z | 2023-12-26T18:14:56Z | [
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75,492,989 | Slava Smelovsky | Slava Smelovsky is an Israeli electronic musician, sound artist, psychotherapist, and former journalist, known for his work in the electronic duo Grundik+Slava and his contributions in the fields of coaching and psychotherapy.
Smelovsky is a member of the music project "Crossfishes", and participated in the project "Thunderwheel - Credo", in collaboration with Chaos As Shelter. He was a resident artist at Boiled Angel Records. He is the founder of the music label "Kunstkamera", which has released more than 30 international projects.
Smelovsky worked as a freelance journalist for Russian-language Israeli publications like Vesti, Novosti Nedeli, and Kvazimodo in the mid-90s. He later joined the publication Interface, eventually becoming its editor-in-chief. Also contributed to "Israel Today" with a regular column on cultural events in Israel. | [
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"text": "Slava Smelovsky is an Israeli electronic musician, sound artist, psychotherapist, and former journalist, known for his work in the electronic duo Grundik+Slava and his contributions in the fields of coaching and psychotherapy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Smelovsky is a member of the music project \"Crossfishes\", and participated in the project \"Thunderwheel - Credo\", in collaboration with Chaos As Shelter. He was a resident artist at Boiled Angel Records. He is the founder of the music label \"Kunstkamera\", which has released more than 30 international projects.",
"title": "Musical career"
},
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"text": "Smelovsky worked as a freelance journalist for Russian-language Israeli publications like Vesti, Novosti Nedeli, and Kvazimodo in the mid-90s. He later joined the publication Interface, eventually becoming its editor-in-chief. Also contributed to \"Israel Today\" with a regular column on cultural events in Israel.",
"title": "Journalism and media"
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] | Slava Smelovsky is an Israeli electronic musician, sound artist, psychotherapist, and former journalist, known for his work in the electronic duo Grundik+Slava and his contributions in the fields of coaching and psychotherapy. | 2023-12-05T21:31:34Z | 2023-12-08T11:08:53Z | [
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75,493,072 | Nando Demo | "Nando Demo" (何度でも, lit. "Any number of times") is the 35th single by Japanese pop band Dreams Come True, released on February 16, 2005, by Universal Music. It was the group's first single in four months since their last single, "Love Letter," and was later included as an album version on their 13th album, The Love Rocks. Both songs were eventually included in the all-time best album Dreams Come True The Best! Watashi no Dorikamu.
A commercial success in Japan, "Nando Demo" peaked at number three on the Oricon Singles Chart and sold 191,366 copies by the end of the year, making it the 50th best-selling single in the country in 2005. Since then the single has sold 195,294 physical copies. "Nando Demo" was certified four times by the RIAJ in different categories, including double platinum for digital sales, triple platinum in chaku-uta (ringtone sales), and platinum in physical shipments. In 2011, the song charted for the first time on the Billboard Japan Hot 100, reaching number 12.
"Nando Demo" was written for the theme song of Fuji Television's drama "Emergency Room 24 Hours (3rd series)". The first song produced at the request was not accepted, so a new song was produced, which became "Nando Demo". This is the second theme song for "Emergency Room 24 Hours" following " Asa ga Mata Kuru " from the first series (1999) and "Itsu no Ma ni" from the second series (2001), followed by the theme song for the fourth series (2009). They also sang the theme song for the 5th series (2013). The song was also used as the theme song for the 2007 movie "Mayu - Kokoro no Hoshi -" and in 2013 as the commercial song for "Sumitomo Life Insurance Company" featuring Mao Asada. While the B-side "Sora wo Yomu" served as the ending theme for Kyushu Asahi Broadcasting's "Duòmo" in 2015.
"Nando Demo" debuted at number three on the Oricon Singles Chart, with 65,017 copies sold in its first week. The single dropped to number five the following week, logging sales of 33,853 units. It slid to number 10 on the charts on its third week, shifting 23,973 units. The single managed to chart in the top 100 for a total of twenty-two weeks. "Nando Demo" ranked at number 50 on the year-end Oricon Singles Chart for 2005 with sales of 191,366 copies.
The song was sung at the 56th NHK Kohaku Uta Gassen in 2005 and at the 57th NHK Kohaku Uta Gassen in 2006. Since the 57th Kohaku, the song has also been performed in combination with "Love Love Love" in the form of "Nando Demo LOVE LOVE LOVE."
After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami occurred, "Nando Demo" became the most aired song on Japanese contemporary hit radio stations nationwide. In addition, as an appeal to the victims of the earthquake and tsunami, the song's full ringtone was distributed for free between March 28 and April 27, 2011. In April 2020, the song was used as a message song for the "#Yell to the Front Lines Again and Again" project organized by the Japanese Red Cross Society and Universal Music in response to the spread of the COVID-19, to support medical workers nationwide who were on the front lines of healthcare.
All lyrics written by Miwa Yoshida, all compositions by Masato Nakamura and Miwa Yoshida, all arrangements by Masato Nakamura. | [
{
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"text": "\"Nando Demo\" (何度でも, lit. \"Any number of times\") is the 35th single by Japanese pop band Dreams Come True, released on February 16, 2005, by Universal Music. It was the group's first single in four months since their last single, \"Love Letter,\" and was later included as an album version on their 13th album, The Love Rocks. Both songs were eventually included in the all-time best album Dreams Come True The Best! Watashi no Dorikamu.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "A commercial success in Japan, \"Nando Demo\" peaked at number three on the Oricon Singles Chart and sold 191,366 copies by the end of the year, making it the 50th best-selling single in the country in 2005. Since then the single has sold 195,294 physical copies. \"Nando Demo\" was certified four times by the RIAJ in different categories, including double platinum for digital sales, triple platinum in chaku-uta (ringtone sales), and platinum in physical shipments. In 2011, the song charted for the first time on the Billboard Japan Hot 100, reaching number 12.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "\"Nando Demo\" was written for the theme song of Fuji Television's drama \"Emergency Room 24 Hours (3rd series)\". The first song produced at the request was not accepted, so a new song was produced, which became \"Nando Demo\". This is the second theme song for \"Emergency Room 24 Hours\" following \" Asa ga Mata Kuru \" from the first series (1999) and \"Itsu no Ma ni\" from the second series (2001), followed by the theme song for the fourth series (2009). They also sang the theme song for the 5th series (2013). The song was also used as the theme song for the 2007 movie \"Mayu - Kokoro no Hoshi -\" and in 2013 as the commercial song for \"Sumitomo Life Insurance Company\" featuring Mao Asada. While the B-side \"Sora wo Yomu\" served as the ending theme for Kyushu Asahi Broadcasting's \"Duòmo\" in 2015.",
"title": "Background and release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "\"Nando Demo\" debuted at number three on the Oricon Singles Chart, with 65,017 copies sold in its first week. The single dropped to number five the following week, logging sales of 33,853 units. It slid to number 10 on the charts on its third week, shifting 23,973 units. The single managed to chart in the top 100 for a total of twenty-two weeks. \"Nando Demo\" ranked at number 50 on the year-end Oricon Singles Chart for 2005 with sales of 191,366 copies.",
"title": "Commercial performance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The song was sung at the 56th NHK Kohaku Uta Gassen in 2005 and at the 57th NHK Kohaku Uta Gassen in 2006. Since the 57th Kohaku, the song has also been performed in combination with \"Love Love Love\" in the form of \"Nando Demo LOVE LOVE LOVE.\"",
"title": "Live performances"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami occurred, \"Nando Demo\" became the most aired song on Japanese contemporary hit radio stations nationwide. In addition, as an appeal to the victims of the earthquake and tsunami, the song's full ringtone was distributed for free between March 28 and April 27, 2011. In April 2020, the song was used as a message song for the \"#Yell to the Front Lines Again and Again\" project organized by the Japanese Red Cross Society and Universal Music in response to the spread of the COVID-19, to support medical workers nationwide who were on the front lines of healthcare.",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "All lyrics written by Miwa Yoshida, all compositions by Masato Nakamura and Miwa Yoshida, all arrangements by Masato Nakamura.",
"title": "Track listing"
}
] | "Nando Demo" is the 35th single by Japanese pop band Dreams Come True, released on February 16, 2005, by Universal Music. It was the group's first single in four months since their last single, "Love Letter," and was later included as an album version on their 13th album, The Love Rocks. Both songs were eventually included in the all-time best album Dreams Come True The Best! Watashi no Dorikamu. A commercial success in Japan, "Nando Demo" peaked at number three on the Oricon Singles Chart and sold 191,366 copies by the end of the year, making it the 50th best-selling single in the country in 2005. Since then the single has sold 195,294 physical copies. "Nando Demo" was certified four times by the RIAJ in different categories, including double platinum for digital sales, triple platinum in chaku-uta, and platinum in physical shipments. In 2011, the song charted for the first time on the Billboard Japan Hot 100, reaching number 12. | 2023-12-05T21:45:29Z | 2023-12-09T04:40:48Z | [
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75,493,094 | Guo Yue (footballer) | Guo Yue (born December 12, 1985) is a Chinese professional association football player who plays as a defender for in the Chinese Women's Super League and a member of the Chinese women's national football team. She represented China in the 2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup. | [
{
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"text": "Guo Yue (born December 12, 1985) is a Chinese professional association football player who plays as a defender for in the Chinese Women's Super League and a member of the Chinese women's national football team. She represented China in the 2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup.",
"title": ""
},
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] | Guo Yue is a Chinese professional association football player who plays as a defender for in the Chinese Women's Super League and a member of the Chinese women's national football team. She represented China in the 2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup. | 2023-12-05T21:48:41Z | 2023-12-20T04:53:25Z | [
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75,493,134 | 2010 Idaho State Bengals football team | The 2010 Idaho State Bengals football team represented Idaho State University as a member of the Big Sky Conference during the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by fourth-year head coach John Zamberlin, the Bengals compiled an overall record of 1–10 with a mark of 0–8 in conference play, placing last in the Big Sky. Idaho State played their home games at Holt Arena in Pocatello, Idaho.
Zamberlin was fired before the team's last game of the season. He finished at Idaho State with a four-year record of 6–39. | [
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"text": "The 2010 Idaho State Bengals football team represented Idaho State University as a member of the Big Sky Conference during the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by fourth-year head coach John Zamberlin, the Bengals compiled an overall record of 1–10 with a mark of 0–8 in conference play, placing last in the Big Sky. Idaho State played their home games at Holt Arena in Pocatello, Idaho.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Zamberlin was fired before the team's last game of the season. He finished at Idaho State with a four-year record of 6–39.",
"title": ""
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"text": "",
"title": "Schedule"
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] | The 2010 Idaho State Bengals football team represented Idaho State University as a member of the Big Sky Conference during the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by fourth-year head coach John Zamberlin, the Bengals compiled an overall record of 1–10 with a mark of 0–8 in conference play, placing last in the Big Sky. Idaho State played their home games at Holt Arena in Pocatello, Idaho. Zamberlin was fired before the team's last game of the season. He finished at Idaho State with a four-year record of 6–39. | 2023-12-05T21:54:21Z | 2023-12-06T03:03:41Z | [
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75,493,169 | Chia pudding | Chia pudding is a pudding made from chia seeds with oat milk, hazelnut milk, or almond milk. It can be topped off with sliced fruit such as mango, banana, or raspberries. | [
{
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"text": "Chia pudding is a pudding made from chia seeds with oat milk, hazelnut milk, or almond milk. It can be topped off with sliced fruit such as mango, banana, or raspberries.",
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}
] | Chia pudding is a pudding made from chia seeds with oat milk, hazelnut milk, or almond milk. It can be topped off with sliced fruit such as mango, banana, or raspberries. | 2023-12-05T22:00:02Z | 2023-12-05T22:00:02Z | [
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75,493,171 | Jacob Merkelbach | Jacobus (Jacob) Merkelbach (Amsterdam, 29 April 1877–Amsterdam, 6 February 1942) was a major Dutch photographer, specializing in portraiture. The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam holds a permanent collection of some 208 of his photographs which is available for both viewing and scientific research. Such research revealed that for some 28 of them he had used the now long-defunct Jos-Pe dye imbibition process, a technique common in early commercial photography. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jacobus (Jacob) Merkelbach (Amsterdam, 29 April 1877–Amsterdam, 6 February 1942) was a major Dutch photographer, specializing in portraiture. The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam holds a permanent collection of some 208 of his photographs which is available for both viewing and scientific research. Such research revealed that for some 28 of them he had used the now long-defunct Jos-Pe dye imbibition process, a technique common in early commercial photography.",
"title": ""
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] | Jacobus (Jacob) Merkelbach was a major Dutch photographer, specializing in portraiture. The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam holds a permanent collection of some 208 of his photographs which is available for both viewing and scientific research. Such research revealed that for some 28 of them he had used the now long-defunct Jos-Pe dye imbibition process, a technique common in early commercial photography. | 2023-12-05T22:00:15Z | 2023-12-13T13:44:50Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Merkelbach |
75,493,196 | José María González Valencia | José María González Valencia (Pamplona; June 25, 1840 — ?) was a Colombian Conservative politician, lawyer, academic, diplomat, writer and educator.
He was also a professor of law at the Faculty of Jurisprudence of the Colegio Mayor del Rosario, in Bogotá, where he became rector in January 1899. In politics he held several important positions such as Senator of the Republic, State Councilor, and Colombian minister to the Holy See. He was the first Minister of Justice in the history of Colombia, since his position was created in 1890 by then-president Carlos Holguín.
José María González was born in Pamplona, then the Republic of New Granada, on June 25, 1840, into a middle-class family from the Norte de Santander region. González obtained his bachelor's degree from the Pío IX school in Pamplona, from where he earned a doctorate in law. González began his political career at the end of the 19th century, on behalf of the Colombian Conservative Party, to which one of his brothers also belonged.
President Carlos Holguín Mallarino appointed him Minister of Government, between August 8, 1890, and January 3, 1891, and almost simultaneously he was appointed Minister of Justice, between October 15, 1890, to May 11, 1891, being the first in office in the history of the country. Among his first and new functions as Minister of Justice, González had to direct access to justice, the prison system, Church-state relations, legislation and accounting.
In January 1899, González was elected rector of the Universidad del Rosario, and months later, during the administration of the nationalist Manuel Antonio Sanclemente, at the height of the Thousand Days' War, he served briefly as Minister of Finance since May 28, 1900, until the overthrow of Sanclemente, on July 31 of the same year.
Years later he served as Minister of Public Instruction during the brief government of Jorge Holguín, between June 10 and August 3, 1909, until his brother Ramón assumed the presidency. José María took up arms trying in vain to get Holguín back into the government and in the end he had to accept the legitimacy of Ramón in the presidency, who had been Reyes' vice president between 1904 and 1906.
He served as minister of public instruction from June 17 to November 23 and then became chancellor for the republican government of the conservative Carlos Eugenio Restrepo, between November 23, 1911, and December 10, 1912. In 1911 he was also elected by Congress as Second Presidential Designate for the period 1911–1913, being the first to hold the position since its abolition in 1885.
Between August 7 and October 7, 1918, that is, for exactly two months, he held his last public position, being Minister of Public Instruction for the third time, this time for President Marco Fidel Suárez.
José María was the eldest son of the marriage of Rafael González Rodríguez and Susana Valencia Bautista. He was the brother of Ramón, Cecilia, María Antonia, Matilde, Víctor, Luis Eusebio, Gertrudis and Mariana González Valencia. His older brother, Ramón, was a prominent soldier and became Vice President of Colombia during the government of Rafael Reyes, and was then named president in 1909.
González was married twice. The first was with Ana Josefa Concha Ferreira, sister of the conservative politician José Vicente Concha, who was president of the country between 1914 and 1918; and aunt of the priest Luis Concha Córdoba (son of José Vicente). With Ana, José María had 7 children: Juan Ernesto, María Ignacia, José María, Julio, Paulina, Rafael and Josefina González Concha.
His second wife was Tomasa Álvarez Moreno, with whom he had no children. | [
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"text": "José María González Valencia (Pamplona; June 25, 1840 — ?) was a Colombian Conservative politician, lawyer, academic, diplomat, writer and educator.",
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"text": "José María González was born in Pamplona, then the Republic of New Granada, on June 25, 1840, into a middle-class family from the Norte de Santander region. González obtained his bachelor's degree from the Pío IX school in Pamplona, from where he earned a doctorate in law. González began his political career at the end of the 19th century, on behalf of the Colombian Conservative Party, to which one of his brothers also belonged.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "President Carlos Holguín Mallarino appointed him Minister of Government, between August 8, 1890, and January 3, 1891, and almost simultaneously he was appointed Minister of Justice, between October 15, 1890, to May 11, 1891, being the first in office in the history of the country. Among his first and new functions as Minister of Justice, González had to direct access to justice, the prison system, Church-state relations, legislation and accounting.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In January 1899, González was elected rector of the Universidad del Rosario, and months later, during the administration of the nationalist Manuel Antonio Sanclemente, at the height of the Thousand Days' War, he served briefly as Minister of Finance since May 28, 1900, until the overthrow of Sanclemente, on July 31 of the same year.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Years later he served as Minister of Public Instruction during the brief government of Jorge Holguín, between June 10 and August 3, 1909, until his brother Ramón assumed the presidency. José María took up arms trying in vain to get Holguín back into the government and in the end he had to accept the legitimacy of Ramón in the presidency, who had been Reyes' vice president between 1904 and 1906.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "He served as minister of public instruction from June 17 to November 23 and then became chancellor for the republican government of the conservative Carlos Eugenio Restrepo, between November 23, 1911, and December 10, 1912. In 1911 he was also elected by Congress as Second Presidential Designate for the period 1911–1913, being the first to hold the position since its abolition in 1885.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Between August 7 and October 7, 1918, that is, for exactly two months, he held his last public position, being Minister of Public Instruction for the third time, this time for President Marco Fidel Suárez.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "José María was the eldest son of the marriage of Rafael González Rodríguez and Susana Valencia Bautista. He was the brother of Ramón, Cecilia, María Antonia, Matilde, Víctor, Luis Eusebio, Gertrudis and Mariana González Valencia. His older brother, Ramón, was a prominent soldier and became Vice President of Colombia during the government of Rafael Reyes, and was then named president in 1909.",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "González was married twice. The first was with Ana Josefa Concha Ferreira, sister of the conservative politician José Vicente Concha, who was president of the country between 1914 and 1918; and aunt of the priest Luis Concha Córdoba (son of José Vicente). With Ana, José María had 7 children: Juan Ernesto, María Ignacia, José María, Julio, Paulina, Rafael and Josefina González Concha.",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "His second wife was Tomasa Álvarez Moreno, with whom he had no children.",
"title": "Family"
}
] | José María González Valencia was a Colombian Conservative politician, lawyer, academic, diplomat, writer and educator. He was also a professor of law at the Faculty of Jurisprudence of the Colegio Mayor del Rosario, in Bogotá, where he became rector in January 1899. In politics he held several important positions such as Senator of the Republic, State Councilor, and Colombian minister to the Holy See. He was the first Minister of Justice in the history of Colombia, since his position was created in 1890 by then-president Carlos Holguín. | 2023-12-05T22:03:10Z | 2023-12-22T20:16:50Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Valencia |
75,493,214 | A Celebration of Endings: Live from the Barrowlands Ballroom | A Celebration of Endings (Live from the Barrowland Ballroom Glasgow) is the fourth live album by Scottish alternative rock band Biffy Clyro. Originally recorded in 2020 as a digital live show during the Covid-19 pandemic, the album was released on 14 October 2022 as a two disc vinyl LP which included a Blu-ray disc of the footage from the original digital live show. The physical release was limited to 3,000 copies.
Biffy Clyro streamed a digital live show from The Barrowland Ballroom in Glasgow, Scotland on 14 August 2020 where they performed their then newly released album A Celebration of Endings in full. The band performed in various parts of the venue, most notably in a cube situated off stage for Tiny Indoor Fireworks, and guitarist and vocalist Simon Neil performing part of Cop Syrup walking down the venue’s stairs, heading outside briefly before returning to the stage
This was the first time the band had performed live since the beginning of the Covid-19 related lockdowns in the United Kingdom, which had already caused a three month delay to the studio album’s release
On 19 August 2022, the band announced the release of the live performance as a two disc vinyl LP and a Blu-Ray disc as one bundle, which was eventually released on 14 October 2022 and limited to 3,000 copies worldwide.
All tracks are written by Simon Neil, additional writers listed where appropriate. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A Celebration of Endings (Live from the Barrowland Ballroom Glasgow) is the fourth live album by Scottish alternative rock band Biffy Clyro. Originally recorded in 2020 as a digital live show during the Covid-19 pandemic, the album was released on 14 October 2022 as a two disc vinyl LP which included a Blu-ray disc of the footage from the original digital live show. The physical release was limited to 3,000 copies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Biffy Clyro streamed a digital live show from The Barrowland Ballroom in Glasgow, Scotland on 14 August 2020 where they performed their then newly released album A Celebration of Endings in full. The band performed in various parts of the venue, most notably in a cube situated off stage for Tiny Indoor Fireworks, and guitarist and vocalist Simon Neil performing part of Cop Syrup walking down the venue’s stairs, heading outside briefly before returning to the stage",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "This was the first time the band had performed live since the beginning of the Covid-19 related lockdowns in the United Kingdom, which had already caused a three month delay to the studio album’s release",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 19 August 2022, the band announced the release of the live performance as a two disc vinyl LP and a Blu-Ray disc as one bundle, which was eventually released on 14 October 2022 and limited to 3,000 copies worldwide.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "All tracks are written by Simon Neil, additional writers listed where appropriate.",
"title": "Track listing"
}
] | A Celebration of Endings is the fourth live album by Scottish alternative rock band Biffy Clyro. Originally recorded in 2020 as a digital live show during the Covid-19 pandemic, the album was released on 14 October 2022 as a two disc vinyl LP which included a Blu-ray disc of the footage from the original digital live show. The physical release was limited to 3,000 copies. | 2023-12-05T22:04:47Z | 2023-12-30T01:37:06Z | [
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"Template:Cite web",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Celebration_of_Endings:_Live_from_the_Barrowlands_Ballroom |
75,493,222 | Zheng Qin | Zheng Qin (born December 12, 1971) is a Chinese professional association football player who plays as a defender for in the Chinese Women's Super League and a member of the Chinese women's national football team. She represented China in the 2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zheng Qin (born December 12, 1971) is a Chinese professional association football player who plays as a defender for in the Chinese Women's Super League and a member of the Chinese women's national football team. She represented China in the 2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup.",
"title": ""
}
] | Zheng Qin is a Chinese professional association football player who plays as a defender for in the Chinese Women's Super League and a member of the Chinese women's national football team. She represented China in the 2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup. | 2023-12-05T22:05:36Z | 2023-12-06T09:32:01Z | [
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"Template:China Squad 2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Qin |
75,493,253 | Udi Ashash | Ehud "Udi" Ashash (Hebrew: אהוד "אודי" אשש; born March 22, 1963) is a former Israeli soccer player.
Ashash started his career at Beitar Jerusalem playing as a Defender-Centre-Back.
In 1982, he joined the senior team of Beitar along with Eli Ohana, Avi Cohen, Sammy Malka and Moshe Ben Arush. Ashash served as the team's captain for a short period during the 1980s.
Whilst on the team, Beitar won the Israel State Cup twice during the seasons 1984–85 & 1985–86.
In January 1991, Ashash retired from football due to a Spinal disc herniation.
After his retirement he became a Yeshiva student.
In 2019, Ashash was added to Beitar Jerusalem's Hall of Fame. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ehud \"Udi\" Ashash (Hebrew: אהוד \"אודי\" אשש; born March 22, 1963) is a former Israeli soccer player.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ashash started his career at Beitar Jerusalem playing as a Defender-Centre-Back.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1982, he joined the senior team of Beitar along with Eli Ohana, Avi Cohen, Sammy Malka and Moshe Ben Arush. Ashash served as the team's captain for a short period during the 1980s.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Whilst on the team, Beitar won the Israel State Cup twice during the seasons 1984–85 & 1985–86.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In January 1991, Ashash retired from football due to a Spinal disc herniation.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "After his retirement he became a Yeshiva student.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2019, Ashash was added to Beitar Jerusalem's Hall of Fame.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Ehud "Udi" Ashash is a former Israeli soccer player. | 2023-12-05T22:08:27Z | 2023-12-19T10:22:59Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udi_Ashash |
75,493,279 | 1956 in Malta | Events in the year 1956 in Malta. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events in the year 1956 in Malta.",
"title": ""
}
] | Events in the year 1956 in Malta. | 2023-12-05T22:12:34Z | 2023-12-05T22:12:34Z | [
"Template:Use dmy dates",
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"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_in_Malta |
75,493,294 | BNY (disambiguation) | BNY Mellon is an American bank and finance company.
BNY, .BNY, Bny, or bny can also refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "BNY Mellon is an American bank and finance company.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "BNY, .BNY, Bny, or bny can also refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | BNY Mellon is an American bank and finance company. BNY, .BNY, Bny, or bny can also refer to: Anua Airport, an airport in Anua, Solomon Islands in Oceania, by IATA code
Barhni railway station, a train station in Barhni, Uttar Pradesh, India
Barnsley Interchange, a train station in Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England, U.K.
Bandylite, a mineral; see List of mineral symbols
Bintulu language, a language spoken in Borneo, by ISO 639 code
BNY Music, a music publishing company founded by American businessman Jay Faires
.BNY, a file format extended by the ShrinkIt lossless compression software
Niesky station, a train station in Niesky, Germany
Norfolk Island Airlines, an Australian airline that existed from 2017 to 2018 | 2023-12-05T22:14:30Z | 2023-12-05T22:14:30Z | [
"Template:Wiktionary",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNY_(disambiguation) |
75,493,311 | İsimlerin Şehri İstanbul | İsimlerin Şehri İstanbul is a sculpture by Ahmet Güneştekin, installed at Galataport in Istanbul, Turkey. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "İsimlerin Şehri İstanbul is a sculpture by Ahmet Güneştekin, installed at Galataport in Istanbul, Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | İsimlerin Şehri İstanbul is a sculpture by Ahmet Güneştekin, installed at Galataport in Istanbul, Turkey. | 2023-12-05T22:16:17Z | 2023-12-05T22:26:08Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0simlerin_%C5%9Eehri_%C4%B0stanbul |
75,493,323 | Alphonse Bergé | Albert Berg (July 12, 1885 – June 23, 1980), known by the stage name Alphonse Bergé, or simply Alphonse, was an English-American vaudeville and variety show entertainer, who performed as The Great Drapo.
He was born in Islington, London, England, where he started work as a window dresser. He married, and in 1904 emigrated to the U.S., where he found work as an actor and later became a naturalized citizen. Over subsequent years he took the stage name "M. Alphonse Bergé".
He perfected a stage act which involved him taking a single bolt of fabric and, by means of draping, folding and twisting the material around a live fashion model's body at lightning speed, without the use of pins or stitching, and within a few minutes producing an elegant dress or ball gown. Sometimes credited as a dress designer, he appeared in a Pathé short in 1923, and in the 1937 Bing Crosby film Double or Nothing. In 1939, billed as the Great Drapo, he performed his act at the New York World's Fair, and he featured in Ken Murray's Blackouts in New York in 1943 and again in 1949. In 1944 he featured in the film That's My Baby.
He performed in nightclubs and made occasional television appearances in the 1950s and early 1960s before retiring. He died in Santa Ana, California, in 1980 at the age of 94. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Albert Berg (July 12, 1885 – June 23, 1980), known by the stage name Alphonse Bergé, or simply Alphonse, was an English-American vaudeville and variety show entertainer, who performed as The Great Drapo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was born in Islington, London, England, where he started work as a window dresser. He married, and in 1904 emigrated to the U.S., where he found work as an actor and later became a naturalized citizen. Over subsequent years he took the stage name \"M. Alphonse Bergé\".",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He perfected a stage act which involved him taking a single bolt of fabric and, by means of draping, folding and twisting the material around a live fashion model's body at lightning speed, without the use of pins or stitching, and within a few minutes producing an elegant dress or ball gown. Sometimes credited as a dress designer, he appeared in a Pathé short in 1923, and in the 1937 Bing Crosby film Double or Nothing. In 1939, billed as the Great Drapo, he performed his act at the New York World's Fair, and he featured in Ken Murray's Blackouts in New York in 1943 and again in 1949. In 1944 he featured in the film That's My Baby.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He performed in nightclubs and made occasional television appearances in the 1950s and early 1960s before retiring. He died in Santa Ana, California, in 1980 at the age of 94.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Albert Berg, known by the stage name Alphonse Bergé, or simply Alphonse, was an English-American vaudeville and variety show entertainer, who performed as The Great Drapo. | 2023-12-05T22:17:42Z | 2023-12-06T15:40:47Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Berg%C3%A9 |
75,493,324 | Vutiglabridin | Vutiglabridin (HSG4112) is an experimental anti-obesity drug that is a synthetic structural analog of glabridin. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vutiglabridin (HSG4112) is an experimental anti-obesity drug that is a synthetic structural analog of glabridin.",
"title": ""
}
] | Vutiglabridin (HSG4112) is an experimental anti-obesity drug that is a synthetic structural analog of glabridin. | 2023-12-05T22:17:50Z | 2023-12-17T12:26:54Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vutiglabridin |
75,493,332 | Tal-hatu Hamzat | Tal-hatu Kolapo Hamzat (15 June 1970 – 11 January 2023) was a Nigerian professor of neurological physiotherapy at the University of Ibadan. He was the first African to become a professor of neurophysiotherapy and worked in the field of rehabilitation of individuals with post-central nervous system injuries, especially those with stroke and cerebral palsy. He was a fellow of several professional bodies and received many awards and grants for his research and academic work.
Hamzat was born on 15 June 1970 in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. He attended the University of Ibadan, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree in physiotherapy in March 1994. He continued his studies at the same university and earned a Master of Education (M.Ed.) degree in physiology of exercise in May 1998 and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in neurological physiotherapy in February 2001.
Hamzat began his professional academic career at the Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan on 23 August 2001 as a lecturer I. He was promoted to a senior lecturer on 1 October 2004 and to a professor of physiotherapy on 1 October 2009. He was the second person to deliver an inaugural lecture as a professor of physiotherapy at the University of Ibadan on 6 February 2014, titled "From ward to ward: The neurophysiotherapist as a returning officer". He served as the head of the Department of Physiotherapy from 1 August 2014 to 31 July 2018.
Hamzat's research focus was on the rehabilitation of individuals with post-central nervous system injuries, with a bias in stroke and cerebral palsy. He developed and validated several assessment tools and intervention protocols for the management of these conditions. He also conducted studies on the epidemiology, risk factors, prevention and outcome of stroke and cerebral palsy in Nigeria. He published over 100 articles in peer-reviewed journals and several book chapters. He also edited two books: Stroke Rehabilitation: Insights from Neuroscience and Imaging and Cerebral Palsy: Challenges for the Future. He was a reviewer and editorial board member of many national and international journals. He supervised and mentored many undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as junior colleagues.
Hamzat was a fellow of several professional bodies, including the African Academy of Sciences, the Nigeria Society of Physiotherapy, the Physiotherapy Postgraduate College of Nigeria, the European Society of Neurorehabilitation, and the Institute of Management Consultants. He was also a member of several international organizations, such as the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, the World Federation for Neurorehabilitation, the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine.
Hamzat was an ibadan-born scholar, he died after a brief illness in the early hours of Wednesday, 11th January 2023, at 52, he was married and had three (3) children. He was a Muslim. He died in Nigeria. The assistant provost of the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Professor Fatai Adeniyi, confirmed the his death He was buried in Ibadan according to Islamic rites at the University of Ife Muslim Graduates Association (UNIFEMGA) Rest Park at Ile-Igbon area in Lagelu local government, Ibadan, the Janaza prayers (prayer for the dead) was performed on him around 4 pm on Wednesday. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tal-hatu Kolapo Hamzat (15 June 1970 – 11 January 2023) was a Nigerian professor of neurological physiotherapy at the University of Ibadan. He was the first African to become a professor of neurophysiotherapy and worked in the field of rehabilitation of individuals with post-central nervous system injuries, especially those with stroke and cerebral palsy. He was a fellow of several professional bodies and received many awards and grants for his research and academic work.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Hamzat was born on 15 June 1970 in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. He attended the University of Ibadan, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science (Honours) degree in physiotherapy in March 1994. He continued his studies at the same university and earned a Master of Education (M.Ed.) degree in physiology of exercise in May 1998 and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in neurological physiotherapy in February 2001.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Hamzat began his professional academic career at the Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan on 23 August 2001 as a lecturer I. He was promoted to a senior lecturer on 1 October 2004 and to a professor of physiotherapy on 1 October 2009. He was the second person to deliver an inaugural lecture as a professor of physiotherapy at the University of Ibadan on 6 February 2014, titled \"From ward to ward: The neurophysiotherapist as a returning officer\". He served as the head of the Department of Physiotherapy from 1 August 2014 to 31 July 2018.",
"title": "Career and research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Hamzat's research focus was on the rehabilitation of individuals with post-central nervous system injuries, with a bias in stroke and cerebral palsy. He developed and validated several assessment tools and intervention protocols for the management of these conditions. He also conducted studies on the epidemiology, risk factors, prevention and outcome of stroke and cerebral palsy in Nigeria. He published over 100 articles in peer-reviewed journals and several book chapters. He also edited two books: Stroke Rehabilitation: Insights from Neuroscience and Imaging and Cerebral Palsy: Challenges for the Future. He was a reviewer and editorial board member of many national and international journals. He supervised and mentored many undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as junior colleagues.",
"title": "Career and research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Hamzat was a fellow of several professional bodies, including the African Academy of Sciences, the Nigeria Society of Physiotherapy, the Physiotherapy Postgraduate College of Nigeria, the European Society of Neurorehabilitation, and the Institute of Management Consultants. He was also a member of several international organizations, such as the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, the World Federation for Neurorehabilitation, the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine.",
"title": "Career and research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Hamzat was an ibadan-born scholar, he died after a brief illness in the early hours of Wednesday, 11th January 2023, at 52, he was married and had three (3) children. He was a Muslim. He died in Nigeria. The assistant provost of the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Professor Fatai Adeniyi, confirmed the his death He was buried in Ibadan according to Islamic rites at the University of Ife Muslim Graduates Association (UNIFEMGA) Rest Park at Ile-Igbon area in Lagelu local government, Ibadan, the Janaza prayers (prayer for the dead) was performed on him around 4 pm on Wednesday.",
"title": "Personal life and death"
}
] | Tal-hatu Kolapo Hamzat was a Nigerian professor of neurological physiotherapy at the University of Ibadan. He was the first African to become a professor of neurophysiotherapy and worked in the field of rehabilitation of individuals with post-central nervous system injuries, especially those with stroke and cerebral palsy. He was a fellow of several professional bodies and received many awards and grants for his research and academic work. | 2023-12-05T22:18:57Z | 2023-12-29T12:46:57Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal-hatu_Hamzat |
75,493,333 | 2025 Women's EuroHockey Championship | The 2025 Women's EuroHockey Championship will be the 17th edition of the Women's EuroHockey Championship, the biennial international women's field hockey championship of Europe organised by the European Hockey Federation.
The Netherlands are the four-time defending champions.
The top six team from the 2023 edition qualified directly for this edition of the tournament. The last two teams will be the winners of the EuroHockey Qualifiers taking place in Glasgow, Scotland and Douai, France in August 2024. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2025 Women's EuroHockey Championship will be the 17th edition of the Women's EuroHockey Championship, the biennial international women's field hockey championship of Europe organised by the European Hockey Federation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Netherlands are the four-time defending champions.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The top six team from the 2023 edition qualified directly for this edition of the tournament. The last two teams will be the winners of the EuroHockey Qualifiers taking place in Glasgow, Scotland and Douai, France in August 2024.",
"title": "Qualification"
}
] | The 2025 Women's EuroHockey Championship will be the 17th edition of the Women's EuroHockey Championship, the biennial international women's field hockey championship of Europe organised by the European Hockey Federation. The Netherlands are the four-time defending champions. | 2023-12-05T22:19:16Z | 2023-12-05T22:52:31Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Women%27s_EuroHockey_Championship |
75,493,357 | Ingush towers | Ingush towers (Ingush: гӀалгӀай гӀалаш/вӀовнаш, romanized: ghalghai ghālash/vhóvnash) are unique monuments of medieval Ingush architecture, which served as residential, signal and defensive stone structures, mainly situated in the Sunzhensky and Dzheyrakhsky Districts of Ingushetia.
Scientists believe that the construction of towers in the North Caucasus originated in ancient times, which is associated with the remains of megalithic cyclopean dwellings (ca. II-I millennium BC), found on the territory of the ancient Ingush villages of Targim, Khamkhi, Egikal, Doshkhakle, Kart, and others. In the Middle Ages, a period of revival of the tower culture of the North Caucasus began, the phenomenon of which, according to researchers, mostly manifested in the mountains of Ingushetia, which was labeled by many as “the country of towers", to the extent that in 2022 the region's tourism committee announced that the Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Russia) patented the slogan "Ingushetia — Land of Towers".
Many historical sites and monuments remain unexplored due to inaccessibility and various restrictions associated with the border zone. The issue of the preservation as well as the dating of the tower structures remains problematic; they range from the 13th-14th centuries up to the 15th-17th centuries. Significant damage to the tower architecture of the Ingush was caused as a result of numerous punitive expeditions during the Tsardom of Russia, Russian conquest of the Caucasus, Russian Revolution, as well as the Deportation of the Ingush and Chechens from 1944 to 1957, when half of the nations historical monuments were destroyed.
Stone tower buildings existed among the ancient Ingush Koban tribes of the North Caucasus at the end of the II-I millennium BC. The remains of megalithic cyclopean buildings made of large stone slabs and blocks can be found in mountainous Ingushetia. Scientists tend to attribute cyclopean buildings made of large stones folded without mortar to very distant times, up to the Neolithic age. Usually these buildings served as protective walls, erected in front of the entrance to the cave or around the dwelling. Over time, the cyclopean structures were replaced by buildings made of ordinary rock stones using a fastening mortar. Round-shaped river stones were almost never used, since they were poorly bonded to the mortar and to each other. It is very difficult to establish the dating of the beginning of such buildings: some scientists attribute it to the first centuries of our era, others - to the 8th century AD. As a result of archaeological excavations, remains of ceramics dating back to the 1st millennium BC were found at several megalithic dwellings, i.e. the period of the Koban culture. Based on their layout, masonry technique and other features, cyclopean buildings have common features with later tower buildings in mountainous Ingushetia. Researchers note the continuity of the tower architecture of the Ingush, which was highly developed in the Middle Ages, from the stone construction technique that existed in the mountains of the Central Caucasus since the ancient period.
The revival of the tower culture of the North Caucasus, which began during the Middle Ages, according to researchers, mostly manifested in the mountains of Ingushetia. It was here that tower construction received its greatest development in quantitative and qualitative terms. This fact, as well as the ethnogenetic traditions of the peoples living in this region and many design features of architecture, emphasizing the unity of its origin, allow a number of researchers to believe that the ancestors of tower construction in the mountainous region, covering the territories of modern Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia and the mountainous part of Eastern Georgia, were the ancestors of the Ingush.
In the mountainous region of Ingushetia, on the territory of the modern Dzheyrakhsky District were about 150 settlements (auls). All of them consisted of complexes of stone residential towers. With rare exceptions, each of them had semi-combat and combat towers. Many villages were fortified castle complexes, which included one or more combat and semi-combat towers, united by high defensive stone walls with residential buildings. The battle towers, which have strict harmonious proportions, combined with the strength of the walls, reach a thickness of about one meter at the base, and demonstrate the high level of development of medieval Ingush architecture. At the same time, they are an illustration of their era, the everyday life of which was war and the struggle for survival. The constant reflection of external aggressions, internal internecine clashes, as well as the geographical location on the pass routes from Transcaucasia to the plains of the North Caucasus. All these circumstances forced the Ingush to build strong stone houses and fortresses.
Gradually experiencing an increase in population, the medieval settlement turned into a fortified castle complex, which had all the attributes of a medieval fortress; high battle towers, fortress walls, residential and outbuildings. Each such settlement was a single, self-sufficient and strong association of neighboring relatives, consisting of one or several clans (teips). All relations with the outside world were regulated through the institution of elders, whose activities were strictly regulated in accordance with popular law (adat). In their external form, these settlements resembled small "medieval cities", in which there was a unified policy, at the head of which the interests of "free and equal citizens" were put. These interests prevailed in all relations with the outside world and were limited only by the interests of neighbors - the same nearby "villages-cities". In each such settlement there was an elected elder, who was given authority by the local population. Mountain gorges, in which up to several dozen medieval settlements were grouped, were also unique "federations of towns and villages" with their own distinctive features and characteristics. As a rule, each such gorge had its own political center like a capital (principal village), which was usually also the largest settlement in the gorge, located in the most strategically advantageous area, controlling the pass routes.
According to researchers, Ingush towers stand out noticeably among the towers of neighboring peoples with their grace and abundance of small architectural details, e.g., horse feeders made of stone, built into walls and fences; stone hitching posts, protruding like reels; the presence of stone canopies over the windows, etc. All this gives the Ingush towers a special picturesqueness. Another important difference between Ingush battle towers and other Caucasian towers is their significant height in relation to the base — 10:1.
In 1931, Ukrainian traveler and explorer M. Kegeles wrote:
“From the ancient monuments that have been preserved here, it is obvious how talented and gifted the Ingush are. These people, who knew nothing of the alphabet, at a time when Moscow was still a village, were already building high stone towers on rocks, 26 or more meters high. We can say that the first skyscrapers did not appear in America, but here, in the Caucasus Mountains.”
The famous Soviet archaeologist and historian Evgeny Krupnov in his fundamental work "Medieval Ingushetia" wrote:
The Ingush battle towers can truly be recognized as the pinnacle of architectural and constructional mastery of the ancient population of the region. They amaze with their simplicity of form, monumentality and strict elegance. <...> The Ingush towers for their time were a true miracle of human genius.
The choice of site for the construction of tower settlements and their fortifications (combat, semi-combat towers, defensive walls, etc.) depended on a combination of several factors. A settlement, generally, was founded in the most strategically advantageous place: near a road, at a river crossing, at the entrance to a gorge, which made it possible to control communication routes. When choosing a settlement site, the natural conditions of the area and the quality of the soil were also taken into account. Settlements were never based on areas suitable for farming, since the huge shortage of such lands in the mountains forced literally every piece of land to be used for sowing, the value of which in the economy of the Ingush mountaineers was very high. For the construction of tower settlements, they usually chose the most barren areas with rocky soil, and sometimes they built them on bare rocks.
In addition, safety factors from natural disasters of various kinds were also taken into account: avalanches, earthquakes, floods, landslides and others. Therefore, the Ingush tried not to build on areas that pose such a danger. Villages were founded near sources of drinking water, which, due to the numerous small rivers and springs, were not lacking. A large number of villages are located in close proximity to the main rivers of mountainous Ingushetia, Assa and Armkhi. The aesthetics and order of the tower structures were strictly observed. The construction of the Ingush tower was solemn and accompanied by various rituals. The first rows of stones were stained with the blood of the sacrificial animal. The one who employed the services of a master builder also had the responsibility of feeding the master, and he had to fully demonstrate his construction abilities. During work, the masons did not use external scaffolding; everything was done from the inside with special floorings that could rest against niches, nests for future floors and corner slabs that protrude with ribs at the corners of buildings. The battle towers were erected most carefully. Here, when it came to creating a pyramidal roof, the craftsman worked from the outside, supported by ropes. Having finished the masonry, he demanded a “descent” fee and then, at the entrance to the tower, he left an imprint of his palm on the still damp mortar, or traced its contours with a chisel on the stone. There are Ingush folk songs (illi) about the construction of towers, which glorify their beauty, skill and talent of the craftsmen. One of them is called “illi about how the tower was built” [ru].
The construction of the Ingush tower had to be completed within a year. If it was delayed, the clan that ordered the tower was considered weak. If the built tower collapsed after some time, they also blamed, first of all, the family; meaning, due to weakness and poverty, the builders were not paid in full (in Ingushetia, which did not know class differences, the well-being of the family played the most important role). However, they preferred not to work with builders who made serious mistakes. All the architects were known by name; the construction of towers was an extremely honorable occupation. For installing the keystone crowning the roof of the battle tower, the craftsmen were generously rewarded.
In medieval Ingushetia, one of the most developed areas was the construction business. If almost every highlander could extract a stone, deliver it to the construction site and even do the initial rough processing, then only a master stonecutter could give the stone the desired appearance, size, and even more so, cut the edges and corners with "jeweler’s precision". This had to be learned, this required the appropriate tools, knowledge and dexterity, which are acquired only with work experience. In the scientific literature there is some information about the existence of individual "specialties" in the construction business - stone miners, stone cutters and hired carriers. The craft of a builder was even more complex and required special professional training. Assuming that the construction of not very complex residential and commercial buildings could be carried out without the participation of a professional craftsman by the residents themselves, then the construction of battle towers would require high skill, many years of experience, knowledge and technical skills.
These specialists certainly include builders, "artists of stone" (Ingush: тӏоговзанча, romanized: thogovzancha), who specialized in the construction of high-quality multi-story residential buildings, various types of crypts, temples and sanctuaries. At the same time, the construction of religious buildings associated with sacred concepts for the mountaineers could be entrusted only to selected Ingush masters. For the master, such trust was a great honor, recognition by society of his professional merits and high moral and ethical qualities. Recognized and famous master builders of the Middle Ages were:
The construction craft was sometimes the work of almost entire family brotherhoods, a kind of "professional clan". Such recognized artisans, especially in the construction of military towers (vhov), included, e.g., the Barkinkhoev family from the villages of Upper, Middle and Lower Ozig (Ozdik) [ru]. Ingush masters were also known outside Ingushetia — in Chechnya, Ossetia and Georgia.
Scholars have noted the leading role of the Ingush school of architecture in the 14th-18th centuries in the area covering the territories of present-day Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia and the northern regions of Georgia.
After exploring Ingush architecture, ethnographers Vladimir Basilov and Veniamin Kobychev concluded:
“The layering of various technical methods in Ingush buildings, from primitive to more advanced, and also genetically interconnected, convinces us that local architecture developed primarily on the basis of the accumulation of its own experience, and not affected by any external influences. The obvious continuity with the monuments of the Bronze Age makes us look for the origins of stone architecture among the Ingush in ancient times.”
Based on the principle of the functional purpose of Ingush monuments, archaeologist and art historian Leonid Semjonov [ru] divided them into three main groups: monuments of a defensive, religious and funerary nature. Remaining mainly within the framework of this classification, professor of Archaeology Dr. Evgeny Krupnov [ru] proposed a similar typology into groups. He included monumental residential and defensive structures in the first group: residential towers (ghalash), combat towers (vhovnash), fortified castles, fortifications and defensive walls. The second group included burial structures: underground, semi-underground and above-ground stone crypts (kashamash), cave and ground burials, cists and mounds. The third group included ancient temples (e.g. Alby-Yerdy, Tkhaba-Yerdy), various kinds of pagan sanctuaries (e.g. Dyalite, Myat-Seli, Mago-Erda, Tumgoy-Erda, Kog-Erda, etc.) and roadside steles (churtash).
The residential or family tower (Ingush: гӀала, romanized: ghāla) was a square or rectangular stone building, usually built in two or three floors, with a flat earthen roof well coated with clay. The height of the three-story tower reached an average of 10-12 meters, and the dimensions of the base varied from 5×6 to 10×12 m. The walls of the tower are narrowed towards the top, which is a distinctive detail of the Ingush architecture of the Middle Ages. For example, combat or battle towers had a significant narrowing angle of the walls, reaching an average of 10-11 degrees. In the battle tower of the village of Upper Leymi, the narrowing angle of the walls reaches a record 14 degrees, which gives a special harmony to its appearance.
The masonry of the walls in the residential towers, which consisted of roughly processed stone blocks, was more primitive compared to the masonry of the military towers. The task of constructing a residential building differed from a combat one, since it required the speedy completion of construction to settle a family, so such close attention was not paid to the appearance. Towers were erected everywhere in mountainous Ingushetia using lime mortar, and the top was covered with a thick layer of yellow or yellowish-white plaster, and the masonry seams were covered with mortar from the inside. This was a characteristic detail of all architectural monuments of mountainous Ingushetia; military and residential towers, crypts and sanctuaries. According to legend, milk or whey and chicken eggs were added to the lime mortar.
The first floor of the residential tower was dedicated to a stable, in which the cattle were tied to the manger in a certain sequence. A special corner was arranged for the horse. Part of this room was fenced off; grain was stored in this corner. In some cases, the entire second floor was cleared for small livestock, where the cattle were driven along a wooden flooring arranged for this purpose. In the middle of the tower, from the very base, stood a quadrangular stone pillar (Ingush: ердабӏоагӏа, romanized: erdabhoagha), which served as a support for the main thick beams of the interfloor floors. Thinner beams ran across them, resting at one end on the stones of the opposite side protruding parallel to them. Brushwood was laid on top of the beams, onto which clay was poured and compacted.
In most towers, the second floor was the main living space (Ingush: лакхера цӏа, romanized: laqera ts'a). On average, it was 40-45 m² in area, in some towers the area was quite significant: 60-70 m². The height of this floor exceeded 3-4 m. It was a spacious room containing basic household items: bedding, dishes, and utensils. A central hearth (Ingush: кхуврч, romanized: quvrch) was also built here, above which a supra-focal chain (Ingush: зӏы, romanized: z'y) descended. The family spent most of their time in this room., free from work and other worries. The last floor was intended for storing food and agricultural equipment. It was also a room for resting guests, who, upon receiving them in the living quarters, were accommodated for the night in a separate upper room, where a special sleeping place was equipped for this purpose. Sometimes a balcony was added to the third floor, which had an economic purpose. Initially, a "ghala" also had a defensive significance, which is confirmed by the structural details of the architecture: protective parapets on the roof of the towers, the construction of many viewing slots and loopholes, compartments for keeping servants (prisoners of war) etc.
Researchers consider the so-called semi-combat towers to be a transitional form from residential to combat towers. They differ from residential and combat towers in that they contain elements of both. They were built on 3-4 floors. At the base, semi-combat towers are almost square and have a smaller area compared to residential ones. Their sizes range from 4,5-5 m in width to 5-5,5 m in length. Height is 12-16 m. These towers do not have a central support pillar, but have hanging machicolated balconies, like battle towers. The ceiling of the walls, like that of residential towers, is flat and made of logs. The entrance is located in the same way as for residential towers, on the ground floor. It is very rare to find semi-combat towers in which the entrance, like combat towers, is located on the second floor.
The highest flowering of Ingush tower architecture is associated with the construction of the military (combat) towers (Ingush: вӀов, romanized: vhóv). The Ingush combat towers were of several types, which, as experts explain, trace the evolution of the technology for constructing defensive structures in the mountains of the North Caucasus. It is believed that combat towers appeared during the improvement of construction techniques, through the evolution of residential towers, first into semi-combat ones, then into combat towers with a flat crown and, finally, into towers with a stepped pyramidal roof. At the same time, the appearance of more advanced towers did not mean the cessation of the construction of previous types; they all equally continued to be erected until the late Middle Ages.
Each floor of the battle towers had its own specific functions. One of the first to try to characterize these functions was the architect Ivan Shcheblykin, who wrote: "the first floor was intended for prisoners, the second for guards and defenders, the third and fourth for defenders and family, and the fifth for observers and family." The first floor served as a prison for prisoners and storage of agricultural supplies; for this purpose they were equipped with special cone-shaped stone "bags", i.e. compartments at the corners of the tower. It could only be entered through a square hole from the second floor. The entrance to the tower was usually located at the level of the second floor, which also deprived potential enemies of the opportunity to use a ram. It was a vaulted doorway, closed from the inside with strong wooden shutters and locked with a wooden beam that slid into the thickness of the walls. And only some towers, located in hard-to-reach places, had an entrance on the ground floor.
The second floor served as housing in case of a siege. Above it, as well as above the upper floor, stone ceilings were built in the form of a closed (four-sided) false vault with a lancet outline. Such a ceiling, unlike a wooden one, could not be set on fire if the besiegers burst inside, and the besieged locked themselves upstairs. They were also intended to enhance the seismic resistance of the tower, so, being completed with a strong stone vault that strengthened all four walls, the second floor became additional support for subsequent floors. Some battle towers (in particular, the Lyazhgi [ru] complex, built by master builder Khanoy Khing) were reinforced with an additional stone vault between the fourth and fifth floors to give them special strength. And in most cases, other vertical floors were divided by wooden floors supported by ledges and special stone cornices. Communication between floors was carried out through square confined spaces, hatches equipped in the corners of the towers, along ladders in the form of jagged logs. These passages between floors were arranged in a zigzag pattern. Starting from the second, each floor had skylights, combat niches (loopholes) and viewing slits (eyeholes). The construction of the loopholes was carried out in such a way as to cover, if possible, all approaches to the tower.
At the level of the last (fifth or sixth) floor, which was the main observation point and at the same time the main combat platform, weapons were stored here: stones, bows, arrows, guns. In the middle part of each of the walls of the floor there were through door niches (embrasures). They were covered with special stone hanging balconies, i.e. machicolations (Ingush: чӏерх, romanized: ch'erkh). The upper part of the embrasure remained free for observation. Archaeologist Maksharip Muzhukhoev suggested that the choice of building one or another type of defensive tower depended on the terrain. Based on the architecture of towers with a pyramidal stepped roof, which are distinguished by the greatest defensive capability, Muzhukhoev believed that this type of tower was erected in easily accessible places, the approach to which was not naturally fortified. Such towers were built taking into account that the enemy would be able to get close to the walls of the tower. In places difficult to access, from the point of view of a possible assault, less fortified flat-roofed towers were erected.
Most of the stepped-pyramid towers were built with five floors and reached a height of 20 to 25 meters, as well as six-story towers whose height ranged from 26 to 30 meters. They are the most perfect in architectural terms and, as a rule, are part of castle complexes. There were similar towers in such villages as Upper and Lower Ezmi, Pkhamat [ru], Lower Dzheyrakh, Lyazhgi [ru], Morchi [ru], Erzi (village), Upper Khuli, Khyani [ru], Doshkhakle [ru], Upper and Lower Kart, Upper, Middle and Lower Ozig [ru], Kiÿ [ru], Egikal, Pŭy [ru], Pyaling [ru], Niÿ [ru] and others.
The pyramidal-step roof of the tower, usually, consisted of thirteen slate slabs and was crowned with a large cone-shaped stone. Professor Evgeny Krupnov considered towers with pyramidal roofs as "an expression of the purely individual characteristics of Ingush culture."
Architect and specialist in the field of Caucasian stone architecture Arkady Goldshtein, describing the evolution of Ingush battle towers, simultaneously explains the reasons for the appearance of stone roofs on them in the form of a pyramidal-stepped covering:
In Ingushetia, as well as in neighboring territories, Chechnya and Northern Georgia, there are towers whose flat earthen roof is surrounded by a high parapet, taller than a man. It is cut in the middle of each of the four sides with a large opening, so that the parapet does not have the appearance of a wall going around the roof along the perimeter, but of separate piers forming four large teeth at the corners of the top of the tower. The defenders of the tower would hude behind these battlements, which played the role of a combat platform. Through these large openings in the parapet bows were shot down at the attackers. At the bottom of the opening there is a machicolation in the form of a balcony, fenced with stone walls and covered with slabs on top, but without a floor. Stones were thrown down through it. The defenders would shoot while resting their knee or elbow on the stone cover of the machicolation, which, protruding forward, covered the shooter. But an earthen roof requires constant maintenance. After each rain, it needs to be rubbed down with a hard broom so that it does not crack; it is periodically smeared with clay and rolled with a roller. Otherwise, it will begin to leak, the wooden beams will rot, and it may collapse. During winter, one would need to constantly clear the roof of snow, especially since it accumulates in large masses behind the parapet and blocks the exit hatch to the site. All this is inconvenient and time-consuming. Therefore, it is natural to assume that a wooden canopy was built over the flat roof of the tower, above this combat platform, for protection from precipitation. As is known, military towers were covered with wooden tents in Rus'. The high corner piers, crowning some towers in North-Eastern Caucasus in the form of four battlements, probably served as pillars supporting the canopy. If you replace a wooden tent with a stone one, you get the shape of the crown of a characteristic Vainakh battle tower. Wooden tents on military towers were replaced with more permanent ones both in Russia and Western Europe; Naturally, this could have been done in Ingushetia.
Flat roof towers were usually built with 4-5 floors. Their roofs were reinforced for defense with a parapet or crenellated crown. Their height varied on average from 16 (e.g. Metskhal village) to 25 m (e.g. Barkinkhoy village). Combat towers with a flat covering, ending with a high parapet (barrier), were present in the villages Furtoug, Kharpe [ru], Lyazhgi [ru], Falkhan, Shoani [ru], Gadaborsh [ru], Qost [ru], etc. Castle complexes in the village are equipped with towers with battlements at the corners of the roof. Govzt [ru], Metskhal, Garq [ru], Bìsht [ru], Nyaqaste [ru], Biysar [ru], Tsori and others.
An example of a tower of this type is also the Byalgan combat tower. It is located on the slope of Mount Myat-Loam [ru] in the village of Byalgan. It is a 16-meter battle tower with a flat roof and a crenellated top. There are 4 more residential towers nearby. These are architectural monuments of the 9th-10th centuries, but this particular tower dates back to the 13th century.
In the mountains of Ingushetia, several signal and defensive towers built on rocky ledges can be observed. The most famous is the tower complex of Vovnushki, which in 2008 became a finalist in the Seven Wonders of Russia competition. Similar contructions are found in Khay and in the Assa valley of Ingushetia. Two rocky shelter towers, erected in caves on the steep mountain slope of the rocky range above the villages Metskhal and Garq [ru]. The second shelter tower is located above the first, and covered a large cave in the past. Now most of the wall has collapsed. The stone steps leading into the cave have been preserved.
Ingush villages were built close to each other, with intervals of 500 meters to a kilometer. From one village it was always possible to see the battle towers of its neighbors: the towers were also used as signal towers; in a matter of seconds, an alarm signal was transmitted over many kilometers. Almost all villages are “stuck” to the tops of hills, the slopes of gorges or the ridges of ridges. If one looks at a map of mountainous Ingushetia, one will notice that tower villages stretch in a continuous chain along the valleys of Assa, Armkhi and their tributaries.
Although combat towers were simultaneously built for both signal and military purposes, several towers (outposts) were built solely for the purpose of alerting nearby villages of approaching danger (e.g. Ghalghai Koashke, Zem-Ghala, Kur-Ghala, Maiden tower, Pẋagalbäri, Gir-chozh castle, etc.) The majority of these watchtowers were built on cliffs in mountain gorges, yet several were located at strategically important places on the plain or piedmont, like the medieval tower settlement of Zaur, from which the surrounding area was visible from a distance.
“Since ancient times, in the mountains of the Galgai, the people had fortified settlements spreading to present-day Khevsureti and Tusheti. Along the gorges of the rivers Terek and Assa existed stone walls called “Galgai Koashke” with watchtowers that secured the passages, the remains of which are still visible today.”
Usually at the entrance to the tower there is a handprint of the hand of the craftsman who erected the building. It was a kind of guarantee of the strength of the architect's creation, which has been confirmed by time - the towers outlived their creators for many centuries. Petroglyphs are carved on many towers. Among them are signs resembling letters, drawings in the form of crosses, spirals, swastikas, solar circles, images of household items and weapons. Family symbols were also depicted on the towers.
The tower culture of Ingushetia, a vibrant legacy of ancient material culture, is unique both in the Caucasus and throughout the world. The Ingush as an ethnic group are mentally inextricably linked with their tower culture. It is believed that for many centuries the tower complexes developed among the Ingush mountaineers an aesthetic sense of beauty, a sense of caring for the house as a family sanctuary, which is one of the foundations of the Ingush code of honor — Ezdel [ru]. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ingush towers (Ingush: гӀалгӀай гӀалаш/вӀовнаш, romanized: ghalghai ghālash/vhóvnash) are unique monuments of medieval Ingush architecture, which served as residential, signal and defensive stone structures, mainly situated in the Sunzhensky and Dzheyrakhsky Districts of Ingushetia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Scientists believe that the construction of towers in the North Caucasus originated in ancient times, which is associated with the remains of megalithic cyclopean dwellings (ca. II-I millennium BC), found on the territory of the ancient Ingush villages of Targim, Khamkhi, Egikal, Doshkhakle, Kart, and others. In the Middle Ages, a period of revival of the tower culture of the North Caucasus began, the phenomenon of which, according to researchers, mostly manifested in the mountains of Ingushetia, which was labeled by many as “the country of towers\", to the extent that in 2022 the region's tourism committee announced that the Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Russia) patented the slogan \"Ingushetia — Land of Towers\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Many historical sites and monuments remain unexplored due to inaccessibility and various restrictions associated with the border zone. The issue of the preservation as well as the dating of the tower structures remains problematic; they range from the 13th-14th centuries up to the 15th-17th centuries. Significant damage to the tower architecture of the Ingush was caused as a result of numerous punitive expeditions during the Tsardom of Russia, Russian conquest of the Caucasus, Russian Revolution, as well as the Deportation of the Ingush and Chechens from 1944 to 1957, when half of the nations historical monuments were destroyed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Stone tower buildings existed among the ancient Ingush Koban tribes of the North Caucasus at the end of the II-I millennium BC. The remains of megalithic cyclopean buildings made of large stone slabs and blocks can be found in mountainous Ingushetia. Scientists tend to attribute cyclopean buildings made of large stones folded without mortar to very distant times, up to the Neolithic age. Usually these buildings served as protective walls, erected in front of the entrance to the cave or around the dwelling. Over time, the cyclopean structures were replaced by buildings made of ordinary rock stones using a fastening mortar. Round-shaped river stones were almost never used, since they were poorly bonded to the mortar and to each other. It is very difficult to establish the dating of the beginning of such buildings: some scientists attribute it to the first centuries of our era, others - to the 8th century AD. As a result of archaeological excavations, remains of ceramics dating back to the 1st millennium BC were found at several megalithic dwellings, i.e. the period of the Koban culture. Based on their layout, masonry technique and other features, cyclopean buildings have common features with later tower buildings in mountainous Ingushetia. Researchers note the continuity of the tower architecture of the Ingush, which was highly developed in the Middle Ages, from the stone construction technique that existed in the mountains of the Central Caucasus since the ancient period.",
"title": "Origins and development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The revival of the tower culture of the North Caucasus, which began during the Middle Ages, according to researchers, mostly manifested in the mountains of Ingushetia. It was here that tower construction received its greatest development in quantitative and qualitative terms. This fact, as well as the ethnogenetic traditions of the peoples living in this region and many design features of architecture, emphasizing the unity of its origin, allow a number of researchers to believe that the ancestors of tower construction in the mountainous region, covering the territories of modern Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia and the mountainous part of Eastern Georgia, were the ancestors of the Ingush.",
"title": "Origins and development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In the mountainous region of Ingushetia, on the territory of the modern Dzheyrakhsky District were about 150 settlements (auls). All of them consisted of complexes of stone residential towers. With rare exceptions, each of them had semi-combat and combat towers. Many villages were fortified castle complexes, which included one or more combat and semi-combat towers, united by high defensive stone walls with residential buildings. The battle towers, which have strict harmonious proportions, combined with the strength of the walls, reach a thickness of about one meter at the base, and demonstrate the high level of development of medieval Ingush architecture. At the same time, they are an illustration of their era, the everyday life of which was war and the struggle for survival. The constant reflection of external aggressions, internal internecine clashes, as well as the geographical location on the pass routes from Transcaucasia to the plains of the North Caucasus. All these circumstances forced the Ingush to build strong stone houses and fortresses.",
"title": "Origins and development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Gradually experiencing an increase in population, the medieval settlement turned into a fortified castle complex, which had all the attributes of a medieval fortress; high battle towers, fortress walls, residential and outbuildings. Each such settlement was a single, self-sufficient and strong association of neighboring relatives, consisting of one or several clans (teips). All relations with the outside world were regulated through the institution of elders, whose activities were strictly regulated in accordance with popular law (adat). In their external form, these settlements resembled small \"medieval cities\", in which there was a unified policy, at the head of which the interests of \"free and equal citizens\" were put. These interests prevailed in all relations with the outside world and were limited only by the interests of neighbors - the same nearby \"villages-cities\". In each such settlement there was an elected elder, who was given authority by the local population. Mountain gorges, in which up to several dozen medieval settlements were grouped, were also unique \"federations of towns and villages\" with their own distinctive features and characteristics. As a rule, each such gorge had its own political center like a capital (principal village), which was usually also the largest settlement in the gorge, located in the most strategically advantageous area, controlling the pass routes.",
"title": "Origins and development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "According to researchers, Ingush towers stand out noticeably among the towers of neighboring peoples with their grace and abundance of small architectural details, e.g., horse feeders made of stone, built into walls and fences; stone hitching posts, protruding like reels; the presence of stone canopies over the windows, etc. All this gives the Ingush towers a special picturesqueness. Another important difference between Ingush battle towers and other Caucasian towers is their significant height in relation to the base — 10:1.",
"title": "Origins and development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1931, Ukrainian traveler and explorer M. Kegeles wrote:",
"title": "Origins and development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "“From the ancient monuments that have been preserved here, it is obvious how talented and gifted the Ingush are. These people, who knew nothing of the alphabet, at a time when Moscow was still a village, were already building high stone towers on rocks, 26 or more meters high. We can say that the first skyscrapers did not appear in America, but here, in the Caucasus Mountains.”",
"title": "Origins and development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The famous Soviet archaeologist and historian Evgeny Krupnov in his fundamental work \"Medieval Ingushetia\" wrote:",
"title": "Origins and development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The Ingush battle towers can truly be recognized as the pinnacle of architectural and constructional mastery of the ancient population of the region. They amaze with their simplicity of form, monumentality and strict elegance. <...> The Ingush towers for their time were a true miracle of human genius.",
"title": "Origins and development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The choice of site for the construction of tower settlements and their fortifications (combat, semi-combat towers, defensive walls, etc.) depended on a combination of several factors. A settlement, generally, was founded in the most strategically advantageous place: near a road, at a river crossing, at the entrance to a gorge, which made it possible to control communication routes. When choosing a settlement site, the natural conditions of the area and the quality of the soil were also taken into account. Settlements were never based on areas suitable for farming, since the huge shortage of such lands in the mountains forced literally every piece of land to be used for sowing, the value of which in the economy of the Ingush mountaineers was very high. For the construction of tower settlements, they usually chose the most barren areas with rocky soil, and sometimes they built them on bare rocks.",
"title": "Construction and mastery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In addition, safety factors from natural disasters of various kinds were also taken into account: avalanches, earthquakes, floods, landslides and others. Therefore, the Ingush tried not to build on areas that pose such a danger. Villages were founded near sources of drinking water, which, due to the numerous small rivers and springs, were not lacking. A large number of villages are located in close proximity to the main rivers of mountainous Ingushetia, Assa and Armkhi. The aesthetics and order of the tower structures were strictly observed. The construction of the Ingush tower was solemn and accompanied by various rituals. The first rows of stones were stained with the blood of the sacrificial animal. The one who employed the services of a master builder also had the responsibility of feeding the master, and he had to fully demonstrate his construction abilities. During work, the masons did not use external scaffolding; everything was done from the inside with special floorings that could rest against niches, nests for future floors and corner slabs that protrude with ribs at the corners of buildings. The battle towers were erected most carefully. Here, when it came to creating a pyramidal roof, the craftsman worked from the outside, supported by ropes. Having finished the masonry, he demanded a “descent” fee and then, at the entrance to the tower, he left an imprint of his palm on the still damp mortar, or traced its contours with a chisel on the stone. There are Ingush folk songs (illi) about the construction of towers, which glorify their beauty, skill and talent of the craftsmen. One of them is called “illi about how the tower was built” [ru].",
"title": "Construction and mastery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The construction of the Ingush tower had to be completed within a year. If it was delayed, the clan that ordered the tower was considered weak. If the built tower collapsed after some time, they also blamed, first of all, the family; meaning, due to weakness and poverty, the builders were not paid in full (in Ingushetia, which did not know class differences, the well-being of the family played the most important role). However, they preferred not to work with builders who made serious mistakes. All the architects were known by name; the construction of towers was an extremely honorable occupation. For installing the keystone crowning the roof of the battle tower, the craftsmen were generously rewarded.",
"title": "Construction and mastery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In medieval Ingushetia, one of the most developed areas was the construction business. If almost every highlander could extract a stone, deliver it to the construction site and even do the initial rough processing, then only a master stonecutter could give the stone the desired appearance, size, and even more so, cut the edges and corners with \"jeweler’s precision\". This had to be learned, this required the appropriate tools, knowledge and dexterity, which are acquired only with work experience. In the scientific literature there is some information about the existence of individual \"specialties\" in the construction business - stone miners, stone cutters and hired carriers. The craft of a builder was even more complex and required special professional training. Assuming that the construction of not very complex residential and commercial buildings could be carried out without the participation of a professional craftsman by the residents themselves, then the construction of battle towers would require high skill, many years of experience, knowledge and technical skills.",
"title": "Construction and mastery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "These specialists certainly include builders, \"artists of stone\" (Ingush: тӏоговзанча, romanized: thogovzancha), who specialized in the construction of high-quality multi-story residential buildings, various types of crypts, temples and sanctuaries. At the same time, the construction of religious buildings associated with sacred concepts for the mountaineers could be entrusted only to selected Ingush masters. For the master, such trust was a great honor, recognition by society of his professional merits and high moral and ethical qualities. Recognized and famous master builders of the Middle Ages were:",
"title": "Construction and mastery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The construction craft was sometimes the work of almost entire family brotherhoods, a kind of \"professional clan\". Such recognized artisans, especially in the construction of military towers (vhov), included, e.g., the Barkinkhoev family from the villages of Upper, Middle and Lower Ozig (Ozdik) [ru]. Ingush masters were also known outside Ingushetia — in Chechnya, Ossetia and Georgia.",
"title": "Construction and mastery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Scholars have noted the leading role of the Ingush school of architecture in the 14th-18th centuries in the area covering the territories of present-day Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia and the northern regions of Georgia.",
"title": "Construction and mastery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "After exploring Ingush architecture, ethnographers Vladimir Basilov and Veniamin Kobychev concluded:",
"title": "Construction and mastery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "“The layering of various technical methods in Ingush buildings, from primitive to more advanced, and also genetically interconnected, convinces us that local architecture developed primarily on the basis of the accumulation of its own experience, and not affected by any external influences. The obvious continuity with the monuments of the Bronze Age makes us look for the origins of stone architecture among the Ingush in ancient times.”",
"title": "Construction and mastery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Based on the principle of the functional purpose of Ingush monuments, archaeologist and art historian Leonid Semjonov [ru] divided them into three main groups: monuments of a defensive, religious and funerary nature. Remaining mainly within the framework of this classification, professor of Archaeology Dr. Evgeny Krupnov [ru] proposed a similar typology into groups. He included monumental residential and defensive structures in the first group: residential towers (ghalash), combat towers (vhovnash), fortified castles, fortifications and defensive walls. The second group included burial structures: underground, semi-underground and above-ground stone crypts (kashamash), cave and ground burials, cists and mounds. The third group included ancient temples (e.g. Alby-Yerdy, Tkhaba-Yerdy), various kinds of pagan sanctuaries (e.g. Dyalite, Myat-Seli, Mago-Erda, Tumgoy-Erda, Kog-Erda, etc.) and roadside steles (churtash).",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The residential or family tower (Ingush: гӀала, romanized: ghāla) was a square or rectangular stone building, usually built in two or three floors, with a flat earthen roof well coated with clay. The height of the three-story tower reached an average of 10-12 meters, and the dimensions of the base varied from 5×6 to 10×12 m. The walls of the tower are narrowed towards the top, which is a distinctive detail of the Ingush architecture of the Middle Ages. For example, combat or battle towers had a significant narrowing angle of the walls, reaching an average of 10-11 degrees. In the battle tower of the village of Upper Leymi, the narrowing angle of the walls reaches a record 14 degrees, which gives a special harmony to its appearance.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "The masonry of the walls in the residential towers, which consisted of roughly processed stone blocks, was more primitive compared to the masonry of the military towers. The task of constructing a residential building differed from a combat one, since it required the speedy completion of construction to settle a family, so such close attention was not paid to the appearance. Towers were erected everywhere in mountainous Ingushetia using lime mortar, and the top was covered with a thick layer of yellow or yellowish-white plaster, and the masonry seams were covered with mortar from the inside. This was a characteristic detail of all architectural monuments of mountainous Ingushetia; military and residential towers, crypts and sanctuaries. According to legend, milk or whey and chicken eggs were added to the lime mortar.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "The first floor of the residential tower was dedicated to a stable, in which the cattle were tied to the manger in a certain sequence. A special corner was arranged for the horse. Part of this room was fenced off; grain was stored in this corner. In some cases, the entire second floor was cleared for small livestock, where the cattle were driven along a wooden flooring arranged for this purpose. In the middle of the tower, from the very base, stood a quadrangular stone pillar (Ingush: ердабӏоагӏа, romanized: erdabhoagha), which served as a support for the main thick beams of the interfloor floors. Thinner beams ran across them, resting at one end on the stones of the opposite side protruding parallel to them. Brushwood was laid on top of the beams, onto which clay was poured and compacted.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "In most towers, the second floor was the main living space (Ingush: лакхера цӏа, romanized: laqera ts'a). On average, it was 40-45 m² in area, in some towers the area was quite significant: 60-70 m². The height of this floor exceeded 3-4 m. It was a spacious room containing basic household items: bedding, dishes, and utensils. A central hearth (Ingush: кхуврч, romanized: quvrch) was also built here, above which a supra-focal chain (Ingush: зӏы, romanized: z'y) descended. The family spent most of their time in this room., free from work and other worries. The last floor was intended for storing food and agricultural equipment. It was also a room for resting guests, who, upon receiving them in the living quarters, were accommodated for the night in a separate upper room, where a special sleeping place was equipped for this purpose. Sometimes a balcony was added to the third floor, which had an economic purpose. Initially, a \"ghala\" also had a defensive significance, which is confirmed by the structural details of the architecture: protective parapets on the roof of the towers, the construction of many viewing slots and loopholes, compartments for keeping servants (prisoners of war) etc.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Researchers consider the so-called semi-combat towers to be a transitional form from residential to combat towers. They differ from residential and combat towers in that they contain elements of both. They were built on 3-4 floors. At the base, semi-combat towers are almost square and have a smaller area compared to residential ones. Their sizes range from 4,5-5 m in width to 5-5,5 m in length. Height is 12-16 m. These towers do not have a central support pillar, but have hanging machicolated balconies, like battle towers. The ceiling of the walls, like that of residential towers, is flat and made of logs. The entrance is located in the same way as for residential towers, on the ground floor. It is very rare to find semi-combat towers in which the entrance, like combat towers, is located on the second floor.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "The highest flowering of Ingush tower architecture is associated with the construction of the military (combat) towers (Ingush: вӀов, romanized: vhóv). The Ingush combat towers were of several types, which, as experts explain, trace the evolution of the technology for constructing defensive structures in the mountains of the North Caucasus. It is believed that combat towers appeared during the improvement of construction techniques, through the evolution of residential towers, first into semi-combat ones, then into combat towers with a flat crown and, finally, into towers with a stepped pyramidal roof. At the same time, the appearance of more advanced towers did not mean the cessation of the construction of previous types; they all equally continued to be erected until the late Middle Ages.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Each floor of the battle towers had its own specific functions. One of the first to try to characterize these functions was the architect Ivan Shcheblykin, who wrote: \"the first floor was intended for prisoners, the second for guards and defenders, the third and fourth for defenders and family, and the fifth for observers and family.\" The first floor served as a prison for prisoners and storage of agricultural supplies; for this purpose they were equipped with special cone-shaped stone \"bags\", i.e. compartments at the corners of the tower. It could only be entered through a square hole from the second floor. The entrance to the tower was usually located at the level of the second floor, which also deprived potential enemies of the opportunity to use a ram. It was a vaulted doorway, closed from the inside with strong wooden shutters and locked with a wooden beam that slid into the thickness of the walls. And only some towers, located in hard-to-reach places, had an entrance on the ground floor.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "The second floor served as housing in case of a siege. Above it, as well as above the upper floor, stone ceilings were built in the form of a closed (four-sided) false vault with a lancet outline. Such a ceiling, unlike a wooden one, could not be set on fire if the besiegers burst inside, and the besieged locked themselves upstairs. They were also intended to enhance the seismic resistance of the tower, so, being completed with a strong stone vault that strengthened all four walls, the second floor became additional support for subsequent floors. Some battle towers (in particular, the Lyazhgi [ru] complex, built by master builder Khanoy Khing) were reinforced with an additional stone vault between the fourth and fifth floors to give them special strength. And in most cases, other vertical floors were divided by wooden floors supported by ledges and special stone cornices. Communication between floors was carried out through square confined spaces, hatches equipped in the corners of the towers, along ladders in the form of jagged logs. These passages between floors were arranged in a zigzag pattern. Starting from the second, each floor had skylights, combat niches (loopholes) and viewing slits (eyeholes). The construction of the loopholes was carried out in such a way as to cover, if possible, all approaches to the tower.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "At the level of the last (fifth or sixth) floor, which was the main observation point and at the same time the main combat platform, weapons were stored here: stones, bows, arrows, guns. In the middle part of each of the walls of the floor there were through door niches (embrasures). They were covered with special stone hanging balconies, i.e. machicolations (Ingush: чӏерх, romanized: ch'erkh). The upper part of the embrasure remained free for observation. Archaeologist Maksharip Muzhukhoev suggested that the choice of building one or another type of defensive tower depended on the terrain. Based on the architecture of towers with a pyramidal stepped roof, which are distinguished by the greatest defensive capability, Muzhukhoev believed that this type of tower was erected in easily accessible places, the approach to which was not naturally fortified. Such towers were built taking into account that the enemy would be able to get close to the walls of the tower. In places difficult to access, from the point of view of a possible assault, less fortified flat-roofed towers were erected.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Most of the stepped-pyramid towers were built with five floors and reached a height of 20 to 25 meters, as well as six-story towers whose height ranged from 26 to 30 meters. They are the most perfect in architectural terms and, as a rule, are part of castle complexes. There were similar towers in such villages as Upper and Lower Ezmi, Pkhamat [ru], Lower Dzheyrakh, Lyazhgi [ru], Morchi [ru], Erzi (village), Upper Khuli, Khyani [ru], Doshkhakle [ru], Upper and Lower Kart, Upper, Middle and Lower Ozig [ru], Kiÿ [ru], Egikal, Pŭy [ru], Pyaling [ru], Niÿ [ru] and others.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "The pyramidal-step roof of the tower, usually, consisted of thirteen slate slabs and was crowned with a large cone-shaped stone. Professor Evgeny Krupnov considered towers with pyramidal roofs as \"an expression of the purely individual characteristics of Ingush culture.\"",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "Architect and specialist in the field of Caucasian stone architecture Arkady Goldshtein, describing the evolution of Ingush battle towers, simultaneously explains the reasons for the appearance of stone roofs on them in the form of a pyramidal-stepped covering:",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "In Ingushetia, as well as in neighboring territories, Chechnya and Northern Georgia, there are towers whose flat earthen roof is surrounded by a high parapet, taller than a man. It is cut in the middle of each of the four sides with a large opening, so that the parapet does not have the appearance of a wall going around the roof along the perimeter, but of separate piers forming four large teeth at the corners of the top of the tower. The defenders of the tower would hude behind these battlements, which played the role of a combat platform. Through these large openings in the parapet bows were shot down at the attackers. At the bottom of the opening there is a machicolation in the form of a balcony, fenced with stone walls and covered with slabs on top, but without a floor. Stones were thrown down through it. The defenders would shoot while resting their knee or elbow on the stone cover of the machicolation, which, protruding forward, covered the shooter. But an earthen roof requires constant maintenance. After each rain, it needs to be rubbed down with a hard broom so that it does not crack; it is periodically smeared with clay and rolled with a roller. Otherwise, it will begin to leak, the wooden beams will rot, and it may collapse. During winter, one would need to constantly clear the roof of snow, especially since it accumulates in large masses behind the parapet and blocks the exit hatch to the site. All this is inconvenient and time-consuming. Therefore, it is natural to assume that a wooden canopy was built over the flat roof of the tower, above this combat platform, for protection from precipitation. As is known, military towers were covered with wooden tents in Rus'. The high corner piers, crowning some towers in North-Eastern Caucasus in the form of four battlements, probably served as pillars supporting the canopy. If you replace a wooden tent with a stone one, you get the shape of the crown of a characteristic Vainakh battle tower. Wooden tents on military towers were replaced with more permanent ones both in Russia and Western Europe; Naturally, this could have been done in Ingushetia.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "Flat roof towers were usually built with 4-5 floors. Their roofs were reinforced for defense with a parapet or crenellated crown. Their height varied on average from 16 (e.g. Metskhal village) to 25 m (e.g. Barkinkhoy village). Combat towers with a flat covering, ending with a high parapet (barrier), were present in the villages Furtoug, Kharpe [ru], Lyazhgi [ru], Falkhan, Shoani [ru], Gadaborsh [ru], Qost [ru], etc. Castle complexes in the village are equipped with towers with battlements at the corners of the roof. Govzt [ru], Metskhal, Garq [ru], Bìsht [ru], Nyaqaste [ru], Biysar [ru], Tsori and others.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "An example of a tower of this type is also the Byalgan combat tower. It is located on the slope of Mount Myat-Loam [ru] in the village of Byalgan. It is a 16-meter battle tower with a flat roof and a crenellated top. There are 4 more residential towers nearby. These are architectural monuments of the 9th-10th centuries, but this particular tower dates back to the 13th century.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "In the mountains of Ingushetia, several signal and defensive towers built on rocky ledges can be observed. The most famous is the tower complex of Vovnushki, which in 2008 became a finalist in the Seven Wonders of Russia competition. Similar contructions are found in Khay and in the Assa valley of Ingushetia. Two rocky shelter towers, erected in caves on the steep mountain slope of the rocky range above the villages Metskhal and Garq [ru]. The second shelter tower is located above the first, and covered a large cave in the past. Now most of the wall has collapsed. The stone steps leading into the cave have been preserved.",
"title": "Purpose"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "Ingush villages were built close to each other, with intervals of 500 meters to a kilometer. From one village it was always possible to see the battle towers of its neighbors: the towers were also used as signal towers; in a matter of seconds, an alarm signal was transmitted over many kilometers. Almost all villages are “stuck” to the tops of hills, the slopes of gorges or the ridges of ridges. If one looks at a map of mountainous Ingushetia, one will notice that tower villages stretch in a continuous chain along the valleys of Assa, Armkhi and their tributaries.",
"title": "Ingush signaling system"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "Although combat towers were simultaneously built for both signal and military purposes, several towers (outposts) were built solely for the purpose of alerting nearby villages of approaching danger (e.g. Ghalghai Koashke, Zem-Ghala, Kur-Ghala, Maiden tower, Pẋagalbäri, Gir-chozh castle, etc.) The majority of these watchtowers were built on cliffs in mountain gorges, yet several were located at strategically important places on the plain or piedmont, like the medieval tower settlement of Zaur, from which the surrounding area was visible from a distance.",
"title": "Ingush signaling system"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "“Since ancient times, in the mountains of the Galgai, the people had fortified settlements spreading to present-day Khevsureti and Tusheti. Along the gorges of the rivers Terek and Assa existed stone walls called “Galgai Koashke” with watchtowers that secured the passages, the remains of which are still visible today.”",
"title": "Ingush signaling system"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "Usually at the entrance to the tower there is a handprint of the hand of the craftsman who erected the building. It was a kind of guarantee of the strength of the architect's creation, which has been confirmed by time - the towers outlived their creators for many centuries. Petroglyphs are carved on many towers. Among them are signs resembling letters, drawings in the form of crosses, spirals, swastikas, solar circles, images of household items and weapons. Family symbols were also depicted on the towers.",
"title": "Design and cultural connection"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "The tower culture of Ingushetia, a vibrant legacy of ancient material culture, is unique both in the Caucasus and throughout the world. The Ingush as an ethnic group are mentally inextricably linked with their tower culture. It is believed that for many centuries the tower complexes developed among the Ingush mountaineers an aesthetic sense of beauty, a sense of caring for the house as a family sanctuary, which is one of the foundations of the Ingush code of honor — Ezdel [ru].",
"title": "Design and cultural connection"
}
] | Ingush towers are unique monuments of medieval Ingush architecture, which served as residential, signal and defensive stone structures, mainly situated in the Sunzhensky and Dzheyrakhsky Districts of Ingushetia. Scientists believe that the construction of towers in the North Caucasus originated in ancient times, which is associated with the remains of megalithic cyclopean dwellings, found on the territory of the ancient Ingush villages of Targim, Khamkhi, Egikal, Doshkhakle, Kart, and others. In the Middle Ages, a period of revival of the tower culture of the North Caucasus began, the phenomenon of which, according to researchers, mostly manifested in the mountains of Ingushetia, which was labeled by many as “the country of towers", to the extent that in 2022 the region's tourism committee announced that the Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Russia) patented the slogan "Ingushetia — Land of Towers". Many historical sites and monuments remain unexplored due to inaccessibility and various restrictions associated with the border zone. The issue of the preservation as well as the dating of the tower structures remains problematic; they range from the 13th-14th centuries up to the 15th-17th centuries. Significant damage to the tower architecture of the Ingush was caused as a result of numerous punitive expeditions during the Tsardom of Russia, Russian conquest of the Caucasus, Russian Revolution, as well as the Deportation of the Ingush and Chechens from 1944 to 1957, when half of the nations historical monuments were destroyed. | 2023-12-05T22:21:13Z | 2023-12-30T06:43:11Z | [
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75,493,362 | BQP (disambiguation) | BQP is a computational complexity class that represents problems that are easy to solve for quantum computers.
BQP or bqp can also refer to: | [
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] | BQP is a computational complexity class that represents problems that are easy to solve for quantum computers. BQP or bqp can also refer to: Busa language (Mande), a language spoken in Nigeria and Benin, by ISO 639 code
Great Order Party, a liberal political party of Azerbaijan
Morehouse Memorial Airport, an airport in Bastrop, Louisiana, U.S., by IATA code
Ministry of Defence (Vietnam), a government agency of Vietnam responsible for military issues
Bighapur railway station, a train station in India; see List of railway stations in India#B B Q P , a mathematical object that can be used to define algebraic K-theory | 2023-12-05T22:22:02Z | 2023-12-05T22:22:02Z | [
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75,493,366 | Dapiglutide | Dapiglutide (formerly ZP 7570) is a dual GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor agonist developed by Zealand Pharma. | [
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"text": "Dapiglutide (formerly ZP 7570) is a dual GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor agonist developed by Zealand Pharma.",
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] | Dapiglutide is a dual GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor agonist developed by Zealand Pharma. | 2023-12-05T22:22:45Z | 2023-12-31T22:43:23Z | [
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75,493,369 | Course in Fable | {{Infobox album | name = Course in Fable | type = studio | artist = Ryley Walker | cover = | alt = | released = April 2, 2021 | recorded = | venue = | studio =
| genre =
Course in Fable is the sixth solo studio album by American musician Ryley Walker. It was released on April 2, 2021, through Walker's own Husky Pants Records. The album was produced by John McEntire (of Tortoise and the Sea and Cake). The album combines the folk rock elements of Walker's previous albums with elements of progressive rock and art rock.
Critical reception to Course in Fable was positive, with many critics praising its deviation from Walker's previous albums, integration of prog rock elements, and stylistic diversity. In 2022, Walker released Course in Fable Demos and Extras, consisting of outtakes and alternate versions of the album's material.
All tracks are written by Ryley Walker. | [
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"text": "Course in Fable is the sixth solo studio album by American musician Ryley Walker. It was released on April 2, 2021, through Walker's own Husky Pants Records. The album was produced by John McEntire (of Tortoise and the Sea and Cake). The album combines the folk rock elements of Walker's previous albums with elements of progressive rock and art rock.",
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"text": "Critical reception to Course in Fable was positive, with many critics praising its deviation from Walker's previous albums, integration of prog rock elements, and stylistic diversity. In 2022, Walker released Course in Fable Demos and Extras, consisting of outtakes and alternate versions of the album's material.",
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| type = studio
| artist = Ryley Walker
| cover = | alt = | released = April 2, 2021
| recorded = | venue = | studio = | genre = Course in Fable is the sixth solo studio album by American musician Ryley Walker. It was released on April 2, 2021, through Walker's own Husky Pants Records. The album was produced by John McEntire. The album combines the folk rock elements of Walker's previous albums with elements of progressive rock and art rock. Critical reception to Course in Fable was positive, with many critics praising its deviation from Walker's previous albums, integration of prog rock elements, and stylistic diversity. In 2022, Walker released Course in Fable Demos and Extras, consisting of outtakes and alternate versions of the album's material. | 2023-12-05T22:22:56Z | 2023-12-06T16:53:58Z | [
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75,493,386 | Shuhada al-Aqsa Hospital | Shuhada al-Aqsa Hospital (al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital, in English) is the only hospital located in the middle area of the Gaza Strip in Deir al-Balah and was founded in 2001. As of 2018, this hospital is one of fifteen public hospitals in the Gaza Strip and is managed by UNRWA, The Ministry of Health, and various NGOs. The hospital serves an estimated 18,000 patients each month. According to The Ministry of Health, the hospital's emergency department had over 11,000 visits. In 2018, the hospital had 166 beds.
Caught in the on-going Israel-Palestine Conflict, the hospital has both been targeted and faced repercussions of nearby targeting from the IDF. In 2014, several shells hit the hospital's intensive care unit in an IDF bombing campaign that was targeting anti-tank missiles in the area. Four Palestinians were killed, and an estimated forty others were injured. During the 2023 Israel-Hamas War, the hospital faced immense overcrowding. IDF airstrikes in Deir al-Balah and around the hospital resulted in hundreds of deaths and injuries. | [
{
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"text": "Shuhada al-Aqsa Hospital (al-Aqsa Martyrs Hospital, in English) is the only hospital located in the middle area of the Gaza Strip in Deir al-Balah and was founded in 2001. As of 2018, this hospital is one of fifteen public hospitals in the Gaza Strip and is managed by UNRWA, The Ministry of Health, and various NGOs. The hospital serves an estimated 18,000 patients each month. According to The Ministry of Health, the hospital's emergency department had over 11,000 visits. In 2018, the hospital had 166 beds.",
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},
{
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"text": "Caught in the on-going Israel-Palestine Conflict, the hospital has both been targeted and faced repercussions of nearby targeting from the IDF. In 2014, several shells hit the hospital's intensive care unit in an IDF bombing campaign that was targeting anti-tank missiles in the area. Four Palestinians were killed, and an estimated forty others were injured. During the 2023 Israel-Hamas War, the hospital faced immense overcrowding. IDF airstrikes in Deir al-Balah and around the hospital resulted in hundreds of deaths and injuries.",
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] | Shuhada al-Aqsa Hospital is the only hospital located in the middle area of the Gaza Strip in Deir al-Balah and was founded in 2001. As of 2018, this hospital is one of fifteen public hospitals in the Gaza Strip and is managed by UNRWA, The Ministry of Health, and various NGOs. The hospital serves an estimated 18,000 patients each month. According to The Ministry of Health, the hospital's emergency department had over 11,000 visits. In 2018, the hospital had 166 beds. | 2023-12-05T22:25:01Z | 2023-12-20T10:35:55Z | [
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75,493,426 | 2024 in Rwanda | Events in the year 2024 in Rwanda. | [
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] | Events in the year 2024 in Rwanda. | 2023-12-05T22:29:55Z | 2023-12-08T13:00:34Z | [
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75,493,428 | Caolan McColgan | Caolan McColgan (born 2002/3) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for Naomh Padraig Uisce Chaoin (Muff) and the Donegal county team. He plays at wing-back.
McColgan was part of a Donegal under-20 team that won the 2022 Leo Murphy Cup.
He made his senior inter-county debut against Antrim in the 2022 Dr McKenna Cup.
McColgan made his league debut for Donegal against Kerry in the opening fixture of the 2023 National Football League; Donegal defeated Kerry, with McColgan scoring 0–3 on his debut and being named man of the match. He was later included on the GAA.ie Football Team of the Week. Then he was nominated for Footballer of the Week. He won. McColgan started the second league fixture against Tyrone. He also started the third fixture against Monaghan, the fourth fixture against Galway and the fifth fixture against Armagh. Against Mayo, McColgan also started, playing in the number 4 jersey. However, he did not feature in the concluding fixture, against Roscommon.
McColgan started the 2023 Ulster Senior Football Championship quarter-final against Down. In Donegal's three games in Group 4 of the 2023 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, McColgan made a substitute appearance against Clare and started the second and third games, against Derry and Monaghan. In the 2023 All-Ireland SFC preliminary quarter-final loss to Tyrone, McColgan started and scored 0–1.
In October 2023, it was confirmed that McColgan had had surgery in London to correct an injury to his hamstring.
As of January 2023, McColgan was a student at Belfast's Ulster University, where he was doing a business studies course. | [
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"text": "Caolan McColgan (born 2002/3) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for Naomh Padraig Uisce Chaoin (Muff) and the Donegal county team. He plays at wing-back.",
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"text": "McColgan was part of a Donegal under-20 team that won the 2022 Leo Murphy Cup.",
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"text": "He made his senior inter-county debut against Antrim in the 2022 Dr McKenna Cup.",
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"text": "McColgan made his league debut for Donegal against Kerry in the opening fixture of the 2023 National Football League; Donegal defeated Kerry, with McColgan scoring 0–3 on his debut and being named man of the match. He was later included on the GAA.ie Football Team of the Week. Then he was nominated for Footballer of the Week. He won. McColgan started the second league fixture against Tyrone. He also started the third fixture against Monaghan, the fourth fixture against Galway and the fifth fixture against Armagh. Against Mayo, McColgan also started, playing in the number 4 jersey. However, he did not feature in the concluding fixture, against Roscommon.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
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"text": "McColgan started the 2023 Ulster Senior Football Championship quarter-final against Down. In Donegal's three games in Group 4 of the 2023 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, McColgan made a substitute appearance against Clare and started the second and third games, against Derry and Monaghan. In the 2023 All-Ireland SFC preliminary quarter-final loss to Tyrone, McColgan started and scored 0–1.",
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"text": "In October 2023, it was confirmed that McColgan had had surgery in London to correct an injury to his hamstring.",
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"text": "As of January 2023, McColgan was a student at Belfast's Ulster University, where he was doing a business studies course.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Caolan McColgan is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for Naomh Padraig Uisce Chaoin (Muff) and the Donegal county team. He plays at wing-back. | 2023-12-05T22:30:14Z | 2023-12-21T02:15:10Z | [
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75,493,432 | Johnny McLoone | Johnny McLoone is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for Naomh Conaill and the Donegal county team.
McLoone won a Donegal Senior Football Championship title in 2005, the first in his club's history. He later won two more Donegal SFC titles. McLoone scored two points against St Eunan's in the 2005 Donegal SFC final replay, while he was held scoreless in the 2010 final against Na Cealla Beaga, having started both games; he made a substitute appearance against St Eunan's in the 2015 Donegal SFC final, during which he scored one point. He also played in the 2010 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship, when his club reached the final of the competition.
While playing for Donegal, McLoone won the 1996 Ulster Minor League and 1996 Ulster Minor Football Championship, when he was part of a team that included Michael Hegarty and Barry Monaghan, and that was managed by Anthony Molloy. He played in the 1996 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship semi-final defeat to Laois, his kick short at the end meaning Donegal lost the game by a point. Brian McEniff called McLoone into the senior team after he was appointed as manager again in 2003. McLoone continued to play for Donegal under McEniff's successor Brian McIver, during which time he won a National Football League medal in 2007.
Since retiring, McLoone has managed his club's under-21 team. He is a father and takes care of his family's shop, which is in Killybegs. | [
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"text": "McLoone won a Donegal Senior Football Championship title in 2005, the first in his club's history. He later won two more Donegal SFC titles. McLoone scored two points against St Eunan's in the 2005 Donegal SFC final replay, while he was held scoreless in the 2010 final against Na Cealla Beaga, having started both games; he made a substitute appearance against St Eunan's in the 2015 Donegal SFC final, during which he scored one point. He also played in the 2010 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship, when his club reached the final of the competition.",
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"text": "While playing for Donegal, McLoone won the 1996 Ulster Minor League and 1996 Ulster Minor Football Championship, when he was part of a team that included Michael Hegarty and Barry Monaghan, and that was managed by Anthony Molloy. He played in the 1996 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship semi-final defeat to Laois, his kick short at the end meaning Donegal lost the game by a point. Brian McEniff called McLoone into the senior team after he was appointed as manager again in 2003. McLoone continued to play for Donegal under McEniff's successor Brian McIver, during which time he won a National Football League medal in 2007.",
"title": "Playing career"
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"text": "Since retiring, McLoone has managed his club's under-21 team. He is a father and takes care of his family's shop, which is in Killybegs.",
"title": "Playing career"
}
] | Johnny McLoone is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for Naomh Conaill and the Donegal county team. | 2023-12-05T22:30:25Z | 2023-12-12T23:17:50Z | [
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75,493,434 | Brendan McDyer | Brendan McDyer (born 1986/7) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for Naomh Conaill and, formerly, the Donegal county team. He is one part of the "usually starting trio" for his club that also includes Leo McLoone and Anthony Thompson.
McDyer won his first Donegal Senior Football Championship title with his club in 2005. His free in the 2005 final brought that game to a replay, when he scored three points (including one free). 2005 was also the year he first played for his club in the senior championship.
Brian McIver called McDyer into the Donegal senior panel in December 2005, following the 2005 Donegal SFC title win. When McIver called him into the senior team, McDyer was 18 years of age. McDyer first played for Donegal at senior inter-county level in 2006. He continued to play inter-county football in 2007.
McDyer's club also won the final of the 2010 Donegal Senior Football Championship, with McDyer scoring one point in that game. Naomh Conaill went on to reach the final of the 2010 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship, knocking out Cavan champions Kingscourt, Monaghan champions Clontibret and Tyrone champions Coalisland along the way.
Towards the end of the 2012 Donegal Senior Football Championship final, McDyer tried to pass the ball back to goalkeeper Stephen McGrath, but his action caused Naomh Conaill to concede a '45. This was converted by St Eunan's player Mark McGowan, and Naomh Conaill lost the game by one point.
McDyer played for his club in the final of the 2015 Donegal Senior Football Championship. His club also won this game, with McDyer scoring two points. Then he played for his club in the final of the 2019 Donegal Senior Football Championship. His club won, following a second replay; McDyer started all three games and, though he scored one point in the first game, he was held scoreless in the second and third. Then he made a substitute appearance for his club in the 2020 Donegal Senior Football Championship final. His club won, following extra-time and a penalty shoot-out.
Then McDyer played for his club in the 2022 Donegal SFC final. His club won, with McDyer scoring three points, though at least one source erroneously said two points. He was troubled by injury at the time. On 12 December 2022, McDyer was named as the recipient of the annual Gradam Shéamuis Mhic Géidigh. RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta announced the decision. McDyer was not expecting to be selected. He received the award at an official function in Letterkenny on the evening of 14 December 2022. McDyer played for his club in the 2023 Donegal SFC, when his club won the final again, with McDyer scoring one point in that game.
Though originally from Glenties, as of 2022, McDyer was living in Donegal Town. He is not interested in social media. | [
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},
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"text": "Brian McIver called McDyer into the Donegal senior panel in December 2005, following the 2005 Donegal SFC title win. When McIver called him into the senior team, McDyer was 18 years of age. McDyer first played for Donegal at senior inter-county level in 2006. He continued to play inter-county football in 2007.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
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"text": "McDyer's club also won the final of the 2010 Donegal Senior Football Championship, with McDyer scoring one point in that game. Naomh Conaill went on to reach the final of the 2010 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship, knocking out Cavan champions Kingscourt, Monaghan champions Clontibret and Tyrone champions Coalisland along the way.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
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"text": "Towards the end of the 2012 Donegal Senior Football Championship final, McDyer tried to pass the ball back to goalkeeper Stephen McGrath, but his action caused Naomh Conaill to concede a '45. This was converted by St Eunan's player Mark McGowan, and Naomh Conaill lost the game by one point.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
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"text": "McDyer played for his club in the final of the 2015 Donegal Senior Football Championship. His club also won this game, with McDyer scoring two points. Then he played for his club in the final of the 2019 Donegal Senior Football Championship. His club won, following a second replay; McDyer started all three games and, though he scored one point in the first game, he was held scoreless in the second and third. Then he made a substitute appearance for his club in the 2020 Donegal Senior Football Championship final. His club won, following extra-time and a penalty shoot-out.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Then McDyer played for his club in the 2022 Donegal SFC final. His club won, with McDyer scoring three points, though at least one source erroneously said two points. He was troubled by injury at the time. On 12 December 2022, McDyer was named as the recipient of the annual Gradam Shéamuis Mhic Géidigh. RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta announced the decision. McDyer was not expecting to be selected. He received the award at an official function in Letterkenny on the evening of 14 December 2022. McDyer played for his club in the 2023 Donegal SFC, when his club won the final again, with McDyer scoring one point in that game.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Though originally from Glenties, as of 2022, McDyer was living in Donegal Town. He is not interested in social media.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Brendan McDyer is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for Naomh Conaill and, formerly, the Donegal county team. He is one part of the "usually starting trio" for his club that also includes Leo McLoone and Anthony Thompson. | 2023-12-05T22:30:29Z | 2023-12-12T23:14:22Z | [
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75,493,436 | Brendan Kilcoyne | Brendan Kilcoyne (born 1967/8) is an Irish Gaelic football manager, selector and former player. He played for St Eunan's, Tubbercurry and the Sligo county team.
Kilcoyne won two Sligo Senior Football Championship titles, in 1986 and 1991 (as captain). He won two Donegal Senior Football Championship titles with St Eunan's, in 1999 and 2001 (as well as the disputed title of 1997).
As well as playing for St Eunan's, Kilcoyne has managed the club. He led the club to the 2007 Donegal SFC title, but after defeat in the 2007 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship, he accused the county board of collaborating with opponent Cavan Gaels.
After managing the St Eunan's club to the Donegal SFC title, Kilcoyne was a candidate to replace Tommy Breheny as Sligo senior manager when Breheny resigned in 2007. Kilcoyne was part of the Donegal under-21 management team of Maxi Curran, whose players featured in an Ulster Under-21 Football Championship final in 2015. Kilcoyne was also a selector with St Eunan's, while working as a selector with the Donegal under-21 team. Later that year, Kilcoyne joined the Donegal senior management team for the 2016 season. He remained in this position for the 2017 season. Although originally from County Sligo, Kilcoyne moved to Letterkenny in the 1990s, and continues to support Donegal in competitive fixtures. In 2020, Kilcoyne was a selector with the Donegal minor team. In 2023, Kilcoyne had a role with the Donegal minor team, described variously as a mentor and assistant manager. Later that year, he was appointed as part of the backroom management team of the Donegal under-20 footballers.
Kilcoyne has appeared on Highland Radio and Newstalk as a match analyst. | [
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"text": "Kilcoyne won two Sligo Senior Football Championship titles, in 1986 and 1991 (as captain). He won two Donegal Senior Football Championship titles with St Eunan's, in 1999 and 2001 (as well as the disputed title of 1997).",
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"text": "As well as playing for St Eunan's, Kilcoyne has managed the club. He led the club to the 2007 Donegal SFC title, but after defeat in the 2007 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship, he accused the county board of collaborating with opponent Cavan Gaels.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"text": "After managing the St Eunan's club to the Donegal SFC title, Kilcoyne was a candidate to replace Tommy Breheny as Sligo senior manager when Breheny resigned in 2007. Kilcoyne was part of the Donegal under-21 management team of Maxi Curran, whose players featured in an Ulster Under-21 Football Championship final in 2015. Kilcoyne was also a selector with St Eunan's, while working as a selector with the Donegal under-21 team. Later that year, Kilcoyne joined the Donegal senior management team for the 2016 season. He remained in this position for the 2017 season. Although originally from County Sligo, Kilcoyne moved to Letterkenny in the 1990s, and continues to support Donegal in competitive fixtures. In 2020, Kilcoyne was a selector with the Donegal minor team. In 2023, Kilcoyne had a role with the Donegal minor team, described variously as a mentor and assistant manager. Later that year, he was appointed as part of the backroom management team of the Donegal under-20 footballers.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
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"text": "Kilcoyne has appeared on Highland Radio and Newstalk as a match analyst.",
"title": "Career"
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] | Brendan Kilcoyne is an Irish Gaelic football manager, selector and former player. He played for St Eunan's, Tubbercurry and the Sligo county team. | 2023-12-05T22:30:36Z | 2023-12-12T23:20:58Z | [
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75,493,437 | Michael Langan (Gaelic footballer) | Michael Langan is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for St Michael's and the Donegal county team.
He won his first inter-county title while playing for the Donegal under-16 team in the 2013 Buncrana Cup. Langan was then part of the under-17 county team that won a Jim McGuigan Cup.
He played for Donegal in the Ulster Minor Football Championship, but his team did not win that competition. However, Langan played on a Donegal team that won the 2017 Ulster Under-21 Football Championship, and was awarded EirGrid GAA U21 Player of the Province for Ulster. Among the teams defeated in that competition was Tyrone, following a replay.
First featuring for his county at senior level under the management of Rory Gallagher, Langan made his senior debut for Donegal in the 2017 season. He made his league debut against Kerry in the opening fixture of the 2017 National Football League, where he was named to start at number 11 in the spine of the team. He did not score. He did not play in the following two fixtures, against Roscommon and Dublin respectively. He was restricted to substitute appearances in the final four games, against Cavan, Tyrone, Monaghan and Mayo respectively.
Later that year, Langan made his championship debut, as a substitute, against Antrim in the 2017 Ulster Senior Football Championship quarter-final. He also made a substitute appearance against Tyrone in the Ulster SFC semi-final, scoring 0–1; however, Donegal lost. In the 2017 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Round 4A qualifier loss to Galway, Langan scored 0–1 during another substitute appearance.
Under the management of Declan Bonner, Langan continued to feature for his county. His first senior goal for Donegal came against Queen's in the 2018 Dr McKenna Cup. He scored 1–6 in total during that game. However, he did not play in the opening fixture of the 2018 National Football League, against Kerry. He also did not play in the second, third and fourth fixtures, against Galway, Dublin and Kildare respectively. He made a substitute appearance in the next fixture, against Tyrone, before starting the game against Monaghan. He did not play in the concluding fixture, against Mayo.
Langan started the 2018 Ulster Senior Football Championship preliminary round fixture against Cavan. He scored 0–3 on this debut, earning praise from Dermot Crowe in the Sunday Independent. Langan also started against Derry in the Ulster SFC quarter-final, against Down in the semi-final and against Fermanagh in the final, scoring one point against Fermanagh. In Group 2 of the 2018 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship quarter-final, he started the first game against Dublin (scoring 0–2), the second game against Roscommon (scoring 0–1) and the third game against Tyrone (scoring 0–1).
Langan spent the 2019 season out on the wing. He started the opening fixture of the 2019 National Football League, against Clare, and scored 0–4 (all from frees, including the game's first score). He also started against Meath, a game in which he scored 0–1 before being substituted at half-time. He did not play in the fixture against Tipperary. He started the next fixture, against Fermanagh, and scored 0–4 (all of which were frees). He also started the next fixture, against Armagh, and scored 0–5 (all of which were frees as well). However, he did not play in the last two fixtures, against Cork and Kildare respectively. According to manager Declan Bonner, Langan was "carrying a knock". He made a substitute appearance in the 2019 National Football League Division 2 final against Meath.
Langan started the 2019 Ulster Senior Football Championship quarter-final against Fermanagh, the semi-final against Tyrone and the final against Cavan, and scored 0–1 in each of the three games. In Group 1 of the 2019 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship quarter-final, Langan started all three games; he scored, respectively, 0–1 against Meath, 0–2 against Kerry, but was held scoreless in the last game, against Mayo.
By the 2020 National Football League, Langan had accumulated more than 40 appearances for his county. He was given a midfield role during this competition, in part due to injuries of other players. Langan started the opening fixture of the league that year, against Mayo, and scored 0–1. He started the second fixture, against Meath, and scored 1–1. Though he started the third fixture against Galway, Langan was held scoreless. He started the next game against Dublin, and scored 0–1. Against Monaghan in the next fixture, Langan started and scored five points in a ten-point victory for Donegal. Then the COVID-19 pandemic brought play to a halt. Play resumed behind closed doors on 18 October with a home game against Tyrone; Langan did not play in that game. He started the concluding league fixture of the campaign, against Kerry, but was held scoreless.
Langan then started the 2020 Ulster Senior Football Championship victory against Tyrone, scoring 1–2. He was named man of the match by the BBC, though RTÉ chose Ciarán Thompson. Langan was then selected as GAA.ie Player of the Week. He also started the 2020 Ulster SFC semi-final victory against Armagh, scoring 0–3. He then started the final, and scored Donegal's ninth point in the twentieth minute, in what proved to be the concluding game for his team that season.
Langan started each of Donegal's four fixtures of the 2021 National Football League, against Tyrone, Monaghan, Armagh and Dublin, scoring 0–1 against Tyrone, 1–1 against both Monaghan and Armagh, and 0–2 against Dublin. In the 2021 Ulster Senior Football Championship, he started each of Donegal's three fixtures, scoring 0–4 (including one free and one '45) against Down in the opening round, 0–3 against Derry in the quarter-final and 0–2 (including one free) against Tyrone in the semi-final. At the end of the season, he was nominated for an All Star, and was the only Donegal player to receive a nomination.
Langan started Donegal's opening fixture of the 2022 National Football League, against Mayo, and scored 0–4. He scored another 0–4 (including one free) in the second fixture, against Kildare. He did not play in the third game, away to Kerry, and he he did not play in the fourth game either, at home to Tyrone. He was injured at the time. He also did not play in the fourth game (at home to Monaghan), nor did he play in the sixth game (away to Dublin), but he was introduced as a second-half substitute in the concluding league game against Armagh at O'Donnell Park.
In the 2022 Ulster Senior Football Championship, Langan started the quarter-final against Armagh, scoring 0–3. He also started the semi-final against Cavan and the final against Derry, but was held scoreless in both games. He started the 2022 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship qualifier loss to Armagh, but was again held scoreless.
Under the management of Bonner's successor Paddy Carr, Langan did not feature in the opening two fixtures of the 2023 National Football League, against Kerry and Tyrone respectively. He made his first start of the season in the third league fixture against Monaghan. He scored 0–4, and then followed it with a starting berth in the fourth fixture against Galway, in which he scored 0–1. He started the fifth fixture against Armagh, but was held scoreless. Then he started the last two fixtures of the league campaign, against Mayo (scoring 0–3, including two frees) and against Roscommon (scoring 0–1, from a free). Langan started the 2023 Ulster Senior Football Championship quarter-final against Down, but was held scoreless and went off injured following fifteen minutes of play, as his team lost the game. The "hamstring came off the bone" was how the injury he sustained during the game was later described. Langan featured in none of Donegal's three games against, respectively, Clare, Derry and Monaghan, in Group 4 of the 2023 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. In the 2023 All-Ireland SFC preliminary quarter-final loss to Tyrone, Langan was also absent. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Michael Langan is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for St Michael's and the Donegal county team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He won his first inter-county title while playing for the Donegal under-16 team in the 2013 Buncrana Cup. Langan was then part of the under-17 county team that won a Jim McGuigan Cup.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He played for Donegal in the Ulster Minor Football Championship, but his team did not win that competition. However, Langan played on a Donegal team that won the 2017 Ulster Under-21 Football Championship, and was awarded EirGrid GAA U21 Player of the Province for Ulster. Among the teams defeated in that competition was Tyrone, following a replay.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "First featuring for his county at senior level under the management of Rory Gallagher, Langan made his senior debut for Donegal in the 2017 season. He made his league debut against Kerry in the opening fixture of the 2017 National Football League, where he was named to start at number 11 in the spine of the team. He did not score. He did not play in the following two fixtures, against Roscommon and Dublin respectively. He was restricted to substitute appearances in the final four games, against Cavan, Tyrone, Monaghan and Mayo respectively.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Later that year, Langan made his championship debut, as a substitute, against Antrim in the 2017 Ulster Senior Football Championship quarter-final. He also made a substitute appearance against Tyrone in the Ulster SFC semi-final, scoring 0–1; however, Donegal lost. In the 2017 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Round 4A qualifier loss to Galway, Langan scored 0–1 during another substitute appearance.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Under the management of Declan Bonner, Langan continued to feature for his county. His first senior goal for Donegal came against Queen's in the 2018 Dr McKenna Cup. He scored 1–6 in total during that game. However, he did not play in the opening fixture of the 2018 National Football League, against Kerry. He also did not play in the second, third and fourth fixtures, against Galway, Dublin and Kildare respectively. He made a substitute appearance in the next fixture, against Tyrone, before starting the game against Monaghan. He did not play in the concluding fixture, against Mayo.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Langan started the 2018 Ulster Senior Football Championship preliminary round fixture against Cavan. He scored 0–3 on this debut, earning praise from Dermot Crowe in the Sunday Independent. Langan also started against Derry in the Ulster SFC quarter-final, against Down in the semi-final and against Fermanagh in the final, scoring one point against Fermanagh. In Group 2 of the 2018 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship quarter-final, he started the first game against Dublin (scoring 0–2), the second game against Roscommon (scoring 0–1) and the third game against Tyrone (scoring 0–1).",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Langan spent the 2019 season out on the wing. He started the opening fixture of the 2019 National Football League, against Clare, and scored 0–4 (all from frees, including the game's first score). He also started against Meath, a game in which he scored 0–1 before being substituted at half-time. He did not play in the fixture against Tipperary. He started the next fixture, against Fermanagh, and scored 0–4 (all of which were frees). He also started the next fixture, against Armagh, and scored 0–5 (all of which were frees as well). However, he did not play in the last two fixtures, against Cork and Kildare respectively. According to manager Declan Bonner, Langan was \"carrying a knock\". He made a substitute appearance in the 2019 National Football League Division 2 final against Meath.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Langan started the 2019 Ulster Senior Football Championship quarter-final against Fermanagh, the semi-final against Tyrone and the final against Cavan, and scored 0–1 in each of the three games. In Group 1 of the 2019 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship quarter-final, Langan started all three games; he scored, respectively, 0–1 against Meath, 0–2 against Kerry, but was held scoreless in the last game, against Mayo.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "By the 2020 National Football League, Langan had accumulated more than 40 appearances for his county. He was given a midfield role during this competition, in part due to injuries of other players. Langan started the opening fixture of the league that year, against Mayo, and scored 0–1. He started the second fixture, against Meath, and scored 1–1. Though he started the third fixture against Galway, Langan was held scoreless. He started the next game against Dublin, and scored 0–1. Against Monaghan in the next fixture, Langan started and scored five points in a ten-point victory for Donegal. Then the COVID-19 pandemic brought play to a halt. Play resumed behind closed doors on 18 October with a home game against Tyrone; Langan did not play in that game. He started the concluding league fixture of the campaign, against Kerry, but was held scoreless.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Langan then started the 2020 Ulster Senior Football Championship victory against Tyrone, scoring 1–2. He was named man of the match by the BBC, though RTÉ chose Ciarán Thompson. Langan was then selected as GAA.ie Player of the Week. He also started the 2020 Ulster SFC semi-final victory against Armagh, scoring 0–3. He then started the final, and scored Donegal's ninth point in the twentieth minute, in what proved to be the concluding game for his team that season.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Langan started each of Donegal's four fixtures of the 2021 National Football League, against Tyrone, Monaghan, Armagh and Dublin, scoring 0–1 against Tyrone, 1–1 against both Monaghan and Armagh, and 0–2 against Dublin. In the 2021 Ulster Senior Football Championship, he started each of Donegal's three fixtures, scoring 0–4 (including one free and one '45) against Down in the opening round, 0–3 against Derry in the quarter-final and 0–2 (including one free) against Tyrone in the semi-final. At the end of the season, he was nominated for an All Star, and was the only Donegal player to receive a nomination.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Langan started Donegal's opening fixture of the 2022 National Football League, against Mayo, and scored 0–4. He scored another 0–4 (including one free) in the second fixture, against Kildare. He did not play in the third game, away to Kerry, and he he did not play in the fourth game either, at home to Tyrone. He was injured at the time. He also did not play in the fourth game (at home to Monaghan), nor did he play in the sixth game (away to Dublin), but he was introduced as a second-half substitute in the concluding league game against Armagh at O'Donnell Park.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In the 2022 Ulster Senior Football Championship, Langan started the quarter-final against Armagh, scoring 0–3. He also started the semi-final against Cavan and the final against Derry, but was held scoreless in both games. He started the 2022 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship qualifier loss to Armagh, but was again held scoreless.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Under the management of Bonner's successor Paddy Carr, Langan did not feature in the opening two fixtures of the 2023 National Football League, against Kerry and Tyrone respectively. He made his first start of the season in the third league fixture against Monaghan. He scored 0–4, and then followed it with a starting berth in the fourth fixture against Galway, in which he scored 0–1. He started the fifth fixture against Armagh, but was held scoreless. Then he started the last two fixtures of the league campaign, against Mayo (scoring 0–3, including two frees) and against Roscommon (scoring 0–1, from a free). Langan started the 2023 Ulster Senior Football Championship quarter-final against Down, but was held scoreless and went off injured following fifteen minutes of play, as his team lost the game. The \"hamstring came off the bone\" was how the injury he sustained during the game was later described. Langan featured in none of Donegal's three games against, respectively, Clare, Derry and Monaghan, in Group 4 of the 2023 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship. In the 2023 All-Ireland SFC preliminary quarter-final loss to Tyrone, Langan was also absent.",
"title": "Playing career"
}
] | Michael Langan is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for St Michael's and the Donegal county team. | 2023-12-05T22:30:42Z | 2023-12-16T22:16:24Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Langan_(Gaelic_footballer) |
75,493,454 | Sean Huang (musician) | Sean Huang (Chinese: 黃昺翔; pinyin: Huáng Bǐngxiáng; born 1989) is a Taiwanese musician. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in applied music from Tainan National University of the Arts. His first album 《黑》 came out in 2012. He was previously the main singer of the band Chang and Lee. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sean Huang (Chinese: 黃昺翔; pinyin: Huáng Bǐngxiáng; born 1989) is a Taiwanese musician. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in applied music from Tainan National University of the Arts. His first album 《黑》 came out in 2012. He was previously the main singer of the band Chang and Lee.",
"title": ""
}
] | Sean Huang is a Taiwanese musician. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in applied music from Tainan National University of the Arts. His first album 《黑》 came out in 2012. He was previously the main singer of the band Chang and Lee. | 2023-12-05T22:33:25Z | 2023-12-10T03:47:48Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Huang_(musician) |
75,493,464 | Carlins Platel | Carlins Platel (born August 15, 1999) is an American football cornerback for the Philadelphia Stars of the USFL. He played college football at Assumption and South Carolina. He signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2022.
After being unranked by every major recruiting site, Platel committed to play football at nearby Assumption College to play college football. He would be named to the NE10 All-Rookie Team as a freshman in 2017. He appeared in 10 games for the Greyhounds in 2018 and 2019, making First Team All-NE10 as a junior. After Assumption not being able to have a season in 2020 because of Covid-19, Platel transferred to South Carolina as a graduate transfer in 2021. He made seven starts for the Gamecocks at the nickel position in 2021, making 21 tackles to go along with two forced fumbles, both against Kentucky. Platel entered into the 2022 NFL Draft after his lone season with South Carolina.
After going undrafted in the 2022 NFL Draft, Platel signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent. He entered the 2022 season as the teams third nickel corner behind Arthur Maulet and Tre Norwood. In the teams preseason finale against the Detroit Lions, Platel suffered a knee injury which resulted in him being carted off the field. The Steelers him on IR on August 31, ending his season. Pittsburgh released Platel on March 10, 2023, along with William Jackson III.
Platel signed with the Philadelphia Stars of the USFL on June 13, 2023. He was placed on the inactive roster on the same day. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Carlins Platel (born August 15, 1999) is an American football cornerback for the Philadelphia Stars of the USFL. He played college football at Assumption and South Carolina. He signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2022.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "After being unranked by every major recruiting site, Platel committed to play football at nearby Assumption College to play college football. He would be named to the NE10 All-Rookie Team as a freshman in 2017. He appeared in 10 games for the Greyhounds in 2018 and 2019, making First Team All-NE10 as a junior. After Assumption not being able to have a season in 2020 because of Covid-19, Platel transferred to South Carolina as a graduate transfer in 2021. He made seven starts for the Gamecocks at the nickel position in 2021, making 21 tackles to go along with two forced fumbles, both against Kentucky. Platel entered into the 2022 NFL Draft after his lone season with South Carolina.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After going undrafted in the 2022 NFL Draft, Platel signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent. He entered the 2022 season as the teams third nickel corner behind Arthur Maulet and Tre Norwood. In the teams preseason finale against the Detroit Lions, Platel suffered a knee injury which resulted in him being carted off the field. The Steelers him on IR on August 31, ending his season. Pittsburgh released Platel on March 10, 2023, along with William Jackson III.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Platel signed with the Philadelphia Stars of the USFL on June 13, 2023. He was placed on the inactive roster on the same day.",
"title": "Professional career"
}
] | Carlins Platel is an American football cornerback for the Philadelphia Stars of the USFL. He played college football at Assumption and South Carolina. He signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2022. | 2023-12-05T22:34:25Z | 2023-12-14T12:06:29Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlins_Platel |
75,493,469 | Wiesław Dybczak | Wiesław Dybczak was a Polish professional football player
He was best known for his time at Cracovia, playing in 58 top flight matches in the 1982–1983 and 1983–1984 seasons. He also played for them in the second and third divisions where he amassed many more caps for them.
He spent his entire career in his hometown city, having played for Hutnik, Garbarnia, and the club he supported and watched, Clepardia Kraków.
Left-footed he was considered a great talent and struck a strong defensive partnership with fellow sweeper Andrzej Turecki at Cracovia.
Despite his fame, after retiring from playing he struggled with alcoholism and had difficulty finding regular work.
He died aged 66 in on 30 November 2023 after a long illness and his funeral was held on 8 December 2023 at Rakowiczan cemetery in Kraków. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Wiesław Dybczak was a Polish professional football player",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was best known for his time at Cracovia, playing in 58 top flight matches in the 1982–1983 and 1983–1984 seasons. He also played for them in the second and third divisions where he amassed many more caps for them.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He spent his entire career in his hometown city, having played for Hutnik, Garbarnia, and the club he supported and watched, Clepardia Kraków.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Left-footed he was considered a great talent and struck a strong defensive partnership with fellow sweeper Andrzej Turecki at Cracovia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Despite his fame, after retiring from playing he struggled with alcoholism and had difficulty finding regular work.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He died aged 66 in on 30 November 2023 after a long illness and his funeral was held on 8 December 2023 at Rakowiczan cemetery in Kraków.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Wiesław Dybczak was a Polish professional football player He was best known for his time at Cracovia, playing in 58 top flight matches in the 1982–1983 and 1983–1984 seasons. He also played for them in the second and third divisions where he amassed many more caps for them. He spent his entire career in his hometown city, having played for Hutnik, Garbarnia, and the club he supported and watched, Clepardia Kraków. Left-footed he was considered a great talent and struck a strong defensive partnership with fellow sweeper Andrzej Turecki at Cracovia. Despite his fame, after retiring from playing he struggled with alcoholism and had difficulty finding regular work. He died aged 66 in on 30 November 2023 after a long illness and his funeral was held on 8 December 2023 at Rakowiczan cemetery in Kraków. | 2023-12-05T22:35:01Z | 2023-12-08T20:41:20Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wies%C5%82aw_Dybczak |
75,493,482 | Monogenic obesity | Monogenetic obesity is excess weight caused by a mutation in a single gene, as opposed to syndromic obesity not tied to a single gene variation and most obesity, which is caused by multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Monogenetic obesity mostly affects the hypothalamus and leptin–melanocortin system (see hypothalamic obesity). However, it accounts for less than 5 percent of severe obesity cases. Known mutations leading to monogenetic obesity include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Monogenetic obesity is excess weight caused by a mutation in a single gene, as opposed to syndromic obesity not tied to a single gene variation and most obesity, which is caused by multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Monogenetic obesity mostly affects the hypothalamus and leptin–melanocortin system (see hypothalamic obesity). However, it accounts for less than 5 percent of severe obesity cases. Known mutations leading to monogenetic obesity include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Monogenetic obesity is excess weight caused by a mutation in a single gene, as opposed to syndromic obesity not tied to a single gene variation and most obesity, which is caused by multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Monogenetic obesity mostly affects the hypothalamus and leptin–melanocortin system. However, it accounts for less than 5 percent of severe obesity cases. Known mutations leading to monogenetic obesity include: Leptin deficiency
Leptin receptor deficiency
Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R)
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC
Prohormone convertase 1/3 SIM1 BDNF NTRK2 | 2023-12-05T22:39:47Z | 2023-12-06T00:27:12Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenic_obesity |
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