gowitheflow/parallel-talks-deduplicated · Datasets at Hugging Face

english stringlengths 2 3.06k	non_english stringlengths 1 2.84k	language stringclasses 52 values
Love could be taking the time to inquire, to dig up information, reach out for connections.	Amor pode ter a ver com reservar um tempo para investigar, buscar informação, buscar conexões.	en-pt-br
It could even be a quiet walk in the fynbos to see if a certain plant speaks up to you.	फेनबॉस जंगलात शांतपणे फेरफटका करणे. एखादे झाड आपल्याशी बोलते का, ते पाहणे.	en-mr
That happens.	Böyle şeyler olur.	en-tr
They speak to me all the time.	Benimle her zaman konuşurlar.	en-tr
And most of all, love is to trust that these little exploratory steps have the potential to lead us to something larger, sometimes to really surprising answers.	E sobretudo o amor é confiar que esses passinhos exploratórios têm o potencial de nos levar a algo maior, algumas vezes a respostas realmente surpreendentes.	en-pt
An indigenous medicine woman once told me that love is to walk on Mother Earth as her most beloved child, to trust that she values an honest intention and knows how to guide our steps.	一位女性土著医师曾告诉过我，爱就是身为大地母亲最怜爱的孩子在她的胸怀中行走，相信她珍视每份诚实的用意，并知道该如何指引我们。	en-zh-cn
I hope I have inspired you to start reconnecting with the food of your ancestors.	希望我能启发各位开始和你们祖先的食物重新构筑联系。	en-zh-cn
Language is endlessly variable.	語言的多變性無窮無盡。	en-zh-tw
Each of us can come up with an infinite number of sentences in our native language, and we’re able to do so from an early age— almost as soon as we start to communicate in sentences.	هر کدام از ما می‌توانیم در زبان مادری خودمان بی‌نهایت جمله بسازیم، و می توانیم از سنین پایین این کار را انجام دهیم - تقریباً به محض شروع برقراری ارتباط از طریق جملات.	en-fa
In the early 1950s, Noam Chomsky proposed a theory based on the observation that the key to this versatility seems to be grammar: the familiar grammatical structure of an unfamiliar sentence points us toward its meaning.	1950'lerin başında Noam Chomsky, bu değişkenliğin anahtarının dil bilgisi gibi göründüğü gözlemlerine dayanan bir teoriyi ileri sürdü. Alışılmadık bir cümlenin bilindik dil bilgisi yapısı bizi anlamına yönlendirir.	en-tr
He suggested that there are grammatical rules that apply to all languages, and that the rules are innate— the human brain is hardwired to process language according to these rules.	သူ ညွှန်းခဲ့တာက ဘာသာစကား အားလုံးနဲ့ သက်ဆိုင်တဲ့ သဒ္ဒါ စည်းမျဉ်းတွေရှိပြီး ဒီစည်းမျဉ်းတွေဟာ မွေးရာပါဖြစ်တယ်၊ ဒီစည်းမျဉ်းတွေအရ ဘာသာစကား အစီအစဉ်ကျစေဖို့ လူ့ဦးနှောက်ကို ဗီဇအရ ဆက်သွယ်နေတယ်ဆိုတာပါ။	en-my
He labelled this faculty universal grammar, and it launched lines of inquiry that shaped both the field of linguistics and the emerging field of cognitive science for decades to come.	El a denumit această capacitate „gramatica universală”, și a lansat o serie de întrebări care au schimbat atât lingvistica, cât și domeniul științelor cognitive ani mulți după aceea.	en-ro
Chomsky and other researchers set out to investigate the two main components of universal grammar: first, whether there are, in fact, grammar rules that are universal to all languages, and, second, whether these rules are hardwired in the brain.	Chomsky ve diğer araştırmacılar evrensel dilbilgisinin iki ana unsurunu araştırmak için harekete geçtiler. Birincisi, aslında dil bilgisi kurallarının tüm diller için evresel olup olmadığı, ikincisi, bu kuralların beyinde birbirine bağlı olup olmadığıdır.	en-tr
In attempts to establish the universal rules of grammar, Chomsky developed an analytical tool known as generative syntax, which represents the order of words in a sentence in hierarchical syntax trees that show what structures are possible.	În încercarea de a stabili regulile gramaticale universale, Chomsky a dezvoltat un instrument analitic cunoscut drept „sintaxa generativă”, care reprezintă ordinea cuvintelor din propoziție într-un arbore sintactic care arată ce structuri sunt posibile.	en-ro
Based on this tree, we could suggest a grammar rule that adverbs must occur in verb phrases.	ဒီဇယားကို အခြေခံပြီး ကြိယာဝိသေသနတွေဟာ ကြိယာ စကားစုတွေထဲမှာ ဖြစ်ရမယ်ဆိုတဲ့ သဒ္ဒါစည်းမျဉ်းတစ်ခုကို ညွှန်းပေးနိုင်တယ်။	en-my
But with more data, it quickly becomes clear that adverbs can appear outside of verb phrases.	اما با داده‌های بیشتر، به سرعت مشخص می شود که قیدها می‌توانند خارج از عبارات فعلی هم بیایند.	en-fa
This simplified example illustrates a major problem: it takes a lot of data from each individual language to establish the rules for that language, before we can even begin to determine which rules all languages might have in common.	Acest exemplu simplificat ilustrează o problemă majoră: este nevoie de foarte multe date din fiecare limbă pentru a stabili regulile acelei limbi, înainte de a începe să determinăm care sunt regulile comune ale tuturor limbilor.	en-ro
When Chomsky proposed universal grammar, many languages lacked the volume of recorded samples necessary to analyze them using generative syntax.	နေရာအနှံ့ လက်ခံတဲ့ သဒ္ဒါကို Chomsky အဆိုပြုတဲ့အခါ ဘာသာစကားများစွာမှာ ထုတ်လုပ် နိုင်စွမ်းရှိတဲ့ ဝါကျဖွဲ့ထုံး သုံးရင်း စိတ်ဖြာဖို့လိုတဲ့ မှတ်တမ်းတင်ထားတဲ့ နမူနာ စာအုပ်တွဲ ကင်းမဲ့နေတယ်။	en-my
Even with lots of data, mapping the structure of a language is incredibly complex.	Birçok veriyle bile, bir dilin yapısını haritalandırmak son derece karışıktır.	en-tr
After 50 years of analysis, we still haven’t completely figured out English.	După 50 de ani de analize, încă nu am înțeles complet limba engleză.	en-ro
As more linguist data was gathered and analyzed, it became clear that languages around the world differ widely, challenging the theory that there were universal grammar rules.	Daha çok dil bilimci veri toplayıp analiz ettikçe dünyadaki dillerin oldukça farklı ve evrensel dilbilgisi kurallarının olduğu teorisine meydan okuduğu anlaşıldı.	en-tr
In the 1980s, Chomsky revised his theory in an attempt to accommodate this variation.	၁၉၈၀ နှစ်လွန်တွေမှာ ဒီမူကွဲကို ထည့်သွင်း စဉ်းစားဖို့ ကြိုးပမ်းမှုတစ်ခုမှာ Chomsky က သူ့အယူအဆကိုပြန်သုံးသပ်တယ်။	en-my
According to his new hypothesis of principles and parameters, all languages shared certain grammatical principles, but could vary in their parameters, or the application of these principles.	သူ့ရဲ့ ဥပဒေသတွေနဲ့ ကန့်သတ်ဘောင်တွေရဲ့ အဆိုကြမ်း အသစ်အရ ဘာသာစကားတွေ အားလုံးဟာ သဒ္ဒါဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေသအချို့ တူညီကြပေမဲ့ ကန့်သတ်ဘောင်တွေ (သို့) ဒီဥပဒေသတွေရဲ့ အသုံးချမှုမှာ ကွဲပြားနိုင်တယ်ဆိုတာပါ။	en-my
For example, a principle is “every sentence must have a subject," but the parameter of whether the subject must be explicitly stated could vary between languages.	به عنوان مثال ، یک اصل این است «هر جمله باید فاعلی داشته باشد،» اما پارامتر اینکه آیا فاعل باید صریحاً بیان شود می‌توانست بین زبان‌ها متفاوت باشد.	en-fa
The hypothesis of principles and parameters still didn’t answer the question of which grammatical principles are universal.	ဥပဒေသတွေနဲ့ ကန့်သတ်ဘောင်တွေရဲ့ အဆိုကြမ်းက ဘယ်သဒ္ဒါဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေသတွေဟာ နေရာအနှံ့ လက်ခံလဲဆိုတဲ့မေးခွန်ကို ဖြေမထားသေးပါဘူး။	en-my
In the early 2000s, Chomsky suggested that there’s just one shared principle, called recursion, which means structures can be nested inside each other.	在 2000 年代初期，杭士基指出只有一條通用原則，叫做遞迴，意思就是結構可以套疊在另一個結構中。	en-zh-tw
Take this sentence, which embeds a sentence within a sentence within a sentence.	این جمله را در نظر بگیرید، که جمله ای را در جمله‌ای که درون جمله‌ای دیگر است قرار میدهد.	en-fa
Or this sentence, which embeds a noun phrase in a noun phrase in a noun phrase.	یا این جمله، که عبارتی اسمی را در عبارت اسمی دیگر قرار می‌‌دهد درون عبارت اسمی دیگری.	en-fa
Recursion was a good candidate for a universal grammar rule because it can take many forms.	بازگشت کاندید خوبی برای یک قائده‌ی دستور جهانی بود چون که شکل‌های مختلفی می‌گیرد.	en-fa
However, in 2005 linguists published findings on an Amazonian language called Piraha, which doesn’t appear to have any recursive structures.	然而語言學家在 2005 年發表他們的發現：一種亞馬遜語言，叫做皮拉罕語，似乎沒有任何遞迴結構。	en-zh-tw
So what about the other part of Chomsky’s theory, that our language faculty is innate?	ဒီတော့ Chomsky အယူအဆရဲ့ အခြားအပိုင်းဖြစ်တဲ့ ကျွန်ုပ်တို့ရဲ့ဘာသာစကား စွမ်းရည်ဟာ မွေးရာပါဆိုတာကျတော့ရော။	en-my
When he first proposed universal grammar, the idea that there was a genetically determined aspect of language acquisition had a profound, revolutionary impact.	Când a propus pentru prima oară gramatica universală, ideea că ar exista un aspect genetic predeterminat al învățării limbii a avut un impact profund și revoluționar.	en-ro
It challenged the dominant paradigm, called behaviorism.	၎င်းက အပြူအမူဝါဒီလို့ခေါ်တဲ့ ကြီးစိုးနေတဲ့ စံကို ခေါ်ခဲ့တယ်။	en-my
Behaviorists argued that all animal and human behaviors, including language, were acquired from the outside by the mind, which starts out as a blank slate.	အပြုအမူဝါဒီတွေက ဘာသာစကား အပါအဝင် တိရစ္ဆာန် နဲ့ လူသား အပြုအမူအားလုံးဟာ အပြင်ဘက် သင်ပုန်းလွတ် တစ်ချပ်အဖြစ် စတင်ခဲ့တဲ့ စိတ်ကနေ ဆည်းပူးတယ်ဆိုပြီး ငြင်းခုံကြတယ်။	en-my
Today, scientists agree that behaviorism was wrong, and there is underlying, genetically encoded biological machinery for language learning.	現今，科學家同意行為主義者是錯的，語言學習背後的確有基因編碼的生物結構。	en-zh-tw
Many think the same biology responsible for language is also responsible for other aspects of cognition.	Mulți cred că aceeași biologie responsabilă pentru limbă este, de asemenea, responsabilă pentru alte aspecte cognitive.	en-ro
So they disagree with Chomsky’s idea that there is a specific, isolated, innate language faculty in the brain.	Așadar, ei resping ideea lui Chomsky că ar exista o facultate mintală separată doar pentru limbă în creierul uman.	en-ro
The theory of universal grammar prompted the documentation and study of many languages that hadn’t been studied before.	နေရာအနှံ့ လက်ခံတဲ့ သဒ္ဒါရဲ့ အယူအဆဟာ အရင်က မလေ့လာခဲ့ဖူးတဲ့ ဘာသာစကားတေွကို မှတ်တမ်းတင်မှုနဲ့ လေ့လာမှုကို လှုံ့ဆော်ပေးခဲ့တယ်။	en-my
It also caused an old idea to be reevaluated and eventually overthrown to make room for our growing understanding of the human brain.	Aynı zamanda, eski bir fikrin yeniden değerlendirilmesine ve en sonunda insan beyninin giderek artan kavrayışımıza yer açmayı bozmasına neden oldu.	en-tr
At the temple of the fisherman, Quexo, the village shaman, looks out over the ocean and frowns.	No templo do pescador, Quexo, o xamã da vila, olha com desconfiança para o oceano.	en-pt-br
It’s a still morning– unusually still, and the lack of wind is the latest in a series of troubling signs.	یک صبح آرام است - غیرعادی آرام است، نبود باد آخرین علامت در یک سری علائم نگران‌کننده است.	en-fa
The year is 1400 BCE.	這一年是西元前 1400 年。	en-zh-tw
Quexo’s village sits in the dusty, treeless desert between the towering Andes and Pacific Ocean.	A aldeia de Quexo situa-se no deserto poeirento, sem árvores, entre os imponentes Andes e o Oceano Pacífico.	en-pt
The villagers live off the sea, harvesting reeds, drying them in the sun, and using them to build fishing boats.	Его жители получают всё необходимое для жизни из моря. Они собирают тростник, сушат его на солнце и делают рыбацкие лодки.	en-ru
Every day in the summer, the men set out on these boats to hunt shark and other fish while the women harvest shellfish and sea urchins.	هر روز در تابستان، مردها برای شکار کوسه و ماهی‌های دیگر روی این قایق‌ها کار می‌کنند در حالی که زن‌ها صدف و توتیای دریایی جمع می‌کنند.	en-fa
In winter, storms bring powerful waves, which cross the vast ocean unobstructed to detonate on these shores.	Kışın fırtınalar, bu kıyılarda patlamak için engelsiz büyük okyanusu geçen güçlü dalgalar getirir.	en-tr
Most years, Quexo’s village catches more than enough fish.	幾乎每一年，凱克索的村落都能捕捉到足量的魚類。	en-zh-tw
But this year, the winds have died and the fish have dwindled.	Ancak bu yıl rüzgarlar ölü ve balıklar azaldı.	en-tr
Quexo has seen this pattern before: the fish disappear, then the violent rains arrive, causing flash floods that dissolve mud bricks and wash away settlements.	Quexo a déjà vu ce scénario : les poissons disparaissent, puis les pluies violentes arrivent, provoquant des crues subites qui dissolvent les briques de terre et emportent les habitations.	en-fr
He needs to stop the bad weather before the storms come— his only hope is a special ritual he’s been planning.	他需要在暴风雨来临前尽快阻止这天灾的到来—— 他正在准备的特殊仪式是他唯一的希望。	en-zh-cn
Quexo spends much less time in the ocean than the other villagers.	Кехо проводит у океана меньше времени, чем остальные жители поселения.	en-ru
He became a shaman after seeing a sign in the sea one morning— like his father and grandfather before him.	او بعد از اینکه یک روز صبح نشانه‌ای در دریا دید یک کشیش شد - مانند پدر و پدربزرگش پیش از او.	en-fa
This morning, he walks to the nearby sacred mountain as the sun rises.	Ovoga jutra hoda do obližnjih svetih planina čim sunce iziđe.	en-hr
There, he gathers ceremonial cactus and herbs like “horse tail,” “stonebreaker," and valerian, along with the mineral hematite.	در آن جا، کاکتوس و گیاهان تشریفاتی مانند «دم‌اسب»، «سنگ‌شکن» و سنبل کوهی به همراه هماتیت معدنی جمع می‌کند.	en-fa
Back in the village, everyone is preparing to leave for a religious festival at a large temple inland.	De volta à aldeia, estão todos a preparar-se para partir para um festival religioso num grande templo no interior.	en-pt
The festival marks the beginning of what is usually the season of abundance, but with the signs pointing to storms, Quexo isn’t feeling too celebratory.	這個節慶通常代表豐收季的開始，但因為那些暴風雨將至的徵兆，凱克索不是很有心情慶祝。	en-zh-tw
Whole families travel to the festival, where they camp for a few days.	На празднество отправляются все семьи и разбивают там лагерь на несколько дней.	en-ru
They’ve packed seaweed, carved bones, gourd bowls, reed mats, and other goods to trade in the market around the temple.	Они берут с собой водоросли, резные поделки из кости, сосуды из тыкв, тростниковые циновки и другие изделия для обмена на рыночной площади у храма.	en-ru
Quexo inspects the goods to make sure everything is of the finest quality.	Кехо осматривает товар, проверяя его на качество.	en-ru
He brings the herbs he gathered to trade for cinnabar, a mineral that comes from the highlands in the Andes.	वह जड़ी बूटियों को इकट्ठा करता है जिसे वह सिनेबार के लिए व्यापार करना, एक खनिज जो आता है एंडीज में हाइलैंड्स से।	en-hi
He needs cinnabar for his ritual to ward off the storms.	Potreban mu je cinabarit za njegov ritual kako bi otjerao oluje.	en-hr
Around lunchtime, the sprawling temple rises out of the desert ahead.	Perto do almoço, o grande templo se destaca no deserto à frente.	en-pt-br
People have come from all along the coast and the foothills.	Les gens sont venus des quatre coins de la côte et des contreforts.	en-fr
The women handle trade transactions— they’re looking for cotton and ceramics.	女人们正在交易—— 她们在留心寻找棉花和陶瓷。	en-zh-cn
Men aren’t usually allowed to do the trading, but shamans are an exception.	男性一般不允许参与买卖，但是萨满祭司是例外。	en-zh-cn
Though Quexo is a man, during rituals he becomes half man, half woman, and this ambiguity makes his role more flexible outside ceremonies too.	雖然凱克索是男性，在儀式時他會變成半男半女，這種模糊性讓他的角色在儀式外也較有彈性。	en-zh-tw
Quexo can’t find any cinnabar in the market, so he heads to the main temple, dodging children playing in the plaza.	Quexo ne trouve aucun cinabre sur le marché, alors il va vers le temple principal, évitant les enfants qui jouent sur la place.	en-fr
He puts on his ceremonial garb: red face paint, earrings, and a necklace of shark’s teeth and vertebrae.	Он разрисовывает лицо красной краской и надевает ритуальные украшения: серьги и ожерелье из позвонков и зубов акулы.	en-ru
Inside, the ceremonies are already underway, and the shamans have drunk the sacred cactus drink.	अंदर, समारोह पहले से ही चल रहे हैं, और शेमस ने शराब पी रखी है पवित्र कैक्टस पेय।	en-hi
Many of them are Quexo’s friends from festivals over the years, but he doesn’t see the mountain shamans who would have cinnabar.	Beaucoup d'entre eux sont des amis de Quexo des précédents festivals, mais il ne voit pas les chamans de la montagne qui auraient du cinabre.	en-fr
He begins to panic.	Его начинает охватывать паника.	en-ru
If the highland shamans don’t show up, his only option will be to make the long walk into the mountains.	如果高山萨满祭司没有出现，长途跋涉到山上拜访则是他唯一的选择。	en-zh-cn
It’s a dangerous journey that takes five days, precious time he doesn’t have to waste.	É uma jornada perigosa que demora cinco dias, um tempo precioso que ele não pode desperdiçar.	en-pt
But perhaps he has no choice.	可是，他或许别无选择。	en-zh-cn
He refuses the sacred cactus and sets off toward the mountains.	او از خوردن کاکتوس مقدس خودداری کرده و به سمت کوه‌ها می‌رود.	en-fa
As he leaves the settlement behind, he sees a group approaching.	Yerleşimi geride bırakırken yaklaşan bir grup görüyor.	en-tr
He recognizes them as highlanders by their llamas.	वह उन्हें हाइलैंडर्स के रूप में पहचानता है उनके लामाओं द्वारा।	en-hi
He dashes toward their shaman.	Şamanlarına doğru atılıyor.	en-tr
Barely pausing to say hello, he offers him hematite, dried seaweed, and empty shells to grind up for lime and chew with coca leaves.	Jedva stigavši se pozdraviti, nudi mu hematit, osušenu morsku travu i prazne školjke za usitniti limetu i žvakati je s lišćem koke.	en-hr
In return, the other shaman gives him the precious cinnabar.	Buna karşılık, diğer şaman ona değerli zincifreden veriyor.	en-tr
With the key to his ritual in hand, Quexo heads home to the temple of the fisherman in hopes of turning the tide.	S ključnim sastojkom svoga rituala u rukama, Queco odlazi kući u ribarev hram, u nadi da će preokrenuti izglede.	en-hr
In 2008, I got an unusual phone call from a guy named Joe Graedon.	Em 2008, recebi um telefonema incomum de um cara chamado Joe Graedon.	en-pt-br
Joe said he was getting flooded with complaints from patients who had recently been switched to generic drugs.	Joe me dit alors qu'il reçoit une vague déferlante de plaintes de patients qui viennent de passer à des médicaments génériques.	en-fr
Joe was a trained pharmacologist and cohost of a radio show on NPR.	Joe est pharmacien et il co-anime une émission radio sur la NPR.	en-fr
Patient after patient said their generics were causing unwelcome side effects or even relapses.	一位又一位病人抱怨说，仿制药带来了许多不良副作用，甚至导致病情复发。	en-zh-cn
Joe believed the patients' claims.	乔相信了病人的说法。	en-zh-cn
But when he reported these complaints to the FDA, officials there argued, "It was probably psychosomatic.	Mas quando relatou essas queixas à FDA, os funcionários de lá argumentaram: "Provavelmente era psicossomático.	en-pt-br
Patients are upset by pills that look different from their old ones."	بیماران از قرص‌هایی که شکل متفاوتی نسبت به گذشته داشتند رضایت ندارند.»	en-fa
Joe didn't buy it.	Joe não cai nessa.	en-pt-br
He wanted someone with investigative firepower to dig into this, and since I was an investigative journalist, he called me.	Il souhaitait qu'une personne bien armée pour investiguer creuse ce sujet. Or, j'étais journaliste d'investigation, il m'a donc appelé.	en-fr
And then he posed a question that I couldn't get out of my head: "Katherine, what is wrong with the drugs?"	然后他提出了一个问题，一个在我脑海里挥之不去的问题： “凯瑟琳，这些药出了什么问题？”	en-zh-cn
I spent the next 10 years trying to track down the answer.	接下来的十年里，我试图追踪这个问题的答案。	en-zh-cn
Our health care system relies on generics.	نظام سلامت ما به داروهای ژنریک اعتماد دارد.	en-fa
My family does, too.	Minha família também.	en-pt-br
But a decade of interviews, meetings with whistleblowers, on-the-ground reporting across four continents and thousands of confidential files -- from the FDA, from generic drug companies and from the courts -- all pointed me in the same direction: a large number of generic drug manufacturers in certain overseas countries are passing off substandard drugs as legitimate generics for profit.	但经过十年的采访，与知情者的会面，跨越四大洲的实地探访，以及数千份来自—— 美国食物及药品管理局，来自仿制药公司，以及来自法庭的机密文件—— 都将我指向了同一个方向：在某些海外国家的许多仿制药生产商在把假冒伪劣的药品伪装成合法仿制药出售以攫取利润。	en-zh-cn
They are deliberately flouting FDA regulations and standards.	آن‌ها عمدا قوانین و استانداردهای سازمان غذا و دارو را نقض می‌کنند.	en-fa
Basically, they are committing fraud.	Fondamentalement, c'est de la fraude.	en-fr
In the process, they are risking the health of patients around the world.	در این فرآیند، سلامت بیماران را در سراسر جهان به خطر می‌اندازند.	en-fa
They may even be costing patient lives.	ou até colocando em risco a vida deles.	en-pt-br
One leading company in India has already shut down because of this activity.	Uma empresa líder na Índia já fechou por causa dessa atividade ilícita.	en-pt-br

Love could be taking the time to inquire, to dig up information, reach out for connections.

Amor pode ter a ver com reservar um tempo para investigar, buscar informação, buscar conexões.

en-pt-br

It could even be a quiet walk in the fynbos to see if a certain plant speaks up to you.

फेनबॉस जंगलात शांतपणे फेरफटका करणे. एखादे झाड आपल्याशी बोलते का, ते पाहणे.

en-mr

That happens.

Böyle şeyler olur.

en-tr

They speak to me all the time.

Benimle her zaman konuşurlar.

en-tr

And most of all, love is to trust that these little exploratory steps have the potential to lead us to something larger, sometimes to really surprising answers.

E sobretudo o amor é confiar que esses passinhos exploratórios têm o potencial de nos levar a algo maior, algumas vezes a respostas realmente surpreendentes.

en-pt

An indigenous medicine woman once told me that love is to walk on Mother Earth as her most beloved child, to trust that she values an honest intention and knows how to guide our steps.

一位女性土著医师曾告诉过我，爱就是身为大地母亲最怜爱的孩子在她的胸怀中行走，相信她珍视每份诚实的用意，并知道该如何指引我们。

en-zh-cn

I hope I have inspired you to start reconnecting with the food of your ancestors.

希望我能启发各位开始和你们祖先的食物重新构筑联系。

en-zh-cn

Language is endlessly variable.

語言的多變性無窮無盡。

en-zh-tw

Each of us can come up with an infinite number of sentences in our native language, and we’re able to do so from an early age— almost as soon as we start to communicate in sentences.

هر کدام از ما می‌توانیم در زبان مادری خودمان بی‌نهایت جمله بسازیم، و می توانیم از سنین پایین این کار را انجام دهیم - تقریباً به محض شروع برقراری ارتباط از طریق جملات.

en-fa

In the early 1950s, Noam Chomsky proposed a theory based on the observation that the key to this versatility seems to be grammar: the familiar grammatical structure of an unfamiliar sentence points us toward its meaning.

1950'lerin başında Noam Chomsky, bu değişkenliğin anahtarının dil bilgisi gibi göründüğü gözlemlerine dayanan bir teoriyi ileri sürdü. Alışılmadık bir cümlenin bilindik dil bilgisi yapısı bizi anlamına yönlendirir.

en-tr

He suggested that there are grammatical rules that apply to all languages, and that the rules are innate— the human brain is hardwired to process language according to these rules.

သူ ညွှန်းခဲ့တာက ဘာသာစကား အားလုံးနဲ့ သက်ဆိုင်တဲ့ သဒ္ဒါ စည်းမျဉ်းတွေရှိပြီး ဒီစည်းမျဉ်းတွေဟာ မွေးရာပါဖြစ်တယ်၊ ဒီစည်းမျဉ်းတွေအရ ဘာသာစကား အစီအစဉ်ကျစေဖို့ လူ့ဦးနှောက်ကို ဗီဇအရ ဆက်သွယ်နေတယ်ဆိုတာပါ။

en-my

He labelled this faculty universal grammar, and it launched lines of inquiry that shaped both the field of linguistics and the emerging field of cognitive science for decades to come.

El a denumit această capacitate „gramatica universală”, și a lansat o serie de întrebări care au schimbat atât lingvistica, cât și domeniul științelor cognitive ani mulți după aceea.

en-ro

Chomsky and other researchers set out to investigate the two main components of universal grammar: first, whether there are, in fact, grammar rules that are universal to all languages, and, second, whether these rules are hardwired in the brain.

Chomsky ve diğer araştırmacılar evrensel dilbilgisinin iki ana unsurunu araştırmak için harekete geçtiler. Birincisi, aslında dil bilgisi kurallarının tüm diller için evresel olup olmadığı, ikincisi, bu kuralların beyinde birbirine bağlı olup olmadığıdır.

en-tr

In attempts to establish the universal rules of grammar, Chomsky developed an analytical tool known as generative syntax, which represents the order of words in a sentence in hierarchical syntax trees that show what structures are possible.

În încercarea de a stabili regulile gramaticale universale, Chomsky a dezvoltat un instrument analitic cunoscut drept „sintaxa generativă”, care reprezintă ordinea cuvintelor din propoziție într-un arbore sintactic care arată ce structuri sunt posibile.

en-ro

Based on this tree, we could suggest a grammar rule that adverbs must occur in verb phrases.

ဒီဇယားကို အခြေခံပြီး ကြိယာဝိသေသနတွေဟာ ကြိယာ စကားစုတွေထဲမှာ ဖြစ်ရမယ်ဆိုတဲ့ သဒ္ဒါစည်းမျဉ်းတစ်ခုကို ညွှန်းပေးနိုင်တယ်။

en-my

But with more data, it quickly becomes clear that adverbs can appear outside of verb phrases.

اما با داده‌های بیشتر، به سرعت مشخص می شود که قیدها می‌توانند خارج از عبارات فعلی هم بیایند.

en-fa

This simplified example illustrates a major problem: it takes a lot of data from each individual language to establish the rules for that language, before we can even begin to determine which rules all languages might have in common.

Acest exemplu simplificat ilustrează o problemă majoră: este nevoie de foarte multe date din fiecare limbă pentru a stabili regulile acelei limbi, înainte de a începe să determinăm care sunt regulile comune ale tuturor limbilor.

en-ro

When Chomsky proposed universal grammar, many languages lacked the volume of recorded samples necessary to analyze them using generative syntax.

နေရာအနှံ့ လက်ခံတဲ့ သဒ္ဒါကို Chomsky အဆိုပြုတဲ့အခါ ဘာသာစကားများစွာမှာ ထုတ်လုပ် နိုင်စွမ်းရှိတဲ့ ဝါကျဖွဲ့ထုံး သုံးရင်း စိတ်ဖြာဖို့လိုတဲ့ မှတ်တမ်းတင်ထားတဲ့ နမူနာ စာအုပ်တွဲ ကင်းမဲ့နေတယ်။

en-my

Even with lots of data, mapping the structure of a language is incredibly complex.

Birçok veriyle bile, bir dilin yapısını haritalandırmak son derece karışıktır.

en-tr

After 50 years of analysis, we still haven’t completely figured out English.

După 50 de ani de analize, încă nu am înțeles complet limba engleză.

en-ro

As more linguist data was gathered and analyzed, it became clear that languages around the world differ widely, challenging the theory that there were universal grammar rules.

Daha çok dil bilimci veri toplayıp analiz ettikçe dünyadaki dillerin oldukça farklı ve evrensel dilbilgisi kurallarının olduğu teorisine meydan okuduğu anlaşıldı.

en-tr

In the 1980s, Chomsky revised his theory in an attempt to accommodate this variation.

၁၉၈၀ နှစ်လွန်တွေမှာ ဒီမူကွဲကို ထည့်သွင်း စဉ်းစားဖို့ ကြိုးပမ်းမှုတစ်ခုမှာ Chomsky က သူ့အယူအဆကိုပြန်သုံးသပ်တယ်။

en-my

According to his new hypothesis of principles and parameters, all languages shared certain grammatical principles, but could vary in their parameters, or the application of these principles.

သူ့ရဲ့ ဥပဒေသတွေနဲ့ ကန့်သတ်ဘောင်တွေရဲ့ အဆိုကြမ်း အသစ်အရ ဘာသာစကားတွေ အားလုံးဟာ သဒ္ဒါဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေသအချို့ တူညီကြပေမဲ့ ကန့်သတ်ဘောင်တွေ (သို့) ဒီဥပဒေသတွေရဲ့ အသုံးချမှုမှာ ကွဲပြားနိုင်တယ်ဆိုတာပါ။

en-my

For example, a principle is “every sentence must have a subject," but the parameter of whether the subject must be explicitly stated could vary between languages.

به عنوان مثال ، یک اصل این است «هر جمله باید فاعلی داشته باشد،» اما پارامتر اینکه آیا فاعل باید صریحاً بیان شود می‌توانست بین زبان‌ها متفاوت باشد.

en-fa

The hypothesis of principles and parameters still didn’t answer the question of which grammatical principles are universal.

ဥပဒေသတွေနဲ့ ကန့်သတ်ဘောင်တွေရဲ့ အဆိုကြမ်းက ဘယ်သဒ္ဒါဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေသတွေဟာ နေရာအနှံ့ လက်ခံလဲဆိုတဲ့မေးခွန်ကို ဖြေမထားသေးပါဘူး။

en-my

In the early 2000s, Chomsky suggested that there’s just one shared principle, called recursion, which means structures can be nested inside each other.

在 2000 年代初期，杭士基指出只有一條通用原則，叫做遞迴，意思就是結構可以套疊在另一個結構中。

en-zh-tw

Take this sentence, which embeds a sentence within a sentence within a sentence.

این جمله را در نظر بگیرید، که جمله ای را در جمله‌ای که درون جمله‌ای دیگر است قرار میدهد.

en-fa

Or this sentence, which embeds a noun phrase in a noun phrase in a noun phrase.

یا این جمله، که عبارتی اسمی را در عبارت اسمی دیگر قرار می‌‌دهد درون عبارت اسمی دیگری.

en-fa

Recursion was a good candidate for a universal grammar rule because it can take many forms.

بازگشت کاندید خوبی برای یک قائده‌ی دستور جهانی بود چون که شکل‌های مختلفی می‌گیرد.

en-fa

However, in 2005 linguists published findings on an Amazonian language called Piraha, which doesn’t appear to have any recursive structures.

然而語言學家在 2005 年發表他們的發現：一種亞馬遜語言，叫做皮拉罕語，似乎沒有任何遞迴結構。

en-zh-tw

So what about the other part of Chomsky’s theory, that our language faculty is innate?

ဒီတော့ Chomsky အယူအဆရဲ့ အခြားအပိုင်းဖြစ်တဲ့ ကျွန်ုပ်တို့ရဲ့ဘာသာစကား စွမ်းရည်ဟာ မွေးရာပါဆိုတာကျတော့ရော။

en-my

When he first proposed universal grammar, the idea that there was a genetically determined aspect of language acquisition had a profound, revolutionary impact.

Când a propus pentru prima oară gramatica universală, ideea că ar exista un aspect genetic predeterminat al învățării limbii a avut un impact profund și revoluționar.

en-ro

It challenged the dominant paradigm, called behaviorism.

၎င်းက အပြူအမူဝါဒီလို့ခေါ်တဲ့ ကြီးစိုးနေတဲ့ စံကို ခေါ်ခဲ့တယ်။

en-my

Behaviorists argued that all animal and human behaviors, including language, were acquired from the outside by the mind, which starts out as a blank slate.

အပြုအမူဝါဒီတွေက ဘာသာစကား အပါအဝင် တိရစ္ဆာန် နဲ့ လူသား အပြုအမူအားလုံးဟာ အပြင်ဘက် သင်ပုန်းလွတ် တစ်ချပ်အဖြစ် စတင်ခဲ့တဲ့ စိတ်ကနေ ဆည်းပူးတယ်ဆိုပြီး ငြင်းခုံကြတယ်။

en-my

Today, scientists agree that behaviorism was wrong, and there is underlying, genetically encoded biological machinery for language learning.

現今，科學家同意行為主義者是錯的，語言學習背後的確有基因編碼的生物結構。

en-zh-tw

Many think the same biology responsible for language is also responsible for other aspects of cognition.

Mulți cred că aceeași biologie responsabilă pentru limbă este, de asemenea, responsabilă pentru alte aspecte cognitive.

en-ro

So they disagree with Chomsky’s idea that there is a specific, isolated, innate language faculty in the brain.

Așadar, ei resping ideea lui Chomsky că ar exista o facultate mintală separată doar pentru limbă în creierul uman.

en-ro

The theory of universal grammar prompted the documentation and study of many languages that hadn’t been studied before.

နေရာအနှံ့ လက်ခံတဲ့ သဒ္ဒါရဲ့ အယူအဆဟာ အရင်က မလေ့လာခဲ့ဖူးတဲ့ ဘာသာစကားတေွကို မှတ်တမ်းတင်မှုနဲ့ လေ့လာမှုကို လှုံ့ဆော်ပေးခဲ့တယ်။

en-my

It also caused an old idea to be reevaluated and eventually overthrown to make room for our growing understanding of the human brain.

Aynı zamanda, eski bir fikrin yeniden değerlendirilmesine ve en sonunda insan beyninin giderek artan kavrayışımıza yer açmayı bozmasına neden oldu.

en-tr

At the temple of the fisherman, Quexo, the village shaman, looks out over the ocean and frowns.

No templo do pescador, Quexo, o xamã da vila, olha com desconfiança para o oceano.

en-pt-br

It’s a still morning– unusually still, and the lack of wind is the latest in a series of troubling signs.

یک صبح آرام است - غیرعادی آرام است، نبود باد آخرین علامت در یک سری علائم نگران‌کننده است.

en-fa

The year is 1400 BCE.

這一年是西元前 1400 年。

en-zh-tw

Quexo’s village sits in the dusty, treeless desert between the towering Andes and Pacific Ocean.

A aldeia de Quexo situa-se no deserto poeirento, sem árvores, entre os imponentes Andes e o Oceano Pacífico.

en-pt

The villagers live off the sea, harvesting reeds, drying them in the sun, and using them to build fishing boats.

Его жители получают всё необходимое для жизни из моря. Они собирают тростник, сушат его на солнце и делают рыбацкие лодки.

en-ru

Every day in the summer, the men set out on these boats to hunt shark and other fish while the women harvest shellfish and sea urchins.

هر روز در تابستان، مردها برای شکار کوسه و ماهی‌های دیگر روی این قایق‌ها کار می‌کنند در حالی که زن‌ها صدف و توتیای دریایی جمع می‌کنند.

en-fa

In winter, storms bring powerful waves, which cross the vast ocean unobstructed to detonate on these shores.

Kışın fırtınalar, bu kıyılarda patlamak için engelsiz büyük okyanusu geçen güçlü dalgalar getirir.

en-tr

Most years, Quexo’s village catches more than enough fish.

幾乎每一年，凱克索的村落都能捕捉到足量的魚類。

en-zh-tw

But this year, the winds have died and the fish have dwindled.

Ancak bu yıl rüzgarlar ölü ve balıklar azaldı.

en-tr

Quexo has seen this pattern before: the fish disappear, then the violent rains arrive, causing flash floods that dissolve mud bricks and wash away settlements.

Quexo a déjà vu ce scénario : les poissons disparaissent, puis les pluies violentes arrivent, provoquant des crues subites qui dissolvent les briques de terre et emportent les habitations.

en-fr

He needs to stop the bad weather before the storms come— his only hope is a special ritual he’s been planning.

他需要在暴风雨来临前尽快阻止这天灾的到来—— 他正在准备的特殊仪式是他唯一的希望。

en-zh-cn

Quexo spends much less time in the ocean than the other villagers.

Кехо проводит у океана меньше времени, чем остальные жители поселения.

en-ru

He became a shaman after seeing a sign in the sea one morning— like his father and grandfather before him.

او بعد از اینکه یک روز صبح نشانه‌ای در دریا دید یک کشیش شد - مانند پدر و پدربزرگش پیش از او.

en-fa

This morning, he walks to the nearby sacred mountain as the sun rises.

Ovoga jutra hoda do obližnjih svetih planina čim sunce iziđe.

en-hr

There, he gathers ceremonial cactus and herbs like “horse tail,” “stonebreaker," and valerian, along with the mineral hematite.

در آن جا، کاکتوس و گیاهان تشریفاتی مانند «دم‌اسب»، «سنگ‌شکن» و سنبل کوهی به همراه هماتیت معدنی جمع می‌کند.

en-fa

Back in the village, everyone is preparing to leave for a religious festival at a large temple inland.

De volta à aldeia, estão todos a preparar-se para partir para um festival religioso num grande templo no interior.

en-pt

The festival marks the beginning of what is usually the season of abundance, but with the signs pointing to storms, Quexo isn’t feeling too celebratory.

這個節慶通常代表豐收季的開始，但因為那些暴風雨將至的徵兆，凱克索不是很有心情慶祝。

en-zh-tw

Whole families travel to the festival, where they camp for a few days.

На празднество отправляются все семьи и разбивают там лагерь на несколько дней.

en-ru

They’ve packed seaweed, carved bones, gourd bowls, reed mats, and other goods to trade in the market around the temple.

Они берут с собой водоросли, резные поделки из кости, сосуды из тыкв, тростниковые циновки и другие изделия для обмена на рыночной площади у храма.

en-ru

Quexo inspects the goods to make sure everything is of the finest quality.

Кехо осматривает товар, проверяя его на качество.

en-ru

He brings the herbs he gathered to trade for cinnabar, a mineral that comes from the highlands in the Andes.

वह जड़ी बूटियों को इकट्ठा करता है जिसे वह सिनेबार के लिए व्यापार करना, एक खनिज जो आता है एंडीज में हाइलैंड्स से।

en-hi

He needs cinnabar for his ritual to ward off the storms.

Potreban mu je cinabarit za njegov ritual kako bi otjerao oluje.

en-hr

Around lunchtime, the sprawling temple rises out of the desert ahead.

Perto do almoço, o grande templo se destaca no deserto à frente.

en-pt-br

People have come from all along the coast and the foothills.

Les gens sont venus des quatre coins de la côte et des contreforts.

en-fr

The women handle trade transactions— they’re looking for cotton and ceramics.

女人们正在交易—— 她们在留心寻找棉花和陶瓷。

en-zh-cn

Men aren’t usually allowed to do the trading, but shamans are an exception.

男性一般不允许参与买卖，但是萨满祭司是例外。

en-zh-cn

Though Quexo is a man, during rituals he becomes half man, half woman, and this ambiguity makes his role more flexible outside ceremonies too.

雖然凱克索是男性，在儀式時他會變成半男半女，這種模糊性讓他的角色在儀式外也較有彈性。

en-zh-tw

Quexo can’t find any cinnabar in the market, so he heads to the main temple, dodging children playing in the plaza.

Quexo ne trouve aucun cinabre sur le marché, alors il va vers le temple principal, évitant les enfants qui jouent sur la place.

en-fr

He puts on his ceremonial garb: red face paint, earrings, and a necklace of shark’s teeth and vertebrae.

Он разрисовывает лицо красной краской и надевает ритуальные украшения: серьги и ожерелье из позвонков и зубов акулы.

en-ru

Inside, the ceremonies are already underway, and the shamans have drunk the sacred cactus drink.

अंदर, समारोह पहले से ही चल रहे हैं, और शेमस ने शराब पी रखी है पवित्र कैक्टस पेय।

en-hi

Many of them are Quexo’s friends from festivals over the years, but he doesn’t see the mountain shamans who would have cinnabar.

Beaucoup d'entre eux sont des amis de Quexo des précédents festivals, mais il ne voit pas les chamans de la montagne qui auraient du cinabre.

en-fr

He begins to panic.

Его начинает охватывать паника.

en-ru

If the highland shamans don’t show up, his only option will be to make the long walk into the mountains.

如果高山萨满祭司没有出现，长途跋涉到山上拜访则是他唯一的选择。

en-zh-cn

It’s a dangerous journey that takes five days, precious time he doesn’t have to waste.

É uma jornada perigosa que demora cinco dias, um tempo precioso que ele não pode desperdiçar.

en-pt

But perhaps he has no choice.

可是，他或许别无选择。

en-zh-cn

He refuses the sacred cactus and sets off toward the mountains.

او از خوردن کاکتوس مقدس خودداری کرده و به سمت کوه‌ها می‌رود.

en-fa

As he leaves the settlement behind, he sees a group approaching.

Yerleşimi geride bırakırken yaklaşan bir grup görüyor.

en-tr

He recognizes them as highlanders by their llamas.

वह उन्हें हाइलैंडर्स के रूप में पहचानता है उनके लामाओं द्वारा।

en-hi

He dashes toward their shaman.

Şamanlarına doğru atılıyor.

en-tr

Barely pausing to say hello, he offers him hematite, dried seaweed, and empty shells to grind up for lime and chew with coca leaves.

Jedva stigavši se pozdraviti, nudi mu hematit, osušenu morsku travu i prazne školjke za usitniti limetu i žvakati je s lišćem koke.

en-hr

In return, the other shaman gives him the precious cinnabar.

Buna karşılık, diğer şaman ona değerli zincifreden veriyor.

en-tr

With the key to his ritual in hand, Quexo heads home to the temple of the fisherman in hopes of turning the tide.

S ključnim sastojkom svoga rituala u rukama, Queco odlazi kući u ribarev hram, u nadi da će preokrenuti izglede.

en-hr

In 2008, I got an unusual phone call from a guy named Joe Graedon.

Em 2008, recebi um telefonema incomum de um cara chamado Joe Graedon.

en-pt-br

Joe said he was getting flooded with complaints from patients who had recently been switched to generic drugs.

Joe me dit alors qu'il reçoit une vague déferlante de plaintes de patients qui viennent de passer à des médicaments génériques.

en-fr

Joe was a trained pharmacologist and cohost of a radio show on NPR.

Joe est pharmacien et il co-anime une émission radio sur la NPR.

en-fr

Patient after patient said their generics were causing unwelcome side effects or even relapses.

一位又一位病人抱怨说，仿制药带来了许多不良副作用，甚至导致病情复发。

en-zh-cn

Joe believed the patients' claims.

乔相信了病人的说法。

en-zh-cn

But when he reported these complaints to the FDA, officials there argued, "It was probably psychosomatic.

Mas quando relatou essas queixas à FDA, os funcionários de lá argumentaram: "Provavelmente era psicossomático.

en-pt-br

Patients are upset by pills that look different from their old ones."

بیماران از قرص‌هایی که شکل متفاوتی نسبت به گذشته داشتند رضایت ندارند.»

en-fa

Joe didn't buy it.

Joe não cai nessa.

en-pt-br

He wanted someone with investigative firepower to dig into this, and since I was an investigative journalist, he called me.

Il souhaitait qu'une personne bien armée pour investiguer creuse ce sujet. Or, j'étais journaliste d'investigation, il m'a donc appelé.

en-fr

And then he posed a question that I couldn't get out of my head: "Katherine, what is wrong with the drugs?"

然后他提出了一个问题，一个在我脑海里挥之不去的问题： “凯瑟琳，这些药出了什么问题？”

en-zh-cn

I spent the next 10 years trying to track down the answer.

接下来的十年里，我试图追踪这个问题的答案。

en-zh-cn

Our health care system relies on generics.

نظام سلامت ما به داروهای ژنریک اعتماد دارد.

en-fa

My family does, too.

Minha família também.

en-pt-br

But a decade of interviews, meetings with whistleblowers, on-the-ground reporting across four continents and thousands of confidential files -- from the FDA, from generic drug companies and from the courts -- all pointed me in the same direction: a large number of generic drug manufacturers in certain overseas countries are passing off substandard drugs as legitimate generics for profit.

但经过十年的采访，与知情者的会面，跨越四大洲的实地探访，以及数千份来自—— 美国食物及药品管理局，来自仿制药公司，以及来自法庭的机密文件—— 都将我指向了同一个方向：在某些海外国家的许多仿制药生产商在把假冒伪劣的药品伪装成合法仿制药出售以攫取利润。

en-zh-cn

They are deliberately flouting FDA regulations and standards.

آن‌ها عمدا قوانین و استانداردهای سازمان غذا و دارو را نقض می‌کنند.

en-fa

Basically, they are committing fraud.

Fondamentalement, c'est de la fraude.

en-fr

In the process, they are risking the health of patients around the world.

در این فرآیند، سلامت بیماران را در سراسر جهان به خطر می‌اندازند.

en-fa

They may even be costing patient lives.

ou até colocando em risco a vida deles.

en-pt-br

One leading company in India has already shut down because of this activity.

Uma empresa líder na Índia já fechou por causa dessa atividade ilícita.

en-pt-br