gowitheflow/parallel-talks-deduplicated · Datasets at Hugging Face

english stringlengths 2 3.06k	non_english stringlengths 1 2.84k	language stringclasses 52 values
I'll ask the people who are running the sound system to turn up its sensitivity at one specific frequency.	Voy a pedir a las personas encargadas del sistema de sonido que suban la sensibilidad en una frecuencia específica.	en-es
So just as a hair cell is tuned to one frequency, the amplifier will now enhance a particular frequency in my voice.	有毛細胞がある一つの周波数に同調しているのと同じで増幅器が私の声の特定の周波数を強調します	en-ja
Notice how specific tones emerge more clearly from the background.	Observen cómo algunos tonos específicos surgen claramente del fondo.	en-es
This is exactly what hair cells do.	É exatamente isso que as células ciliadas fazem.	en-pt-br
Each hair cell amplifies and reports one specific frequency and ignores all the others.	每一個毛細胞會針對一個特定頻率做放大及回報，忽略其他頻率。	en-zh-tw
And the whole set of hair cells, as a group, can then report to the brain exactly what frequencies are present in a given sound, and the brain can determine what melody is being heard or what speech is being intended.	そして一連の有毛細胞は一つのグループとして聞こえた音にどの周波数が存在したか脳に伝えますそして脳は何のメロディを聴いているのかまた何を意図したスピーチなのかを判断できます	en-ja
Now, an amplifier such as the public address system can also cause problems.	比如公共廣播系統（擴音系統）這類放大器，也可能會造成問題。	en-zh-tw
If the amplification is turned up too far, it goes unstable and begins to howl or emit sounds.	もし増幅を強めすぎると音は安定せずハウリング音を出したり音が割れます	en-ja
And one wonders why the active process doesn't do the same thing.	Felmerülhet a kérdés, miért nem teszi ugyanezt az aktív folyamat.	en-hu
Why don't our ears beam out sounds?	¿Por qué nuestros oídos no emiten sonidos?	en-es
And the answer is that they do.	Márpedig, bizony, ezt teszi.	en-hu
In a suitably quiet environment, 70 percent of normal people will have one or more sounds coming out of their ears.	適当な静かな環境下で健常者の７割は耳から１つ以上の音を出しています	en-ja
(Laughter) I'll give you an example of this.	（笑）例をご紹介しましょう	en-ja
You will hear two emissions at high frequencies coming from a normal human ear.	各位會聽到從正常人耳朵發出來的兩種高頻率聲音。	en-zh-tw
You may also be able to discern background noise, like the microphone's hiss, the gurgling of a stomach, the heartbeat, the rustling of clothes.	Az is lehet, hogy el tudják különíteni a háttérzajtól, mint amilyen a mikrofon recsegése, gyomorkorgás, szívdobogás, ruhák suhogása.	en-hu
(Hums, microphone hiss, dampened taps, clothes rustling) This is typical.	（耳の音を提示）これは典型的な例です	en-ja
Most ears emit just a handful of tones, but some can emit as many as 30.	Muitos ouvidos emitem apenas alguns tons, mas alguns podem emitir até 30.	en-pt-br
Every ear is unique, so my right ear is different from my left, my ear is different from your ear, but unless an ear is damaged, it continues to emit the same spectrum of frequencies over a period of years or even decades.	それぞれの耳は違っていますだから私の左右の耳も異なります私の耳は皆さんのものとも異なりますでも耳は劣化しなければ何年間もあるいは何十年間も同じ周波数スペクトルの音を出し続けます	en-ja
It turns out that the ear can control its own sensitivity, its own amplification.	A fül történetesen képes szabályozni saját érzékenységét, saját erősítését.	en-hu
So if you're in a very loud environment, like a sporting event or a musical concert, you don't need any amplification, and the system is turned down all the way.	Incluso en un entorno muy ruidoso, como un evento deportivo o un concierto musical, no van a necesitar amplificación, y el sistema reduce todo el tiempo.	en-es
If you are in a room like this auditorium, you might have a little bit of amplification, but of course the public address system does most of the work for you.	Ha olyan teremben vagyunk, mint amilyen ez, valószínűleg van némi erősítésünk, de persze a hangosítás megteszi ezt helyettünk.	en-hu
And finally, if you go into a really quiet room where you can hear a pin drop, the system is turned up almost all the way.	Ha pedig igazán csendes helyiségbe megyünk, ahol a légy zümmögése is hallható, a rendszerünk szinte teljes hangerőre kapcsol.	en-hu
But if you go into an ultraquiet room such as a sound chamber, the system turns itself up to 11, it goes unstable and it begins to emit sound.	Extrém hangszigetelt szobában azonban, például egy süketszobában a rendszer felmegy egészen 11-ig, ingataggá válik, és hangokat kezd kibocsátani.	en-hu
And these emissions constitute a really strong demonstration of just how active the hair cell can be.	E essas emissões são uma demonstração muito forte do quanto a célula ciliada pode ser ativa.	en-pt-br
So in the last minute, I want to turn to another question that might come up, which is: Where do we go from here?	Wn el último minuto, quiero pasar a otra pregunta que puede surgir. ¿Cuál es el siguiente paso?	en-es
And I would say that there are three issues that I would really like to address in the future.	Hadd mondjam el, három téma van, amit tényleg szeretnék megérni a jövőben.	en-hu
The first is: What is the molecular motor that's responsible for the hair cell's amplification?	第一：毛細胞能做到放大，背後的分子馬達是什麼？	en-zh-tw
Somehow, nature has stumbled across a system that can oscillate or amplify at 20,000 cycles per second, or even more.	A természet valahogy átbotladozott egy rendszeren, ami 20 000 ciklus per másodperces rezgésre vagy erősítésre képes, vagy akár még ennél is többre.	en-hu
That's much faster than any other biological oscillation, and we would like to understand where it comes from.	É muito mais rápida que qualquer outra oscilação biológica, e gostaríamos de entender sua origem.	en-pt-br
The second issue is how the hair cell's amplification is adjusted to deal with the acoustic circumstances.	Cómo se ajusta la amplificación de las células ciliadas es la segunda cuestión para afrontar las circunstancias acústicas.	en-es
Who turns the knob to increase or decrease the amplification in a quiet or in a loud environment?	静かな環境や騒がしい環境で増幅器のつまみを調整するのは何者なのか	en-ja
And the third issue is one that concerns all of us, which is what we can do about the deterioration of our hearing.	そして３つ目は私たち全員が気にしていること聴力低下に対して私たちにできることは何なのか	en-ja
Thirty million Americans, and more than 400 million people worldwide, have significant problems on a daily basis with understanding speech in a noisy environment or over the telephone.	Há 30 milhões de norte-americanos e mais de 400 milhões de pessoas no mundo com problemas significativos de audição no dia a dia, para entender a conversa em um ambiente ruidoso ou ao telefone.	en-pt-br
Many have even worse deficits.	さらに悪い状況の方もたくさんいらっしゃいます	en-ja
Moreover, these deficits tend to get worse with time, because when human hair cells die, they're not replaced by cell division.	Mi több, ezek a károsodások idővel még tovább is romlanak, mert amikor elpusztulnak az emberi szőrsejtek, nincs sejtosztódás, ami pótolja.	en-hu
But we know that nonmammalian animals can replace their cells, and those creatures' cells are dying and being replaced throughout life, so the animals maintain normal hearing.	Pero sabemos que los animales no mamíferos pueden reemplazar las células, y las células de esas criaturas mueren y son reemplazadas durante su vida, por lo que mantienen una escucha normal.	en-es
Here's an example from a little zebra fish.	Aquí hay un ejemplo de un pequeño pez cebra.	en-es
The cell at the top will undergo a division to produce two new hair cells.	最上方的細胞會進行分裂，產生出兩個新的毛細胞。	en-zh-tw
They dance for a little bit, and then settle down and go to work.	它們會先搖擺一陣子，接著就會定下來，開始工作。	en-zh-tw
So we believe that if we can decode the molecular signals that are used by these other animals to regenerate their hair cells, we'll be able to do the same thing for humans.	Por eso creemos que si podemos decodificar las señales moleculares utilizadas por estos otros animales para regenerar sus células ciliadas, podremos hacer lo mismo para los humanos.	en-es
And our group and many other groups are now engaged in research trying to resurrect these amazing hair cells.	我們的團體及許多其他團體現在致力於研究中，試圖讓這些不可思議的毛細胞能復活。	en-zh-tw
So I'm pretty sure that I'm not the only one in this room who at some point have found myself, you know, looking up towards the stars, and wondered, you know, "Are we it, or are there other living planets out there such as our own?"	Estoy bastante segura de no ser la única en esta sala que en algún momento, mirando a las estrellas, se preguntó: ¿Estamos solo nosotros, o hay otros planetas con vida por ahí como el nuestro?	en-es
I guess it is possible that I'm then the only person who has obsessed enough about that question to make it my career.	حدس می‌زنم ممکن است من تنها کسی باشم که به اندازه کافی درباره این سوال وسواس دارد که آن را شغلش کند.	en-fa
How do we get to this question?	چگونه می‌توانیم به این سؤال بپردازیم؟	en-fa
Well, I would argue the first thing to do is to turn our eyes back down from the sky to our own planet, the Earth.	Bueno, yo diría que lo primero que debemos hacer es bajar los ojos del cielo a nuestro propio planeta, la Tierra.	en-es
And think about just how lucky did the Earth have to be to be the living planet it is.	Y pensar en la suerte que debió tener la Tierra para ser el planeta viviente que es.	en-es
Well, it had to be at least somewhat lucky.	خوب، باید حداقل تا حدودی خوش‌شانس باشد.	en-fa
Had we been sitting closer to the Sun or a bit further away, any water that we have had would have boiled off or frozen over.	اگر ما به خورشید نزدیک‌تر بودیم یا کمی دورتر بودیم، هر آبی که داشتیم می‌جوشید یا منجمد می‌شد.	en-fa
And I mean, it's not a given that a planet has water on it.	Y quiero decir, no es un hecho que un planeta tenga agua.	en-es
So had we been a dry planet, there would not have been a lot of life on it.	اگر ما سیاره‌ای خشک بودیم، حیات زیادی روی آن وجود نداشت.	en-fa
And even if we had had all the water that we have today, if that water had not been accompanied by the right kind of chemicals to get life going, we would have a wet planet, but just as dead.	E incluso de haber tenido toda el agua que tenemos hoy, si esa agua no estuviera acompañada por el tipo correcto de químicos necesarios para la vida, tendríamos un planeta húmedo pero muerto.	en-es
So it's so many things that can go wrong, what are the chances that they go right?	Habiendo tantas cosas que pueden salir mal, ¿cuáles son las posibilidades de que salgan bien?	en-es
What are the chances that the planet forms with at least the basic ingredients needed to have an origins of life happening?	¿Cuáles son las posibilidades de que se forme el planeta con al menos los ingredientes básicos necesarios para que surja el origen de la vida?	en-es
Well, let's explore that together.	Bueno, exploremos eso juntos.	en-es
So if you're going to have a living planet, the first thing you're going to need is a planet.	Para tener un planeta viviente, lo primero que hay que tener es un planeta.	en-es
(Laughter) But not any planet will do.	(Risas) Pero no sirve cualquier planeta.	en-es
You're probably going to need a rather specific and earthlike planet.	Quizá vamos a necesitar un planeta bastante específico parecido a la Tierra.	en-es
A planet that is rocky, so you can have both oceans and land, and it's sitting neither too close nor too far away from its star, but at the just-right temperature.	سیاره‌ای سنگی، تا بتوانید هم اقیانوس‌ و هم خشکی داشته باشید، و نه خیلی نزدیک و نه خیلی دور از ستاره‌اش باشد، و در دمای دقیقاً مناسب باشد.	en-fa
And it's just right for liquid water, that is.	و این یعنی دمای دقیقاً مناسب برای آب مایع.	en-fa
So how many of these planets do we have in our galaxy?	چه تعداد از این سیاره‌ها در کهکشانمان داریم؟	en-fa
Well, one of the great discoveries of the past decades is that planets are incredibly common.	Bueno, uno de los grandes descubrimientos de las últimas décadas es que los planetas son increíblemente comunes.	en-es
Almost every star has a planet around them.	تقریباً هر ستاره‌ای یک سیاره در اطرافش دارد.	en-fa
Some have many.	بعضی تعداد زیادی دارند.	en-fa
And among these planets, on the order of a few percent are earthlike enough that we would consider them potentially living planets.	Y, entre estos planetas, un bajo porcentaje tiene características similares a la Tierra como para ser considerados potencialmente como vivientes.	en-es
So having the right kind of planet is actually not that difficult when we consider that there's about 100 billion stars in our galaxy.	Tener el tipo de planeta correcto en realidad no es tan difícil considerando que hay unas 100 000 millones de estrellas en la galaxia.	en-es
So that gives you about a billion potential living planets.	Eso da alrededor de mil millones de potenciales planetas con vida.	en-es
But it's not enough to just be at the right temperature or have the right overall composition.	اما بودن در یک دمای دقیقاً مناسب یا داشتن یک ترکیب سرتاسری مناسب کافی نیست.	en-fa
You also need the right chemicals.	شما مواد شیمیایی مناسب نیز نیاز دارید.	en-fa
And what the second and important ingredient to make a living planet is -- I think it's pretty intuitive -- it's water.	عنصر دوم و مهم برای ایجاد یک سیاره زنده چیزی نیست جز -- فکر می‌کنم بسیار مشهود است -- آب.	en-fa
After all, we did define our planet as being potentially living if it had the right temperature to keep water liquid.	از این گذشته، ما سیاره خود را برای زندگی بالقوه اینگونه تعریف کردیم که اگر دمای مناسب برای نگه داشتن آب در حالت مایع داشته باشد.	en-fa
And I mean, here on Earth, life is water-based.	منظورم این است که، این‌جا روی زمین، زندگی متکی بر آب است.	en-fa
But more generally, water is just really good as a meeting place for chemicals.	اما به طور کلی‌تر، آب به عنوان یک میعادگاه برای مواد شیمیایی بسیار مناسب است.	en-fa
It is a very special liquid.	این مایع بسیار خاص است.	en-fa
So this is our second basic ingredient.	Entonces, este es nuestro segundo ingrediente básico.	en-es
Now the third ingredient, I think, is probably a little bit more surprising.	فکر می‌کنم سومین عنصر، احتمالاً کمی تعجب‌آور است.	en-fa
I mean, we are going to need some organics in there, since we are thinking about organic life.	منظورم این است که، از آن‌جایی که ما به حیات آلی فکر می‌کنیم، به برخی از مواد آلی نیاز خواهیم داشت.	en-fa
But the organic molecule that seems to be at the center of the chemical networks that can produce biomolecules is hydrogen cyanide.	Pero la molécula orgánica que parece estar en el centro de las redes químicas que puede producir biomoléculas es el cianuro de hidrógeno.	en-es
So for those of you who know what this molecule is like, you know it's something that it's a good idea to stay away from.	Quienes conozcan cómo es esta molécula, saben que conviene mantenerse alejado de ella.	en-es
But it turns out that what's really, really bad for advanced life forms, such as yourselves, is really, really good to get the chemistry started, the right kind of chemistry that can lead to origins of life.	Pero resulta que algo realmente malo para formas de vida avanzadas, como nosotros mismos, es muy, muy bueno para dar origen a la química, la química correcta que puede conducir al origen de la vida.	en-es
So now we have our three ingredients that we need, you know, the temperate planet, water and hydrogen cyanide.	Ya tenemos los tres ingredientes que necesitamos, el planeta templado, agua y cianuro de hidrógeno.	en-es
So how often do these three come together?	چقدر امکان دارد هر سه این موارد کنار هم جمع شوند؟	en-fa
How many temperate planets are there out there that have water and hydrogen cyanide?	¿Cuántos planetas templados hay que tengan agua y cianuro de hidrógeno?	en-es
Well, in an ideal world, we would now turn one of our telescopes towards one of these temperate planets and check for ourselves.	Bueno, en un mundo ideal, ahora giraríamos un telescopio hacia uno de esos planetas templados para comprobarlo.	en-es
Just, "Do these planets have water and cyanides on them?"	"¿Estos planetas tienen agua y cianuros?"	en-es
Unfortunately, we don't yet have large enough telescopes to do this.	Lamentablemente, todavía no tenemos telescopios tan grandes para hacer eso.	en-es
We can detect molecules in the atmospheres of some planets.	ما می‌توانیم مولکول‌ها را در جو برخی سیارات شناسایی کنیم.	en-fa
But these are large planets sitting often pretty close to their star, nothing like these, you know, just-right planets that we're talking about here, which are much smaller and further away.	Pero estos son planetas grandes a menudo están bastante cerca de su estrella, nada como estos, planetas correctos de lo que estamos hablando aquí, que son mucho más pequeños y están más alejados.	en-es
So we have to come up with another way.	بنابراین باید روش دیگری مطرح کنیم.	en-fa
And the other way that we have conceived of and then followed is to instead of looking for these molecules in the planets when they exist, is to look for them in the material that's forming new planets.	Y la otra forma que hemos concebido y luego seguido es en lugar de buscar estas moléculas en los planetas cuando existen, es buscarlos en el material que forma nuevos planetas.	en-es
So planets form in discs of dust and gas around young stars.	سیارات در دیسک‌هایی از گرد و غبار و گاز در اطراف ستاره‌های جوان شکل می‌گیرند.	en-fa
And these discs get their material from the interstellar medium.	و این دیسک‌ها مواد خود را از محیط میان ستاره‌ای دریافت می‌کنند.	en-fa
Turns out that the empty space you see between stars when you are looking up towards them, asking existential questions, is not as empty as it seems, but actually full of gas and dust, which can, you know, come together in clouds, then collapses to form these discs, stars and planets.	Resulta que el espacio vacío que ven entre estrellas al contemplarlas, haciéndose preguntas existenciales, no está tan vacío como parece sino en realidad lleno de gas y polvo, que puede aglutinarse formando nubes que luego colapsan en forma de discos, estrellas y planetas.	en-es
And one of the things we always see when we do look at these clouds is water.	و یکی از چیزهایی که همیشه وقتی به این ابرها نگاه می‌کنیم، می‌بینیم آب است.	en-fa
You know, I think we have a tendency to think about water as something that's, you know, special to us.	Creo que solemos pensar en el agua como algo especial de nosotros.	en-es
Water is one of the most abundant molecules in the universe, including in these clouds, these star- and planet-forming clouds.	El agua es una de las moléculas más abundantes en el universo, incluso en estas nubes, estas nubes que forman estrellas y planetas.	en-es
And not only that -- water is also a pretty robust molecule: it's actually not that easy to destroy.	Y no solo eso... el agua también es una molécula bastante robusta: no es tan fácil de destruir.	en-es
So a lot of this water that is in interstellar medium will survive the rather dangerous, collapsed journey from clouds to disc, to planet.	así que mucha de esta agua que está en el medio interestelar sobrevivirá al viaje, bastante peligroso, del colapso de las nubes a los discos y planetas.	en-es
So water is alright.	Entonces, el agua está bien.	en-es
That second ingredient is not going to be a problem.	عنصر دوم مسئله‌ای نخواهد داشت.	en-fa
Most planets are going to form with some access to water.	بیشتر سیارات با دسترسی به آب شکل می‌گیرند.	en-fa

I'll ask the people who are running the sound system to turn up its sensitivity at one specific frequency.

Voy a pedir a las personas encargadas del sistema de sonido que suban la sensibilidad en una frecuencia específica.

en-es

So just as a hair cell is tuned to one frequency, the amplifier will now enhance a particular frequency in my voice.

有毛細胞がある一つの周波数に同調しているのと同じで増幅器が私の声の特定の周波数を強調します

en-ja

Notice how specific tones emerge more clearly from the background.

Observen cómo algunos tonos específicos surgen claramente del fondo.

en-es

This is exactly what hair cells do.

É exatamente isso que as células ciliadas fazem.

en-pt-br

Each hair cell amplifies and reports one specific frequency and ignores all the others.

每一個毛細胞會針對一個特定頻率做放大及回報，忽略其他頻率。

en-zh-tw

And the whole set of hair cells, as a group, can then report to the brain exactly what frequencies are present in a given sound, and the brain can determine what melody is being heard or what speech is being intended.

そして一連の有毛細胞は一つのグループとして聞こえた音にどの周波数が存在したか脳に伝えますそして脳は何のメロディを聴いているのかまた何を意図したスピーチなのかを判断できます

en-ja

Now, an amplifier such as the public address system can also cause problems.

比如公共廣播系統（擴音系統）這類放大器，也可能會造成問題。

en-zh-tw

If the amplification is turned up too far, it goes unstable and begins to howl or emit sounds.

もし増幅を強めすぎると音は安定せずハウリング音を出したり音が割れます

en-ja

And one wonders why the active process doesn't do the same thing.

Felmerülhet a kérdés, miért nem teszi ugyanezt az aktív folyamat.

en-hu

Why don't our ears beam out sounds?

¿Por qué nuestros oídos no emiten sonidos?

en-es

And the answer is that they do.

Márpedig, bizony, ezt teszi.

en-hu

In a suitably quiet environment, 70 percent of normal people will have one or more sounds coming out of their ears.

適当な静かな環境下で健常者の７割は耳から１つ以上の音を出しています

en-ja

(Laughter) I'll give you an example of this.

（笑）例をご紹介しましょう

en-ja

You will hear two emissions at high frequencies coming from a normal human ear.

各位會聽到從正常人耳朵發出來的兩種高頻率聲音。

en-zh-tw

You may also be able to discern background noise, like the microphone's hiss, the gurgling of a stomach, the heartbeat, the rustling of clothes.

Az is lehet, hogy el tudják különíteni a háttérzajtól, mint amilyen a mikrofon recsegése, gyomorkorgás, szívdobogás, ruhák suhogása.

en-hu

(Hums, microphone hiss, dampened taps, clothes rustling) This is typical.

（耳の音を提示）これは典型的な例です

en-ja

Most ears emit just a handful of tones, but some can emit as many as 30.

Muitos ouvidos emitem apenas alguns tons, mas alguns podem emitir até 30.

en-pt-br

Every ear is unique, so my right ear is different from my left, my ear is different from your ear, but unless an ear is damaged, it continues to emit the same spectrum of frequencies over a period of years or even decades.

それぞれの耳は違っていますだから私の左右の耳も異なります私の耳は皆さんのものとも異なりますでも耳は劣化しなければ何年間もあるいは何十年間も同じ周波数スペクトルの音を出し続けます

en-ja

It turns out that the ear can control its own sensitivity, its own amplification.

A fül történetesen képes szabályozni saját érzékenységét, saját erősítését.

en-hu

So if you're in a very loud environment, like a sporting event or a musical concert, you don't need any amplification, and the system is turned down all the way.

Incluso en un entorno muy ruidoso, como un evento deportivo o un concierto musical, no van a necesitar amplificación, y el sistema reduce todo el tiempo.

en-es

If you are in a room like this auditorium, you might have a little bit of amplification, but of course the public address system does most of the work for you.

Ha olyan teremben vagyunk, mint amilyen ez, valószínűleg van némi erősítésünk, de persze a hangosítás megteszi ezt helyettünk.

en-hu

And finally, if you go into a really quiet room where you can hear a pin drop, the system is turned up almost all the way.

Ha pedig igazán csendes helyiségbe megyünk, ahol a légy zümmögése is hallható, a rendszerünk szinte teljes hangerőre kapcsol.

en-hu

But if you go into an ultraquiet room such as a sound chamber, the system turns itself up to 11, it goes unstable and it begins to emit sound.

Extrém hangszigetelt szobában azonban, például egy süketszobában a rendszer felmegy egészen 11-ig, ingataggá válik, és hangokat kezd kibocsátani.

en-hu

And these emissions constitute a really strong demonstration of just how active the hair cell can be.

E essas emissões são uma demonstração muito forte do quanto a célula ciliada pode ser ativa.

en-pt-br

So in the last minute, I want to turn to another question that might come up, which is: Where do we go from here?

Wn el último minuto, quiero pasar a otra pregunta que puede surgir. ¿Cuál es el siguiente paso?

en-es

And I would say that there are three issues that I would really like to address in the future.

Hadd mondjam el, három téma van, amit tényleg szeretnék megérni a jövőben.

en-hu

The first is: What is the molecular motor that's responsible for the hair cell's amplification?

第一：毛細胞能做到放大，背後的分子馬達是什麼？

en-zh-tw

Somehow, nature has stumbled across a system that can oscillate or amplify at 20,000 cycles per second, or even more.

A természet valahogy átbotladozott egy rendszeren, ami 20 000 ciklus per másodperces rezgésre vagy erősítésre képes, vagy akár még ennél is többre.

en-hu

That's much faster than any other biological oscillation, and we would like to understand where it comes from.

É muito mais rápida que qualquer outra oscilação biológica, e gostaríamos de entender sua origem.

en-pt-br

The second issue is how the hair cell's amplification is adjusted to deal with the acoustic circumstances.

Cómo se ajusta la amplificación de las células ciliadas es la segunda cuestión para afrontar las circunstancias acústicas.

en-es

Who turns the knob to increase or decrease the amplification in a quiet or in a loud environment?

静かな環境や騒がしい環境で増幅器のつまみを調整するのは何者なのか

en-ja

And the third issue is one that concerns all of us, which is what we can do about the deterioration of our hearing.

そして３つ目は私たち全員が気にしていること聴力低下に対して私たちにできることは何なのか

en-ja

Thirty million Americans, and more than 400 million people worldwide, have significant problems on a daily basis with understanding speech in a noisy environment or over the telephone.

Há 30 milhões de norte-americanos e mais de 400 milhões de pessoas no mundo com problemas significativos de audição no dia a dia, para entender a conversa em um ambiente ruidoso ou ao telefone.

en-pt-br

Many have even worse deficits.

さらに悪い状況の方もたくさんいらっしゃいます

en-ja

Moreover, these deficits tend to get worse with time, because when human hair cells die, they're not replaced by cell division.

Mi több, ezek a károsodások idővel még tovább is romlanak, mert amikor elpusztulnak az emberi szőrsejtek, nincs sejtosztódás, ami pótolja.

en-hu

But we know that nonmammalian animals can replace their cells, and those creatures' cells are dying and being replaced throughout life, so the animals maintain normal hearing.

Pero sabemos que los animales no mamíferos pueden reemplazar las células, y las células de esas criaturas mueren y son reemplazadas durante su vida, por lo que mantienen una escucha normal.

en-es

Here's an example from a little zebra fish.

Aquí hay un ejemplo de un pequeño pez cebra.

en-es

The cell at the top will undergo a division to produce two new hair cells.

最上方的細胞會進行分裂，產生出兩個新的毛細胞。

en-zh-tw

They dance for a little bit, and then settle down and go to work.

它們會先搖擺一陣子，接著就會定下來，開始工作。

en-zh-tw

So we believe that if we can decode the molecular signals that are used by these other animals to regenerate their hair cells, we'll be able to do the same thing for humans.

Por eso creemos que si podemos decodificar las señales moleculares utilizadas por estos otros animales para regenerar sus células ciliadas, podremos hacer lo mismo para los humanos.

en-es

And our group and many other groups are now engaged in research trying to resurrect these amazing hair cells.

我們的團體及許多其他團體現在致力於研究中，試圖讓這些不可思議的毛細胞能復活。

en-zh-tw

So I'm pretty sure that I'm not the only one in this room who at some point have found myself, you know, looking up towards the stars, and wondered, you know, "Are we it, or are there other living planets out there such as our own?"

Estoy bastante segura de no ser la única en esta sala que en algún momento, mirando a las estrellas, se preguntó: ¿Estamos solo nosotros, o hay otros planetas con vida por ahí como el nuestro?

en-es

I guess it is possible that I'm then the only person who has obsessed enough about that question to make it my career.

حدس می‌زنم ممکن است من تنها کسی باشم که به اندازه کافی درباره این سوال وسواس دارد که آن را شغلش کند.

en-fa

How do we get to this question?

چگونه می‌توانیم به این سؤال بپردازیم؟

en-fa

Well, I would argue the first thing to do is to turn our eyes back down from the sky to our own planet, the Earth.

Bueno, yo diría que lo primero que debemos hacer es bajar los ojos del cielo a nuestro propio planeta, la Tierra.

en-es

And think about just how lucky did the Earth have to be to be the living planet it is.

Y pensar en la suerte que debió tener la Tierra para ser el planeta viviente que es.

en-es

Well, it had to be at least somewhat lucky.

خوب، باید حداقل تا حدودی خوش‌شانس باشد.

en-fa

Had we been sitting closer to the Sun or a bit further away, any water that we have had would have boiled off or frozen over.

اگر ما به خورشید نزدیک‌تر بودیم یا کمی دورتر بودیم، هر آبی که داشتیم می‌جوشید یا منجمد می‌شد.

en-fa

And I mean, it's not a given that a planet has water on it.

Y quiero decir, no es un hecho que un planeta tenga agua.

en-es

So had we been a dry planet, there would not have been a lot of life on it.

اگر ما سیاره‌ای خشک بودیم، حیات زیادی روی آن وجود نداشت.

en-fa

And even if we had had all the water that we have today, if that water had not been accompanied by the right kind of chemicals to get life going, we would have a wet planet, but just as dead.

E incluso de haber tenido toda el agua que tenemos hoy, si esa agua no estuviera acompañada por el tipo correcto de químicos necesarios para la vida, tendríamos un planeta húmedo pero muerto.

en-es

So it's so many things that can go wrong, what are the chances that they go right?

Habiendo tantas cosas que pueden salir mal, ¿cuáles son las posibilidades de que salgan bien?

en-es

What are the chances that the planet forms with at least the basic ingredients needed to have an origins of life happening?

¿Cuáles son las posibilidades de que se forme el planeta con al menos los ingredientes básicos necesarios para que surja el origen de la vida?

en-es

Well, let's explore that together.

Bueno, exploremos eso juntos.

en-es

So if you're going to have a living planet, the first thing you're going to need is a planet.

Para tener un planeta viviente, lo primero que hay que tener es un planeta.

en-es

(Laughter) But not any planet will do.

(Risas) Pero no sirve cualquier planeta.

en-es

You're probably going to need a rather specific and earthlike planet.

Quizá vamos a necesitar un planeta bastante específico parecido a la Tierra.

en-es

A planet that is rocky, so you can have both oceans and land, and it's sitting neither too close nor too far away from its star, but at the just-right temperature.

سیاره‌ای سنگی، تا بتوانید هم اقیانوس‌ و هم خشکی داشته باشید، و نه خیلی نزدیک و نه خیلی دور از ستاره‌اش باشد، و در دمای دقیقاً مناسب باشد.

en-fa

And it's just right for liquid water, that is.

و این یعنی دمای دقیقاً مناسب برای آب مایع.

en-fa

So how many of these planets do we have in our galaxy?

چه تعداد از این سیاره‌ها در کهکشانمان داریم؟

en-fa

Well, one of the great discoveries of the past decades is that planets are incredibly common.

Bueno, uno de los grandes descubrimientos de las últimas décadas es que los planetas son increíblemente comunes.

en-es

Almost every star has a planet around them.

تقریباً هر ستاره‌ای یک سیاره در اطرافش دارد.

en-fa

Some have many.

بعضی تعداد زیادی دارند.

en-fa

And among these planets, on the order of a few percent are earthlike enough that we would consider them potentially living planets.

Y, entre estos planetas, un bajo porcentaje tiene características similares a la Tierra como para ser considerados potencialmente como vivientes.

en-es

So having the right kind of planet is actually not that difficult when we consider that there's about 100 billion stars in our galaxy.

Tener el tipo de planeta correcto en realidad no es tan difícil considerando que hay unas 100 000 millones de estrellas en la galaxia.

en-es

So that gives you about a billion potential living planets.

Eso da alrededor de mil millones de potenciales planetas con vida.

en-es

But it's not enough to just be at the right temperature or have the right overall composition.

اما بودن در یک دمای دقیقاً مناسب یا داشتن یک ترکیب سرتاسری مناسب کافی نیست.

en-fa

You also need the right chemicals.

شما مواد شیمیایی مناسب نیز نیاز دارید.

en-fa

And what the second and important ingredient to make a living planet is -- I think it's pretty intuitive -- it's water.

عنصر دوم و مهم برای ایجاد یک سیاره زنده چیزی نیست جز -- فکر می‌کنم بسیار مشهود است -- آب.

en-fa

After all, we did define our planet as being potentially living if it had the right temperature to keep water liquid.

از این گذشته، ما سیاره خود را برای زندگی بالقوه اینگونه تعریف کردیم که اگر دمای مناسب برای نگه داشتن آب در حالت مایع داشته باشد.

en-fa

And I mean, here on Earth, life is water-based.

منظورم این است که، این‌جا روی زمین، زندگی متکی بر آب است.

en-fa

But more generally, water is just really good as a meeting place for chemicals.

اما به طور کلی‌تر، آب به عنوان یک میعادگاه برای مواد شیمیایی بسیار مناسب است.

en-fa

It is a very special liquid.

این مایع بسیار خاص است.

en-fa

So this is our second basic ingredient.

Entonces, este es nuestro segundo ingrediente básico.

en-es

Now the third ingredient, I think, is probably a little bit more surprising.

فکر می‌کنم سومین عنصر، احتمالاً کمی تعجب‌آور است.

en-fa

I mean, we are going to need some organics in there, since we are thinking about organic life.

منظورم این است که، از آن‌جایی که ما به حیات آلی فکر می‌کنیم، به برخی از مواد آلی نیاز خواهیم داشت.

en-fa

But the organic molecule that seems to be at the center of the chemical networks that can produce biomolecules is hydrogen cyanide.

Pero la molécula orgánica que parece estar en el centro de las redes químicas que puede producir biomoléculas es el cianuro de hidrógeno.

en-es

So for those of you who know what this molecule is like, you know it's something that it's a good idea to stay away from.

Quienes conozcan cómo es esta molécula, saben que conviene mantenerse alejado de ella.

en-es

But it turns out that what's really, really bad for advanced life forms, such as yourselves, is really, really good to get the chemistry started, the right kind of chemistry that can lead to origins of life.

Pero resulta que algo realmente malo para formas de vida avanzadas, como nosotros mismos, es muy, muy bueno para dar origen a la química, la química correcta que puede conducir al origen de la vida.

en-es

So now we have our three ingredients that we need, you know, the temperate planet, water and hydrogen cyanide.

Ya tenemos los tres ingredientes que necesitamos, el planeta templado, agua y cianuro de hidrógeno.

en-es

So how often do these three come together?

چقدر امکان دارد هر سه این موارد کنار هم جمع شوند؟

en-fa

How many temperate planets are there out there that have water and hydrogen cyanide?

¿Cuántos planetas templados hay que tengan agua y cianuro de hidrógeno?

en-es

Well, in an ideal world, we would now turn one of our telescopes towards one of these temperate planets and check for ourselves.

Bueno, en un mundo ideal, ahora giraríamos un telescopio hacia uno de esos planetas templados para comprobarlo.

en-es

Just, "Do these planets have water and cyanides on them?"

"¿Estos planetas tienen agua y cianuros?"

en-es

Unfortunately, we don't yet have large enough telescopes to do this.

Lamentablemente, todavía no tenemos telescopios tan grandes para hacer eso.

en-es

We can detect molecules in the atmospheres of some planets.

ما می‌توانیم مولکول‌ها را در جو برخی سیارات شناسایی کنیم.

en-fa

But these are large planets sitting often pretty close to their star, nothing like these, you know, just-right planets that we're talking about here, which are much smaller and further away.

Pero estos son planetas grandes a menudo están bastante cerca de su estrella, nada como estos, planetas correctos de lo que estamos hablando aquí, que son mucho más pequeños y están más alejados.

en-es

So we have to come up with another way.

بنابراین باید روش دیگری مطرح کنیم.

en-fa

And the other way that we have conceived of and then followed is to instead of looking for these molecules in the planets when they exist, is to look for them in the material that's forming new planets.

Y la otra forma que hemos concebido y luego seguido es en lugar de buscar estas moléculas en los planetas cuando existen, es buscarlos en el material que forma nuevos planetas.

en-es

So planets form in discs of dust and gas around young stars.

سیارات در دیسک‌هایی از گرد و غبار و گاز در اطراف ستاره‌های جوان شکل می‌گیرند.

en-fa

And these discs get their material from the interstellar medium.

و این دیسک‌ها مواد خود را از محیط میان ستاره‌ای دریافت می‌کنند.

en-fa

Turns out that the empty space you see between stars when you are looking up towards them, asking existential questions, is not as empty as it seems, but actually full of gas and dust, which can, you know, come together in clouds, then collapses to form these discs, stars and planets.

Resulta que el espacio vacío que ven entre estrellas al contemplarlas, haciéndose preguntas existenciales, no está tan vacío como parece sino en realidad lleno de gas y polvo, que puede aglutinarse formando nubes que luego colapsan en forma de discos, estrellas y planetas.

en-es

And one of the things we always see when we do look at these clouds is water.

و یکی از چیزهایی که همیشه وقتی به این ابرها نگاه می‌کنیم، می‌بینیم آب است.

en-fa

You know, I think we have a tendency to think about water as something that's, you know, special to us.

Creo que solemos pensar en el agua como algo especial de nosotros.

en-es

Water is one of the most abundant molecules in the universe, including in these clouds, these star- and planet-forming clouds.

El agua es una de las moléculas más abundantes en el universo, incluso en estas nubes, estas nubes que forman estrellas y planetas.

en-es

And not only that -- water is also a pretty robust molecule: it's actually not that easy to destroy.

Y no solo eso... el agua también es una molécula bastante robusta: no es tan fácil de destruir.

en-es

So a lot of this water that is in interstellar medium will survive the rather dangerous, collapsed journey from clouds to disc, to planet.

así que mucha de esta agua que está en el medio interestelar sobrevivirá al viaje, bastante peligroso, del colapso de las nubes a los discos y planetas.

en-es

So water is alright.

Entonces, el agua está bien.

en-es

That second ingredient is not going to be a problem.

عنصر دوم مسئله‌ای نخواهد داشت.

en-fa

Most planets are going to form with some access to water.

بیشتر سیارات با دسترسی به آب شکل می‌گیرند.

en-fa