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Researchers produce autism behaviors in mice by mimicking infection during pregnancy; reverse symptoms by resetting offspring’s immune system Over the last decade, studies have suggested links between autism and immune-system abnormalities. What remained unanswered was whether immune changes played a role in causing autism or resulted from it. Results from a mouse study published this summer provide new insights into how challenges to the immune system may contribute to the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The researchers mimicked a maternal infection during pregnancy in mice. Doing so produced both an overactive immune system and autism-like behaviors in the offspring. Further, the investigators reversed some of the behaviors by “resetting” the offspring’s immune systems with a bone-marrow transplant. "We have long suspected that the immune system plays a role in the development of autism spectrum disorder," said senior researcher Paul Patterson, Ph.D., of the California Institute of Technology. "In our studies of this mouse model, we found that the mother’s immune system is a key factor in the eventual abnormal behaviors in the offspring." The investigators injected pregnant mice with a molecule that mimicked viral infection by triggering a similar type of inflammation. "This single insult to the mother translated into autism-related behavioral abnormalities in the offspring," Hsiao explained. These abnormalities included all three of autism’s core symptoms: repetitive behaviors, impaired communication and reduced sociability. The mice compulsively buried marbles and self-groomed, avoided new mice and exhibited reduced and abnormal vocalizations. The mice also had a number of immune abnormalities similar to those seen in some people with autism. These included decreased levels of key immune-calming cells called regulatory T cells. Taken together, the immune abnormalities reflected an immune system in overdrive, Hsiao said. "We saw these abnormalities in both young and adult offspring of immune-activated mothers," she added. "This tells us that a prenatal challenge can result in long-term consequences for health and development." In addition, the team directly tested whether the immune problems contributed to the mice’s autism-like behaviors. They gave the affected offspring bone-marrow transplants from normal mice. In effect, this reset their immune systems to normal. It also reduced their autism-like behaviors. “Researchers have studied immune changes in pregnant mothers or in offspring, but have rarely linked the two findings together,” commented Alycia Halladay, Ph.D., Autism Speaks senior director of environmental and clinical sciences. “This study is an important contribution to understanding the link between gestational immune dysfunction and outcomes.” Such results in mice can't be directly applied to humans, experts agreed. Nor would a bone marrow transplant be an appropriate treatment for autism. Rather, it was a useful research tool for studying immune system changes in an animal model. That said, normalizing immune irregularities could be an important target for future treatments, Dr. Patterson said. “By correcting immune problems through safe and proven methods, it might be possible to relieve some of autism’s classic developmental delays.” Hsiao is continuing her research on the molecular basis of autism at Caltech, with the aim of developing novel therapeutics for the disorder. , McBride SW, Chow J, Mazmanian SK, Patterson PH. Modeling an autism risk factor in mice leads to permanent immune dysregulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2012; 109(30).	<urn:uuid:e3df925e-3275-478c-b267-744aba84b6d7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "url": "http://www.autismspeaks.org/science/science-news/top-ten-lists/2012/insights-immune-changes-autism", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831903.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00214-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9407952427864075, "token_count": 716, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3 }
The appearance of a comet in the sky has long been seen as a herald of doom and catastrophe. This belief persists even now, when we know what comets are and where they come from, and Comet ISON — the supposed 'Comet of the Century' that's due to swing by us and the Sun later this year — apparently has people worried again. There's certainly a good reason to be worried about the possibility of a comet hitting Earth. The impact would be devastating, likely resulting in the deaths of billions of people, the end of our civilization (at least as we now know it), and Earth being plunged back into an ice age. Just read Lucifer's Hammer, by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, to get a fairly good idea of what would happen on that fateful day. Having just read that book myself, there are a few similarities between the fictional Comet Hamner-Brown and the very real Comet ISON. Both were discovered by two amateur astronomers (Hamner-Brown by Americans and ISON by Russians). Both are very large and very bright. Hamner-Brown gave people a spectacular show on its way towards the Sun and ISON promises to do the same. Both make their closest approach to the Earth after swinging around the Sun, while on their way back out towards the edge of the solar system. There's one big difference between Hamner-Brown and ISON, though. Comet Hamner-Brown's closest approach to Earth caused it to score a glancing blow on the planet, pummeling it with several massive chunks of ice and rock. When Comet ISON reaches its closest approach to us, on December 26th, 2013, it's going to be over 63 million kilometres away, both above us and ahead of us in our orbit at that time. By the time Earth reaches the point where we're passing through the plane of ISON's orbit, on January 16th, 2014, the comet will be roughly halfway between the orbits of Earth and Mars. So, there's no way that Comet ISON is going to be a danger to us, here on Earth. This video, by the good people at the Hubble Space Telescope site, give a good demonstration of ISON's orbit: Also, for anyone who got worried again, right around 2:44 in the video, when it looks like Earth crosses ISON's inbound path, there's no need. Even if Comet ISON survives its encounter with the Sun, and even if it actually does return to the inner solar system at some point (and it's not certain that it will), and even if the timing works out that Earth is at that same point right when ISON is at that point in its path, the comet will still be far above the planet at that point. So, there'd be no danger. We'd just get an even more spectacular show than we're already being promised. [ More Geekquinox: Flavour-changing particles may solve antimatter mystery ] Right now, Comet ISON is on the other side of the Sun from us, roughly one-third the distance between Mars and Jupiter. Pictures from the Hubble Space Telescope show that it's already looking quite nice. The real show is likely to start in October, as we swing around closer to the comet in our orbit and the comet gets brighter. It'll still mostly be hidden by the light from the Sun, but there's a chance to see it in the very early morning, in the eastern sky, before Sunrise. As it approaches the Sun, it will get brighter, but we'll mostly lose it in the Sun's glare, and the future of ISON (and whether we get the truly incredible view of this comet) will be decided when it makes its closest approach to the Sun on November 28th. 'Sungrazing comets' like ISON can very easily get torn apart by the Sun. Since ISON comes within about 1.1 million kilometres, the Sun's heat and gravity may doom it. However, if it exits around the other side intact, we'll be treated to the sight of it outshining the Moon, and likely being visible during the day, for the month of December. Also, if Comet ISON does survive its trip around the Sun, be ready on New Years Eve, since the comet will be nearly above the Earth (but at a distance of over 65 million kms). As a bonus, when we do pass by ISON's path on January 16th, we may be treated to a special kind of meteor shower. Since Earth passes underneath ISON's path, we probably won't get the normal kind of meteor shower that we typically see throughout the year. This is because we won't be passing directly through Comet ISON's debris trail. However, scientists are predicting that we'll get a different kind. Since the comet will leave behind a haze of very fine dust, this dust will drift down into our atmosphere. It won't burn up like the larger grains of dust and ice that make meteors streak by, but instead they'll seed clouds in the upper atmosphere and create spectacular noctilucent clouds. Geek out with the latest in science and weather. 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The Purpose Of Perspiration Americans spend billions of dollars every year on deodorants and antiperspirants. But what they’re tasked with covering up has a complex and fascinating biological function. Humans’ ability to sweat from such a large surface area of our bodies is unique within the animal kingdom. It allows us to cool down and fight off heatstroke, an increasingly valuable tool as temperatures climb on our planet. Like many people, science journalist Sarah Everts found herself embarrassed by her sweat. That embarrassment spurred her curiosity and led her on a quest to learn all she could about perspiration. That journey led her to dating events where couples match based on attraction to sweat, towel dancing performances in sauna theaters, and a professional armpit sniffer. Everts also visited Simona Francese, a forensic scientist from Sheffield Hallam University, who studies the chemicals deposited in fingerprints, which are, in fact, sweatprints. When she examined my fingerprint’s chemistry using a technique called mass spectrometry, Francese easily found evidence of my morning coffee, thanks to the caffeine circulating in my blood. Had I spiked my latte with a shot of whisky or snorted a line of cocaine as a breakfast chaser, Francese could have detected that, too. In fact, in collaboration with law enforcement, she has previously tested her technique on a stalker’s fingermark left behind on a window sill, and found chemical evidence that he had been indulging in alcohol and cocaine – something he had also admitted to law enforcement. Everts takes us inside the science of perspiration. Copyright 2021 WAMU 88.5	<urn:uuid:cac00423-7a2d-464c-8c8e-dcbf07a30c84>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://www.kunc.org/2021-08-18/the-purpose-of-perspiration", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337723.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006025949-20221006055949-00317.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.950496256351471, "token_count": 341, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
by Dr. Sheri Colberg, Ph.D., FACSM Recently, I had to opportunity to view some of the ongoing trials of one of the many "artificial pancreas" (AP) systems in development, and it was an eye-opening and somewhat disappointing experience. As an exercise physiologist, avid recreational exerciser, and person living with type 1 diabetes, I have had access to many technological advances (that is, devices) used to measure heart rate, daily steps (pedometer), movement (accelerometer), blood glucose, lactate levels, and more. My latest experience with the AP system brought home the fact that despite these advances, the technologies themselves are still limiting our real progress in making a system that will more effectively manage intensively-treated diabetes during exercise. The real problem with the current AP systems — the ones that ~30 groups are racing each other to get approved and bring to market — is that they are all reliant on inadequate technologies. First of all, an AP is reliant on an insulin pump that can only deliver insulin subcutaneously (not via the portal circulation like an actual pancreas). Even though most pumps are filled with rapid-acting analogs, the absorption of insulin is still somewhat time delayed and cannot be shut off quickly enough for spontaneous activity or when glucose levels start to plummet during or following exercise. The only real benefit of pumps over injections is that pumps make it easier to lower levels of basal insulin prior to, during, and following the activity, but the pump user currently has to make those decisions and plan ahead. Second, everyone is trying to be the first to create a completely closed-loop system driven by algorithms that will manage insulin delivery without user input, but I fail to see how that can ever work effectively to reduce circulating insulin levels in time if exercise is "unannounced" to the AP system and, therefore, lacking the time to lower basal insulin delivery in advance. Some exercisers lower their basal insulin for 1-2 hours before they start an activity, along with during it. Current AP systems are not likely to ever effectively manage spontaneous activities without requiring the user to consume extra glucose and calories, which would make weight gain likely. Some groups are trying to overcome this issue by using dual delivery of insulin and glucagon, but currently that would require wearing two separate pumps unless a dual-chamber pump can be developed. Then there are issues with the shelf-life and stability of glucagon. Personally, I would much rather treat lows with a mini-dose of glucagon that have to eat more — especially when I’m not hungry — so hopefully the companies working on improving the stability of glucagon can soon make glucagon pens to treat hypoglycemia, regardless of what happens with AP systems. Moreover, the continuous glucose monitors (CGM) that are being paired with a number of different insulin pumps for various AP systems are all seriously flawed in their abilities to work well for exercise. Even when resting, CGM technology is limited by measuring interstitial glucose levels, which lag behind blood glucose values by as much as 20 minutes. If you have to run through the airport to catch your next flight (an intense, but short, activity that will likely raise your blood glucose), it’s likely that you’ll be seated and ready to take off before your CGM even begins to register that your blood glucose was affected by your airport sprint. My own personal experience with using CGMs has been less than inspiring as well, given that I seldom have had sensors work the full seven days, give accurate readings in the critical lower ranges (60-120 mg/dl), or even trend correctly — even without exercise as an added variable. They ought to come with a warning label that says, "User experiences may vary by individual, and this device may or may not work well for you." Finally, some groups are trying to use exercise monitoring devices to measure heart rate and movement so that "smarter" algorithms can be developed for closed-loop AP systems that will be able to interpret and adjust for exercise, but these are a long way from being effective yet. Having all of these extra measurements to factor in also means an AP user would have to continuously wear some type of biometric data collection device or devices (in my case, both a heart rate monitor and an accelerometer when I was trying to get all the information a system would need to make those determinations), along with an insulin pump and a CGM, and carry around the device(s) controlling the integration of all of these various technologies.	<urn:uuid:f60bef1a-3735-410a-8d10-1a380ba1ac1d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/using-and-overcoming-technology-to-exercise-effectively-with-diabetes/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00094-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.96938157081604, "token_count": 934, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3 }
As per the last available data, our population is increasing at a rate of 1.2% that is 1,58,90,056 (15 million) more people every year. This is more than the population of countries like Portugal (10 million), Belgium (11 million), Austria (8 Million) Switzerland (8 million) and many more. Very soon we would be a proud nation with the largest population in the world. Is it feasible to create 1.5 crore ( 15 million) meaningful jobs every year? 15 million for one year, approximately the same number or may be a little less for the previous year, and the year previous to that and so on and so on for the last 70 years. Do we have infinite resources? Before jumping to the ways to curtail the population growth rate, it is imperative to identify the different factors that contribute to the population growth. The reason which almost everyone comes up is a high birth rate. Of course, this is one reason, but is it the biggest one? Are there other factors? What are they? Which of the factors should be considered first? The finest example of birth rate not being the sole reason for population growth is the current list of National Register of Citizens in the state of Assam with a population of 31 million. There are approximately 4 million people who are not in the list, even if we assume some of them would be able to append their names in the list by the stipulated time, still there will be millions who are not Indians. Bangladesh and India share a 4,156 km (2,582 mi)-long international border, the fifth-longest land border in the world, including 262 km (163 mi) in Assam, 856 km (532 mi) in Tripura, 180 km (110 mi) in Mizoram, 443 km (275 mi) in Meghalaya, and 2,217 km (1,378 mi) in West Bengal. If we simply look at the numbers, we can extrapolate the number of people with “doubtful” nationality status in the states mentioned above. 4 million out of 31 million turns out to be 12.9% of the people with doubtful nationality as per the current NRC. If we use the same factor on the state of West Bengal, which hosts a population of 90 million, the number of people with doubtful nationality comes out to be 11.6 or 11 million. Moreover, the population statistics available are from the 2011 census i.e. the numbers are 7 years old. Also to keep in mind is that this number is extremely conservative simply because the length of the porous border WB shares with the neighboring country is roughly 8.4 times more than what Assam shares and so logically, more number of people would have crossed the border. You could do the basic mathematics for all the other states sharing their borders in the similar fashion and come to a number. Further, Bangladesh came into existence post ’71 which means not all the migrants are from Bangladesh. I think you can guess the nationality of the some of the older migrants. I made following observations regarding population growth rate and fertility rate in India on the basis of the data available on the internet. Just enter birth rate India in google search and you will find the images pasted below (on the left, the dark blue line indicates the birth rate; the blue dot on the line indicates the year in consideration and is given in the red rectangle; the red rectangle on the extreme right gives the annual change in population growth rate) . - The fertility rate in 1964 was 5.86 births per women and the population growth rate was 2.1% (top part of the image) - Although the fertility rate linearly decreased to 4.89 births per women till the year 1979 but the population growth rate actually increased to 2.4%. (center part of the image) - According to the last part of the image, the fertility rate decreases and so does the population growth rate (which is how the numbers should ideally look). The question that comes to my mind: should the population growth rate decrease with the decreasing birth rate or fertility rate? Is it possible that the population growth rate actually increases with falling birth rate? If yes, how? In addition to this, according to BBC news : “During the 1975 Emergency – when civil liberties were suspended Sanjay Gandhi, son of the former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, began what was described by many as a “gruesome campaign” to sterilize poor men. There were reports of police cordoning off villages and virtually dragging the men to surgery An astonishing 6.2 million Indian men were sterilized in just a year, which was “15 times the number of people sterilized by the Nazis”, according to science journalist Mara Hvistendahl. Two thousand men died from botched operations.” Some sources also say between June 25, 1975 and March 1977, an estimated 11 million men and women were sterilized using such tactics. Another 1 million women were inserted with IUDs. Even with two full-fledged wars (1965 and 1971) and millions forceful sterilization, the population growth rate increased till 1979. What happened between 1964 and 1979? Why did the population grow in-spite of decreasing birth rate? The entire future generations of millions of native Indians were wiped off in the name of population control and yet at the very same time, illegal migrants were overlooked and allowed to settle. Was this population control measure (forceful sterilization) by Mr. Gandhi a cover-up for some demographic mess up? Was it a master plan for building a loyal vote bank at the cost of lives of native Indians as the forced sterilization was mostly targeted in UP, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan. Conceivably this is the reason why people panic as soon as they hear birth control from a government source. Adding to all this, illegal migrants have more kids simply because they are uneducated and poor. And you cannot debate if the educated people have more kids or the uneducated ones. Straightforward question, what is the contribution of illegal immigration on the population growth in India? I don’t say that it is the sole reason or it is the most leading contributor, all I am saying is that it is definitely a contributor. And if we are earnestly seeking solutions to a problem we should know all the factor responsible for the problem. Once all the factors are listed with their exact contribution towards the problem we can proceed further. On the basis of resources available, the time required, finances required so on and so forth we could prioritize them and start fixing them one by one. NRC is an opportunity to resolve something that should not have occurred in the first place or should have been resolved three decades ago. And the states mentioned above are not the only states in India, once you enter any state, you can live in any of the 29 states and 7 union territories. This makes me wonder if an activity like NRC is required in all 36 entities in India. And when I say NRC, by no means I imply that the people who are not citizens should be thrown out, there are more than enough humanitarian ways to tackle this. NRC is the only way to list people of different nationalities so that we can actually work on population explosion issue. Right now, we are at the Square 1 of the population explosion problem. The only thing as of now we certainly know is that there is a problem and a major problem and if we don’t do anything about this there are going to be serious repercussions. Resources are limited. We don’t know where the problem is, what the problem is but are simply trying to fix the problem. How would you feel if you visit a doctor and he starts the treatment without even asking what the problem is? Forceful sterilization is not the way to go towards this problem, infact it is the Congress’ way of doing things. Congress is incapable of doing anything good for the country simply because they are always lead by minds from one family who are interesting in power more than anything else, they create bigger and more complex problems for the future generations. If the immigrant influx was stopped right then, the NRC issue would not have happened at all. And having done things like these, they still have the audacity to say the ruling party does not execute and implement things after careful planning. I guess they would have a complete documentation of all the legal-illegal people in India along with other factors affecting the population growth before they started cutting open the native Indians. They should share their findings with media or post them on the internet because it would be very helpful for the ruling government in speeding up the process. Invasive measures like sterilization should be the last resort once everything has been tried and tested. If you find some merit in this article, please stay connected for my next blog regarding my ideas of controlling population growth rate without a body snatching sterilization program.	<urn:uuid:dc723582-e780-4683-bf46-d72cfd0dc6a8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://infiniteseaofopportunities.com/2018/08/16/population-explosion-part-1/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525863.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718231656-20190719013656-00528.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9590175151824951, "token_count": 1845, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
Nicolas Copernicus (19 feb 1473 año – 21 mayo 1543 año) Copernicus was known primarily for the conception of the heliocentric model of the solar system. This was revolutionary at the time and many of his ideas were rejected, especially by the church. His methods, however, were also revolutionary because he used deductive reasoning rather than inductive, which changed the thought process of people throughout Europe to be more logical and independent with their thinking. Añadido al timeline: AP Euro Timeline Doby	<urn:uuid:d75223a5-9a95-490c-94af-2fd8a4a9c4a0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://time.graphics/es/period/562709", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195527458.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190722010436-20190722032436-00527.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9692566394805908, "token_count": 115, "score": 3.578125, "int_score": 4 }
Transparency of the Regulatory System The Government of Ghana’s policies on trade liberalization and investment promotion are guiding its effort to create a clear and transparent regulatory system. Ghana does not have a standardized consultation process but ministries generally share the text or summary of proposed regulations and solicit comments directly from stakeholders or via public meetings. All laws that are currently in effect are printed in the Ghana Gazette. The Government of Ghana has established regulatory bodies such as the National Communications Authority, the National Petroleum Authority, the Petroleum Commission, Energy Commission, and the Public Utilities Regulatory Commission to oversee activities in the telecommunications, downstream and upstream petroleum, electricity and natural gas, and water sectors, respectively. The creation of these bodies was a positive step but they remain relatively under-resourced and subject to political influence, thus their ability to deliver the intended level of oversight is limited. The government has announced a 36 month regulatory reform strategy/program, which includes plans to improve the ease of doing business, review all rules and regulations to identify and reduce unnecessary costs and requirements, establish an e-registry of all laws, establish a centralized public consultation web portal, provide regulatory relief for entrepreneurs, and eventually implement a regulatory impact analysis system. International Regulatory Considerations Ghana has been a World Trade Organization (WTO) member since January 1995. Ghana issues its own standards for most products under the auspices of the Ghana Standards Authority (GSA). The GSA has promulgated more than 500 Ghanaian standards and adopted more than 2,000 international standards for certification purposes. The Ghanaian Food and Drugs Authority is responsible for enforcing standards for food, drugs, cosmetics, and health items. Ghana notifies all draft technical regulations to the WTO Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Legal System and Judicial Independence Ghana's legal system is based on British common law and customary law. Investors should note that the acquisition of real property is governed by both statutory and customary law. The judiciary comprises both the lower courts and the superior courts. The superior courts are the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and the High Court and Regional Tribunals. Lawsuits are permitted and usually begin in the High Court. The High Court has jurisdiction in all matters, civil and criminal, other than those involving treason. There is a history of government intervention in the court system, although somewhat less so in commercial matters. The courts have, when the circumstances require, entered judgments against the government. However, the courts have been slow in disposing of cases and at times face challenges in enforcing decisions, largely due to resource constraints and institutional inefficiencies. Laws and Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment The GIPC Act codified the government's desire to present foreign investors with a transparent foreign investment regulatory regime. GIPC regulates foreign investment in acquisitions, mergers, takeovers and new investments, as well as portfolio investment in stocks, bonds, and other securities traded on the Ghana Stock Exchange. The GIPC Act also specifies areas of investment reserved for locals, and further delineates incentives and guarantees that relate to taxation, transfer of capital, profits and dividends, and guarantees against expropriation. While Ghana does not currently have a “one stop shop” for business registration, GIPC helps to facilitate the process and provides economic, commercial and investment information for companies and business people interested in starting a business or investing in Ghana. GIPC provides assistance to enable investors to take advantage of relevant incentives. Registration can be completed online at www.gipcghana.com. The government has announced plans to establish a “one stop shop” and aims to significantly reduce the time it takes to start a business by automating the process for registration across the relevant agencies. As detailed in the previous section on “Limits on Foreign Control and Right to Private Ownership and Establishment,” sector specific laws regulate foreign participation/investment in telecommunications, banking, fishing, mining, petroleum, and real estate. Ghana regulates the transfer of technologies not freely available in Ghana. According to the 1992 Technology Transfer Regulations, total management and technical fee levels higher than eight percent of net sales must be approved by GIPC. The regulations do not allow agreements that impose obligations to procure personnel, inputs, and equipment from the transferor or specific source. The duration of related contracts cannot exceed ten years and cannot be renewed for more than five years. Any provisions in the agreement inconsistent with Ghanaian regulations are unenforceable in Ghana. Competition and Anti-Trust Laws Ghana does not have a competition law. Expropriation and Compensation The Constitution sets out some exceptions and a clear procedure for the payment of compensation in allowable cases of expropriation or nationalization. Additionally, Ghana's investment laws generally protect investors against expropriation and nationalization. The Government of Ghana may, however, expropriate property if it is required to protect national defense, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, town and country planning, or to ensure the development or utilization of property in a manner to promote public benefit. In such cases, the GOG must provide prompt payment of fair and adequate compensation to the property owner. The Government of Ghana guarantees due process by allowing access to the high court by any person who has an interest or right over the property. U.S. investors are generally not subject to differential or discriminatory treatment in Ghana, and there have been no official government expropriations in recent times. There have been no reported instances of indirect expropriation or any government action equivalent to expropriation during the past year. ICSID Convention and New York Convention Ghana is a member state to the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID Convention). Ghana is a signatory to the convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958 New York Convention). There is a caveat for investment disputes arising from within the energy sector: the Government of Ghana has expressed a preference for handling disputes under the ad hoc arbitration rules of the U N Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL Model Law). Investor-State Dispute Settlement Ghana’s track record for sound governance and a relatively reliable legal system result in a dispute resolution process that benefits foreign investors, in comparison to other countries in the region. Since 2001, four American investors have filed for international arbitration against the Ghanaian government. Two of these cases were resolved when the Government of Ghana agreed to purchase the investments in dispute. In both cases the American investors agreed to the terms of the government purchase as an exit strategy, notwithstanding perceived inequitable terms. The other two cases are still in litigation where they have remained since December 2012. International Commercial Arbitration and Foreign Courts The United States has signed three bilateral agreements on trade and investment with Ghana: a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA), OPIC Investment Incentive Agreement, and the Open Skies Agreement. These agreements contain provisions for investment as well as trade dispute mechanisms. The Commercial Conciliation Center of the American Chamber of Commerce (Ghana) provides arbitration services on trade and investment issues for disputes regarding contracts with arbitration clauses. There is interest in alternative dispute resolution, especially as it applies to commercial cases. Several lawyers provide arbitration and/or conciliation services. Arbitration decisions are enforceable provided they are registered in the courts. The Government of Ghana established fast-track courts to expedite action in certain cases. These fast track courts, which are automated divisions of the High Court, were intended to oversee cases which can be concluded within six months. However, they have not succeeded in consistently disposing of cases within six months. In March 2005, the government established a commercial court with exclusive jurisdiction over all commercial matters. This Court also handles disputes involving commercial arbitration and the enforcement of awards, intellectual property rights, including patents, copyrights and trademarks, commercial fraud, applications under the Companies Code, tax matters, and insurance and re-insurance cases. A distinctive feature of the commercial court is the use of mediation or other alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, which are mandatory in the pre-trial settlement conference stage. Ghana also has a Financial and Economic Crimes Court. It is a specialized division of the High Court that handles high profile corruption and economic crime cases. Enforcement of foreign judgments in Ghana is based on the doctrine of reciprocity. On this basis, judgments from Brazil, France, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Senegal, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom are enforceable. Judgments from American courts are not currently enforceable in Ghana. The GIPC, Free Zones, Labor, and Minerals and Mining Laws outline dispute settlement procedures and provide for arbitration when disputes cannot be settled by other means. They also provide for referral of disputes to arbitration in accordance with the rules of procedure of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), or within the framework of a bilateral agreement between Ghana and the investor's country. The 2010 Alternative Dispute Resolution Act (Act 798 of 2010) provides for the settlement of disputes by mediation and customary arbitration, in addition to regular arbitration processes. Ghana does not have a bankruptcy statute. The Companies Code of 1963, however, provides for official closure of a company when it is unable to pay its debts.	<urn:uuid:8734e4bb-57f6-4243-bea6-e3cfd2a5c6e5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2017/af/269739.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741979.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114104603-20181114130603-00215.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.940962553024292, "token_count": 1913, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3 }
Most Active Stories Tue August 5, 2014 Michigan farmers adjusting to climate change If you’ve found yourself putting on a sweater or light jacket on cool evenings this summer, you’ve probably wondered what’s going on with the weather. The polar vortex that visited us so harshly last winter made a return visit a few weeks ago, dropping temperatures below normal. It turns out that there’s at least one upside to climate change; one that could help our farm economy. At the end of June, the US Department of Agriculture published its crop acreage report. It showed a record number of acres of corn, soybeans and wheat were planted this spring in Michigan. Some believe climate change is lengthening growing seasons and making more land receptive to crops, but others aren’t quite so sure global warming is the reason. To learn more, Current State’s Kevin Lavery spoke with Jim Byrum, president of the Michigan Agri-Business Association, and Laura Campbell, manager of the Agricultural Ecology Department at the Michigan Farm Bureau. This segment is supported by Michigan State University's Knight Center for Environmental Journalism. More news about the Great Lakes environment can be found at GreatLakesEcho.org and on Current State every Tuesday as part of our partnership. Science & Technology	<urn:uuid:51901386-ea2a-4316-aa07-638d54f75d1d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "url": "http://wkar.org/post/michigan-farmers-adjusting-climate-change", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639325.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00111-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9159319996833801, "token_count": 267, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3 }
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has pledged $287m (£155m) in a bid to speed up the development of a vaccine for the HIV/Aids virus. It is the Gates Foundation's biggest ever investment in HIV and Aids The money is being split into 16 grants for science teams across the world - with the aim that they work more collaboratively on new approaches. All the recipients have had to agree to share their findings - even if they had been working on competing projects. More than 40 million people are believed to be infected with HIV/Aids. While dozens of different potential vaccines have been trialled in the 25 years since the HIV virus was first identified, scientists have struggled to develop an effective vaccine. This is because of the virus's ability to mutate and attack the human immune system - the very thing that vaccines try and stimulate to ward off infections. "Unfortunately, developing an effective HIV vaccine has proven to be tremendously difficult, and despite the committed efforts of many researchers around the world, progress simply has not been fast enough," said Dr Nicholas Hellmann, of the Gates Foundation's HIV, TB and reproductive health programme. He said the aim of the grant funding is to identify the most innovative approaches in vaccine research and then direct future efforts towards those ideas. The 16 grants are being divided between 165 investigators in 19 countries - some of whom are well-known in the area of HIV/Aids research and some who are lesser known. One of the projects being funded is research to isolate a large number of antibodies from humans and animals, including llamas, to see if they can neutralise HIV. Another project will try to use viruses related to smallpox as potential vaccines. The researchers will be expected to share their findings and compare their results with others to ensure a more coordinated approach to scientific research. This is the foundation's largest-ever investment in HIV and Aids research, Dr Helmann said. The foundation says it is also developing global access plans to ensure that any discoveries from the research are accessible and affordable in developing countries.	<urn:uuid:ada56376-1a85-4d21-93ef-05d38a7f0386>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35", "url": "http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5197082.stm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500816424.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021336-00035-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9634029865264893, "token_count": 428, "score": 2.703125, "int_score": 3 }
A symbol is an object with a unique name. This chapter describes symbols, their components, their property lists, and how they are created and interned. Separate chapters describe the use of symbols as variables and as function names; see Variables, and Functions. For the precise read syntax for symbols, see Symbol Type. You can test whether an arbitrary Lisp object is a symbol with This function returns t if object is a symbol, \|• Symbol Components:\|\|Symbols have names, values, function definitions and property lists.\| \|• Definitions:\|\|A definition says how a symbol will be used.\| \|• Creating Symbols:\|\|How symbols are kept unique.\| \|• Symbol Properties:\|\|Each symbol has a property list for recording miscellaneous information.\|	<urn:uuid:065d5519-80ae-4dc4-b8f8-30de18619e44>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://el.lisp.se/Symbols.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688932.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922093346-20170922113346-00317.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8004187941551208, "token_count": 164, "score": 3.8125, "int_score": 4 }
Without question, anxiety is a real and serious problem for many people on the autism spectrum. We hear this from parents, teachers and doctors, as well as from adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This disabling anxiety can take the form of one or more disorders, including panic disorder and phobias. A recent review of scientific studies on autism and anxiety revealed that we have no clear gauge of how commonly anxiety disorders overlap with autism. A few small, relatively short-term studies have produced starkly different results: from 11 percent to 84 percent. (For comparison, the prevalence of anxiety disorders among the general population is about 18 percent.) A reliable estimate will require a study that tracks many more individuals with autism over longer periods of time and that considers the distinctive way that anxiety oftentimes expresses itself in those affected by ASD. Fortunately, Autism Speaks is funding the Autism Treatment Network, which collects systematic data on a wide range of medical conditions, including anxiety disorders, in children with ASD. This data will help us better understand the proportion of people with ASD who are suffering from anxiety symptoms. Meanwhile preliminary studies have provided insights. They suggest, for example, that adolescents with autism may be particularly prone to anxiety disorders, while younger children on the spectrum may not differ at all from the average population. Some studies likewise suggest that high-functioning individuals on the spectrum experience higher rates of anxiety disorders than do lower-functioning individuals. Still we must emphasize that these results are preliminary. We don’t know nearly as much as we should about how anxiety disorders affect those with autism. A recent review of studies found that behavioral interventions can help many children and adolescents with autism who also struggle with anxiety. Along these lines, some studies suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy can be particularly helpful for high-functioning adolescents and adults with autism and anxiety. We will explore behavioral interventions further in a future “Got Questions?” blog. My own expertise is in the medical treatment of anxiety in persons with ASD. Currently, we have no medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expressly for the treatment of anxiety in children, adolescents or adults with autism. Some classes of drugs commonly prescribed for treating anxiety disorders in the general population likewise help some of those on the autism spectrum. These include the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Prozac. For those with autism, anxiety drugs are best used in combination with behavioral interventions. Among high-functioning individuals, they may be particularly effective when combined with cognitive behavioral therapy. However, some doctors report that anti-anxiety medications seem to be less effective overall in people with autism spectrum disorder than they are in the general population. This observation needs to be verified with controlled research. It suggests the possibility that the biological root of anxiety in those with autism may differ from the “norm” and, as a result, may respond best to different treatments. At Autism Speaks, we are actively supporting research into anxiety disorders and other medical conditions frequently associated with autism. This includes both basic research on the underlying biology of autism and the safe development of drugs that can relieve disabling symptoms and improve quality of life. If you are considering anti-anxiety medication for a child with autism, our recently published Medication Decision Aid can help you work with your child’s physician to sort through the pros and cons in the context of your values and goals for your child. You can learn more about the medication tool kit and download a free copy, here. Got more questions? Send them to [email protected]. And bring them to our next webchat with Autism Speaks Chief Science Officer Geri Dawson, Ph.D., and Autism Speaks assistant vice president and head of medical research Joe Horrigan, M.D. More information on their monthly webchats here. This week a reporter from Bloomberg News asked me to comment on new research showing how stimulating certain brain cells can spur autism-like symptoms–and how calming these same cells can restore normal behavior. The reporter quoted me as calling the research “revolutionary.” It’s true—for a number of reasons. We need to study brain activity to better understand and treat social behavior disturbances such as those associated with autism. Researchers do this by seeing what happens when they change what’s happening in the brain. But until now they’ve had only crude methods such as administering chemicals that target many parts of the brain. To better understand normal and altered brain activity, we need to pinpoint exactly where something is going wrong. It helps to think of brain cells and their connections as microcircuits. Following this analogy, researchers need to be able to test specific microcircuits within the brain. With this in mind, Karl Deisseroth and his colleagues at Stanford University used genetic engineering to create mice that produce brain chemicals that are activated by light. When activated, these chemicals excite surrounding brain cells. The researchers then used tiny pulses of laser light to produce activity in specific parts of the brain—right down to the level of a few brain cells, or a specific brain circuit. Using this approach, the researchers found that when they stimulated certain cells in the prefrontal cortex—a part of the brain involved in social behavior—the mice stopped socializing with each other. At the same time, the mice’s brain waves took on a pattern seen in many persons with autism. Then, the researchers used a different light that dampened the activity and calmed the overexcited cells. In response, the mice started socializing again and the autism-like brain waves began to disappear. The idea here isn’t to control behavior or implant fiber optics in anyone’s brain! What Karl has developed is a way to help us see exactly where something might be going wrong inside a brain and decipher exactly what is happening there. Importantly this kind of approach may allow us to use lab animals to test new medicines that can help “rebalance” certain brain circuits to ease autism symptoms–and do so with fewer or no side effects. This is the kind of pioneering research that wins the Nobel Prize. Even more important, we at Autism Speaks want to be supporting research along this promising path toward greater understanding of autism, its prevention and its treatment. Translational research in autism converts complex scientific discoveries into real life benefits for those living with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Earlier this year, I had the privilege of organizing and moderating a translational research symposium we called “Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Genes to Targets to Treatments” at the New York Academy of Sciences. The symposium was made possible through funding from Autism Speaks. Indeed, sponsorship of meetings like this is an essential part of Autism Speaks’ commitment to advancing innovative autism research. The New York Academy symposium brought together respected experts working on translational autism research from the proverbial bench to the bedside. The day was filled with stimulating scientific discussion that helped those of us involved in this research to align our research priorities. In this week’s “Science in the City” podcast from the New York Academy (click the image below to access the podcast), you can listen in as two of the symposium’s speakers offer a behind-the-scenes look at the new technologies and treatments that could redefine how we understand autism. Eric Hollander, of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, talks about using oxytocin, a brain chemical that fosters social bonding, as a potentially treatment for aspects of autism. And Timothy Roberts, of the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, discusses his use of brain imaging to identify early markers of autism—such as a tell-tale delay in how a child responds to voices and other sounds. For more information about the translational research Autism Speaks funds, please visit our Grant Search portal, where you can learn more about specific studies on technology development, biomedical interventions, and more. We’d love your feedback. So please leave a comment and respond to our polldaddy question of the day below the podcast link. Thanks. Click the image to hear the podcast. As more and more is learned about the biology of autism, the development of novel medicines to treat its core symptoms is no longer just a hope. Therefore Autism Speaks was pleased to be invited to participate in the 5th annual FasterCures-Esquire Leadership Forum, devoted this year to the topic of translational research, that is, how to translate knowledge gained from basic research into products that can provide real healthcare benefits for patients. FasterCures, a Washington D.C. think tank focused on accelerating medical solutions, is based on the founding principle that saving time saves lives. Since 2005 they have brought together a cross-disciplinary group of innovative thinkers to explore novel approaches that hold the potential to accelerate the search for new treatments and cures for diseases. With representatives of biotechnology, pharmaceutical and patient advocacy organizations in attendance, the theme for this year’s small workshop was to determine action items to achieve innovation in drug development. Attendees agreed that in order for this to happen as fast as possible, there needs to be better integration between all stakeholders – patients, financiers, academic researchers and for-profit companies alike. The meeting participants called for the identification of new business models and research paradigms to achieve this integration. Full of buzz words such as “open innovation,” “collaboration,” and “entrepreneurship,” the discussions focused on identifying the organizational and cultural barriers that influence the interface between traditional academic research and industry-related drug development. This interface has long been called the “Valley of Death” because of the enormous difficulty in translating research discoveries into viable medical solutions. While the government has begun several initiatives to push biomedical research forward across the Valley of Death, for-profit organizations such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are beginning to unite to address the challenges that make it inefficient and, at times, impossible, to carry forward such risky and costly research on their own. Some of the challenges identified at the meeting include the many knowledge gaps that remain in our basic understanding of human biology, the lack of financial incentives to work in some disease areas, and the constraints created by business policies that are meant to provide competitive advantages but instead often hinder progress. The short meeting highlighted lessons learned from other industries and several new models of collaboration. At its conclusion the participants agreed that streamlining the drug development process will involve not just procedural improvements but much more partnering than has ever been attempted before, including between individual pharmaceutical companies and between pharmaceutical companies and academia. This opens a role for non-profit advocacy organizations such as Autism Speaks in bringing together the many diverse players, each with their own motivations and incentives. Towards this end, Autism Speaks has recently formed a Translational Research Initiative that aims to enhance communication between academic scientists and industry representatives and nurture our renewed hopes for successful translational research in autism and new healthcare solutions. Read more about translational research from our Chief Science Officer, Dr. Geri Dawson. This post is by Leanne Chukoskie, Ph.D. Dr. Chukoskie is the Asst. Director Science Communication and Special Projects at Autism Speaks and Asst. Project Scientist, Institute for Neural Computation, UCSD. On Friday, the New York Times published a story about a small clinical trial for a drug that ameliorated some of the symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome in some of the participants in the trial. Single-gene disorders, such as Fragile X Syndrome have been instructive in helping us understand the biology of the broader autism spectrum disorders (30% of people with Fragile X have an ASD). The effort described in the New York Times is not singular, but instead an area of active pursuit by many. Here is some history behind the Fragile X drug story and a summary of clinical trials for single-gene causes of ASD. As noted in the article, the excitement began in 1991 when Steve Warren, Ph.D. (Professor at Emory University and member of Autism Speaks’ Scientific Advisory Committee) and his colleagues identified the gene, FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1), that causes Fragile X syndrome. At that point, Warren and others began probing the FMR1 gene pathway to learn its properties and seek a way of correcting the genetic error. The promise of basic research findings was coming to light in Fragile X as early as 2005, with a small workshop organized by Autism Speaks’ staff titled “Promising new leads for autism research: a potential cure for Fragile X” at the International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR). At this meeting, Mark Bear, Ph.D. (MIT), Tom Jongens, Ph.D (UPenn) and Bob Wong Ph.D. (SUNY Downstate) presented preliminary findings related to a theory that Fragile X may be caused by over-excitation of synapse (the connections between nerve cells). Proper functioning of the connections between nerve cells requires a balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. It appears that the FMR1 gene was causing this balance to be disrupted so that there was an abundance of the excitatory influences. These researchers found that by damping the activity of a common excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate) in the brain, many of the symptoms that characterized the animal models of Fragile X disorder disappeared. This theory was referred to as the mGluR theory (for metabatropic Glutamate Receptor) of Fragile X. The drugs that produced improvements in animal models are called mGluR antagonists, because they act by blocking the actions of this glutamate receptor. Previously, it was believed that one must act early in neurodevelopment to see any improvement in the symptoms of ASD. This basic research was incredibly exciting because several labs were learning that behaviors related to ASD could be ameliorated with drugs in adult animals. That was several years ago and one might wonder what is taking so long to see useful medicines for these disorders. The process of approving drugs in any field is long and arduous (see blog on translational research and what Autism Speaks has funded). The translation of basic research into viable drugs in clinical trial is often referred to as crossing the “Valley of Death” as so few molecules tested in basic research make it through the process to become useful medicines. That said, several efforts have been made to create drugs for single-gene disorders related to ASD (see 2008 Top 10 story). In 2008 researchers from the MIND Institute and Rush University reported results from the first trial of mGluR5 antagonists. Results from the small trial indicate that six out of the twelve adults with Fragile X showed improvements in cognitive deficits. This was the first promising news that mGluR drugs were safe and effective in humans and are related to those reported in the New York Times’ article from the Novartis study, which began around the same time. Seaside Therapeutics is a small biotechnology company founded by Dr. Bear to see if the promising results observed in animals could be offered to families. In 2008, Seaside began enrollment for a clinical trial using a drug that would also dampen glutamate activity but through a different pathway for treating Fragile X. This drug enhanced the activity of a class of receptors that typically suppress glutamate activity. Seaside Therapeutics has expanded this trial to include patients with autism, and has also launched a clinical trial of its own formulation of a specific mGluR5 antagonist for Fragile X. If positive results are found, the next step will be to test these medications on individuals with ASD who do not have Fragile X syndrome. We’ve been talking a lot about Fragile X, but there is another disorder, called Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), which offers another path to understanding ASD (approximately 25-50 percent of people with TSC also have an ASD). In 2008, UK researchers conducting a clinical trial with individuals with TSC reported positive outcomes on short-term memory tests of those receiving treatment. Rapamycin, the drug used in this trial and already FDA-approved for cancer, targets the brain signaling pathway that has been found to be disrupted in TSC and that has recently been implicated in autism as well (see 2007 Top 10 story related to TSC and 2008 Top 10 story about translational research). Basic research in the biological pathways highlighted by genetic studies of Fragile X and TSC was the starting point for these exciting clinical trials. Autism Speaks continues to identify basic research opportunities that may lead to successful treatments as well as support the translation of research on molecules that have shown promise in the lab to medications that help families. By Geri Dawson, Chief Science Officer, Autism Speaks When I am giving talks to families about the research Autism Speaks funds, I am sometimes asked why we are funding a particular study when that study appears to have very little to do with the majority of people who actually are living and struggling with autism. This especially comes up when I am talking about studies involving animal models, brain tissue, and rare genetic conditions. Parents often express their frustration that scientists have not yet developed medications that can improve the quality of life for people with autism, medications that can help a child or adult with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) communicate better or be more comfortable around other people. I realize then that the connection between many of the studies we fund and our goal of developing medications that can help people with autism may not be clear. In this article, I hope to illustrate how many of the individual studies that we fund – which in isolation may not seem relevant – are part of a discovery and development process ultimately aimed at providing medications that can improve the life of individuals with ASD. I will begin with some background on the process of moving from basic laboratory studies to delivery of a useful medication to the community, a process often referred to as “translational research.” The process of drug discovery begins with identification of a “drug target.” A drug target is a component of a biochemical pathway, sometimes referred to as a “signaling” or “metabolic” pathway. How do we figure out what signaling or metabolic pathways are affected in ASD? One way is to closely examine the actual brain cells of persons with autism, which is only possible with post-mortem brain tissue donated by families (view a recently funded study using post-mortem brain tissue). Another way is to use animal models (see a perspective on mouse models from Craig Powell) to study the effects of a genetic mutation that is known to result in ASD or ASD symptoms. It has also been useful to start by studying conditions such as Rett syndrome and Fragile X syndrome because the genetics of these conditions are well understood. In addition, we know that these conditions are often associated with autism (e.g., about 30 percent of individuals with Fragile X also have autism). Animal models of these syndromes are becoming well developed, allowing scientists to study how the genetic mutation influences the biochemistry and brain functioning (view a recently funded study of synaptic alterations in the amygdala). These types of studies pointed scientists to specific signaling pathways; for example, a pathway involving two neurotransmitters: GABA and glutamate. These chemicals are crucial for neurons (brain cells) to establish a communication network through the formation of synapses (connections between neurons). Specifically, the genetic mutation alters the amount of these chemicals released in the brain (i.e., too much glutamate), resulting in over-excitation of the neural circuits. This disrupts learning. Interestingly, at the same time these discoveries were being made, other scientists discovered that many of the genetic mutations that result in autism also disrupt the functioning of the synapse (view a recently funded study of synapse function). The strategy here is to look for common signaling pathways that are disrupted by different risk genes. These pathways offer the best hope for developing a medication that can be helpful not just with one genetic subtype of ASD, but more generally for many individuals who have ASD (even those where an environmental trigger might have been involved). The process of drug target identification Once a disrupted pathway or pathways contributing to a condition is discovered, scientists can start testing (“validating”) whether certain medications can restore the functioning of that pathway and improve behavioral functioning in animal models and humans. Another strategy for testing different medications is to examine the effects of the medication on cells (neurons) derived from freshly isolated post-mortem brain tissue that was donated by individuals with autism through Autism Speaks’ Autism Tissue Program. Currently, several medications that are designed to improve behavioral functioning in autism are being tested in persons with associated genetic disorders such as Rett syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis, and Fragile X syndrome (view two recently funded human clinical trials of medications for Rett syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis ). If these medications are found to improve behavioral functioning in individuals with these conditions, plans to study some of these medications with people with ASD will follow. The hope is that because these conditions share some biological and behavioral similarities, these same medications will be more widely effective. At the same time, drawing from what we have learned about the role of glutamate from studies of Fragile X syndrome, Autism Speaks is currently funding a “phase one” or “proof of concept” clinical trial of memantine, a medication that reduces the availability of glutamate, for persons with ASD. As we understand more about the underlying biology of ASD using the strategies described above, there will be more promising leads for new medications that can improve the lives of persons with ASD. The process from target identification to FDA approval of a new medication is arduous. Animal and human studies are needed to examine safety, side effects, optimal dosing, and other factors (these are referred to as Phase I, II, and III clinical trials). This “drug development pipeline” involves the collaboration among agencies such as the NIH and Autism Speaks that provide research funding; academic scientists who often conduct the high risk research that leads to target identification and validation; pharmaceutical companies who, once a target is validated, have the capability and resources of conducting the larger Phase II and III trials; and the FDA who is responsible for approving the medication for wide usage. This collaboration is essential for drug discovery and development. Translational research moves findings from the lab to the families. It is one of many diverse areas of research emphasis at Autism Speaks. This type of research provides hope for the future. But, at the same time, we are funding studies that have more immediate impact on people lives. These include studies of novel behavioral and other types of interventions that can be quickly implemented by parents, therapists, and teachers, as well as many others (see examples of recently funded studies on Pivotal Response Training and Cognitive Enhancement Therapy that can have immediate impact. This balance between short- and long-term research is a key part of Autism Speaks’ overall funding strategy. In honor of the anniversary of Autism Speaks’ founding on Feb 25, for the next 25 days we will be sharing stories about the many significant scientific advances that have occurred during our first five years together. Our 11th item, Translational Research Takes Hold , is from Autism Speaks’ Top 10 Autism Research Events of 2008.	<urn:uuid:7c75b3d6-1d63-4a6b-bdb2-c8039d2d632f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "https://blog.autismspeaks.org/tag/translational-research/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823133.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00008-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9543285965919495, "token_count": 4842, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3 }
Yesterday’s look at NExSS (the Nexus for Exoplanet System Science), NASA’s new ‘virtual institute,’ focused on the multidisciplinary nature of the effort. The work I’m looking at today, an analysis of the planets around Tau Ceti performed at Arizona State University, only emphasizes the same point. To get a read on whether two planets that are possibly in Tau Ceti’s habitable zone are likely to be terrestrial worlds like Earth, the ASU team brought the tools of Earth science into play, in particular the work of Sang-heon Shim. Shim is a mineral physicist who worked with astrophysicists Michael Pagano, Patrick Young and Amanda Truitt in the Tau Ceti analysis. His perspective was vital because early work had already suggested that Tau Ceti has an unusual balance between the rock-forming minerals magnesium and silicon. In fact, the ratio of magnesium to silicon here is 1.78, about 70% more than we find in the Sun. That casts long-standing views of Tau Ceti as Sol’s twin into doubt, and raises questions about the nature of the planets that formed around it. There is evidence for five of these, with two — Tau Ceti e and f — thought to be in the habitable zone. That’s an attractive possibility, for Tau Ceti is nearby at 12 light years, a solitary G-class star like the Sun, and a relatively stable one at that. No wonder it figures prominently in science fiction, its very proximity made a significant plot issue by Larry Niven in his 1968 novel A Gift from Earth, which depicts an isolated Tau Ceti colony that can still receive the occasional cargo from Earth. Isaac Asimov made a Tau Ceti planet the home of the first human extrasolar settlement in The Caves of Steel (1954). Image: The Sun is at the left in this comparison with Tau Ceti. Credit: R.J. Hall via Wikimedia Commons. In fact, I can think of few stars that have received so much attention from writers. Might some of the planets there really be habitable? The two planets we are looking at are ‘super-Earths,’ with masses of 4.29±2.00 and 6.67±3.50 times that of Earth respectively. The new work makes the prospect of Earth-like conditions unlikely. In fact, Shim’s mineralogical study indicates that the high magnesium/silicon ratio of the parent star could produce planets unlike any we’re familiar with, as the scientist explains: “With such a high magnesium and silicon ratio it is possible that the mineralogical make-up of planets around Tau Ceti could be significantly different from that of Earth. Tau Ceti’s planets could very well be dominated by the mineral olivine at shallow parts of the mantle and have lower mantles dominated by ferropericlase.” Ferropericlase is a magnesium/iron oxide that is thought to be a major constituent of the Earth’s lower mantle, along with silicate perovskite, which is a magnesium/iron silicate. Because ferropericlase is viscous, an abundance of it in the mantle would make mantle rock flow more readily, possibly affecting plate tectonics and volcanism at the planetary surface. The resulting world would pose challenges for the development of life, and certainly for its detection. “Faster geochemical cycling,” the paper notes, “could impede the buildup of biologically produced non-equilibrium chemical species in the planet’s atmosphere.” The paper describes what it calls a detectability index, or DI, that gauges the ability of a planet to house life and to maintain biosignatures of the kind we hope to detect with new space telescope missions. Tau Ceti planets in the habitable zone might, in other words, be habitable, but unlikely to produce detectable life signs in their atmospheres. Life would not necessarily be absent, but detecting it would require a thorough study of planetary evolution. Another issue is the length of time a planet spends in the habitable zone. Tau Ceti e’s position is deeply problematic. The authors believe the world is reaching the end of its habitable lifetime and is at best on the extreme inner edge of the habitable zone. Tau Ceti f, meanwhile, appears to be near the outer edge of the habitable zone, but evidently moved into it within the past 1.5 billion years, and probably in much less time than this. Assume even a billion years in the habitable zone and bear in mind that Earth’s biosphere took roughly two billion year to produce biosignatures that would be theoretically detectable. The DI for this world — our ability to find life if it does exist on Tau Ceti f — would be low indeed. A long habitable lifetime may be in this planet’s future, but that doesn’t help us now: Even in the most pessimistic case, the planet will have about 7 Gy of habitable lifetime until the end of the main sequence, plus additional time while the star traverses the subgiant branch. From a detectability standpoint, however, f is a poor candidate. At best, the planet has been in the HZ for < <1Gy under these assumptions. So we have in Tau Ceti f a world where life could exist but would be, at least according to what we know of life here on Earth, probably in an early state and unlikely to be detectable. There is a significant lesson for us in this conclusion, as the paper goes on to note: The rate of change of L [luminosity] and Teff [stellar effective temperature] as a function of time means that cases similar to f where a planet enters the HZ in the latter part of the star’s life are more common than planets that have been in the HZ since early times. This serves as a reminder that the present “habitability” of a planet does not necessarily indicate that it is a good candidate for detecting biosignatures. The temporal evolution of the system must be taken into account. So much, then, for the notion that if we detect a planet in the habitable zone, we are safe in assuming life has had time enough to emerge there. Here we have one case of basic mineralogy casting doubt over whether surface conditions are habitable or whether it could be detected by our instruments if present, and another where the movement of a planet into the habitable zone means that biology may flourish there but only in our distant future.	<urn:uuid:9ab80e8f-e837-467c-ad3d-ff369ca8da2c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "url": "https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2015/04/24/habitable-worlds-around-tau-ceti/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628001089.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190627095649-20190627121649-00135.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9470201730728149, "token_count": 1384, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
The massive effects of the universal geometry we have been studying show the impact of changes at the galactic level. But what about the effects here at home? Certainly we have seen that these massive changes can effect DNA and mass extinctions. But, the work of John Searl makes use of this geometry and could change our future. His discoveries, making use of the Searl Effect, are paving the way for inverse gravity vehicles and free energy technology. How all of this is possible becomes clear with an understanding of the electromagnetic nature of our universe, at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. This presentation by David Wilcock was originally webcast on April 17, 2017.	<urn:uuid:341e7a9a-ca16-43e5-b925-7740b2a022ff>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "https://www.gaia.com/video/213-searl-effect", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886416.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180116105522-20180116125522-00229.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9520158767700195, "token_count": 133, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
WASHINGTON – One in every four U.S. Hispanics lives in poverty, a total of 12.4 million people, according to Census data from last year published on Thursday. The figure for the number of Hispanics living below the poverty line – less than $22,000 a year for a family of four – makes up part of a broad report entitled “Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States” based on information from the “2010 Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement.” In 2009, a total of 43.6 million U.S. citizens lived in poverty, about one in seven, the largest figure registered since 1959, the first year for which figures are available. Among Hispanics, the proportion of poor people rose from 23.2 percent to 25.3 percent in 2009, when 1.4 million Latinos more slipped below the poverty line. Compared with the other demographic groups, only African Americans exceeded that percentage, with 25.8 percent living in poverty, while among non-Hispanic whites, just 9.4 percent lived below the poverty line. But the data contained in the report also show that, despite the rise in poverty, Hispanic households increased their average income in 2009 by 0.7 percent to $38,039 a year. For Georgetown University demographic expert Harry Holzer, this is an “interesting contradiction” that could be explained by “the slight decline in immigration in recent years” and by another factor that the report does not mention. “We musn’t forget that the number of Hispanic homes has fallen after the (economic) crisis such that there is an important group that remains uncounted in terms of income by household,” he told Efe. Ostensibly, if the number of households falls, say by a grown and working child moving back in with his or her parents, then the child’s income would now be added to the parents’ household income rather than continue to be counted separately. Thus, one household with a larger income would be counted in the Census data rather than two households with smaller incomes, resulting in a rise in the average household income. Dozens of experts and Latino groups reacted to the Census report by noting the importance of approving several bills that remain stalled in Congress to improve things, including the local employment creation bill sponsored by Rep. George Miller (D-Calif.), which, Holzer says, would create 1 million jobs. The National Council of La Raza in a communique reiterated its support for measures like expanding the Child Tax Credit and the Earned Income Tax Credit, as well as the creation of green jobs. Another of the big problems depicted in the report is the growing number of people without medical insurance coverage in the United States, a figure that increased in 2009 from 46.3 million to 50.7 million, and at last tally totals 16.7 percent of the population. Among Hispanics, more than 15.8 million people, or 32.4 percent of the total, lacked health insurance last year, when President Barack Obama’s health care reform was still being debated in Congress. The most vulnerable age group to the increase in poverty is that of U.S. Hispanic children, of whom 33.1 percent live below the poverty line, while 21.4 percent of the Latino adult population and 18.3 percent of elderly Hispanics are poor. In total, in the United States 15.5 million people under 18 years of age live in poverty, almost one in every five, according to the data. EFE	<urn:uuid:15fc6683-7361-4a92-b8df-3221c8e2f458>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18", "url": "http://laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=366796&CategoryId=12395", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246654292.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045734-00092-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9560872912406921, "token_count": 736, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
Music is part of on a regular basis life. We hearken to it on the best way to work, once we work out, whereas operating errands; all too usually within the background. But, music is a novel type of expression that charts historical past, custom, and tradition. Music is the very cloth of Hawaiian tradition, its story interweaving by means of the centuries and evolving to the sound you hear at this time. European settlers might not have found the islands till the 1700s, however Hawaiians found the reward of track nicely earlier than foreigners set foot on Hawaii’s shores. One of many extra curious issues in regards to the Hawaiian language is that there is no such thing as a phrase for “music,” however its construction has been a mainstay of Hawaiian custom. Mele, or chanting, was a ritual in historical Hawaii, a way of preserving ancestral historical past. These chants chronicled tales of household lineage and legends of Hawaiian gods, tales visually instructed by means of the dance of hula. Rituals had been guided by a drum beat and a small orchestra of stones, sticks, and rattles, laying the muse for early Hawaiian music. Contact with European settlers within the 1700s launched Hawaiians to the cultures of the world. Missionaries introduced Christian hymns and varied European instrumentation such because the flute, violin, and the piano. However the Hawaiians had been extra fascinated with the guitar introduced by Spanish cowboys, or paniolos. Hawaiians referred to Spanish music as Cachi-cachi as a result of their quick and improvised model of taking part in shortly caught on. When the Spanish returned to their residence international locations, they left their guitars as items. Eager on creating their very own taking part in model, locals started slackening the strings, creating a definite finger-picking model that suited their rhythmic sensibilities. “Slack-key” guitar grew to become a neighborhood craze and inspired the innovation of one other taking part in model – “steel-guitar.” This concerned sliding a chunk of metal alongside the strings, which gave off a soothing, dream-like high quality that may quickly develop into the sound representing Hawaiian music. These improvements impressed locals to embrace different types of instrumentation. The melody remained firmly within the vocals, an emphasis on language and tradition, whereas the sound, simply as historical rituals had dictated, offered concord and assist. Many had been discovering that they had innate musical expertise and Hawaii shortly garnered such expertise for an orchestra. In 1915, the Royal Hawaiian Band was invited to compete on the Panama Pacific Exposition in San Francisco. This was the first-time folks had heard of Hawaii, a tradition and a language being expressed by means of track. It painted a lush portrait of the islands, an impression that all the pieces is as melodic and polished because the music they carried out. The Royal Hawaiian Band put the tradition of Hawaii on the map and it was Tau Moe, a household of 4 often known as, “The Aloha 4,” who popularized the steel-guitar. They had been Hawaii’s very personal supergroup, touring throughout the mainland, then the world. Hawaii’s island-born improvements and rhythmic harmonies had discovered a worldwide viewers. The onset of recording made it doable for folks to deliver Hawaii residence with them. Within the 1920s, the radio programming of “Hawaii Calls” and stay broadcasts of Hawaiian music made folks really feel as in the event that they had been really there. Nearly each resort – the one venues sufficiently big to accommodate bands and orchestras – had radio gear arrange. A band that was entertaining visitors was abruptly taking part in to the world. By the 1950s, Hawaii Calls was being broadcast to 750 stations. Hawaiian music waned within the 60s. Native musicians like Don Ho and Joe Keawe nonetheless thrived, however mainland artists had flooded the scene, having tried their hand on the style solely due to its reputation. Hawaiian music was in peril of turning into a fad had it not been for the following era of musicians. Gabby Pahinui put the emphasis again on tradition. A slack-key and falsetto wunderkind, he had discovered inspiration by means of custom. As Hawaiian music grew to become extra standard, it grew to become more and more about model. With mainland artists having moved on, the style refocused on long-held cultural themes of sovereignty and nationwide delight, thus spearheading a cultural awakening. Hula was in the midst of a resurgence. The Merrie Monarch Competition, as soon as a tourist-pageant, grew to become a celebration of tradition as hula teams, or halaus, had been now required to create unique chants for his or her routine. It was a license to create fairly than repeat, introducing a brand new custom to the competition by honoring these of the previous. The Merrie Monarch gave rise to artists equivalent to Keali’i Reichel and The Brothers Cazimero. This renaissance ushered in an period of Hawaiian superstars. Sonny Chillingworth and Willie Okay had been revered for his or her slack-key prowess, whereas Linda Dela Cruz and Amy Hanaiali’i Gillom’s falsetto surprise made them in a single day sensations. Israel Kamakawiwo’ole, merely often known as Braddah Iz, stays as essentially the most famend Hawaiian musician of all time. His medleys of “Beginning All Over Once more” and “Someplace Over the Rainbow” are in syndication to today, whereas “Hawaiian Supa’ Man” is a suitably mythic illustration of his expertise and magnificence. Reggae did not arrive in Hawaii till the 80s. Initially shunned by traditionalists, reggae’s rhythmic surprise meshed nicely with Hawaii’s comparable music sensibilities. Hawaii has since adopted reggae and the bigger Jamaican tradition with open arms. The Rastafarian flag is an emblem of nationwide delight alongside Hawaii’s personal state emblem. Reggae and Hawaii are inseparable on the radio at this time, breeding “Jawaiian” as a preferred and significant subgenre within the canon. What made Hawaiian music so pivotal was the tradition. It made folks cease and hear. Hawaiian themes, traditions, and the tales they inform are what outline Hawaiian music as a style. As long as artists take inspiration within the language and the tradition, the music will stay important to the world.	<urn:uuid:dcb6f696-1827-4802-8cce-d8bd38c6bac4>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://e-travel-to.com/hawaiian-music-historical-past-a-transient-overview/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107888931.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025100059-20201025130059-00288.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9727140665054321, "token_count": 1373, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
Questions About Remote Learning? View This Storyboard as a Slide Show! Create your own! Like What You See? This storyboard was created with A parable is a story that is told by Jesus that has a lesson in it and has a very important moral/message at the end. The Parable of The Tax Collector and the Pharisee. God I do everything for you and I am thankful that I am not a sinner. I am grateful that I am defiantly nothing like that horrible tax collector. What is a parable? Forgive me God. For I have sinned. One day a pharisee and tax collector both went to the temple to pray to God. The tax collector was humble and prayed for his sins. He was right with God. The pharisee prayed to God and talked about how amazing he was and how he not a horrible person like the tax collector. Meanwhile the tax collector was sitting far away from everyone else in the temple banging his chest crying to God asking for forgiveness and praying for his sins. Who do you think was right God. The tax collector.The moral of the story is that those who make themselves important will be made humble and those who make themselves humble will be made important. Over 14 Million Create My First Storyboard	<urn:uuid:41256c12-8adf-434c-ad0c-2ad6bc4dcad6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/lana_harmey/religion-storyboard", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189264.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918221856-20200919011856-00659.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9695135951042175, "token_count": 277, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4 }
Science, in its best conception, is that creative institution of mind which seeks to fathom in some tangible measure the breadth and depth of universal being. Therefore, all men and women, to the degree that they seek to understand themselves and the role they play in the evolutionary drama of life, are scientists. There are moments in the search, however, when the inquiring mind turns upon itself in an effort to evaluate the very process of discovery, the effectiveness and reliability of its methodology. From such introspection some scientists have remarked they emerged with fresh perspective, not only of the process of research itself, but also of the workings of nature and of themselves, each as an integral part of nature. Luther Burbank, accoladed in his lifetime as the "wizard of horticulture," was once asked to lecture upon his unorthodox methods in plant breeding. The audience, members of the American Pomological Society, was reported to have sat agape as he "told all": In pursuing the study of any of the universal and everlasting laws of nature, whether relating to the life, growth, structure and movements of a giant planet, the tiniest plant or of the psychological movements of the human brain, some conditions are necessary before we can become one of nature's interpreters or the creator of any valuable work for the world. Preconceived notions, dogmas and all personal prejudice and bias must be laid aside. Listen patiently, quietly and reverently to the lessons, one by one, which Mother Nature has to teach, shedding light on that which was before a mystery, so that all who will, may see and know. She conveys her truths only to those who are passive and receptive. Accepting these truths as suggested, wherever they may lead, then we have the whole universe in harmony with us. At last man has found a solid foundation for science, having discovered that he is part of a universe which is eternally unstable in form, eternally immutable in substance. From our twentieth-century perspective, where the quest for knowledge extends incomprehensible light-years into infinite space and, conversely, into the equally infinite recesses of the atom, it is perhaps ironic that the kingdom which provided man with one of his first scientific challenges — agriculture — should play a new and central role in unlocking the mysteries of life. Plants, with the aid of sensitive monitoring instruments, are literally telling us, if we have the ears to hear, about rarely observed and little understood dimensions and qualities of nature and man. Preeminent in this research is the suggestion that consciousness is universal, that it is the matrix which unifies all life and provides the basis of kinship for all beings. That plants are sensate, able to monitor threat, emotion, and other physical and mental changes, as well as intelligently (not to be confused with self-consciously) to respond to the environment, are some of the more remarkable observations. From these, we may well conclude that plants may help enable man to find a touchstone for self-exploration: to discover and cultivate some of his own hidden potentials. Two writers, Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird, have joined forces in a survey of who's who and what's what in this promising field. On the best-seller lists for several months, The Secret Life of Plants (Harper and Row, New York, 1973, 402 pages) is a highly readable account of the latest research in plant "consciousness" and sensitivity; also included are fascinating sketches of the pioneers whose ideas were often so ahead of their time that they could not be properly evaluated by their contemporaries. The book has naturally met with skeptical reaction and been criticized as unscientific. This is to be expected and, in some instances, a suspended judgment is called for. The label "unscientific," however, seems inappropriate; for in no place does the book pretend to be anything other than a nontechnical report written by nonscientists of recorded observations and related material. The privilege of evaluation is left to the reader. The Secret Life of Plants deserves recognition on at least two counts. In the first place it presents significant information which, if true, could have an enormous impact on the generally accepted scientific worldview. Its second value is of a more philosophic and psychological nature. As the account unfolds the reader is provided with unexpected insights on the road to truth and the many obstacles which may be encountered upon it — chief of which seems to be human limitation. The book opens with the work presently being conducted in the laboratories of lie-detector expert Cleve Backster,* whose experiments might in retrospect show plants, as Tompkins phrases it, as "the bridesmaids at a marriage of physics and metaphysics." Connecting the electrogalvanic skin-response section of his lie-detector to his secretary's Dracaena massangeana (a palm-like indoor plant) in the hope of determining how long it took for water poured on the roots to reach its leaves, Backster was intrigued by the very human characteristics of the tracing on the graph paper. Observing this, he speculated upon what might happen if he threatened the physical well-being of the plant. Dunking a leaf into hot coffee generated no reaction. He then conceived a worse threat: he would burn a leaf with a match. At that moment of intent, he saw the recording pen leap into wild excitation — apparently responding solely to his thought. Further investigation seemed to show that neither Backster nor the plant were oddities: according to the authors the same experiment has been replicated by other researchers with other plants on other recorders, thus making the results far more important to the scientific community as a phenomenon in need of explanation. Cf. Sunrise, February 1971 and June-July 1973. Around this observation of a type of primary (evidently telepathic) perception in plants, the rest of the book develops. Since the authors have assembled an immense amount of material bearing upon the hidden but vital interrelationships between plants and man, it is beyond the scope of this review to summarize their work. Rather it attempts to examine a few of the book's central themes. Historians of science, in their study of paradigm-changing discoveries, have noted recurring patterns of psychological reaction to novel concepts which threaten to upset an established world view. Scientific progress is not seen as the brick-by-brick addition to the temple of knowledge our schoolbooks describe. Instead, it advances upon us in waves with fresh ideas crashing into the foundations of the old, entrenched dogmas. Almost invariably one or more inquisitive and open-minded investigators observe something that does not fit into and cannot be explained by the theories and commonly accepted beliefs about nature. If this anomaly is not buried or otherwise squelched by the powers of reaction, the new idea may receive a fair hearing; and if supported by factual evidence and by researchers, the event may be recorded by future historians as the germ which helped to fructify a new era of enlightenment. See Thomas S. Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions for one of the best analyses of these patterns. Cleve Backster, whose experiments with plants may eventually qualify as such, opened a 1973 lecture on "Plant Consciousness" with an observation of Nobel prize-winning physicist Max Planck, that "a new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it" (Scientific Autobiography, pp. 33-4). The frustrations, aspirations, and achievements of those whose pioneering explorations of the hidden potencies of plants made them acutely aware of the penalties are briefly yet sympathetically portrayed in The Secret Life of Plants. Most of the names are well known: poet-scientist Wolfgang von Goethe; the "Black Leonardo," George Washington Carver; and "wizard" Luther Burbank. Perhaps the most interesting, and least known of the group, is a Hindu, whose experimentation in animal and plant physiology was, according to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, "so much in advance of his time that the precise evaluation of it was controversial." Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose's career originally began in physics as a lecturer at Calcutta's Presidency College, reputedly India's best. Bose supplemented his teaching with research, and in 1894 started investigating the wireless transmission of radio waves. He succeeded in 1895 — a year before Marconi was to receive official recognition — but being in India, declined to travel to England for patent application. Attracting the attention of the Royal Society, he subsequently published in their journal a paper on the "Determination of the Wave Length of Electric Radiation," and was later awarded a doctorate from London University. Continuing his work with radio, he noticed in 1899 that certain metallic components in his radio receivers lost their sensitivity with continuous use, exhibiting a type of fatigue characteristic of human and animal muscle tissue, and which recovered full sensitivity after a period of rest. This led him to further speculation and research concerning the so-called boundary between the organic and inorganic — a boundary which Bose increasingly felt to be exceedingly tenuous. Seeing the analogy between metals and animal tissue, he then sought to determine if a similar response might be found in plants. The results proved positive, and opened for Bose a quarter-century epoch of plant research. By combining physics with botany he was able to anticipate much of the experimentation now being conducted. Punctuating these efforts were his internationally recognized labors for the advancement of science, as for instance his 1926 appointment to the League of Nations Committee on Intercultural Cooperation, which he shared with physicist Albert Einstein, mathematician H. A. Lorentz, and Greek literary scholar Gilbert Murray. Perhaps the best evaluation of Bose's work was his own summation, made after retirement: In my investigations on the action of forces on matter, I was amazed to find boundary lines vanishing and to discover points of contact emerging between the Living and the non-Living. My first work in the region of invisible lights made me realize how in the midst of luminous ocean we stood almost blind. Just as in following light from visible to invisible our range of investigation transcends our physical sight, so also the problem of the great mystery of Life and Death is brought a little nearer solution, when, in the realm of the Living, we pass from the Voiced to the Unvoiced. Is there any possible relation between our own life and that of the plant world? The question is not one of speculation but of actual demonstration by some method that is unimpeachable. This means that we should abandon all our preconceptions, most of which are afterward found to be absolutely groundless and contrary to facts. The final appeal must be made to the plant itself and no evidence should be accepted unless it bears the plant's own signature. Written nearly forty years ago, the statement now seems almost prophetic to the more metaphysically-minded. History teaches that knowledge is a powerful double-edged tool capable of being used and abused. In an area such as extrasensory perception, where so many know so little, the dangers should be obvious. If in our present research with plants we discover not only the influence of thought upon the various kingdoms of life, but also develop the skills to manipulate this power, we will have launched ourselves into a new arena of experience: one which will certainly require a more acute sense of ethical responsibility. On the other hand, creative solutions to many of the blights of human existence could be part of the "fallout" from plant research. The Secret Life of Plants explores some of these byproducts, one of which one such seems to have been anticipated a few thousand years ago. According to Pythagoras, all things including celestial bodies (which he considered animate, sentient organisms) move in fundamentally harmonic, vibratory relationships with each other, producing a majestic symphony of life — the Music of the Spheres. Plato, developing an aspect of this idea, highly recommended the study and performance of music in education. Moreover, he felt that only certain modes of music should be played, according to the temperament of the individual, in an effort to refine and bring forth the higher nature of the soul. Modern research is now indicating that music of the proper "mode" brings forth increased and improved quality of production in plants. Tompkins and Bird describe in some detail the work done by Dorothy Retallack, whose efforts were recorded by CBS-TV news cameras and broadcast on October 16, 1970. *Cf. Sunrise, April 1973, "Threads of Coincidence," for accounts of Hindu and Hopi Indian knowledge of music's effect on plant growth. Retallack was required to devise an experiment for a college biology class and, having heard about the positive effects of Bach and Beethoven on wheat fields in Canada, sought to determine how music might affect growth patterns in plants. In sum, the plants placed in a controlled environment reacted favorably, growing faster and more abundantly, to the harmonic strains of the classical composers — in some cases actually growing in the direction of the music. Highly percussive sounds, especially the hard Rock of Jimi Hendrix and the like, stunted their growth and they often leaned away from the speaker. The most appealing music, on the other hand, was not Western, but rather the quarter-tone melodies of Ravi Shankar's sitar, an Indian lute capable of producing the most refined and subtle tonal modulations. In some cases the plants inclined an unprecedented sixty degrees to the horizontal in an effort to merge with the musical source. Despite the inferences which could be drawn, it is only fair to point out that these are the recorded reactions of plants, not people. The book continues with discussions of plants and electromagnetism, the mystery of auras and Kirlian photography, and devotes two substantial sections to exploring new frontiers in agriculture, which, in terms of returning to points of beginnings, seems right. If a central message emerges from the pages of The Secret Life of Plants, it undoubtedly echoes Burbank's thought, to have "the whole universe in harmony with us." It is perhaps fitting, then, as often the advice of a child will stop us cold in our tracks, that we turn our ears to the voiceless whisperings of the lowly plant. "Know thyself" was the Greek motto, and if we are to sound a harmonious note in the symphony of his own life, we could perhaps learn much by following the suggestions and examples found throughout this amazing kingdom. If then we listen with a true openness of mind and heart, we too might hear the music of the spheres. Back Issues Menu If there is anything that we wish to change in the child, we should first examine it and see whether it is not something that could better be changed in ourselves. — C. G. Jung	<urn:uuid:5bbc73a4-cc59-4aea-8a7c-2fb83fdc1c51>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-36", "url": "http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sunrise/23-73-4/sc-wtst2.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982957972.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200917-00007-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9656527042388916, "token_count": 3075, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3 }
This is our closing week of #GeomorphologyLessonDaily posts for the time being. Thanks for following along, and happy summer! Rebalancing bank erosion rates See several examples of collapsing riverbanks along with attempts at bank control with stone and brushy vegetation. Watch how stone bank armoring can increase water velocity and cause more erosion of nearby soft banks, which often leads to failure of the stone wall. As an alternative, watch vegetation along a modeled river bank to slow the water flow and encourage sediment buildup, allowing the river to naturally rebuild itself. #GeomorphologyLessonDaily #STEM #STEMed #onlinelearning Pi me a river Looking at rivers with math! James Grime talks about river sinuosity, and explains how we can use math to think about our rivers. #GeomorphologyLessonDaily #STEM #MathEd #remotelearning Storm hydrograph in small stream channel Back in 2008 our own Steve Gough managed to catch an entire 2-hour rainstorm, and the resulting hydrograph, in a small urban channel in Carbondale, IL. I compressed the resulting two hours of tape down to two minutes. A tree chipper and a stoplight in the corners of the frame are interesting to watch and give clues to the passing of time. During the flood a checkdam in the center of the frame is overwhelmed. At its peak, the storm is very impressive. Without sound (which you can’t use in time lapse) this is harder to appreciate, but the intensity of the rain is apparent. #STEM #STEMed #onlinelearning #onlineteaching	<urn:uuid:95836d4e-38db-4cea-9123-6a813dccf603>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "https://emriver.com/weekly-roundup-geomorphology-lesson-daily-may-29/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141743438.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204193220-20201204223220-00591.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9103245735168457, "token_count": 339, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3 }
Horse owners take their animal’s health very seriously. Designing the right diet, adding feed supplements and providing exercise – none of these are easy tasks, but they’re all necessary to keep your horse in prime condition. Yet how many horse enthusiasts can say they treat themselves with the same level of care? As it turns out, horses and humans have similar nutritional needs. Here are four health tips we can learn from our equine companions: 1. Eat mostly plants There are a lot of fad diets that extol the benefits of eating only plant-based food or raw meals. Anecdotes aside, both horses and humans should rely on plants for the bulk of their diet, Health Fitness Revolution notes. According to the World Health Organization, a healthy diet for a human adult includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and legumes. Meanwhile, the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion reports that diets low in meat and poultry reduce a person’s risk of cardiovascular disease. The nutritional benefits of meat – protein, for the most part – can be found in various plant sources. Still, horses don’t get all the vitamins and minerals they need from such a simple diet. That is why owners often add equine supplements to their feed. This does not mean humans need to eat a boring mix of plain oats with fish oil capsules for breakfast, lunch and dinner, but you should eat a wide variety of foods to meet your nutritional needs. 2. Drink lots of water The average horse needs between five and seven gallons of water per day, Dr. Nancy Loving told TheHorse.com. In hot weather, horses can drink up to 20 gallons. These numbers may seem like a lot, but they make sense when the large size of a horse is considered. Like people, their bodies are full of liquid, and they lose a lot of it during hot days and physical activity. Doctors recommend adult humans consume two to three liters of liquid per day, depending on gender. Again, this looks like a lot, but keep in mind the size and mechanics of the human body. Don’t worry – one can certainly enjoy a can of soda every now and then, but making sugary drinks a habit could lead to serious health issues. “Sodium helps transmit nerve impulses and relaxes your muscles.” 3. Salt is good for humans, but don’t go overboard Neither humans nor horses can live without sodium. It is an electrolyte that helps transmit nerve impulses and relaxes muscles – without it, people experience headaches, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, muscle weakness or confusion. Unfortunately, due to the rapid rise of processed foods, most people eat far too much salt. The World Health Organization (WHO) found the majority of the population consumes nine to 12 grams daily. Consider how much sodium horses need – Horse and Rider recommends about 10 grams per day. Based on size alone, it is clear humans should n0t eat as much salt as they do. WHO recommends no more than 5 grams per day. 4. Do not neglect oral hygiene Both humans and horses only get two sets of teeth during their lifetime. This makes proper dental care essential. Poor oral hygiene makes it harder for horses to grind their food into digestible pieces and could lead to other health issues, the American Association of Equine Practitioners says. Horses that cannot properly digest their food miss vital nutrients and become weaker over time. The same is true for humans. According to the American Dental Hygienists’ Association, research shows periodontal disease is a risk factor for diabetes, premature birth, low birth weight, heart and lung disease and more. Horses need a lot of attention to remain healthy, and their owners treat themselves to a similar amount of care. Drinking water, eating a plant-filled diet, taking care of teeth and consuming the right amount of salt helps both partners live strong, healthy lives.	<urn:uuid:88dd1923-9a9f-47ec-b96f-7cbca77a52fe>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://www.finishlinehorse.com/2020/05/health-tips-we-can-learn-from-horses/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499934.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201112816-20230201142816-00291.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9497642517089844, "token_count": 814, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
If you suspect textbooks read by children in schools might have a gender bias, turns out you're probably correct. A new report from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) confirms that many textbooks from classrooms around the world have sexist writings and imagery. The report cited sexist textbook inclusions in different countries. In China, the proportion of male characters rose from 48 percent in books for 4-year-olds to 61 percent in those for 6-year-olds. In India, more than half of the illustrations in several types of primary school textbooks were only men. Numerous countries encouraged stereotypes by depicting scientists and soldiers as men, and all teachers as women. Additionally, a report last year found some schoolbooks in Turkey included sexist rhetoric. In light of these findings, Unesco has decided to promote awareness of this issue by asking people to tweet examples of either gender bias in textbooks or "positive examples of the way education is promoting gender equality" using the hashtag #BetweenTheLines. "Ensuring all boys and girls go to school is only part of the battle," Manos Antoninis, from Unesco's global education monitoring report, told BBC News. "What they are being taught is equally, if not more, important. Persistent gender bias in textbooks is sapping girls' motivation, self-esteem and participation in school." Antoninis added that sexist educational materials are the "hidden obstacle" to gender equality. While some world leaders have led the way to promote more gender inclusion, many national leaders in positions of power ignore recommendations to improve gender balance in textbooks. The good news is that despite the pervasiveness of biased textbooks, some countries have taken giant steps to correct this problem. The report cited countries like Jordan, which depict women in books as prime ministers, fighters and pilots. Indian teachers encourage their students to identify sexism in books. And countries like Sweden were applauded for their egalitarian approach to gender inclusion in education. #BetweenTheLines is another step in the right direction. We must first highlight this issue so that something can be done about it.	<urn:uuid:53a5f1c3-11dd-4328-bb38-b03d1d4e5860>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "http://aplus.com/a/sexist-textbooks-unesco", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190295.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00510-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9528913497924805, "token_count": 431, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
COMPUTER AS CRUTCH According to Sherry Turkle, professor of psychology at MIT and author of Alone Together, a new book about technology’s effects on relationships, many people use their computers to avoid the messiness of real life. It’s difficult to tell a friend that she’s not invited to your party, she says, but it’s easy to send out an e-mail to that effect. When you find yourself hiding behind your screen, make an effort to reconnect with people face to face. “It’s not that technology is bad,” says Turkle. “It’s a matter of figuring out its place.” PROTECTING YOUR KIDS Proud parents can’t resist posting photos of the little ones—a recent survey by online security firm AVG found 9 out of 10 toddlers have an online presence. But publicly sharing additional identifying information, such as your child’s full name, birth date, and place of residence—or the name of his school or summer camp—could put him and his identity in danger. To avoid the risk, invite loved ones only to view images on password-protected sites such as Flickr and Snapfish. If you use Facebook, create a group of your inner circle specifically for sharing photos and news of your kids. And don’t share information that identifies them with anyone else. HOW TO UNPLUG Need a handy way to gauge your family’s online habits? Check out the family plan on rescue-time.com. It tracks how each member of your clan spends time online, and it plots the data by hour, day, and week. The site, which also offers individual plans, even allows you to block distracting websites from your loved ones—and yourself. MANAGING YOUR MOBILE DEVICE If reaching for your phone to check for messages and e-mails has become an uncontrollable habit, try this trick that Stephen Balkam, founding CEO of the Family Online Safety Institute, shared with the Huffington Post. Keep your devices on but turn off every message alert, vibration, and visual cue. Check for updates only when you finish a task. By the Numbers: Results from a Recent Reader’s Digest/Yahoo! Poll 20: The number of digital devices in an average household. 3: Average number of mobile phones in each household. 1 in 16: Kids under age 5 who have a Facebook page. 43: Percentage of adults who think they spend too much time online. 64: Percentage of adults who think that kids spend too much time online. 78: Percentage of people who have stayed up past their bedtime because they’re online. 18: Percentage of adults who have organized or considered a tech-free day. 86: Percentage of people who now feel more informed and knowledgeable because of the Internet. Just found the worst page in the entire dictionary. What I saw was disgraceful, disgusting, dishonest, and disingenuous. Client: We need you to log in to the YouTube and make all our company videos viral. My cat just walked up to the paper shredder and said, “Teach me everything you know.” “Just because you can’t dance doesn’t mean you shouldn’t dance.” —Alcohol @yoyoha (Josh Hara) My parents didn’t want to move to Florida, but they turned 60 and that’s the law. Q: What do you call an Amish guy with his hand in a horse’s mouth? A: A mechanic.	<urn:uuid:119f73db-9a09-428f-924f-5936c1787f74>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://www.rd.com/advice/parenting/take-control-of-family-tech-time/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049274994.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002114-00221-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.93474280834198, "token_count": 759, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3 }
While religion has been connected with the environment since the first creation story, the pace at which religious organizations have tackled environmental stewardship has been increasing since the 1950s. This timeline charts key events and major milestones of religious traditions and scientific organizations in the United States. 1954: Pioneer Lutheran thinker Joseph Sittler writes environmental essay “A Theology for Earth.” Mid 1960s: Faith-Man-Nature Group is founded to connect religious leaders and scientists. 1967: In a Time magazine article, historian Lynn White Jr. condemns Christians for failing to care for the environment. 1970: Earth Day is founded. 1970: The National Association of Evangelicals releases a policy resolution called “Ecology” that condemns the destruction of nature as a sin against God. Early 1970s: Lutheran and Presbyterian churches write statements and hold meetings about environmental crises. 1970s: Evangelical magazine Christianity Today contains almost no mention of the environment. Mid 1970s: The National Council of Churches establishes an agenda for energy policy and the environment. 1973: Forty evangelical leaders sign the “Chicago Declaration of Evangelical Social Concern” and found a group with the same name. 1979: Scientist Calvin DeWitt founds the Au Sable Institute for study of the environment and God’s creation. 1987: The North American Conference on Christianity and Ecology is founded. 1990: Pope John Paul II gives a speech titled “The Ecological Crisis: A Common Responsibility.” 1990: Thirty-two scientists and 271 spiritual leaders from 83 countries sign an appeal for the environment titled “Open Letter to the American Religious Community.” 1992: Al Gore meets with Jewish leadership to propose a Jewish response to the environmental crisis. 1993: The Evangelical Environmental Network is founded. 1993: The Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life is founded. 1993: The National Religious Partnership for Environment is founded. 1994: The Evangelical Environmental Network releases “An Evangelical Declaration on the Care of Creation,” asserting Christian responsibility for creation. 1996: The Forum on Religion and Ecology is founded and hosts conferences on religion and ecology at Harvard’s Center for the Study of World Religions, attracting more than 800 environmentalists and interfaith scholars. 1997: The Environmental Protection Agency launches its Energy Star Congregations program. 1998: Reverend Sally Bingham founds Episcopal Power and Light. 1999: Energy Star offers its first awards to congregations. 2000: The Interfaith Coalition for Environmental Stewardship releases The Cornwall Declaration questioning climate change science, with collaboration from the Interfaith Stewardship Alliance. 2000: Pope John Paul II states that Earth will rebel against humanity if people do not safeguard it. 2000: Reverend Bingham founds Interfaith Power and Light. One hundred congregations join. 2001: Restoring Eden: Christians for Environmental Stewardship is founded. 2002: The Evangelical Environmental Network launches the “What Would Jesus Drive” campaign. 2002: Richard Cizik, a lobbyist for the National Evangelical Association, advocates a place for climate change on the evangelical political agenda. 2005: The Interfaith Stewardship Alliance releases a paper arguing the uncertainties of climate change. 2005: Iowa, North Carolina and Texas join Interfaith Power and Light, for a total of 1,000 members in 18 states. 2005: Christians for the Mountains is founded to fight coal industry. 2005: The Sierra Club begins partnering with religious communities. 2006: Alaska joins Interfaith Power and Light, bringing the organization’s total membership to 20 states. 2006: The Evangelical Climate Initiative is announced. 2006: Eighty-six evangelical leaders sign the Evangelical Climate Initiative’s “Climate Change: An Evangelical Call to Action.” 2006: The Interfaith Stewardship Alliance issues a rebuttal against the Evangelical Climate Initiative and asks the National Association of Evangelicals to avoid an official stance on global warming. 2006: The Catholic Coalition on Climate Change launches. 2006: Al Gore produces “An Inconvenient Truth.” 2007: D.C. Green Muslims is founded. 2007: Hawaii, Kentucky, Ohio, Rhode Island and Utah join Interfaith Power and Light, bringing its total membership to 25 states. 2007: The first Vatican seminar on global warming, “Climate Change and Development,” is hosted. 2007: The National Association of Evangelicals and Harvard Medical School’s Center for Health and Global Environment host retreat for 28 evangelicals and scientists. 2007: Twenty-five evangelical leaders including James Dobson criticize Richard Cizik for advocating environmentalism. 2007: The Interfaith Stewardship Alliance is renamed The Cornwall Alliance. 2008: The 28 evangelicals and scientists from the 2007 NAE and Harvard retreat sign “An Urgent Call to Action.” 2008: Southern Baptists leaders sign a declaration on the environment and climate change. 2008: Alabama, Nebraska and Kansas join Interfaith Power and Light, bringing its total membership to 28 states. 2008: The Forum on Religion and Ecology holds a conference called “Renewing Hope” for religious environmentalism. Three hundred and fifty people attend. 2008: “Renewal,” a feature-length documentary on religion and the environment, is released. 2008: The Sierra Club publishes “Faith in Action” report. 2008: Sierra Club publishes “Holy Ground.” 2008: Al Gore’s The Climate Project launches. 2008: Twelve young Christians found Renewal: Students caring for creation. 2008: The National Association of Evangelicals reiterates that it does not have a specific stance on global warming and that Richard Cizik spoke for himself. 2008: Evangelical pastor Tri Robinson of the Vineyard Boise is invited to blog for The Huffington Post. 2008: HarperCollins publishes a Bible in which all passages relating to the environment are printed in green ink. 2008: The Environmental Protection Agency’s Energy Star co-sponsors a creation care conference at the mega Northland Church of Longwood, Fl. 2009: Interfaith Power and Light membership rises to 10,000 congregations and 400,000 people in 29 states. 2009: The Catholic Coalition on Climate Change launches “A Catholic Climate Covenant: the St. Francis Pledge to Care for Creation and the Poor.” 2009: Interfaith leaders testify at an Environmental Protection Agency endangerment hearing on greenhouse gases. 2009: The InterFaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington honors members of the interfaith community working to advance environmental stewardship. 2009: The first annual Flourish Conference for evangelical pastors is held. 2009: Southeastern Baptist theological seminary holds conference on creation care.	<urn:uuid:02a47763-fd3d-453d-8aef-4c362bb9debd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "http://pan.jomc.unc.edu/reclaiming-creation-growth-in-religious-environmentalism/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267868876.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180625185510-20180625205510-00270.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8731838464736938, "token_count": 1407, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3 }
Medical Content Created by the Faculty of the Harvard Medical School A barium enema is an x-ray test used to examine the lower digestive tract (the colon and rectum). Because the colon and rectum are normally not visible on x-rays, you need to temporarily coat their inner surfaces with barium, a liquid that does show up on x-rays. This makes the outline of these organs visible on the x-ray pictures. This test is useful for diagnosing cancers and diverticuli (small pouches that may form in the intestinal wall).	<urn:uuid:2d14298f-d9dc-4194-b7c2-5f982675f6b0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "http://www.sparkpeople.com/resource/health_a-z_detail_tests.asp?AZ=6", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824757.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00047-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9160946011543274, "token_count": 117, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3 }
What is the study therapy? The study therapy, called CLR 131, is an intravenous infusion administered up to 4 times over 3 months through an IV, and each infusion takes about 20 minutes. The study therapy is designed to use radiation to target the cancer in your body. Unlike other radiation therapies you may have heard of, the study therapy is designed to limit exposure of your healthy, normal tissue to radiation. Blood diseases like Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM) have been shown to be highly responsive to radiation therapies. Over 100 adult and pediatric cancer patients have been dosed in previous clinical studies with the study therapy, including WM patients. These include previous efficacy and safety studies where the CLR 131 has been shown to be safe and have activity in WM and other diseases. This has given the study team more information about how the study therapy works, how safe it is, and how it might help people with multiple types of cancer. The study therapy uses a radioactive version of iodine, which the thyroid absorbs easily. Because of this, participants will take an approved drug during the study therapy cycles to protect their thyroids from radiation absorption. What is an investigational therapy? The study therapy, CLR 131, is an investigational study therapy. An investigational study therapy is one that has not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or any other regulatory agency.	<urn:uuid:c5a129fa-5eb8-4a23-b583-37c838400695>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://wmclinicaltrial.com/study-therapy/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511284.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003224357-20231004014357-00761.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.947691798210144, "token_count": 290, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
Organic mathematic () Mathematical experiment to solve the 6 th' problem of Hilbert "The organic unity of mathematics is inherent in the nature of this science, for mathematics is the foundation of all exact knowledge of natural phenomena. That it may completely fulfill this high mission, may the new century bring it gifted masters and many zealous and enthusiastic disciples" (D.Hilbert 1900) Organic mathematics is an extension of the ordinary language of math with the observation of the human act of creating math. An inspiration for this observation can come from the last sentences of David Hilbert's lecture in Paris in 1900. 1. Socrates The ordinary math is based on logical rules, and the famous "modus ponenS " : 1.All man are to die @ 2.Socrates is a man , imply ------> 3. Socrates will die Many of the structures in math are based on this rule. But from Socrates himself WE have learnt the famous sentence I know that I don't know This illogical contradiction made Socrates himself to be someone who will remain forever in man's conscience. 2. Hilbert . 2,500 years after Socrates, David Hilbert made one of the most important lectures ever made. Leading the mathematitian community he declared a list of 23 open problems. In term of Socrates Hilbert modified it to : I know what I don't know It made his lecture influential and inspired the math community to try and solve his problems. 3. Goedel One of the problems of Hilbert ( the 2nd problem) was after the success made on Geometry was to find the compatibility of the arithmetical axioms. 30 years later Goedel proved that aritmetic is incomplete and therefore it is impossible to fulfill Hilbert's task. He described a mathematical sentence in arithmetic that declares. I can't be proven As the 2 nd problem, most of the problems in Hilbert's list have been solved during the past century. One of the few that are still open , is the 6 th problem. 4. The 6 th problem The 6 th problem of Hilbert was about a mathematical treatment of the axioms of physics: " the investigation on the foundation of geometry suggest the problem : to treat in the same manner, by means of axioms, those physical sciences in which mathematics plays an important part ; in the first rank are the theory of probabilities and mechanics Hilbert in his lecture This is the willing to establish the right connection between mathematics and physics. Since mathematicians themselves belong to the physical world the 6 th problem is the only problem in the list , that has an organic quality, since a solution to the problem should be replaced by organic quality , as a solution to the problem contains inherently the formulation of the problem itself. Similar to the invention of calculus we need to develop a new language that emphasizes not just the value of a mathematical result but also the way that it changes. So we need to find a way to immerge those two aspects of math and the real world. 5. Organic mathematics The Klein bottle invented by Felix Klein, is a mathematical model that demonstrates the quality of merging two opposite sides. The two different sides look separates only from the local point of view but from the global point of view the are one. Using this ability , an organic mathematics language should make the bridge between 3 polarities. realty - imagination logical - paradoxal object - subject But We know that this ability as the model of Klein bottle can be reached only in the 4 th dimension. by an observation on what can't be observed in infinite we reach the goal : I can be observed But differ from Goedel steps we deal with the relation between math and the physical world. So , Instead of logical @ arithmetical sequence as goedel did , we need to find an environment to make physical@mathematical an experience in the effort to solved the 6 th problem of Hilbert . Since I belive that today there is no one Hilbert but many of him . A nice homage to Hilbert will be a common effort to solve one of his problems during the 6 days of the conference "100 to Hilbert". Moshe klein (interacts) Amos Granit ---------------------------------------------------------- Intelligent life () Planet Mar's was connected twice to the search of man for intelligent life. First was the effort to understand the retrograde movement of mars on the background of the night sky. second was a mistake that identify cannel on is face done by other culture. maybe there is connection between mars to the search of life in the area of mathematics. Thousand year's ago people observed that mars is going sometime in the opposite direction relative to the stars. Mars is moving slowly on the background of the night sky so you can distingue the different every day, suddenly he stand and then start to go in the opposite direction. Then he stop again and continue his regular direction. For explaining this strange movement the astronomer invented complex system of wheels so that earth is in the center . the most complicate system was invented by Talmy and it included 12 wheels. But 400 year's ago Copernicus invent a new revolutionary idea so that put the sun in the center of the world and not the planet earth. In this observation the explanation to the movement of mar's became very simple and it base on some interaction of movement between mar's and earth. This is how the science revolution started and it was with many hard struggle. The follower of Copernicus, Galilo and Newoton base the science way of thinking by a development of a new suitable mathematics. The top of this way of thinking bring in the 20 century to the development of two central theory: Relativity and Quantum theory. These two theory's change the way man understood himself in the world. We are not passive observer in the phenomena , and we have some active part that base on the interaction that between us and the world. Is there a way to establish similar principle in the rational area of mathematics? By first looking it look that there is no way for doing this. The world of mathematics seems to be absolute and exist without man. But from the other side we know that here is today some need to develop a new looking to mathematics that can bring to more understanding of the relation between mathematics and the world of phenomena. This was express in the lecture of Alein Connes who develop 20 year's ago Non commutative Geometry, and consider as one of the leading mathematician in the world today. "… we need today a new understanding in mathematics that it's source is not necessarily come from logic but more on the geometry." This end the last lecture in the conference "100 to Hilbert" . This conference was to point another famous lecture of Hilbert in Paris in 1900. Hilbert end his lecture by drawing a vision to discover an organic unity of mathematics. A Common looking on those two important conference like two eye's, one took place in Paris and the other in Los-angels, with a different of 100 year's in time arise the question if and how is moving mathematics , like mars, on the background of the culture of mankind. This is how arise the problem that not solved yet , of the inherent hidden connection between mathematics and the real world. But like the observation of Copernicus that aloud us to put the Sun in the center of our world and by this to understand more simply the interaction between the earth and mar's, we can point to a third eye's that solved the mathematical problem. The new common center of mathematics and physic is the discovery of the organic unity of mathematics , intelligent life. ------------------------------------------------------ (*) was publish at December 2000 in the booklet "100 to Hilbert" Tel-Hai Academy.	<urn:uuid:3e31bc4c-756a-41bb-a109-0e9b8b9b49b6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/organic-mathematics.17243/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320003.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20170623045423-20170623065423-00174.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9542847871780396, "token_count": 1545, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3 }
The following post below will serve you with much beneficial information related to the Mississippi River facts. Mississippi river is a very long river passing some states in US. The beauty as well as the scenic view along this river is wonderful and pleasurable to see. Some people also make it as the great destination to perform some interesting activities like water skiing, swimming and boating. What about you? Do you like visiting Mississippi River? The first point of Mississippi river facts is about its historical significance. Some of the historical events may include the European explorer, Native American tribes, 1927 Great Mississippi Flood, and American Civil War. 2.Length of Mississippi River Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world. Compared to the Missouri River, it is a bit shorter. The length is measuring 3,730 kilometer or 2,320 miles. It will take days for you to explore this river. 3.Widest point of Mississippi River Seeing the Mississippi across the street will be delightful since it is so clear and dazzling when the sun light touches the soft water. It will be much wonderful if you can enjoy the widest point of this river. The widest point spans for more than 11 kilometer or 7 miles. 4.Discovery of Mississippi River Mississippi is so well-known among the people in United States and all over the world not only because of its length but also because of its beauty. Perhaps, we should tank to De Soto for he was the person who had discovered this river in 1541. 5.Combination of Mississippi and Missouri River Mississippi River will combine its flow with the Missouri River. Based on the Mississippi river facts, this combination is considered as the longest river in Unites States. In the world, it is placed on the fourth place. The source of the water of Mississippi River is from the beautiful Lake Itasca. The height of the river is measuring 1,475 feet above the sea level. The half of the elevation of this river will drop when it reaches Minnesota. 7.Bridge of Mississippi River A bridge is so functional to connect two areas separated by a river. The Mississippi river also has a bridge. The first bridge connected the areas of the Mississippi River was constructed in 1855. The first railroad bridge across this river was created in 1856. The people who love to enjoy water skiing may do it in Mississippi River. Such fun activity was popularized in 1922 located in the wide section of this river called as Lake Pepin. The lake itself is situated between Minnesota and Wisconsin. 9.Mississippi River and its states Mississippi river is so long. The flow of the river based on the Mississippi River facts pass ten states in US. Those are Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana. The strong and powerful swimmer who can overcome the length of this river is Martin Strel. This man comes from Slovenia. He just needed 68 days to swim along the river in 2002. What a wonderful man! Do you want to add more information related to the facts about Mississippi River?	<urn:uuid:b9e73609-0dfa-4fb6-be97-0be1b163e5f1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://infactcollaborative.com/nature/mississippi-river-facts.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351454.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225182552-20210225212552-00307.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9551572203636169, "token_count": 640, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
24% of girls don’t learn about periods before they start having them. 50% of young people don’t learn about wet dreams before they occur. Survey of over 2000 young people by the Sex Education Forum, National Children’s Bureau, UK Most parents and carers feel awkward and embarrassed when talking to their children about body changes, periods and sex. This is quite normal especially as many adults carry memories of their own bumpy, fearful, even shameful, ride into puberty. It is also normal to have significant knowledge gaps – for example, about sexually transmitted infections, today’s sexual culture on- and offline, where to get help in Switzerland etc. What is Sex and Relationship Education? It is a lifelong learning process that begins at about the age of 3 years old when a child starts to notice the physical differences in the people around them and starts to ask questions. Good sex and relationship education addresses the emotional, social and physical aspects of growing up, relationships, human sexuality and sexual health. It is essential to enable young people to make well-informed decisions and to take responsibility for their sexual health and emotional wellbeing for the rest of their lives. Encouraging facts about Switzerland The Swiss teenage (15-19 years old) pregnancy rate is one of the lowest in the world with an incidence of 8 per 1,000 women. Compare this a rate of 47 per 1,000 in Great Britain and 57 per 1,000 in the USA. (Journal of Adolescent Health, February 2015) There are a number of theories about why the rate is so low in Switzerland including later puberty and earlier access to reproductive healthcare but one indisputable fact for any parent in any country is that good sex and relationships education raises the age at which teenagers first start to sexually experiment. (National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy 2007, UK) What does your child need (and want) to know about: The breadth and depth of topics that he or she needs to know will depend on their age and maturity. As with learning to read or to play football, each child needs to start with simple age-appropriate basics and build up to more complex concepts. Here is a broad outline of the five themes that sex and relationship education consists of: 1 – Puberty – how their body will change. How the opposite sex’s body changes – boys need to know about periods and girls need to know about wet dreams and erections. How everybody is a little different – has different sized and shaped genitals, breasts, thighs etc. Reassurance that he/she is normal. 2 – How babies are made – How the mechanics of sex works. How pregnancy happens and what a pregnancy test is. How to prevent a pregnancy with abstinence, contraception or post-coital measures. Where to get contraception in their area and that both males and females are responsible for this. 3 – Sex as part of a loving relationship – how sexual feelings (or the lack of them) are normal. The different types of sex that people may choose to have. The variety of different sexual orientations – gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender etc. They may use this frank discussion to tell you about their own orientation. 4 – Sexual health – which infections can be transmitted through sex and that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be tested for and treated (if not always cured). How to prevent infections. The availability of condoms in their area. Who they can talk to about their own sexual health, e.g. school nurse, doctor, adolescent health services, a trusted adult. 5 -Their safety on and off-line – every child need to know that not all sexual contact is a sign of appropriate love. Teach them if someone, of any age, touches them inappropriately, engages them in explicit online conversations or shows them offensive material (pornography) to always tell a trusted adult, preferably a parent or a professional. Assure them that you will never be angry – even if they have broken some rules. Top tips for talking about Sex and Relationships with your children: - Do start as early as possible in their childhood so that sex and relationships conversations are just part of ongoing family life. However, it is never too late to start talking. To give you courage not to procrastinate, think of the statistics: The average age of menarche (the starting of periods) is 12.9 years old with 1.1% of girls starting to menstruate as young as 10.7 years old. Girls of African or Afro-Caribbean origin are usually earlier to start their periods and those with Asian origins are often later. The markers of puberty are a little more vague for boys but the median age of semenarche (also known as spermarche – the first ejaculation of sperm, often nocturnal) is 13.4 years old. The age range is from 11.7 to 15.3 years. - Do use proper scientific words from early on – penis, testicles, vagina, vulva etc. Educate yourself about human anatomy first if you need to! Using ‘proper’ words actually helps to take some of the embarrassment out. - Don’t prepare a full ‘birds and bees’ talk. Younger children will often ask blunt questions like the classic ‘where do babies come from?’ Give them little parcels of information and watch their reaction. They may be satisfied with the simple facts and definitions that you give. Be prepared to answer follow up questions until they themselves change the subject. - Do discuss your own cultural, family or religious beliefs whilst keep the scientific facts true. - Do choose side-by-side conversations with older children and teenagers. It is often easier for both parent and child to talk whilst doing an activity in parallel, e.g. walking the dog, driving, cooking etc. - Do look out for opportunities to start a discussion. Topics may be triggered by a film, music video, or seeing tampons or condoms on sale etc. When their school or paediatrician offers the Human Papilloma Virus or Hepatitis B vaccinations, talk about why preventing a sexually transmitted infection is important. - Don’t forget that dads, uncles or other male carers have a crucial role. Studies of post-adolescent boys show that they lacked such conversations at home and would have liked more input from their fathers. - Don’t forget that their curiosity will not go away. If you don’t give them a satisfactory answer, or if you shut down the discussion, they will go elsewhere for the answers – answers that you may not necessarily agree with. Keep the sex and relationships conversation open and ongoing. - Do use the third person to open a conversation. ‘I have a friend that…’ Ask what their friends think or say about getting pregnant or looking at pornography. Adolescents find it easier to express their fears and curiosities by referring to a third person. - Do listen to your child. Their opinions or knowledge may surprise or shock you but try to remain calm and neutral. In this way, they will feel safe to talk to you in the future. - Don’t assume that they understand the basics: ‘You mentioned AIDS – what do you mean by that?’ Gently correct and expand their knowledge. - Do ask if their school provides validated sex and relationship education? Who teaches it and at what age? - Do give yourself a ‘get out of jail free’ card. If your curious ten year old picks up a packet of condoms and asks what they are in a loud voice in the supermarket queue, it’s ok to say ‘Lets go home, and I will tell you all about them’. - Don’t be afraid of saying that you don’t know. Be willing to find out more. Read up on the subject, talk to other parents and be sure to restart the conversation another day. Here are some further resources that you or your teen may find useful. A book with facts and advice: - ‘Speakeasy: Talking With Your Children About Growing Up’ by Miriam Stoppard. - Two interactive advice and information websites aimed at adolescents. Online questions can be asked in English. - Clear information in English from the NHS on many topics: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Sexualhealthtopics/Pages/Sexual-health-hub.aspx - Medical consultations for adolescents in Geneva, aged 12 to 25 years with or without their parents. Ask your paediatrican or family doctor for the equivalent in your canton: http://www.hug-ge.ch/sante-jeunes/consultations By Dr Penny Fraser MB BS BSc(Hons) MRCS(Eng) Dr Penny is a British-trained doctor who works at the Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève and is also a mother of two girls. Along with Dr Michelle Wright, she is Medical Director of HealthFirst, providers of dynamic First Aid training and personal, confidential Health Screening Assessments within companies and organisations as well as Sex and Relationship Education in International Schools. Find out more: www.healthfirst.ch	<urn:uuid:c9bfe62b-cdb7-46f0-82b8-baf377f1f92f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51", "url": "https://www.internationalschoolparent.com/articles/sex-relationship-education/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827963.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216165437-20181216191437-00346.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9432856440544128, "token_count": 1929, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3 }
More than 50 million adults in the United States are affected by chronic pain. Chronic pain is pain that carries on for longer than 12 weeks despite medication or treatment. Those that suffer from chronic pain know that it can greatly affect their way of life. It can affect everything from your sleep, your work life, to your mental health. At The Arthritis Relief Institute, we work every day to bring you the best treatment options to help reduce the pain you experience. One option that we have available to our patients is Ketamine Infusions. Surgeons have been using Ketamine for years as an anesthetic for people and animals. However, in recent years research has shown that it can be used in many other helpful ways. For example, mental health providers have begun to use it to help those suffering from depression that has not responded to previous treatments. And for our chronic pain sufferers, researchers have found that it can deliver relief to those suffering from certain types of chronic pain. How Does it Work? Ketamine Infusions work by blocking pain receptors in the brain and resetting some nerve cells in your spine and brain. While Ketamine is shown to work for chronic pain, it may not work on your specific type of chronic pain. We use Ketamine to treat the following conditions: - Migraines and other headache disorders - Central nervous system pain arising from fibromyalgia, genetic disorders, and brain injuries - Peripheral nerve pain conditions such as neuropathies, neuralgias, and spinal pain - Pain arising from musculoskeletal disorders or mixed pain states such as pelvic pain, rheumatologic pain, and gastrointestinal pain. - Complex regional pain syndrome and neuroinflammatory disorders respond well to ketamine therapy in many patients. Patients who decide to use Ketamine treatment are very pleased because the results are much longer-lasting than when compared with other types of chronic pain treatments. Depending on your type of pain you may feel relief for days, weeks, or even months. Receiving Ketamine Treatments When you come into the office for a Ketamine Treatment, our staff will administer it through an intravenous (IV) line. The infusion takes an average of two hours for chronic pain patients. If you have treatment-resistant pain, your sessions may be longer. Sometimes, we administer other types of medication alongside the ketamine. These drugs can help improve your degree of pain relief and/or reduce any potential side effects. With Ketamine infusions, there is nearly no chance for addiction under the supervision of a professional due to the patient receiving small doses during the infusions. While patients will build a tolerance, that tolerance will decrease quickly over time. In addition to treating your pain, Ketamine can also help you reduce your reliance on pain relief drugs. Consider Ketamine Infusions Ketamine Infusions are a great option for those who are living with chronic pain. You don’t have to suffer from your pain, we are here to help you. We will work with you to ensure that we find the best pain management plan so you are living your life to the fullest. Give The Arthritis Relief Institute a call today (972) 945-0785, so we can help you get on track to a healthy, pain-free life.	<urn:uuid:932b3219-ef95-40a5-b74c-f6662bf4003c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://aritx.com/ketamine-infusions-for-chronic-pain/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476409.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304002142-20240304032142-00416.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9294367432594299, "token_count": 676, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3 }
COVID-19 vaccines are rolling out in the United States and around the world, but now is not the time for complacency. One, two or even dozens of vaccines won’t immediately turn the tide of this pandemic. Inoculating enough of the population to make a difference will take time. And several issues will extend the pandemic beyond 2021. As a result, COVID-19 testing must be as ubiquitous as air-quality monitoring for years to come. How Vaccine Distribution is Working in the United States As part of Operation Warp Speed, the FDA began issuing EUAs for vaccines that target SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The EUAs use data-based evaluations of a potential vaccine’s safety and effectiveness during its developers’ Phase III trials to assess the vaccine’s efficacy and safety for use in the pandemic. Although not a permanent approval, the EUA bypasses the years-long approval process that they traditionally go through. The Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine received the authorization in mid-December 2020 and the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine received its EUA a week later. Both vaccines use part of the SARS-CoV-2’s messenger RNA (mRNA) to teach the body’s cells how to produce an immune response to the virus before an infection. Even though these are the first mRNA-based vaccines ever produced, development and clinical trials began more than a decade ago in response to the original SARS epidemic in 2003. It is this approach that is enabling previously-unheard-of effectiveness levels of 90% or better. Large-scale Phase III trials for three other vaccines are either planned or underway in the United States. AstraZeneca’s AZD1222 vaccine, co-developed with Oxford University, uses a more traditional approach to immunizing against COVID-19. A weakened version of the common cold virus produces the spike protein found on SARS-CoV-2, priming the immune system with antibodies. The Janssen COVID-19 vaccine, developed by Johnson & Johnson, is a potential single-dose vaccine that leverages a technology that created vaccine candidates for Ebola and HIV. Novavax’s potential COVID-19 vaccine uses recombinant protein nanoparticle technology to deliver the coronavirus spike protein. Dozens of potential vaccines are in earlier phases of the development process in several countries, but the US government is not waiting. The first EUAs allowed the federal government to buy millions of doses to distribute to state public health departments. Under guidance from the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), health care personnel and long-term care facility residents are the first priority. The priority for vaccine distribution progresses from there to those 75 years and older and non–health care frontline essential workers. Risk-based criteria determine vaccine recipients at each successive phase until vaccine production can serve the general population. Missteps and Distrust Delay the Vaccine Program Unfortunately, America’s vaccine distribution program stumbled out of the gate. Communication miscues and supply chain issues left perishable vaccines for some states sitting in warehouses while other states got their full shipments. Other shipments were spoiled when they could not be refrigerated at the correct temperature. American public health officials face another challenge: convincing people to take the vaccines. In late November 2020, the Pew Research Center found that 39% of Americans probably or definitely would not take the vaccine. Black and Native American communities have a lingering distrust of experimental drugs based on a history of unethical medical treatments. The fast-track nature of the FDA’s EUA process also creates uncertainty even among some medical professionals. More insidiously, conspiracy theorists and anti-vaxxers continue to sow distrust of the vaccine through social media. To counter this skepticism, political leaders from both parties livestreamed their vaccinations. At the same time, public health officials and community leaders have begun education campaigns. How Vaccine Distribution is Working Worldwide You can see global vaccine distribution working — for better and for worse — much like it is in the United States. Wealthy countries with well-developed pharmaceutical industries and public health systems have already begun inoculating their populations. Within two weeks, Israel administered the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine to 15% of its population. Yet public information campaigns are still needed to ease concerns among the country’s Arab minority. The European Medicines Agency granted a conditional marketing authorization for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in late December and for the Moderna vaccine in early January. Following those authorizations, the European Union secured access to nearly half a billion doses of the vaccines. Russia, China and India are all leveraging their domestic pharmaceutical industries to supply their vaccination programs. India has aggressive plans to vaccinate more than 300 million people — nearly the population of the United States — within the next twelve months. Rich States Vaccinate, Poor States Wait India’s plans, as impressive as they are, also reveal a deeper issue with COVID-19 vaccines globally. Vaccinating 300 million people in a year leaves more than two-thirds of India’s population susceptible to the virus. More than a hundred nations with even less economic clout find themselves waiting at the end of the line. A recent analysis found that 32 of the world’s richest countries have already pre-ordered half of the production capacity from Pfizer-BioNTech, AstraZeneca and Moderna. While the United States has pre-ordered more than two doses per capita, countries like Egypt, Brazil and Indonesia are closer to a single dose per capita. Financial limitations and weak infrastructure could mean it will take years for these countries to fully immunize their populations. COVID-19 Risks Will Persist In a perfect world where public health systems, central governments and pharmaceutical companies executed the pandemic response flawlessly, it would still take a year or more to bring COVID-19 under control. Many of the new mRNA vaccines, especially those with multiple doses, are more than 90% effective. While impressive compared to the seasonal influenza vaccine’s 40-60% effectiveness, millions of people who receive the vaccines will still be susceptible to the coronavirus. Other factors limiting the ideal-world response to COVID-19 include the time it takes to achieve so-called “herd immunity” and the long-term efficacy of the vaccines. But as we’ve discussed, the pandemic response in the United States and around the world has been far from ideal. Economic, cultural and political factors are producing inconsistent vaccination programs. This, in turn, will create large pockets of unvaccinated populations. Some of these populations will be geographically distinct, but others will be dispersed throughout the community. These susceptible populations become environments for the virus to spread — and potentially evolve. Even before the first vaccines were authorized, we saw the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 strains. In early December 2020, British health officials saw a sudden surge in cases in southeastern England. A new variant called B.1.1.7 had evolved seventeen distinct mutations. While no more deadly than existing strains, B.1.1.7 is much more infectious and sent a flood of new patients into an already-overburdened National Health System. A different variant called 501Y.V2 drove a renewed surge in COVID-19 cases in South Africa with similar impacts on hospitals. At this early stage, we don’t know whether the recently-authorized vaccines are more or less effective against the new variants. As the virus continues to circulate in unvaccinated and under-vaccinated regions, we will inevitably see new variants that could undermine the world’s vaccine strategies. Widespread COVID-19 Testing Must Continue for Years Assuming the American pandemic response regains its footing and convinces everyone that the vaccines are safe and effective, bringing COVID-19 under control will take most of 2021. Vaccination programs will stretch through the summer before we reach the 70% or higher inoculation rate needed to constrain the virus. People who refuse to take the vaccine and those whose vaccinations prove ineffective will send that timeline slipping to the right. To stop community spread and make contact tracing effective again, we will still need widespread testing. Labs able to conduct rtPCR tests will continue to see heavy demand for their services. Screening programs in schools, workplaces and international ports of entry will still need laboratories that can perform rapid antigen testing. And even as those tests become more available at point of care, laboratory-based confirmatory PCR tests will continue to be necessary. Additionally, innovative programs like the National Wastewater Surveillance System will provide early warnings by tracing detections of SARS-CoV-2 from treatment plants to communities where fresh outbreaks occur – an emerging fast-growing initiative that looks likely to become an established part of public health programs. Within the context of America’s pandemic response, central state and federal institutions conduct very little of this testing. It’s up to the thousands of laboratories around the country to take on this task throughout 2021 and beyond. Yet many of the in-the-moment decisions and quick-fixes labs instituted as they rushed to serve their country will not be sustainable — especially as state and federal agencies demand more data, faster. This is where a laboratory information management system (LIMS) like LabLynx’s COVIDLiMS can streamline laboratories’ operations. Pre-populated with assays and workflows specific to COVID-19, COVIDLiMS lets laboratories automate their data and reporting management without replacing their existing systems. And COVIDLiMS’ extensibility lets the system evolve to handle new SARS-COV-2 variants and future pandemic viruses – as well as any other types of testing labs choose to offer. References:US Food & Drug Administration - “FDA Takes Key Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for First COVID-19 Vaccine” - “FDA Takes Additional Action in Fight Against COVID-19 By Issuing Emergency Use Authorization for Second COVID-19 Vaccine” - The lightning-fast quest for COVID vaccines — and what it means for other diseases - How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world - The false promise of herd immunity for COVID-19 - Different COVID-19 Vaccines - How CDC Is Making COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations - Vaccine Effectiveness: How Well Do the Flu Vaccines Work? - National Wastewater Surveillance System (NWSS) A new public health tool to understand COVID-19 spread in a community - EMA recommends first COVID-19 vaccine for authorisation in the EU - EMA recommends COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna for authorisation in the EU	<urn:uuid:1bfc9141-169d-4434-9c3e-357207d6aaeb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://www.covidlims.com/what-vaccines-mean-for-covid-19-testing-labs/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304515.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220124054039-20220124084039-00026.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9273737072944641, "token_count": 2264, "score": 3.640625, "int_score": 4 }
No station previously had unfolded a set of solar arrays so huge in area and so shocking when they caught the sunlight head-on. The glorious silver wings, turning together, flashed blinding white when the sun struck them just so. This place, the International Space Station, was a marvel of size, of funding and of cooperation. It was the product of the efforts of 16 nations working together for 50 space missions over the course of eight years. Living and working in space was now routine, the human frontier was expanding, and our search for extraterrestrial intelligence was proceeding with renewed intensity. Planet Earth had finally gotten its shit together. This is a picture of life in 2006, when, if all goes as planned (and that's a big if), the International Space Station will be completed and functioning. The $60 billion collaborative effort that was not going to happen while the Cold War slogged on is now in full swing. The Russian Zvezda and Zarya modules have linked, a Russian Progress unmanned space freighter has joined them, and the core and living quarters of what will be a 356-by-143-by-290-foot orbiting station are waiting to be joined by a lot more materials and a working crew of four to seven astronauts. On Sept. 8, the U.S. space shuttle Atlantis will dock with the assemblage of modules and begin to unpack supplies and integrate computer systems. Nothing like this has ever been done. America's Skylab, allowed to burn up in the atmosphere in 1979, "required one launch to set up the station," according to Space.com staff writer Anatoly Zak, "and three rockets to deliver three additional crews, so it was four launches. So it's almost incomparable with this project, which requires dozens of launches." The ISS also requires a breathtaking level of cooperation and scheduling among 16 nations, including Japan, Brazil, Canada, France, the United States and Russia. They must collaborate to share the brain power, raise the money and provide the equipment to make the station happen. This will require years of ongoing political goodwill and serious funding from a diversity of governments. Arguably, ISS couldn't happen without this advanced degree of international burden-sharing. It's kind of like the hippie dream of Arthur C. Clarke's book 2010 -- if we can get together and start acting like mensches down here, the universe up there will start to reveal her big secrets. St. Louisans can get insight into ISS by heading to the St. Louis Science Center to take in the Star Station One (the project was formerly called by this name) Amazing Science Demonstration programs offered daily. Two 15-minute shows co-sponsored by Boeing and NASA are geared to an audience of kids and go over some basic space-travel concepts, such as how spacesuits are cooled and the spinal elongation induced by extended stays in space. The only part of the shows germane to ISS was a moment at the very beginning, when the young demonstrator pointed out a vitrine containing an excellent model of ISS, and shortly after, when he screwed together two different, very crude gray plastic models of space modules to illustrate the Zvezda-Zarya hookup. In honesty, the presentation was not the greatest. Some of the miniexperiments came off weakly, and Brian the demonstrator kept up an attitude that was flip and languid, as if he'd done this hundreds of times and would rather have been somewhere else. The highlight came when he poured about half a gallon of liquid nitrogen onto the carpeted floor, where it instantly vaporized into a creeping cloud of white gas. This was not actually part of the show -- someone just asked him a question about a tank of the stuff sitting behind him, and he obliged. The 1-to-144-scale model of ISS in the nearby display case is awfully cool. Most of the children visiting the Center are too busy sprinting through the place to notice it, but it catches the eye of some of the adults. (In a scene from the recently released movie Space Cowboys, the same model can be spotted in the office of the NASA administrator played by James Cromwell.) It shows off the eight main solar arrays and the bunches of smaller ones that surround them, as well as the main fuselage, which will be about as long as two passenger jets placed end to end. The model is decorated with tiny "bumper stickers" bearing the logos of the various national space agencies committed to the project. Zak is employed by Space.com, a deep, privately held site dedicated to all things space. In addition to news about the latest NASA research and mission progress, the site is loaded with info presented in the coolest way there is -- cartoons. Flash animation of the ISS construction, ISS flying over Earth's horizon, the Mars Sojourner landing and scores of other representations have been rendered with maximum drama. The site also features trailers from sci-fi movies and info on TV shows like The X-Files and Farscape. Even noted sci-fi authors like Greg Benford, Gentry Lee, Larry Niven and Kim Stanley Robinson are all regular contributors of columns. The folks at Space.com know that interest in sci-fi culture can only add to public support for space exploration. People want the future as depicted by Star Trek to become real, and ISS is a big step along that path. Are starships with warp drive too much to ask? Don't forget, it was novelist Clarke himself who first dreamed up the idea of the communications satellite. Life has reflected art more than once, and ISS will be the completion of a sci-fi fantasy and a reflection not just of art but of the sun. You see, Zak explains, ISS will eventually be visible as "the brightest star in the night sky."	<urn:uuid:1bc8288c-8ab4-472d-9f64-423936c32ebd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2000-08-16/calendar/star-trek-starts-here/full/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042990177.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002310-00155-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9600052833557129, "token_count": 1192, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
The scaphoid is the most important carpal (wrist) bone. It is a very important stabiliser of the mid carpal joint. It is also the most commonly injured wrist bone. "The Problem Bone" Scaphoid fractures can be difficult to treat for a variety of reasons. 1. Delay in Diagnosis The first x-ray taken may be normal and the fracture may only become apparent on x-rays taken 10-14 days after the injury. Because of this we treat the wrist as if it is broken until we can absolutely confirm that there is no fracture. A Bone Scan taken about 3-5 days after the injury will confirm a fracture if it is present. \|2. Delayed Union (Delay in Healing) Fractures often taken 8 - 12 weeks to heal ( or even longer ) and require treatment for longer than other wrist injuries. This is because the blood supply to the scaphoid is relatively tenuous. The bone fails to heal despite adequate plaster treatment for 3 months. In these circumstances a bone graft and screw may be required to secure bone healing. 4. Avascular Necrosis The blood supply to the proximal part of the scaphoid is precarious (see diagram below) and fractures may rupture the arteries within the bone resulting in part of the bone dying. This may result in the bone softening and then collapsing years later. This can lead to irregularity of the joint surface and late onset wrist arthritis. This is not a common occurrence. Sometimes the x-ray suggests the fracture has united but this may not be the case. Therefore the wrist may require repeated x-rays for up to 12 months. If there is any doubt about fracture healing a CT scan is recommended. This means that the fracture has healed but in an abnormal shape (usually the bone crushes into itself ). If the fracture is displaced an operation is usually recommended to prevent malunion. If the fracture is mal-united it may cause premature wrist arthritis. If the fracture is undisplaced and stable then it usually heals in plaster in 8-12 weeks. If it is unstable or displaced it may require immediate operation with bone graft taken from the pelvis and fixation of the fracture with a screw or wire. If the fracture doesn't heal by 3 months it may require operation.	<urn:uuid:bbe530b1-a6b9-462b-b59d-bf1fc0b8f80c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "http://www.orthosports.com.au/content_common/pg-scaphoid-fracture.seo", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526237.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719115720-20190719141720-00518.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9198060631752014, "token_count": 476, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
The DIR Command Typing DIR and pressing enter (enter or return key) will display a list of everything that is the current area (current directory) of the specified drive. A directory is really just another name for what is now called a folder in Windows. So, you can see that the DIR command is yet another way to find out the contents of a folder. Using a modifier or a switch will change what information is displayed by the DIR command. A switch is a modifier that tells the command to operate in a specific way, other than its default behavior. For example: Typing DIR/P (Directory/ Pause) will change the same output from the DIR command rolling off the screen. Instead, it will fill the screen, and pause waiting for any keystroke to tell it to continue. Notice the examples of Figure 138 and Figure 139. Notice that with the DIR command and the /P switch, the screen display paused with the message: Press any key to continue 8 Practice DIR command Home - Table Of Contents - Contact Us CertiGuide to A+ (Operating Systems) (http://www.CertiGuide.com/apluso/) on CertiGuide.com Version 1.0 - Version Date: January 7, 2005 Adapted with permission from a work created by Tcat Houser. CertiGuide.com Version © Copyright 2005 Charles M. Kozierok. All Rights Reserved. Not responsible for any loss resulting from the use of this site.	<urn:uuid:cbacadc5-68fb-44f1-98bc-1ed87d95aff6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "http://certiguide.com/apluso/cg_apo_TheDIRCommand.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590362.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718232717-20180719012717-00399.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8530882000923157, "token_count": 321, "score": 3.796875, "int_score": 4 }
Cathodic Protection Systems and Effects on Fisheries Near Reclamation * Are cathodic protection systems at Reclamation facilities safe or detrimental to the local fishery and do they alter fish behavior? Need and Benefit Several Endangered Species Act (ESA)-listed fish species utilize waters near cathodically protected systems (e.g., juvenile salmonids that migrate near Reclamation's Columbia River pumping plant intake structure located upstream of McNary Dam in Lake Wallula). Reclamation cathodically protected this pumping plant late in 2007. Reclamation has very little knowledge of possible fishery issues related to cathodic protection. Reclamation and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries are uncertain in determining if there are any potential impacts to listed salmonids during their Section 7 consultation of the ESA that may or may not result from the cathodically protected pumping plant intake structure and fish screens. Endangered Species Act listed salmonids that must pass McNary Dam and migrate through Lake Wallula are: * Snake River Sockeye Salmon (endangered, 56 Federal Register [FR] 58619) * Snake River Spring/Summer and Fall Chinook Salmon (threatened, 57 FR 14653) * Upper Columbia River Spring Chinook Salmon (endangered, 64 Fr 14308) * Snake River Steelhead (threatened, 62 FR 43950) * Upper Columbia River Steelhead (endangered, 62 FR 43949) * Mid-Columbia River Steelhead (threatened, 64 FR 14517) * Bull Trout (threatened, 63 FR 31647) All of these listed salmonids may not be affected; however, potential contact with the device or anodes may have adverse effects. This is not a localized issue, but rather one that has the potential to affect all such underwater structures both for Reclamation and non-Reclamation. Cathodic protection systems on existing structures are adjusted to maintain corrosion protection. The possible increase in applied current to maintain the corrosion protection could potentially have adverse effects on fish species. Therefore, this is not only an issue for new systems but also for existing systems. At this time, a determination of any potential adverse effects or no effect has not been made resulting from cathodic protection. To facilitate this determination, it is necessary to examine existing cathodically protected structures--both Reclamation and non-Reclamation--in order to determine guidelines for current and future cathodic protection systems. Cathodic protection is the practice of using electrochemical reactions to prevent the corrosion of steel structures and is a typical component of underwater metal structures as well as underground storage tanks. Cathodic protection systems are needed in order to extend the service life of existing and new water conveyance structures. These structures include pumping plants, fish screens, temperature control devices, penstocks, trashracks, and gates. The size of the structure and amount of surface area of the steel to be cathodically protected will determine the amount of current required to be applied. Many of these structures are well over 10 years old and are in need of cathodic protection to extend their service life. Replacement and repair of these structures is expensive both in materials, labor, and service down-time. However, possible adverse affects of cathodic protection systems to aquatic species has not been researched. The benefit of researching the relationship of cathodic protection systems to the continued existence of fish communities (e.g., ESA fish) will allow Reclamation to protect its structures from corrosion while still preserving listed fish species. The research and resultant guidelines will benefit Reclamation structures as well as structures owned or operated by non-Reclamation constituents. Contact the Principal Investigator for information about these documents. This information was last updated on January 31, 2015 Contact the Research and Development Office with questions or comments about this page	<urn:uuid:8b750e61-0e71-4c4b-ad6f-81a9fbb8e7a0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://www.usbr.gov/research/projects/detail.cfm?id=3427", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115869404.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161109-00183-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9141124486923218, "token_count": 772, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3 }
Wildlife Populations decline by 50% since 1970 Thursday 16 October 2014 Original article by Wildlife Extra A new report undertaken by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Zoological Society of London (ZSL) has revealed that wildlife species around the world have continued to decline sharply, and numbers are today at a staggering 52 per cent fewer than in 1970. The Living Planet Report 2014 measured over 10,000 representative populations of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish in order to assess the state of the world’s biodiversity. The report concludes that unsustainable human consumption is responsible for the continued decline of the world’s species, citing overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, and global warming as the causes. Using data from the report, a Living Planet Index (LPI) was created to reflect the state of all 45,000 known species. The most alarming decline in species populations was in freshwater ecosystems, where numbers have dropped by 76 per cent since 1970. The numbers of wildlife living on land had fallen by 39 per cent, and marine animal populations had also dropped by 39 per cent in the same time period. Of marine animals, turtles were the most hard hit, with their numbers dropping by 80 per cent due to the destruction of their nesting grounds and casualties from fishing nets. The biggest declines in animal numbers since 1970 were found to have occurred in developing countries, while conservations efforts in rich nations had seen small improvements in population figures. However, the report also stated that wealthy nations are importing goods produced by habitat destruction from developing countries, which means that they share in the responsibility of the decline in biodiversity in low-income nations. A second index in the Living Planet Report calculated humankind’s ecological footprint in order to measure the scale it is using up natural resources. It calculated that today’s average rate of global consumption would need 1.5 Earths to sustain it. Looking at just the United States, however, it calculated the country would need a total of four planet Earths to sustain it, while Kuwait was found to be the worst offender in terms of its carbon output. Speaking on the report, David Nussbaum, Chief Executive of WWF-UK says: “The scale of the destruction highlighted in this report should be a wake-up call for us all. "But 2015 – when the countries in the world are due to come together to agree on a new global climate agreement, as well as a set of sustainable development goals – presents us with a unique opportunity to reverse the trends. "We all – politicians, businesses and people – have an interest, and a responsibility, to act to ensure we protect what we all value: a healthy future for both people and nature.” The report itself is prefaced with a note of hope. It says: "Things look so worrying that it may seem difficult to feel positive about the future. Difficult, certainly, but not impossible – because it is in ourselves, who have caused the problem, that we can find the solution. "Now we must work to ensure that the upcoming generation can seize the opportunity that we have so far failed to grasp, to close this destructive chapter in our history, and build a future where people can live and prosper in harmony with nature." You can view more findings from the Living Planet Report on WWF’s website.	<urn:uuid:49ec180f-c2c0-4b31-9925-6c026e49bb7e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43", "url": "http://africatravel-dmc.com/news/articles/wildlife-populations-decline-by-50-since.php", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585828.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023224247-20211024014247-00051.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9596512317657471, "token_count": 693, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3 }
Lund Humphries, 2012 \| CONTRIBUTOR Art and Authenticity explores a range of questions around the ideas of authenticity, originality and replication in art. The authors move far beyond the fundamental question of ‘Is it genuine?’ to themes and definitions surrounding authenticity as a concept operating across different periods and contexts. The chapters consider empirical aspects of art analysis but also more conceptual and theoretical understandings of authenticity. For example, is there such a thing as authentic presentation and display of artworks? Can the idea of authenticity be applied to subject-matter and style? How do the art market and the art world respond to the perceived authenticity of artworks? This book addresses a wide range of topics within the arts and will appeal to a broad readership, from students and art specialists to art-world enthusiasts. Historically, the idea of scientific verification has arisen as a reaction against the perceived excesses of the connoisseurial tradition, a tradition which has fallen from favour over the last 50 years. The idea of individual ‘expert knowledge’ rests uneasily in the current climate. However, recent attempts by experts to develop definitive scientific methods for authenticating artworks are also proving to be problematic. Connoisseurship, it will be argued, still has its role to play within these debates. Therefore, through the broad range of artworks and perspectives developed within this volume, the book suggests that although the concept of authenticity is not without validity or usefulness, it nonetheless poses a continually moving target within the frameworks of varied cultural and historical constructs. The authors challenge a narrow interpretation of ‘authenticity’ as a concept applied to the art world, for the issues surrounding authenticity are rarely black and white. To purchase a copy of Art and Authenticity please follow this link.	<urn:uuid:7a9e8873-29e9-49a2-b500-1f509131b72e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "http://www.anthonydowney.com/2009/10/22/art-and-authenticity/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219692.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822065454-20180822085454-00092.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9358749985694885, "token_count": 366, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3 }
Imagine a world where you could never dine away from home, wear makeup, smell of sweet perfumes or eat a large percentage of food on store shelves. According to allergists at the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) Annual Scientific Meeting that is kicking off today in Anaheim, Calif., that is the world for 2 to 3 percent of individuals living with a spice allergy. Spices are one of the most widely used products found in foods, cosmetics and dental products. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not regulate spices, meaning they often are not noted on food labels, making spices possibly the most difficult allergen to identify or avoid. According to rough estimates, spice allergy is responsible for 2 percent of food allergies. However it is underdiagnosed, particularly due to the lack of reliable allergy skin tests or blood tests. "While spice allergy seems to be rare, with the constantly increasing use of spices in the American diet and a variety of cosmetics, we anticipate more and more Americans will develop this allergy," said allergist Sami Bahna, M.D., ACAAI past president. "Patients with spice allergy often have to go through extreme measures to avoid the allergen. This can lead to strict dietary avoidance, low quality of life and sometimes malnutrition." In his presentation, Dr. Bahna noted that due to the wide use of spice in cosmetics, women are more likely to develop spice allergy. Makeup, body oils, toothpaste and fragrances can all include one or more spices. Those with birch pollen or mugwort (a traditional herbal medicine used to relieve inflammatory conditions) allergy are also more prone to spice allergy. Common spice allergy triggers include cinnamon and garlic, but can range from black pepper to vanilla. Several spice blends contain anywhere from three to 18 spices, and the hotter the spice, the greater the chance for allergy. "Boiling, roasting, frying and other forms of applying heat to spices may reduce allergy causing agents, but can also enhance them depending on the spice," said Dr. Bahna. "Because of this allergy's complexity, allergists often recommend a treatment plan that includes strict avoidance which can be a major task." An allergic reaction can be caused from breathing, eating or touching spices. Symptoms range from mild sneezing to a life-threating allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. According to Dr. Bahna, spice allergy should be suspected in individuals that have multiple reactions to unrelated foods, or those that react to foods when commercially prepared but not when cooked at home. Even someone that is allergic to only one known spice can have a reaction to several spice blends. According to Dr. Bahna's presentation, there are several unique characteristics about spice blends, including: - A Five-Spice blend has seven spices, yet Allspice has one - The same blend name doesn't mean same components - There are several types of Curry, each is a different blend of many spices Explore further: 'Apple allergy': Symptoms could be significantly reduced with apple-allergen treatment	<urn:uuid:62b528e6-f284-40ad-b610-9a1d70ed3d41>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "https://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-11-spice-allergy-sugar-nice.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423812.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721222447-20170722002447-00190.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9592310190200806, "token_count": 639, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3 }
Olmert's Twisted Priorities voices sorrow for Palestinian refugees September 15, 2008 \| Eli E. Hertz It is important to set the historical record straight: The overwhelming majority of Palestinian refugees left what was then the newly-established State of Israel on their own accord due to structural weaknesses within Palestinian society and their leadership. The pressure of wartime conditions triggered the collapse of what was already a fragile Palestinian society, particularly when Palestinian leaders chose to oppose the Jewish state by a show of arms rather than by accepting a UN plan for their own state. Military necessity resulted after seven Arab armies invaded western Palestine with the goal of exterminating the newly born State of Israel. The human tragedy of being uprooted notwithstanding, Palestinian refugees were neither hapless targets nor innocent bystanders. The first stage of the 1948 war was a fierce interethnic or anti-Zionist civil war in which Palestinians were the aggressors and the initiators; the second half was an all-out war involving regular armies, whose participation the Arab Palestinians engineered. The violent path that Palestinians chose - and the ensuing fear, disorientation, and economic deprivation of war - led to their own collective undoing. Because Palestinian Arab society had been so dependent on the British civil administration and social services, Britain's departure left Arab civil servants jobless. As a result, most social services and civil administration ceased to function in the Arab sector, disrupting the flow of essential commodities such as food and fuel, which added to the hardships, the uncertainty, and the dangers. In contrast, Jewish society in Palestine, or the Yishuv as it was called in Hebrew, had established its own civil society over the span of three decades under the Mandate. The Yishuv created its own representative political bodies and social and economic institutions, including health and welfare services, a public transport network, and a thriving sophisticated marketing system for manufactured goods and food - in short, a state-in-the-making. During that same period, the Arabs of Palestine, however, had invested all of their energies into fighting any form of Jewish polity-in-the-making. So it was no surprise that when the British departed, the Palestinian Arabs remained unorganized and ill prepared not only for statehood (which they rejected in any case), but also for sustained conflict with their Jewish adversaries. To this day, in fact, Palestinians reject the notion of Jewish institutions and symbols of Jewish peoplehood, labeling them as apartheid and racist, with their only goal being the dissolution of the Jewish character of Israel. Palestinians were, and to a great extent remain, a society with fundamental weaknesses that have nothing to do with Zionist aspirations or actions. It is a society characterized by tribal rivalries and social cleavages, rife with distrust and plagued by poor leadership. In January 1948, Hussein Khalidi, Secretary of the Arab Higher Committee (AHC) - a coalition of six political factions established at the start of the Arab Revolt in 1936 and the Palestinians' only representative framework - complained to the Mufti: "Forty days after the declaration of a jihad, and I am shattered ... Everyone has left me. Six [AHC members] are in Cairo, two are in Damascus - I won't be able to hold on much longer... Everyone is leaving. Everyone who has a check or some money - off he goes to Egypt, to Lebanon, to Damascus." As the flight of the leadership spread, the stampede effect spread to the middle classes and the peasantry, as the last British High Commissioner for Palestine General Sir Alan Cunningham noted in his report to London as the Mandate era wound to a close: "The collapsing Arab morale in Palestine is in some measure due to the increasing tendency of those who should be leading them to leave the country... In all parts of the country the effendi class has been evacuating in large numbers over a considerable period and the tempo is increasing." The first five-and-a-half months of the war began with riots in so-called mixed cities where Jews and Arabs lived, escalated to attacks on Jewish transport until the violence grew into a bitter guerrilla warfare, as interethnic wars tend to be. There were 6,000 Israeli dead as a result of that war [between November 30, 1947 - July 20, 1949] in a population of 600,000. One percent of the Jewish population was gone, along with billion of dollars [at present value] in damages to the newly born State of Israel. The Palestinians were responsible for escalating the war - a move that cost the Jews thousands of lives and Palestinians their homes. By their own behavior, Palestinians assumed the role of belligerents in the conflict, invalidating any claim to be hapless victims and demand the 'right of return' a right not mentioned under international law or humanitarian law conventions. For the entire article please click HERE	<urn:uuid:4cce35b3-5569-4195-b138-b1dfcd3bf39c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://anivlam.blogspot.com/2008/09/refugees-myths-and-facts.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612069.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529091944-20170529111944-00365.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9585393667221069, "token_count": 999, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3 }
Season's Greetings! - Holiday Hazards Here's a quick review of the most common year-end holiday hazards: Bones. Small turkey and ham bones can lodge in the throat, stomach, and intestinal tract. In addition, fats, gravies, and poultry skins can cause severe gastrointestinal problems. Holiday plants. Holly, mistletoe, poinsettia, and other popular holiday plants can be toxic if eaten. Electrical cords. Holiday lights mean more electrical cords for kittens and puppies to chew. Make sure all electrical cords are in good condition and out of reach. Christmas trees. Poorly secured trees can fall on rambunctious pets. Pine needles. Ingested pine needles can puncture an animal's intestines. Christmas tree water. Many of the additives used to keep Christmas trees fresh can be toxic if consumed. Sweets. Holiday candy-particularly pure chocolate, which contains theobromine, can be hazardous or fatal to pets. Alcohol. Unattended alcoholic beverages can be extremely dangerous if consumed by cats and dogs. Ornaments. Sharp or breakable ornaments should be kept well out of reach of curious paws. Tinsel, yarn, and ribbon. Linear foreign objects can become stuck in an animal's intestinal tract (especially cats!), causing a blockage or perforating the intestinal wall. Cold weather considerations. Please remember that with cold weather, animals seek warmth and may crawl up under the hood of your car. To prevent the death or severe injury to kitties, squirrels, and other animals caught in your fan belt (plus a mess!) please, give them time to get out. For instance, tap the hood of the car to warn them to escape before starting the engine. Also, try to keep antifreeze from pooling on the ground-it may be lethal to your neighbors’ pets. Keep your house pet-safe and have a happy holiday season! (by Don Vaughan in Veterinary Practice News)	<urn:uuid:8561f8ec-e8e1-4d56-bdcc-21ddfc44071d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.catsmeowvets.com/tis-the-season", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657169226.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716122414-20200716152414-00192.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8857767581939697, "token_count": 419, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3 }
Introduction: Minding a gap MetadataShow full item record Bainbridge, A. and West, L. (2012) 'Introduction: Minding a gap', in A. Bainbridge and L. West (eds.) Psychoanalysis and Education: Minding a Gap. London: Routledge, pp. 1-22. As Tony Brown and Mark Murphy suggest, there might well be forms of therapeutic compensatory practice in education that may strip the latter of intellectual and personal challenge. The focus was to engage in discussing the applications of psychoanalysis, broadly defined, to education, in its widest sense, including adult and lifelong learning and higher education as well as schooling. The phrase “minding a gap” is borrowed from an important book by Frosh, which addressed another gulf, that between mainstream psychology and psychoanalysis. Psychology had become, in its mainstream variants, overly concerned with what might be termed the “syntax” of human behaviour, establishing general rules and principles underlining this, to the neglect of “semantics” and the meaning of actions to people themselves. In Germany, for instance, the German Educational Research Association, unlike its British Educational Research Association counterpart, has a psychoanalytic interest group. The chapter also presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in this book.	<urn:uuid:e5015a56-ab58-48b2-b7fe-09afd292ebfa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/handle/20.500.12289/12332", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104676086.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706182237-20220706212237-00786.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9358810782432556, "token_count": 291, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3 }
IWM Publishes The First World War A–Z Published in Hardback From Artillery to Zeppelins, from Churchill to Versailles, The First World War A–Z provides an extensive yet bite-sized overview of the First World War. For both experts and beginners, The First World War A–Z is a quirky pocket-sized guide. The alphabetic entries cover not only some of the key personalities, battles and tactics, but also more unusual facts about songs, slang and superstitions, which all had a part to play during the First World War. Written by staff at IWM (Imperial War Museums) and inspired by the stories and first-hand accounts found within the museum’s world-class collections, The First World War A–Z is an indispensable guide. In the First World War, air fighting was a new and – to the press and public – exciting development. At first, aeroplanes were used for reconnaissance, but the desire to blind the enemy’s ‘eyes in the sky’ and protect one’s own planes produced a new breed: the fighter pilots. Their exploits were glamorised and celebrated, in particular those of the aces. The term was first coined by a French newspaper to describe Adolphe Pégoud and his high tally of enemy ‘kills’. In 1916 Britain found its first real ace in the shape of the young, seemingly fearless, Albert Ball. Although they were highly skilled and dedicated, aces were by no means immune to the dangers of combat, and the shocking attrition rates for pilots told their own story. Z ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM The Zimmermann telegram (16 January 1917) was a coded diplomatic note by German Under-Secretary of State Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister (ambassador) in Mexico. British intelligence intercepted the message, deciphered it and recognised its explosive nature. In the telegram, the German Minister proposed German funding for Mexico and support for a Mexican effort to regain territories now incorporated into the United States. British intelligence did not want to reveal they were listening in to German cable traffic, so they managed to plausibly claim the telegram was obtained from a spy in Mexico. It was passed to the United States in February. Together with Germany’s renewal of unrestricted submarine warfare, the telegram had a fundamental effect on US public opinion and helped to mobilise US support for war. The affair was a coup for British intelligence. IWM London – IWM’s flagship branch –tells the stories of those whose lives have been shaped by war through the depth, breadth and impact of our Galleries, displays and events. Explore what life was like at home during the Second World War in A Family in Wartime; delve into the world of espionage in Secret War; visit our award-winning Holocaust Exhibition; discover stories of bravery in The Lord Ashcroft Gallery: Extraordinary Heroes; see work by some of Britain’s most significant 20th Century artists in our art galleries or take in our latest major temporary exhibitions. Open daily from 10am – 6pm (except 24–26 December) IWM London, Lambeth Road, London, SE1 6HZ. T: 020 7416 5000 E: [email protected] iwm.org.uk / @I_W_M / www.facebook.com/iwm.london IWM (Imperial War Museums) tells the stories of people who have lived, fought and died in conflicts involving Britain and the Commonwealth since the First World War. Our unique collections, made up of the everyday and the exceptional, reveal stories of people, places, ideas and events. Using these, we tell vivid personal stories and create powerful physical experiences across our five museums that reflect the realities of war as both a destructive and creative force. We challenge people to look at conflict from different perspectives, enriching their understanding of the causes, course and consequences of war and its impact on people’s lives. IWM’s five branches attract over 2 million visitors each year. IWM London, our flagship branch, marks the Centenary of the First World War with new permanent First World War Galleries and a new Atrium with iconic large object displays. Our other branches are IWM North, housed in an iconic award-winning building designed by Daniel Libeskind; IWM Duxford, a world-renowned aviation museum and Britain’s best preserved wartime airfield; Churchill War Rooms, housed in Churchill’s secret headquarters below Whitehall; and the Second World War cruiser HMS Belfast.	<urn:uuid:e887c5e1-ac28-4a7e-ab59-7fb48d491898>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "http://nthn.firetrench.com/2014/10/iwm-publishes-a-z-of-the-first-world-war/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218190236.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212950-00505-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9459249973297119, "token_count": 965, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
It's become a daily ritual -- taking pills to supplement the vitamins, minerals and enzymes in your diet. Americans spend nearly $9 billon every year on vitamin and mineral supplements in the belief that they can help prevent disease and improve health. No one questions the value of a daily multivitamin, and yet some experts say additional supplements are unnecessary, and in some cases may be dangerous. Instead of improving heart health, vitamin E was shown in one study to increase rates of congestive heart failure. According to the Medical Letter, a nonprofit research group, one study found that long-term use of vitamin E supplements did nothing to prevent cancer or major cardiovascular events -- and may have even increased the risk of heart failure for patients with vascular disease or diabetes. And a cancer study found that patients taking vitamin E while undergoing radiation therapy had a higher rate of cancer recurrence than patients taking a placebo. Instead of reducing the risk of lung cancer, beta carotene was found to increase the rate of lung cancer in one study of smokers. Another study found that smokers and asbestos-exposed workers, when given doses of beta carotene and vitamin A, had an increased risk of lung cancer, death from cardiovascular disease and overall mortality. The rate of death was so high that the study was stopped early. And another study showed that too much vitamin A from supplements and food increased postmenopausal women's risk of hip fractures. Another study found that a high intake of vitamin A was associated with birth defects when taken during early pregnancy. Even calcium, which is encouraged in large amounts as women get older, can be dangerous. The Women's Health Initiative, though it found calcium and vitamin D can lower the risk of hip fractures in women over 60, also found that women taking calcium were at a higher risk for kidney stones. One woman we spoke with, Arlene Freedman, was taking calcium supplements while also eating a diet rich in calcium. Then a routine blood test revealed all these sources of calcium were too much . Her doctor told her that she no longer needed calcium supplements. "The good news is you don't need calcium supplements. The calcium supplements were raising your calcium and that's what we don't want," said Dr. Michael Freedman. "As calcium goes very high, it can interfere with your brain's ability to think and is actually one of the causes of dementia."	<urn:uuid:b41b425a-aaad-4946-a49e-055f6404086e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/WomensHealth/story?id=1911337&page=1", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00256-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9685048460960388, "token_count": 486, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
The icy moon Europa squirts water like a squishy bath toy when it’s kneaded by Jupiter’s gravity — and the Hubble Space Telescope has caught it in the act. The data captured by Hubble depict two huge geysers of water vapor spewing out of the moon, probably from cracks near its south pole. At 124 miles high, the geysers were tall enough to reach from Los Angeles to San Diego. The discovery, described Thursday in the journal Science, shows that Europa is still geophysically active and could hold an environment friendly to life. “It’s exciting,” said Lorenz Roth, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio and one of the lead authors of the study, which was presented at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco. Europa isn’t the only squirty moon in our solar system: Saturn’s moon Enceladus has been caught spraying water from its south pole out of four parallel fractures, a formation that scientists have dubbed “tiger stripes.” These pretty plumes are the result of tidal forces. Just as our moon’s gravity squeezes and stretches the Earth a bit, causing the oceans to rise and fall, Saturn’s massive gravitational pull squeezes and stretches Enceladus. That causes cracks on its icy surface to open and allows water to escape, feeding the planet’s diffuse E ring. Scientists have long wondered whether Jupiter was doing something similar to Europa. Scientists figured that some geophysical processes must be going on that are constantly renewing the surface. But over several decades, researchers repeatedly failed to catch the moon in action, said Robert Pappalardo, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory who was not involved in the study. When the Voyager spacecraft flew by Europa in 1979, it caught a tiny blip on the moon’s edge that experts thought might be a plume, but they couldn’t confirm their hunch. More than a decade later, the Galileo spacecraft saw a potential plume of its own. But this turned out to be digital residue, traces of a previous image, Pappalardo said. Even Hubble had trouble seeing such plumes until space shuttle astronauts fixed one of its cameras in 2009. Looking for water vapor in the ultraviolet wavelengths of light still tests the limits of Hubble’s abilities, scientists said.	<urn:uuid:e36503e7-3993-469c-8af2-f0a2ea302cea>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "http://www.pressherald.com/2013/12/14/hubble_telescope_finds_geysers_of_water_on_one_of_jupiter_s_moons_/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826916.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00189-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9358342289924622, "token_count": 510, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3 }
Derrick Ong, accredited dietitian in Australia and Singapore, and director of Eat Right Nutrition Consultancy (www.eatright.sg), shares some sweet facts. Q: How can we identify the various types of sugars and tell the good from the bad? A: The chemical name for table sugar is sucrose. Generally, ingredients in food labels ending writh “ose” are sugar compounds. These include glucose, fructose, maltose, and dextrose. Other common ingredients containing sugar are molasses, maple syrup or golden syrup. We can’t classify any sugar as “good” or “bad”, but we can distinguish between sugars found in whole foods and those added during food preparation. Whole fruit contains naturally occurring sugars and other important nutrients such as dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals. Sugars added during food or drink preparation are usually devoid of nutrients, and merely give a sweet taste. Q: Can you suggest a daily meal plan with the recommended sugar intake? A: Limit your sugar intake to eight to 10 teaspoons a day. For breakfast, have a tuna sandwich with a cup of coffee or tea (three teaspoons of sugar). Order a bowl of fishball noodle soup and a cup of chrysanthemum tea for lunch (four teaspoons of sugar). Have a plate of economical rice with meat and vegetables, and a beverage for dinner (three teaspoons of sugar). You can replace each teaspoon of sugar with one sachet of Equal Stevia to avoid the unwanted calories and effects of sugar.	<urn:uuid:e3823c6c-e6c7-4a8e-9ea0-56f1e12c8e4c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "http://www.pressreader.com/singapore/simply-her-singapore/20130901/284451391471037", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00047-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9264969229698181, "token_count": 317, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
BEST Collaboration Toolkit (v1.0) Collaboration is an individual’s capacity to contribute to and work with, other people in a process that reflects equity and requires interdependence as they work toward solving a problem, achieving a goal, or completing a project or task. BEST Self-Direction Toolkit (v1.0) Self-direction is a competency that includes both the intrapersonal skills of self-awareness and reflection and the interpersonal skills of collaborating with others to elicit feedback and support during the learning process. Tool 1: Student Assessment of Self-Direction Growth (Grades 6-12 – Teacher, Student) Tool 2: Self-Direction Road Map Grades 6-8 (Teacher, Student) Tool 2: Self-Direction Road Map Grades 9-12 (Teacher, Student) Tool 2: Self-Direction Rubric Alignment Table Videos, Webinars, and Presentations Episode 1: Rethinking Self-Direction Work-Study Practices [Slide Deck \| Transcript] Episode 2: Exploring Self-Direction Evidence Collection Tools [Slide Deck \| Transcript] Presentation: Practical Tool to Encourage Self-Direction Among Students for In-Person and Remote Learning [Slide Deck \| Transcript] Unless noted otherwise, please note that all materials accessed from this site are copyrighted under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License .	<urn:uuid:5c07ee24-afe4-4e74-b8bf-fb013e114993>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.best-future.org/resources/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100686.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207185656-20231207215656-00702.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.822330892086029, "token_count": 313, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3 }
The origins of forest fires, which destroy millions of trees and force evacuations, are rarely traced. Ironically, trees themselves continuously fuel the flames as they spread. But researchers at MIT believe that they can also be our eyes and ears in preventing deforestation and the kind of wildfires that recently ravaged Southern California. The U.S. Forest Service already uses tree-mounted sensors to detect potential threats. However, these stations are too costly and sporadic to make a real impact.Instead, scientists at MIT's Center for Biomedical Engineering (CBE) propose tapping trees as self-sustaining forest sentries. It turns out that trees can produce extremely small amounts of electricity which overtime can amount to enough voltage to power off-the-shelf rechargeable batteries. These batteries would in turn supply electricity to temperature and humidity sensors capable of wirelessly transmitting data at least 4 times a day, or during emergencies as needed. Each signal hops from one sensor to another, until it reaches an existing weather station that beams the data by satellite to a forestry command center in Boise, Idaho. Apparently, this is not a far stretch in terms of basic science. Innate voltage is quite common in plant life, says Andreas Mershin, a postdoctoral associate at the CBE. "It's really a fairly simple phenomenon: An imbalance in pH between a tree and the soil it grows in," he explains. With that preparations for the initial wireless sensor network are already underway at Voltree Power. Trials are slated to begin in the spring on a 10-acre plot of land provided by the Forest Service. Originally posted on GoodCleanTech. \|Complete Green Tech Coverage\|	<urn:uuid:9593a1f2-30a2-498f-949a-8f2768709a84>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2331082,00.asp", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257824319.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071024-00107-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9528723955154419, "token_count": 337, "score": 3.8125, "int_score": 4 }
The Mitsubishi A6M Zero was a true symbol of Imperial Japan even more than the Spitfire was a symbol of Great Britain. The delicate lines of the Reisen, as it was known in Japan, masked a long-range, hard-hitting capability, just as the delicate manners of Japanese diplomats posted to Washington had masked their country's war aims. Classic Airplane Image Gallery The West had long been dismissive of Japan's potential for air warfare, comfortably and stupidly assuming that Japanese aircraft were merely inferior copies of Western designs, and that Japanese pilots were unable to successfully engage in dogfights. This attitude prevailed despite the demonstrated competence of the Japanese Army and naval air forces in battles with both China and the Soviet Union, and despite the very specific warnings of no less an authority than Claire Chennault, who would soon lead the American volunteer Flying Tigers in China. The overwhelming successes of the Mitsubishi A6M Zero during the first six months of the war stunned Western observers, who now catapulted the Zero to the ranks of a super-plane, flown by super-pilots. This was not too much of an exaggeration in 1942, for the Zero was indeed superior to every fighter it faced, land-based or carrier-borne, and the Japanese Navy's elite force of experienced pilots was equal to or better than any in the world. In time, the very design features Jiro Horikoshi had used to achieve the required performance -- light weight, minimum armor, non-self-sealing tanks -- would allow opposing American fighters to gain the upper hand. Continually updated with new equipment, the Zero was kept in production long after it was obsolete, with 10,499 being built. By 1943, the performance of the Zero and the quality of its pilots were on irreversible downward spirals. Particularly damaging was that Japan's experienced pilots died in great numbers relatively early in the war. Conversely, American aircraft and pilots continually improved. The Mitsubishi A6M Zero's final role was a sad one: a kamikaze sacrifice of plane and pilot.	<urn:uuid:b423d808-22d3-4a3e-b5a3-b8218604c69a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://science.howstuffworks.com/mitsubishi-a6m-zero.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689823.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924010628-20170924030628-00033.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9736428260803223, "token_count": 425, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3 }
John Birch was better known in death than life. Shot and killed by Communists in China, he posthumously became the namesake for a right-wing organization whose influence is still visible in today's Tea Party. This is the remarkable story of an American missionary-turned-soldier who wanted tosave China, but became a victim instead. Terry Lautz, a longtime scholar of US-China relations, has spoken with Birch's remaining relatives, found letters written to the women he loved, and visited sites in China where he lived and died. The result is the first authoritative biography of this fascinating figure who continues to haunt thefringes of American political life. Birch was a missionary in China during the tumultuous time of the Second World War. After Pearl Harbor, he volunteered for the U.S. Army, served with Claire Chennault, commander of the famed Flying Tigers, and operated behind enemy lines as an intelligence officer. His death at the hands Communisttroops soon after Japan's surrender came was a shock, since Mao Zedong's forces had cooperated with Americans until then. Some years later, Robert Welch, a businessman from Boston, promoted Birch as a martyr and made him the namesake for the John Birch Society, one of the most influential andpolarizing organizations of the Cold War era. Lautz covers Birch's life and his afterlife, and places him not only in the context of anti-communism, but in the longstanding American quest to shape China's destiny. In this critical study of a figure who has reached near-legendary status, Lautz cuts through the mythology to explain John Birch - both the man and the political phenomenon.	<urn:uuid:58fa03e3-8895-4ad2-b175-bfb4b1c08042>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13", "url": "https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/john-birch-a-life/9780190262891-item.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218187792.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212947-00639-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.975638210773468, "token_count": 338, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
Some widely prescribed antidepressants may not be as safe for elderly patients as other classes of drugs, according to a study recently published in the British Medical Journal. In a population-based cohort study of patients aged 65 and older, researchers found that those taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) — the class of antidepressants that includes popular drugs like Prozac, Celexa and Zoloft — were more likely to suffer adverse effects than people not taking the medications. Those on SSRIs were more likely to die, have a stroke, suffer falls, fracture bones and have seizures. The study also found significantly more adverse outcomes associated with SSRIs than with an older class of medications known as tricyclic antidepressants. PHOTOS: Portraits of Centenarians However, the relative benefits of these drugs — a factor that was not captured by the study — need to be considered along with the risks when deciding which medication to prescribe for older patients, the authors said. There is still much that is unknown about the adverse effects of antidepressants in this age group because seniors tend to be underrepresented in clinical trials of the drugs, and most trials are short-term. Elderly patients with depression also tend to have co-existing medical conditions and many take other drugs; they may also be more sensitive to drug side effects than younger patients. In the current study, researchers led by Carol Coupland, an associate professor of medical statistics at the University of Nottingham, looked at prescription data on 60,746 patients aged 65 to 100 years who were newly diagnosed with depression between 1996 and 2007. Many patients had other conditions, such as heart disease and diabetes, and were taking several medications. The patients were followed for an average of five years. About nine out of 10 patients received at least prescription for an antidepressant during the follow-up period: most (55%) were prescribed an SSRI; about one-third (32%) got a prescription for a tricyclic antidepressant; and about 14% were prescribed other drugs like Remeron (mirtazapine) and Effexor (venlafaxine hydrochloride). Compared with no antidepressant use, the use of any antidepressant was associated with higher risks of adverse outcomes. SSRIs, however, appeared to carry more risks than tricyclics: compared with patients taking the older class of drug, those taking SSRIs were 15% more likely to have a stroke, 26% more likely to suffer a fracture, and 80% more likely to have a seizure. Over the course of a year, 8% of patients on tricyclic antidepressants died, compared with nearly 11% of those on SSRIs and 7% of patients not taking any antidepressant. Notably, patients prescribed other classes of antidepressants (including Remeron and Effexor) had still higher risk of adverse outcomes, including suicide risk and death, compared with those not taking a drug for depression and with those taking tricyclics. The study authors said that the risks were greatest during the first 28 days of starting an antidepressant and the first 28 days after stopping. One important limitation of the findings was that tricyclic antidepressants were typically prescribed in lower doses than SSRIs, which could account for some of the reduction in risk associated with the drugs. The study also did not follow people who took SSRIs over the long term. “The choice of class of antidepressant is a complex decision, and some evidence is still lacking to help with that choice in older patients,” Coupland told HealthDay. “Low-dose [tricyclic antidepressants] may be more suitable in frail elderly patients at increased risk of falls and fracture.” Still, the findings do not suggest that SSRIs should be avoided by older patients. Rather, they are a good reminder that physicians should monitor elderly patients carefully, particularly during their first month of treatment with antidepressants and during the first month after discontinuing therapy.	<urn:uuid:30b4219c-f819-4e17-ae37-12c9913a6b98>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://healthland.time.com/2011/08/08/newer-antidepressants-may-not-be-as-safe-for-seniors/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172783.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00120-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9748324751853943, "token_count": 818, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
If someone told you that a certain word exists, that when said, can help you get more items crossed out on your to-do list, what word do you think would that be? “Open Sesame”? “Shazam”? “Flame on”? Any more guesses? Done? (Clue: The answer lies within this paragraph). Saying the word done can help you get more accomplished on your to-do list. “Telling ourselves that we’re done creates not only an emotional reaction but a physiological response as well,” says Leslie Sherlin, a psychologist, neuroperformance specialist, and the cofounder of the brain-training company SenseLabs. Sherlin cites a few more interesting and beneficial effects of saying “done”, such as helping our brains get into a more relaxed state and facilitating the release of serotonin, described by Evans as the feel-good chemical, is released. A good battle plan would be to pursue and maximize chances or opportunities to say this magic word. Here are a few ways: Break tasks into smaller chunks Do not tackle a big task head on. Instead, break it down into manageable and smaller components that, once accomplished, one can cap off with “done” as each step is completed. Work in 10-minute segments Zero in on a given task, set your timer for 10 minutes, and then give your 100% focus and dedication on the task at hand. Once the timer sounds, this serves as your cue to say “done”. Do the same for the next task on your list. Visualize yourself completing the task In your mind’s eye, picture yourself carrying out and fulfilling the assignment. Visualizing the desired outcome builds motivation and drive to take the necessary actions in making the mental image a reality. Have you planned out your microbreaks for the day? Taking a microbreak is good for your brain, which helps it recharge and decompress. Take some air outside your work premises. Daydream. Do breathing exercises. Don’t forget to say “done” after reading this post. Finish strong and often and may you have more opportunities to say “done” every day. Article done! Image courtesy of Shutterstock	<urn:uuid:a5ea9d71-6c4b-4b85-a567-5c77cb1fc044>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "url": "https://www.kalibrr.com/advice/2015/04/get-a-lot-done-by-saying-done/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822851.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018085500-20171018105500-00794.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9437711238861084, "token_count": 476, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
Hillary Bauerman F.C.S. Basic Facts in Chemistry A useful and comprehensive book of Chemistry. It is especially created for the students, Professors, Researchers and scholars. The book is the result of a careful analysis of the needs of advanced level students and should be an invaluable aid in their day-to-day learning. The salient features of this book are: 1. A to Z terms that covers many subjects which comes under management terminology. 2. Vast definitions are explained with instances where necessary. 3. It has been our aim to provide explanations that are easily understood, whilst maintaining a high academic standard.	<urn:uuid:dfca63f3-a0e3-4634-b59e-229c6cd3627a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://sportspublication.net/product/basic-facts-in-chemistry/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499801.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130034805-20230130064805-00043.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9321236610412598, "token_count": 168, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
What Is A Spirometry? Spirometry is a common Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) that measures lung function. The SBG Multi-function Spirometer is a highly versatile hand-held spirometer that provides measurements of Simple Spirometry, Flow Volume Loops, Maximum Voluntary Ventilation, and Bronchial Challenge. Generally speaking, it measures the speed and amount of air that a patient inhales and exhales and uses that information to asses conditions such as asthma and COPD that may affect lung function. At Park (Length of Time: 3 minutes) What Does A Spirometry Test Measure? A spirometry test measures the following: Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Forced vital capacity is the most amount of air that a patient can exhale following a deep inhalation. If it is abnormally low, this may indicate that the patient has restricted breathing. Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV-1) Forced expiratory volume measures the amount of air a patient can force from their lungs within one second. This measurement helps determine the severity of a patient’s breathing problem. An FEV-1 reading that is abnormally low, may indicate a significant lung obstruction. Who Is A Candidate For A Spirometry Test? A spirometry test is commonly used for patients with: - Shortness of breath - Chronic cough - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Smoking, or exposure to secondhand smoke Since the measurement process only takes a few minutes, this allows the patient to discuss the results immediately with their physician. Additional testing may be necessary in order to better diagnose chronic lung conditions such as asthma. How Is A Spirometry Test Done? At the present time, the diagnostic test takes approximately 15 minutes. The patient will be instructed to inhale then exhale into a tube for as long as possible. This tube is attached to a spirometer machine. It is also important for the patient to form a tight seal with the tube, letting no air escape. A patient will typically take the test three consecutive times to achieve accurate results. Although the highest score is used as the final result, if there is too much discrepancy between results, the patient may need to take the test again. Usually, a patient is given a bronchodilator which is a medication that helps to open the lungs. This will help determine if the medication helps airflow. What Are The Risks Of A Spirometry? Generally speaking, a spirometry is a safe and fairly simple test. Due to the exertion involved, a patient may temporarily feel out of breath or dizzy. For those who have certain heart conditions or may have suffered a recent heart attack, a spirometry may not be performed.	<urn:uuid:05f1d8d4-b7f0-42ed-bbb9-1ce852ca3b73>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://www.parkavendo.com/diagnostic-tests/spirometry/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475711.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301225031-20240302015031-00571.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9257499575614929, "token_count": 573, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
I am teaching myself electronics in my spare time and I am trying to look at circuits and understand how they work. I am currently studying amplification and transistor basics, and I have started analysing the audio amplfication circuit below. In particular, I am trying to figure out how exactly the darlington pair Q7 and Q9 associated with Q5 work: this is all quite confusing to me at the moment. The circuit description reads: 'the predriver stage (Q7, Q9) is a Darlington connection the load of which employs a constant current source (D5, Q5), resulting in a high voltage gain.' Am I correct with the following? - constant current source: Q5 acts as a constant current source for the darlington pair. As such, if there were an increase in current at the collector of Q5, the emitter-base forward bias of Q5 would reduce (from the higher voltage drop across the emitter resistor of Q5), and the resulting lower Ib would reduce Ic and Ie. D5 maintains forward bias between the emitter and the base. - Darlington pair: this darlington pair is configured as a common emitter amplifier with Q5 as its load. With an AC input signal at its base, the positive portion of the signal increases the forward bias of Q7 and Q9, which would increase the collector currents. Since current is constant, what happens here, a smaller Vce drop for Q9 as the collector of Q9 gets closer to -B2? If that is the case, assuming that with constant current the voltage drops across R31 and R29 should remain constant, is also Vc of Q5 getting closer to -B2? Am I correct to deduce that this is a phase-inverting configuration? I would appreciate if you could help me clarify these questions. Thanks.	<urn:uuid:4a59ab51-1b32-4dc9-ab9a-eeafd2654afb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/528979/understanding-constant-current-source-in-amplifier-stage", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510412.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928130936-20230928160936-00757.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.955657422542572, "token_count": 386, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3 }
Typography today is a distant cousin of the highly manual art it used to be. In a not-so-distant past, typesetting was a specialized skill practiced by dedicated typesetters and done in collaboration with both a graphic designer and a printer. Today, nearly everyone is expected to use fonts and know the basics of typography. We select fonts for everything; email signatures, web fonts, newsletter headlines, Instagram stories, and on and on. Our typography choices are a reflection of our personal and professional brands – which means they are worth getting right. As Ilene Strizver put it in Typography Fundamentals, “you can have the best illustration or best photograph in the world but if you use some crappy type inappropriately styled and set, it is going to downgrade the level of what you are doing.” Most people (besides professional type designers who know the difference between slab serifs and sans serif fonts) use the words “typeface” and “font” interchangeably but it can be helpful to know there is a difference between the two. The distinction is useful because it calls our attention to all of the little variables that are otherwise easy to miss while selecting a font from a drop-down menu. In the days of manual typesetting, Bodoni was a “typeface.” The “font” described the size and weight of the Bodoni blocks the printer used for the job. Today, designers tend to call the whole thing a “font” or “typeface” and there isn’t much practical utility in parsing words, but the history adds context and reminds us how much variability exists–even within familiar typefaces like Helvetica or Times New Roman. All of that variability shows up in the shape and design of individual characters. Strizver published a handy visual guide to the anatomy of a character. The guide makes it easy to see how many little components are at work in a letter. Learning what a swash, stroke, and step are can be a good way to “educate your eye” to see the subtle (or significant) differences between fonts. With so many components it is easy to see why there is such a range of personalities among typefaces. Mastering these fundamentals sets you up to feel more confident when it is time to buckle down and select a typeface or font that will be perfect for your project. For every typography project, there are three key questions you can ask that will help guide your type choices: What are my goals? In client work, your job is to use your typography skills to help the client achieve their objectives. It is crucial you understand the exact outcome your client hopes to achieve with your work. In the words of Strizver, “every typeface has a distinct personality and conveys a different mood, message, or feeling.” When you understand the ultimate goal of a design it becomes possible to start thinking about the right typeface mood. Where will this be displayed? The size and scale of the display font is going to have a big influence on what you do with any particular design. A banner displayed at a distance calls for much different type choices than a full-page flyer. Who is the intended audience? While you, personally, might be keen to use a clean modern look you’ll have to consider your audience. If your client is a stalwart of tradition who aims to reach an older audience, make sure to use typography that reflects their tastes. Age and demographic information are helpful guideposts. Once you’ve answered those questions you can use these five typography tips perfect for better design, every time: Too much contrast can create chaos on the page. Using different fonts from a font family or type family is a simple way to create visual harmony. James Victore is a legendary poster designer and he encourages designers to keep things simple. It is easy to get bogged down in the process of selecting a typeface, but some projects need to be expedited. Keeping a list of personal faves will help you work quickly. Strizver thinks the process of establishing a hierarchy is one of the most important jobs a designer does. She explains that “clearly distinguished font sizes… establish a logical content order.” In essence, hierarchy shows the reader which information is most important and your type and font choices can make that easy to see. While there is an entire universe of typefaces to choose from, most can be divided into one of two groups: serif and sans serif. A serif is the little extension that comes off a character or letter. Books and magazines are almost always set with serif typefaces based on the commonly held belief that serif type is more readable. The truth is that both serif and sans serif can be rendered unreadable by bad design, but, for long blocks of text, defaulting to serif is a safe choice. Typography serves a unique purpose: it is there to be read. Don’t get carried away with eye-catching fonts simply because they are interesting to look at: remember to design for your reader and make sure they can actually read the text. Make a living doing what you love. Join Debbie Millman to build your brand and create a meaningful career.	<urn:uuid:1196387e-59fd-43b5-b168-245a696baa6b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18", "url": "https://www.creativelive.com/blog/typography-fonts/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578806528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426133444-20190426155444-00246.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9290739893913269, "token_count": 1104, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
Archaeologist describes the wide ranging emotions of Armenians, Kurds, and Iranians to the pending public exposure of Noah’s Ark, in the southern gorge of greater Mount Ararat in eastern Turkey. Here, attitudes vary from apocalyptic fear to ecstatic joy. Istanbul, Turkey -- (ReleaseWire) -- 01/28/2021 --Harvard University educated archaeologist, former maritime executive, Chairperson and Senior Lecturer of the Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Department at the National University of Samoa, and current president of the applied archaeology firm, PRC, Inc., Joel Klenck, describes how the pending exposure of Noah's Ark provokes a range of emotions in Armenian, Kurdish, and Iranian communities. The archaeologist is certain: "The rediscovery of Noah's Ark is a fact and the greatest archaeological site in history. The Ark is close to 150 meters in length, broken in two sections, at elevations between 3,900 to 4,700 meters above sea level, with an origin dating to the Late Epipaleolithic Period (13,100-9,600 BC) and earlier. The structure in the southern gorge on greater Mount Ararat is 100% a maritime barge and exhibits angled hulls, thousands of cages, large sloping ramps, three decks, and large cargo holds covered with legumes. Much of the wood architecture of the Ark has been preserved in ice. Also, the organic artifacts have been cryodesiccated or freeze-dried causing the artifacts to preserve for thousands of years. The structure follows all traits described in the Bible, Quran, and by Berossus, Josephus, and in Alexandrian traditions." Armenians hid Noah's Ark from foreigners for two thousand years. The archaeologist met with the heirs of Armenian guides that led foreigners to Noah's Ark in the late nineteenth century and descendants of Armenian interrogators that worked for the Soviet state during the 1930s. The archaeologist studied the artifacts and features from the Ark for ten years. The descendants and archaeological data provide insight to the impact of Noah's Ark on modern Anatolian history and some members of the Armenian diaspora. Klenck notes: "At the turn of the twentieth century, the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian guides at the base of Mount Ararat refined tactics to conceal Noah's Ark while raising funds from visits to the vessel, by foreigners from Tsarist Russia and the United States, to fund independence initiatives against Ottoman Turkey. As this revolution failed, Catholicos Mkrtich Khrimian (1820-1907) issued four orders regarding Noah's Ark that concealed the vessel until recently. There has been consternation within the office of the Catholicos and ranking members of the Armenian Apostolic Church concerning the exposure of Noah's Ark to the world. Some Armenian priests and lay persons believe revealing Noah's Ark earlier in history would have prevented Turkish-Armenian conflicts, World War I, rise of Communism, emergence of Hitler's Nazi party, World War II, and many other conflicts because the Ark negated most secular theories, verified Biblical history and the Old Testament origin of human and animal populations. Other Armenians believe that Noah's Ark should remain a secret to prevent the vessel from falling into the hands of the Turkish people, a source of Armenian losses and military defeats. A similar concern is that if the Ark became common knowledge, it would cause the unification of Muslims around eastern Anatolia and threaten the modern Republic of Armenia. Several priests of the Armenian Apostolic Church warn the rediscovery of Noah's Ark could be used by evil persons as a symbol of unity to foment a one-world government, economy, and religion, or alternatively a pan-Islamic maelstrom that would persecute Christians. These apocalyptic views are also echoed by some in the Kurdish community near Mount Ararat, who believe the rediscovery and exposure of Noah's Ark portends the end of the world. Other Armenian priests believe that the exposure of Noah's Ark will be a tool used by God, to consolidate His enemies for their ultimate destruction, before the Messianic Kingdom of Jesus Christ. Iranian military members that regularly climb Mount Ararat believe the rediscovery of Noah's Ark will precede the rise of the Madhi, an Islamic deliverer that will unite all Muslims. Still, other Armenians lament that the younger generation is indifferent to Noah's Ark, being more fascinated by modern video games, music, and material possessions. For example, one of the elderly descendants of a former Armenian guide to Noah's Ark had family members, that were so disinterested in inheriting Ark artifacts, she donated the objects to a local museum that did not know the import of these specimens. One cryodesiccated wood bowl, from a reliquary near Noah's Ark, was glued to a bench to hold keys for several museum doors. The origin, location, and significance of these artifacts were reported to the Turkish government. Several descendants of former Ark guides question why Noah's Ark was concealed for so long as it led to the Ark's loss of relevancy. To them, the secrecy surrounding the Ark in the Armenian community caused the sacred structure to become an object of scorn and skepticism. As such, they are relieved that the Holy Ark is being preserved and shown to the world, even if the archaeologists are from Turkey." The archaeologist concludes, "Noah's Ark will be revealed to the public in 2021 and the Republic of Turkey is working to protect and conserve this religious and cultural masterwork. Still, Noah's Ark is facing horrific loss by melting glacial ice, terrible decomposition of its wood architecture and organic artifacts, and continual looting. The goal of any archaeologist is to mitigate the loss of historic properties. Noah's Ark is the ultimate archaeological site and religious shrine and requires extensive curation and preservation activities. About PRC, Inc. Founded in 2007, PRC, Inc., provides comprehensive worldwide archaeological services including surveys, excavations, and research.	<urn:uuid:8ae8686f-ba92-44f6-babc-86844c668a3b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "http://www.releasewire.com/press-releases/revealing-noahs-ark-armenian-kurdish-and-iranian-attitudes-range-from-fear-to-joy-1325053.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679515260.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211143258-20231211173258-00279.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.947864294052124, "token_count": 1229, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3 }
There are many factors that cause insomnia such as stress and medications. However, some of the cases of insomnia can be traced back to caffeine. Caffeine is one of the most popular stimulants that is contained in beverages such as coffee and tea. If your sleeping disorder is not caused by caffeine intake, then reducing or avoiding its intake will definitely go a long way in calming the symptoms. Caffeine: How It Affects Sleep As pointed out above, caffeine is a stimulant. It makes your body and brain active thereby making it difficult to achieve sleep. It also blocks the activity of chemicals/hormones such as melatonin that are important in inducing sleep. Most of the drinks that contain caffeine are usually taken hot. This poses a problem in achieving sleep as the body naturally cools down in preparation for sleep. Drinking hot caffeinated drinks increases body temperature that would have to be lowered before sleep is achieved. How Much Caffeine is Enough? Apart from its stimulating ability, it has no nutritional value. Taking caffeinated drinks in moderate levels has no harmful effects on your health. 3 8 oz. cups of coffee will not affect sleep. Consuming 8 oz cups of coffee in 1 day is considered excess and can lead to insomnia. Caffeine is not digested by the body. It therefore is absorbed directly by the intestines and can take only 15 minutes to reach the farthest nerves of your body. However, it takes long to be destroyed and removed from the body by the liver. Studies show that it has a half-life of 6 hours. Half-life is the time taken to eliminate half the amount of chemical substance from the body. In other words, it can stay in your body for more than 10 after it’s absorbed. Its stimulating ability can cause physical dependence. Some of the withdrawal symptoms seen in persons addicted to caffeinated products include: - Muscular pain. Caffeinated Drinks and Children Adults can take certain amount of caffeine with no serious harm. Children should avoid it completely. This is because it is known to not only affect sleep severely in children but suppresses appetite. Since children have less developed kidney and liver the half-life of caffeine is longer. Other Effects of Caffeine - Make you to be more alert. - Reduces muscular paralysis which is important for deep sleep. - It is a major cause of insomnia. - Increases your heartbeat. - Increase the number of times you wake up to urinate at night. Popular Caffeinated Drinks - Soft drinks such as cola One of the best ways to avoid it in your diet is to look at the ingredient of the food/drink you take. Be sure to look out for this stimulant “hidden” in products such as chocolate. As you have read above, it takes more than 10 hours to completely eliminate it from the body. If you have to take a caffeinated product, then do it in the first half of the day. This gives your body time to eliminate it so as to cause minimal disruption to your sleeping patterns. Taking caffeinated drinks a few hours before sleep should is highly discouraged. Remember that it only takes about 15 minutes for caffeine to become active in your body.	<urn:uuid:fcda3acd-9652-417e-a973-2b2d0f46e111>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://www.sleepresourcecenter.org/sleep-topics/caffeine-and-sleep/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662525507.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519042059-20220519072059-00499.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9499374032020569, "token_count": 702, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
Also known as the “Astrobleme Rochechouart-Chassenon” The Rochechouart meteorite is one of the 15 largest to hit the earth This was not some insignificant event. The meterorite that hit between Pressignac and present day Rochechouart, at a place called “La Judie” (Pressignac) is reputedly part of one of the 15 largest ever to hit the earth (source: museum Paul Pellas, Rochechouart). Geophysicists including David Rowley (University of Chicago), John Spray (University of New Brunswick) Simon Kelley (Open University) have determined that as it fell, the meterorite split into several pieces impacting between La Judie (Presignac) & Babaudus (Rochechouart) and other areas in Europe, Manicouagan in northern Quebec, Saint Martin in Manitoba, Obolon’ in the Ukraine, and the Red Wing crater in North Dakota (according to information drawn from Wikipedia). In 1969 Scientific research (F. Kraut) in the region advanced a theory of a meteorite which hit about 214 million years ago at the end of the Triassic age (some 120 million years before Yucatan). It was about a mile wideor 1.5km in diameter and weighed some 6,000 million tons and hit at a speed of 20 km a second with an energy some 14 million times that of the Hiroshima bomb. A crater from this “astrobleme” – now believed to be between 40 – 50 kilometres wide – was formed within 42 seconds of impact, vaporising some 8 cubic miles of the earth’s crust and vitrifying a further 42 cubic miles. All life within 300 miles of the impact at modern-day Rochechouart was wiped out. Source: Association Pierre de la Lune. Graphic courtesy of J-P Poursac and the Comité des Usagers du Territoire de la Météorite. In the intervening 200 million years the crater shape has been gradually worn down leaving scientists and geologists with one of the few accessible crater beds in the world where it is possible to see the progressive effects of impact shock on the surrounding rock. Specialists from NASA came to the site to gather information before the Apollo missions (and not just to sample the French wine?). The river that runs at the base of the chateau at Rochechouart runs in the socle, the crater bed, of the meteorite. Of the meterorite itself, there is no trace, since it “sublimed” on impact – all that remains are trace elements. Of the impact crater too, there is no remaining trace since this too has eroded. What remains are traces of the shock-wave and the incredibly high temperatures reached. The impact breccia formed by the impact has furnished building materials to the local area over the millennia. Much of Rochechouart castle and the church, The Roman Baths at Chassenon are made of it; the church and castle at Rochechouart are; the church in Pressignac; and many of the local old buildings – including parts of our gite (see picture). A good, readable article exists on Wikipedia, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochechouart_crater Chateau at Rochechouart, at the foot of which (out of shot) is believed to be the socle, or meteorite bed. A building slab used in the Gite at La Croix Spa, showing very clearly the concretions in the stone, typical of impact breccia of the Rochechouart meteorite. (Note the colour variations (less iron content?) with the stone at Rochechouart which was far closer to the epicenter of the impact. La Croix is about 8km out from this). My diagram shows the approximate “ripple” effect geologists believe to have occurred around Rochechouart following the meteorite’s impact. The photo taken from Pressignac overlooking Rochechouart (i.e. West to East) certainly demonstrates a very visible “bowl”. (Rochechouart is about 8km away and is at a lower elevation from Pressignac). There is an amazing quarry at Champagnac where the vitrified rock (i.e. beneath the impact and not vaporised or blown into the atmosphere) and the fallout that fell back on top can clearly be seen as two separate layers one on top of the other. On 18th September 2008 a national natural reserve for the “Astrobleme Rochechouart-Chassenon” was created with the aim of preserving the landscape as well as selective and careful promotion of its scientific and cultural interest. A museum to the meteorite is found in Rochechouart from which much of the above information is drawn. “Espace Meteorite Paul Pellas”, 16 Rue Jean Parvy, Rochechouart. Linguists may be interested to note that the name “Rochechouart” does not mean “The Rock that fell” (Roche, échoué) although the accident of language and ancient history seems startling. In fact the name came about in far more mundane ways. In mediaeval times, “Chouart” was the land-owner and the rock was his. “Chouart’s Rock”. Publisher: La Croix Spa “The Rochechouart Meteorite” by Richard Martin is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Based on a work at www.espacemeteorite.com. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at https://lacroixspa.com. The Rochechouart metorite is one of many attractions for people of all tastes visiting the Charente, Vienne or Dordogne. From visiting geologists to cyclists who wish to mountain-bike around the meteorite crater trail. Rochaechouart really was at the very epicentre of this cataclysmic ancient meterorite impact and from Pressignac you can see across 22 kilometers from crater rim to crater rim from Pressignac to Etagnac and St. Junien. Local buildings, including Rochechouart chateau, church and Pressignac Church and even stone in our gites are made from the impact breccia of the Rochechouart meterorite. For this and many other activities, have a great holiday in our region of Southwest France.	<urn:uuid:2a658954-ce95-4cc7-80c0-1d98a98b5d78>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://lacroixspa.com/rochechouart-meteorite/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703495901.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115134101-20210115164101-00599.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9217246770858765, "token_count": 1412, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4 }
Translating classic children’s books into Yiddish is becoming a trend these days. First there was “The Hobbit,” which was recently translated by retired computer programmer Barry Goldstein. Now there’s “Alice in Wonderland,” which has been rendered into Yiddish by Israeli children’s author Adina Bar-El. Bar-El, 66, who lives on Moshav Nir Yisrael, is the author of some 19 books for children and teenagers (including such titles as “Miss Contrary” and “The Strongest Boy in Kindergarten”), as well as poetry and books for adults. She is also a scholar of Jewish children’s literature and journalism in Poland between the two World Wars, and received her doctorate in the field from Hebrew University. Given the emphasis on wordplay in “Alice in Wonderland,” translation was no easy task. In an English introduction to the volume, Bar-El explains some of her techniques: In the process of the translation into Yiddish, my aim was to remain faithful to the English source, to the plot, the characters and their qualities; and mainly to retain the depth and spirit of the book. At the same time, the nonsense songs, the sayings, idioms and particularly Lewis Carroll’s plays on words had to be adapted to Yiddish and to the lifestyle familiar to its readers. In the chapter with the Mad Hatter’s tea party, for example, “the nonsense song has been given motifs of Jewish lullabies.” Bar-El also inserted references to Jewish foods, like kugel. After all, what kind of Jewish wonderland would it be without kugel? Copies of the book can be purchased directly from the translator. Watch Adina Bar-El discuss Yiddish and Jewish education in the 20th Century:	<urn:uuid:21956e4f-15a5-4ea4-a972-9cd842f44ef4>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://blogs.forward.com/the-arty-semite/172302/alice-in-yiddishland/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115861872.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161101-00180-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9662100076675415, "token_count": 399, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3 }
Year 4 Science Practise the concepts your child is investigating in school with our Year 4 science worksheets and help them develop their skills of ‘scientific enquiry’ (examining ideas and evidence, using investigative techniques and drawing conclusions based on evidence). Plus, for a complete course in Year 4 science, check out our fantastic Year 4 Science Learning Journey programme. Search all Science worksheets by category Play a game of Blow Football, make your own mini-me, turn white petals multi-coloured and dissolve an egg... all in the pursuits of science. Prepared exclusively for TheSchoolRun by Emma Vanstone of children's science blog Science Sparks, Experiments and science fun for KS1 and KS2 will help you make primary science memorable and fun. You won't need any special equipment or knowledge to get started; before you know it the kids will be planning investigations, experimenting with supersaturated solutions and germinating beans on the window sill. Discover a complete learning programme that covers all the core science skills that your child must master by the end of Year 4. This comprehensive programme enables you to cover every topic in the curriculum with just one 10-minute worksheet every week at home. Get started on the Year 4 Science Learning Journey and by doing just a few minutes of fun work each week with your child at home, you will inspire their learning, fire up their hunger for knowledge… and ensure they’re not only on top of their lessons but brimming over with facts and actively contributing to classes. Even more science fun at home! Homework Gnome – for all your topic homework In Year 4, your child will cover some core learning areas of science. For many of these topic-areas, you'll find top facts, timelines, did you knows, pictures, videos and more, in the Homework Gnome. Why not check out the following:	<urn:uuid:bff59e2f-0394-4399-ad0c-b42567350e0d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.theschoolrun.com/year-4/year-4-science", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510225.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926211344-20230927001344-00139.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9159058928489685, "token_count": 396, "score": 4.03125, "int_score": 4 }
Improved functioning of diverse landscape mosaics It is well-established that biodiverse ecosystems generally function better than monocultures. Ecologists at the University of Zurich have now shown that the same is true on a larger scale: Having a mix of different land-covers including grassland, forest, urban areas and water bodies improves the functioning and stability of a landscape—irrespective of the plant species diversity, region and climate. To date, biodiversity research primarily focused on the number of plant species present in ecosystems. "Most studies so far have used small, artificially established study plots. However, real-world landscapes are much more complex, and, in addition to natural areas, also contain human-dominated elements such as arable land and urban areas," says Pascal Niklaus, professor at the Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies at the University of Zurich (UZH). 5,000 Swiss landscapes analyzed A research team led by Niklaus and part of the Research Priority Program "Global Change and Biodiversity" investigated how different land-cover areas affect vegetation growth in large landscapes. Using aerial imagery, they assessed land-cover in 4,974 landscape plots from all regions in Switzerland. In addition to green areas such as grassland and forest they also considered human-dominated areas including arable fields and settlements. In parallel, they used satellite data to determine plant productivity in these landscapes over a period of 17 years. Land-cover mixtures are more productive and stable "We found that landscapes consisting of a mosaic of different land uses were more productive than the average landscape with uniform use," Niklaus summarizes. This positive effect of land-use diversity and productivity held over many regions, climatic conditions and altitude ranges. Landscape mosaics also showed a temporally more stable productivity. In other words, more diverse landscapes are able to mitigate effects of inter-annual climate variation. Different mechanisms are at play The positive effects of land-use diversity were unrelated to the number of plant species present in these landscapes. This indicates that areas with different land uses interact and improve the functioning of the entire landscape, similar to the way in which plant species interact in a small patch of vegetation and thereby improve the functioning of the plant community. "In such large landscapes, novel mechanisms must be at play that do not operate in the small study plots traditionally examined in biodiversity experiments," Jacqueline Oehri, first author of the study, says. The specific nature of these mechanisms is the subject of further investigations. The authors speculate that, for example, urban areas and water bodies affect climatic conditions in their surroundings, and that this might improve the productivity of vegetation in these areas. Strategies for regional planning and landscape management The way in which different land uses are spatially interwoven thus promotes the functioning of landscapes, in addition to the established beneficial effects of high species diversity. The study's novel approach enables landscapes to be analyzed on a scale that is relevant for regional planning and conservation policies. However, Niklaus emphasizes that "the fact that mixed landscapes function better should not be understood to mean that natural areas should be fragmented by expanding urban settlements." More information: Jacqueline Oehri et al. Terrestrial land-cover type richness is positively linked to landscape-level functioning, Nature Communications (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14002-7 Journal information: Nature Communications Provided by University of Zurich	<urn:uuid:d60600bc-4cac-4123-b09e-0e2da53b72a7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://phys.org/news/2020-01-functioning-diverse-landscape-mosaics.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710801.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201053355-20221201083355-00178.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.929427444934845, "token_count": 705, "score": 3.59375, "int_score": 4 }
Peer continued to live at Herr Gabriel’s house. He was soon there two years. He did not know his voice had come back. He thought of the theater and people still talked of the theater. One day he spoke with a woman who had went to the theater. She spoke of how the madame went down and the madame went up. Peer wasn’t sure what play she had seen, but he finally understood. The woman was speaking of the curtain. On the curtain was painted a muse. The curtain would rise and fall between the scenes and so at the close of each scene, the madame came down. Peer learned very much from Herr Gabriel and drank up the knowledge of the city. As the new year passed on, all gathered to drink punch, and they all said, “Down comes Madame.” When is this kid going to grow up? Peer should be thirty by now. The woman in the story kept saying, “Ahbe dahbe,” which means nothing, unless she was saying Abu Dhabi, or it’s dialect and that was how she was saying, “Up, down.” The Danish words for up and down are “op” and “ned” respectively. So if you go to Denmark and your name is Ned, and you tell people your name is Ned, they’re going to constantly think you’re depressed because you’re going around saying, “I’m down.” Peer passes another year, but learns to roll with it. Years go by and it’s not that big of a deal. Just as the curtain fell down upon the stage, the curtain falls down upon the year. The passing of time becomes more real for Peer, even though he may not want it to. I kind of like the idea of a stage curtain falling upon the end of the year. How will Peer’s next year go? Will he ever get to do what he wants?	<urn:uuid:1e38dfb2-2f89-4604-b336-30b219661eaa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "https://111booksfor2011.wordpress.com/2015/11/28/lucky-peer-vii/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864776.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180622182027-20180622202027-00043.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9865644574165344, "token_count": 426, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
ScienceDaily (Dec. 1, 2010) — A new data-driven statistical model that incorporates the surrounding landscape in unprecedented detail describes the transfer of an inserted bacterial gene via pollen and seed dispersal in cotton plants more accurately than previously available methods. Shannon Heuberger, a graduate student at the University of Arizona’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and her co-workers will publish their findings in PLoS ONE on Nov. 30. The transfer of genes from genetically modified crop plants is a hotly debated issue. Many consumers are concerned about the possibility of genetic material from transgenic plants mixing with non-transgenic plants on nearby fields. Producers, on the other side, have a strong interest in knowing whether the varieties they are growing are free from unwanted genetic traits.	<urn:uuid:8820d83a-e5c4-42c5-9b16-1e51fce94fa5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "url": "https://gefreebc.wordpress.com/tag/transgenic/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824775.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021114851-20171021134851-00830.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9335862994194031, "token_count": 159, "score": 3.53125, "int_score": 4 }
In the Czech Republic, every day of the year has a unique personal name, in which people celebrate the “name day” that corresponds with their own — except for national holidays. In a bizarre coincidence, September 10th’s name just so happens to be Irma, same as the hurricane that is expected to touch down on the Southern United States over the weekend. The calendar is not just fun and games. In the past, parents were expected to choose the name that corresponded with that day, all of which were originally pulled from the Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints. Unique or unusual names would have to be submitted and approved by a government office. Many of the names on the original list have been updated in recent decades to keep up with modern trends, however. Name Day gained even greater meaning to the people of the Czech Republic in the 1980’s due to the fall of Communism and resurgence of the importance of individual identity versus serfdom for the “state.” The US community with the most residents born in the Czech Republic also happens to be Masaryktown, Florida. Hurricanes are named after humans because it is easier to remember than numbers or scientific terms. The Geneva-based World Meteorological Organization uses six alphabetically-arranged lists of 21 names for naming the storms. Names currently in the roster can be found on the National Hurricane Center website. Given that both lists have names chosen long ago, the coincidence has been noted as quite remarkable by those who are familiar with the Name Day traditions. Florida residents in several areas have now been ordered to evacuate as the category five hurricane is expected to hit as soon as Friday. Irma has already struck the small island of Barbuda, which has been reduced to nearly 100% rubble. Gaston Browne, the Prime Minister of the island, has stated that “the entire housing stock was damaged. It is just total devastation.” He added that the island is nearly uninhabitable in the hurricane’s wake. Likewise, the island of Saint-Martin is “almost destroyed,” according to government officials and Richard Branson’s private island in the Caribbean has been “completely and utterly devastated.” “I have never seen anything like this hurricane. Necker and the whole area have been completely and utterly devastated,” Branson wrote in a blog post on the Virgin website. Fortunately, he and his staff are all safe and physically unharmed. Irma is the strongest hurricane to ever hit the Atlantic basin outside the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. Endangered California Condor Seen in Sequoia National Park for the First Time in 50 Years It’s the largest bird in North America. One of the most endangered animals in the United States has been observed in a national park that is part of its historical range. The National Park and U.S. Fish and Wildlife services confirmed in a joint statement that six California Condors have been seeing flying above the Sequoia National Park in Eastern California. The birds were also photographed by park personnel. A biologist of the Santa Barbara Zoo confirmed that specimens being GPS-tracked by the zoo had been geolocated in the national park. “We use GPS transmitters to track the birds’ movement, which can be over hundreds of miles on a single day,” said Dave Meyer. “On this particular day we documented the birds’ signals around Giant Forest, and we are excited that park employees observed the birds and confirmed their use of this important historic habitat.” The Sequoia National Park consists of more then 400,000 acres in the Sierra Nevada Mountain range. The rare vultures, which feed upon carrion, had once been known to nest in the great Sequoia trees of the park, before disappearing from the habitat around the 1970’s. The California Condor is a New World vulture, and an exceptionally large bird, the largest native to North America. It range once broadly consisted of the entire western United States, spanning from Canada to Baja California in Mexico. It had been declared to be extinct in the wild in 1987, but a preservation program to save the species has proved successful in reintroducing captive individuals to the wild in northern Arizona and Utah. Poaching, habitat destruction, and poisoning from manmade chemicals have severely eroded the population of the birds in the wild, and it’s currently listed as critically endangered. Preservation efforts have increased the wild population of the California Condor from merely 22 animals to more than 400 today. Deplorables4 days ago STALKERS: Black Lives Matter Returns to Home of St. Louis Couple After Armed Confrontation Violent Left4 days ago IT’S A START: Portland Rioter Arrested With Pipe Bomb Materials, Will Face Federal Charges Sex Crime3 days ago REPORT: Epstein Associate Ghislane Maxwell Possesses “Stash of Pedophile Sex Tapes” News2 days ago Tennessee’s Marsha Blackburn Calls on Ilhan Omar to Resign After Minnesota Democrat Calls to “Dismantle” U.S. “System of Oppression” Videos3 days ago SHOCK VIDEO: Father Gunned Down in Drive-By Shooting Next to 6-Year-Old Daughter in NYC Streets Snowflakes2 days ago EXPOSED: City of Seattle Forces White Employees to Undergo Marxist Re-Education Training Deep State3 days ago General Michael Flynn and Friends Show Their Support for QAnon Movement on Independence Day Tech2 days ago Facebook Runs Electoral Interference to Stop Surging Congressional Candidate Laura Loomer	<urn:uuid:06b89cf8-dac2-42e0-a289-ce4aaecbc547>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://bigleaguepolitics.com/sunday-happens-named-irma-czech-name-day-calendar/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655901509.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709193741-20200709223741-00303.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9463425278663635, "token_count": 1180, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3 }
Recent crises have led to a renewed focus on disparities in health care and social status among those who belong to minority groups. Yet despite educational and political efforts, implicit bias against patients who may be marginalized by virtue of their income, ethnicity, gender identity or immigration status continues. Both intentional and subconscious relational aggression towards minority groups from their healthcare providers has been well documented in a systematic review by FitzGerald and Hurst. What has been less well studied is the reverse scenario—situations where patients are prejudiced toward the employees assigned to care for them. In particular, nurses, who have more direct patient contact than other health professions, are often exposed to egregious behaviors that range from subtle comments and snubs to outright rejection. This is different from the overt physical and verbal violence patients display toward nurses in emergency and psychiatric settings and less amenable to interventions designed to deescalate or prevent conflict. Patient Prejudice Toward Providers or PPTP (a term coined by Andreae, Sood, and Dellasega is a dynamic where physicians, nurses, and other healthcare workers are treated with bias and discrimination based on their gender, ethnicity, faith tradition, or country of origin. These covert behaviors and subtle microaggressions can lead to an ethical dilemma because they are often difficult to recognize and validate. When patients demand to know “Where are you from?” as soon as a nurse of color comes into the room, they could be either curious or suspicious, but interrogating a nurse in a hair covering or requesting a replacement for a male nurse are more obvious transgressions. While some institutions have specific anti-discrimination policies that protect employees as well as patients, nurses often have mixed feelings about enacting them. Refusing to continue caring for a patient who manifests PPTP is a challenge for all healthcare workers, but raises significant moral injury for nurses as the most trusted (that is, honest and ethical) profession. Health professionals aim to “do no harm” and provide unbiased care for all patients. This often leads to caregivers being unnecessarily subjected to abusive behavior by patients and families. Alternatively, is it moral to insist on caring for someone who has expressed a request that you not do so? In a preliminary study of resident physicians and fellows by Andreae and colleagues, PPTP was examined, revealing a variety of aggressions toward providers who were “different” from their patients in terms of skin color, appearance, or language. PPTP was manifested through patient behaviors such as overt comments about where the provider was born or educated, the patient “ignoring” the diverse provider on rounds, and/or requesting an alternative provider. One individual recalled being treated with such hostility and suspicion by the parent of a sick child that it was difficult to complete an initial assessment. Another described having to intervene and “protect” a minority background student who was being subjected to “drilling” about their background by a patient. These patterns were most noticeably directed towards women, who were assumed to have lesser status or an appearance or attire that invited commentary. In addition, managers are often requested to rearrange staffing assignments so that a patient does not have to interact with minority caregiver. As a profession that remains predominantly female, nurses can be perceived in a similar perspective of “less than” their male counterparts. However, this also leaves the male minority of the profession to be targeted by unacceptable gendered behavior, adding to a bias that may prevent men from entering the profession. Nurses face varying dynamics of racism and bias in their vulnerable positions. There needs to be an open and inclusive discussion about the ethical aspects of this issue, incorporating an individual, organizational, and international level. In addition, we suggest the following: - Research on the incidence and prevalence of reverse prejudice and PPTP in clinical nursing settings. - Discussion of the ethical aspects of scenarios where nurses are treated with disrespect and rejection by patients. - Identification of effective responses when situations of PPTP occur from patients. - Formation of policies that explicitly address PPTP toward nurses in the workplace. - Research on reactions and support/ no support from colleagues (nurses, physicians). Several studies (see reference list) have documented that medical and nursing students are especially vulnerable to PPTP and reverse prejudice—not only from patients but classmates and instructors. Other work (for example, by Wheeler and colleagues) has identified situations where colleagues were either the impetus for disrespectful behavior or passive observers. These issues are equally important since they give rise to ethical concerns around professionalism and power differentials—and they often involve relationships that cannot be terminated or exited. A separate body of study should examine these challenges as well. Awareness of the painful and destructive consequences of racism and other forms of discrimination is at a crescendo. Nurses are now in a position to be part of an international dialogue that questions the acceptability of continued silence or unified action on an ethical challenge that has the potential to damage the lives of both individuals and the profession at large. Cheryl Dellasega is a professor in the college of medicine, Doerthe Adriana Andreae is a physician for Penn State Health, and Robert Boesch is a vice president of surgical services in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Andreae DA, Sood N, Dellasega C. Patient Prejudice toward Providers. Poster presentation at the Junior Faculty Development Program, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA. 2018. American Nurses Association. The nurse’s role in addressing discrimination: Protecting and promoting inclusive strategies in practice settings, policy, and advocacy. Revised position paper. 2018. nursingworld.org/~4ab207/globalassets/practiceandpolicy/nursing-excellence/ana-position-statements/social-causes-and-health-care/the-nurses-role-in-addressing-discrimination.pdf Dellasega C. Toxic Nursing, 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Sigma Theta Tau International; in press. FitzGerald C, Hurst S. Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: A systematic review. BMC Med Ethics. 2017;18(1):19. Haider AH, Schneider EB, Sriram N, Scott, VK. Unconscious race and class biases among registered nurses: Vignette-based study using implicit association testing. J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220(6):1077‐1086.e3. Morrow M. In nurses we trust. Nurs Sci Q. 2018;31(1):95-96. Orom H, Semalulu T, Underwood W 3rd. The social and learning environments experienced by underrepresented minority medical students: A narrative review. Acad Med. 2013;88(11):1765‐77. Pariona‐Cabrera P, Cavanagh J, Bartram T. Workplace violence against nurses in health care and the role of human resource management: A systematic review of the literature. J Adv Nurs. 2020;76(7):1581-93. Perry SP, Hardeman R, Burke SE, Cunningham B, Burgess DJ, van Ryn M. The impact of everyday discrimination and racial identity centrality on African American medical student well-being: A report from the Medical Student CHANGE Study. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2016;3(3):519‐26. Smith CM. Origin and uses of primum Non nocere —Above all, do no harm! J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45(4):371-77. Webb Hooper M, Nápoles AM, Pérez-Stable E.J. COVID-19 and racial/ethnic disparities. JAMA. May 11, 2020. Wheeler R, Foster J, Hepburn K. The experience of discrimination by U.S. and internationally educated nurses in hospital practice in the USA: A qualitative study. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70(2):350-9.	<urn:uuid:28bf55a4-d501-493a-b183-047c7a0e6ea7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://www.myamericannurse.com/patient-prejudice-toward-nurses/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711200.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207153419-20221207183419-00709.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9394200444221497, "token_count": 1662, "score": 2.640625, "int_score": 3 }
Starting out as a conscientious objector, York ends up accomplishing an amazing feat and single-handedly killed 20 men and put 35 machine guns out of practice! This is an incredible story of a man who came from the mountains of Tennessee. His story- how he almost died when a student at VMI, Operations Officer in World War I to becoming Brigadier general, Chief of Staff and not retiring till the end of World War II. The country was grateful to George C. Marshall. Find out how Colonel Aleksandr Groten demonstrated uncommon courage in self-sacrifice by exposing himself to certain death in order to save his soldiers. Through Metropolitan Joseph's endurance in persecution and imprisonment, the catacomb church that he led continued to grow for years to come. Most people would have given up after more than a year in a German prison, but Capt. Armand Pinsard, a French pilot, dug his way out to freedom and scored an Allied victory. This is the amazing story of Alvin York ,who entered the army as a conscientious objecter, but ended up becoming a hero by single-handedly knocking out a German nest of machine gunners and capturing 132 men. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism, but gave the glory to God.	<urn:uuid:46a53d2b-7210-42fd-846f-9a3438b3bdda>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://characterconcepts.com/store/index.php?id_category=209&controller=category", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147031.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713225620-20200714015620-00256.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9641013145446777, "token_count": 260, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
Blue Tree snake By Rhianna Blackthorn Images by Lib Ruytenberg The Green Tree Snake (Dendrelaphis punctulata), also known as the Common Green Tree Snake is a beautiful non venomous snake. They are considered to be in good numbers in the wild, (although their distribution has reduced through habitat destruction) this species has the widest distribution of tree snakes Appearance and Characteristics. A long, slender arboreal snake, the Green Tree Snake has varying colours according to location. Upper body colours range from olive green, blue green, and dull green, but this snake usually has bright yellow belly scales. Some colour phases include blue spots on the green, or bright yellow spots, depending on location. When threatened, this diurnal snake secretes a smelly oil from its vent glands to make good their escape. Found predominately in trees, or shrubs, he will also inflate his throat to display blue skin between his scales. It will bite, but only as a last resort. Known for their whip like tail, which they use to secure themselves to branches, this species has been known to grow up to 2 meters in length. Average length however, is 1 - 1.5 meters, and I have personally never seen one over 1.5 meters in length. Females produce a clutch of 5 - 12 elongated eggs per clutch. Diet and Habitat. The Green Tree Snake is one of the more adaptable of the Australian Snake species and lives in a variety of habitats from dry to wet, grasslands to dense forests. They are found almost all over the Australian main land. It is well known for it's agility, and is mostly found in trees and shrubs. This snake hunts with keen eye sight. Diet consists mostly of frogs, but it is also known to eat small skinks, geckos, and occasionally small dragons. You might also like Theory11 Monarch Playing Cards (Black, 3.5 x 2.5-Inch) Sunny Patch Boy's Summer Pail of Fun, Blue Toy (Melissa and Doug) Set of 6 Power Ranger Megaforce 2" Ornaments Featuring, Red Ranger Dragon Zord Master, Black Ranger Snake Zord Master, Yellow Ranger Tiger Zord Master, Blue Ranger Shark Zord Master, Pink Ranger Phoenix Zord Master and Robo Knight Lion Zord Master Toy (Power Rangers) LEGO Ninjago Cole's Tread Assault 9444 Snake Playset: 12 Piece Toy set in Clip Bag for Play on the GO!	<urn:uuid:62ecd8a7-f877-417f-ad9f-63578d24447c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://pythonpics.com/BallPython/blue-tree-snake", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511386.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004152134-20231004182134-00575.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9350858926773071, "token_count": 590, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
The College of Engineering and the US Department of Energy’s Manufacturing Demonstration Facility (MDF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have embarked on a new initiative in additive manufacturing for the aerospace industry. Part of a contractual arrangement with Aerojet Rocketdyne and the Air Force Research Laboratory, the program centers around the acquisition of three high-end laser machines: two Concept Laser X Line systems—one of which is installed at MDF and the other at Aerojet Rocketdyne’s Los Angeles–based facility—and one EOS M400, located at Atlantic Precision’s Florida location. The program includes the backing of the Advanced Manufacturing Office of the Department of Energy. Each machine uses a version of additive manufacturing known as laser powder bed fusion to convert metal powder into liquid rocket engine (LRE) components. Having such an advanced piece of equipment will allow the continued growth of UT’s expertise in that focus, said Professor Suresh Babu, the UT-ORNL Governor’s Chair in Advanced Manufacturing. “This particular technology is going to allow us to open up new opportunities in the design and manufacturing of aluminum alloy components for LREs,” said Babu. “The importance of having access to such a cutting-edge machine can’t be overstated.” The new initiative will have an impact on the College of Engineering that goes beyond equipment. “In addition to having access to state-of-the-art technology, our students will be working together with scientists and engineers from these well-respected organizations,” said Wayne Davis, dean of the college. “That is a huge positive for our educational mission.” For ORNL, it’s the latest step in an increasing expertise in advanced manufacturing. “This aligns with our mission to provide leadership in the application of science and technology, to expand additive manufacturing technology, and to transfer that technology to a wide range of industries,” said Craig Blue, director of the Manufacturing Demonstration Facility at ORNL. Aerojet Rocketdyne has been working on additive manufacturing research for the past decade. The new arrangement and additional investment allow them to work with UT to develop and research new metal capabilities, a key priority for the company. “These systems are highly complex and massive, in contrast to the more common smaller machines used in the past,” said Jeff Haynes, program manager for Aerojet Rocketdyne’s additive manufacturing efforts. “With these new platforms and alloy types, we can expand almost six times in volume from the parts we were making before.” Aerojet Rocketdyne is one of the leading manufacturers of rocket propulsion systems in the world. This project with UT and Atlantic Precision came about through the Defense Production Act Title III program, which was created to assure “affordable and commercially viable production capabilities and capacities for items essential for national defense.” Aerojet Rocketdyne’s focus is on developing lower-cost engines, with the involvement of UT and ORNL providing materials and manufacturing expertise to the program. “While the primary goal is to develop liquid rocket engine parts, the expanded goals of the program will be to demonstrate other applications to see how much potential these machines will have for the US industrial base,” said Haynes. “Since we can now build large parts in rapid speed and our production needs are relatively low volume, these machines will have some excess capacity to help build new industrial base applications.” Taylor Eighmy, UT’s vice chancellor ford research and engagement, said the initiative enhances the university’s rapidly growing national role in advanced manufacturing. “This is just the most recent example of the mutually beneficial relationships we are building across national agencies and industries here at the University of Tennessee,” said Eighmy. “Recent successes such as this, IACMI (the Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation), joining Ohio State’s Ma²JIC (Manufacturing and Materials Joining Innovation Center) team, and others have helped propel us to the forefront of advanced manufacturing in the US with a handful of other institutions.” David Goddard (865-974-0683, [email protected])	<urn:uuid:56bd02c2-607c-4af3-9b0f-5fd807af2567>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://news.utk.edu/2015/10/22/aerojet-rocketdyne-ut-ornl-advanced-manufacturing-thrust/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Read%20more...&utm_campaign=tntoday", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500719.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208060523-20230208090523-00141.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9305586814880371, "token_count": 902, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3 }
Last fall, news broke that China essentially had a “runaway” space lab. It was announced that the lab was making its way back toward the Earth’s atmosphere and that sometime in the Spring of 2018 it would likely crash somewhere on the planet’s surface. Well, on April 2nd that happened. Thankfully, when the Tiangong-1 space lab crashed it wasn’t near any habituated parts of the Earth. The lab weighed 8.5 tons and was 34 feet long. Aside from being China’s first space lab, what made the Tiangong-1 unique is that its reentry was completely uncontrolled. Usually, labs are specifically designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere during reentry, or they’re built with controlled descent features so that they splash down in an area in the Pacific Ocean known as Point Nemo. In the case of Tiangong-1, the laws of physics were entirely in control. The exact time of reentry wasn’t truly known until just six or seven hours prior to when it actually happened. China’s space agency had been out of contact with the craft since September of 2016, and while they had some predictions as to where the lab would crash, there was concern as many of those predictions included populated portions of Southern Europe, China, Australia, South America and the United States. Granted, the predictions showed a slim chance of pieces of the craft actually impacting humans or their property (1 in 10,000), it was still a cause for concern. In the end, there was no need for worry. At 8:15 Beijing time on April 2nd the Tiangong-1 reentered the earth’s atmosphere and most of the spacecraft burned up over the central South Pacific, nowhere near any civilization. Experts still warn that some pieces of the lab might have survived the reentry and crashed on land. While the chances of a human discovering any of the debris are slim, experts warn that pieces of the wreckage should not be touched, as they may be contaminated with a toxic rocket fuel called hydrazine. While the Tiangong-1 event was drama-free, there are certainly lessons to be learned and the data will no doubt be used in the future when it comes to the atmospheric reentry of future spacecraft.	<urn:uuid:cd72c767-d72a-4b1d-a0d2-a5e24e184bac>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10", "url": "https://greeningz.com/interesting/chinas-space-lab-returns-earth/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146809.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227191150-20200227221150-00287.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9763415455818176, "token_count": 482, "score": 3.484375, "int_score": 3 }
Deaf-blindness refers to a child with both hearing and visual disabilities. The Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) officially defines the term as “concomitant [simultaneous] hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness.” According to National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities (abbreviated as NICHCY), deaf-blindness does not necessarily mean complete losses. NICHCY’s fact sheet on this disability category states, “the word ‘deaf-blindness’ may seem as if a person cannot hear or see at all. The term actually describes a person who has some degree of loss in both vision and hearing. The amount of loss in either vision or hearing will vary from person to person.” The American Association of the Deaf-Blind notes that about half of individuals with deaf-blindness in the United States have a genetic condition called Usher Syndrome. In these cases a child may be born deaf, hard of hearing or with normal hearing; eventually, however, he or she loses both vision and hearing. Aside from genetic conditions, causes for deaf-blindness include birth trauma, illness and injury. Possible illnesses and injuries which may lead to deaf-blindness include stroke, meningitis and head trauma. The educational challenges related to deaf-blindness vary based upon a student’s individual needs. Two main areas of education affected by deaf-blindness are reading and communicating, creating the following potential issues: - Understanding classroom lectures - Participating in class discussions - Presenting oral reports - Fulfilling reading assignments Tips for Teachers and Parents Teachers, overcoming the aforementioned educational challenges entails knowing your student’s individual abilities. Does your student possess enough vision to use American Sign Language or read lips? Will large-print textbooks work or does the student read using braille? Get the answers to these questions! Parents, Oklahoma’s State Department of Education emphasizes the power of touch. Through touch an individual can learn and gain perspective on different objects, and you can use touch cues to enhance your child’s academic pursuits. Touch cues involve touching your child in a consistent way to effectively communicate; for instance, a pat on the shoulder lets your son or daughter know, “Good job.” Sharing such cues with your child’s teacher should assist in improving communication in the classroom.	<urn:uuid:6c448d6c-e99d-4e73-9240-c8c270c60542>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.specialeducationguide.com/disability-profiles/deaf-blindness/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100626.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206230347-20231207020347-00564.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9293146133422852, "token_count": 534, "score": 4.25, "int_score": 4 }
Feb 16,2009 00:00 Dr. Rallie McAllister Milk is an excellent source of bone-building calcium and other important nutrients — but for some folks, it's also a source of gastrointestinal misery. As many as 70 million Americans are believed to suffer from lactose intolerance, a condition that renders them unable to properly digest the sugar in milk and other dairy products. The primary sugar in milk is lactose — a large, bulky molecule comprised of two simpler sugars, glucose and galactose. Before lactose can be absorbed through the walls of the intestine and converted into energy to be used by the body, it must first be cleaved into its smaller constituents. Splitting the milk sugar lactose is a relatively simple digestive process, but it requires a specific enzyme, known as lactase, which is produced by the cells lining the small intestine. Most healthy, full-term infants make plenty of the enzyme, and as a result, they're able to thrive on a steady diet of milk or milk-based formula. After the age of two, however, lactase production typically begins to decline. Individuals who don't make enough lactase to break down the sugar in the milk and dairy products they consume are considered to be lactose intolerant. Lactase production is a genetically programmed process, and to a large degree, the development of lactose intolerance is influenced by a person's heritage. While the condition is less common among people of Northern European decent, approximately 80 percent of Asian Americans, African Americans and Native Americans are believed to be lactose intolerant. If your body doesn't produce enough lactase, most of the sugar from milk and other dairy products you consume travels through the digestive tract, largely intact. The undigested milk sugar draws fluid into the bowel, contributing to cramping and diarrhea. Gastrointestinal discomfort may not be the worst aspect of lactose intolerance, at least as far as your social life is concerned. Bacteria in the gut devour the undigested milk sugar, shamelessly producing copious quantities of intestinal gas in the process. Once the gas makes its inevitable exit, it can make you very unpopular with the people around you. Symptoms of lactose intolerance, which range from mild to severe, can begin within 15 minutes of eating dairy products, or they may take several hours to develop. Surprisingly, many people with the condition aren't aware that they have it, especially if they don't associate their intestinal fireworks with the consumption of milk or dairy foods. How do you know if you have lactose intolerance? While a number of high-tech diagnostic tests are available, the least expensive way to diagnose the condition is to adopt a lactose-free diet for a week or two. If adding dairy products back to your diet leads to cramping, diarrhea or excessive gas, it's probably safe to say that you're lactose intolerant. Still, it's wise to discuss your symptoms with your physician to rule out other, more serious problems. The good news is that in spite of your condition, you may not have to swear off dairy products altogether. Since lactose intolerance affects individuals in varying degrees, there's a good chance that you can still enjoy some of your favorite dairy delicacies. With a little experimentation, you can determine which foods you can tolerate and which ones cause your gastrointestinal tract to rebel. You may find that you can enjoy a small glass of milk or two each day, especially if you drink it with meals. Consuming milk in modest quantities and with other foods increases the chances that it will be properly digested. If you still experience gastrointestinal distress, you might get relief by taking supplemental lactase. Sold over the counter, lactase supplements work just like the natural enzyme to facilitate proper digestion of the milk sugar in dairy products. If you're like most folks with lactose intolerance, you'll probably find that you can still enjoy aged cheeses, including Swiss and extra-sharp cheddar, as these foods have only traces of lactose. Because yogurt contains helpful bacteria that have already begun the process of lactose digestion, you may be able to eat it without experiencing any digestive disturbance. If you'd rather steer clear of lactose altogether, you can find lactose-reduced and lactose-free milk and dairy foods at most supermarkets. Although these products may be slightly more expensive, they generally contain all the nutrients found in regular dairy products. Lactose intolerance doesn't have to make you miserable. With a little extra care, you can still enjoy eating a few of your favorite dairy foods, symptom free. Rallie McAllister is a board-certified family physician, speaker and the author of several books, including "Healthy Lunchbox: The Working Mom's Guide to Keeping You and Your Kids Trim."Copyright 2009 Creators Syndicate, Inc.	<urn:uuid:43a0e5f8-f239-4310-a2d4-b03c4cff98fc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "http://www.bendweekly.com/print/15761.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701160918.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193920-00169-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9538825750350952, "token_count": 1000, "score": 2.8125, "int_score": 3 }
Posted by Mike on Wednesday, January 12, 2011 at 3:56pm. They threw me in this class & I know nothing about sewing..im a guy lol. please help me? Ms. Troy would like you to make a copy of an outfit that she owns and really likes—a sleeveless dress with a short-sleeve jacket. She has selected a lilac linen fabric that comes in 36-in. width. You make a pattern for the dress and record the following measurements: Jacket back length 15 in. Front skirt length 20 in. Full back length 41 in. 1. What length of material do you need to purchase for the dress portion of the outfit? A. 82 in. B. 41 in. C. 70 in. D. 91 in. 2. What length of material do you need for the jacket sleeves? A. 21 in. B. 36 in. C. 27 in. D. 54 in. 3. The fabric label doesn't say if the linen was preshrunk. You test the fabric for shrinkage and determine it needs to be shrunk. How do you do this? A. Wash the material in cold water and dry on high in dryer. B. Immerse the material in hot water and drip dry. C. Wash the material in hot water and dry on high in dryer. D. Immerse the material in warm water and drip dry. 4. Which shaping technique will add shape to a bodice? 5. A client tries on a skirt. You check the side seams. They curve towards the back. What does this indicate? A. The skirt front is too tight. B. The skirt front is too loose. C. The skirt back is too tight. D. The skirt back is too loose. 6. You plan to attach a flat 1/2-in. button to a garment. The size of the buttonhole should be A. 1/2 in. B. 5/8 in. C. 1 in. D. 3/8 in. 7. You're sewing a child's nylon jacket. You notice the fabric frays easily. Which would be your best buttonhole option? A. Bound buttonhole B. Jetted and piped buttonhole C. Machine-stitched worked buttonhole D. Handworked buttonhole with iron-on tape 8. When attaching a button on a man's overcoat, you can best reduce heavy strain on the button by reinforcing the button with A. a smaller button on the inside. B. silk thread. C. extra stitches sewn through button. D. a wooden button. 9. As many alterations as possible should be made A. after sewing a garment. B. on the pattern pieces. C. immediately after cutting. D. following the markings on the pattern piece. 10. A client would like you to make a skirt with pleats. Which of these fabrics would have difficulty pleating well? - Dressmaking - Ms. Sue, Wednesday, January 12, 2011 at 4:22pm I'm sorry you're in a class against your will -- but we will not help you cheat. - Dressmaking - Mike, Thursday, January 13, 2011 at 12:53am But like where am I supposed to find this stuff out? They just gave me online exams and no information whatsoever about these things. - Dressmaking - Ms. Sue, Thursday, January 13, 2011 at 4:35pm I can't believe that your course doesn't have a text or at least recommended reading materials. If it doesn't provide you with information, get out of that school FAST! Answer this Question English - 1. The basketball player threw the ball into the basket. 2. The ... physics - Kimberly threw a ball downwards with an initial velocity of 8.0 m/s. ... Math - Derek threw the football 36 2/3 yards during Tuesday's game. The next ... Physics - Lai threw a ball downwards with an initial velocity of 11.0 m/s. What ... Dressmaking and design - Dressmaking and design PRAC EXER FOR INSTRUC PACK 4 ... eng 4th grade - we threw her a surprise party because it was her birthday. ... English - He has stopped taking boxing lessons and goes to the ballet class. (In... physics - Candace threw a 0.09 kg ball at an angle such that the downwards ... calculus - use the calculator to find theta with a line threw it to the nearest ... stats 101 - how do you find the lower class limit,upper class limit, class width...	<urn:uuid:405ac5a9-947c-49ef-9f5b-dc3a17eeb109>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1294865798", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164036080/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133356-00031-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9243038296699524, "token_count": 1002, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3 }
Wikipedia defines a New Year’s resolution as a tradition in which a person resolves to change an undesired trait or behavior or to accomplish a personal goal or otherwise improve their life. Common New Year’s resolutions include quit smoking, lose weight, get in shape or to save more money. We make our resolutions with the intent of making a real change and usually do well….for a while. Soon most of us fall back into our old habits. But what if this year we put a different spin on the tradition of making a New Year’s resolution. Instead of a personal resolution, we make a family resolution. Instead of making a personal goal to improve our personal life, we make a family goal to improve our family life. In theory, it should increase the odds of being successful, after all, have you ever tried to renege on something you told one of your kids? But what one thing could we do as a family that would meet the definition of a resolution for every family member? Eating dinner with your family at least 5 times a week is a perfect New Year’s family resolution that can benefit every member. Eating dinner regularly with your family has been shown to reduce the rates of kids using tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. Academic success has been linked to family dinners as well as lower rates of obesity, lower stress and happier family relationships. Top that off with the money saved by eating at home and it is the perfect family New Year’s resolution. By Robin Hatch Robin Hatch is a certified prevention specialist and the Prevention Coordinator for the Northeastern District. She has worked in the mental health and substance abuse field for over 20 years and worked substance abuse prevention for the last 10 years. She was awarded the 2014 Excellence Through Community Action-Rural award in 2014, and the Merlin F. Goode Prevention Award in 2015.	<urn:uuid:ddb75836-1ea1-4e00-9875-8448e574602e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.upliftfamilies.org/new_year_s_resolution_time_by_robin_hatch", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103573995.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628173131-20220628203131-00327.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9698496460914612, "token_count": 381, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3 }
Ice hockey was introduced to the Olympic Games at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. The tournament also served as the 1st World Championships. The matches were played between April 23 and April 29, 1920. Canada, represented by the Winnipeg Falcons, won the gold medal. Is hockey winter or Summer Olympics? “Hockey” is already a Summer Olympic sport, though that refers to field hockey. While moving the sport to the Summer Games would be odd, it’s not without precedent. The first-ever Olympic ice hockey tournament was played in 1920 at the Summer Games in Antwerp, Belgium. When was ice hockey an Olympic sport? Ice hockey made its Olympic debut at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, but was permanently moved to the Winter Olympic programme in 1924, and has featured at every Winter Games since. When was hockey first time play in Summer Olympics? The 1920 Olympic Summer Games marked the first time a truly international hockey tournament took place. Why is hockey in Summer Olympics? Hockey made its Olympic debut at the 1920 Summer Games before switching to the Winter Olympics in 1924. A move to the Summer Olympics would obviously make more logistical sense for the NHL, as the Games wouldn’t interfere with the league’s 82-game regular season or playoffs. Are summer and Winter Olympics in the same year? From 1924 through 1992, the Winter and Summer Olympics were the same year. In ’92 the Winter Games were celebrated in Albertville, France, followed by the Summer Games in Barcelona. Then change came. Since 1994, an Olympics has been held every two years. Is hockey a summer sport? Hockey is predominately a winter sport, with some summer leagues. Registrations can be made at your local club in January with most league competitions starting in March and April. Who won ice hockey in the Olympics? Canada wins a spectacular Olympic Hockey gold medal final. Who invented ice hockey? The development of the modern version of organized ice hockey played as a team sport is often credited to James Creighton. In 1872, he moved from Halifax, Nova Scotia to Montreal, bringing skates, hockey sticks, and a game with a basic set of rules with him. Which country invented hockey? The modern game of hockey emerged in England in the mid-18th century and is largely attributed to the growth of public schools, such as Eton. The first Hockey Association was formed in the UK in 1876 and drew up the first formal set of rules. What countries play hockey in the Olympics? Groups & Qualification Men \|Olympic Winter Games, Men’s Ice Hockey Tournament\| \|Group A\|\|Group B\|\|Group C\| Who won the last Olympic gold medal in hockey? Men’s Field Hockey Winners at Olympics	<urn:uuid:7340b0be-cb89-4c00-8720-7d42cba4ec2a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://pvilax.net/playing-hockey/your-question-was-ice-hockey-in-the-summer-olympics.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103205617.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626101442-20220626131442-00555.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9619664549827576, "token_count": 666, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
In October 2015, Spain’s Council of Ministers approved a controversial tax on those using electricity produced by their own solar installations. However, a new government says solar panel owners could soon see the back of the so called sun tax. What is the sun tax? This legislation causes those with self-consumptive photovoltaic systems to pay the same grid fees as those without solar panels. This covers the power contracted from an electricity company. But they also have to pay a second “sun tax” which means solar panel owners pay for the electricity they generate and use from their PV systems, even though it doesn’t come into contact with the grid. There are other facets of the legislation which also caused more outrage. Photovoltaic systems up to 100 kW are not able to sell any excess electricity they produce. Instead, they must “donate” the extra to the grid free of charge. Systems over 100 kW must register if they wish to sell the extra electricity. Community ownership of PV systems, of all sizes, under this legislation is prohibited. Not only this, but the legislation is retroactive; meaning installations prior to the introduction of the tax must comply. If the conditions are not met, then the PV system owners are subject to a penalty fee of up to €60 million ($64 million). To put this in perspective, this is twice the penalty of a radioactive leak from a nuclear plant. Unsurprisingly, this caused outrage. Exceptions to the tax There are some circumstances where the tax does not apply. Fear not off-gridders, this tax is only for those connected to the grid. If you run an off-grid system then no grid tax needs to be paid at all. Installations smaller than 10 kW are also exempt from paying the second sun tax. The Canary Islands and the cities of Ceuta and Melilla (Spanish territories in Africa) are also exempt from the second tax. Mallorca and Menorca pay the second sun tax at a reduced rate. The Spanish government defended the legislation by saying the fees contribute to overall grid system costs. However, the Spanish Photovoltaic Union (UNEF) pointed out how uneconomic the new law was. Their spokesperson stated, “Each kWh imported from the grid by a self-consumer will pay double the tolls compared to a kWh imported from the gird by another consumer.” Change on the horizon The current legislation is an unnecessary burden placed upon solar consumers who want to be more economical and environmentally friendly. This has been recognized by opposing political parties and other unions and consumers. The political party which initially brought in the sun tax is now a minority. Therefore, there is now the opportunity for all opposing parties to remove this expensive and impractical legislation. In January 2017 a law proposal was registered in congress, beginning the process of the sun tax removal. The urgent changes to the legislation listed in the document include the right to self-consumption of solar energy without charge. Along with this, several consumers should be able to pool their resources to share a self-consumption facility to help tackle poverty. Plus, the proposal also adapts the sanctioning regime to avoid the multi-million euro fines, becoming more realistic. Finally, the importance of renewable energy as an appropriate instrument to help reduce environmental impact of electricity production has been recognised. Alongside, the role it can play in strengthening energy independence for Spain. The President of the UNEF, Jorge Barredo, said of the proposal, “it is a very important step in defining a different and more favourable regulatory framework for self-consumption.” The law proposal has outlined a period of 3 months for the legislation to come into action. For more stories from off-grid.net search here Our Our fastest solar ovenBake, roast or steam a meal for two people in minutes, reaching up to 550°F (290°C). GoSun Sport sets the bar for portable solar stoves. Buy our book - OFF THE GRID - a tour of American off-grid places and people written by Nick Rosen, editor of the off-grid.net web site Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:8beefcd7-68ba-4985-9929-9af8f8919da2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://www.off-grid.net/spains-sun-tax-axed/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206763.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922192512-20200922222512-00616.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9568936228752136, "token_count": 856, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
Questions About Remote Learning? View This Storyboard as a Slide Show! Create your own! Like What You See? This storyboard was created with King Acrisius ask the oracle if he will ever have a son. He is told no but that his daughter will have a son that will kill him To prevent this from happening, King Acrisius puts his daughter, Danae underground so she would never have a son Zues falls in love with Danae and gets her pregnant with perseus and when her father found out he sent them both in a locked chest out to sea to help avoid the prophecy Danae and Perseus The polydectes tell now grown perseus the only way to get the princess was to give the gift of medusa's head but this was really to get him out of the way so they could have his mother Danae Over 14 Million Create My First Storyboard	<urn:uuid:fbfcb591-7afb-4f3d-bea0-87fc403d2bbb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/4faece13/perseus", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413551.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531151414-20200531181414-00130.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9684285521507263, "token_count": 195, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
Critical Issues programs are designed for passionate students who aspire to make meaningful impact. If you’re interested in an experience that focuses on social justice, international relations, nonprofit work, or learning how to effect change, these programs are perfect for you. Understand current issues in Cambodia by visiting local nonprofits and international development organisations in Phnom Penh. Partner on a service project with the BSDA, Buddhism for Social Development Action, founded by a small group of monks to empower and help women, children, and marginalised members of the Kampong Cham community in education, health, and income generation. Explore the evolution of democracy in Myanmar through interviews with local artists, filmmakers, students, and families. Myanmar is slowly making strides to open up to the outside world, which is reflected in local art. Spend a week developing stories about how life has changed in recent years through the eyes of your interview subjects in Yangon, Bagan, and Mandalay. Take a deeper look into Fiji’s marine ecosystem and the impact climate change has on this fragile habitat. Learn about the various strategies in place to protect, conserve, and restore Fiji’s marine environment. Learn to identify tropical fish and coral species. Explore Islamic faith in Morocco during this Critical Issues program. Islam is often misunderstood in politics and the media, leading to polarization and fear surrounding the religion and the people who subscribe to its teachings. Join us to examine the roots of stereotypes in an effort to promote peace and build empathy by engaging with local Islam experts, scholars, and religious leaders in Morocco.	<urn:uuid:8639eb22-a6ba-4716-8e7d-9e4be8d5523a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://rusticpathways.com.au/types-of-programs/critical-issues/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703522133.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120213234-20210121003234-00764.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9302592873573303, "token_count": 317, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
A group of researchers from the Campus Gandia, under the direction of Eduardo Belda, are taking part in a satellite tagging project studying the behavior, habitat use and survival of captive-bred and rehabilitated loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). The study is being carried out in collaboration with the Generalitat Valenciana, the University of Valencia, the Oceanogràfic Institute and the NGO Xaloc. The loggerhead turtles are being tagged with satellite transmitters to track their movements after their release into the sea. The first turtle to be released was Lola, a juvenile loggerhead that was rehabilitated in Arca del Mar. Her tracking is being sponsored by the Aquarium of Seville. The following map shows all of Lola’s movements on her journey throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Also, by clicking on the marks in the map, you can view additional information provided by the scientists involved in the project. (Update, September 23, 2015) With regards to Lola’s tracking, Eduardo Belda, the researcher in charge of the project, confirms the survival during the first several weeks after release. This is a critical period for animals from recovery centers, making the results more than satisfactory. Based on the information registered by the satellites, it was determined that Lola dispersed northward from Torrevieja to the Delta del Ebro and was located mainly in neritic habitats (the area of sea near the coast, but that does not touch the shore, ranging from a depth of 10 meters to 200 meters below sea level). The tag sent signals for nearly three months, “a fantastic result when you consider that the average lifespan of tags in previous projects was 55 days,” according to Belda. The quality of the locations was low, probably due to energy harvesting problems in the solar panels. Another unfavorable circumstance was “the presence of clouds that affected the satellite location,” said Belda. The work has served to “design a better tagging system for the juvenile loggerheads born in 2014, and which we tagged in September 2015,” concludes the researcher. NEW RELEASE OF TURTLES The study continues to track the movements of several juvenile loggerheads born in 2014 from a nest of loggerhead turtle found on the beach of San Juan (Alicante). Researchers from the Marine Zoology Unit of the University of Valencia transferred the nest, which contained 130 eggs, to a protected area in the Saler beach, where it was guarded by volunteers from the NGO Xaloc. Some of the eggs were incubated in the “ARCA del Mar” in the Oceanographic Park in Valencia. Finally, 103 eggs were hatched and the hatchlings were cared for in the ARCA during the year to increase their odds of survival. Photos by Eutimio Martinez (Más allá de la ciudad) The Campus Gandia researchers have expanded the initial Lola project and are studying the migrations of these juveniles via satellite tagging of several of the specimens released on the beach of Carabassi (Elche) on September 14, 2015. A total of 23 turtles were released, eight of which were tagged with satellite transmitters like Lola’s. The names of turtles were drawn from the pool of proposals made by the many people attending the event. The release occurs at this time due to several key factors. Firstly, because it is the time of year that the turtles hatch from their eggs; secondly, because they have reached a sufficient size that will offer them greater chance of survival; and finally, because the water temperature is optimal at this time of year. Video of ‘Esto es Elche’ You can see the tracking of Lola and the 8 new specimens in the map titled “Tortuga Lola y sus amigas” found at the beginning of this post. More information on this and other similar scientific projects from around the world in the website www.seaturtle.org. (Update, January 11, 2016) If you are interested in sponsoring any of the turtles taking part in the project, please contact us ([email protected]) and find out how.	<urn:uuid:5b74211d-1b87-47b1-9824-e5a169b00b82>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-49", "url": "http://cienciagandia.webs.upv.es/en/2015/03/travel-with-la-tortuga-lola/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363301.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20211206133552-20211206163552-00467.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9610322713851929, "token_count": 875, "score": 2.96875, "int_score": 3 }
Science educators in the United States are adapting to a new vision of how students learn science. Children are natural explorers and their observations and intuitions about the world around them are the foundation for science learning. Unfortunately, the way science has been taught in the United States has not always taken advantage of those attributes. Some students who successfully complete their K–12 science classes have not really had the chance to “do” science for themselves in ways that harness their natural curiosity and understanding of the world around them. The introduction of the Next Generation Science Standards led many states, schools, and districts to change curricula, instruction, and professional development to align with the standards. Therefore existing assessments—whatever their purpose—cannot be used to measure the full range of activities and interactions happening in science classrooms that have adapted to these ideas because they were not designed to do so. Seeing Students Learn Science is meant to help educators improve their understanding of how students learn science and guide the adaptation of their instruction and approach to assessment. It includes examples of innovative assessment formats, ways to embed assessments in engaging classroom activities, and ideas for interpreting and using novel kinds of assessment information. It provides ideas and questions educators can use to reflect on what they can adapt right away and what they can work toward more gradually. Table of Contents \|1 What's Really Different?\|\|1-32\| \|2 What Does This Kind of Assessment Look Like?\|\|33-50\| \|3 What Can I Learn from My Students' Work?\|\|51-70\| \|4 Building New Kinds of Assessments into the Flow of Your Instruction\|\|71-90\| \|5 You and Your School, District, and State\|\|91-106\| \|Resources for Practitioners\|\|109-110\| \|Biographical Sketches of Consulting Experts\|\|111-114\| \|About the Authors\|\|115-116\| It includes examples of innovative assessment formats, ways to embed assessments in engaging classroom activities, and ideas for interpreting and using novel kinds of assessment information. Speakers Heidi Schweingruber and Peter McLaren will discuss classroom assessment in science and how the book can help drive professional learning. The National Academies Press and the Transportation Research Board have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to offer a variety of options for reusing our content. You may request permission to: For most Academic and Educational uses no royalties will be charged although you are required to obtain a license and comply with the license terms and conditions. For information on how to request permission to translate our work and for any other rights related query please click here. For questions about using the Copyright.com service, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center 22 Rosewood Drive Danvers, MA 01923 Tel (toll free): 855/239-3415 (select option 1) Loading stats for Seeing Students Learn Science: Integrating Assessment and Instruction in the Classroom...	<urn:uuid:e89a255f-3ed8-4a36-8b36-3acb1146e9af>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47", "url": "https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23548/seeing-students-learn-science-integrating-assessment-and-instruction-in-the", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039742338.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20181115013218-20181115035218-00547.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9090988039970398, "token_count": 601, "score": 3.765625, "int_score": 4 }
Chagas' disease is caused by infection with protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. T. cruzi is transmitted among its mammalian hosts by hematophagous triatomine insects, often called reduviid bugs. The insects become infected by sucking blood from animals or humans who have circulating parasites. It can also be transmitted through blood transfusion of infected blood, from the pregnant mother mother to her fetus, and in lab lab accidents. Chagas' disease is only a problem in the Americas (South America mainly). The first signs of acute Chagas' disease develop at least 1 week after invasion by the parasites. When the organisms enter through a break in the skin, an indurated area of erythema and swelling (the chagoma), accompanied by local lymphadenopathy, may appear. Romana's sign -- the classic finding in acute Chagas' disease, which consists of unilateral painless edema of the palpebrae and periocular tissues. This results when the conjunctiva is the portal of entry. This phase is usually followed by malaise, fever, generalized edema, a rash may develop as well as generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Usually the symptoms resolve spontaneously and patient enters the chronic phase. In rare cases infection could be serious and lead to heart affection progressing to heart failure, achlasia and megacolon. 1. Acute Chagas' disease Microscopic examination of fresh anticoagulated blood or of the buffy coat is the simplest way to see the motile organisms. Parasites also can be seen in Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood smears. When repeated attempts to visualize the organisms are unsuccessful, mouse inoculation, culture of blood in specialized media, or xenodiagnosis can be performed. Serologic testing is of limited usefulness in diagnosing acute Chagas' 2. Chronic Chagas' disease The diagnosis of chronic Chagas' disease is made by the detection of antibodies that bind to T. cruzi antigens. Demonstration of the parasite is not of primary importance. Therapy for Chagas' disease is unsatisfactory. Nifurtimox is the only drug active against T. cruzi that is available in the United States. In acute Chagas' disease, nifurtimox markedly reduces the duration of symptoms and parasitemia and decreases the mortality rate. Nevertheless, its efficacy at eradicating parasites is low. Limited studies have shown that only 70% of acute infections are cured parasitologically by a full course of treatment. Despite its limitations, nifurtimox treatment should be initiated as early as possible in acute Chagas' disease. Adverse effects of nifurtimox include abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Neurologic reactions to the drug may include restlessness, disorientation, insomnia, twitching, paresthesia, polyneuritis, and seizures. Are you a Doctor, Pharmacist, PA or a Nurse? Join the Doctors Lounge online medical community Editorial activities: Publish, peer review, edit online articles. Ask a Doctor Teams: Respond to patient questions and discuss challenging presentations with other members.	<urn:uuid:ad41ed9b-7a6f-4d36-a121-db0d4685904e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "https://www.doctorslounge.com/infections/diseases/chagas.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803848.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117170336-20171117190336-00654.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9169611930847168, "token_count": 687, "score": 3.53125, "int_score": 4 }
St James' Church, Aston facts for kids Quick facts for kidsSt James' Church, Aston \|Denomination\|\|Church of England\| \|Diocese\|\|Anglican Diocese of Birmingham\| The church formed as a mission church from Church of SS Peter & Paul, Aston in 1891 and a new building was erected in 1906 to the designs of the architect J.A. Chatwin. It was consecrated by Charles Gore, Bishop of Birmingham, on Saturday 2 November 1906. The Chatwin church was demolished and a new church built in 1981 to the designs of the architect G Winteringham. This building was damaged in a fire in 2001 but was restored and reopened. The Chatwin church of 1906 was equipped with a three manual pipe organ by Conacher of Sheffeld. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register. but is no longer present. St James' Church, Aston Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.	<urn:uuid:d0d0bdc6-70e7-4ef3-a147-081d31345033>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://kids.kiddle.co/St_James%27_Church,_Aston", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154878.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804142918-20210804172918-00671.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9485859870910645, "token_count": 200, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
American author and essayist Gore Vidal died at his home on Tuesday from complications of pneumonia. The 86 year old was the author of 25 books, including the historical novels Burr and Lincoln. He also wrote extensively about American politics, literature, religion and sexuality. Here, academics reflect on his political, cultural and literary legacy. Paul Giles, Challis Professor of English at the University of Sydney: Gore Vidal, born in 1925, was two years younger than Norman Mailer, the figure who was perhaps his most obvious peer in the contemporary American literary pantheon. Like Mailer, Vidal came to intellectual maturity in the late 1940s, in a United States that had been both enriched and made more conservative by the outcome of World War II, and both of these writers went on to make lasting contributions as public intellectuals who cast a skeptical eye on America’s new military-industrial complex. Vidal came to fame in 1948 with The City and the Pillar, one of the first American novels to treat homosexuality as normal. But his strongest works of fiction were his subsequent historical novels, where he compared American politicians such as Abraham Lincoln and Aaron Burr to figures from classical Greece and Rome, thereby repositioning US imperial history within a more extensive chronological and intellectual framework. Vidal was unusual, then, because he wrote about America while resisting the pressures of American nationalism; he compared himself as an author to Voltaire and Machiavelli and, like those European figures, Vidal had a cynical sense of human behaviour as driven by a lust for power, erotic desire and darker instincts of various kinds. This also made him a lively controversialist — he had notorious feuds with conservative commentator William Buckley Jr and bien-pensant novelist Joyce Carol Oates, among others – and he became a well-known foe of fundamentalist Christianity as well as of the Republican Party. Vidal also became associated with the cultural radicalism of the 1960s through various comic works of fiction such as Myra Breckinridge and Two Sisters, both of which feature an array of sexual escapades, although he dissociated himself from the gay liberation movements of this time by saying that in his eyes there was no such thing as homosexual identity, only homosexual acts. The narrator of Two Sisters perhaps sums up Vidal’s philosophy of life by claiming there is nothing “to say, finally, except that pain is bad and pleasure good, life all, death nothing.” Vidal will perhaps be remembered longer as an essayist than as a novelist, but in both fiction and non-fiction he was an iconoclast who sought to reconceptualize more parochial American assumptions within a universalist framework, thereby linking them to the long arc of world history in a way that many domestic commentators found disorienting. Jeff Sparrow, Editor of Overland literary journal: Gore Vidal was many things (the “other works” list on his books generally took up a whole page: novels, plays, short stories, film scripts) but he was undoubtedly one of the finest polemicists of his era. That’s an accomplishment worth stressing, particularly in Australia, where literary essays tend to the polite and the personal. Vidal could do personal – in some ways, personal was always what he did – but he could also make a denunciation into a work of art, a talent this age depressingly often requires. Many gay men of Vidal’s generation might have shied from public engagement for fear of sexual denunciation (as in William Buckley’s famous queer baiting episode on US television in 1968). But Vidal’s status as a kind of American aristocrat (his grandfather was Senator Thomas P. Gore; his father founded the TWA; he was a distant cousin to Al Gore, and so on) lent him a kind of splendid indifference. “I have often thought,” he wrote in the seventies, “that the reason no-one has yet been able to come up with a good word to describe the homosexualist (sometimes known as gay, fag, queer, etc) is because he did not exist. The human race is divided into male and female. Many humans enjoy sexual relations with their own sex; many don’t; many respond to both. This plurality is the fact of our nature and not worth fretting about.” Vidal’s essays on sexuality, imbued with refreshing unconcern for propriety, are among his best: witty, dry and invariably deadly. In a discussion of porn and feminism, he notes that, until recently, male nudes could not be published. “After all,” he deadpans, “the male – any male – is a stand-in for God, and God wears a suit at all times, or at least jockey shorts.” In his political writing, Vidal rested heavily on his insider knowledge of the American establishment – basically, he knew everyone and had slept with most of them. He was often accused of conspiracy mongering, a charge to which he replied breezily: “There doesn’t have to be a conspiracy. I’ve met these people. They all think alike.” Though he was more a contrarian than a leftist, his patrician contempt for small-minded orthodoxies made him one of the few voices of sanity during the most delusional days of the War on Terror and the man he called “the charmingly simian George W. Bush”. In his 2002 pamphlet, Dreaming War, he discussed the beginnings of the catastrophic invasion of Afghanistan in terms of the “one per cent who own the country”, thus anticipating the rhetoric of Occupy Wall Street by nine years. Mind you, the drum circles and street marches of Occupy would not have been his scene. In his prose, as in his life, Vidal was exquisitely elegant and controlled, a stylist’s stylist. The conclusion of his review of Tennessee Williams, another confidant of his youth, might stand in tribute to his own writing: “[Y]our art has proved to be one of those stones that really did make it to Henge, enabling future magicians to gauge from its crafty placement not only the dour winter solstice of our last days but the summer solstice, too – the golden dream, the mimosa, the total freedom, and all that lovely time unspent now spent.” David Smith, Lecturer in American Politics and Foreign Policy at the University of Sydney’s United States Studies Centre: Gore Vidal was one of the great English language essayists of the 20th century. He was a very strong critic of American intervention as foreign policy. And what was notable about him was he kept up that criticism regardless of who was in power. This is because he didn’t come out of a radical left tradition or a Democratic Party tradition: his whole view of American foreign policy was closely linked to traditional isolationist views of the United States. His grandfather had been a senator from Oklahoma, who was strongly opposed to American involvement in World War I, and for his whole life Vidal was very much against any kind of American military intervention in the world, despite the fact that he actually served in the Navy. He kept up this position all the way through the Vietnam War and the Iraq war. And what’s interesting is he would talk about the historical background to this position as well. He was a very strong defender of the America First Committee, which is a largely demonised organisation that had opposed American intervention in WWII. And going back even further, he criticised Abraham Lincoln and his role in the civil war. So he was very much against militarism and against United States intervention abroad. Vidal came from a very elite background and constantly lamented the intellectual state of America. Even culture that’s regarded as pretty high brow – like John Updike’s novels, for example – he regarded as fairly mediocre. He was constantly writing essays about how degraded he thought American culture was. He took all of these positions, which are guaranteed to make him fairly unpopular, but he didn’t really seem to care. This was why he was one of the great contrarian essayists of the last century. That’s his major legacy and I think it’s more important than his novels.	<urn:uuid:121314e7-b295-4314-b29e-522c4f00043b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43", "url": "https://www.ussc.edu.au/analysis/reflections-on-the-life-and-work-of-gore-vidal", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653247.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014124230-20191014151730-00415.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9839274883270264, "token_count": 1752, "score": 2.78125, "int_score": 3 }
Adrenaline. A naturally occurring hormone that increases heart rate and blood pressure and affects other body functions. Also called epinephrine. Adverse Reaction. Negative or unwanted effect caused by a medication. Also called side effect. Anticonvulsants. Medications used to prevent seizures. They’re sometimes prescribed as mood stabilizers to treat depression or other mood disorders. Antidepressants. Medications that improve or relieve symptoms of depression or other psychiatric disorders by affecting brain chemistry. Antipsychotics. Medications used to treat psychotic illnesses. Also known as neuroleptic medications. Assessment. A professional review of child and family needs that is done when services are first sought from a caregiver. The assessment of the child includes a review of physical and mental health, intelligence, school performance, family situation, and behavior in the community. The assessment identifies the strengths of the child and family. Together, the caregiver and family decide what kind of treatment and supports, if any, are needed. Average Length of Stay. This represents the average time a client receives a specified service during a specified time period. This is generally computed by counting all the days that clients received the service during the time period and dividing by the number of clients that received the service during the same period. (Days a person was on furlough or not receiving services are not counted.) Benzodiazepine. A class of sedative medications sometimes used to treat anxiety disorders. Chemical Imbalance. Having too much or too little of such brain neurotransmitters as serotonin or dopamine, which may play a role in depression and other mental illnesses. Chronic. A term used to describe long-lasting diseases or conditions. Case Manager. An individual who organizes and coordinates services and supports for children and adults with addiction and mental health problems, working with their families, as well. (Alternate terms: service coordinator, advocate, and facilitator.) Case Management. A service that helps people arrange for appropriate services and supports. A case manager coordinates mental health, social work, educational, health, vocational, transportation, advocacy, respite care, and recreational services, as needed. The case manager makes sure that the changing needs of the child and family are met. (This definition does not apply to managed care.) Managed care definition: A system requiring that a single individual in the provider organization is responsible for arranging and approving all devices needed under the contract embraced by employers, mental health authorities, and insurance companies to ensure that individuals receive appropriate, reasonable health care services. Child Protective Services. Designed to safeguard the child when abuse, neglect, or abandonment is suspected, or when there is no family to take care of the child. Examples of help delivered in the home include financial assistance, vocational training, homemaker services, and daycare. If in-home supports are insufficient, the child may be removed from the home on a temporary or permanent basis. Ideally, the goal is to keep the child with the family whenever possible. Children and Adolescents at Risk for Mental Health Problems. Children are at greater risk for developing mental health problems when certain factors occur in their lives or environments. Factors include physical abuse, emotional abuse or neglect, harmful stress, discrimination, poverty, loss of a loved one, frequent relocation, alcohol and other drug use, trauma, and exposure to violence. Clinical Psychologist. A clinical psychologist is a professional with a doctoral degree in psychology who specializes in therapy. Clinical Social Worker. Clinical social workers are health professionals trained in client-centered advocacy that assist clients with information, referral, and direct help in dealing with local, State, or Federal government agencies. As a result, they often serve as case managers to help people “navigate the system.” Clinical social workers cannot write prescriptions. Collateral Services. Services that include contacts with significant others involved in the client’s/patient’s life for the purpose of discussing the client’s/patient’s emotional or behavioral problems or the collateral’s relationship with the client/patient. Continuum of Care. A term that implies a progression of services that a child moves through, usually one service at a time. More recently, it has come to mean comprehensive services. Coordinated Services. Child-serving organizations talk with the family and agree upon a plan of care that meets the child’s needs. These organizations can include mental health, education, juvenile justice, and child welfare. Case management is necessary to coordinate services. Counter-transference. Emotional reactions a psychotherapist has toward clients based on unconscious needs and conflicts, as opposed to conscious responses. See also transference. Crisis. A sudden intensification of symptoms that results in marked inability to function and possibly raising the risk of harm to others or the person in crisis because of overwhelming emotion, disturbed thinking or risky behavior. Diuretics. Drugs that increase the production of urine. Sometimes used inappropriately by those with eating disorders to lose weight. Dopamine. A naturally occurring chemical substance in the brain, known as a neurotransmitter that transmits impulses between brain cells. High levels of dopamine have been associated with psychosis and schizophrenia. Low levels have been associated with depression. DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition). An official manual of mental health problems developed by the American Psychiatric Association. Psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and other health and mental health care providers use this reference book to understand and diagnose mental health problems. Insurance companies and health care providers also use the terms and explanations in this book when discussing mental health problems. Diagnostic Evaluation. The aims of a general psychiatric evaluation are 1) to establish a psychiatric diagnosis, 2) to collect data sufficient to permit a case formulation, and 3) to develop an initial treatment plan, with particular consideration of any immediate interventions that may be needed to ensure the patient’s safety, or, if the evaluation is a reassessment of a patient in long-term treatment, to revise the plan of treatment in accord with new perspectives gained from the evaluation. Discharge. A discharge is the formal termination of service, generally when treatment has been completed or through administrative authority. Early Intervention. A process used to recognize warning signs for mental health problems and to take early action against factors that put individuals at risk. Early intervention can help children get better in less time and can prevent problems from becoming worse. Emergency. A planned program to provide psychiatric care in emergency situations with staff specifically assigned for this purpose. Includes crisis intervention, which enables the individual, family members and friends to cope with the emergency while maintaining the individual’s status as a functioning community member to the greatest extent possible. Emergency and Crisis Services. A group of services that is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to help during a mental health emergency. Examples include telephone crisis hotlines, suicide hotlines, crisis counseling, crisis residential treatment services, crisis outreach teams, and crisis respite care. Employee Assistance Plan (EAP). Resources provided by employers either as part of, or separate from, employer-sponsored health plans. EAPs typically provide preventive care measures, various health care screenings, and/or wellness activities. Family Support Services. Help designed to keep the family together, while coping with mental health problems that affect them. These services may include consumer information workshops, in-home supports, family therapy, parenting training, crisis services, and respite care. Free Association. In psychotherapy, spontaneous, uncensored expression of thoughts of whatever comes to mind in association with various cues. Group Therapy. This form of therapy involves groups of usually 4 to 12 people who have similar problems and who meet regularly with a therapist. The therapist uses the emotional interactions of the group’s members to help them get relief from distress and possibly modify their behavior. Home-based Services. Help provided in a family’s home either for a defined period of time or for as long as it takes to deal with a mental health problem. Examples include parent training, counseling, and working with family members to identify, find, or provide other necessary help. The goal is to prevent the child from being placed outside of the home. (Alternate term: in-home supports.) Independent Living Services. Support for a young person living on his or her own. These services include therapeutic group homes, supervised apartment living, and job placement. Services teach youth how to handle financial, medical, housing, transportation, and other daily living needs, as well as how to get along with others. Insight. Awareness and understanding of the origins and meanings of your attitudes, behaviors and feelings Individualized Services. Services designed to meet the unique needs of each child and family. Services are individualized when the caregivers pay attention to the needs and strengths, ages, and stages of development of the child and individual family members. Individual Therapy. Therapy tailored for a patient/client that is administered one-on-one. Information and Referral Services. Information services are those designed to impart information on the availability of clinical resources and how to access them. Referral services are those that direct or guide, a client/patient with appropriate services provided outside of your organization. In Home Family Services. Mental health treatment and support services offered to children and adolescents with mental illness and to their family members in their own homes or apartments. Intake/ Screening. Services designed to briefly assess the type and degree of a client’s/patient’s mental health condition to determine whether services are needed and to link him/her to the most appropriate and available service. Services may include interviews, psychological testing, physical examinations including speech/hearing, and laboratory studies. Intensive Case Management. Intensive community services for individuals with severe and persistent mental illness that are designed to improve planning for their service needs. Services include outreach, evaluation, and support. Length of Stay. The duration of an episode of care for a covered person. The number of days an individual stays in a hospital or inpatient facility. Mental Disorder. A general term for a wide range of disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods and behaviors, causing a varying degree of impaired functioning in daily life, and believed in many instances to be related to brain dysfunction. Also called mental illness. Mental Health. A general term for a state of emotional and psychological well-being that allows you to function in society and meet the demands of everyday life. Or, the term for your overall emotional and psychological state. Mixed Episode. A period in which symptoms of both mania and depression occur at the same time or rapidly alternate with one another. Also called mixed type. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs). A class of antidepressants that helps brain neurotransmitters remain active longer, which may lead to a reduction in the symptoms of depression. Medication Therapy. Prescription, administration, assessment of drug effectiveness, and monitoring of potential side effects of psycho-tropic medications. Mental Health. How a person thinks, feels, and acts when faced with life’s situations. Mental health is how people look at themselves, their lives, and the other people in their lives; evaluate their challenges and problems; and explore choices. This includes handling stress, relating to other people, and making decisions. Mental Health Problems. Mental health problems are real. They affect one’s thoughts, body, feelings, and behavior. Mental health problems are not just a passing phase. They can be severe, seriously interfere with a person’s life, and even cause a person to become disabled. Mental health problems include depression, bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness), attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia, and conduct disorder. Mental Disorders. Another term used for mental health problems. Mental illnesses. This term is usually used to refer to severe mental health problems in adults. Neurotransmitters. Naturally occurring chemicals in the brain that act as messengers between nerve cells, affecting brain function and mood. Those associated with depression include serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine Not Otherwise Specified (NOS). A designation used as a broad diagnostic category when a person’s condition doesn’t precisely fit specific psychiatric categories or when a doctor doesn’t have enough information for a specific diagnosis. Nurse Practitioner (NP). A nurse practitioner is a registered nurse who works in an expanded role and manages patients’ medical conditions. Nursing Home. An establishment that provides living quarters and care for the elderly and the chronically ill. This includes assisted living outside a nursing home. Personality. Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to and thinking about yourself and the environment. Pharmacotherapy. Treatment of disease with prescription medications. Plan of Care. A treatment plan especially designed for each child and family, based on individual strengths and needs. The caregiver(s) develop(s) the plan with input from the family. The plan establishes goals and details appropriate treatment and services to meet the special needs of the child and family. Psychiatric Emergency Walk-in. A planned program to provide psychiatric care in emergency situations with staff specifically assigned for this purpose. Includes crisis intervention, which enables the individual, family members and friends to cope with the emergency while maintaining the individual’s status as a functioning community member to the greatest extent possible and is open for a patient to walk-in. Psychiatrist. A psychiatrist is a professional who completed both medical school and training in psychiatry and is a specialist in diagnosing and treating mental illness. Psychomotor. Pertaining to voluntary physical movement. Psychosomatic. Pertaining to the relationship of the mind and body. Psychosomatic illnesses are those in which physical symptoms are caused or aggravated by emotional factors. Psychotherapist. The term for anyone who provides psychotherapy, with or without specialized licensure or training. Psychotherapy. A method of treating mental disorders that involves verbal and nonverbal communication about thoughts, feelings, emotions and behaviors in individual, group or family sessions. The goal is to change unhealthy patterns of coping, relieve emotional distress and encourage personality growth and improved interpersonal relations. Also called counseling or talk therapy. Psychosocial Rehabilitation. Therapeutic activities or interventions provided individually or in groups that may include development and maintenance of daily and community-living skills, self-care, skills training includes grooming, bodily care, feeding, social skills training, and development of basic language skills. Registered Nurse (RN). A registered nurse is a trained professional with a nursing degree who provides patient care and administers medicine. Residential Services. Services provided over a 24-hour period or any portion of the day during which a patient resided, on an on-going basis, in a state facility or other facility and received treatment. Regression. Thoughts or actions that are typical of earlier life stages, such as infancy or childhood. Relapse. Reappearance of disease signs and symptoms after apparent recovery. Remission. Abatement of signs and symptoms. Repression. Unwilled banishment of disturbing wishes, thoughts or experiences from conscious awareness. Residential Treatment Centers. Facilities that provide treatment 24 hours a day and can usually serve more than 12 young people at a time. Children with serious emotional disturbances receive constant supervision and care. Treatment may include individual, group, and family therapy; behavior therapy; special education; recreation therapy; and medical services. Residential treatment is usually more long-term than inpatient hospitalization. Centers are also known as therapeutic group homes. Respite Residential Services. Provision of periodic relief to the usual family members and friends who care for the clients/patients. Respite Care. A service that provides a break for parents who have a child with a serious emotional disturbance. Trained parents or counselors take care of the child for a brief period of time to give families relief from the strain of caring for the child. This type of care can be provided in the home or in another location. Some parents may need this help every week. Self-help. Self-help generally refers to groups or meetings that: involve people who have similar needs; are facilitated by a consumer, survivor, or other layperson; assist people to deal with a “life-disrupting” event, such as a death, abuse, serious accident, addiction, or diagnosis of a physical, emotional, or mental disability, for oneself or a relative; are operated on an informal, free-of-charge, and nonprofit basis; provide support and education; and are voluntary, anonymous, and confidential. Many people with mental illnesses find that self-help groups are an invaluable resource for recovery and for empowerment. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). A class of antidepressant medications that increases the level of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is a chemical responsible for communication between nerves in the brain. Serious Emotional Disturbances. Diagnosable disorders in children and adolescents that severely disrupt their daily functioning in the home, school, or community. Serious emotional disturbances affect one in 10 young people. These disorders include depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, and eating disorders. Pursuant to section 1912(c) of the Public Health Service Act “children with a serious emotional disturbance” are persons: (1) from birth up to age 18 and (2) who currently have, or at any time during the last year, had a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria specified within DSM-III-R. Serious Mental Illness. Pursuant to section 1912(c) of the Public Health Service Act, adults with serious mental illness SMI are persons: (1) age 18 and over and (2) who currently have, or at any time during the past year had a diagnosable mental behavioral or emotional disorder of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria specified within DSM-IV or their ICD-9-CM equivalent (and subsequent revisions) with the exception of DSM-IV “V” codes, substance use disorders, and developmental disorders, which are excluded, unless they co-occur with another diagnosable serious mental illness. (3) That has resulted in functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities. Service. A type of support or clinical intervention designed to address the specific mental health needs of a child and his or her family. A service could be provided only one time or repeated over a course of time, as determined by the child, family, and service provider. Suicide. Suicide is the 8th leading cause of death in the United States, claiming about 30,000 lives a year. Ninety percent of persons who commit suicide have depression or another diagnosable mental or substance abuse disorder. Suicide attempts are among the leading causes of hospital admissions in persons under 35. The highest suicide rates in the U.S. are found in white men over the age of 85. Suicide can be prevented. Supportive Residential Services. Moderately staffed housing arrangements for clients/patients. Includes supervised apartments, satellite facilities, group homes, halfway houses, mental health shelter-care facilities, and other facilities. Sexual Abuse. Psychological or physical injury of a sexual nature, such as rape, incest, fondling and indecent exposure. Stigma. Negative attitudes about or toward those with mental illness, usually stemming from fear and misunderstanding, and resulting in disgrace, embarrassment or humiliation for those with mental illness. Suppression. Intentionally avoiding thinking about disturbing problems, wishes, feelings or experiences. Symptom. A subjective manifestation of a condition that’s reported by the individual and not observable by others, such as sadness. Telephone Hotline. A dedicated telephone line that is advertised and may be operated as a crisis hotline for emergency counseling or as a referral resource for callers with mental health problems. Therapeutic Foster Care. A service which provides treatment for troubled children within private homes of trained families. The approach combines the normalizing influence of family-based care with specialized treatment interventions, thereby creating a therapeutic environment in the context of a nurturing family home. Titration. A stepwise increase or decrease in the prescribed dose of a medication. Transference. Unconsciously attributing to others the feelings and attitudes that were originally associated with important people in your early life, such as your parents or siblings. Tricyclic Antidepressants. An older class of antidepressants used to treat depression by increasing levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine Unmet Needs. Identified treatment needs of the people that are not being met as well as those receiving treatment that is inappropriate or not optimal. Vocational Rehabilitation Services. Services that include job finding/development, assessment and enhancement of work-related skills, attitudes, and behaviors as well as provision of job experience to clients/patients. Includes transitional employment.	<urn:uuid:37ef7564-6244-4ace-8528-631533993e2c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://www.treatmentcoordination.net/information/glossaries/general-terms/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668699.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20191115171915-20191115195915-00105.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9419279098510742, "token_count": 4372, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3 }
Not knowing if a decision will provoke pain is more stressful than correctly anticipating the outcome, even when that outcome hurts like hell, according to a study released Tuesday. Moreover, experiments with volunteers receiving electric shocks showed, the greater the stress the better subjects were at reading available clues to figure out the right response. "People whose stress tracks uncertainty more accurately are better at predicting when they're going to get a shock," Archy de Berker, a scientist at the Institute of Neurology at University College London and lead author of the study, told AFP. Published in Nature Communications, the research suggests that stress - which corresponds to the activation of specific chemicals in the brain - can help us navigate risk in some situations. Scientists have long understood that uncertainty, in itself, can cause anxiety. Classic experiments with rats subjected to arbitrary electric shocks showed that stress levels dropped when the animals were able to anticipate or control the timing of the jolts. The same applies to people. But previous research mostly compared our reactions to total unpredictability or total control, and didn't examine different degrees and kinds of uncertainty we experience in everyday life. Facing a crucial job interview, for example, most folks will be more relaxed if they feel sure of the outcome, one way or the other. "The most stressful scenario is when you really don't know - it's the uncertainty that makes us anxious," said co-author Robb Rutledge, a researcher at the Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research at University College London. To better explore this middle ground, de Berker and colleagues devised a clever set of experiments in which 45 subjects, looking at images of two rocks on a computer screen, were repeatedly asked whether a snake lay hidden under one of them. If there were a snake, the subjects - even if they guessed correctly - would receive a painful electric shock on the back of the hand, roughly equivalent to a wasp's sting, de Berker said. They were asked the question several hundred times over the course of the experiment. Using complicated mathematical models, the scientists created patterns that gave the volunteers some clues. These patterns, in fact, reflected distinct types of uncertainty, some random and others more-or-less predictable based on accumulated experience. "Our experiment allows us to draw conclusions about the effect of uncertainty on stress," de Berker said. "It turns out that it's much worse not knowing you are going to get a shock than knowing you definitely will or won't." The researchers tracked stress levels by measuring changes in pupil diameter, a proxy for the release of noradrenaline in the brain, and through questionnaires. Surprisingly, they found that getting a shock you correctly guessed is coming is about as stressful as NOT getting a shock when you DID expect one. "It seems as if the shock and the uncertainty have roughly equal roles to play in the stress people experienced," de Berker added. The fact that subjects with higher anxiety levels performed better in the snake/no-snake guessing game suggests that stress - over the course of human evolution - may have given humans an edge in the struggle to survive. "The appropriate stress responses might be useful for learning about uncertain, dangerous things in the environment," co-author Sven Bestmann, also of University College London, noted in a press statement. The study can be consulted at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10996	<urn:uuid:40dca1a4-0c42-46ea-abfa-bf082a8944a2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "https://www.seeker.com/will-it-hurt-uncertainty-is-worst-of-all-says-study-1771122629.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540530857.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211103140-20191211131140-00423.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9519635438919067, "token_count": 714, "score": 3.140625, "int_score": 3 }
For most of us (even bloggers), bathing is an essential part of every day, mostly for the hygiene factor, but also as an enforced moment of private contemplation at the start (or end) of a frantic day. For thousands of years, though, bathing was a public and social activity that bore little resemblance to our own rituals of cleanliness. Bathing was an important part of many ancient cultures, as evidenced by religious rules surrounding bathing in all the major religions. The Jewish mikvah and Muslim hammam, for example, were essentially public baths that were part of religious ritual cleanliness. But these had their secular counterparts. In ancient Greece and Rome, public baths were not only the norm, but one of the centers of public life. Typically, one would go to the bathhouse, get rubbed down with olive oil, exercise in the attached gym, then scrape the sweat, dirt and oil off with a special tool before soaking in the waters and then maybe getting a massage. Well-to-do people brought their slaves, who would carry their bathing implements, help wash them, and watch their things for them while they bathed, which could take a while. You didn't only work out and bathe at the Roman bath — you could also buy medical treatment like bleeding, a shave and a haircut (the barber was also the surgeon, until just a few centuries ago), food and wine, books, entertainment, and, of course, sex. People would stay there for hours, even all day. Contrary to popular myths about the filthy medieval citizen, bathing was still very much de rigueur during the Dark and Middle Ages. Public baths still existed, despite growing disapproval from the church, which objected to co-ed bathing and, obviously, the sex and prostitution that could go along with that. But the bath was still a social event, and there are several medieval images of people hanging out in a big pool and having dinner or drinks and enjoying entertainments. By the Renaissance, the public baths had more or less died out in Western Europe, due largely to the Black Plague, which people thought you would catch more easily if your pores were opened from bathing. Dirt was seen as protecting against germs, while water was thought to be unsanitary (which it often could be). Regular bathing wasn't linked to health in Western Europe again until the early 19th century, by which point private bathing was more the norm. In the rest of Europe, though, public baths remained popular through the Renaissance, and bathing could be surprisingly frequent, even several times a day. Religious rules and social mores meant that many baths kept the sexes separate, as we can see in two 15th-century Dürer engravings (above). But this was not always the case. Non-Western cultures held onto their public bath tradition, as well. The public bath is still an important aspect of traditional Japanese culture, where bathing first became paramount in the 6th century during the rise of Buddhism. Japanese baths were historically communal, with men and women bathing together, but the resulting sexual activity led to laws keeping the sexes separate. A separate category might be the sweat bath, or sauna, which is an age-old tradition in Scandinavia and across Asia. From what I've read, historians are unsure where this tradition began, since there are historical links between Finland and Asia, so it's hard to say which culture introduced saunas to the other. There were also sweat lodges in Native American cultures. In the United States around the turn of the 20th century, it was a progressive move for a city to build public baths. The words of an 1897 editorial in a Brooklyn newspaper make public baths a moral imperative: it is a duty of the public, as its own government, to educate [the poor] out of their condition, to give baths to them that they may be fit to associate together and with others without offense and without danger. A man cannot truly respect himself who is dirty. Stimulate the habit of cleanliness and we increase the safety of our cities. And give over the idea that a free bath is any more of a "gratuity" than the right to walk in the public streets. We can't really discuss public baths in New York City without mentioning the rise of gay bathhouses in the 20th century. This is not to say that gay baths did not exist before 1900 — there are records of gay bathhouses and homosexual activity within bathhouses dating from at least the 15th century across Europe. And of course in the ancient world, homosexual activity would have been a natural part of the bathhouse experience for many. But with the gay liberation movement in the 1960s and '70s, gay-only bathhouses popped up around the city. Bette Midler famously got her start singing at these bathhouses, accompanied by a towel-wearing Barry Manilow on the piano. A few famous (non-gay — though I'm sure those still exist, too) public baths still exist around New York, mostly in the Russian and Turkish traditions (which of course bear several similarities to the ancient Greek and Roman traditions). There are the Russian & Turkish baths on 10th and A and Brooklyn Banya (also a Russian/Turkish combo) near Prospect Park. There's also Spa Castle in Flushing, a Korean-owned combination of Asian-style saunas and European-style spas. Have any of you been to the baths? Which is your favorite? Sources: The quote is from Washing "the Great Unwashed": Public Baths in Urban America 1840-1920 by Marilyn Thornton Williams. I recommend gallowglass as an online source for a more detailed history. For more on Roman baths, check out vroma.org. 1 A medieval illumination of a public bath, with men and women enjoying a dinner party in the tub, and the nearby beds suggest that this is also a brothel. Via listverse. 2 A female hammam painted by Jean-Jacques-Francois Lebarbier in 1785; keep in mind that he was seeing the Turkish custom from a distinctly Western viewpoint, so we can't really take this painting as a historical document. Via most-famous-paintings.org. 3 An ancient mosaic showing a woman exercising at the baths, via vroma.org. 4 An engraving showing a public bath/dinner party with a musician providing entertainment and an amorous couple on the left. Many communal bathhouses had become brothels by the end of the medieval period. Via gallowglass. 5 The Baths at Leuk by Hans Bock the Elder (1550-1624), in the Basel Kunstmuseum, via kunst-fuer-alle.de. 6 The Women's bath sketch (1496) and the Men's Bath engraving (1497), both by Albrecht Dürer, show sex-segregated bathing. Via durerart.org and friendsofart.org. 7 A Japanese women's bath, via mybathhouse.com. 8 A heat wave in 1906 had so many people lining up for the public baths on Rivington Street in New York City that a riot nearly broke out. Image via nycgovparks.org. Related post: Quick History: The Private Bath	<urn:uuid:6d860b16-86e7-4d72-89d4-46bba971bbef>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/quick-history-baths-bathing-146544", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164036943/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133356-00027-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9743570685386658, "token_count": 1521, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3 }
Demographic information on Service Occupations in the US. The average age of male Service Occupations in the workforce is 37.6 and of female Service Occupations is 38.3, and the most common race/ethnicity for Service Occupations is White. Data on higher education choices for Service Occupations from The Department of Education and Census Bureau. The most common major for Service Occupations is Business but a relatively high number of Service Occupations hold a major in Library Science. Data on the critical and distinctive skills necessary for Service Occupations from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Service Occupations need many skills, but most especially Active Listening, Reading Comprehension, and Speaking. The revealed comparative advantage (RCA) shows that Service Occupations need more than the average amount of Service Orientation, Social Perceptiveness, and Active Listening. Projections on wages and job growth for Service Occupations from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The ten-year national workforce is projected to grow 7.4%, but Service Occupations are expected to see a growth of 23.6% over the same period. This occupation is expected to grow faster than the national average.	<urn:uuid:4ae6b12c-fe57-4579-b93e-b80a7f262cf1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "https://datausa.io/profile/soc/310000-390000/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156252.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919161420-20180919181420-00252.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9185416102409363, "token_count": 226, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
This is one of the following eight articles on the normal distribution in Excel The normal distribution is a family of distributions with each unique normal distribution being fully described by its two parameters µ (“mu,” population mean) and σ (“sigma,” population standard deviation). The population mean, µ, is a location parameter and the population standard deviation, σ, is a scale parameter. When two different normal distribution curves are plotted on the same set of horizontal and vertical axes, the means determine how shifted one curve is to the left of right of the other curve. The standard deviations detail how much wider or more narrow the first normal curve is than to the second. The normal distribution is often denoted as N(µ,σ2). σ2 equals the population variance. When a random variable X is normal-distributed with a population mean µ and population variance σ2, it is written in the following form: X ~ N(µ, σ2) It is important to note that the two parameters of the normal distribution are population parameters, not measurements taken from a sample. Sample statistics would provide only estimates of population parameters. The t-Distribution is used to analyze normally-distributed data when only sample statistics and/or population parameters are not known. In the real world it is much more common to analyze normally-distributed data with t-Distribution based tests than normal-distribution-based tests because only data from small samples (n<30) are available. As with all distributions, the normal distribution has a PDF (Probability Density Function) and a CDF (Cumulative Distribution Function). The normal distribution’s PDF (Probability Density Function) equals the probability that sampled point from a normal-distributed population has a value EXACTLY EQUAL TO X given the population’s mean, µ, and standard deviation, σ. The normal distribution’s PDF is expressed as f(X,µ,σ). f(X,µ,σ) = the probability that a randomly-sampled point taken from normally-distributed population with a mean µ and standard deviation σ has the value of X. It is given by the following formula: exp refers to the value of the mathematical constant e which is the base of the natural logarithm. e is equal to 2.71828 and is the limit of (1 + 1/n)n and n approaches infinity. ea would be expressed in Excel as =exp(a). The mathematical constant π (“pi”) is equal to 3.14159 and is the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter. In Excel 2010 and beyond, the normal distribution’s PDF can be calculated directly by the following Excel formula: f(X,µ,σ) = NORM.DIST(X,µ,σ,FALSE) The Excel formula parameter “FALSE” indicates that the formula is calculating the normal distribution’s PDF (Probability Density Function) and not its CDF (Cumulative Distribution Function) Prior to Excel 2010, the normal distribution’s PDF was calculated in Excel by this formula: f(X,µ,σ) = NORMDIST(X,µ,σ,FALSE) Statistical formulas that worked in Excel versions prior to 2010 will also work in Excel 2010 and 2013. The following Excel-generated graph shows the PDF of a normal distribution that has a population mean of 10 and population standard deviation equal to 5. Normal Distribution PDF Example in Determine the probability that a randomly-selected variable X taken from a normally-distributed population has the value of 5 if the population mean equals 10 and the population standard deviation equals 5. The preceding Excel-generated image shows a normal distribution PDF curve with the population mean equaling 10 and the population standard deviation equaling 5. X = 5 µ = 10 σ = 5 f(X,µ,σ) = NORM.DIST(X,µ,σ,FALSE) f(X=5,µ=10,σ=5) = NORM.DIST(5,10,5,FALSE) = 0.04834 There is a 4.834 percent chance that randomly-selected X = 5 if X is taken from a normally-distributed population with a population mean µ = 10 and population standard deviation σ = 5. The PDF diagram of this normal distribution curve also shows the probability of X at X = 5 to that value. Performing the same calculation in Excel using the full normal distribution PDF formula as shown as follows: Excel Master Series Blog Directory You Will Become an Excel Statistical Master!	<urn:uuid:92d7ac38-55d0-4d45-bb40-c02c784a1974>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17", "url": "http://blog.excelmasterseries.com/2014/06/normal-distributions-pdf-in-excel-2010.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038118762.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417071833-20210417101833-00443.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8771742582321167, "token_count": 1013, "score": 4.34375, "int_score": 4 }
Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 345 Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - List of symbols. - Introduction. - Previous work. - Experimental design. - The radioisotope 22Na. - Description of apparatus. - Experimental procedure. - Correction of profiles. - Assumptions. - Decay correction. - Boundary correction. - Error analysis. - Results. - Salinity data. - Temperature data. - Growth velocity. - Discussion. - Brine and ice properties. - Brine salinity. - Brine density. - Brine volume. - Brine latent heat of freezing. - Brine viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. - Ice properties. - Theoretical brine expulsion model. - Continuity equations. - Thermal energy equation. - Simplified brine expulsion equations. - Brine expulsion in NaCl ice. - Results. - Discussion. - Gravity drainage in NaCl ice. - Application of results to natural sea ice. - Effective distribution coefficient. - Previous work. - Experimental procedure and results. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Profile correction data. - Appendix B: Program "correct" and sample output. - Appendix C: Tabulation of salinity data. - Appendix D: Tabulation of profile data. - Appendix E: Time-ice thickness equations (Runs 2 and 3). - Appendix F: Tabulation of distribution coefficient data. Description / Table of Contents: To obtain a better understanding of the desalination of natural sea ice, an experimental technique was developed to measure sequential salinity profiles of a growing sodium chloride ice sheet. Using radioactive 22Na as a tracer, it was possible to determine both the concentration and movement of the brine within the ice without destroying the sample. A detailed temperature and growth history of the ice was also maintained so that the variation of the salinity profiles could be properly interpreted. Since the experimental salinity profile represented a smoothed, rather than a true salinity distribution, a deconvolution method was devised to restore the true salinity profile. This was achieved without any significant loss of end points. In all respects, the salinity profiles are similar to those of natural sea ice. They have a characteristic C-shape, and clearly exhibit the effects of brine drainage. Not knowing the rates of brine expulsion or gravity drainage, the variation of the salinity profiles during the period of ice growth could be explained by either process. To determine the relative importance of the desalination mechanisms, a theoretical brine expulsion model was derived and compared to the experimental data. As input for the model, equations describing the variation of some properties of NaCl brine with temperature were derived. These included the brine salinity, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and latent heat of freezing. The theoretical brine expulsion model was derived by performing mass and energy balances over a control volume of NaCl ice. A simplified form of the model, when compared to the experimental results, indicated that brine expulsion was only important during the first several hours of ice growth, and later became a minor desalination process relative to gravity drainage which continued to be the dominant mechanism for the remainder of the study period (up to 6 weeks). The rate of gravity drainage was found to be dependent on the brine volume and the temperature gradient of the ice. As either the brine volume or temperature gradient was increased, the rate of change of salinity due to gravity drainage increased. The equation commonly used to calculate the effective distribution coefficient (Weeks and Lofgren 1967) was modified and improved by taking brine drainage into account. An expression was also derived to give the distribution coefficient at very low growth velocities. Type of Medium: Series available for loan vii, 85 Seiten Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 345	<urn:uuid:a7b80ab7-4155-4602-b520-3999d768f86d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50", "url": "https://waesearch.kobv.de/assocVolumes.do?query=gfz_opac_122901&origin=child&index=internal&plv=2", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141745780.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20201204223450-20201205013450-00667.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9060904383659363, "token_count": 803, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3 }
06 April 2017 One is a smart hydropower generator device that aims to lessen their school’s electric bill. Another is a cost-effective tool violations to help address a local road issue. And the other is a water level rise alert system that seeks to reinforce disaster mitigation and warning system protocols in a Yolanda-struck community. What’s common in these three technologies? These are no products of expert scientists or engineers—at least not yet—but of young high school students from Makati, Bataan, and Leyte. These brilliant students also happen to be the first-ever recipients of the Youth Innovation Prize in the recently concluded imake.wemake: create. innovate. collaborate. of the Department of Science and Technology – Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI). In the Final Presentation of Projects and Awarding Ceremony held on 28 March 2017 at the Henry Sy, Sr. Innovation Center, Miriam College, Philippine Science High School – Eastern Visasas Campus’ (PSHS EVC)“Water Rise Alert System”, Pitogo High School’s “Project I.R.I.S. or Intercepting Relayed Imaging System”, and Limay National High School’s “Project Maxima: Hydropower Generator” emerged on top of nine other technologies from same number of team-finalists. PSHS-EVC’s Water Rise Alert System is a device powered with a water level sensor, a radio frequency transmission unit, alarms, a raindrop detector, some lights for danger signaling, and some solar panels fro recharging. The project, which was launched in 2016, sought to unleash the creativity of students in Grades 10, 11 and 12 through the process of innovation. Teams were asked to pitch project proposals about an invention or a technological solution to any problems they encounter in their respective communities such as traffic, garbage, flooding, and the like. Such technologies should be powered by a smart microcontroller called Intel Galileo Board II, which was sponsored by Emerson Philippines, a lead partner in the project. A total of 19 proposals were screened of which 13 moved on to the Project Pitch phase held in December last year. All thirteen schools received a training kit and units of Intel Galileo boards for them to utilize. After two months of developing, testing, and validating their technologies, only nine schools were able to present their projects. The main importance of this project is to construct or fabricate a hydropower generator device, Maxima, with the integration of sensors and rotary turbines controlled by the Intel Galileo Board II; its main platform. The device necessarily needs water so it can be installed near streams and/or bodies of water to generate electricity and give extra clean energy to the school remote areas in the community. The device can also be installed in school water system or pipelines to function as an in-house generator for the school and give clean energy to be utilize by the school. With the integration of a hydropower generator to the electrical and water pipeline system of the school, it can lessen the electric bill of the school; extra budget that can be used for further school engagements or projects.	<urn:uuid:339b89ec-13c5-49e5-a465-9d347b69dc45>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39", "url": "http://www.sei.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news-archive/187-pisay-eastern-visayas-limay-nhs-pitogo-hs-nab-youth-innovation-prizes-in-1st-ever-imake-wemake-program", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156780.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921033529-20180921053929-00159.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9474047422409058, "token_count": 661, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3 }
\|Dragon Species of Great Britain and Ireland\| 1992 or earlier Dragon Species of Great Britain and Ireland is a book about the native dragon species in Great Britain and Ireland. It can be found in the Hogwarts Library. Rubeus Hagrid consulted this book after receiving a dragon egg which eventually hatched into a young Norwegian Ridgeback that Hagrid named Norbert.	<urn:uuid:5e1bbaf6-0d29-4ae6-85e9-e237c6e95987>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Dragon_Species_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413558066932.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017150106-00058-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8742983341217041, "token_count": 73, "score": 3.109375, "int_score": 3 }
Autism Assessment and Treatment - ON There are many early indicators of autism. The following signs are possible indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Your child does not need to demonstrate all of the indicated behaviours to come in for a screening: Does not respond to their name by 12 months of age and may seem deaf Does not point to objects to share interest with others by 14 months of age Avoids eye contact and wants to be alone Does not speak, or uses very few words at 18 months of age Displays behavioural difficulties (e.g., overreacts to small changes, shows a limited range of interest, has trouble sleeping/toileting/eating a variety of foods) Free Developmental Screening Clinics At Monarch House we offer a free of charge, drop-in service for parents to address questions and/or concerns regarding their child’s development. The clinic is run by a qualified team of professionals, including Behaviour Analysts, Speech-Language Pathologists, and Occupational Therapists who will be available to provide brief consultation in the areas of behaviour, speech, language, pre-literacy skills, and motor development. The results of the screening will be discussed with parents and are meant to indicate which areas are following typical development and others which should be monitored more closely. For additional information on these clinics, please click here. Already have a diagnosis? Our Board Certified Behavior Analysts (BCBA) are educated and experienced in the scientific study of learning and behaviour. They develop and monitor intensive ABA programs carried out by Instructor Therapists (IT) or Registered Behavior Technicians (RBT). They may also consult to family members or other professionals in order to address behaviour challenges that may range from toileting and parenting skills to extreme problem behaviour. Our model of care ensure that the family is at the centre of all decision making. Our interdisciplinary team of highly qualified staff include Occupational Therapists, Registered Psychologists, Pediatricians, Behaviour Analysts/Consultants, Speech Language Pathologists, Behaviour Interventionists and Counselors to ensure your child receives the best autism treatment.	<urn:uuid:a5bc35f9-5e6f-4d16-87c3-2b85f734329a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://www.monarchhouse.ca/asd-ontario", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400213006.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924002749-20200924032749-00681.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9441960453987122, "token_count": 442, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3 }
about the specialization In this specialization, painting and image are worked with as bearers of independent non-verbal message in public space. Illustration is moved to larger formats, not only in large-format painting, but also through large-format prints. The study is focused on the preparation of artists for their own independent free work, but also for designing and implementing specific assignments in a wide range of various painting techniques and procedures (from painted illustration, through architecture painting as part of scenographic solutions to theater and film projects, to painting transformed by electronic media). Emphasis is put on a good mastery of craft skills in the classical disciplines of painting on portable supports, but also in mural painting techniques. Teaching covers painting techniques on wood and metal, polychromy of plastic components, and related techniques (mosaic and stained glass). Advanced materials are also used: acrylic, polyurethane and luminescent colors, plastic and transparent pads. Students are taught basic skills in processing pictorial space, illusion in the perception of the pictorial space, and skills in working with traditional and non-traditional compositional principles. After mastering craft practice, students are able to prepare proposals for various techniques which they implement in their semester projects. Equally important is the development of creative thinking, the ability to express through painting their views, attitudes, and relations to current problems of society, the environment and the spiritual legacy of the past and its material manifestations. The courses develop the ability to rightly assess new works of art in the revitalization of historic buildings and their possible participation in restoration projects in the form of reconstruction of unpreserved historical buildings and artistic objects. Students of all specializations may exhibit their best semester works, semester projects and final Bachelor’s works in two UWB galleries in Pilsen, which are managed by the LSFDA. At the same time, students have the opportunity to present their finest creations outside the city of Pilsen. Students may complete internships at other art schools in the Czech Republic and abroad. An obvious part of the study is participation in art projects and art events under the guidance of teachers. Students can attend plein air courses in the UWB training center at Nečtiny Castle or abroad. characteristics of the field and career opportunities for graduates Teaching of the specialization Illustration and Graphic Art is carried out in respective studios according to specializations. Graduates have knowledge within the field of classic and new technical equipment and are able to use it independently or in appropriate combinations. Training obtained can be used according to individual specialization. The graduate can work as an independent creator or as a member of creative teams in graphics, advertising and DTP studios, museums, galleries and other cultural institutions, in educational institutions, public administration, business and enterprise, in web design, animation studios, as art director in a publishing company, to create E-learning, teaching aids, etc. The training can be used to address challenges in public space within exhibition and exposition projects in collaboration with architectural work. Graduates‘ knowledge and experience is evenly distributed among specialized practical skills and theoretical knowledge in the field of art culture and artistic creativity. Graduates are able to use acquired training for their own expression of a belief as well as for an original realization of assignments. Graduates of this three-year Bachelor's Degree Study Program are well-equipped for practical careers. The most talented graduates can meet the conditions for admission to continue in the Master’s Degree Study Program at the FUD, another UWB faculty or any university in the Czech Republic and abroad. entrance examinations for the above specializations preparation for the entrance aptitude examination When the conditions of the admission procedure and subsequent admission to the LSFDA have been fulfilled, students who have successfully completed these courses do not have to attend the same courses again and automatically get the respective credits, subject to specified conditions set by the Higher Education Act. final state examination The Final State Examination (hereinafter referred to as FSE) is carried out in the form of a general discussion according to the specified topics, published on the FUD website − see Final State Examination, Media and Didactic Illustration, Graphic Design, Comics and Illustration for Children, Book Design and Paper Shaping, Visual Communication, Illustration Graphic Art and Painting. Parts of the Final State Examination: - Defense of the practical and theoretical parts of the thesis, which was submitted in advance - Exam in the theory and history of the field (specialization) - Exam in the History of Art Bachelor′s Thesis Part of the state exam is to develop and defend the final thesis, which includes a theoretical part and the student′s own work of art. Part of the state exam is to develop and defend the final thesis, which includes a theoretical part and the student′s own work of art. Examples of Bachelor′s thesis topics − specialization: Painting - Figure or object painting in chiaroscuro, i.e. tonal value illusive painting in one color tone and white paint without a glaze, technique: acrylic on canvas or on a firm surface - Design and implementation of painted backdrops for puppet theater by contemporary playwrights, 3 environments, scene size 80 x 200 x 100 cm - Design of advertisements painted on the gable of a building for an industrial company, drawn design and cardboard model in the scale 1:10 - Relief assemblage −a mosaic of found objects from one location (apartment, street, loft, cellar), a maximum of 2 cm height relief - Illustrations for a book of the student′s choice, only whole page or double page made in tonal value painting, format: double the size of the original to the final format of the book - Proposal for sgraffito wall decorations of a historic building used for cultural purposes, design – cardboard in the scale 1:50 - Proposal for a painted backdrop to a ballet performance, painting on loose canvas, designs − details at a scale of 1:1 with dimensions of 200 x 200 cm - Proposal for a painted stained glass window in a historic building, proposals on a scale of 1 to 3, detail at a scale of 1:1 with dimensions of 100 x 100 cm - Painted paneau for a museum historical exposition, designs drafted on a scale of 1 to 3, detail at a scale of 1:1 with dimensions of 100 x 100 cm - A cycle of paintings on the theme of the four yearly seasons, painting on a firm surface, dimensions 150 x 100 cm Each student has the opportunity to design and submit to the LSFDA Dean for approval their own individual thesis topic.	<urn:uuid:db941cba-2358-4dae-99a2-e112958867a0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05", "url": "https://fdu.zcu.cz/en/343-painting", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084890514.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180121100252-20180121120252-00598.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9318209290504456, "token_count": 1370, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
Since 2010, we have led an effort to develop resources that can provide a Design Thinking approach to Life Strategy. Our product design process embraces the principles of the sharing economy to provide competitive, affordable and sustainable growth and development to individuals and communities across the world. We have a track record of developing diverse leaders internationally who innovate technology to benefit all of society. What is A Life Model? A life model is an abstract representation of a person's life, highlighting all core interrelated personal, interpersonal, and professional arrangements designed and developed by an individual or life coach presently and in the future which includes all values, goals, activities, resources, obstacles and inspirations that must be considered to achieve a 10x Life consistent with a life full of meaning, reaching your dreams and capturing your moonshot. A life model describes the holistic rational of how an individual creates, delivers and internalizes value in personal, interpersonal and professional contexts. Practical uses of a Life Model: - Entrepreneurs use life modeling to reach peak performance. - Managers inside the most innovative companies use the life model to explore develop high potential employees. - Women use life modeling to break through the glass ceiling. The process of life model construction is an aspect of life strategy. Life models are used to describe, organize and develop a person's life, but they are also used to craft new visions and break the norm. A life model is developed using the Life Model Canvas. what is the Life Model Canvas? The Life Model Canvas was designed to introduce aspects of design thinking and rapid experimentation into the process of life modeling. The canvas facilitates the generation of a roadmap and strategies that can be used to develop transformative growth within your life model. The Life Model Canvas was invented in 2013 by Ayori Selassie on the back of a paper napkin. As a successful entrepreneur and technologist in Silicon Valley from a diverse background, Ayori was inspired to develop the Life Model Canvas to streamline and share frameworks she had incorporated into her own life, enabling her to transition from the impoverished ghettos and trap lifestyle of Oakland, California in the United States to a globe trotting entrepreneur and philanthropists, working alongside Fortune 500 CEOs, Founders and top Venture Capitalists around the world. With Design Thinking in mind, the canvas is easy to use and can be leveraged by adults, professionals and young people alike to organize a holistic view of their life and leverage the same strategies that enable successful business enterprises to reach 10X growth. What We've Achieved with the life model canvas - Recognition & Award by the US Department of State for mentoring women and global diplomacy. - Mentoring youth of color in Oakland, CA, helping them craft their visions for the future. - Creator was honored among the 40 Under 40 for Silicon Valley Tech Diversity. - Developing entrepreneurs in undeveloped communities, showing them how to build plans to be resourceful in work and life. - Mentoring technical women in the Middle East and Africa, helping them to bring skills and connections back to their native countries to build leaders & innovators in technology.	<urn:uuid:28bafb30-0b57-46bd-abe2-440ecd00d8ec>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22", "url": "http://www.lifemodelcanvas.org/what-is-life-modeling/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794863811.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180520224904-20180521004904-00539.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9234926700592041, "token_count": 641, "score": 2.6875, "int_score": 3 }
Tanning for Beginners Darkening of the skin is our body’s response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. It has three wave ranges counted in units of light waves: UVA – is the radiation in the wavelength range 320-400 nm. The Earth is reached by as much as 95 per cent of this kind of radiation. It accumulates in the skin resulting in its long-term pigmentation. UVB – is radiation in the wavelength range 280-320 nm. It is at its most intense at noon in summer. After a few minutes of exposure its effects are visible on the skin. UVC – is radiation in the wavelength range 200-280 nm. It is fully absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere. Human skin is adjusted to the sun, which is governed by a simple rule – the more the skin is exposed to it, the darker and thicker it becomes, and therefore protection from UV rays is better. Melanin, a natural pigment formed in the process of melanogenesis, is responsible for brown skin tone. Thanks to UV radiation it is released into the cells of the epidermis and forms a kind of natural sunscreen as well as neutralising free radicals. In people with fair skin, melanin is found only in the base layer of the skin, whereas dark-skinned people have it in all skin layers. 10 simple steps to a GLOW skin 1. Do not overdo exposure to the sun. The rules are simple – no more than once a day. Up to 10 tanning sessions during the first month and then just 1 to 2 sessions per week in order to maintain proper skin tone. 2. Before your first visit to the tanning studio, read safety measures and contraindications for sunbathing. There are diseases and conditions where it is inadvisable to use a sunbed. If you are taking medication, check if you should wait for the effects to wear off. 3. Use a scrub before each tanning session. Exfoliation helps you keep your tan longer, but it should be done with sensitivity. Too strong a scrub may cause microdamage to the skin, and may be a source of discomfort while tanning. 4. Adjust tanning duration to your complexion and current condition of the skin. Our staff will be happy to advise you. 5. If your hair is long, tie it in a ponytail or plait it. Do not cover the face or neck. 6. Remove makeup from your face before tanning. Cosmetics make your skin more sensitive to UV irritation, at the same time increasing the risk of burns. 7. Before and after tanning use skin care cosmetics. Ask about bronzing cream or tan accelerator before the session. Make sure to apply appropriate hydration for the body and consolidation tan cream afterwards. Also feel free to ask the staff to recommend professional tanning cosmetics. 8. If you are using a sunbed for the first time, ask the staff about all the possible options. This will allow you to take full advantage of the tanning device. 9. Always use safety goggles and keep your eyes closed when tanning. 10. Wait at least forty-eight hours before the next tanning session. During this time, you can observe your skin’s reaction to a tanning session and estimate whether it is satisfactory. I. Gaelic/Celtic Type: very pale almost white skin, often with a lot of freckles; blond or red hair; very clear eyes: light green or blue. This type of skin burns very easily and never tans (lack of skin pigmentation). Individuals with Celtic skin phototype cannot use a sunbed (the skin will never tan to brown), while on the beach one should protect the skin with a very high filter (at least SPF 30 or preferably, sunblock) II. The North European Type: light skin, easily freckled, usually blue, green or grey eyes, either a light or dark shade of blond hair. The main feature of this phototype is that a small dose of radiation causes reddening of the skin, and only after a number of short sessions does the skin becomes tanned. This type of skin requires careful dosage of tanning in order to avoid burns. III. The Central European Type: slightly swarthy complexion, dark blond or brown hair, gray, hazel, brown, or blue eyes. People with this skin phototype tan quickly under the sun exposure and rarely suffer from sunburn. IV. Southern European Type: typically swarthy complexion, naturally dark hair, eyes of intense bronze colour. People with this skin type never have freckles. The characteristic feature of this phototype is maximum resistance to burns. V. This phototype occurs among Yellow and Arabian races. The representatives are naturally dark, which is a natural sun protection. VI. This phototype is characteristic of the dark-skinned people in Africa and other continents. Since the dawn of time, an appropriate dose of the sun’s rays is regarded as necessary for the proper development and functioning of the human body. The production of vitamin D3 serves as example, for it is essential to prevent osteoporosis (a progressive loss of bone mass) and rickets (impaired bone mineralization). It takes place only when there is a sufficient presence of sunlight. In addition, scientists have recently discovered a positive effect on the progress of many diseases. Light treatment is used for: – depression syndromes and other mood disorders – Atopic dermatitis – Rickets in children – Softening of the bones in adults, known as osteomalacia. Light treatment is beneficial for people who spend a lot of time indoors. Light is also used for treating sleep disorders and biological rhythms, which affect people working night shift, as well as those travelling to other time zones. – The first sunbed served for health purposes rather than cosmetics – the UVA-emitting device created by Fridrich Wolf was intended to treat diseases caused by a deficiency of vitamin D. – Many religions worshipped the sun as a god, and in many languages Sunday means the day of the sun. – The use of sunblock creams blocks almost 100 percent of the dermal synthesis of vitamin D.	<urn:uuid:65269bbb-475a-40bd-8d00-272c21bb7599>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39", "url": "http://www.glow-tanning-lounge.co.uk/tanning-for-beginners/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686983.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920085844-20170920105844-00373.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9288069605827332, "token_count": 1307, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3 }
original source : http://www.blog.pythonlibrary.org/2014/01/21/python-201-what-is-super/ The Python programming language added the super() type back in version 2.2. For some reason, it’s still a topic that a lot of beginners don’t understand. One of my readers recently asked me about it and since I don’t really use it, I decided to do some research in the hopes of understanding its usage myself so I could explain what super is and why you would use it. We’ll spend some time looking at various people’s definitions of super and then look at some examples to try to figure this out. What is super? Here is what the official Python documentation has to say about super: Return a proxy object that delegates method calls to a parent or sibling class of type. This is useful for accessing inherited methods that have been overridden in a class. The search order is same as that used by getattr() except that the type itself is skipped. A couple of years ago, Cody Precord released a wxPython Cookbook in which he used super all the time. That brought up the discussion of super on the wxPython mailing list for several weeks. Let’s take a look at some of those threads. Robin Dunn, creator of wxPython, stated the following: In most cases there isn’t any difference. In cases where you have multiple inheritance, the super() helps to ensure that the proper method resolution order (MRO) is followed when moving up the inheritance tree. He then linked to StackOverflow. In another thread, Tim Roberts (a very experienced Python programmer) had the following to say: It is a “shortcut” to allow you to access the base class of a derived class, without having to know or type the base class name. For example: Those last two lines are two ways of spelling the same thing. Besides just the spelling, this also allows you to change the base class without having to go through all of your code and replace the base class name. C++ programmers often do this with a typedef in their derived classes. So what I get from these 2 statements is that super is important when you’re doing multiple inheritance, but otherwise it doesn’t really matter whether you use it or not. If you scroll down through that second thread, you’ll see a couple of examples from both Robin Dunn and Tim Roberts that help illustrate when using super can be helpful. Let’s take a look at Mr. Dunn’s example. Note: The following code uses Python 2.x syntax for super. In Python 3, you don’t need to pass the class name or even self! d = D() If you run this code, you will get the letters “DBCA” (one letter per line) as output. As Robin Dunn points out in the thread, “A” is only printed once even through two classes derive from it. This is due to the method resolution order (MRO) that is inherent in the new style classes of Python. You can check out the MRO by adding print D.__mro__ underneath the super call in class D’s foo function (note: this only works if the base is derived from object). ThisStackOverflow entry explains it in more detail. If you want a good read on the subject of MRO, I would recommend the following abstract on Python.org:http://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/. Now you may be thinking that this example is not only abstract, but not of much use and you would be quite right. Which is why it is worth doing some additional digging online to find other examples. Fortunately, I recalled seeing an article by Raymond Hettinger on super a couple of years ago. He is a core Python developer and speaks at PyCon regularly. Anyway, his article gives several good real-life examples of using super to add new features to sub-classes. I highly recommend checking out his article as it goes a long ways towards explaining super in an applicable way. Even the Python documentation for super() links to his article! Here’s a pretty good list on the topic:	<urn:uuid:817fdbd6-f5a5-40e7-9880-35a6717aa7f6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33", "url": "http://jacob-yo.net/python-201-what-is-super-the-mouse-vs-the/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571847.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812230927-20220813020927-00030.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9118965864181519, "token_count": 1100, "score": 3.625, "int_score": 4 }
The web-based Caribbean Pest Diagnostic Network (CPDN, previously known as CRDN) database provides a collaboration and communication tool for plant inspectors, scouts, consultants, extension personnel and diagnosticians to share information on plant pests. The system uses field data and digital media as tools for enhancement of diagnosis of plant disease, insect, weed, invasive species, plant management, physiology, and nutrient problems. Through interactions on the Internet between field personnel and diagnostician or experts, problems can be quickly communicated and assessed. Specialists around the world can perform diagnosis and identification and provide best management practice recommendations to the users. The archived CPDN database becomes a resource for research, educational programs, and classroom teaching. The threat of pest and invasive species is real and has the potential to seriously damage our agriculture and food supply. The Web-based diagnostic system can be used as a tool to enhance the capacity for screening, monitoring, mapping pests in time and space, and quickly detecting existing or new high-consequence pests and dangerous plant pathogens. Under the leadership of the CISWG and CARICOM Secretariat with equipment support from USDA-APHIS and training opportunities from University of Florida, and support from CARDI, University of Puerto Rico, IICA, and all CISWG member countries and organizations, CPDN has become active in the following countries or locations: Barbados, Cayman Islands, CARDI in Dominica, Dominican Republic, France (Martinique and Guadeloupe), Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and United States [USDA-APHIS, University of Florida IFAS (UF), University of Florida, University of Puerto Rico (UPR), and FAMU]. Colombia joined CISWG and the CPDN in 2011-2012. Update	<urn:uuid:c0bd4ea1-c2f6-4d78-a78b-dc7ef56b7621>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17", "url": "http://crdn.ifas.ufl.edu/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121665.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00243-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9197118878364563, "token_count": 368, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3 }
Once again, results from an international test show that U.S. students perform relatively poorly, and once again, critics say the results don’t matter and should be ignored. This would be a mistake. The results do matter, and American educators will lose out if they dismiss the findings so easily. By taking the results seriously, educators can examine the practices and policies of countries that do well on the test and see what they can do to improve practice in this country. Results from Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), a test in reading, mathematics and science administered every three years in about 70 countries by the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, came out Tuesday. (Results from a separate international test, the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, or TIMSS, were released the week before.) On PISA, U.S. 15-year-olds performed at about the middle of the pack in reading and science, and well below average in mathematics. U.S. performance was flat in reading and science since the last administration, in 2012, and went down in math. The top-performing nations and regions include Singapore, Hong Kong, Canada, Finland, and Estonia. Why do these results matter? Because of what PISA measures. Unlike other tests, such as TIMSS, which measure how well students have mastered the curriculum, PISA is designed to measure how well students can apply what they have learned to real-world problems. For example, the science test includes a series of questions about bird migration. One asks students why a count of migrating birds might be inaccurate, and to explain why this factor might affect the count. Content knowledge is crucial, and research suggests that students who have a strong background in content do better on PISA, but applying knowledge and solving problems is vital to success in college and career. A major study conducted by the OECD bears this out. Researchers followed 20,000 Canadian students who had taken PISA in 2000 for nine years and found that those who scored low on the reading assessment were less likely than those who scored at higher levels to participate in post-secondary education, and had worse outcomes in the labor market — even after accounting for the students’ socio-economic background. Similar studies in Switzerland, Uruguay and Denmark found similar results. Critics have also suggested that the PISA results don’t matter because the U.S. population is so different from that of other countries. The United States, the critics say, includes all students in school, while other countries educate only an elite. Moreover, the U.S. has large proportions of immigrants and English-language learners, and a huge proportion of children in poverty. These factors, the critics say, make comparisons impossible. The fact is that these criticisms are inaccurate. Nearly every country enrolls nearly all 15-year-olds in school, and the U.S. is on the low side, with 84 percent of 15-year-olds in school. Many countries have higher immigrant populations than the United States, and in some, such as Singapore, immigrant students outperform native-born students. And poverty does not explain the U.S. results. Yes, child poverty rates in the U.S. are high, but they are about at the average for OECD countries. Some high-performing regions, like Hong Kong, have much higher poverty rates. And some, like Hong Kong, have managed to break the connection between socioeconomic status and achievement. In Estonia, for example, 48 percent of low-income students are “resilient”; that is, they score at top levels. In Canada, the resiliency rate is 39 percent. In the U.S., it is 32 percent—and the good news is the rate has gone up over the past decade. The idea is not to import other countries’ practices wholesale and drop them into the system here — school systems couldn’t do that even if they wanted to. But seeing how those practices work and seeing how they can be adapted to local contexts is a valuable exercise. Educators could see, for example, how Finland has put in place a powerful program to prepare educators; how Singapore has created a career ladder to enable teachers to develop their skills continually; how Estonia has committed to equitable access to high-quality education. And more. Demography is not necessarily destiny. There is much to learn, and many ways the U.S. can benefit. An earlier version of this article misidentified Hong Kong; it is an autonomous region of China. This story was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Robert Rothman is a Washington-based education writer.	<urn:uuid:8ad2d66e-6a51-4c8c-948d-a6a976b14d59>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://hechingerreport.org/america-care-students-lackluster-performance-global-pisa-tests/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501172649.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104612-00103-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9628245830535889, "token_count": 974, "score": 2.953125, "int_score": 3 }
Paul Roscoe collection of astronaut photographs, circa 1960s \| Purdue University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections The Paul Roscoe collection of astronaut photographs (circa 1960s; 0.2 cubic feet) documents members of the NASA astronaut corps, NASA administration, and the Saturn missile. It includes both headshots and group photographs of various NASA personnel from the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. The headshots are solely of astronauts, some in their spacesuits. One notable photograph shows the Saturn missile, which was used during the Apollo missions to the moon, sitting at the launch pad. Types of materials include: color photographs. The photographs are organized into a single folder with original order maintained. History of Mercury Seven Astronauts: The Mercury Seven Astronauts were the first Americans in space. They participated in the Mercury program, announced in 1958, which had three objectives: “to place a human spacecraft into orbital flight around Earth, observe human performance in such conditions, and recover the human and the spacecraft safely” (Garber). These first astronauts went through a rigorous selection process from a pool of 508 test pilot candidates. In the end, NASA chose seven pilots for the program: Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., John H. Glenn, Jr., Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Alan B. Shepard, Jr., and Donald K. "Deke" Slayton. In total, the Mercury Seven completed six human spaceflights from 1961-1963. Slayton, however, was grounded on account of a “previously undiscovered heart condition” (Garber). Their missions were instrumental for later human spaceflight programs like Gemini and the famous Apollo missions to the moon (Garber). Garber, Steve. “The 40th Anniversary of the Mercury Seven.” NASA History Program Office. NASA, November 2009. Web 7 March 2012. Item 1: Group photograph of NASA administration and personnel for Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs, March 1, 1963 Item 2: Saturn Missile, circa 1960s Item 3: Photo of astronauts in flight gear in front of Air Force fighter, circa 1960s Item 4: Astronaut Walter Schirra, circa 1960s Item 5: Scott Carpenter, circa 1960s Item 6: Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper, circa 1960s Item 7: Gus Grissom, circa 1960s Item 8: John Glenn, circa 1960s Item 9: Alan Sheppard, circa 1960s Item 10: Don Slayton, circa 1960s	<urn:uuid:9a140408-7319-4e5c-a1c9-38433ed385e6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://www4.lib.purdue.edu/archon/index.php?p=collections/controlcard&id=1531&q=philosophy+born+of+struggle", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542246.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00341-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9179005026817322, "token_count": 533, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
Print Friendly PDF Pescadero: The Saga of the Sandbar In August, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) proposed to breach the sandbar at the mouth of Pescadero Creek in an effort to avoid fish kills, which have occurred in past years when the sandbar has breached naturally later in the year. After the sandbar formed in early September, two efforts were made to breach it. Volunteers have assisted state parks staff, working with NOAA and other agencies, to monitor the process and results. Fish kills following the breach of the Pescadero sandbar in past years have been attributed to the decline in water quality that occurs with the draining of the lagoon at the first low tide after it opens. Researchers think that the turbulent mixing of oxygen-depleted water and lagoon sediments further removes oxygen from the water and adds hydrogen sulfide. Fish that do not leave the areas with low water quality can suffocate. In 2011, for example, 235 dead steelhead--a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act--were collected following the sandbar breach. By breaching the sandbar earlier, NOAA hoped that the water quality of the lagoon could be maintained and the likelihood of a fish kill reduced. First Sandbar Breach The sandbar closed this year on September 8 or 9. The closure was documented by state park volunteer Nancy Frost, who has recorded the status of the sand bar for months. Her photos provide a record that contributes to analysis of the complex water system. On October 4, NOAA directed volunteers from Pescadero, agency staff members, and residents from Camp Glenwood to dig a trench using shovels to reopen the sandbar. This was the sandbar before digging began. The Sandbar Returns In the days that followed, the channel began to fill with sand deposited by waves that washed over it at high tide. Although some ocean water entered the lagoon, no water drained from the lagoon at low tide. By October 25, the channel completely disappeared--the sandbar was back in place. New plans were made. Second Sandbar Breach Since the channel created by first breach closed, it was decided to try to create a larger channel with mechanized equipment. This approach raised problems, since the equipment would have to be brought on the beach through an area used by another threatened species--the Western Snowy Plover, which winters on Pescadero State Beach and nested there last year for the first time in over 30 years. The second attempt to breach the sand bar took place on October 23. State park Plover Watch volunteers spent the day on the beach watching the plover flock and monitoring the impact of the activity. Luckily the plovers were north of the sandbar and were only slightly disturbed when the excavator passed down the beach. The next phase of the project was already underway--with biologists from state parks and other agencies monitoring the water in the lagoon and Pescadero Marsh to ascertain the impact of the sandbar breach. It is hoped that the results of their study of water quality before, during, and after the breach will contribute to a better understanding of how the lagoon system responds to breaching and will help inform future management decisions. In addition to successfully opening a large channel through the sandbar, the excavator distributed the sand that had been dug up and leveled the area around the channel. Following the October 23 breach, the movement of water widened the channel considerably, as can be seen in the photo below, taken on the morning of the 24th. Initially, water flowed out of the lagoon at low tide and entered at high tide, but within a few days the only movement of water was at high tide, when waves washed into the lagoon. By November 3, no water came into the lagoon from the ocean, even at high tide, but larger swells later in the week again caused some inflow. A Historical Note Visitors to Pescadero State Beach often ask about the tunnel in the cliff south of the mouth of Pescadero Creek. The tunnel is a useful reminder that efforts to control the creek and the sandbar at its mouth date back more than a century. According to an assessment of the Pescadero-Butano watershed prepared in 2004 (page 3-28), efforts to alter the flow of Pescadero Creek and break the sandbar go back as far as the late 19th century. The tunnel was the result of one such effort. According to the report: During the drought of 1897-1898, Pescadero Creek did not have sufficient rainfall to breach the sandbar, though there was enough rain to cause flooding of the adjacent farmlands following a healthy rain during December 1898. Pescadero farmers raised an estimated $200 to drill a tunnel through the point on the south side of the beach, hoping that the hole would offer an outlet to the creek and prevent further flooding. The tunnel provided limited success and eventually plugged up with sand. Water still occasionally flows through the tunnel, but it has not overcome the sand bar.	<urn:uuid:0e1ecb2d-1c06-469a-8d1e-14727f2882d1>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.coastsidestateparks.org/newsletter/fall_2012_sandbar.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706933615/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122213-00036-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.959047794342041, "token_count": 1054, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3 }
MUST SEE 1942 Los Angeles Alien Invasion. The Battle of Los Angeles, also known as The Great Los Angeles Air Raid, was a barrage which took place from late February 24 to the early morning of February 25, 1942 over Los Angeles, California. Initially, it was thought to be an attack from Japan, but after speaking at a press conference shortly after, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox called the incident a “false alarm.” According to Wikipedia, newspapers of the time published a number of reports and speculations of a cover-up. Some modern day UFOlogists has suggested the targets were extraterrestrial spacecraft. The flying speed of the object was said to be “very slow”. These mysterious forces dropped no bombs and, despite the fact that 1,440 rounds of antiaircraft ammunition were directed against them, suffered no losses. Residents in a 40 mile arc along the coast watched from hills and rooftops as the play of guns and searchlights provided a frightening show. A photo published in the Los Angeles times on February 26, 1942 has been cited by modern-day conspiracy theorists and UFOlogists as evidence of an extraterrestrial visitation. They insist that the photo clearly shows searchlights focused on an alien spaceship.	<urn:uuid:f047d6f9-3f98-4a4d-8307-27b4e7d2eedc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "http://dailybuzzlive.com/must-see-1942-los-angeles-alien-invasion/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316783.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822042502-20190822064502-00235.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9826801419258118, "token_count": 251, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
(Dublin, Ohio ) Dublin residents work hard to maintain their properties. All that work has paid off. Dublin is known for its aesthetic quality. But did you know that some of our efforts to maintain a beautiful, lush, green city can actually damage our community? More isn’t always better. For example, many residents use up to three times more fertilizer on their lawns than is necessary or even healthy. Most yards, even those with clay soil, don’t need more than two applications of fertilizer each year, and the worst soils often don’t require more than four applications. “When we fertilize too much, the excess chemicals go directly into local rivers through storm drains,” said Kristin Yorko, City of Dublin civil engineer. ”Everything flows downstream and so does excess fertilizer. Mis-applied fertilizer will get washed into the storm sewer system which is taken directly to Dublin’s waterways – without any treatment.” Many lawn chemicals contain phosphorus and nitrogen, which can turn our local waters green with algae, and that’s not the kind of green that we want to be known for. Both the chemicals and resulting algae reduce water quality and can make it unsafe for people, pets and especially, kids. Yorko said to help educate residents, the City has created a flyer and posted information on the City website with fertilizer guidelines to help residents maintain a lush, green lawn, but also minimize the impact of fertilizer reaching Dublin’s waterways. And one important tip, whenever possible, use phosphorus-free fertilizer. “By fertilizing responsibly,” Yorko added “we can keep Dublin’s lawns and waterways beautiful, safe and healthy.” For more information Contact: Sue Burness, Public Affairs Officer \| Desk: 614.410.4508 \| Cell: 614.226.5382 [email protected] \| Twitter: @sueburness	<urn:uuid:3c6f57e2-093b-49c8-8ce0-22f9d2d23911>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://dublinohiousa.gov/newsroom/less-is-more-when-it-comes-to-fertilizing-your-lawn/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379546.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00198-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.925352931022644, "token_count": 412, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3 }
In search of GodelThink: Kurt Godel is one of the greats, or so you’ll routinely be told. The leading authority on his work says it went something like this: Kurt Friedrich Gödel (1906-1978) was an Austrian, and later American, logician, mathematician, and philosopher. Considered with Aristotle and Gottlob Frege to be one of the most significant logicians in history, Gödel made an immense impact upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century, a time when others such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert were pioneering the use of logic and set theory to understand the foundations of mathematics.He’s right up there with Frege—and with Aristotle, who “defined motion as the actuality of a potentiality as such.” (For additional details, click here.) Godel is considered one of the greats. In her 2005 book, Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt Godel, Professor Goldstein ranks Einstein, Heisenberg and Godel as the great revolutionary thinkers of the last century. We’re not saying Professor Goldstein is wrong! We’re merely wondering what it is that Godel determined, devised or discovered. Why is Godel one of the greats? This is where our love affair with bad explanation comes in. Why is Godel one of the greats? And can it be explained to us rubes? As we noted in yesterday's post, Professor Goldstein’s book was aimed as non-specialists—and it was hailed by three other professors for being “remarkably accessible.” Is Professor Goldstein able to explain what Godel said or did? In a series of posts, we plan to let you be the judge. What the heck did Godel say, determine or discover? Early in her book, Professor Goldstein’s explanation starts as shown below. She pictures Godel (“the logician”) in one of his conversations with Einstein, the friend of his later life. The two men often strolled through the streets of Princeton: GOLDSTEIN (pages 20-21): The topics of their daily conversations range over physics and mathematics, philosophy and politics, and in all of these areas the logician is likely to say something to startle Einstein in its originality or profundity, naivete or downright outlandishness. All his thinking is governed by an “interesting axiom,” as Ernst Gabor Straus, Einstein’s assistant from 1944 to 1947, once characterized it...An “interesting axiom” governed Godel’s thought, we’re told as our journey begins. The reader leans forward, expectant. But here’s what the reader gets next: GOLDSTEIN: The topics of their daily conversations range over physics and mathematics, philosophy and politics, and in all of these areas the logician is likely to say something to startle Einstein in its originality or profundity, naivete or downright outlandishness. All his thinking is governed by an “interesting axiom,” as Ernst Gabor Straus, Einstein’s assistant from 1944 to 1947, once characterized it. For every fact, there exists an explanation as to why that fact is a fact; why it has to be a fact...Below, we’ll provide the full text of this lengthy paragraph. But in our view, our long day’s journey into bad explanation rather plainly starts here. In that passage, Professor Goldstein endorses the view that Godel’s thought stemmed from “an interesting axiom.” She then presents two formulations of that axiom. One of her formulations seems completely mundane. The other is quite hard to parse. This is how bad explanation starts! Let’s consider the two formulations which constitute Godel’s “interesting axiom,” at least as explained by Professor Goldstein. (1) “For every fact, there exists an explanation as to why that fact is a fact.” On its face, that seems to be the most mundane assertion on earth. On its face, that claim would seem startling, controversial or insightful to almost no one. Almost everyone is familiar with the idea that factual claims must be supported. You can’t simply make a factual claim. You have to back it up. For every fact, there exists an explanation as to why that fact is a fact? On its face, it’s hard to see how this could possibly constitute “an interesting axiom,” let alone serve as the foundation for revolutionary thought. On its face, that seems like a mundane statement. Let’s move on to Professor Goldstein’s second formulation: (2) “For every fact, there exists an explanation as to why that fact has to be a fact.” For every fact, there exists an explanation as to why it has to be a fact? Do you have any idea what that means? Frankly, we do not. Consider: “Boise is the capital of Idaho.” Most people would regard that as a statement of fact. You could explain why it’s a fact. But could you explain why it has to be a fact? Would you even have any idea what such a request would mean? Frankly, we would not. For ourselves, we have no idea what that second formulation means. At this point, we’re flirting with bad explanation! Professor Goldstein has given us two formulations of the “interesting axiom” which lies at the heart of Godel’s revolutionary thinking. One formulation seems highly mundane; the other seems incoherent. But Professor Goldstein doesn’t seem to notice this problem. She simply moves ahead in this, her complete, rather flowery paragraph: GOLDSTEIN: The topics of their daily conversations range over physics and mathematics, philosophy and politics, and in all of these areas the logician is likely to say something to startle Einstein in its originality or profundity, naivete or downright outlandishness. All his thinking is governed by an “interesting axiom,” as Ernst Gabor Straus, Einstein’s assistant from 1944 to 1947, once characterized it. For every fact, there exists an explanation as to why that fact is a fact; why it has to be a fact. This conviction amounts to the assertion that there is no brute contingency in the world, no givens that need not have been given. In other words, the world will never, not even once, speak to us in the way that an exasperated parent will speak to her fractious adolescent: “Why? I’ll tell you why. Because I said so!” The world always has an explanation for itself, or as Einstein's walking partner puts it, Die Welt is vernunftig, the world is intelligible. The conclusions that emanate from this rigorously consistent application of the “interesting axiom” to every subject that crosses the logician’s mind—from the relationship between the body and soul to global politics to the very local politics of the Institute for Advanced Study itself—often and radically diverge from the opinions of common sense. Such divergence, however, counts as nothing for him. It is as if one of the unwritten laws of his thought processes is: If reasoning and common sense should diverge, then so much the worse for common sense! What, in the long run, is common sense, other than common?Die Welt is vernunftig, Gödel said. He hadn’t read this book! If you’re an obedient student or reader—if you’re in the (very bad) habit of deferring to intellectual authority—you may simply say all those words to yourself and just continue reading. You’ll fail to note that you have no idea what this professor is talking about, if she knows herself. If you are one of her fellow professors, you will agree to compose a back-of-book blurb about how “beautifully written” or “artfully written” this “remarkably accessible” book is (Professors Lightman and Greene). If you’re Professor Pinker, you’ll blurb that “this book is a gem,” that it has been “written with grace and passion” by a “gifted novelist and philosopher.” If you’re less inclined to defer to authority, less flattering thoughts may enter your head. You may consider the possibility that this long paragraph is an example of pure argle-bargle, composed by a gifted novelist who may not be real clear as to what she’s talking about. You may note that this large bouquet of flowery language emerges from that one highlighted passage, in which the novelist attributes two ideas to Godel—one of which seems completely mundane, one of which seems incoherent. Let’s be fair! In our view, Professor Goldstein swings and misses as she tries to explain the “interesting axiom” at the heart of GodelThink. But in fairness, her book has barely started. Speaking of incompleteness, Professor Goldstein’s “Introduction” starts on page 13; pages 1-12 are unaccounted for. The professor’s explanation is just getting started as this passage appears. As advocates of fairness, we didn’t stop reading at this point. Generously, we moved ahead, hoping for clarity. We were quickly rewarded. On page 23, Professor Goldstein quotes an account of Godel’s seminal incompleteness theorem in which, she says, that theorem is “rendered in more or less plain English.” In our next post, we’ll show you that rendering. For ourselves, we would say that the rendering in question doesn’t involve “plain English” at all. The fact that Professor Goldstein thinks it does may teach a key lesson about a key topic—where bad explanation comes from. In one area after another, our American national discourse is built around bad explanations. In a slightly more rational world, ranking professors would push back, skillfully and hard, against that state of affairs. In our world, professors hand us work like this; other professors praise such work for its remarkable clarity. When our ranking professors function this way, we are all lambs in the end.	<urn:uuid:a84427d0-5525-4119-b179-43896af676a8>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://dailyhowler.blogspot.com/2014/05/weve-got-your-bad-explanation-right.html?showComment=1428149586098", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057227.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921191451-20210921221451-00313.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9569111466407776, "token_count": 2224, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3 }

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