text
stringlengths 277
230k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
|Amount||Ingredient||$ / day||Source|
|0||g||Roses are Red Violets are Blue||$0.00|
Total Daily Cost:
|$0.00||Add Ingredients |
to Amazon Cart
We all have been learned Roses Are Red and Violets Are Blue Poems in kindergarten. It was well known, fun rhyming, witty, and sweet to learn. This poem has its origin in 1590 and the following lines were scripted by Sir Edmund Spenser from his epic book named “The Faerie Queen”. In 1998 American children recompiled this poem of 14 derivatives of original rhymes both in positive and negative connotations. This poem has appeared in several television shows, songs, films, books and video games.
This poem is well known for its short, cute, funny, and entertaining. If you want to send some memorable love words to your partner using roses are red violets are blue this poem will entice her. You can also get a printed form of this poem with high-quality paper with a nice frame. This poem is written in numerous ways to express love, joy, and jokes to make fun of their lovers. Here are some of the Roses are Red Violets are Blue poems. It’s very short and eye-catching verses have fun reading them.
• Roses are red violets are blue; monkeys like you should be kept in a zoo. Don’t feel angry you will find me too in the zoo not in a cage but laughing at you. • Roses are red, violets are blue, and God made me pretty, what happened to you? • Roses are red, violets are blue, and vodka costs less than dinner for two. • Roses are red, violets are blue, weird math’s get lost, tell me, will you? • Rose are red, violets are blue, please don’t kiss me, because I have the flu. • Roses are red, violets are blue, what I feel in my heart is wonderful and new. • Roses are red, violets are blue, you have made all my dreams come true. • Roses are red, violets are blue, and the centre of my world begins and ends with you. • Roses are red, violets are blue, and I have never experienced true love with you. • Roses are red, violets are blue, and I will never stop loving you. • Roses are red, violets are blue, and the first time I saw you, my heart knew. • Roses are red, Facebook is blue. We have no mutual friends, so who are you? • Roses are red, Lemons are yellow, and I consider myself one lucky fellow!
If you loved Roses are Red Violets are Blue poems please kindly sharing the above post. More detail visit here:- https://www.lcarscom.net/roses-are-red-violets-are-blue-poems/
|
<urn:uuid:79380ff5-5970-4ed8-9fb1-441d7090a2f1>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://www.completefoods.co/diy/recipes/roses-are-red-violets-are-blue",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337307.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20221002083954-20221002113954-00121.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.966996967792511,
"token_count": 670,
"score": 2.59375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
ST. LOUIS, Mo. – The brain chemical serotonin may play a surprising role in sexual preference, according to a new U.S. study released Wednesday, which showed that male mice lacking serotonin began wooing other males with love squeaks and made attempts to mate with them, Science News reported.
The research involved using mice genetically engineered to lack serotonin-producing cells. They still courted females, but they no longer exclusively sought the attention of the ladies. When both male and female mice were present, about half the serotonin-lacking mice mounted the males first. They were also more likely to direct quiet love sounds to the males than to the females.
Some of the sexual behaviors were reversed after they were given an injection of a compound that restored serotonin to their brains.
"Nobody thought that serotonin could be involved in this kind of sexual preference," Zhou-Feng Chen of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis told Science News.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is connected to many behaviors and may play a role in cognitive processes, including moods. Several antidepressants increase the amount of serotonin in the brain and can have sexual side effects, typically leading to a decrease in libido. There is no evidence that they influence sexual orientation.
The researchers have not yet looked at how serotonin might affect the sexual preferences of female mice. They further cautioned that the behavior of the mice cannot be extrapolated and applied to humans.
|
<urn:uuid:0f956f9a-a2de-4c89-8743-d65098fba93b>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23",
"url": "http://www.foxnews.com/health/2011/03/24/lack-serotonin-makes-mice-picky-sexual-partners/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997883466.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025803-00146-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9654582142829895,
"token_count": 293,
"score": 2.96875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Commander Eileen Collins and her crew of six have lifted off with the shuttle Discovery after NASA Administrator Mike Griffin finally gave the green light to the first U.S. space flight since the February 2003 loss of the Columbia.
While launching is significant, even more so has been the administrator's emphasis in announcing the return to flight. He sternly reminded: "The past two and a half years have resulted in significant improvements that have greatly reduced the risk of flying the shuttle. But we should never lose sight of the fact that space flight is risky." And after the lift off, he again exhorted us "to realize how chancy it is, how difficult it is, at what a primitive state of technology it still is."
These words from the head of the U.S. space program are a uniquely sober note. Such honest and blunt admonitions radically differ from entrenched NASA practice that has treated the risks of space flight much like the Victorians treated sex -- publicly unmentionable.
Resuming U.S. human space flight comes only after a lengthy Columbia accident investigation, significant reorganization at NASA, expensive technological fixes to the shuttle, and thousands of hours of re-training by the crew and shuttle technical personnel. Despite these efforts, the shuttle is flying without meeting all of the recommendations of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board -- an independent group of 13 aeronautics and safety experts. Their unmet concerns include managing all of the debris generated by the shuttle's massive external tank (some debris, in the form of insulating foam, caused the Columbia's loss); in-flight repair methods; and some modifications to the shuttle orbiter itself.
Yet even if these concerns had been addressed, Griffin's point is that flying in space will never be without risk. Milton Russell, an expert in risk analysis and an emeritus professor at the University of Tennessee, puts it well: technology will never be failure free, human performance will never be perfect, institutions can fail.
Nor should space flight be risk free, even if it were possible. Who ever drives a car having taken every safety precaution, from a buckled seat belt to properly inflated tires? Who flies to Europe with a guarantee that jetliners never crash? Risk is acceptable to millions of auto and aviation passengers. Is shuttle risk acceptable to the astronauts? According to Griffin, the Discovery crew itself was "quite satisfied with where we are. They're ready to go -- really ready to go -- and think that we have met the burden." Relying on his crew to give a "go"/ "no go" decision is appropriate -- after all, who better than the astronauts themselves to have every incentive to want to fly reasonably safely. They have given their informed consent.
Flying without checking all the safety boxes and the unprecedented public reminder that flying is risky are even more appropriate because the shuttle is to be retired by 2010. Under the president's new vision for human space exploration, a new spacecraft will be developed to take humans to the Moon and to Mars. Testing out the new system will be fraught with unknowns. Publicly acknowledging that flight risk is here to stay is the right step.
Molly K. Macauley is a Senior Fellow at Resources for the Future, an independent energy and environmental research organization in Washington, D.C.
RFF is home to a diverse community of scholars dedicated to improving environmental policy and natural resource management through social science research. Resources for the Future provides objective and independent analysis and encourages scholars to express their individual opinions, which may differ from those of other RFF scholars, officers, and directors.
|
<urn:uuid:abaa4af5-0074-4ed4-9263-edbfa72a77b6>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"url": "http://www.rff.org/blog/2005/flying-face-uncertainty",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186895.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00206-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9447622299194336,
"token_count": 730,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Carnegie Mellon University computer scientists have developed an interactive, online game featuring a little fish named Phil that can teach people how to better recognize and avoid email "phishing" and other Internet scams.
In testing at the Carnegie Mellon Usable Privacy and Security (CUPS) Laboratory, people who spent 15 minutes playing the Anti-Phishing Phil game were better able to identify fraudulent Web sites than people who spent the same amount of time reading anti-phishing tutorials or other online training materials.
Now, the CUPS Lab wants to see how Anti-Phishing Phil performs when he swims in a bigger, more diverse pond. As part of a field test, researchers ask people to visit the online game * and click on the "Play the game!" link. Participants will be asked to take a short quiz, play the game and then take another quiz.
Those who leave their email address and participate in a follow-up quiz a week later will be eligible for a raffle prize of a $100 Amazon.com gift card.
Phishing attacks attempt to trick people into revealing personal information or bank or credit card account information. Often, they involve emails that appear to be from a legitimate business, such as a bank, and direct recipients to visit a Web site that likewise appears to belong to that business. There they are asked to "verify" account information. In addition to spoof emails and counterfeit Web sites, some attacks even mimic parts of a user's own Web browser.
"We believe education is essential if people are to avoid being ripped off by these phishing attacks and similar online scams," said Lorrie Cranor, associate research professor in the School of Computer Science's Institute for Software Research and director of the CUPS Lab. "Unlike viruses or spyware, phishing attacks don't exploit weaknesses in a computer's hardware or software, but take advantage of the way people use their computers and their often-limited knowledge of the way computers work."
Security experts disagree about whether user education is effective in reducing vulnerability to increasingly sophisticated phishing attacks. But Steve Sheng, a Ph.D. student in Carnegie Mellon's Engineering and Public Policy Department and lead developer of Anti-Phishing Phil, presented results of a lab study at the Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security this past July, showing that training could improve people's ability to correctly identify legitimate and illegitimate Web sites. The game format of Anti-Phishing Phil proved particularly effective, improving the users' accuracy from 69 percent prior to training to 87 percent after playing the game.
"We designed the game to teach people how to use Web addresses, or URLs, to identify phishing Web sites," said Sheng. "That tactic can also be useful in analyzing suspicious email messages."
In addition to Cranor and Sheng, Anti-Phishing Phil developers include Carnegie Mellon faculty members Jason Hong and Alessandro Acquisti, and students Bryant Magnien and Ponnurangam Kumaraguru. CUPS has also collaborated with Portugal Telecom to develop a Portuguese version of the game called Anti-Phishing Ze.
Play the game at: http://cups.cs.cmu.edu/antiphishing_phil/
Cite This Page:
|
<urn:uuid:8d9e0b31-982c-4268-979e-b0833eb247c0>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"url": "https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070925110204.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860116878.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161516-00045-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.940454363822937,
"token_count": 657,
"score": 3.21875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Aleksandr Osipovich Gelfond, (born October 24, 1906, St. Petersburg, Russia—died November 7, 1968, Moscow), Russian mathematician who originated basic techniques in the study of transcendental numbers (numbers that cannot be expressed as the root or solution of an algebraic equation with rational coefficients). He profoundly advanced transcendental number theory and the theory of interpolation and approximation of complex variable functions.
Gelfond taught mathematics at the Moscow Technological College (1929–30) and, from 1931, at Moscow State University, at various times holding chairs of analysis, number theory, and history of mathematics.
In 1934 Gelfond proved that ab is transcendental if a is an algebraic number not equal to 0 or 1 and if b is an irrational algebraic number. This statement, now known as Gelfond’s theorem, solved the seventh of 23 famous problems that had been posed by the German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900. Gelfond’s methods were readily accepted by other mathematicians, and important new concepts in transcendental number theory were rapidly developed. Much of his work, including the construction of new classes of transcendental numbers, is found in his Transtsendentnye i algebraicheskie chisla (1952; Transcendental and Algebraic Numbers). In Ischislenie konechnykh raznostey (1952; “Calculus of Finite Differences”), he summarized his approximation and interpolation studies.
|
<urn:uuid:41a3407b-c7dc-4b68-8c1b-60a7b4369527>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"url": "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227965/Aleksandr-Osipovich-Gelfond",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768034.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00118-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9498069882392883,
"token_count": 315,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Momentum Building for Green Books
The U.S. book publishing industry consumed approximately 1.1 million tons of book paper in the year 2000. That required cutting down an estimated 25 million trees.
Figures for 2001, published in 2002 by the American Forest and Paper Association, report 914,000 tons of paper were used for U.S. book publishing. Trees required to meet demand: 19 million.
Yet the average recycled content level (by fiber weight) across printing and writing grades is only 5%. The disparity between the ecological impact of publishing versus the meager levels of recovered materials in paper is driving responsible publishers to be part of the solution, instead of the problem.
To date, 35 progressive U.S. book publishers have signed formal commitments to maximize their use of post-consumer recycled paper, and eliminate all use of paper that contains fiber from endangered forests.
Recently some 25 publishers, printers, suppliers, and manufacturers met in New York to explore how to inspire environmental innovation within the industry. The meeting was coordinated by the Green Press Initiative, a non-profit program, and was a successful first step.
Some of the participating companies included Person (parent to Penguin Patna), Weyerhaeuser, R. R. Donnelley, Oxford University Press, New Leaf Paper, Lantern Books, Lindenmeyr, the Association of American Publishers, Midland Paper, Workman Publishing, Maple Vail Book Manufacturing, Fraser Papers.
Representatives from the Markets Initiative, a Canadian non-profit environmental group, were also on hand. They spoke about how paper consumption is affecting Canadian frontier forests, and how Canadian publishers are successfully using recycled papers that are free of endangered or ancient forest fiber.
The facts are sobering. In the Canadian Boreal forest, over 65% of the trees cut are used to make paper. In the temperate rainforests of British Columbia, over 40% of trees cut are used to make paper.
|
<urn:uuid:fdcacc2c-fa0c-4619-a320-e481e089b654>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "https://www.bookbusinessmag.com/article/momentum-building-green-books-12278/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988837.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210508031423-20210508061423-00288.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9380592703819275,
"token_count": 399,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The Tangled Tree: A Radical New History of Life David Quammen Simon & Schuster (2018)
In The Tangled Tree, celebrated science writer David Quammen tells perhaps the grandest tale in biology: how scientists used gene sequencing to elucidate the evolutionary relationships between living beings. Charles Darwin called it the ‘great Tree of Life’. But as Quammen reveals, at the molecular level, life’s history is more accurately depicted as a network, a tangled web through which organisms have been exchanging genes for more than 3 billion years. This perspective is indeed radical, and he presents the science — and the scientists involved — with patience, candour and flair.
Centre stage in Quammen’s narrative is Carl Woese (1928–2012), the US microbiologist best known as the discoverer of the Archaea (Archaebacteria) — the ‘third domain’ of life. Inspired by the visionary musings of Francis Crick, Linus Pauling and Emile Zuckerkandl, Woese committed himself to molecular phylogenetics at a time when this powerful approach to the study of evolution was in its infancy. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Woese Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign developed and refined techniques for deriving sequence information from molecules of ribosomal RNA (core components of the cell’s protein-synthesizing factory, the ribosome). Sequences were painstakingly obtained from diverse microbes and used as molecular yardsticks to infer how the organisms were related to one another and to animals and plants. Through the following two decades, as molecular sequencing got easier and cheaper, Woese’s ‘three-domains’ tree — comprising archaea, bacteria and the nucleus-containing eukaryotes — served as the definitive road map for the field of comparative genomics. In many ways, it still does.
But life is complicated, and so are the scientists who study it. In his breezy, conversational style, Quammen shepherds us up and down life’s vast timeline, and across 150-plus years of exciting, often controversial discoveries. He handles the complexities with humour and clarity (he’s right: some ribosomes do look like rubber ducks). We learn about the seeds of “tree thinking” in biology, before and after Darwin’s 1859 On the Origin of Species. We learn of a time when a natural classification of microorganisms was considered impossible (they were deemed morphologically too simple, physiologically too variable). We learn how molecular sequencing helped test and eventually prove the endosymbiont hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts; these eukaryotic organelles are now known to have evolved from once free-living bacteria.
And we learn that although molecular phylogenetics provided the means with which to build a universal tree of life that includes microbes, it also provided the data that ultimately led us to question the precise nature of the tree. From the late 1990s onwards, with dozens and eventually thousands of complete genome sequences in hand, biologists began to realize that the horizontal exchange of genes between distantly related organisms is an important evolutionary force. (Quammen also reminds us that, as early as 1963, medical microbiologist Tsutomu Watanabe and colleagues provided evidence for horizontal gene transfer as a mediator of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.) Because genes have “moved sideways”, not all genes in a given genome share the same history. Current evidence suggests that this is also true for at least some macroorganisms (such as plants). The tree of life is tangled, some branches hopelessly so.
At times, this master storyteller’s book reads like a travelogue. It brims with revelations from dozens of interviews with key players in their native habitats: the late Lynn Margulis, US champion of endosymbiotic theory; former Woese Lab members George Fox, Mitchell Sogin and Linda Bonen; and the environmental-DNA-sequencing legend and three-domains defender Norman Pace. Here too are “the four horsemen” of the gene-transfer apocalypse: William Martin, Jeffrey Lawrence, Peter Gogarten and Ford Doolittle.
Some of the stories are laugh-out-loud funny. In one, Woese’s collaborator Charles Vossbrinck — an “openhearted bear of a man” — picked up a tipsy, pontificating Woese at a barbecue and threw him into the bushes. (Their friendship survived.) Other tales are shockingly intimate. Woese’s last months and weeks with pancreatic cancer, as revealed by those closest to him, make for painful, albeit illuminating reading. I was surprised, for instance, to learn that Woese believed in a deity.
The Tangled Tree traces the full arc of Woese’s life and career. We see the fiercely determined young scientist struggling to collect the data that he intuited would be important, and the brooding, combative mid-career professor fighting to have his beloved archaea and three-domains tree accepted by the scientific community. Finally, there is the jaded, curmudgeonly legend wracked by a Darwin complex. None of the accolades showered on Woese seemed to matter (he and many others clearly felt he deserved a Nobel prize, but he never got one). Around 2010, Woese and Canadian science historian Jan Sapp began to collaborate on a book tentatively entitled Beyond God and Darwin. The project never moved beyond Sapp’s draft introduction, on which Woese wrote: “Jan, you accord Darwin so much more substance than the bastard deserves.”
Above all, Quammen reminds us that science is an imperfect, highly social activity. It happens in labs — but also in hallways and airports, over pizza or coffee. And as with any other human endeavour, egos and reputations play a huge part. Friendships are forged, broken and mended over perceived or actual slights in the literature or at conferences. The actual data matter less often than we would like to admit.
To what extent is the tree metaphor still ‘useful’? On this thorny question, Quammen is clear: among practising scientists, opinions differ greatly. Horizontal gene transfer is here to stay — it’s now a question of how, how much, how important and between which organisms. And it is here that our twenty-first-century science connects back to the centuries-old struggle to classify and make sense of the world around us. At root, science and philosophy are interwoven in ways that many of us fail to realize, a fact to which Quammen is wisely alert.
Nature 560, 26-27 (2018)
|
<urn:uuid:ae8adc1d-b297-4473-968f-522abe7be2f3>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05827-1?error=cookies_not_supported&code=0ae2aa02-bf5d-4482-85be-5fad89254dca",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746205.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181122101520-20181122123520-00100.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9404983520507812,
"token_count": 1425,
"score": 2.703125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Mum's nutrition may not affect baby's size
Concern over the impact of maternal nutrition on the health of an infant has been premature, say researchers in this week's British Medical Journal.
Fiona Mathews and colleagues from the University of Oxford report that maternal nutrition, at least in industrialised populations, seems to have only a small effect on placental and birth weights of babies.
In their study of 693 first time mothers in the south of England, Mathews and colleagues found that in early pregnancy Vitamin C was the only nutrient which affected placental and birth weight, but the authors cast doubt over whether this relation has any clinical significance.
They conclude that among relatively well nourished women in industrialised countries, maternal nutrition seems to have only a marginal impact on infant and placental size and therefore other causes of variation in the size of new-born babies should be investigated.
|
<urn:uuid:dff444e7-0383-4984-bc9b-94a210b8ae51>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"url": "http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/1999/08/10/42767.htm?site=science&topic=latest",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447563403.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185923-00072-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9518439769744873,
"token_count": 180,
"score": 2.59375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Gallucci's Commentary on Dürer’s 'Four Books on Human Proportion': Renaissance Proportion Theory
In 1591, Giovanni Paolo Gallucci published his Della simmetria dei corpi humani, an Italian translation of Albrecht Dürer’s Four Books on Human Proportion. While Dürer’s treatise had been translated earlier in the sixteenth-century into French and Latin, it was Gallucci’s Italian translation that endured in popularity as the most cited version of the text in later Baroque treatises, covering topics that were seen as central to arts education, connoisseurship, patronage, and the wider appreciation of the studia humanitatis in general.
The text centres on the relationships between beauty and proportion, macrocosm and microcosm: relationships that were not only essential to the visual arts in the early modern era, but that cut across a range of disciplines – music, physiognomics and humoral readings, astronomy, astrology and cosmology, theology and philosophy, even mnemonics and poetry. In his version of the text, Gallucci expanded the educational potential of the treatise by adding a Preface, a Life of Dürer, and a Fifth Book providing a philosophical framework within which to interpret Dürer’s previous sections.
This translation is the first to make these original contributions by Gallucci accessible to an English-speaking audience. Gallucci’s contributions illuminate the significance of symmetry and proportion in the contemporary education of the early modern era, informing our understanding of the intellectual history of this period, and the development of art theory and criticism. This is a valuable resource to early modern scholars and students alike, especially those specialising in history of art, philosophy, history of science, and poetry.
Hutson, James, "Gallucci's Commentary on Dürer’s 'Four Books on Human Proportion': Renaissance Proportion Theory" (2020). Faculty Scholarship. 297.
|
<urn:uuid:3c8d30b5-9d20-4c58-a39a-e0adf4b5bec6>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://digitalcommons.lindenwood.edu/faculty-research-papers/297/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335444.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930051717-20220930081717-00526.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9043616056442261,
"token_count": 478,
"score": 2.96875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Plasma is a state of matter that is often thought of as a subset of gases, but the two states behave very differently. Like gases, plasmas have no fixed shape or volume, and are less dense than solids or liquids. But unlike ordinary gases, plasmas are made up of atoms in which some or all of the electrons have been stripped away and positively charged nuclei, called ions, roam freely.
"A gas is made of neutral molecules and atoms," said Xuedong Hu, a professor of physics at the University at Buffalo. That is, the number of negatively charged electrons equals the number of positively charged protons.
"Plasma is a charged gas, with strong Coulomb [or electrostatic] interactions," Hu told Live Science. Atoms or molecules can acquire a positive or negative electrical charge when they gain or lose electrons. This process is called ionization. Plasma makes up the sun and stars, and it is the most common state of matter in the universe as a whole.
(Blood plasma, by the way, is something completely different. It is the liquid portion of blood. It is 92 percent water and constitutes 55 percent of blood volume, according to the American Red Cross.)
A typical gas, such as nitrogen or hydrogen sulfide, is made of molecules that have a net charge of zero, giving the gas volume as a whole a net charge of zero. Plasmas, being made of charged particles, may have a net charge of zero over their whole volume but not at the level of individual particles. That means the electrostatic forces between the particles in the plasma become significant, as well as the effect of magnetic fields.
Being made of charged particles, plasmas can do things gases cannot, like conduct electricity. And since moving charges make magnetic fields, plasmas also can have them.
In an ordinary gas, all the particles will behave roughly the same way. So if you have gas in a container and let it cool to room temperature, all the molecules inside will, on average, be moving at the same speed, and if you were to measure the speed of lots of individual particles you'd get a distribution curve with lots of them moving near the average and only a few either especially slowly or quickly. That's because in a gas the molecules, like billiard balls, hit each other and transfer energy between them.
That doesn't happen in a plasma, especially in an electric or magnetic field. A magnetic field can create a population of very fast particles, for example. Most plasmas aren't dense enough for particles to collide with one another very often, so the magnetic and electrostatic interactions become more important.
Speaking of electrostatic interactions, because particles in a plasma – the electrons and ions – can interact via electricity and magnetism, they can do so at far greater distances than an ordinary gas. That in turn means waves become more important when discussing what goes on in a plasma. One such wave is called an Alfvén wave, named for Swedish physicist and Nobel laureate Hannes Alfvén. An Alfvén wave happens when the magnetic field in a plasma is disturbed, creating a wave that travels along the field lines. There's no real analogue to this in ordinary gases. It's possible that Alfvén waves are the reason the temperature of the solar corona– also a plasma – is millions of degrees, while on the surface, it is only thousands.
Another characteristic of plasmas is that they can be held in place by magnetic fields. Most fusion power research is focused on doing just that. To create the conditions for fusion, one needs very hot plasma — at millions of degrees. Since no material can contain it, scientists and engineers have turned to magnetic fields to do the job.
Plasmas in action
One place you can see plasmas in action is in a fluorescent light bulb or neon sign. In those cases a gas (neon for signs) is subjected to a high voltage, and the electrons are either separated from the atoms of the gas or pushed into higher energy levels. The gas inside the bulb becomes a conductive plasma. The excited electrons that drop back into their previous energy levels emit photons – the light we see in a neon sign or fluorescent lamp.
Plasma TVs work in the same way. A gas — usually argon, neon or xenon — is injected into a sealed gap between two glass panels. An electrical current is passed through the gas, which causes it to glow. The plasma excites red, green and blue phosphors, which combine to give off specific colors, according to eBay.
[Our sister site, TopTenReviews, also discusses how plasma TVs work.]
Another use for plasma is in plasma globes, which are full of noble gas mixes that produce the colors of the "lightning" inside them when an electric current ionizes the gas.
Another example of plasma is in the auroras that surround the poles when the sun is particularly active. The solar wind is a stream of charged particles (mostly protons), which hit Earth's magnetic field. Those particles, being charged, follow magnetic field lines and move toward the poles, where they collide with and excite atoms in the air, mostly oxygen and nitrogen. Like a neon sign, the excited oxygen and nitrogen atoms give off light.
|
<urn:uuid:12c707ba-2c2a-407e-b7a2-2bbaa7634590>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"url": "https://www.livescience.com/54652-plasma.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526337.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20190719182214-20190719204214-00195.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9434500932693481,
"token_count": 1089,
"score": 4.09375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
New Delhi, Sep 22 (IANS) From Lord Ram’s birth date to the Mahabharata war dates, an ongoing exhibition here claims to have answers to many intriguing questions historians are still trying to crack.
According to the exhibition, “Cultural Continuity from Rigveda to Robotics”, Lord Ram was born on January 10 at 12.05 hours, 5114 BC and the Mahabharata war started on 13 October, 3139 BC.
With astronomical evidence, it is stated that Hanuman met Sita at Ashok Vatika in Lanka on September 12, 5076 BC.
Contesting theories of Aryan invasion, the organisers of the exhibition said Aryans were indigenous and that the Mahabharata and Ramayana were historical texts.
“The genetic study of the world population say that indigenous civilization has been developing in India for last 10,000 years. Aryans were originals of India. Studies also showed that the genes of north Indians, Dravidians and tribals are the same,” said Saroj Bala, director of the Delhi chapter of the Institute of Scientific Research on Vedas (I-Serve).
Bala added that they have sufficient evidence to prove that Ramayana and Mahabharata were historic and not mythological texts.
“Rigveda goes back to 7,000 years back, and Ramayana references goes back to 7,000 years, whereas Mahabharata goes back to 5,000 years back,” she said.
“Ramayana and Mahabharata are the history of the period. Vedas are the composition of knowledge of subjects including astronomy, physics, chemistry, medicine, botany and more,” Bala said.
The organisers claimed that the findings were based on astronomical and scientific evidences and followed extensive research.
“It is a result of 10 years of extensive research work. The software used for astronomical references is called Planetarium Gold,” said Peeyush Sandhir, associate director, I-Serve.
Sandhir added that the references to astronomical dates in Rigveda, Ramayana and Mahabharata were corroborated by oceanographic, archaeological, geological, remote sensing and anthropological proof.
The exhibition has also displayed evidence of archaeological excavations carried out in the Indus, Saraswati and Ganga regions.
The artefacts include utensils, ornaments, weapons and infrastructure. The exhibition is on at Lalit Kala Akademi till September 23.
|
<urn:uuid:2f268253-0dd2-42fa-a4c3-06f1c391b624>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"url": "http://www.mangalorean.com/rams-birth-date-mahabharata-war-exhibition-cracks-it-all/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424296.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723082652-20170723102652-00332.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.949970006942749,
"token_count": 534,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Why Do Adenoids Swell?
Adenoids or also called Pharyngeal tonsil or nasopharyngeal tonsils a part of the Waldeyer’s ring that are found at the back of the throat behind the nose, it produces antibodies that protect a one-year-old infant from getting sick. But as a person age the adenoids shrink. Although adenoids is not vital in our body and if removed won’t cause any adverse effect, when it swells up it poses problems.
When the adenoids are infected with bacteria or virus, it swells up. The natural response of a human body to infection or injury is swelling. When adenoids are enlarged this pose as a problem, the swelling obstructs the air from the nose, resulting to chronic mouth breathing and also sleep ing problems. Present infections caused by the adenoids swelling are difficulty in breathing and also in hearing, ear infections, runny nose, cough with phlegm, sore throat, sinus infections are recurring and painful dry eyes.
When your adenoids swell, don’t worry too much you can treat it with home remedies. By drinking 8 to 10 glasses of water, one each before and after eating helps keeping the body hydrated helping the adenoids to swell down. Honey and lemon juice or lemon juice and salt will also help in soothing the adenoids, keeping quiet may also help by doing this you can help your adenoids rest. You must absolutely stay away from acidic drinks like cola and spicy foods, it aggravates the adenoids. If the swelling does not go down it is recommended that you go to a doctor and have it check, adenoidectomy is done when adenoids is removed. Children are most affected by adenoids swelling up. If your adenoids keeps on swelling since childhood it may harm your body when you reach your adulthood, if it is not taken seriously it may cause hypertension or even heart failure.
|
<urn:uuid:3f3a37b1-f309-4452-9783-b9b47597d112>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39",
"url": "https://www.knowswhy.com/why-do-adenoids-swell/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056348.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918062845-20210918092845-00590.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9481641054153442,
"token_count": 412,
"score": 3.1875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The study could also identify a link between heart rhythm abnormalities and a variety of electrolyte levels in the patients’ blood and in the solution used during the dialysis process, allowing for the development of interventions to address this issue.
“End-stage renal disease affects over 570,000 patients in the United States and approximately 2 million patients worldwide,” says Prabir Roy-Chaudhury, MD, PhD, professor in the division of nephrology and hypertension at the UC College of Medicine and the principal investigator on the study. “While kidney transplantation is the most effective means of treatment, only 20 to 30 percent of these patients receive one; therefore, a significant proportion of patients rely on dialysis to replace kidney function.”
Hemodialysis is a technique in which a machine filters wastes out of a patient’s blood once the kidney fails.
Roy-Chaudhury, a UC Health nephrologist, who is conducting the study in close collaboration with Alexandru Costea, MD, associate professor in the division of cardiovascular diseases at UC and a UC Health electrophysiologist, says dialysis patients have high hospitalization rates, high mortality and low five-year survival rates. Additionally, large shifts in electrolytes and volume during the thrice-weekly dialysis sessions combined with underlying structural and functional cardiovascular disease increase patient risk for arrhythmias, cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death.
“In fact, sudden cardiac death occurs up to four times more frequently in end-stage kidney disease patients than in the general population,” he adds. “Little is known about the frequency of arrhythmias and how they relate to the patient’s volume and electrolyte status, dialysis session patterns or how they manifest to cause sudden cardiac death.
“In this study, we hope to characterize and estimate the occurrence of arrhythmic events in hemodialysis patients through extended cardiac monitoring using Medtronic’s Reveal device.”
This Food and Drug Administration-approved device is a battery-powered, data storage device that monitors and records a patient’s heart rate and any abnormal arrhythmic activity, day or night; it then transmits the data electronically to a secure website.
Subjects selected to participate in the study include those who are currently on hemodialysis at least three times per week or who will begin hemodialysis within two months of the reveal implant. Regardless of whether or not hemodialysis has been initiated, data from the first six months, beginning with the first dialysis session after implant, will be used.
Subjects will continue to be followed beyond the six-month data collection phase through completion of this study, which is defined as when the last subject completes six months of follow-up care.
“The data from this study could potentially treat the electrolyte abnormalities and shifts associated with hemodialysis as well as reduce the incidence of cardiac problems, including sudden cardiac death,” says Roy-Chaudhury, who adds that the study would not be possible without help from community and UC Health nephrologists.
“We are working together to combine state-of-the-art medical technology with information technology processes in order to address a critically important and unmet clinical need.”
This study is being funded by Medtronic, Inc. Roy-Chaudhury serves as a consultant for Medtronic.
Media Contact: Katie Pence, 513-558-4561 Patient Info: For more information, call 513-558-7438.
|
<urn:uuid:b40ac1a8-f515-42f4-b160-ce9bbd5b3d4f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13",
"url": "https://www.healthcanal.com/kidneys-urinary-system/38162-clinical-trial-examines-tie-between-dialysis-cardiac-arrhythmias.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912201953.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20190319093341-20190319115341-00496.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9231948256492615,
"token_count": 749,
"score": 2.8125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Emma Webb argues that creating a safe environment for leaders to explore emotion and feelings improves working relationships.
There is much written on the need for emotional intelligence in leaders. In recent years the term has become widely used and is increasingly recognised as being vital to leadership. However, there is some debate over the extent to which someone’s emotional intelligence can be measured scientifically – something that emotional intelligence models attempt to do. Perhaps the first question that needs to be asked is can the awareness of one’s emotions be classed as an ‘intelligence?’
I don’t like Mondays — the importance of attitude at work
Tight immigration laws making countries less competitive, says think tank
Three tenets of talent development
Mitigating unconscious thinking errors
And does measuring someone’s emotional intelligence pigeon-hole them? Is it better to simply explore emotions without the potential judgement that comes from measurement? Is it more effective to raise a leader’s awareness of what emotions exist so that they are more likely to notice them when they experience them and do something about the impact their emotions might have on others?
Emotional literacy is regarded as a social construction. It is different to emotional intelligence, which is more individualistic and attempts to measure awareness as if emotions were measurable in a rational way. Emotional literacy is about increasing awareness of emotions in general and using this knowledge to improve relationships through empathy with others and through managing one’s emotions. In his 1999 book Achieving Emotional Literacy, Claude Steiner describes emotional literacy as:
The ability to understand your emotions, the ability to listen to others and empathise with their emotions, and the ability to express emotions productively. To be emotionally literate is to be able to handle emotions in a way that improves your personal power and improves the quality of life around you.
For leaders to improve their personal power, or impact, they must first improve their understanding of what emotions exist. By doing so, leaders become more aware of the different emotions that they experience and better able to describe them to others. This helps to improve communication between people, resulting in more effective relationships. Steve Hein2 describes emotional literacy as “the ability to express feelings with specific feeling words, in three-word sentences.” For example, “I feel rejected.”
It sounds simple, but in reality being aware of and being able to describe emotions – especially in three words, without feeling the need to justify them – is one of the hardest things for leaders to do. Whether it’s a fear of appearing vulnerable or ‘weak’, or a fear of upsetting people, or that they just don’t recognise what is happening internally, leaders rarely talk about their emotions. So how do you resolve this?
The first step is to help leaders to understand the neuroscience of emotion. Behaviours are impacted by thinking and feelings, which are impacted by emotions. When somebody is having an emotional reaction to something, people don’t see the emotion, they see the resulting behaviour. So if leaders want to change their behaviours in order to positively impact on those around them, they need to be aware of, and in control of, their emotions. To do this, leaders need to be aware of the physiology of emotion – what is happening in the body to create an emotion. There is a lot of research to suggest that physiological reactions create emotions themselves:
Emotions are often felt in the body, and somatosensory feedback has been proposed to trigger conscious emotional experiences. Recognising what is happening in the body, and being aware of what emotion that links to, is the key to controlling emotions. For example when leaders feel their palms getting sweaty from fear they can take steps to examine and control the reaction.
Creating a safe psychological environment for this learning is essential. Exploring emotions and behaviours is not something that many people find easy. Fear of being judged, or of finding something they don’t like, can send people into ‘threat brain’ which means that the learning suffers. A safe psychological space will be free from judgement and criticism, helping leaders to be open, curious and vulnerable. And ideally it will be away from the normal workplace – somewhere where leaders can disconnect and be fully immersed in the learning.
Once leaders are aware of what’s going on physiologically they then need to explore the different emotions that exist. There are 3,000 to 4,000 words in the English language that describe feelings and emotions. But ask most people to tell you the emotions they have experienced recently and they will be unlikely to name more than 12. Increasing a leader’s emotional vocabulary means that they become more able to decipher the nuances in their feelings and become better at explaining how they are feeling to others.
The benefits of this can be huge. Research shows that putting negative feelings in words (also called affect labelling) can dramatically decrease the physiological effect that the feeling has:
Affect labelling…diminished the response of the amygdala and other limbic regions to negative emotional images.
This means that the more leaders are able to describe their feelings, the less those feelings will impact on them internally, and therefore the less their behaviour is affected. This can result in fewer conflicts in the workplace and better working relationships. Equally, if a leader has a better understanding of emotions in general they are more able to empathise with others, meaning conversations are approached with more compassion and less confrontation. And if people feel able to express how they are feeling knowing that they will be heard and understood, and not come into conflict, they will feel more secure and supported.
In conclusion, emotional literacy is less about the scientific measurement of emotional intelligence and more about exploring emotions. This means that leaders can improve their emotional awareness without fear of the judgement that can come from measurement and without being pigeon-holed. Through emotional literacy leaders are better able to recognise the nuances in their emotions and are better at describing their emotions to others. This leads to better communication, with fewer conflicts and a much more open, honest and supportive workplace – the foundation of a fear-free and productive organisation. So if we need leaders to lead behavioural and cultural change, helping them to develop their own emotional literacy is the place to start.
About the author
Emma Webb is marketing leader at people development consultants Farscape Development, she can be contacted at [email protected] or on 0117 370 1800.
|
<urn:uuid:e21d1ca0-83aa-4420-bfd4-201ece1a3ff5>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14",
"url": "https://www.trainingjournal.com/2015/uncategorised/why-emotional-literacy-key-great-leadership/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296944452.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322211955-20230323001955-00761.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9631831645965576,
"token_count": 1332,
"score": 3.0625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A Sweet Lesson In Humanity
Years ago, a 10-year-old boy approached the counter of a soda shop and climbed on to a stool. “What does an ice cream sundae cost?” he asked the waitress. “Fifty cents,” she answered. The youngster reached deep in his pockets and pulled out an assortment of change, counting it carefully as the waitress grew impatient. She had “bigger” customers to wait on. “Well, how much would just plain ice cream be?” the boy asked. The waitress responded with noticeable irritation in her voice, “Thirty-five cents.” Again, the boy slowly counted his money. “May I have some plain ice cream in a dish then, please?” He gave the waitress the correct amount, and she brought him the ice cream. Later, the waitress returned to clear the boy’s dish and when she picked it up, she felt a lump in her throat. There on the counter the boy had left two nickels and five pennies. She realized that he had had enough money for the sundae, but sacrificed it so that he could leave her a tip.
The moral: Before passing judgment, first treat others with courtesy, dignity, and respect.
Read The Full Newsletter
|
<urn:uuid:5cd99374-ad11-418d-b575-5482ce359883>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23",
"url": "https://www.thinksales101.com/december-2016-newsletter/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649343.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603201228-20230603231228-00329.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9848118424415588,
"token_count": 272,
"score": 2.625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
This post is written for people who investigating their child’s school experience, as part of Journey 1: First Steps to Help Your Child. Journey 1 outlines steps for parents to follow so that they can learn about their child’s learning challenges, learning and personality profile, and what’s happening at school.
If you’re on this website, chances are that your child’s teacher has given you some sort of feedback indicating that your child is having trouble learning. This includes markups on pages and calls home. In addition, your child may be having problems with homework.
This post talks about what type of information you want to learn from your child’s teacher. It also tells you some tips for communicating with teachers.
Top Tips for Making Teacher Relationships Effective
Here are some tips from experienced parents for making teacher relationships work smoothly.
- Be friendly. Don’t overshare. Stick to just a few talking points.
- Teachers have a natural guard up against emotional parents. The minute you become emotional you lose ground. Keep emotion out of the situation, no matter what happens.
- Treat this like a job. If the teacher dresses up, do the same (a little less than she does.) If she doesn’t dress up, then be more casual, but not sloppy.
- Be respectful of the teacher’s time and space. Don’t barge into her classroom. Make appointments. At the same time, keep your eyes open. Some parents admit to showing up a bit early and looking around to see how their child is doing.
- Use very few words and concepts. Give her executive summaries. What’s the most important thing to tell her? Letters should be as short as you can get them and should only talk about one or two points. She’s busy and has many other students. Conversations should touch on one or two points.
- You can’t get everything. Remember what your top priorities are with in this class and mention those things first.
- Some experienced parents always show up with a coffee. If you do this, make it low-key.
- If the teacher uses a new technique or tries something and it works, be sure to let her know. Positive feedback is always appreciated. And of course always thank her for the time and the effort she is spending with you and your child.
What Do You Want to Know?
Here are the top five things you want to know from your child’s teacher.
- Where is my child having trouble?
You want to know which academic areas are giving your child trouble, and where the biggest difficulty lies.
- What type of trouble is my child having?
You want to know specifically what troubles the teacher is seeing. If the problem is in reading, then what skills? If the problem is with organization (this is very common, then what type of organization? Organizing their binder? Organizing their thoughts? Organizing pictures or drawings?
- What works?
Are there any situations where the problems are less? What makes my child more successful?
- How does my child’s performance differ from other children’s?
Are there any other children like my child? What are you doing to help them?
- What does the teacher think is going on?
Has she seen behavior/performance like this before? If so, what worked? Can she introduce you to any parents whose children are similar?
|
<urn:uuid:c605430c-3726-4d03-ab84-a5a58e3d239c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24",
"url": "https://www.helpmychildlearn.org/2020/03/03/ask-your-childs-teacher-for-information-about-learning-problems/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413551.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531151414-20200531181414-00522.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9638360142707825,
"token_count": 724,
"score": 2.859375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
"You canker blossom!" 3 Shakespearean Insults
early 14c., from Old French multitude (12c.) and directly from Latin multitudinem (nominative multitudo) "a great number, a crowd; the crowd, the common people," from multus "many, much" (see multi-) + suffix -tudo (see -tude). Related: Multitudes.
|
<urn:uuid:49f1b668-fb12-4796-b007-8adcb1aefabb>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-18",
"url": "http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/multitude",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246647589.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045727-00018-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.707476019859314,
"token_count": 82,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Canadian artist Von Wong has created a huge plastic sculpture made from reclaimed plastic, including 168,037 straws.
The sculpture was used to raise awareness about single-use plastic pollution and the impact it’s having on the world’s oceans, with scientists predicting there will be more plastic than fish in the sea by 2050.
Von Wong (Canada) and Zero Waste Saigon (Vietnam) organised the attempt in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, on 22 January 2019 for the Largest drinking straw sculpture (supported).
The attempt was also sponsored in part by Starbucks, who installed used straw collection bins at a number of their stores in Vietnam.
Over the course of 6 months, straws were collected from Starbucks and clean-up groups organized by Zero Waste Saigon across Vietnam.
Once all the straws had been collected, washed, sorted and colour coded, it took between 20 to 50 volunteers to help create the sculpture across multiple days.
The sculpture measures 3.3 m (10 ft 9 in) tall, 8 m (36 ft 2 in) long and 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in) wide. It depicts a parting plastic sea which people can walk through, and the installation included the hashtag #strawpocalypse.
The number of straws were measured by using a luggage scale and an excel spreadsheet. Two independent witnesses were present for the count and de-count.
“The installation is meant to depict the parting of the plastic ocean in an attempt to engage and encourage individuals to say no to single-use plastics, especially straws,” explained artist Von Wong.
“They’re used for just minutes but take centuries to disappear. Hundreds of millions of straws are used every single day around the world. We wanted to intercept just a fraction of them to show how these tiny little things add up into a very big problem”.
The installation will stand for a period of approximately three months in Estella Place, Ho Chi Minh City, open for the general public to go and visit.
“Individuals can walk through these two walls of straws and hopefully get an emotional reaction to the massive volume of trash that is generated every single day in the name of convenience,” says Von Wong.
You can see more of Von Wong’s work at www.vonwong.com.
Watch the spoken word poem about the project written and performed by Steve Connell.
|
<urn:uuid:5f67f2de-438d-4b0a-a6c2-313a10a72bf4>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/2/this-amazing-sculpture-is-made-from-thousands-of-recycled-straws-561097?fbclid=IwAR1fKrItZHFwJGwdHJpyMnlQRcv3fb8yEVh_I7VWgWkPfWcGSZhSXrvXXLY",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989526.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20210514121902-20210514151902-00464.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9561581015586853,
"token_count": 509,
"score": 3.09375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
NEW YORK—It’s no secret that art instruction in public schools is hurting—not only for funding, but for applicable skills.
The problem often starts at the top. Students may have the desire to learn to draw, but their teachers are at a loss as to how to help them.
“On several occasions, art teachers who have taken a workshop with me have burst into tears, explaining that they always wanted to learn how to draw and paint at a high level, but didn’t know how to go about it,” art educator Mandy Hallenius wrote in an email.
“Others lament the lack of skill-based preparation during their undergraduate studies because their K-12 art students often want to know how to make something ‘look real,’ and they do not always have the appropriate training to help their students achieve these types of goals.”
Mandy Hallenius is a certified K–12 art teacher and a member of the board of education for the visual arts in the state of Washington.
Together with Kara Lysandra Ross, chief operating officer of Art Renewal Center, Hallenius has started the Da Vinci Initiative, an educational non-profit aiming to provide skills-based visual arts curricula to primary and secondary public schools.
They’ve started a Kickstarter campaign to raise $8,500 towards completing the teaching materials. The teaching materials include written lesson plans and video courses that educators could take for continuing education credits in their respective states.
With additional funds beyond the current target amount, Initiative founders plan to produce the complete set of lessons and promote the video course among teachers in different states. The ultimate effect would be, starting from art teachers and their students, to raise the level of visual literacy across America.
“Like teaching rhythm, tempo, and scales in music class so that a student has many tools to express themselves through music, so too is there a need for a skill-based education in the visual arts,” reads the Initiative’s website.
Lesson plans are adapted from the Ani Art Academy’s Language of Drawing and Language of Painting programs, which cover draftsmanship, color theory, paint handling skills, perspective, among other topics necessary for art mastery.
The videos are taught in conversational tone by an artist at an easel, who demonstrates the skills and talks the viewer through art theory. They are practical, and easy to follow, down to hints and tricks for controlling a stick of charcoal.
Da Vinci Initiative lessons tie together the visual arts with subjects such as math, science, and literature, as appropriate for the age group.
A kindergarten lesson plan, for example, begins with mark-marking—getting the youngster comfortable with making dots, lines, zig zags, spirals, and the like. It helps him manipulate the crayon and gives him confidence with fine motor skills. Counting lessons and the alphabet are tied in to simple connect-the-dots exercises.
A sample lesson for grades 3–5 focuses on narrative in art and expressing one’s response to art. The class views a painting together, learns about its historical context, and discusses questions like, “What is going on in this picture? What do you think happened before this scene? What do you think will happen next, and why?” Students are then asked to draw what they think follows the depicted scene. A peer critique challenges students to articulate how they feel about their own and their classmates’ art.
In grades 6–8, the lessons get more technical, borrowing from traditional atelier teaching techniques, specifically Charles Bargue’s method of dissecting forms. Students learn to tackle complex shapes, such as the human foot, visually deconstructing them using geometry. They are encouraged to think about method, and the difference it makes to use a visual framework.
The curriculum for grades 9-12 expands on this idea, delving deeper into angle and line, shading, and composition.
|
<urn:uuid:4877a293-ad22-47ad-ab15-b6b4d36292e0>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "https://www.theepochtimes.com/teaching-teachers-the-basics-of-visual-arts_999652.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988796.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507150814-20210507180814-00066.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9589184522628784,
"token_count": 827,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Childrens Martial Arts Curriculum
Wing Chun International Martial Arts Children's Curriculum
The Children's training Curriculum is broken down into student phases in the same way as our adult Programmes, these define the progression of the children and help to demonstrate the knowledge and Experience that they have gained. The classes are there to build skills that are practical and realistic when applied to real life situations, however we understand that Children learn best when they are having fun and are enjoying themselves. We start with introducing the children to our Martial Arts classes in no different way than when a new child starts and first walk through the doors of the classroom, We allow them to be themselves and when they feel comfortable and have started on there journey we then start to shape them into young Martial Arts Students.
The first phase of the children cover grades, White Sash through to Red Sash and is all about Learning how to work together and the understanding of how to use there arms and legs in a controlled manor, how to respect there friends and peers in the classroom environment, Children already know how to punch and Kick so we take these movements and put them in a structured way so they can begin to learn from.
Wing Chun Kung Fu is predominantly a self defence system, a martial art to improve and develop us as people/Individuals, Unlike our Adult Programme which start straight away with the Physical elements of a confrontation this is not our belief with our Children.
Within the Children's classes we focus very much on there life skills rather than the Physical Elements (80%-20% Little Dragons / 50% - 50% Junior Warriors) and developing them as young individuals who will succeed in life, At home, At school and of course into there young adult life.
Self Defence (The Understanding of being Bullied and dealing with it) Character education (Being a great individual in life) Peer to Peer development (Working as part of a Team and helping others) These traits and many more are what we believe our children should be developing, not just how to punch and kick a pad or in a sense how to hit someone unnecessarily.
In The Children's second phase (Green/Red Sash Through to Blue Sash) we introduce the Physical Wing Chun System to them, this is held until the Second Phase due to the complexities of the System and the lack of fun that children need to learn, once we have there attention and basic ability to train in a class this is easier to now teach to them.
The third phase for the Children (Brown/Blue Sash through to Black Sash) is a progression of the Wing Chun System for them and is classed as intermediate juniors, whilst working through these programmes we are educating them on how to become senior/Advanced children working towards there Black Sash. By this stage they will have a great foundation in the Wing Chun System and for some is the stepping stone to moving into our Adult classes.
Our Children Classes are structured in the following way and we aim to include these core sections within each class;
Children Prep Zone: This is an area of the class room where the children warm them selves up and get together as a team to get organised and ready for a great class, This will be lead by either a Leadership student or the most senior student and they will run through what they had learnt in the last lesson and make sure to be fully ready and focused for the upcoming class.
- Class Opening: The Children will start in class Lines so the instructor can introduce them to what they will be doing in this weeks classes, All children will then work through our schools Student creed (Can be found on the Junior Warrior or Little Dragons page).
- Warm Up: Once all Children are organised and ready to go the instructor will run through a class warm up, this will vary each week so the children learn different ways to get themselves ready for exercise, Breathing and Stretching exercises will also be included.
- Drills For Skills: This is where the children work on Specific parts of there curriculum drilling the movements from there last class as well as understanding how the Word of the Week accompanies these drills.
- Mat Chat: The children will in some format discuss and demonstrate the Life skills, Word of the Week, Leadership traits and much more in this element of the class, how there Martial Arts training should be developed and implemented into there Home Life, School Life and Kung Fu Classes.
- Main Curriculum: This element of the class is where the main body of material is taught, this will be from the Phase Curriculum that can be found on the Junior warrior page or the Little Dragon Page, This material will be used in the next class Drills for Skills element so to see constant improvement.
- Weapons Training (Black Belt Classes only): This section of the class is where children who are on the Black Belt course work through the material required with there Weapons Training.
CHILDREN COURSES AND GRADING CURRICULUM
PLEASE NOTE our grading system is NOT a test, A test is something that you fail or pass and this is not what Wing Chun is about, Our Grading system is a Mark of improvement and for the Children a VERY important part of there Martial Arts Training, Children love to demonstrate back to there parents what they have learnt and how they have improved and is also a great way for the parents to see great value in the investment of Martial Arts training. This also helps younger children/Students identify where they are placed in a Martial Arts School and feel a great sense of acheievement with the younger grade students, This achievement should not be taken away from children on there Martial Arts Journey.
Basic Course Overview (Children Love Martial Arts! so Lets call this, The Parents want to see how there children get on course)
Wing Chun International Basic Course is as it says, its a basic method for new students to try our classes and introduce them selves to Martial Arts, It gives the parents an opportunity to see how the children are when they first start and that the children are going to show commitment to there classes and training, As with all of our courses there is no pressure or obligation to carry on however we understand that Parents like to test the water first, The Basic course is for this purpose only and was never put in place to give the Children the understanding that this is what Martial Arts is about.
The classes will be slow paced and kept to a minimum with the material that is covered so not to overload the new Children with to much information, it is just enough to help the new student get started and see if setting the goal for there Black Belt is something that they wish to do, The following grading material is by no means a fixed curriculum to be stuck to, it is a guide for you only and the instructor has flexibility to change this if he/She feel its appropriate.
Grade 1 Preliminary (White Sash)
As Crazy as this may seem the White sash is awarded to every child at the end of there very first class!
The hardest step for all children is taking that first one, Martial Arts is all about motivating, inspiring, energizing and overall developing your children, The sense of Achievement that a child gains by wearing this very first belt has far greater value to them than not, it sets them there very first goal to work towards Grade 2, Yellow Sash/White Yellow Sash.
Material That they will have for this is as follows and will be reinforced with in the first 8 weeks of training:
- Enter: How to Enter the classroom and Great other students, This is the Bow in and pay respects
- Stances: These include the student Set Position, Locked Up Position.
- Children Basic Stances: The Guard Stance and Horse stance.
- Hand Movements: The Star Block Set, The Jab and The Cross.
- Body Movements: The Bob and Weave Combination.
- Leg Movements: The Front Kick and Round Kick.
Grade 1 (Yellow Sash/White Yellow Sash)
- Jab, Cross, Hook, Upper Cut and Bob Weave
- Front Kick
- Round Kick
- Side Kick
- Back Kick
- Kick Boxing Form
Grade 2 (Yellow Stripe-Red Sash/Orange Stripe/White Sash)
- Pop Up front Kicks
- Pop Up round Kicks
- Pop Up Side Kicks
- Jumping Front Kicks
- Jumping Round Kicks
- Flying Kick
Grade 3 (Red Yellow Sash/White Orange Sash)
- Footwork including Forward Step, Back Step and Side Steps
- Half Step Forwards and Half Step Backwards
- Replacement Step forward and Backwards
- The Covers Form which includes Head Covers, Picks, Body Covers and Leg Covers
- Pad work
- Pad work Following.
Grade 4 (Red Sash/Red Stripe White Sash)
Self Defence Training
- Self Defence Stance
- Vocal Identification and warnings
- Palm Strikes
- Break from Grabs 1 through to 3
- Break from Grabs 4 through to 6
- Safety Zone Awareness
Black Belt Training Course (My Children have come from another Martial Arts type or i have tried the Basic Course and I know Setting them the goal for Black Belt improves there life and gives them something to focus on Course) You Get the Idea!
Our Black Belt Training course is designed to set the Children the goal of his/Her Black Belt grade, this can be set from the start of His/Her journey and in Martial arts is the recommended method, we simply have the Basic course to allow students to try Martial Arts/Wing Chun before setting the goal of learning the complete Wing Chun System, With in the 12 student grades you will see your children develop so much as young adults and a great peer for other children, we focus on building great role models with in the community and our children on there journey to becoming a black belt are leading the way.
Grade 5 (Red Stripe Green Sash/Red Sash)
- Sui Nim Tao Sentence 1 + 2
- 3 Elbows and Knee Stikes against a pad
- Pak Sao with continuous punches/Palm Strikes
- Dan Chi Movement of Punch to form the Bong Sao
- Wing Chun Single punch/Palm Strike (Advancing step/Arrow Step)
- Basic Centre Line Theory Knowledge
Grade 6 (Green Sash/Green Stripe White Sash)
- Sui Nim Tao Sentence 3 + 4
- Lat Sao Forward and Backwards stepping/Pivoting left and right
- Garn Sao and Punch, Gum sao and Punch
- Dan Chi Movement of maintaining an outside Tarn Sao
- Wing Chun Double punch/Double Palm Strike (Advancing step/Arrow Step)
- Similtanious attack and defence explanation
Grade 7 (Green Stripe Blue Sash/Green Sash)
- Sui Nim Tao Sentence 5 + 6
- Lat Sao Changing Sides
- Wu Sao Defence with added V step Movements
- Dan Chi Movement palm strike to create the low sinking elbow (Jum sao)
- Wing Chun Triple punch/Triple Palm Strike (Meridian Stance/Flanking Steps)
- Wedge Theory Explanation
Grade 8 (Blue Sash/Blue Stripe White Sash)
- Sui Nim Tao Sentence 7 + 8
- Lat Sao bong Gerk and Yup Gerk Movements
- Flanking steps left/right with Fook sao Cover
- Dan Chi Movement to complete the Dan Chi Roll Movement
- Wing Chun Continuous punches/Continuous Palm Strike (Meridian Stance/Flanking Steps)
- Managing your distance
Grade 9 (Blue Stripe Brown Sash/Blue Sash)
- Chum Kui Form, Opening Elbow turning
- 3 Elbow and knee stikes to pads
- Double wrist grab high with use of Elbows
- Chi Sao Two arm Roll
- Punching Drill of 2 high and 2 low punches/Palms
- The theory of the Four Wing Chun Principles
Grade 10 (Brown Sash/Brown Stripe White Sash)
- Chum Kui Form, Grab and Kick
- Avoiding waist grabs and head locks
- Double wrist grab waist use of Tarn Sao and Gum Sao
- Chi Sao 3 Basic attacks from the Roll
- Punching Drill of 2 high/1 low and 2 low/1 high punches and palms
- The Theory of the 4 power principles
Grade 11 (Brown Stripe Black Sash/Brown Sash)
- Chum Kui Form, Turn with Front Kick and step
- Balance control from a sweep and basing out from a throw
- Single wrist grab use of Huen Sao and Lap Sao
- Chi Sao entry movements
- Punching Drill of 1 high/1 low/1 high and 1 high/2 low/1 high punches and palms
- The Theory of Mirroring your opponent
Grade 12 (Black Sash/Black Stripe White Sash)
- Chum Kui Form, Gum Sao with Punches
- Landing on floor correctly and getting back up
- Double Grab arm control
- Jut Jun Sequence
- Punching Drill of double vertical and horizontal punches and palms
- The theory of finding the best and quickest exit
The above criteria is only a guide for you to see what entry level material is taught and learnt however this is by no means the complete system of Wing Chun Written down on a website, for that you should invest your time watching your children in class and allowing theme to invest there time into training and attending classes.
Please also note that as an organisation we do not believe in putting pressure on any students or parents and all Parents are under no obligation to join or continue with classes for there children, we do not implement contracts or agreements, do not enforce uniform or in any way that parents should spend there hard earned money on anything other than Tuition for our Basic/Black Belt or Leadership classes, If you are however investing a child's time and effort into there Martial Arts training it is our responsibility to guide and direct our students/parents to the options that are available and what is best in our expert opinion on how to get the best out of the children's classes.
|
<urn:uuid:a4869a47-143c-42d7-ac07-f844d7cd0bf4>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"url": "https://wciworldwide.com/childrens-martial-arts-curriculum/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648103.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180322225408-20180323005408-00419.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9269942045211792,
"token_count": 2947,
"score": 3.28125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Prince Edward Island Description
Prince Edward Island History
Prince Edward Island (PEI) is often referred to as "the birthplace of Canada" as the capital city, Charlottetown, is where the idea of creating the nation was born.
PEI history traces back 10,000 years, when ancestors of the Mi'kmaq people were believed to have arrived. These natives foraged and hunted in the area, which was connected to the mainland. Approximately 5,000 years passed before the sea levels rose, removing the land bridge and transforming the region into an island.
Upon settling on the land, the Mi'kmaq named it Epekwitk, which translates to "resting on the waves."European arrivals eventually changed its prounounciation to Abegweit.
Although Europeans did not settle permanently on the island until the 18th century, Jacques Cartier became the first European to discover the area in 1534. It was not until 1720 that the first French settlement, Port La Joie, was established on what Cartier described as "the most beautiful stretch of land imaginable."
The colony at Port La Joie was followed by the fishing port of St. Peters, which represented the main settlement over the next 20 years. During these early times, the island's population ranged from about 300 to 450 people.
In 1755, the population skyrocketed to 5,000 after the British expelled the Acadian settlers from Nova Scotia, leaving many to relocate on PEI Three years later, the British seized the Fort at Louisbourg and drove out the French settlers.
The island officially became British property in 1763, when only about 300 Acadians remained. The following year, British Captain Samuel Holland arrived to conduct a survey of PEI, and ultimately divided its land into 67 parcels.
Since Holland distributed these parcels mainly to absentee landlords, many problems arose as the population boomed and available land diminished. Land-ownership issues, like landlords refusing to sell their lands and tenants not paying inflated rental rates, plagued the island.
Although these problems persisted for years, change occurred in 1769 when the island was officially established as a British colony with its own government, separate from Nova Scotia, which previously possessed control. With this colonial status came the creation of Charlottetown as the island's capital.
Over the years, new settlers continued to arrive, and the first British census taken in 1798 reported a population of 4,372 people. In 1799, the island was given its current name of Prince Edward Island, in honor of England's Prince Edward.
CITY ATTRACTIONS & MAPS:
Trending on WorldAtlas
The Most Dangerous Cities in the World
The Largest Countries in the World
The 10 Smallest Countries In The World
The Richest Countries In The World
The Coldest Capital Cities In The World
29 Largest Armies In The World
What Animals Live In The Amazon Rainforest?
The Richest Countries In Africa
10 States With The Largest African-American Populations
|
<urn:uuid:473df4fc-9bbe-441b-abff-9d0228cb8ec4>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-51",
"url": "http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/province/peiz.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512054.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211014442-20171211034442-00622.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9508946537971497,
"token_count": 631,
"score": 3.9375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
This is how economists view the world.
It's a cyclical machine with two main parts: households and firms. Households provide labor and capital for firms, and firms provide goods and services for households. But there's something wrong here. This machine uses no fuel, and it produces no exhaust. It's a perpetual motion machine.
This is how the economy really is. It uses natural resources as fuel, and it puts waste back into the environment. Economists ignore this, and blindly demand that the cycle spin faster and faster, causing more and more depletion and pollution.
It gets worse. There's a third entity here: government. How does it fit in? Economists incorporated it into their system by having it extract from the flow of the loop - by taxing labor and capital and goods and services: income tax, corporate profit tax, capital gains tax, and sales tax. Taxes act like a brake, making it harder to get around the loop.
Economists call this braking effect "excess burden." In addition to their direct cost, these taxes impose further costs by making some economic activity uneconomical. This means reduced incentive to work, reduced incentive to invest, unemployment, and other things. Dale Jorgenson at Harvard estimates this cost at an extra 50 cents to a dollar for every dollar we pay in taxes. That makes taxes cost us nearly twice as much!
But think of what this does to the environment. If labor and capital are more expensive, we'll substitute natural resources - which aren't taxed - for the other factors of production. There was an ad in Newsweek once where a company boasted that it had cut the labor and capital costs of storing documents by putting all their documents on CD-ROM. Now it prints out documents only as it needs them - and now goes through a million sheets of paper a day!
Now think about this for a second. There's a solution which solves everything, in principle. The idea is promoted by the World Resources Institute, the Global Futures Foundation, and other economists whose minds aren't still stuck on the assumptions made in the twenties and thirties.
Rather than braking the generation of stuff that we want, and letting the resource flow that we don't want to happen freely, we can do the opposite. So remove the brakes on labor and capital and replace them with valves on consumption and waste.
There are a number of ways to do this. We could tax things like gas and garbage and timber and copper, or we could auction off the rights to extract resources or to produce waste. My favorite idea is based on the ideas of Herman Daly at the University of Maryland and Ernst von Weizsacker, who worked at the UN. The idea is to come up with a conservative estimate of the amount of stuff we can extract or throw away sustainably - that is, the rate that nature can continually bear our impact without compromising its future ability. Sell permits to consume or produce waste - but cap the number of permits at that sustainability rate. Charge enough for the permits to cover the cost of government. This is how we set income, profit, and capital gains taxes now.
Let's compare labor and capital taxes with consumption and waste permits.
I showed that our tax system is an economic burden. A permit system would actually be an economic benefit, since it more closely reflects the true cost of our resources. The world resources institute predicts that just charging 50 cents to a dollar per garbage bag would generate four and a half billion dollars for government, plus a half-billion-dollar economic benefit.
Income taxes are inherently wrong, because they take from you what you have produced for yourself. NOT charging for resources is inherently wrong, because we're giving away resources which we collectively own. The right thing to do - the fair thing to do - is to let people keep what's theirs but make people pay to make what belongs to the public their own. This way, we can pay for our government, sustain our environment, and be free from unjust taxes. It just makes more sense.
Back to home page
|
<urn:uuid:c33aaca5-6f30-4d7b-bb32-3809b46a6122>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"url": "http://dbr.csoft.net/econecol.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866917.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525004413-20180525024413-00131.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9615110158920288,
"token_count": 828,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
}
|
By Stuart Cameron, formerly Chief Engineer at Doosan Babcock
In the latter part of my career I was often asked, ‘What makes a successful engineer? And how do you educate one?’
I believe that successful engineers share certain characteristics an expert with a broad base of knowledge, a strategic thinker with an eye for detail, an innovator and a communicator.
The education of an engineer should be designed to instil and develop these skills.
To my mind, specialisation for an engineer should not come at the cost of broad understanding. In the real world, engineering challenges do not come neatly labelled “civil”, “mechanical” or “electrical”. In fact, the most innovative solutions often emerge when ideas from different disciplines collide.
A good example is a winner of the Royal Academy’s MacRobert Award – the i-LIMB Hand – a prosthetic device that looks and acts like a real human hand. It has five individually powered digits, heralding a new generation in bionics and patient care. That innovation was made possible by bringing together cutting edge mechanical and electronic engineering with ground-breaking software and state-of-the-art plastics.
Of course, it was designed by a team of engineers who each had their own specialism. Success relied on communication and co-operation between them; it required that each understand the technical language used by the others, and the basics of each field.
An engineer cannot be an expert across the board, but a great engineer is equipped with enough knowledge of each field to understand how the system operates as a whole.
There is an analogy here with physicians. We recognise that before a doctor can specialise, they must understand how the whole body – the whole system – works. In my view, that same breadth of knowledge should underpin the education of the engineer.
Of course, engineering is about far more than knowledge. An engineer’s core business is to turn theory into practice; to translate scientific progress into commercial and social value. This requires more than technical competency. It requires an ability to juggle the competing demands of a project – managing risks, controlling costs and keeping to a schedule. In other words, it requires an ability to combine high-level strategic thinking about a system with a scientific precision on specific issues.
The ability to think strategically cannot be learnt from a book; it has to be developed through practical experience. It can only be achieved through “learning by doing”: getting students to work on real engineering problems and properly consider the consequences of their approach.
In an increasing number of universities this process is guided by real-life expert practitioners, Senior engineers from industry are appointed as Visiting Professors, to enrich the undergraduate curriculum with experience of real-world engineering problems.
‘Learning by doing’ breeds another skill in engineers: the ability to innovate. Successful engineers are not only competent, they are inquisitive, interrogative and creative. These skills cannot be taught – there is no recipe for innovative thinking. But it is possible to create an environment in which innovation can grow and flourish.
We must create a learning environment in which students are encouraged to challenge received wisdoms, in which examinations reward novel solutions to old problems and in which students have no fear of making mistakes.
More and more innovation takes place in the sphere of applied engineering, rather than fundamental science. In past centuries the greatest innovations were intellectual. Today they are technological or organisational; they are in the domain of the engineer.
The next crucial engineering skill I want to discuss is very different – it is the ability to empathise and communicate. That means engineers must appreciate the social, political and even emotional context of projects and design solutions that meet those human needs.
They must also be able to explain the benefits that a project can bring in order to align diverse parties behind it.
There are few areas of Government policy, for example, that do not have an engineering dimension to delivery. An increasingly important focus is for the professional Institutions is to actively get involved in designing policy. In areas like this, engineers must be aware of the political and human implications of their advice and proposals – technical perfection is insufficient.
I believe that it is time to reconsider what constitutes the skill-set of a successful engineer.
I believe there are four crucial ingredients:
• a broad-based technical competency.
• an ability to think strategically: breaking down a challenge into component parts, understanding the commercial constraints, and managing risk effectively.
• a willingness to question and disrupt accepted norms, to bring new ideas and innovation.
• a sensitivity to the human context of every project, and a capacity to build support.
Together, these add up to create not only a successful engineer, but in fact a successful leader, whether in business, politics or academia.
An engineer who has learnt to question accepted norms, who has spent their career developing new ideas and embracing the risk of failure is a leader equipped to define a bold and radical vision.
An engineer who has learnt to understand the human context of every project, who has worked at building teams and support, inside and outside their business, is a leader equipped to align an organisation behind a common goal.
And an engineer who has learnt how to think strategically while considering the details, who has practised by making mistakes and solving problems is a leader equipped to execute solutions with control of costs and risks. In my view it is the duty of every professional, at the right point in their career, to pass on their expertise and experience to the next generation.
That is why I believe that engineers who develop these attributes, who equip themselves as leaders, have the ability and the opportunity – more than any other profession – to make an enormous impact on the world around them.
We need to foster better education and training which satisfies the aspirations of young people while delivering high calibre engineers and technicians that businesses need – need to inject real world engineering practice into the student experience and we simply must succeed in creating a more diverse profession. It is vital for the long term health of the engineering profession that we build on the enthusiasm and interest we find among students.
We also need to develop the role of professional leadership bodies – engineering by its very nature is a collaborative profession. Engineering is starting to be properly recognised for its essential contribution to society but more work is required to raise the profile further. The challenges are to improve public understanding of engineering, increase awareness of how engineering impacts on lives and increase public recognition of our most talented engineers.
The opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of IES.
|
<urn:uuid:325f444b-027c-44e3-840b-d6171074a9d2>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "https://engineers.scot/news/2021-03-31-opinion-how-do-you-educate-a-successful-engineer",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154085.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731074335-20210731104335-00223.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9627822041511536,
"token_count": 1365,
"score": 2.921875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The Bridge Program supports second grade students who require intensive, diagnostic, prescriptive reading intervention. Instruction is provided by a trained Reading & Support Specialist and progress is monitored through formal and informal reading assessments. A student’s need for the Bridge Program is established through in-house testing or psychoeducational evaluation.
A support team creates a reading plan for Bridge students, which is personalized for each individual. Reading instruction may be delivered in a small group or one-on-one setting. Orton-Gillingham is the principal program used in Bridge instruction and lessons are tailored specifically to student need.
Progress is monitored throughout the year. Following winter assessments, if a student demonstrates markers for a learning difference in reading, further testing will be recommended. Some students’ needs are met through intensive intervention, and they continue in Friends Academy third grade. Other students may be recommended for the Sally Borden third grade if they would benefit from continued intensive intervention.
This process is coordinated by Laura Velazquez, the Director of the Sally Borden Program.
|
<urn:uuid:cea56b03-1bdb-4dc3-ab2e-6a02240090be>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16",
"url": "https://friendsacademy1810.org/academics-programs/sally-borden-program/bridge-program/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370529375.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405053120-20200405083120-00340.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9391940832138062,
"token_count": 213,
"score": 2.625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
By Doug Jones and Brian McKay, MathWorks
Builders of complex equipment are driven to provide better performance while meeting tight deadlines and keeping costs down. One way to improve performance and lower costs is by improving motors and motor control systems. However, the demand for better performance and accuracy of motor control systems is growing rapidly and reaching the point where traditional design and verification methodologies are falling short. By using Model-Based Design, engineers can find errors earlier in the design process and create higher-performing motor control systems.
This article was published in Industrial Embedded Systems.
|
<urn:uuid:8de411d9-2b49-485e-b28b-e077f1806505>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"url": "http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/model-based-design-of-control-systems-simulate-and-test-before-committing-to-hardware.html?nocookie=true",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769328.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00107-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9377643465995789,
"token_count": 114,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
2 April 2020
There are ten years remaining to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. To accelerate the progress there was a World Urban Forum in Abu Dhabi about ‘Leave No One Behind’. Our colleague Murali Padmanabhan was invited to speak about the 11th SDG: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, resilient and sustainable’.
Murali shared information about the relevance and urgency of making cities accessible: Fifteen percent of the world population has a disability. More than a half of them lives in cities and towns that are not accessible. It is predicted that by 2050 nearly 6 billion people inhabit urban centres. This means that nearly 1 billion people in the cities and towns are in a challenge for accessible infrastructure.to read more about the information Murali shared or about the Forum?
Sign up for the newsletter and receive regular updates about publications, programmes and training opportunities.
|
<urn:uuid:f36b40e6-a57e-40ac-af15-a3e31c0f3013>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45",
"url": "https://lab.light-for-the-world.org/world-urban-forum-make-cities-inclusive/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107881640.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024022853-20201024052853-00233.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9432522058486938,
"token_count": 182,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Odors in Growing Media?
Tuesday, September 12, 2017 | JoAnn Peery
When you open a bag of growing medium, what smell can you expect? The aroma of a newly opened package of growing media is generally described as an earthy smell. In rare occasions during the late summer or early fall, it can be described as an ammonia or ‘litter box’ odor that can be strong and offensive. The questions then become: What is causing this odor? How do I get rid of it? Will it impact my plants?
The source of the odors are ketones, alcohols and other by-products of anaerobic microorganisms in the growing media. These microorganisms thrive in moist, warm locations with little oxygen, making the inside of growing media bags and bales an ideal growing environment. In some situations, the odor is accompanied by a very thin layer of white or yellowish mold on the moist growing media surface that was in direct contact with the plastic packaging.
Since the microorganisms causing the odor are anaerobic, they will quickly die once the package has been opened and the growing media exposed to the oxygen-rich air. Generally, the odor will dissipate within a few days or even a few hours. However, if the product is immediately used for planting, these odor causing by-products can be leached from the growing medium when watering, so the odor dissipates faster. If the thin layer of mold is present, it will also disappear when exposed to drier air. Once these microorganisms die, the odor and mold will not return.
There are no documented instances of any negative impact on plant growth caused by these anaerobic microorganisms or their by-products. It is possible with increased microbial activity in the growing medium, that these microorganisms consume some of the starter fertilizer, but this is easily replenished with one application of a balanced water soluble fertilizer. As a result, there is no known reason to be concerned about using growing media that have this ammonia odor.
These odors are more likely to occur in the late summer and early fall after the growing media has been stored outside in the warm weather for several months, which allows time for the population of anaerobic microorganisms to build up and produce the odor. Usually, this will only occur in a few bags or bales on the pallet. It also tends to be more common in growing media that contain composted or aged bark.
While the odor may be disconcerting to some, growers may rest assured that the anaerobic microorganisms in question will have no ill effects on their crops.
If you have any questions about this topic or anything pertaining to peat and growing media products, please feel free to contact your Premier Tech Horticulture’s Grower Services Representative or your Sales Representative.
PRO-MIX® is a registered trademark of Premier Horticulture Ltd.
|
<urn:uuid:33c4bdf7-20e9-4123-94b9-88535782e827>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://www.pthorticulture.com/en/training-center/odors-in-growing-media/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400219691.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924163714-20200924193714-00213.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9423938393592834,
"token_count": 594,
"score": 2.703125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
With additional editorial support from Nathan Jones, Keith Lampi, Gaylon White, Jos de Wit
Natural disasters can happen anywhere with little or no warning. When they do, they threaten community water sources and jeopardize public health by destroying vital pipelines or existing sanitation systems allowing the introduction of contaminants into the drinking water supply. One of the most immediate concerns post-disaster is providing a supply of clean, safe hydration to survivors to help prevent the occurrence and spread of waterborne diseases.
"Water is one of the first things that a victim of a natural disaster has to have to survive," says Nathan Jones, vice president of government and institutional sales at HTI. "Many of the deaths that occur from natural disasters don't happen because of the disaster itself, but what happens later—the waterborne disease that sweeps through the population."
Every few years, villages in Mudimbia, Kenya are destroyed from floodwaters.
Humans can only live for a few days without hydration. In fact, waterborne illness can be the leading cause of death in the aftermath of a disaster. According to UNICEF, 1.5 million children die of waterborne illnesses every year. One in five children worldwide die from diarrhea—that's more than AIDS, malaria and measles combined. On any given day, over 50% of the world's hospital beds are occupied by people suffering from water borne disease.
Today, more than 1 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water and the United Nations predicts that by 2025, 2/3 of the world's population will face periodic and severe water shortage.
Starting in a Corvallis, Oregon, garage in 1987, Keith Lampi, now executive vice president and chief operating officer for Hydration Technology Innovations (HTI), Robert Salter and some college friends began focusing on how forward osmosis could be used in various humanitarian and industrial applications. In 1988, Lampi and Salter founded HTI in Albany, Oregon, with the purpose of utilizing their engineering and chemistry expertise to pioneer innovative membrane technology research using forward osmosis as a foundation.
When a fire destroyed HTI's Albany facility in 2007, the disruption ironically allowed Lampi and his team a bit of space to work on some of the world's wicked water problems. From those efforts, the HydroPack was born—an emergency hydration solution created specifically for use during the critical first days after a natural disaster.
Victims of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti received HydroPacks
"Our earliest forward osmosis pouch was a two-liter bag that we had developed for the military. But it required radio frequency welding and was fairly expensive to make," says Dr. Jack Herron, director of product development at HTI. "Our desire was to create a relatively inexpensive pouch for disaster relief. The picture I had in mind was a 10-year-old child in a flood in India. What would he be attracted to and want to drink? What could he use properly without training? I knew from my days as a soccer dad that kids love juice pouches, so that was sort of the model. We also wanted to utilize a heat-seal process to keep the cost down. The HyrdroPack was the result.""We've been fortunate to have a very good relationship with Eastman Chemical over the years, says Keith Lampi. "As we were developing the HydroPack, Eastman worked closely with us to select the best polymers for membrane performance."
An early prototype being pressure tested for weld strength and membrane integrity. An HTI technician examining die-cuts of an early HydroPack model. Test cell apparatus used to measure flux rates on an early HydroPack membrane. An early 2-liter HydroPack, shown halfway through the hydration process. The original 2-liter HydroPack was hand-made, driving up production costs. This was a major motivation to develop a design more suitable to high-speed production.
"This project started off as Eastman being solely a raw materials supplier first and then became a co-development project," said Jos DeWitt, senior research associate for Eastman specializing in membrane technology. "As we got to know HTI more and understood the importance of the HydroPack for humanity in rendering aid, we got excited. We learned more about the use of our cellulose acetate in the HydroPack and began seeing how to make it more efficient and allow faster rates of re-hydration to make it fully functional for deployment in emergency situations. It's an exciting thing to be working on."
HydroPacks are powered by the seemingly magical filtration technology called Forward Osmosis. This foundational technology is only achieved through HTI's proprietary membrane that is based on a material manufactured by Eastman Chemical Co. called cellulose acetate. Eastman's cellulose esters are versatile bio-based polymers with desirable properties to make membranes—and they inherently like water. "The cellulosics technology is the heart of the membrane," says Jos de Wit. "This is actually allowing Mother Nature's forces to work for you." HTI is able to configure this material in different forms to make a very thin, flat sheet membrane that allows a rejection layer to be added to it. In simple terms, this allows the water to go through the membrane while blocking contaminants.
Hydrating Hydropacks in a ditch in Kenya.
"Forward Osmosis is a natural phenomenon that has been around forever," says Lampi. "It's how a tree draws water from the ground through the root into the leaves and the upper branches. It is how grapes are made into raisins."
The HydroPack is comprised of a membrane pouch containing an osmotic draw agent in the form of a sports drink powder. When the pouch is placed in dirty water, water diffuses across the membrane to mix with the powder. The membrane only allows water to pass, while rejecting even the harshest of contaminants. The resulting clean drink provides much needed calories and electrolytes. What starts as a 4”×6” pouch, transforms over 8–12 hours into a clean, healthy, and nutritional 12-ounce pouch drink—straw included. "It's almost like magic," says Nathan Jones. "It's as old as Earth and yet, it's not something you expect."
Above: Hydropacks in Haiti are hydrating in a pool. Below: A young child drinks nourishments from a Hydropack
In the case of the HydroPack, technology and materials have come together to create a hydration solution that requires no electricity or external power source and can utilize a wide range of water sources. It is essentially non-clogging, unlike other water filtration/purification systems, allowing very turbid water sources to be used. In fact, in independent laboratory tests, HTI filters meet or surpass U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water purifier specification for reductions in bacteria, viruses and cysts.
HTI began development on the HydroPack in 2007, and its first real-world use was during the Haiti earthquake response effort in 2010. True commercial use has really taken off since that time.
A child in Haiti drinks from a Hydropack, 2010.
Today, water is one of the first supplies to be delivered in the aftermath of a disaster, and, in bottled form, may comprise 50% of the weight of relief supplies that are usually airlifted to victims. Although bottled water is thought of to be reliable and safe, it's also costly to transport and often difficult to deliver. The HydroPack, because of its light weight, offers huge logistics savings compared to bottled water. For example, one helicopter filled with HydroPacks equals 15 helicopters of bottled water. This equates to about 7% of the lift requirement compared to bottled water.
Click for full-sized imageClick for full-sized image
"Every time that we haul water around the world for disaster response, it means that we're being 15× less efficient—and 15× more expensive—that we could be with the HydroPack answer," says Dr. Paul K. Carlton, Jr. director of office of innovation and preparedness for the Texas A&M University Health Science Center and former United States' Air Force Surgeon General. "The HydroPack, with no water and a self-contained system that literally is 1/15th of the weight and cube of moving water, becomes the most cost efficient, easiest to use system."
Floods account for more than half of global disasters, affecting more people than any other type of disaster.
In January, 2011, HTI and Eastman worked with the Kenya Water for Health Organization (KWAHO) on a disaster relief demonstration project in Budalangi, an area in western Kenya. Every few years the area is inundated with floodwaters, displacing many of the nearly 65,000 people who live there. "We are continually rebuilding our houses only for the floods to affect us again," says one resident. "We are always starting from scratch."
The project was carried out in the Budalangi village of Mudimbia. Over a 10-day period, 90 Mudimbia households with approximately 400 people participated in the pilot project consuming nearly 27,000 of the 30,000 HydroPacks donated by HTI and Eastman. The purpose of this project was to show how the HydroPack can replace bottled water in the first phase of disaster relief. Here technology and design came together to explore and address the major challenges that communities face in emergency relief situations.
In parallel with the demonstration, Modern Edge, a Portland, Oregon, design firm, conducted in-depth interviews with 11 of the 90 Mudimbia households participating in the project. The design research explored the packaging and graphics of the HydroPack and its use in a disaster-type situation. The idea was to identify little things that can make the HydroPack easy to use regardless of the culture and language of people using it. The goal was to collect baseline data on graphics, symbol and icon recognition, usage data, and HydroPack acceptance from people with minimal exposure to modern branding, packaging and communications. Little things can make a big difference, especially in the packaging of the product.
"What's exciting about working with HTI and Eastman is you've got the business, the technology and the people all brought together into one program," says Austen Angell of Modern Edge, Inc. "So we're able to leverage Eastman technology, the R+D that HTI has done, and measure it against the efficacy in the field and how much it really impacts these people's lives. As a designer, I don't think you can ask for much more of a challenge."
"Austen and his team did an incredible amount of work during those ten days. One important thing we learned was that our icon instructions were very problematic," explains Jones. "For example, a red X over a picture we used to try and say 'don't do this' was interpreted by one group as being a crucifix and was very confusing to them. As a result of Austen's work, we've ended up with simple pictorial instructions of the key steps."
Original prototype instructions for Hydropack by Modern Edge.
Concept for Modern Edge's Storyboard and After (below).Concept for Modern Edge's Storyboard and After (below).
In addition to the 11 households in Mudimbi, Angell and his team travelled to the Turkana region of Northern Kenya to conduct ethnographic research and assess the Turkana tribespeople's reaction to the HydroPack.
"We've talked with a lot of elders about how life used to be and how life is today," says Angell. "Everybody of every age agrees that it's changed dramatically and yet the gender roles and what they're responsible for hasn't changed very much at all. Little girls were responsible 50 years ago for carrying water. They're still responsible today."
HTI believes that the Kenya project and their collaboration with Eastman helped them to gain a broad awareness of the capabilities of these products for populations that are in distress. "You can have the most wonderful innovation that will save thousands of lives," says Dr. Paul K. Carlton, Jr. "But if no one uses that application, you haven't saved a single life."
To aid in the adoption of the HydroPack for disaster relief situations, Ready Set Drop has been deployed. It is a digital media campaign co-directed by Design Forum/PDX, Eastman Chemical, HTI and International Relief and Development (IRD). Ready Set Drop hopes to raise $300,000 to acquire and distribute the HydroPack as a global tool for disaster recovery. In the past, HTI has donated HydroPacks to various causes, but the goal of Ready Set Drop is to raise a pre-positioned stockpile of 1 million HydroPacks or more to provide, at no cost, to NGOs when disaster strikes. IRD, is the main implementation partner at this time, but they will also rely on local partners who may be best situated to provide timely outreach during a given emergency.
As funds accrue to purchase a pallet of HydroPacks (approximately 14,000), the pallet will be immediately transferred to IRD's warehouse in Ethiopia. "HTI will be donating the first pallet to be shipped over," says Nathan Jones. These HydroPacks can be deployed to Africa, Asia and even Europe in the event of an emergency that warrants the response. When that stockpile is sufficient, any additional HydroPacks will be stored in a region yet to be determined. Once the HydroPacks are transferred to IRD, they "own" the HydroPacks, and will decide when and where they are used. The HydroPacks are not a long term solution and are not appropriate in every situation. IRD has the experience and expertise to determine when it is best to use them.
Because the HydroPacks' purpose is to provide a safe means of hydration during the immediate aftermath of a disaster, it is critical that the stockpile be in place prior to the emergency. "This is beyond HTI's capacity to go it alone. We would quickly be out of business," says Nathan Jones. "Instead, our dream is to create a community of individuals and corporations that can support the program in small and large ways to make this a reality." This is much more than an effort to raise money. HTI is seeking logistics and implementation partners to ensure a seamless effort during the earliest phases of disaster response.
This partnership is an example of how a successful collaboration between designers and manufacturers leads to an important social cause and solution. This joint effort represents a primary interest in community well-being and a result that offers simplicity and healthy recovery in a time of confusion and disruption.
* * *
Help us get this application adopted by supporting the Ready Set Drop at www.readysetdrop.com.
Together we can help provide hydration to a world in need.
|
<urn:uuid:830590c9-4b6b-4ca8-a1ea-a9a697bcbc0a>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"url": "http://www.core77.com/posts/24531/case-study-hydropack-hydration-for-a-world-in-need-by-farrell-calabrese-24531",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122533.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00016-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9642031192779541,
"token_count": 3077,
"score": 3.375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
University of Chicago Press
In terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, organisms directly affect nutrient storage and cycling by sequestering nutrients via growth and remineralizing nutrients via excretion and egestion. Therefore, species introductions and extirpations can profoundly affect nutrient storage and remineralization rates, and present a challenge for conserving ecosystem function in fresh waters. The literature of consumer-driven nutrient dynamics is growing rapidly, but studies of consumer effects on nutrient storage and remineralization across species and among ecosystems are limited. We compared the effects of 3 grazing taxa, nonnative armored catfish in Mexican streams, native mussels in Oklahoma streams, and native tadpoles in Panamanian streams, on nutrient storage and remineralization. We examined interactions among organismal stoichiometry and biomass, nutrient storage, remineralization rates, and ecosystem size across these 3 groups following species decline (tadpoles and mussels) or introduction (armored catfish) to gain a better understanding of organism-specific effects on nutrient dynamics among freshwater ecosystems. Collectively, our results suggest that the ecosystem-level effect of consumer-driven nutrient dynamics is strongly influenced by environmental variables and is taxon specific. Major changes in biomass of stoichiometrically distinctive organisms can lead to subsequent changes in the flux and storage of elements in an ecosystem, but the overall effect of aquatic animals on nutrient dynamics also is determined by discharge and nutrient-limitation patterns in streams and rivers.
Capps, Krista A.; Atkinson, Carla L.; and Rugenski, Amanda T., "Implications of species addition and decline for nutrient dynamics in freshwaters." (2015). Publications. 31.
© 2015 Society for Freshwater Science
publisher's version of the published document
|
<urn:uuid:7fd993a8-9e37-4a0f-94a8-3710c87c7e22>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"url": "http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mitchellcenter_pubs/31/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823350.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019160040-20171019180040-00414.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8332672715187073,
"token_count": 363,
"score": 2.71875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Leslie Marmon Silko’s ancient Laguna Pueblo traditions involve oral narrative storytelling, but she writes in English and in multiple genre forms—novel, nonfiction prose, poetry, photography. Reflect on the genre choices that she has made in particular texts and how effective those choices may have been in conveying her putative meaning.
A number of Laguna Pueblo myths are interpolated within the narrative structure of Ceremony, most notably in “Hummingbird and Fly” and “[The Witchery Convention].” How do the traditional stories provide insight into the events of the novel, especially in an understanding of Tayo, the protagonist?
Comment on the importance of Mt. Taylor in Ceremony. In Laguna Pueblo, the mountain is referred to as Tse-pi-na, the Woman Who Walks in the Clouds. Does the female character who identifies herself as “Ts’eh” to Tayo bear comparison to Ts’its’tsi’nako (Thought-Woman) or to Tse-pi-na (Mt. Taylor/Woman Who Walks in the Clouds) or to both?
Should Hattie be understood as a caring and altruistic figure who seeks the betterment of Indigo in Gardens in the Dunes, or is she attempting to indoctrinate culturally a bereft young woman who has been separated from her family and tribe?
Discuss how each of the following characters has an initial understanding of a personal relationship with the land and how that understanding is altered in the course of the work: Tayo in Ceremony, Sterling in Almanac of the Dead, Edward in Gardens in the Dunes, and Leon in “The Man to Send Rain Clouds,” from Storyteller.
How do the articles in Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit (1996) and even the letters in The Delicacy and Strength of Lace (1986) provide insight into some of the critical and thematic concerns that Silko describes in her imaginative fiction?
|
<urn:uuid:28740960-e35c-4db2-95e8-74bf585a8d27>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"url": "https://www.enotes.com/topics/leslie-marmon-silko/in-depth",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00388-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9304296374320984,
"token_count": 425,
"score": 3.171875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Mangrove swamp is an easily recognized habitat along tropical and subtropical coastlines and brackish estuaries and deltas, where evergreen trees and shrubs thrive in tideland mud or sand flats inundated daily with sea water. These flats are found mostly along bays and inlets protected from heavy waves. Some coral reefs on islands can support mangal in relatively high energy environments.
The plant community of a mangrove swamp is most commonly termed mangal, a forest with a dense canopy, also known as mangrove swamp forest or, simply, mangrove. Although mangal occurs along more than two-thirds of all saltwater tropical coastlines, parallel to the shoreline, this is a very narrow, fringing forest, and, hence, less than one-tenth of one percent of the earth's surface is inhabited by mangal.
The saturated mud flat of the typical mangrove swamp is a hostile environment for typical plants, because the soil has very low levels of oxygen for roots and toxic levels of sulfides. Ocean water generally has 33 to 38 parts of salt per thousand, and evaporation of water from the mangrove mud results in much higher salt concentrations experienced by the plants. All species that inhabit the outer (ocean-facing) portion of the mangrove swamp are halophytes, i.e., plants that are adapted to saline soils, and certain mangrove species can tolerate soils more than double the salinity of ocean water. Species that are less resistant to salt damage grow on the landward edge of mangal, where high tides reach only infrequently, or along river banks (estuarine mangrove), where freshwater mingles with sea water due to tidal influences.
Mangrove swamp is often adjacent to one of several other habitats, e.g., salt flats with its herbaceous to succulent forms of plants, sandy beach strand, freshwater swamp, or terrestrial forest or scrub. The transition can be very abrupt, but more than half of the species that can be present in mangal occur in mangal and also the adjacent plant community (mangal associates).
[Return to Marine and Estuarine Wetlands]
|
<urn:uuid:a487e5a3-6f60-4786-97bb-4f24d26dc2b0>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"url": "http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/worldvegetation/marinewetlands/mangal/index.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702749808/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111229-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9489901065826416,
"token_count": 456,
"score": 4.125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Raise your hand if you could use a little extra help explaining the new Common Core State Standards Florida schools will implement in 2014?
We’ve got our hand up too.
Robert Rothman bullet points the ways Common Core will affect classrooms in this month’s Harvard Education Letter.
Here’s a few key changes:
Depth, not breadth: Rothman notes that Common Core pares down the list of topics to allow teachers to focus more on the subject. He notes that elementary math is particularly affected, putting more emphasis on arithmetic over other topics.
Ramping up difficulty: Both lesson content and testing gets more complex as students progress. Common Core also introduces new topics in each grade that build upon what students have learned previously. The curriculum is designed to emphasize how the topics are interdependent.
Speaking and listening: Common Core focuses on both aspects of literacy. The new standards might mean more emphasis on large and small group work, and following up to ensure student comprehension.
|
<urn:uuid:ebd9f533-537e-4afe-9c89-e96d9099f81c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"url": "https://stateimpact.npr.org/florida/2012/08/07/how-common-core-will-change-classroom-approaches/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468233.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00351-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9080135226249695,
"token_count": 202,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Over the last twenty years, the beaver population in Ohio has been stable and abundant. Beavers preferred in forested ponds, lakes and rivers with the highest abundance being found in the eastern and southern portions of Ohio.
Are Beavers in Cleveland?
The Cuyahoga River flows through the middle Cleveland and empties into Lake Erie. Beaver Marsh in the Cuyahoga Valley National Park provides one of the most diverse areas in the park. During the fall residents of Cleveland and Akron can find beavers building their dams.
When are Beavers a Problem?
Beavers are the largest rodent in North America. In general they are not aggressive toward people. When threatened, they can be aggressive. Before attacking, they slap the water loudly.
Beaver dams create thriving ecosystems, but nuisance beavers also cause flooding in residential areas and on public lands.
Their dams slow the flow of water, which affects surrounding soil, crop yields, city infrastructures, and even native populations of fish. Additionally, beavers are known carriers of tularemia and giardia.
What Does Beaver Dam Look Like?
Beaver Control in Cleveland
Beavers are extremely diligent workers. They stay in an area until they exhaust the available Trapping beavers is rarely the most effective means of beaver control. Whatever attracted the first group of beavers is still present and will be an attractant to other beaver colonies.
It is not feasible to exclude a beaver from an entire body of water, but there are beaver control strategies that do not involve trapping.
Removing trees and controlling water levels helps deter populations of nuisance beavers from wandering onto private properties. Homeowners who do not want to remove all trees from their land can wrap them in hardware cloth to prevent destruction.
|
<urn:uuid:5a672394-9e88-4afa-972d-305ea81542a5>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://www.trutechinc.com/cleveland-beavers/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711121.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20221206225143-20221207015143-00652.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9315696358680725,
"token_count": 366,
"score": 3.453125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Sometimes the editors at the New York Times get it right, even when they’re wrong. In a May 26 editorial they opined that Democratic attacks on Mitt Romney’s career as head of Bain Capital are fair game: “Private equity, rarely by design, has created many jobs. But the practice of leveraged buyouts, in which Bain was a big player, has also contributed significantly to the growth of the income gap, moving wealth from the middle class to the top end.”
Let’s leave odd notion of creating jobs “by design” aside. More significant is the claim they make about leveraged buyouts, a revolution in American finance during the 1980s that significantly changed corporate culture. The Times is right that this revolution renewed the wealth of the upper quintile of American workers. But they’re wrong to think that’s because financial instruments like junk bonds “moved” wealth. The story is more complicated—and more interesting.
The backstory. To remedy the economic dysfunctions brought on by the Great Depression, the economic policies of the New Deal sought to manage and coordinate private enterprise. World War II accelerated this trend. The War Production Board established in 1942 allocated raw materials and coordinated industries in order to put American economic resources toward military purposes. The state oversaw labor relations, rationed food and fuel.
When the war ended, most forms of direct government control over the economy were set aside. However, the general trend throughout the 1950s and 1960s was toward corporate consolidation. The automotive industry shrunk to the big three. AT&T ran as a government-protected monopoly. Many other large firms, though not officially monopolies, settled into relatively stable positions within their industries.
This was the era of professional management, epitomized by Robert McNamara, one of the so-called “Whiz Kids.” They took over as young executives after World War II, applying modern principles of planning and financial analysis to modern corporations. In 1960, McNamara became President of Ford Motor Company, the first from outside the Ford family.
McNamara’s ascent typified the trend. During an earlier era, the owners of capital typically ran the companies they owned. Carnegie ran his steel company. Ford his motor company. Or, as was the case with General Motors, charismatic leaders like Alfred P. Sloan dominated. In the postwar years capital ownership became more and more dependent on professional managers.
As this professional class of managers and executives settled into its role, corporate America came to revolve around their interests, the most important of which was economic security. Recessions came and went. Factory workers were laid off during bad times. But members of the managerial class never lost their jobs. That was the implicit white-collar social contract: lifetime employment with regular promotions.
The Revolution. Economists use the term “rent-seeking” to describe our efforts to find ways to extract more wealth from organizations than we contribute. The social and economic arrangements of the first three decades after World War II allowed the managerial class in America to get “rents” from the corporate system.
How they did so was legion. But it meant that the large corporate structures of our postwar economy began to accumulate a great deal of profit-making potential that was either inconvenient for the managerial class to exploit—or in some cases positively at odds with their self-interest. What CEO wants to divide his company into five pieces, none of which will have the high status (and high pay) of the big conglomerate?
The Reagan administration embarked on de-regulation, and although the range of industries was limited, it sent a larger signal: Washington will not defend the corporate status quo. Meanwhile, Michael Milken pioneered the use of junk bonds to aggregate huge new pools of capital. Financial analysts of the sort Mitt Romney oversaw at Bain Capital began to analyze the profit-making potential of companies: not as they were being run by current managers, but as they could be run if reorganized and run by somebody else.
“Reorganized” is one of those anodyne words that mask harsh realities. You don’t reorganize a well-organized operation. As the leveraged buyouts proceeded, a new class of hard-driving managers came on to the scene, often cutting layers of management. This marked the end of white-collar social contract. No more lifetime employment. No more smooth escalator rides up the ranks of management.
The result. The upper middle class world responded to the leveraged buyout revolution by upping their commitments to education and economically oriented self-discipline. The old white-collar social contract subsidized three martini lunches and all they represented. Junk bonds put an end to that culture. And the white-collar parents who suffered from that sudden and severe change in corporate culture told their kids that it’s a very tough, competitive world out there, one with no guarantees.
I’ve seen the difference this makes. As college students in the late seventies and early eighties, members of my cohort still presumed the old social contract, which unbeknownst to us was already being broken. We didn’t worry very much about majoring in something practical or lucrative. We coasted along in the decadent final years of post-sixties heedless hedonism, enjoying the youth-culture equivalents of three martini lunches.
That’s changed. In The Organization Kid, David Brooks described the hyper-focused teenagers and twenty-somethings who throw themselves into the meritocratic competition for success. They are Belmont residents, as Charles Murray calls them in his new book, Coming Apart, a very important and fundamental study of the real and deep inequalities in our society. One word best characterizes them: neo-bourgeois.
So, yes, the editors of the New York Times are right. In some small way Mitt Romney and Bain Capital contributed to income inequality in America. The leveraged buyouts of the 1980s destroyed an informal but powerful system of upper middle class subsidies, ones that allowed for habits and mentalities that lead to unproductive behavior. Once that system was dismantled—something Michael Milken deserves credit for—habits and mentalities changes. Well-to-do families and elite institutions adjusted, shaping a generation of go-getters.
But that’s not the whole story. Why hasn’t middle class America been able to keep pace with the top twenty percent? The Times consistently insinuates that the success of the top twenty percent has somehow been stolen from the rest of us (“moving wealth”). A better explanation: the policies favored by the Times that subsidize unproductive behavior, leaving most Americans disarmed in the face of a rapidly changing and harshly competitive global economy. It seems a paradox, but it’s not: guarantees of economic security have a way of transferring wealth—or at least wealth-creating virtues—away from their beneficiaries.
R.R. Reno is Editor of First Things. He is the general editor of the Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible and author of the volume on Genesis. His previous “On the Square” articles can be found here.
Become a fan of First Things on Facebook, subscribe to First Things via RSS, and follow First Things on Twitter.
|
<urn:uuid:6669a8ca-9bbb-494d-b2cd-b9648577a35f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20",
"url": "http://www.firstthings.com/print/onthesquare/2012/06/income-inequality?keepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=500&width=700",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705953421/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120553-00049-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9589360356330872,
"token_count": 1516,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
|Date(s):||July 26, 1884|
|Location(s):||NORFOLK CITY, Virginia|
|Tag(s):||African-Americans, Arts/Leisure, Race-Relations, Urban-Life/Boosterism|
|Course:||“Rise And Fall of the Slave South,” University of Virginia|
|Rating:||5 (1 votes)|
Play Ball the Norfolk crowd shouted on a mid-July afternoon, despite the rain that would eventually force the Norfolks and the Baltimore Monumentals from the baseball field. Although the fans left disappointed, they would return the following day to see the two teams square off, and this time they got their money's worth. The Norfolk Landmark would call the July 26 game one of the finest ever played here. With the score notched at 2 to 2, heading into the ninth inning, the Norfolk defense rose to the challenge, yielding no runs, and setting up the last inning heroics. Despite having the first two batters record outs, the next two players managed to reach base, putting the centerfielder, Underwood, up to the plate. After two pitches, Underwood faced an 0-2 count, and the Monumental pitcher needed only one throw to end the game. Nevertheless, someone in the crowd yelled, hit a daisy, Underwood, and this he did, sending the next pitch deep into the outfield for a home run. The Norfolks scored three runs, winning the game in dramatic fashion for the hometown faithful, 5 to 2.
The Yankee Army, during the Civil War, first brought baseball to the South by teaching Confederate troops the new game. After the war, localities throughout the South began to embrace the game, at first in the cities, then by the 1880's and 1890's nearly every town had a team. This development occurred amidst a Southern embrace, in the late nineteenth century, of all kinds of sports; southerners of every class, race, and gender eagerly embraced sports and its trappings. Though the North appeared to, at first, monopolize the best talent, Southern baseball heroes quickly emerged, none more famous than the Georgian, Ty Cobb. Some critics of baseball even worried that a fascination with with such a game, better left to children, would hurt Southern culture.
A Richmond newspaper spoke of baseball as, thoroughly democratic; leveling all ranks, and all social differences are forgotten, and sure enough, blacks and whites flocked to the game as both players and fans. In the 1880's games and grandstands were very much interracial; however, this phenomenon would quickly disappear in the 1890's. Along with other forms of discrimination sweeping the South during this decade, white teams no longer found it honorable to play black teams, leading the game to the segregation that it would finally overcome in the mid-twentieth century. The South's acceptance of baseball, the national game, very much paralleled its integration into the rest of the country; however, sports teams also gave apparently harmless expressions of Southern pride and identity, and [would] provide yet another demeaning distinction between the races.On July 26, 1884, though, few Norfolk fans second-guessed the societal implications of their game, for celebration swept the field--their team had won.
|
<urn:uuid:c28fd077-33e1-4c7a-9824-7ad28efa99c0>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"url": "http://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/3202",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804724.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118094746-20171118114746-00350.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9639389514923096,
"token_count": 679,
"score": 2.8125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
It was organized by the Cambodian Ministry of Health in collaboration with SHCH (Sihanouk Hospital Center of Hope, Cambodia) and the ITM (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Belgium), with support of the World Health Organization, the Fondation Mérieux, URC Cambodia (University Research Co.) and DMDP (Diagnostic Microbiology Development Programme). The observation of bacteria resistant to all commonly available antibiotics (e.g. the New Delhi Metallo-Beta-Lactamase 1 (NDM-1) in India) and its subsequent worldwide spread has brought to light the worldwide presence of the problem of bacterial resistance. Its rapid spread as well as the overuse of antibiotics has contributed to this resistance. Resource limited countries are particularly affected.
In Cambodia, the awareness of antibiotic resistance has grown among health workers. Indeed, recent years have seen the development of microbiology laboratories and the training of technicians and doctors in to the correct usage of these new diagnostic tools. However, in the country, few data about antimicrobial resistance are known.
The meeting had several objectives:
to compile and present current data on antibiotic resistance in the country’s different laboratories,
to deliver a training on the techniques for identification of and laboratory biosafety,
to promote exchange and interaction between different parties (politicians, doctors; biologists; technicians…),
and to organize longer term actions.
Ten microbiology laboratories from research and diagnostic settings (Takeo, Kampong Cham, Battambang, Phnom Penh…) presented their data, the results showing trends in resistance levels in Cambodia. From the compiled data, one can conclude that 30% to 50% of β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli are extended spectrum (ESBL, known for their propensity to spread in hospitals), 60% of pneumococci show reduced susceptibility to penicillin (PNSP), 20 to 40% of Staphylococcus aureus are methicillin-resistant (MRSA), and that 70% of Salmonella Typhi have a reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and are multidrug-resistant.
In view of these alarming data, the Cambodian Ministry of Health has reaffirmed the principles of correct drug usage in hospitals and has presented the nationwide infection control program and reinforcement programs of diagnostic laboratories. Resistance mechanisms were also clearly explained along with the concept of selective pressure of antibiotics on bacteria.
This workshop allowed for a real sharing of information and knowledge between all of the health workers and also determined several lines for future action, such as the creation of a network of laboratories in Cambodia, the establishment of a national plan to combat resistance and the redaction of standard treatment guidelines. Finally this workshop not only contributed to awareness and action among health authorities and professionals, but also incited to public awareness of the problem of antibiotic resistance and its thriving factors.
|
<urn:uuid:147b9a00-a8a2-4705-a477-1baea82bb3be>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06",
"url": "http://www.fondation-merieux.org/cambodia-national-workshop-on-the-containment-of-antibiotic-resistance",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122238694.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175718-00031-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9392966628074646,
"token_count": 587,
"score": 3.078125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Shin splints can stop you in your tracks in your training program. Technically known as tibial stress syndrome, shin splits cause dull, aching pain on the front side of your shins. Shin splints are inflammation of the periostium of the tibia (sheath surrounding the bone). There can be a number of reasons why shin splits are caused and I will go over a few:
1. Overuse and bad programming. This is probably the number one reason people have shin splints. Anything with “stress” in the diagnosis means you over did an activity. Your body was not prepared to handle the stress of the activity so inflammation happened. If your body is not prepared to run (usually the sport where shin splits occur), tibial stress syndrome will arise quickly. You must program your training wisely. Bad programming will definitely lead to shin splints because your body could not handle the high volume too quickly thus leading to overuse and injury.
2. Poor ankle mobility. When running your ankles need adequate range of motion. You need to be able to dorsi-flex freely (bring your foot up towards your shin). Poor ankle mobility will stress the shins each time you strike the ground during running. A simple drill for increased ankle mobility is to elevate your foot on a platform and drive your knee over your toes.
3. Overweight. When you run you put 3-4 times your bodyweight of pressure every time you strike the ground. If you weigh 180 pounds that is 540 pounds of shock each foot strike. Do the math and that is a lot of stress to your joints. If your body can’t handle the “stress”, stress happens. If you have extra weight on your frame and start running too much too soon, shin splints will happen.
4. Poor flexibility and functional movement. “Don’t run to get fit, be fit to run” is a quote by Diane Lee, a physical therapist in Canada. You must build your running mileage around a proper recovery and strength program. If you get strong, stable and flexible, you will run more efficiently and reduce your chance of shin splints or any other overuse injuries.
If you have shin splits, here are some remedies you can implement to relieve the pain:
- Drop the activity that caused shin splints until your pain subsides
- Ice massage – 5 minutes every hour (freeze a water bottle, cut the bottom 4 inches off of plastic to expose ice and massage the affected area)
- Soft tissue work with a massage stick, baseball or foam roll on your feet, calves and peronnials (side of the lower leg)
- Daily stretching
- Ankle mobility drills
- Feet and ankle strengthening – towel curl ups with your toes, calf raises, heel walks and dynamic warm-up barefoot
- Warm-up every single training session
|
<urn:uuid:11970663-d652-48e4-9418-edf7618e2cea>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"url": "http://www.trifuel.com/training/health-nutrition/the-nagging-shin-splints",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946165.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423184427-20180423204427-00208.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9313743710517883,
"token_count": 597,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
National Science Foundation (NSF)
Researchers who were supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and who used NSF-sponsored facilities made a number of advances in astronomy and space physics during FY 1995. Observations from the Very Long Baseline Array provided observational proof of the existence of a black hole in the center of the galaxy NGC 4258. Scientists using observations from the Kitt Peak National Observatory analyzed the shape and age of the Galactic Halo (an enigmatic distribution of older stars that appears key to understanding the formation of our galaxy), concluding that the formation of the Milky Way may have been the product of both the collapse of a protogalaxy and the capture and shredding of neighboring dwarf galaxies. Observations from the Cerro-Tololo Inter-American Observatory provided for an improved understanding of the origins of the Magellanic Stream (a large filament of neutral hydrogen gas from the Milky Way's radio emission that originates at the Small Magellanic Cloud, a Milky Way satellite dwarf galaxy, and extends almost one-third of the way around the sky). Researchers at the National Solar Observatory's Vacuum Tower Telescope used a new observational technique that produced special time-series images to analyze the transport of energy along the margins of hot bubbles of gas that rise as convective cells to the Sun's surface.
The enhancement of Antarctic facilities also fostered astronomy and space physics research. Wintertime astrophysical observations made by the South Pole InfraRed Explorer telescope indicated that the sky at the South Pole is much darker than at any other site previously surveyed. An additional Automatic Geophysical Observatory was deployed during FY 1995. NASA and NSF continued their joint program of long-duration ballooning in Antarctica, with payloads taking measurements to study the composition of heavy cosmic particles and the presence of high-energy gamma rays.
Upper atmospheric research supported by NSF during FY 1995 included a set of coordinated campaigns that used lidar, radar, and all-sky optical imagery to obtain signatures of "breaking" gravity waves at mesopause altitudes. A Magnetospheric Specification and Forecast Model that provides short-term forecasts of particle fluxes associated with geomagnetic activity was refined, and a campaign mounted near the magnetic equator in South America contributed critical information about the physical processes that control the onset of equatorial scintillations.
NSF also supported the April 3, 1995, launch and operation as well as a proof-of-concept GPS-Metereological (GPS-MET) experiment of the low-orbit Microlab 1 satellite, which receives signals from the constellation of GPS satellites. Initial interpretation of measurements taken by GPS-MET instruments when compared with conventional measurements indicated that temperature profiles between 5 and 40 kilometers are excellent. NSF scientists planned to make further refinements to improve the reliability of temperature measurements at other altitudes and the measurement of water vapor.
In the area of technology transfer, NSF-sponsored scientists formed a collaboration with cancer researchers to adapt astronomical computer software for use in detecting breast cancer in mammograms. Positive results from initial work on this project heightened prospects that the products of astronomical research can be adapted for other life-saving medical purposes.
Curator: Lillian Gipson|
Last Updated: September 5, 1996
For more information contact Steve Garber, NASA History Office,
|
<urn:uuid:dba41750-2d96-49f8-b03d-c78a177efa8e>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-10",
"url": "https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/presrep95/natscien.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145981.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224193815-20200224223815-00377.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9170405268669128,
"token_count": 675,
"score": 3.203125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The level sets of the cubic polynomial . When , the surface contains six affine lines. When , the surface contains 24 affine lines. For each line, one coordinate is constant, so the lines can be grouped into three sets of eight (shown in different colors) depending upon which coordinate plane the lines are parallel to.
Contributed by: Ryan Hoban (The Experimental Geometry Lab at the University of Maryland)
|
<urn:uuid:27971040-02f2-4783-a46a-0eda0c4fd06f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"url": "http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/LinesOnACubicSurface/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738095178.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222135-00118-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8597486615180969,
"token_count": 87,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Vincent of Beauvais
c.1190-1264. Medieval French encyclopedist. Born in Beauvais, he studied at the University of Paris and entered the Dominican Order about 1220. He returned to Beauvais in 1228 and between 1247 and 1259 completed his major work, Speculum Maius, an effort to collect all the knowledge of his day in a great encyclopedia. The completed work consisted of eighty books and is the most extensive encyclopedia written during the . He was a close friend of Louis IX of France and became lector in the royal court about 1240. At the request of the king he wrote also a treatise on the education of princes.
|
<urn:uuid:2da2ca78-d89f-4f6d-82d0-ea2af170ab1a>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://www.biblicaltraining.org/library/vincent-beauvais",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206329.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922161302-20200922191302-00460.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9734373092651367,
"token_count": 143,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
}
|
For their development, children need a place that offers enough room to spread out — to move, to learn, to play. When children are still small, they like to play near their parents. They may like to stack up building blocks in the kitchen or the living room. A room divider can separate Toyland from the rest of the living area.
Once the “playground” in the living room or kitchen is no longer enough, or if school is approaching, the time is right to move into their own realm. Hamburg residential psychologist Dr. Antje Flade explains: “Once school starts, a room of their own becomes more and more important. At school age, the child’s room has several functions. It is a learning station for homework and a place where children can be with peers of their own age or just by themselves, undisturbed by grownups. A school child’s room is a multifunctional space. It is a study, play and living room at the same time.”
|
<urn:uuid:b39b1426-4a34-4f8b-8f86-d2ac8443fe74>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "https://moll-funktion.com/en/kids-world/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154385.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20210802203434-20210802233434-00104.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9764938354492188,
"token_count": 212,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
“Powered Speakers”. It’s a huge topic and can become quite overwhelming when purchasing your first system. Here’s our “Ultimate Guide” to help you gain a better understanding of what to look for when buying powered speakers.
What are Powered Speakers?
Powered Speakers, also referred to as “Active Speakers”, are often confused with “Passive Speakers”. The difference is actually quite simple. Passive Speaker are powered by external power amplifiers. On the other hand, Active Speakers have their power amplifiers built-in, making it much easier to set-up and transport as there is less hassle and less equipment. The same applies to powered subwoofers.
Though a powered speaker is more convenient and generally easier to use, a passive speaker may be appropriate where you want to run larger, more complex systems which require a lot more power. In this scenario, a powered system runs the risk of overheating. A better alternative is to run a passive system, therefore keeping amps separated, preventing risk of damage.
JBL were behind some of the original powered speakers. Founded in 1946, JBL have continued as pioneers in the industry, creating the first 2-Way studio monitor in 1962.
What to Look For:
Powered speakers come in a range of sizes, the four main sizes of powered speakers are 8 inch, 10 inch, 12 inch and 15 inch. These sizes reflect the size of the “woofer” in the speaker, which is the common name for the low frequency driver. This driver produces the low frequency sounds or what you might call “bass”. Typically, the greater the size of the woofer, the greater the lower frequency response. When buying powered speakers, be sure not to confuse size with quality.
More Watts = Better?
Definitely not. This is a common misconception when buying powered speakers and is especially important to note for those who like their music loud. Loudness or Volume is measured in decibels. For every +6 decibel increase, the volume will double. So for all you loudness lovers out there, a speaker’s dB SPL measurement or Decibel Sound Pressure Level, gives a better idea of how loud the speaker can actually go.
So What’s a Watt?
A Watt is a measurement of power consumption. In terms of a speaker, after an amplifier processes sound, the output from this is measured in watts. This provides the amount of power that the amplifier consumes during this process. Generally the greater the wattage, the more powerful the amplifier and of course, the more powerful the amplifier, the louder the sound. However, in this day and age, where everything that is technology based strives to become more effective and efficient, we now find amplifier technologies are using their power consumption either very efficiently, or not. This can mean that a speaker with a low wattage rating can be incredibly loud because its amplifier is incredibly efficient, and of course, the opposite way for inefficient speakers.
RMS vs. Peak
This brings us to another argument about watts. RMS vs. Peak. Speaker manufacturers will generally give two measurements of wattage in their specifications.
Peak wattage is the maximum power an amplifier can produce in short bursts.
RMS wattage refers to the average power an amplifier can produce over a long period of time.
You can bet that the majority of speaker brands will use there Peak wattage rating as a point of sale, however, knowing the RMS wattage is just as important. Don’t assume a loud speaker is a good one. This isn’t necessarily true. You can have a loud speaker, but it could sound horrible and distorted, so be sure to keep this in mind when buying powered speakers.
Sound Quality and Efficiency
Loudness and quality are totally different things. It’s worth taking a look at a speaker’s THD or Total Harmonic Distortion. This measures how well the speaker can read your music and produce quality sound without distortion. A low figure means less distortion and a more accurate sound.
The amplifier has a lot to do with efficiency and is another key aspect to look out for.
The purpose of an amplifier is to produce an output which can handle the signal, but is also sufficiently large enough to supply requirements of the speaker. The power output is the product of the voltage and current, whereas the power input is the result of DC voltage and current.
Class A amps produce high amplification, but at the cost of the efficiency of the conversion from DC to AC.
A Class B Amp will convert more efficiently, but results in distortion of the output signal.
Class AB is a combination of the two. It combines the high efficiency of Class B and the Low Distortion of Class A.
The ultimate amp, however, is a Class D amplifier which is typically digital. Unlike previously mentioned classes, this is a switching amp. The switches are either fully on or fully off, significantly reducing the power losses in the output devices and allowing for a 90-95% efficiency rate to be possible.
So pay close attention to the class of amplifier too when purchasing a speaker.
Raw VS DSP
DSP, a shortened name for Digital Signal Processor, takes audio that has been digitised and then mathematically manipulates it. A speaker with DSP is far more precise than Raw (unprocessed) audio and will usually sound and perform better overall. An LD Dave System, for example, with DSP will prevent distortion on its own. If you turn up the volume, the system will lower the bass, so as not to distort and damage your speakers. DSP is almost like the brain of a system.
Do I Need a Subwoofer?
A live sound situation will sound more rich and vibrant with the extra bass power from a sub. Your speakers can focus on the top end and your sub on the lower frequencies. This creates a better overall performance and sound. If you’re mainly using your system for speeches, you don’t necessarily need one. If you like loud music and bass, it’s almost essential!
Buying Powered Speakers
You may not need a sub now, but you might in future. This is especially important for mobile DJs. Consider that you might be better off investing in a subwoofer now, rather than buying bigger speakers to compensate for it.
It may also be worth considering any extras you need when buying powered speakers. Speaker stands are perfect for getting your speakers off the ground and they tend to sound best at ear level anyway! Speaker covers are also a good idea for protecting your valuable equipment in transport and storage.
Best Way To Choose a Speaker
Of course, the best way to choose the right speaker for you is to hear it for yourself! If you live near a DJ City store, please come and visit us. We’d love to help you find the right system and show you a few options.
|
<urn:uuid:7ba379f8-b0ba-4229-800d-2cc5b5cc600b>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04",
"url": "https://djcity.com.au/blog/ultimate-guide-buying-powered-speakers/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703533863.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123032629-20210123062629-00546.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9450113773345947,
"token_count": 1450,
"score": 2.59375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Stock were first brought to New Zealand on sailing ships from Britain and Australia. These vessels were not large by today’s standards – some were just over 100 tons, the largest not much more than 500 tons.
Stock were transported in pens, erected on the deck and in the hold. Stock food also had to be carried, and animal waste was dumped in the sea. The seas were often rough, and the voyage from England sometimes took more than 100 days. Many animals died en route. Steam ships, introduced in the 1880s, had larger carrying capacities and were faster.
A watery grave
In 1861 and 1862 over 50,000 sheep were shipped from Australia to Canterbury. A drought in Australia had reduced sheep prices, so it was profitable to ship surplus animals to New Zealand. However, many were in poor condition and did not survive the voyage. The Lyttelton Times complained about ships’ captains throwing dead sheep into the harbour, noting that ‘the whole shore line of the bay … is at the present moment fringed with carcases of putrefying sheep washed ashore by the heavy easterly swell’. 1
Fleets of smaller coastal vessels, known as ‘mosquito fleets’, were vital for transport and communication before road and rail links were built. Often farmers relied on these boats to transport their livestock to sales (and later freezing works), or to bring stock to their farms.
Some fleets worked around harbours such as Auckland and Lyttelton, while others sailed around the coasts, braving river bars and travelling inland to river ports such as Kaiapoi and Whanganui. Others worked Cook Strait, linking the North and South islands. As road and rail developed, coastal fleets declined. However, the Cook Strait boats carried stock until 1962, when New Zealand Rail’s roll-on, roll-off ferry service began taking animals across the Strait.
In the 2000s, launches and barges transported stock, usually on trucks, from the islands of the Marlborough Sounds and the Hauraki Gulf. Toll New Zealand’s Interislander ferry service and its competitor, Strait Shipping, carried stock trucks across Cook Strait.
The export trade
Exporting livestock began in the 1860s, and is still done by ship. In the 2000s, specially designed livestock ships can carry more than 130,000 sheep or 25,000 cattle. The export of live sheep from New Zealand began again in 1985 after several years of a total ban. Trade is mainly to the Middle East, where live animals are sacrificially killed on religious occasions such as the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).
Numbers exported increased from 416,000 in 1986 to more than a million in 1988–89. After a 1990 shipment where 12% of the sheep died, a welfare code has been in place to ensure that mortality is no higher than 1%. Powerful ventilation systems, veterinarian checks and animal welfare standards are all part of the shipping process.
By 2004 shipments had decreased to only one per year.
|
<urn:uuid:6f0918ca-d787-4116-acf2-a15cca604d1d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"url": "https://admin.teara.govt.nz/mi/transport-of-animals/page-1",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573519.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190919122032-20190919144032-00211.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9820483326911926,
"token_count": 623,
"score": 3.734375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
On 11 August 2017, the world’s oldest man passed away, just a month short of his 114th birthday – making him one of the ten longest-lived men since modern record-keeping began. If you knew nothing else about him than this, you would be justified in thinking that he had led a peaceful life, spared of fear, grief and danger.
The actual truth is the opposite. The man in question was Yisrael Kristal, Holocaust survivor. Born in Poland in 1903, he survived four years in the Lodz ghetto, and was then transported to Auschwitz. In the ghetto, his two children died. In Auschwitz, his wife was killed. When Auschwitz was liberated, he was a walking skeleton weighing a mere 37 kilos. He was the only member of his family to survive.
He was raised as a religious Jew and stayed so all his life. When the war was over and his entire world destroyed, he married again, this time to another Holocaust survivor. They had children. They made aliyah to Haifa. There he began again in the confectionery business, as he had done in Poland before the war. He made sweets and chocolate. He became an innovator. If you have ever had Israeli orange peel covered in chocolate, or liqueur chocolates shaped like little bottles and covered with silver foil, you are enjoying one of the products he originated. Those who knew him said he was a man with no bitterness in his soul. He wanted people to taste sweetness.
In 2016, at the age of 113, he finally celebrated his bar mitzvah. A hundred years earlier, this had proved impossible. By then, his mother was dead and his father was fighting in the First World War. With an almost poetic sense of fittingness, Yisrael died on erev Shabbat Ekev, the parsha that includes the second paragraph of the Shema with its commands to wear tefillin and teach Torah to your children, “so that you and your children may live long in the land that the Lord swore to your ancestors.”
Yisrael Kristal faithfully did both. On his bar mitzvah he joked that he was the world’s oldest tefillin-wearer. He gathered his children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren under his tallit and said, “Here’s one person, and look how many people he brought to life. As we’re all standing here under my tallit, I’m thinking: six million people. Imagine the world they could have built.” This was an extraordinary man.
His life sheds light on one of the most tantalising verses in the Torah. Describing the death of Abraham, our parsha says that he “breathed his last and died in good old age, old and satisfied” (Gen. 25:8). His is the most serene death in the Torah. Yet consider his life, fraught as it was with trial after trial.
To pursue the call of God, he had to say goodbye to his land, his birthplace and his father’s house and travel to an unknown destination. Twice, famine forced him into exile, where his life was in danger. Promised countless children – as many as the dust of the earth and the stars of the sky – he remained childless until old age. Then God told him to send away his son by Sarah’s handmaid Hagar. And if that trial were not heartbreaking enough, God then told him to sacrifice his only son with Sarah, Isaac, the one whom God had told him would be his spiritual heir and bearer of the covenant into the future.
Seven times promised a land, when Sarah died, he owned not a single square inch of territory in which to bury her, and had to entreat the Hittites to let him buy a field and burial cave. This was a life of disappointed hopes and delayed fulfillments. What kind of man was this that the Torah can say that he died “in good old age, old and satisfied”?
I learned the answer to this question through a series of life-changing encounters with Holocaust survivors. They were among the strongest, most life-affirming people I have ever met. For years I wondered how they were able to survive at all, having seen what they saw and known what they knew. They had lived through the deepest darkness ever to have descended on a civilisation.
Eventually I realised what they had done. Almost without exception, when the war was over, they focused with single-minded intensity on the future. Strangers in a strange land, they built homes and careers, married and had children and brought new life into the world.
Often they did not talk about their experiences during the Shoah, even to their spouses, their children and their closest friends. This silence lasted, in many cases, for as long as fifty years. Only then, when the future they had built was secure, did they allow themselves to look back and bear witness to what they had suffered and seen. Some of them wrote books. Many of them went around schools, telling their story so that the Holocaust could not be denied. First they built a future. Only then did they allow themselves to remember the past.
That is what Abraham did in this week’s parsha. He had received three promises from God: children, a land, and the assurance that he would be the father, not of one nation but of many nations (Gen. 17:4-5). At the age of 137, he had one unmarried son, no land, and had fathered no nations. He uttered not a single word of complaint. It seems that he realised that God wanted him to act, not to wait for God to do the work for him.
So, when Sarah died, he bought the first plot in what would become the Holy Land, the field and cave of Machpelah. Then he instructed his servant to find a wife for Isaac, his son, so that he might live to see the first Jewish grandchildren. Lastly, in his old age, he married again and had six sons, who would eventually become progenitors of many nations. He did not, except briefly, sit and mourn the past. Instead he took the first steps toward building the future.
That, in his own way, is what Yisrael Kristal did – and that is how a survivor of Auschwitz lived to become the world’s oldest man. He too died “in good old age, old and satisfied.”
That is what the Jewish people did collectively when, a mere three years after standing eyeball-to-eyeball with the angel of death at Auschwitz, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the Jewish State in our people’s ancient homeland, the land of Israel. Had world Jewry sat passively and wept from then till now for the murdered generations of European Jewry, it would have been an understandable reaction. But it did not. It was as if the Jewish people had said collectively, in the words of King David, “I will not die but live” (Ps. 118:17), thereby giving testimony to the God of life. That is why the West’s oldest nation is still young, a world leader in life-saving medicine, disaster relief, and life-enhancing technology.
This is a transformative idea. To survive tragedy and trauma, first build the future. Only then, remember the past.
For two fascinating portraits of how encounters with the Holocaust and its survivors were transformative for young Americans, see the films Paper Clips (2004) and Freedom Writers (2007).
LIFE-CHANGING IDEA #5
To survive tragedy and trauma, first build the future. Only then, remember the past.
Maurice was a visionary philanthropist. Vivienne was a woman of the deepest humility.
Together, they were a unique partnership of dedication and grace, for whom living was giving.
|
<urn:uuid:03745a96-baea-4795-bcc5-7a1016390c3f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21",
"url": "https://www.rabbisacks.org/covenant-conversation/chayei-sarah/the-worlds-oldest-man/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662529538.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519141152-20220519171152-00353.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9896518588066101,
"token_count": 1659,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
50% Humidity & Health
Can the human chattel regarded as the Victim Class ward off colds and flu without non-consensual “cost effective” medical intervention?
Here’s one way — 50% humidity.
If the air is too dry, use a humidifier.
If the air is too wet, use a dehumidifier.
It’s a Yin Yang thing.
Don’t forget to eat some salt (sodium chloride).
Today’s test-tube boffins conveniently “forgot” yesteryear’s research.
It’s yet another example of Medical Amnesia.
According to “Humidity Kills Germs: Air-borne disease germs could be checked in schools, offices and theaters by a relative humidity of 50%, which seems to be lethal,” Science News Letter, Feb. 28, 1948 …
“The 50% relative humidity that is deadly to germs would not be uncomfortable for humans indoors. Climatologists have found that whether the air is wet, dry or humid makes very little difference in comfort so long as the temperature ranges between 50 and 68 degrees Fahrenheit. That upper temperature level and the approximately 72 degrees Fahrenheit temperature of the studies with germs are fairly close to each other and to the usual indoor temperatures. Temperatures in the fifties and nineties make a difference in the germ-killing effect of humidity.”
According to “Humidity Checks Germs: A 50 percent relative humidity reduces the infecting ability of influenza virus about four-fifths, experiments indicate,” Science News Letter, Oct. 16, 1948) wrote …
“Salt seems to play an important part in the anti-virus and anti-germ effect of humidity. At 50% humidity all the mice died when exposed to virus free of salt. This is in line with the findings of Mr. [Edward W.] Dunklin and Dr. [Theodore T.] Puck on pneumonia, staphylococcus and strep[tococcus] germs. They suggested that the humidity plays its lethal role on the germs by dehydrating them to the point where they become most vulnerable to the action of salt. In the Dunklin-Puck experiments germs sprayed from salt solution or from human saliva, which is the natural way they get into the air, were rapidly killed.”
According to comedian Steven Wright …
“For my birthday I got a humidifier and a dehumidifier. I put them in the same room and let them fight it out.”
|
<urn:uuid:ce42f5a5-ebc6-4088-8f4f-2023f7ebb8f1>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24",
"url": "https://oneradionetwork.com/atoms-blog-articles/50-humidity-health/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347417746.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601113849-20200601143849-00526.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9145889282226562,
"token_count": 544,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Your Fish Tanks
Interesting Fish Fact
- Fish can form schools containing millions of fish. They use their eyes and something called a lateral line to hold their places in the school. The lateral line is a row of pores running along the fish’s sides from head to tail. Special hairs in the pores sense changes in water pressure from the movements of other fish or predators.
Voting PollLoading ...
Tank Size – 6Lx3Dx2H FT Just over 1000 litres plus a 4ft sump which i am unsure how much it holds Fish Kept – I currently have 15x African Pond Raised Tropheus Moorii Red Rainbow Kasanga, 1X African Pond Raised Tropheus …
|
<urn:uuid:fee0cb33-a019-4b45-8ff4-526d53e445d4>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"url": "http://www.tropicalfishsite.com/tag/calvin-buyuk/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00664-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8596917390823364,
"token_count": 147,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Celia Adler won acclaim and success in the Yiddish theater world as a founding member of the Jewish Art Theater. Born to a family of Yiddish actors, Adler appeared on stage for the first time at six months and was acting by age four. In 1918, she joined Maurice Schwartz’s Yiddish Art Theater, known for melodrama and a tight schedule of as many as 35 plays per season, heavily aided by prompters. Adler and Jacob Ben Ami finally persuaded Schwartz to produce a serious play, Farvorfen Vinkel, a popular and critical hit, but when Schwartz returned to melodrama, Adler, Ben Ami, and others left to found the Jewish Art Theater in 1919. The short-lived troupe was hailed by Theatre Magazine as the high point in the development of Yiddish theater. Adler continued to perform both serious and melodramatic roles on stage and screen and even tried her hand at directing plays. After WWII, she entertained America troops with a mix of English and Yiddish songs. At age 57, she performed in A Flag is Born with Marlon Brando, a play scheduled for a month that instead ran for thirty weeks. Her last film was Naked City, in 1948.
How to cite this page
Jewish Women's Archive. "Celia Adler." (Viewed on May 25, 2019) <https://jwa.org/people/adler-celia>.
|
<urn:uuid:a78215bd-e5e7-4e53-be71-32038f81859d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"url": "https://jwa.org/people/adler-celia",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258439.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525184948-20190525210948-00160.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9636284708976746,
"token_count": 302,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
CAM (Complementary And Different Drugs)
The National Heart for Complementary and Alternative Medication (NCCAM) is the Federal Authorities’s lead company for scientific research on complementary and different medication (CAM). See also complementary drugs, conventional drugs. The panel defined alternative medication and complementary drugs as these therapeutic assets that encompass all well being systems and practices that are different from the dominant health system of a selected society or tradition.
CM (Complementary medicine) “is a term used for a wide variety of well being care practices that could be used together with commonplace medical remedy”; 6 as Stephen Barrett places it, “several years in the past a survey finished in New Zealand found that the majority most cancers sufferers who used ‘various’ therapies had been satisfied with their medical care and regarded ‘alternative’ care only as a complement”, 7 that’s, all various “drugs” is actually “complementary” to the real medication.
Acupuncture and chiropractic classes can cost significantly less than typical pain therapy remedies. Medical docs are increasingly incorporating CAM into their practices, so they need to adhere to CAM requirements along with their own medical standards.
Final, we lack information concerning the type of different therapies delivered, though there is restricted to no available proof that specific AM therapies have been shown to enhance cancer survival. In 1998, the U.S. Congress established the Nationwide Middle for Complementary and Various Medicine (NCCAM) as one of many institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Well being.
Complementary Various Medication
Alternative medicine is a time period that describes medical therapies which can be used instead of conventional (mainstream) therapies. There might be actual-life consequences when an natural supplement interacts or interferes with standard most cancers treatments and will render chemotherapy or radiation less efficient. It isn’t unusual for conventional doctors to recommend different remedy to compliment western strategies.
Get to know the terminology and therapies that drive this historic and modern self-discipline, and discover out what you will need to use to accredited various medication colleges and take your profession to the next level. CAM covers a broad range of healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies which are sometimes exterior mainstream Western medicine.
The lengthy battle between various medicine and scientific medication seems to be over with the looks of complementary medicine. Consequently, the author tries to draw the connection between a few shortcomings to the truth that America spends vastly extra on well being as a percentage of gross home product than every other nation—forty p.c more than France, the fourth-largest payer.†However what the author fails to comprehend is that of the share we are spending on well being care, only 10% or 10 cents out of each dollar is coming from prescription drugs or treatments.
|
<urn:uuid:efe71fa1-676a-4316-96cd-26416bea86a8>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50",
"url": "https://www.sandiegomemorycare.com/cam-complementary-and-different-drugs.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141198409.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129123729-20201129153729-00308.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9414961934089661,
"token_count": 591,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The whole aim of
practical politics is to keep the public alarmed (and hence
clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless
series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary.
HL Mencken (1923)
1. a list or table of
duties or customs payable on the importation or export of goods.
2. a duty on any
particular kind of goods.
Encyclopedia Dictionary (2000)
* * * * *
The new government of Warren Harding brought in
two developments which are often attributed to 'isolationism'
(although they had other causes).
The first was to
increase tariffs on foreign imports to protect American
The second was to restrict
attacks quotas, 1924
'Shut the door!
- Senator Smith argues for restriction, 1924
Immigrant quotas under the 1924 Act
Account of the Sacco-Vanzetti case
on the Red Scare
- Giles Hill on
Wilson believed in low tariffs. He
had reduced tariffs in 1913, and refused to increase them.
Demand was growing, however, for higher tariffs
(Source B). As soon as he
became President, Warren Harding passed an Emergency Tariff (May
1921) to increase duties on food
imports, and in 1922
Congress passed the Fordney-McCumber
Tariff. This had two
tariff': this linked tariffs to the
wages in the country of export. If wages in, say
Italy, were very low, then Italian goods were given a
proportionately higher tariff. This negated the
effect of lower wages in competitor countries.
Selling Price': this linked tariffs to
the price of American goods, not to the cost of production.
A German company might be able to produce, say, a certain
chemical for $60, but if the selling price in America was $80,
and the US tariff was 50%, the tariff would be $40.
This meant that foreign imports were ALWAYS more expensive than
American-produced goods, however cheaply they had been made.
The Fordney-McCumber Act established the highest
tariffs in history, with some duties up to 400% and an average
An anti-tariff American
cartoon of the time, linking the tariff to isolationism.
The French man is saying: 'But Monsieur, where does it end'.
In the long-run, the Fordney-McCumber Act damaged
the American economy, because other countries retaliated by
putting up their duties and stopping American exports.
However, for the moment, America was a huge new country, and
there was plenty of demand at home.
If ever there was
a time when Americans had anything to fear from foreign
competition, that time has passed. If we wish to have Europe
settle her debts, governmental or commercial, we must be
prepared to buy from her.
Woodrow Wilson, speaking
in March 1921
had just vetoed the Emergency Tariff Bill, just before he
handed over the Presidency to Harding.
Why Americans wanted high tariffs
Tariffs stop imports!
American business had boomed
during the war - possibly because the countries involved in the
war hadn't been able to sell goods to America - and American
businessmen wanted this to continue.
American wages were
rising, and American businessmen feared that low wages in Europe
would allow European firms to undercut them.
Thus Joseph Fordney claimed that tariffs would protect American
American isolationists wanted America to be
Overproduction was causing
a depression in farming. Farmers hoped that
protection would help keep prices up.
Fordney-McCumber Act an example of 'isolationism'?
ALL Americans were immigrant families, of course,
but until 1890 most immigrants were 'WASPs' (white Anglo-Saxon
Protestants) from the wealthier countries of Europe such as
Britain, Germany and Sweden. After 1890, more
immigrants started arriving from Eastern Europe and Asia.
Demand was growing, however, to slow down
immigration (Source F), and there followed a number of laws to
a. 1917: Immigration Law
required all immigrants to prove they could read English, banned
all immigration from Asia, and
charged an immigration fee of $8.
b. 1921: Emergency Quota Act
stated that the number of immigrants from 'the
eastern hemisphere' could not be more than 3% of the number
already in America in 1910. It
set the maximum number of immigrants in any year
1924: Reed-Johnson Act
Maximum number of immigrants in any year at
eastern hemisphere reduced to 2% of those already in
America in 1890; the South and the East of
Europe were thus only allowed to send 20,000 immigrants per
year, and non-Europeans only 4,000.
An American cartoon of 1921
At the same time measures were taken to
● The Federal Bureau of
organised naturalization proceedings,
and patriotic 'Americanization Day' rallies and Fourth of July celebrations.
The Federal Bureau of Education
courses on politics and democracy
to prepare immigrants for the 'citizenship exam'.
courts clamped down harshly on political crimes
(The case you MUST know
about is the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti - two immigrants from
Italy who were anarchists - who
in 1920 were found
guilty of armed robbery and
murder (and executed in 1927), even though
the defence produced 107 witnesses that they were elsewhere at
the time, and in 1925 the actual murderer came forward and gave
himself up ... the jury did not believe the defence witnesses
because they were all Italian immigrants).
Not all this was racism and prejudice - many
social workers saw it a a way to help immigrants out of the
terrible poverty many of them lived in.
America is God's Melting Pot,
where all the races of Europe are melting and reforming!
Germans, Frenchmen, Irishmen and Englishmen, Jews and
Russians - into the
Melting Pot with you all! God is making the
Israel Zangwill, The
Melting Pot (1908)
New arrivals should be limited to
our capacity to absorb them into the ranks of good citizenship.
America must be kept American ...
I am convinced that our present
economic and social conditions warrant a limitation of those to
be admitted. Those who do not want to be partakers of the
American spirit ought not to settle in America.
President Coolidge, Message
to Congress, 1923
As soon as they step off the decks
of their ships our problem has begun - bolshevism, red anarchy,
black-handers and kidnappers, challenging the authority and
integrity of our flag…
Thousands come here who never take
the oath to support our constitution and to become citizens of
the United Sates. They pay allegiance to some other
country while they live upon the substance of our own.
They fill places that belong to the loyal wage-earning citizens
of America… They are of no service whatever to our people.
They constitute a menace and a danger to us every day..
Senator Heflin of Alabhama, 1921
Why stop immigration [PRT]
Racism and mistrust!
after 1880, many immigrants were poor
Catholics and Jews
from eastern Europe.
This worried the WASPs; one Senator in the 1920s said that the
American pioneers were turning into 'a race of mongrels'.
Communism terrified Americans; a number of bombs
were planted in 1919-21, one by an immigrant Italian.
Immigrants were suspected of being communists and anarchists.
opposed immigration because they feared that
immigrants would work for lower wages and take their jobs.
- can you see any of these prejudices influencing the
statements in Sources D and E?
Why do you think the 1924 Act pushed the Census year back
from 1910 to 1890
|
<urn:uuid:71e8a80a-fbd3-4d85-9b6e-32e410f3e4e2>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10",
"url": "http://www.johndclare.net/America3.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999654450/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060734-00082-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9373192191123962,
"token_count": 1684,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Most organizations have turned to various forms of online and virtual training because it is cost effective, it reaches a wide audience, and it serves many generations of learners. But we can’t forget that virtual training is not simply there to take the pressure off of the classroom staff. Virtual training, in all of its forms, must be engaging, just as if the content was being delivered in a classroom.
First, self-paced online content, such as courses and tutorials, must engage learners from multiple perspectives. For visual learners, graphics should be appropriate to the content and to the target audience. Just as in development for the classroom, graphics should not be placed for the sake of taking up space or creating color; they must say something and leave the learner with retained knowledge. For kinesthetic learners, though, there needs to be some interaction in online courses, such as a “click here for more information” or activities of other types. And for audio learners, the option of hearing a voice is always a good one. The same self-paced content can also be highly experiential, using guided tutorials, technical applications, and video case studies. In addition, remember that no learner wants to see too much “stuff” coming at them at once. With this in mind, keep text to 70-90 words per frame and remember that online content should be just as manageable as classroom content. The key with engaging the learner in this type of content is to provide a balance for learning styles without going overboard.
But the world of virtual training is much larger than it was even a few years ago, with the addition of social media, webinars, and other types of online collaboration. One of the challenges facing training management is how to keep these types of interventions as engaging as possible, while also keeping them true to their purpose of effectiveness and quick delivery.
In terms of webinars or webconferencing, there are many ways to keep the content engaging. First, if you are developing content with an application like Power Point, remember that the participant will be looking at a screen and probably nothing else. Keep text to a minimum and graphics appropriate. Be sure that online instructors don’t sound as if they are reading content. In addition, use the engagement tools you’ve been given in your webinar software package. Some applications allow you to poll, meaning you can ask questions along the way and have participants respond virtually. Most web applications allow for questions from the audience and many allow you to send documents to participants. All of these components allow you to create an engaging environment even though participants may be located over a wide geography.
Social media, such as discussion threads, blogs, and online collaboration are quite different than webinars or online courses, but can still be used to engage learners. If the intervention is not live, the best thing to do is to ensure that a moderator keeps track of discussion and that he or she interjects content, further questions, and small assignments along the way. Sometimes participants do this independently, but you want to make sure that the discussion is progressing. For live collaborations, moderators still need to be present, but you can use some of the same tools from webinars, such as polling and questions, to engage participants.
Regardless of the virtual delivery method, remember that there is both art and science to creating engaging interventions for the online or virtual learner. The virtual learner is more likely to be distracted by email, phone calls, or whatever he or she can do on a smart phone. For this reason, it is absolutely necessary to be aware of the keys to engagement that we’ve already discussed, namely applicability and relevance. The second a virtual learner feels that content is not relevant and applicable to his or her job or experience, you’ve most likely lost the learner. To avoid this, ensure that content remains true to the keys to engagement at all times.
Next, we will examine how to keep learners engaged through both primary and supplemental training materials.
Copyright 2010-2017 Bryant Nielson. All Rights Reserved.
Bryant Nielson – Managing Director of CapitalWave Inc.– offers 25+ years of training and talent management helping executives, business owners, and top performing sales executives in taking the leap from the ordinary to extraordinary. Being a big believer in Technology Enabled Learning, Bryant seeks to create awareness, motivate adoption and engage organizations and people in the changing business of education. Bryant is a entrepreneur, trainer, and strategic training adviser for many organizations. Bryant’s business career has been based on his results-oriented style of empowering the individual.
Learn more about Bryant at LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/bryantnielson
|
<urn:uuid:858434d9-be26-45db-bb5b-f87a738df5b3>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05",
"url": "https://www.yourtrainingedge.com/engaging-participants-4-virtual-engagement/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304947.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126101419-20220126131419-00076.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9503732919692993,
"token_count": 974,
"score": 2.75,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Written by Hugh Jones, Professor of Astrophysics, University of Hertfordshire
Most exoplanets, bodies orbiting stars other than the sun, are too far away for us to be able to send probes to. So it’s no wonder that the discovery of a possible habitable planet around the sun’s nearest neighbour star, Proxima Centauri, a few years ago generated a lot of excitement. Now we have spotted what we think is a second planet around this star.
Our study, published in Science Advances, suggests this planet could have a mass about half that of the planet Neptune. Dubbed Proxima Centauri c (abbreviated to Proxima c), it has an orbit about 1.5 times greater than the Earth’s orbit around the sun.
The star Proxima Centauri is the smallest star in a triple system in the constellation of Centaurus. Since it is the star in closest proximity to our sun, it is usually referred to as Proxima. It wasn’t discovered until 1915 by the Scottish astronomer Robert Innes because it is too faint to see with the naked eye. Like most stars, Proxima Centauri is a cool, small object known as a “red dwarf” star. It is about eight times less massive than the sun and has about half its temperature.
The previously discovered planet Proxima b is (most likely) a rocky planet orbiting the star within its habitable zone. However, Proxima c orbits relatively far from its cool star and is therefore unlikely to be habitable. If it doesn’t have an atmosphere, it most likely has a temperature below -200°C.
Proxima b was found by analysing the star’s spectra – light broken down by wavelength to provide a “fingerprint” showing what an object is made of. Small shifts in this starlight can be used to work out tiny movements of the star in response to an orbiting planet’s gravitational pull. This is called the radial velocity technique. The first signal was weak. But further observations were made and existing ones reanalysed to verify the planet’s existence.
The history of detecting and understanding exoplanets has been driven forward by a wide variety of techniques. Exoplanets were discovered for the first time in 1992, from radio observations of a pulsar, the collapsed core of giant star.
Efforts significantly grew in 1995 after the announcement of a planet in orbit around the sun-like star 51 Pegasi using the radial velocity technique. This discovery was subsequently awarded part of the 2019 Nobel prize in Physics. There have always been concerns, however, that apparent planetary signals might be caused by stellar activity. It was not until after 2000, and the discovery of the exoplanets with a variety of techniques, that the existence of exoplanets became widely accepted.
Our detection of the new planet, Proxima c, used the same radial velocity technique as that used for the Nobel Prize-winning work, but the signal is 40 times weaker on a 400 times longer timescale. This made it a very challenging discovery. Just like our sun, Proxima has spots caused by regions of intense magnetic activity which are moving in and out of view, changing in intensity on a variety of timescales. These features need to be considered when searching for any planetary signals.
The sun’s spots, probably created by a build up of plasma, lead to magnetic field flips approximately every 11 years. For the sun this timescale is fairly consistent, but the number of sunspots remain infuriatingly difficult to predict. Unlike the sun, which has been carefully monitored for centuries, we know far less about Proxima Centauri, so it’s plausible that an activity cycle of its star could mimic a planetary signal. Further observations can, however, strengthen the evidence for its existence.
The ideal way to verify its existence would be with a direct image. However, for exoplanets this is exceedingly difficult because they are generally too close to their stars to be seen from Earth with current technology – they drown in the star’s light. But Proxima is a cool, dim star, making the contrast between star and its planets significantly easier. What’s more, the distance and orbit of Proxima c means you should be able to see them both in the sky using large telescopes on Earth.
The signal reported from Proxima c was found with the La Silla Observatory in Chile, an optical telescope with a diameter of 3.6m. The diameter of the Extremely Large Telescope, currently under construction on a nearby mountain, will be 39m and might detect Proxima c with a number of its instruments.
Can we go there?
Proxima c is an ideal planet for follow-up studies compared to other planets discovered around more distant stars. To confirm its existence and characterise its properties will require state-of-the-art technology. That said, Proxima c should provide a benchmark example for how similar or different exoplanets really are from the planets in our solar system.
Since Proxima is the closest star to our sun, one might think it would be easier to just travel there. However, at 4.2 light years, it is still immensely distant for humans. If the distance between the Earth and the sun were 1cm, Proxima is 11km away. That said, an exciting project called Breakthrough Starshot is planning to send a microchip starship to the triple-star system that includes Proxima. Such a microchip starship might be propelled by lasers and reach the system a few decades from now.
Ultimately, the discovery of multiple signals from the very closest star shows that planets are more common than stars. Proxima represents an excellent location for understanding the closest exoplanets and developing new technologies to better understand the universe we live in.
|
<urn:uuid:fe6b540e-b69d-4893-84ed-f573343ead9a>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34",
"url": "https://saeedvaladbaygi.info/how-we-spotted-a-potential-new-planet-around-the-suns-neighbouring-star/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737039.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806210649-20200807000649-00455.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9581122398376465,
"token_count": 1219,
"score": 4.0625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
One of the terms used commonly in many areas these days is “quality of life.” What does that mean? What is the definition? According to the World Health Organization: “Quality of Life” is “- an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. It is a broad ranging concept affected in a complex way by the person’s physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs and their relationship to salient features of their environment.”
When diagnosed with mesothelioma or any other serious illness, a major concern is how will the disease and treatment impact the person’s quality of life. As progress has been made in healthcare choices that were never before options are being offered to patients. Are these choices what the person wants?
Quality of life is affected by several factors when dealing with mesothelioma. The factors would include stage of the disease and treatment side effects. The average life expectancy for patients with mesothelioma range from 12 to 21 months depending on when the patient was diagnosed, type of mesothelioma, treatment option they might decide on. The scenarios are many and as individual as the patient, family and mesothelioma tumor. Many patients after receiving treatment go on to lead very active lives including travel, working and enjoying children and grandchildren. Some patients elect not to receive treatment based on their wishes and circumstances.
There are sites on the internet that imply that surgery, chemotherapy and radiation can improve your quality of life. This can be true for some people but for others is not. Often the symptoms you experience help you make the decision to opt for treatment. Often shortness of breath, pain or fatigue are catalysts for determining what treatment options are best for you.
There are many patients who opt for quality of life versus pursing all possible options for example author Randy Pausch in his book, “The Last Lecture”, describes how he had a terminal illness and was given months to live. He accepted his diagnosis and he chose how he would live his final days. His advice is to “break down the brick wall and fight for what you want” During his journey he never gave up on hope and love.
In a study presented at the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology by Dr. Benjamin Movsas, chairman of the Radiation Oncology Department at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit he presented data that showed how important quality of life indicator is for predicting survival of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. “We conducted two different statistical analysis including all the usual prognostic factors and either way, quality of life remained the strongest predictor of overall survival. What’s more, if a patient’s quality of life increased over time, we saw a corresponding increase in survival.”
How is your quality of life? Are you living the best possible life that you can? Are you happy? These questions and answers play an important role in the treatment of your disease.
|
<urn:uuid:2769ccef-52a9-4fef-8ff8-3a4fc254f922>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://www.mesotheliomaquestions.com/tag/mesothelioma-quality-of-life/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925070216-20220925100216-00059.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9667940735816956,
"token_count": 652,
"score": 2.828125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Climate Change and its Impact on Women’s Mental Health
The right to health in Argentina and to its protection are constitutionally enshrined, as implicitly acknowledged in article 33 and explicitly in article 75, section 22, of our National Constitution, which grants human rights treaties constitutional hierarchy. Accordingly, it can be inferred that in our country the right to health is protected by the Constitution as a fundamental human right beyond the distinction between public and private law as it permeates the entire legal system.
Likewise, the right of every citizen to live in a healthy environment that is suitable for human development is constitutionally acknowledged, thereby establishing the State's duty to protect "environmental health".
It must be noted that the environment - or rather the disregard for it- and climate change can have a negative impact on the general and mental health of the population, particularly that of women, who are the most affected by their adverse effects, since the consequences - such as fires, floods, droughts, etc. - generate vulnerability. Women are in charge of activities like the search for food or drinking water wherever that needs to be done, which increases gender inequality.
When talking about mental health, both mental well-being and emotional resilience are to be considered. Therefore, the loss of mental well-being is mainly related to the violation of the right to live in a clean environment, for the physical and mental health of people living in highly polluted environments (environmental conflict zones) is affected due to the enormous uncertainty of inhabiting such a hostile environment. (Karla Yohannessen 2020). As an invisible factor, the fear of the effects of climate change gradually undermines citizens' mental health.
The relationship between a healthy environment and mental health has clearly become visible especially with the pandemic and the mobility restrictions of the last two years, as we all felt the need to be able to walk in public spaces and, above all, to be in touch with nature, the beach, the sun, etc. In many cases, it became evident that this lack of contact with the environment had a negative impact on the mental health of many of our citizens.
Along this line, it has been stated that "Not much is said about the connection between mental health and living in a clean environment, but it is becoming very clear that the degradation in terms of nature of the place we inhabit is associated with emotional issues that can lead to anxiety, depression or other mental health disorders in people" (Sapiains Rodolfo 2020).
It is imperative to give serious thought to the consequences of climate change and this requires education, awareness-raising and the creation of legal frameworks, institutions, and an environment that allows for sustainable, long-lasting and informed decisions. This has been called "climate literacy", a condition to understand the dangers we face.
Poor mental health is also associated with severe climate changes caused by human beings as well as stressful working conditions, unhealthy lifestyles and a poor diet, all of which are psychological factors that make people more vulnerable to problems of violence and hostility and thus have a negative impact in our country.
We believe that we must promote the appreciation of biodiversity and the environment, and raise awareness of the care it requires, not only on the part of authorities and companies, but also of the entire community involved in these spaces. For this reason, addressing this binomial of mental and environmental health calls for a public health perspective, which must necessarily lead us to devise adequate public policies to guarantee their protection, giving due intervention in their design to women, who are ultimately those who, when faced with catastrophes, are on the front line to mitigate their impact (as could be seen in the pandemic or in the great floods, etc.).
As climate change and natural disasters are threatening the future of humanity more than ever before, the time has come for women to be heard, as their relationship with the environment and their awareness of the management of natural resources are an invaluable treasure to be discovered. However, the acknowledgement of their potential contribution to the survival and development of the planet is still limited as women have been mostly confined to their role as caretakers of their families and providers of food, water, etc.
Gender inequality and social exclusion continue to aggravate the negative impacts of unsustainable and destructive environmental management on women and girls, who bear the brunt of the negative consequences, thus exacerbating their vulnerability: greater mortality, food insecurity, violence, etc.
According to the UN, their participation in decision-making processes, as well as the inclusion of a gender perspective in climate and environmental policies, is instrumental to effective climate action. This is why, despite the obstacles, governments are increasingly drawing on their expertise and leadership when making important environmental decisions, such as community action for risk prevention.
To conclude, we need to ensure a gender perspective in environmental policies in order to contribute to a healthier environment that would also be beneficial to the mental health of the population, especially women.
Claudia Zalazar is a member of the 5th Civil and Commercial Court of Córdoba, Argentina, member of AMJA- Association of Women Judges of Argentina, and President of the Right to Health Section of the Institute for Research in Legal Sciences of the Universidad Blas Pascal.
|
<urn:uuid:5dd1b890-ae72-4216-9674-021cfc831fd7>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://www.forosur.com.ar/en/blog/climate-change-and-its-impact-on-womens-mental-health/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711001.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205000525-20221205030525-00829.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9643272757530212,
"token_count": 1062,
"score": 3.15625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Factoring Trigonometric Equations
More Lessons for PreCalculus
Videos, worksheets, games and activities to help PreCalculus students learn how to factor trigonometric equations.
Factoring Trigonometric Equations:
Solving second degree trig functions can be accomplished by factoring polynomials into products of binomials. When factoring trigonometric equations, we can use the zero product property to set up two first degree trig equations that you can solve using the unit circle. If an equation has sine and cosine, we substitute for one with an identity.
This video solve a trigonometric equation by factoring.
x − cos x − 2 = 0
This is an example of solving a trig equation that requires substitution and factoring. It reviews how to solve a trig equation using the unit circle to determine trig function values.
x − sin x = 1
Solving a Trigonometric Equation by Factoring, Example 1
x = 1 + cos x
Solving a Trigonometric Equation by Factoring, Example 2
2sin x cos x = cos x
Solving a Trigonometric Equation by Factoring, Example 3
cos x = cot x
Solving trig equations that are factorable or in quadratic form.
x − 1 = 0
x = −3sin x − 1
Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations.
You can use the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
|
<urn:uuid:a7d4b458-e7f8-4c80-8fd1-ad96dde20ddf>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"url": "https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/factoring-trigonometry.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257650730.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180324151847-20180324171847-00500.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8263064622879028,
"token_count": 372,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Canto IV begins as Dante awakens in the first of nine circles of hell.
There are no levels of hell mentioned in the Bible, which generally assumes hell to be a miserable place, if not a place of actual, eternal torment. The Greek word most commonly translated as hell in the New Testament is hades, which is more or less equivalent to the Hebrew sheol used in the Old Testament. The term refers to a more or less universal destination for the dead; good, bad or indifferent, everyone ends up here.
Whether Alighieri based his detailed soteriography of hell on ideas he inherited, or created it from scratch, I have no idea. The hell of “Inferno” is an inverted cone of nine concentric circles, gouged into the earth by the impact of Satan when he was cast out of heaven. Overseen by devils who see that the damned are appropriately tormented for their sins, each circle is marked by the type of sin that defined the character of those imprisoned there, with the sin worsening the deeper into hell you go.
Damnation in the First Circle isn't that bad, all things considered; actually, eternal separation from God is easier for those imprisoned here than for the undecideds whom Dante saw chasing the banner in Canto III.
That's because the First Circle is home to the righteous pagans and unbaptized infants, people who would have believed in God if they had been given the chance. In their commentary novel “Inferno,” Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle remark that this is the saddest circle of all because the absence of torment allows those imprisoned here to maintain an illusion of contentment.
It's here that we see the first actual example of any sort of biblical teaching about hell. Dante, hearing the woe-begotten sighs of those confined to the First Circle, asks his guide if any have ever left this circle. Those whom Virgil names are a brief Who's Who of personalities of the Tanakh, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham and David.
Church teaching is that the Old Testament saints, some of whom Virgil names, waited in Limbo until the coming of Christ, whom the Apostle Paul wrote descended into hell (Greek hades) and freed those imprisoned there.
But it wouldn't be much fun to have Limbo empty save for the souls of unbaptized infants, so Alighieri fills the First Circle of hell, many unnamed souls packed so thick that he compares them to a wood, until he comes to a castle that houses a laundry list of exalted ancients. On the way there, he is greeted by a group of ancient poets who (naturally) hail Virgil as their chief.
The castle is an interesting thing. Dante notes that it has seven walls circling it, each with a gate that leads inward, and at the center is a meadow filled with the somber, quiet shades of the most righteous. This probably is the Elysian Fields, where Virgil claimed in “The Aeneid” is where the virtuous dead reside, which makes his pre-eminence among the dead here ironically appropriate.
The dead whom Dante names here are an interesting mix. He begins with heroes, mixing mythological figures like Hector and Aeneas, with historical figures like Caesar and Brutus -- not the Brutus who killed Julius Caesar, but the Brutus who liberated Rome from the Tarquins.
Surprisingly, at least to me, he also includes here Saladin, a Muslim leader who fought the Crusaders during the Middle Ages, and who was so well known for his compassion and dignity that there were legends that he actually was a secret Christian. (According to one story, when Richard Lionheart became ill, Saladin not only refused to press an advantage against him, he sent supplies and medical help to his ailing foe.)
Following the warlike souls, Dante notes the philosophers: Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, and others who are noted for laying the foundations of mathematic and scientific disciplines, like Euclid and Ptolemy, and Galen the physician, and a few other classic names like Cicero and Seneca and the mythical singer Orpheus.
We are told that these people are in Limbo because they were great thinkers whose name and fame remained until Dante's time. As a consequence for this, God was inclined to be merciful and spared them any punishment beyond the oblique sadness that permeates the First Circle. And that is telling about Alighieri.
While a lot of the sins depicted in his hell get a poetic comeuppance in their punishment, it seems he's only too willing to make exceptions for those he likes and approves of, since, like the rest of us, he supposes that God must feel the same way that he does. Thus the damned souls are damned for the actions that he believes are worthy of damnation, and those who are granted respite or a commuted sentence get it because he believes they should.
If that's revealing about Dante, it's revealing about all of us who are quick to pronounce God's judgment on others. Too often, it's not God's judgment that we are pronouncing, but our own, and the presumption we have in ascribing to God our own petty biases and hatred should chill us to the bone.
After he beholds all those magnificent souls in the castle of the First Circle, Dante takes his leave of the First Circle and, with Virgil as his guide, follows the path to a region where nothing shines.
Copyright © 2008 by David Learn. Used with permission.
|
<urn:uuid:b7e03d20-d6a9-4598-a40c-b7f19e3aa388>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "http://menjaran.blogspot.com/2008/12/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102819.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817013033-20170817033033-00098.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9667483568191528,
"token_count": 1151,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Even More Fantastic Failures: True Stories of People Who Changed the World by Falling Down First
Even More Fantastic Failures showcases an important lesson: Try, Try Again. It portrays famous figures that failed majorly and then got up and kept trying, after some failures they wind up succeeding. For instance, Teflon stated as a scientific mistake, that created a material that is 4 TIMES stronger than STEEL. With Yelp, a small, last-minute ADD ON became the focus of a profitable company that Google offered to buy. In Even More Fantastic Failures, Luke Reynolds expertly shows that the road to succeeding requires failures.
Even More Fantastic Failures is a reference book. It has lots of different types of people each that fell down and recovered. I would recommend this book to second through sixth graders. I believe that schools should buy it and it is a really good first source for when you are researching. This book is fantastic. It briefly summarizes many stories of failure; from stories of actors to politicians and precedents to engineers. This book shows that failure is no big problem; just get up and Try, Try Again.
|Page Count||304 pages|
|Amazon||Buy this Book|
|
<urn:uuid:2ec86fca-86e4-4579-b576-e246979afe43>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04",
"url": "https://kidsbookbuzz.com/product/even-more-fantastic-failures-true-stories-of-people-who-changed-the-world-by-falling-down-first/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704803308.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126170854-20210126200854-00356.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9292696118354797,
"token_count": 247,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Neutrino physics: News about the ghost particles
GERDA sets new limits on extremely rare decay
News from Physics Department - 2013-07-16
Neutrinos are arguably the strangest of the elementary particles. One of their proposed properties is to be identical with their antiparticles. However, it has not been possible to settle this prediction experimentally – even after 60 years of research into that matter. The GERDA collaboration tries to settle the question by looking into a strange kind of beta decay – with a life time of about 1025 years (billion of times the age of our universe). Today, they present the latest results at Gran Sasso in Italy...
Neutrinos are the most elusive particles having extremely weak interactions with all other particles. They have rather unusual properties and are even expected to be identical with their own antiparticles. So far this property is, however, not experimentally verified even though many studies of neutrinos over the last 60 years have already boosted our understanding of elementary particle physics. Now scientists of the GERDA collaboration obtained new strong limits for the so-called neutrino-less double beta decay, which tests if neutrinos are their own antiparticles. The result has various important implications for cosmology, astrophysics and particle physics and it adds information about neutrino masses.
Besides photons, neutrinos are the most abundant particles in the Universe. They are often called ‘ghost particles’, because they interact extremely weakly with matter. They are therefore an invisible, but very important component of the Universe, which could carry altogether as much mass as all other known forms of matter, albeit traveling almost at the speed of light over fantastic distances. Their tiny masses have also important consequences for the structures in the Universe and they are the driving element in the explosion of Supernovae. But their most remarkable and important property has been proposed by Ettore Majorana in the 1930ies: Unlike all other particles that form the known matter around us, neutrinos may be their own antiparticles.
The GERDA (GERmanium Detector Array) experiment, which is operated at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso underground laboratory of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare in Italy, is aiming to resolve the question whether neutrinos are in fact their own antiparticles, and to determine their mass. GERDA looks for so-called double beta decay processes in the germanium isotope Ge-76 with and without the emission of neutrinos, the latter being a consequence of the Majorana properties. In normal beta decay, a neutron inside a nucleus decays to a proton, an electron and an antineutrino. For nuclei like Ge-76, normal beta decay is energetically forbidden, but the simultaneous conversion of two neutrons with the emission of two neutrinos is possible and has been measured by GERDA recently with unprecedented precision. This is one of the rarest decays ever observed with a half-life of about 2*1021 years, which is about 100 billion times the age of the Universe. If neutrinos are Majorana particles, neutrino- less double beta decay should also occur at an even lower rate. In this case, the antineutrino from one beta decay is absorbed as neutrino by the second beta-decaying neutron, which becomes possible if neutrinos are their own antiparticle.
In GERDA germanium crystals are both source and detector. Ge-76 has an abundance of about 8% in natural germanium and its fraction was therefore enriched more than 10-fold before the special detector crystals were grown. Searching for a needle in a haystack is trivial compared to the detection of double beta decay, since environmental radioactivity is a background occurring at a rate at least a billion times higher than double beta decay. The GERDA detector crystals and the surrounding detector parts were therefore very carefully chosen and processed. The observation of the extremely rare process requires in addition very delicate techniques to further suppress backgrounds from cosmic particles, natural radioactivity of the surroundings and even the experiment itself. The scientists met this challenge by mounting the detectors in the center of a huge vessel that is filled with extremely clean liquid argon, lined by ultrapure copper, which in turn is surrounded by a 10-meter-diameter tank filled with highly pure water; the whole located underground below 1400 meter of rock. Combining all these innovative and pioneering techniques it was possible to reduce the background to unprecedented levels.
Data taking started in fall 2011 using 8 detectors the size of a tin can and weighting two kilograms each. Subsequently, 5 additional detectors were commissioned. Until recently, the signal region was blinded and the scientists focused on the optimization of the data analysis procedures. The experiment has now completed its first phase with 21 kg∙years of data accumulated. The analysis in which all calibrations and cuts had been defined before the data in the signal region were processed, revealed no signal of neutrino-less double beta decay in Ge-76 which leads to the world’s best lower limit for the half-life of 2,1*1025 years. Combined with information from other experiments, this result rules out an earlier claim for a signal. The new results from GERDA have interesting consequences for the knowledge on neutrino masses, extensions of the standard model of elementary particle physics, astrophysical processes and cosmology.
The next steps for GERDA will be to add additional newly produced detectors effectively doubling the amount of Ge-76. Data taking will then continue in a second phase after some further improvements are implemented to achieve even stronger background suppression.
Participation of the Physik-Department
Today Prof. Stefan Schönert (TUM) presented the new findings at the “Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso” in Italy. He has been the spokesperson of the collaboration since its inception in 2004 and is full professor at the Chair for Experimental Astro Particle Physics at the Physik-Department of TUM. He is also one of the initiators of the experiment (and collaboration).
The contributions of Stefan Schönert and his group include the conception and the design of the reduction of the radioactive background, which is one of the main prerequisites of the experiment. His group made major contributions to the detector technology of how to operate ‘naked’ germanium single crystal detectors reliably in liquid argon as well as to the data processing and physics analysis. Currently the focus of the group lies on the preparation of GERDA Phase II. He and his team is coordinating the development of novel germanium detectors and are developing the instrumentation of the liquid argon as an active veto system to further reduce background events.
Their work, carried out at Physik-Department, at the Excellence Cluster Structure and Origin of the Universe and at LNGS was supported by DFG and the BMBF.
GERDA is a European collaboration with scientists from 16 research institutes or universities in Germany, Italy, Russia, Switzerland, Poland and Belgium. The participating institutes are the Max-Planck-Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, the Max-Planck-Institute for Physics and the Technische Universität München in Munich, the universities of Tübingen and Dresden, INFN LNGS at Gran Sasso, INFN Milano, INFN Milano Bicocca, INFN Padova, INR, ITEP and Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, JINR Dubna, the universities of Zürich and Cracow and IRMM Geel. The GERDA experiment is supported by the Max Planck Society (MPG), the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the German Research Foundation (DFG) via the Excellence Cluster, the Polish National Science Centre (NCN), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), and the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF). The participating groups also acknowledge internal financial support by their respective institutes. The GERDA collaborations thanks the directors and the staff of the LNGS for their continuous strong support.
This press release as PDF-Download:
Results on neutrinoless double beta decay of 76Ge from GERDA Phase I
Related GERDA publications:
- pulse shape analysis: Pulse shape discrimination for GERDA Phase I data submitted to EPJC; on arXiv:1307.2610 [physics.ins-det] the plot release
- the background: The background in the neutrinoless double beta decay experiment GERDA submitted to EPJC; on arXiv:1306.5084 [physics.ins-det] the plot release
- 2νββ decay: Measurement of the half-life of the two-neutrino double beta decay of 76Ge with the GERDA experiment J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40 (2013) 035110 DOI:10.1088/0954-3899/40/3/035110 the plot release
- the experiment: The GERDA experiment for the search of 0νββ decay in 76Ge Eur. Phys. J. C 73 (2013) 2330 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-013-2330-0 the plot release
Technische Universität München
Chair for Experimental Astro Particle Physics
Web pages: http://www.e15.ph.tum.de
|
<urn:uuid:ff69d774-ed89-4c2e-ac65-ebf3bcd6d913>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21",
"url": "https://www.ph.tum.de/latest/news/152/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662533972.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520160139-20220520190139-00658.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9078550338745117,
"token_count": 2049,
"score": 3.734375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
physics question #146
Mike Noe, a 13 year old male from the Internet asks on March 2, 2000,Q:
Which would hit a baseball further - a wooden bat or a aluminum bat? Why??
viewed 13369 times
In general, metal bats will result in farther hits for several reasons. Aluminum and titanium alloy bats have bigger sweet spots than wooden bats. A batter is more likely to hit the ball in the spot on the bat that produces the best energy transfer to the ball (i.e., the sweet spot).
Aluminum bats of the same weight as a wooden bat can have a wider barrel, so the ball is more likely to be hit solidly, instead of popped up or driven down.
Metal bats have a distinct advantage at hitting the ball of the handle--they won't break off in the batter's hand. The ball can actually be driven pretty hard off the handle of a metal bat.
Lastly, aluminum bats tend to be more elastic in the return of energy to the ball.
In the US they sell composite bats. When you hit the ball it goes off the bats harder. My team has almost the only composite bats in Canada, and our league is thinking of banning them (in Canada) because the ball goes too hard and too far. I don't think they will though.
|
<urn:uuid:ed81dd95-fc72-440d-bc22-d9401141832c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"url": "http://www.science.ca/askascientist/viewquestion.php?qID=146",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657137698.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011217-00046-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9289431571960449,
"token_count": 272,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A look at key issues in the health care debate:
THE ISSUE: How many people have health insurance now, and how would that change if the system is overhauled?
THE POLITICS: One of the driving causes behind the longtime effort to overhaul health care is the desire to reduce the number of families that lack health insurance. The number of people without insurance rose to 46.3 million in 2008, or about 15 percent of the population, according to the Census Bureau. Just under 60 percent of Americans get coverage through an employer, or about 176 million people. Medicare, the government program for retirees, covers most of those 65 years or older – about 41 million beneficiaries. Medicaid provides health coverage for low-income children, families and people with disabilities – about 40 million people.
WHAT IT MEANS: The insurance industry supports the idea of universal health insurance coverage because it would add individuals to their risk pools, many of them young and healthy, and thus reduce their costs. They oppose the idea of insuring workers through a government-run plan that would compete with private plans. Legislation pending in Congress would require Americans to obtain insurance, but exemptions would stop short of making it universal. A bill just passed by the Senate Finance Committee would increase the number of insured non-elderly residents by about 29 million, or from 83 percent to about 94 percent, according to the Congressional Budget Office. A pending House bill would increase the number by 37 million, leaving 17 million uninsured, the CBO concluded.
– Jim Kuhnhenn
|
<urn:uuid:0967c16a-e4c0-4114-a983-0b54e4e6f6ad>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"url": "http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2009/oct/21/us-health-care-briefing-102109/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860123845.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161523-00182-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9664583802223206,
"token_count": 310,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
By Donna Fleury
In the fall of 2016, early snowfall and excess moisture resulted in 2.5 million acres of unharvested crop in fields over the winter, primarily in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Although these unusual conditions happen rarely, taking a look back at the impacts on the 2017 cropping season and some of the lessons learned can be useful.
By Donna Fleury
According to Stats Canada, excess moisture in parts of the Prairie region resulted in decreases in crop quality and yields and, as of the end of December 2016, 2.5 million acres remained unharvested. Most of the unharvested acres were in Saskatchewan, reporting 1.3 million insured unharvested acres across the province, and Alberta reporting 960,000 unharvested insured acres, mostly in central, north and Peace regions. In both Saskatchewan and Alberta, crop insurance reports show just over half of the crops were harvested for grain in the spring of 2017. The remaining crops were put to other uses such as livestock feed or silage or grazing, and a portion were abandoned and worked under. The reported payouts for yield and quality loss in Saskatchewan reached $621 million. Alberta reported a total of $94.2 million paid out for 98 per cent of unharvested claims on 800,000 acres considered in production shortfall by mid-August 2017.
“In Saskatchewan, we had crop insurance extensions from across the province in every one of our 21 customer service locations in 2016,” says Darby Warner, executive director of the Saskatchewan Crop Insurance Corporation (SCIC). “The majority of the losses were in spring wheat and canola acres affected by the early snowfall that flattened crops and prevented harvest until the following spring. In some locations, such as Tisdale, Carrot River and Hudson Bay areas, field conditions were too wet to hold farm equipment, making them inaccessible for spring harvest. Some losses were due to high rainfall and diseases such as Fusarium head blight, leaf disease and mold in the Kindersley and Rosetown areas, mostly in lentils, durum and spring wheat.”
Recognizing early the number of farms with extensions on more than 7,000 crops on 1.3 million acres, SCIC brought a team together to develop an extensive planning and communications process to assist farmers in the fall and winter of 2016. “Our goal was to allow producers to manage their farm as a normal business without us interfering,” adds Warner. “We adjusted some of our procedures so the farmers could do their work without waiting for us to get to the farm. We developed an extension communications plan including social media, video messaging and newsletters to industry and producers affected by this. We also made personal phone calls to the farmers to talk about impacts to their individual operations and what their responsibilities were in the process. Crop appraisals including sample grades on those unharvested acres were made in the fall and producers paid upfront so they didn’t have to wait until they harvested in the spring to get paid. If there were any further losses over winter, those adjusted payments were finalized in the spring. We also administer the wildlife loss program and covered any losses over winter, not including disease or quality.”
Overall the main impacts from the overwintered crops were late seeding or an increase in summerfallow acres in 2017. In some areas, conditions were too wet for field equipment, delaying harvest until much later in the season. The good news is there haven’t been any other longer-term agronomic concerns, such as increased disease or pest issues, reported as a result of overwintered crops.
Clint Jurke, agronomy director with the Canola Council of Canada, says the biggest hiccup for 2017 was that some fields didn’t get seeded in a timely fashion, or remained unseeded because of the overwintered unharvested crops. “We didn’t see anything in terms of diseases or agronomic concerns that were a carryover result of the unharvested crops left overwinter. A few fields didn’t get harvested until June or July, so were they summerfallowed, however planting on fallow generates nice crops the next season. Overall, the results from the overwintered canola crops were better than most had anticipated, with grade and yield losses not as bad as predicted, as reported by the Canadian Grain Commission.”
Canadian Grain Commission special canola quality report and annual harvest sample program
The Canadian Grain Commission (CGC) provides a number of services to producers and industry, including an annual harvest sample program, and other special projects, such as the assessment of the impact on the 2016 overwintered canola crops. In collaboration with industry, researchers setup a special project to assess the impact of snowed-in and over-wintered canola on the quality of the 2016 crop. The CGC asked producers and processors to submit canola samples into December and again into the spring of 2017, and are currently reviewing samples for the 2018 season.
“This project, which involved a lot of different people across the industry, presented an opportunity to address some questions from this special cropping situation,” explains Vronique Barthet, program manager (oilseeds) for the CGC Grain Research Laboratory. “We ended up with about 173 spring canola harvested samples in the project. Although this isn’t a large enough sample to make scientific conclusions, the information provides a good indication of what happens to quality under these cropping conditions. The degradation we saw on this sample size is likely similar to what other producers experienced, and may help with managing under similar conditions in the future.”
The report showed that of the 161 spring canola samples analyzed, 55 were graded Canola, No.1 Canada (34.2 per cent), 41 were graded Canola, No.2 Canada (25.5 per cent), 33 samples graded Canola, No.3 Canada (20.5 per cent) and 32 samples graded Sample (19.9 per cent), respectively. The remaining 12 samples were not analyzed because they were too mouldy by the time they arrived at the lab. The 2017 spring canola was mainly downgraded for damage as the seed hulls showed various degrees of discoloration (weathering), and once crushed, the canola seed meal showed an orange tint quite different from the usual pale yellow of the seeds, suggesting the seeds were oxidized. All seeds in the lower grade also exhibited an odour, suggesting the seeds were getting moldy or rancid. It is likely that some producers did not send in samples when they determined that their spring canola seeds were of very low quality. Therefore, the true percentage of 2017 spring canola graded Canola, No. 1 Canada, might be lower than what was found in the research project.
The 2016 CGC canola harvest samples were segregated into four harvest times: August to October 2016 (before the snow), November to December 2016 (after the snow), January 2017 (winter 2017) and April to June 2017 (spring 2017). The analyses showed no statistical difference for oil, protein and chlorophyll contents between the four groups of seed samples. “However, we did see a difference in free fatty acid content averages as a result of oxidation and degradation, which were higher in the samples harvested in December 2016, January 2017 and in spring 2017,” Barthet says. “We analyzed a few of the original samples six weeks later, quickly realizing that even stored in our controlled lab conditions, the samples continued to oxidize and degrade, increasing the free fatty acid levels significantly.”
Barthet adds that although its difficult to draw conclusions, the report shows that there can be a big impact on quality when left overwinter. “The increased degradation we saw in the lab means similar degradation is happening in the field, and possibly quicker as it is not under controlled conditions. Therefore, if producers were able to harvest No. 1 or No. 2 canola in the spring, they would be better to sell and move it as soon as possible, as the quality may degrade the longer the canola is stored. Overall, it is important for producers to recognize the importance and value of submitting crop samples to CGC through the harvest sample program and other special research projects, not only for industry but also for their own specific operation.”
The CGC Harvest Sample Program is a long-standing voluntary and free program for Canadian grain producers. Producers are provided with grade and quality information, which is not only useful for selling grain, but also for understanding the grade and quality in unusual circumstances such as the unharvested 2016 crops and settling insurance claims. About 6,000 producers are currently signed up, and in 2017, CGC tested 14,000 samples of various commodities, mostly from Western Canada.
“Once producers are signed up, we send out a harvest sample kit annually for the crops requested,” explains Twylla McKendry, chemist, analytical services, at the CGC Grain Research Laboratory. “Producers take the samples at harvest, put them in the post-paid envelopes provided and send them to our lab. Once received, samples are graded and analyzed, with results available usually within five to ten business days. In 2017 we started an automated email of results process, which means those signed up with an email address receive an email with the results the day the analysis is completed. Producers benefit from receiving an unbiased third party assessment of the grade and quality of the grain they have on their farm and in their bins. Some producers also use the program to compare different varieties they may be growing on their farm. The information is useful to producers so they know what they have when they go to sell their grain, including any degrading factors such as frost, disease or insect damage. They are better prepared to address grade and quality questions from buyers. Producers not only get their individual crop information, they are also contributing to the overall annual Canadian Crop Quality assessment.”
Producers can send in the samples anytime during harvest up until November 1. However, earlier is better for the CGC; for example, wheat crop composite samples are developed in mid-October for extensive milling, baking and quality analysis. This information is used to provide information on the crop quality and grading, which is important for outgoing crop missions to the various export markets. McKendry adds that during harvest, quality factors such as wheat protein are updated weekly on the website, something that international buyers are interested in and watch closely. The overall Canadian harvest and export quality results are published and available online.
“We encourage producers to sign up and take advantage of this program,” McKendry says. “It is important that producers submit samples annually, whether they have a good quality crop or a poorer quality crop, so we can understand the quality and grade of our Canadian crops every year. This also helps the CGC research team to find new uses and markets for Canadian grain, improve grading and other factors and address specific industry concerns, such as canola quality from the unharvested 2016 crop special project.”
Producers can either signup online or call the toll-free number.
|
<urn:uuid:993fee84-5440-4dcc-b778-aa01d46e7568>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10",
"url": "https://www.topcropmanager.com/impacts-of-unharvested-and-overwintered-crops-21365/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178361808.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210228235852-20210301025852-00638.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9723658561706543,
"token_count": 2320,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A tool or device is a piece of equipment that (most commonly) provides a mechanical advantage in accomplishing a physical task. The most basic tools are simple machines.
Philosophers once thought that only humans used tools, and often defined humans as tool-using animals. But observation has confirmed that monkeys, apes and other animals, mostly primates, but also some birds (ravens, for instance), and sea otters can use tools as well. Later, philosophers thought that only humans had the ability to make tools, until zoologists observed birds and monkeys making tools.
Non-physical entities such as process (improvement or reengineering), information architecture, creativity and learning itself are all invaluable tools that we humans use to better ourselves individually and collectively (or collaboratively). Certainly, the term "tool" should not be limited strictly to physical objects, but also cognitive methodologies.
Most anthropologists believe that the use of tools was an important step in the evolution of mankind. Humans evolved an opposable thumb (useful to hold the tools) and an increase in intelligence (aiding in the use of tools).
Tools can also be purely cognitive, such as a written language.
Often by design or coincidence a tool may share attributes with one or more other tools in terms of their basic functionality. In this case, some tools can substitute for other tools, either as a make-shift solution or as a matter of practical efficiency.
In many cases, the designed secondary functions of tools are not widely known. For example, many wood-cutting hand saws integrate a carpenter's square by incorporating a specially shaped handle.
Mechanical devices, though known to Alexandrian Greeks, experienced a major expansion in their use in the Middle Ages with the systematic employment of new energy sources.
|
<urn:uuid:44269482-0f9e-42f9-b610-e1c2c186b874>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"url": "https://eplaya.burningman.org/viewtopic.php?p=281206",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608642.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526051657-20170526071657-00417.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9512627124786377,
"token_count": 363,
"score": 3.515625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Humanities › History & Culture Blackbeard: Truth, Legends, Fiction and Myth Share Flipboard Email Print Hulton Archive/Getty Images History & Culture Latin American History Caribbean History History Before Columbus Colonialism and Imperialism Central American History South American History Mexican History American History African American History African History Ancient History and Culture Asian History European History Genealogy Inventions Medieval & Renaissance History Military History The 20th Century Women's History View More By Christopher Minster Professor of History and Literature Ph.D., Spanish, Ohio State University M.A., Spanish, University of Montana B.A., Spanish, Penn State University Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. our editorial process Christopher Minster Updated April 22, 2019 Edward Teach (1680? - 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was a legendary pirate who worked the Caribbean and the coast of Mexico and Eastern North America. He is just as well known today as he was during his heyday some three hundred years ago: he is arguably the most famous pirate ever to set sail. There are many legends, myths and tall tales concerning Blackbeard, the pirate. Are any of them true? 1. Blackbeard Hid Buried Treasure Somewhere Sorry. This legend persists anywhere Blackbeard ever spent significant time, such as North Carolina or New Providence. In reality, pirates rarely (if ever) buried treasure. The myth comes from the classic story "Treasure Island," which incidentally features a pirate character named Israel Hands, who was Blackbeard's real-life boatswain. Also, much of the loot that Blackbeard took consisted of things like barrels of sugar and cocoa which would be worthless today had he buried them. 2. Blackbeard’s Dead Body Swam Around the Ship Three Times Unlikely. This is another persistent Blackbeard legend. What is known for certain is that Blackbeard died in battle on November 22, 1718, and his head was cut off so that it could be used to get a bounty. Lieutenant Robert Maynard, the man who hunted Blackbeard down, does not report that the body swam around the ship three times after it was thrown into the water, and neither did anyone else who was at the scene. It is interesting to note, however, that Blackbeard sustained no less than five gunshot wounds and twenty sword cuts before finally dropping dead, so who knows? If anyone could swim around the ship three times after death, it would be Blackbeard. 3. Blackbeard Would Light His Hair on Fire Before Battle Sort of. Blackbeard wore his black beard and hair very long, but he never actually lit them on fire. He would put little candles or pieces of a fuse in his hair and light those. They would give off smoke, giving the pirate a fearsome, demonic appearance. In battle, this intimidation worked: his foes were terrified of him. Blackbeard's flag was scary, too: it featured a skeleton stabbing a red heart with a spear. 4. Blackbeard Was the Most Successful Pirate Ever Nope. Blackbeard wasn't even the most successful pirate of his generation: that distinction would go to Bartholomew "Black Bart" Roberts (1682-1722) who captured hundreds of vessels and operated a large fleet of pirate ships. That's not to say that Blackbeard wasn't successful: he had a very good run from 1717-1718 when he operated the 40-gun Queen Anne's Revenge. Blackbeard was certainly greatly feared by sailors and merchantmen. 5. Blackbeard Retired From Piracy and Lived as a Civilian for a While Mostly true. In mid-1718 Blackbeard intentionally ran his ship, the Queen Anne's Revenge, into a sandbar, effectively destroying it. He went with some 20 men to see Charles Eden, the Governor of North Carolina and accepted a pardon. For a while, Blackbeard lived there as an average citizen. But it didn't take him long to take up piracy again. This time, he went into cahoots with Eden, sharing the loot in exchange for protection. No one knows if that was Blackbeard's plan all along or if he wanted to go straight but simply couldn't resist a return to piracy. 6. Blackbeard Left Behind a Journal of His Crimes This one is not true. It's a common rumor, because of Captain Charles Johnson, who wrote about piracy around the time Blackbeard was alive, who cited from a journal allegedly belonging to the pirate. Other than Johnson's account, there is no evidence of any journal. Lieutenant Maynard and his men did not mention one, and no such book has ever surfaced. Captain Johnson had a flair for the dramatic, and most likely he just made up journal entries when it suited his needs. Sources Cordingly, David. Under the Black Flag New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996Defoe, Daniel. A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999.Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: the Lyons Press, 2009Woodard, Colin. The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. Mariner Books, 2008.
|
<urn:uuid:8fe4293d-0db2-4b9e-ae65-89b25cc06e1f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04",
"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/blackbeard-truth-legends-fiction-and-myth-2136224",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703514495.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210118092350-20210118122350-00667.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9641042947769165,
"token_count": 1092,
"score": 3,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Yo-yo dieting or yo-yo effect, also known as weight cycling, is a term coined by Kelly Brownell at Yale University, in reference to the cyclical loss and gain of weight, resembling the up-down motion of a yo. In this process, the diet is successful in the pursuit of weight loss and is unsuccessful in maintaining the weight loss. The dieter then seeks to lose the regained weight, and the cycle begins again.
The reasons for yo-yo dieting are varied but often include a hypocaloric diet that was initially too extreme. At first the dieter may experience elation at the thought of weight loss and pride in their rejection of food. Over time, however, the limits imposed by such extreme diets cause such depression or fatigue that make the diet impossible to sustain. Ultimately, the dieter reverts to their old eating habits, with the added effects of failing to lose weight by restrictive diet. Such an emotional state leads many people to eat more than they would have before dieting, causing them to rapidly regain weight. The process of regaining weight and especially body fat is further promoted by the high metabolic plasticity of skeletal muscle. The Summermatter Cycle explains how skeletal muscle persistently reduces energy expenditure during dieting. In addition, food restriction increases physical activity which further supports body weight loss initially. When food becomes available again, the thrifty program promotes the refilling of energy stores which preferentially occurs as fat catch-up.
This type of diet is associated with extreme food deprivation as a substitute for good diet and exercise techniques. As a result, the dieter may experience both muscle and body fat during the initial weight-loss phase (weight-bearing exercise is required to maintain muscle). After filling the diet, the dieter is likely to experience the body’s starvation response, leading to rapid weight gain of only fat. This is a cycle that changes the body’s fat-to-muscle ratio, one of the most important factors in health. A report by the American Psychological Association reviewed thirty-one diet studies and found that after two years of dieting up to a third of dieters weighed more than they did before they began the diet. One study in rats showed that they were more effective at gaining weight. However, the research compiled by Atkinson et al. (1994) shown that there are “no adverse effects of weight cycling on the body composition, resting metabolic rate, body fat distribution, or future successful weight loss”, and that there is not enough evidence for cardiovascular disease on cyclical dieting patterns. Yo-yo dieting can have extreme emotional and physical ramifications due to the stress that someone puts on themselves to lose weight quickly. The moment gratification of losing weight makes way to old eating clothes that causes weight gain and emotional distress. A more recent review concluded “… evidence for an adverse effect of weight loss, if it exists at all”. Since there is “no single definition of weight cycling [that] can be endorsed”,
|
<urn:uuid:cb629c6b-4625-4474-ad66-5dd2bec540c2>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-34",
"url": "https://www.foroactivo.eu/yo-yo-effect/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737172.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807083754-20200807113754-00192.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9662080407142639,
"token_count": 617,
"score": 3.203125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Since the dawn of self-awareness, both spiritual and scientific minds have pondered similar questions to our existence: Who are we? Where did we come from? How did we get here and where are we going?
While most teachers within the world’s religions would disagree to the specific answers to these questions, there is a reoccuring theme that presents itself—our universe is not simply a colliding ground of ‘dead’ matter and scientific chance, but rather it is a vast, interconnected ocean of intelligence. We often hear this theory mentioned as the great ‘oneness’, source, god, and the list goes on.
Within the field of quantum mechanics, physicists, too, have opened their eyes to the possibilities of a conscious, vibratory field that permeates the Universe. In his best-selling book, The Source Field Investigations, author David Wilcock proposes the question, “could all space, time, energy, matter, biological life, and consciousness in the Universe be the product of a source field?” He references a number of curious experiments conducted by scientists over the last century which add credence to his theory, and by the end of the book it is difficult to refute the existence of what he names the ‘Source Field’.
Below are five experiments explored in The Source Field Investigations that aim to prove the existence of an interconnected consciousness that pervades the Universe.
1) Dr. Cleve Backster discovers plants perceive threats and have extra-sensory perception.
Cleveland Backster was a researcher and interrogation specialist for the CIA who served as director of the Keeler Polygraph Institute in Chicago. Backster developed the first numerical standardized evaluation of the polygraph chart and went on to study and promote the technology extensively.
On February 2, 1966, Backster’s secretary purchased him both a rubber plant and a dracaena plant from a store going out of business down the street. Backster ended up working through the night, and in the wee hours of the morning had an idea to attach his dracaena plant to the polygraph to see if anything happened.
He was surprised to see the plant exhibit a jagged and ‘alive’ pattern of electrical activity. Then in a brief, passing moment, the plant showed a similar pattern which would normally appear when a human lies. He took this a step further and decided to threaten the plant’s well-being to see if another reaction took place.
First, he dipped the leaf in coffee to no reaction on the polygraph, then he thought of putting a flame to the leaf. In the same instant the polygraph went wild. Backster stated that no words were spoken, yet by merely thinking about what he was going to do the plant reacted. “It was as though the plant read my mind,” Backster wrote in his book, Primary Perception.
Next, Backster grabbed a box of matches and watched the wild reaction continue, and only when he put the matches away and let go of his idea to harm the plant did the polygraph return to normal levels.
Thus began Backster’s intensive study of plants and polygraphs. He discovered that by simply taking care of a plant, the plant appeared to begin to monitor his thoughts and feelings. “When I left the lab to run an errand, I found that the moment I decided to return to where that plant was, the plant often showed a significant reaction.”
In his book, Backster described how he carried a plant with him all the way from New York to Clifton, New Jersey, to attend a surprise party. When he arrived, right at the moment he and the plant entered the house and everyone yelled, “SURPRISE!” there was a big reaction from the plant at the exact time.”
Backster began leaving plants hooked up to polygraphs without trying to do anything—just observing their reactions and then trying to figure out what might have caused them. One day he found a strong reaction after pouring boiling hot water down his sink. Later testing revealed the sink was loaded with bacteria, and when the bacteria suddenly died from the scalding hot water, the plant received a threat to its own well-being and ‘screamed.’
In a later experiment, Backster designed a machine that would drop brine shrimp into boiling water at random. He noticed the plants would react strongly, but only at night when no one was around.
During a visit to Yale University Linguistics School, Backster got a student to trap an arachnid between his hands while an ivy leaf was plucked and hooked up to the polygraph. They noticed a reaction only when the spider became conscious that it was able to run away.
Backster evolved his studies, hooking up things like chicken eggs and yogurt cultures, and continued to get stunning results. Consistently, what he found was that every living thing is intimately attuned to its environment. When any stress, suffering or death occurs, all the life-forms in the surrounding area have an immediate electrical response.
One time, Backster hooked an egg up to the electrodes and watched as the egg ‘screamed’ as each of its neighbours were dropped into boiling water, one by one. Backster also noted that he had kept the electroded egg in a lead-lined box that screened out all electromagnetic fields, which eliminated the chance that any radio waves, microwaves, or other electromagnetic frequencies were to blame for the reading.
He repeated this effect by encaging plants in a copper screen, called a Faraday cage, and not surprisingly the plants behaved as if the screen did not exist.
“I felt certain [the information passing between plants, bacteria, insects, animals and humans] was not within the known electromagnetic frequencies…distance seemed to impose no limitation,” he wrote in Primary Perception.
2) Dr. Jacobo Grinberg discovers couple’s brains are connected by an undetectable field.
Jacobo Grinberg was a Mexican scientist who studied extensively in the fields of shamanism, meditation, and telepathy. After witnessing a phenomenon known as “psychic surgery,” he theorized that a “neuronal field” created within the brain interacts with a “pre-space structure”—a holographic non-local lattice that has the properties of consciousness—activating a partial interpretation of it and creating the brain’s perceived reality.
To prove his theory, he began his experiments using a couple who would first meditate together for twenty-minutes and then be separated into different rooms shielded from any electromagnetic fields. He noticed both participant’s brainwaves would begin to noticeably synchronize and that both hemispheres within each of their brains showed the same patterns.
Furthermore, the person with the most coherent, organized brain waves would always exert a greater influence over the other. He repeated this experiment later and added an effect of flashing a light in one person’s eyes at random. Twenty-five percent of the time the other person would show a reaction similar as they would if they were the ones being blinded by a bright light.
Interestingly, Grinberg’s control subjects did not show any such connections. It was a stunning discovery, one that would add support to Backster’s experiments of a conscious source field. However, in 1994, right before Grinberg’s work went mainstream, Jacobo Grinberg disappeared. To this day he was never found, and many speculate his disappearance was related to lethal threats over his groundbreaking work.
3) Dr. William Braud demonstrates the ‘someone is watching you’ effect.
Dr. William Braud was an American psychologist and parapsychologist who was best known for conducting experiments to test for psychokinetic influences upon living systems.
According to Lynne McTaggart in her book, The Field, Dr. Braun began his experiments by attempting to transfer his thoughts to one of his students under hypnosis. When Braun pricked his hand, the student felt pain. When he put his hand over a candle flame, the student felt heat. When he stared at a picture of a boat, the student made comments about a boat.
Braun eventually published more than 250 articles in notable psychology journals on the phenomena previously mentioned. One of his first rigorous experiments involved knife fish, which emit electrical signals whenever they move from one position to the next. He hooked them up to electrodes and then had his study participants change the position of the fish by their conscious intent alone.
Similarly, Braud found that participants could increase the speed that Mongolian gerbils ran on their activity wheels, with all other factors being rules out.
Next, Braud wanted to study the effect of being aware of someone watching you. He put one person in a private room with a small video camera, wired him up to the polygraph and told him to relax. In the next room, Braun could see the participant’s face on his TV screen. A second participant was then told to stare intently at this person on the monitor and try to get his attention, but only when a random number generator told him to do so.
Sure enough, when the first person was being stared at, his skin revealed significant electrical spikes. This occurred an average of 59 percent of the time he was being stared at.
Braun’s work provided solid proof that people can transmit their thoughts to others and create a physical reaction without being consciously aware of what’s happening.
4) ‘Remote viewing’ suggests that everything in the Universe is ultimately one mind.
Remote viewing is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target using extra sensory perception. The phenomenon has been extensively studied and written about over the last century.
Brenda Dunne and Robert Jahn out of Princeton University lead a study titled, Consciousness and Anomalous Physical Phenomena, in which they trained forty-eight ordinary people to study remote viewing.
In the study, one person would visit a randomly chosen location from five to six thousand miles away and the viewer would attempt to gain information about what that person was seeing. In 336 trials, almost two-thirds of the viewers’ observations appeared to be significantly accurate—at odds of a billion to one against chance.
On page 160 her book, The Field, author Lynne McTaggart stated that even a distinguished government panel of skeptical scientists and two Nobel laureates studied data in remote viewing—and concluded the research was flawless.
Another team, headed by noted skeptic Dr. Ray Hyman, concluded the results were much too strong to be written off as random chance or coincidence. They used screened rooms to prove electromagnetic waves could not be responsible for transferring information to the viewer’s conscious mind.
Interestingly, as David Wilcock writes in The Source Field Investigations, “the remote viewers were able to see events that had not yet happened in linear time, even when those events were chosen at random—after they had already been correctly viewed in a secure location,” suggesting the mind is not confined to linear time at all.
In 1980, Drs. Karlis Osis and Donna McCormick performed a remarkable experiment to see if our mind could create energetic traces in the locations being remotely viewed. A gifted psychic named Alex Tanous was asked to remote-view a target, which was a series of scattered objects that only formed a single image from a specific location.
In the exact location, they hung two metallic plates side by side on strain gauges which would pick up subtle movements. When Tanous described the target accurately, the plates jiggled around much more than usual. Their greatest movement occurred immediately after Tanous began viewing the image. There was no obvious visible light in the area as Tanous did the viewing—only the slight but measurable movement of the plates.
5) Collective conscious intent changes the world.
If our minds are intrinsically connected to a grand consciousness, then can we affect global change by simply coming together with a focused intent?
Over a two-year period, groups of about seven thousand people gathered three different times in meditation—and during these meetings, they were able to reduce all acts of terrrorism, world-wide, by a phenomenal 72 percent.
The study was accepted in the Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, which ruled out cycles, trends, weather, weekends, holidays and all other variables.
During the summer of 1993 in Washington D.C., violent crime was reduced by up to 23.6 percent over a two-month period as the number of meditating participants increased from eight hundred to four thousand—despite the fact that violent crime had been increasing before they met. Interestingly, crime levels went back up after their meeting ended.
Since 1993, fifty different scientific studies had rigorously proven that this effect really works over the preceding thirty years.
Wilcock proposes that this effect works because we’re all sharing the same mind, to some degree. In The Source Field Investigations, he mentions experiments conducted by the HeartMath Institute, in which people with the greatest coherence affected the brain wave patterns and biorhythms of others who were close to them:
“If seven thousand people can reduce worldwide terrorism by 72 percent, this suggests the Source Field is significantly biased in favor of positive emotions rather than negative ones.”
“These discoveries are undeniable facts,” Wilcock writes. “Our mind-to-mind connection, sharing thoughts and experiences, have been proven over and over.”
Does the Source Field exist?
As the science shows, there seems to be a field of consciousness that connects all things in the Universe, a concept which has only just been scratched by science. If this unifying field very well exists, numerous questions follow—is reality as we know it a holographic projection of this higher consciousness? Where does this consciousness come from? And why are we here if this is merely an illusory projection of something more profound?
These deeper mysteries of space, time, energy, matter, biology, and consciousness are the fundamental questions of our existence. And it seems we are now at the precipice of this sacred knowledge—knowledge which for millennia has been waiting for us to re-access. Imagine the potential for life as we know it if we could begin to better tap into this intelligence?
Soon, every science fiction and fantasy movie might be closer to reality than we would have ever thought possible.
- Osis, K., & McCormick, D. (1980). Kinetic effects at the ostensible location of an out-of-body projection during perceptual testing. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 74 (3), 319-329.
- Wilcock, David. (2012). The Source Field Investigations: The Hidden Science and Lost Civilizations behind the 2012 Prophecies. Dutton.
|
<urn:uuid:d68f7913-e428-4824-b311-11a859d7aab1>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-05",
"url": "http://themindunleashed.com/2017/12/5-science-experiments-that-prove-an-intelligent-consciousness-permeates-our-universe.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891485.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122153557-20180122173557-00727.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9734851121902466,
"token_count": 3100,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Are you concerned about a child’s eating or physical activity level? It may seem like a daunting task, but you can help improve their habits!
The things children learn when they are young are hard to change as they get older. This is true for their eating and physical activity habits – and why it is so important for you to set a good example and take action sooner than later.
Many children have a poor diet and are not very active. They may eat foods high in calories and fat and not eat enough fruits and vegetables.
Children may also watch TV, play video games, or use the computer instead of being active.
Children who are overweight have a greater chance of becoming obese adults.
Overweight children may develop weight-related health problems like high blood pressure and diabetes at a young age.
Content Continues Below ⤵
You can find out if your child is overweight or obese by using the CDC’s Body Mass Index calculator for Children and Teens .
Help your child build healthy eating and activity habits with these tips:
- Limit time spent watching TV, playing video games, and using the computer.
- Make sure your child is physically active for 1 hour each day.
- Find out about activity programs in your community.
- Ask your children what they like to do and what they’d like to try, like Little League Baseball or a swim team.
- Plan activities for the whole family — like hiking, walking, or playing ball.
- Help your children eat healthy foods.
- Have your children plan and cook healthy meals with you.
- Don’t do other things while you eat, like watch TV.
- Give your kids healthy snacks, like fruits, whole-grain crackers, and vegetables.
- Limit your trips to fast-food restaurants.
- Involve the whole family in healthy eating. Don’t single out your children by their weight.
We know children do what they see – not always what they are told. Set a good example for your children. Your kids will learn to eat right and be active by watching you!
Hopefully, these tips will help motivate you to take steps to set your child on the right track for a healthy lifestyle.
Measuring Height Accurately at Home
To measure height accurately at home to calculate BMI-for-age:
- Remove the child or teen’s shoes, bulky clothing, and hair ornaments, and unbraid hair that interferes with the measurement.
- Take the height measurement on flooring that is not carpeted and against a flat surface such as a wall with no molding.
- Have the child or teen stand with feet flat, together, and against the wall. Make sure legs are straight, arms are at sides, and shoulders are level.
- Make sure the child or teen is looking straight ahead and that the line of sight is parallel with the floor.
- Take the measurement while the child or teen stands with head, shoulders, buttocks, and heels touching the flat surface (wall). (See illustration.) Depending on the overall body shape of the child or teen, all points may not touch the wall.
- Use a flat headpiece to form a right angle with the wall and lower the headpiece until it firmly touches the crown of the head.
- Make sure the measurer’s eyes are at the same level as the headpiece.
- Lightly mark where the bottom of the headpiece meets the wall. Then, use a metal tape to measure from the base on the floor to the marked measurement on the wall to get the height measurement.
- Accurately record the height to the nearest 1/8th inch or 0.1 centimeter.
Measuring Weight Accurately at Home
To measure weight accurately at home to calculate BMI-for-age:
- Use a digital scale. Avoid using bathroom scales that are spring-loaded. Place the scale on firm flooring (such as tile or wood) rather than carpet.
- Have the child or teen remove shoes and heavy clothing, such as sweaters.
- Have the child or teen stand with both feet in the center of the scale.
- Record the weight to the nearest decimal fraction (for example, 55.5 pounds or 25.1 kilograms).
|
<urn:uuid:97da21c8-ce6d-4997-a83c-b270a3e40658>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "https://diabeticgourmet.com/kids-healthy-eating-tips-exercise/print/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156524.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920155933-20180920180333-00427.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9371058344841003,
"token_count": 894,
"score": 4.03125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Poland’s Very Short Memory on Jews and the Holocaust
The Polish national anthem, in a glass-half-full kind of way, solemnly declares, “Poland is not yet lost.” These optimistic words, which do not actually sound very cheerful, especially when performed to the anthem’s depressing tune, were written by Jozef Wybicki in 1797, two years after the third and last partition of Poland between the great powers of the day: czarist Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
Poland, once an empire in its own right, never recovered. It did not become an independent state again until 1918, and then enjoyed independence only briefly, until Nazi Germany invaded it on Sept. 1, 1939, and proceeded to occupy and destroy it, aided by the Soviet Union. After the war, Poland, which had been reduced to rubble by the Germans, was once again devoured, when the Soviet Union occupied it and made it a satellite state, cut off from the non-communist world by the Iron Curtain. Only after the end of the Cold War did Poland re-emerge as a self-determining state.
As reported by Israel Hayom, the governing Law and Justice party in Poland has embarked on a strategy to promote certain glamorous episodes in Poland’s history, such as the anti-communist resistance after World War II, while aiming to suppress the discussion and research into less convenient topics, particularly how Poles helped massacre their Jewish compatriots during the Nazi occupation. The current nationalist government’s revisionist historical policies should be viewed in the light of the above history, which has informed how Poles have seen themselves and others throughout the centuries.
One obvious aspect of Polish history, which cannot be emphasized enough, is the prevalence of a virulent antisemitism that continues to haunt the country today. After World War II, the few Jews who had been left alive out of a pre-war Jewish population of over 3 million were met by Poles who had moved into their houses and overtaken their valuable possessions — many of which have not been repatriated to their rightful owners to this day, since communist Poland subsequently expropriated many of them. On top of all that, the Poles rained fresh pogroms on the heads of the Jewish concentration camp survivors, such as the terrible pogrom in Kielce in 1946.
Jan Tomasz Gross, the historian who more than anyone has revealed the extent of Polish war crimes against Jewish neighbors during the Nazi occupation, is being demonized by the current Polish government, with the president even threatening to strip him of a national honor bestowed upon him 20 years ago. The truth hurts, no doubt, but Gross has not relented, claiming that Poles killed more Jews than they killed Germans during the war, which is not an unreasonable claim at all, given the speed and ease with which Germany occupied Poland and the zest with which Poles threw themselves into killing Polish Jews, as documented by Gross in his book, Neighbors.
Antisemitism flared up again after the 1967 Six-Day War, when Poland decided to take the Soviet dissatisfaction with Israel out on the country’s remaining Jews — around 13,000 of them — by firing them from jobs, denying them the right to study at university, and various other forms of harassment. Consequently, nearly all the remaining Polish Jews left Poland between 1968 and 1972.
Yet, even in a country largely bereft of Jews — albeit with a burgeoning Jewish cultural industry, which profits from the country’s wealth of Jewish history — antisemitism persists like a plague for which there is no cure. In November 2015, a protest against taking in Muslim refugees at the western city of Wroclaw ended with the burning of an effigy of an ultra-Orthodox Jew holding the flag of the European Union. Antisemitic graffiti is not uncommon and even the Polish language has traces of it with some Poles using the expression “to Jew” as a way to communicate all things unsavory.
Polish society is very formal, and communication is always polite, with men being addressed as “sir” and women as “madam.” Not that long ago, it was still common for men in polite society to greet women with a symbolic kiss on the hand in the old-fashioned French way, from where Polish culture has traditionally taken many of its cues. So much more disturbing is the primitive undercurrent of antisemitism, which exists just under the polished veneer, as it has indeed done throughout history in all European societies.
Before embarking further upon the jingoistic course of historical enhancement, the Polish government might want to reflect on the tremendous debt it owes to the Polish Jews, for everything they brought into Polish culture and for the murderous way in which the Poles ultimately repaid them. They ought also to ask themselves if Poland itself is served well by glossing over the crimes that were committed in order to communicate a picture post card to the younger Polish generations. Viewed from Israel, the question that inevitably comes to mind is this: How dare they?
This article was originally published by Israel Hayom.
|
<urn:uuid:7b1a88ea-be0b-4f0e-8b31-7fdc3d5e6fbe>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"url": "http://www.algemeiner.com/2016/03/25/polands-very-short-memory-on-jews-and-the-holocaust/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314852.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819160107-20190819182107-00254.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9743905067443848,
"token_count": 1065,
"score": 3.3125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
John Metcalfe was CityLab’s Bay Area bureau chief, covering climate change and the science of cities.
See how hills and mountains would cast shadows across the land on the Summer Solstice.
As many Americans shivering their molars out can probably recall, the Summer Solstice is a bittersweet time, marking the gradual but inevitable turn toward cold and darkness. If it was in our power to stop time right before the Solstice ended, locking the country in an eternal warm evening, what might it look like?
Robbi Bishop-Taylor has provided a kind of answer in this unique, lovely map of the contiguous U.S. cast in sunset shadows on the Solstice (aka June 20). Bishop-Taylor, a geospatial-science PhD candidate at Australia’s University of New South Wales, used NASA data and a hill-shading algorithm to simulate sunset at a “consistent azimuth of 300 degrees from north and an altitude of 1.5 degrees above the horizon,” he says via Reddit DM. The map “effectively shows what the shadows would be like at each point in the map if the sun was 1.5 degrees above the horizon at that specific place!”
Here’s more from the cartographer about how he got into this umbral undertaking:
Earlier this year—as a hobby project during weekend breaks from my PhD—I started to put together a range of maps (initially river maps, e.g. Australia and Canada) that attempted to showcase the beautiful patterns of geography in a more artistic, data-visualization format. This latest “Shadowlands” project uses high-resolution digital-elevation model (DEM) data from NASA’s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, which essentially contains data on the height of every 30x30m piece of land across the entire planet.
The data is generally used to make elevation maps or calculate related datasets like slope, aspect, and flow accumulation. The idea of mapping the landscape using only sunset shadows came to me as a way to focus purely on the natural shape, structure, and texture of the landscape, and make an incredibly minimalist map without any additional distractions. My hope is by showing the familiar features of the planet—hills, mountains, rivers—from a new, more unfamiliar perspective, my maps can help introduce others to the incredible beauty of geography that might otherwise go unseen.
Bishop-Taylor has also made a similar sunset map of Europe, shown below. If you want to own a high-resolution copy of these suitable for poster printing—and help put the mapper through university, as well—head to EarthArtAustralia, his shop on Etsy.
|
<urn:uuid:47217604-18cc-4048-ba3a-b908662224bb>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"url": "https://www.citylab.com/environment/2016/12/the-us-mapped-in-shadows-of-the-setting-sun/510992/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315618.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820200701-20190820222701-00235.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9219614267349243,
"token_count": 557,
"score": 3.375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
"Kids love to play. Instead of saying, 'You have to brush your teeth NOW and go to bed,' you might say, 'Should I chase you to the bathroom to brush your teeth, or would you like a piggyback ride?' While the game may take a few extra minutes, it may save you many minutes of struggle - plus be loads of fun!"
Gillian McNamee, Ph.D.
Director of Teacher Education, Erikson Institute
Remember that you are bigger than your child — so get on her level. Imagine what it feels like to look up at someone every time you speak or to try to catch someone's attention from floor level. To help your child hear you, get down where she is and make eye contact. This sends a signal that you are listening and that you care what she's thinking.
Offer limited choices. Choices give kids a sense of power and control. Instead of saying, "Time to get dressed," you might say, "Do you want the red shirt or the blue one?" Offer two choices, not five or six. You might say, "Do you want peas or green beans?" or "Do you want to brush your teeth first or comb your hair?"
Speak as simply as possible. A one-sentence answer may be much more effective than a long explanation. Children are often satisfied with a simple, direct answer that addresses their main concern. A lengthy explanation may confuse or bore your child.
Write notes. Sometimes older kids respond better to a written note than to a verbal nag. You might post this note: "Please write down here what time you will be home!" Or, "Today is room-cleaning day." Some kids may enjoy writing lists and charts themselves as a way of solving problems with you.
|
<urn:uuid:56a61af0-c7e4-4fc0-9c75-516c5a52fcb0>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"url": "http://www.pbs.org/parents/talkingwithkids/strategies_7.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701165697.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193925-00103-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9585142135620117,
"token_count": 369,
"score": 3.28125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The American Academy of Paediatrics has revised its previous recommendations about screen time for children given a rapidly changing environment. For 2-5 year olds they are recommending less than one hour per day. For children 6 years and older they are recommending the development of a media plan that ensures screen time does not displace sleeping, playing, conversation and physical activities. Sonia Livingstone from the London School of Economics and Political Science reviews the complexity around screen time and the validity of these recommendations. She states that it is very hard to determine the nature of activities and concludes with sound and affirming advice:
“Behind a lot of the AAP’s evidence and recommendations is not so much the idea that screens are bad for children but that social, cognitive and physical activity is good for children. It would be interesting to see more emphasis on this positive point. For what parents really need is encouragement in these uncertain and pressured times. It seems to me that the advice they really need is to spend less effort counting screen hours or worrying about whether there’s a screen in the room where a child is studying or playing or, indeed, whether they’re a good enough parent – so they can be free to share in and enjoy lively, confident and pleasurable time with their children, whether or not there’s a screen involved.”
The full article can be found here.
|
<urn:uuid:647d6069-50cd-41e7-84ab-c66af0970a41>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10",
"url": "https://explorer.discovery.edu.hk/2016/11/screen-time-what-do-the-experts-say/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178358064.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20210227024823-20210227054823-00502.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9573501348495483,
"token_count": 280,
"score": 2.921875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
My story telling effort to infect minds (thanks Paul Wheaton) with permaculture continues.
We have two large, fruitful chestnut trees on our homestead.
In the early 20th century a lethal Asian fungus infestation (known as the chestnut blight) swept across native habitat of the American chestnut tree and wiped out about 4 billion American chestnuts. In circa 1925, the fungus reached our ecosystem in western North Carolina killing the American chestnuts here.
Most chestnuts growing now are Chinese chestnuts or hybrids. The Chinese chestnut species has an immunity to the blight. However, the American Chestnut Foundation is using science to seek out and restore blight-resistant American chestnut trees to our biome.
The first option for the American Chestnut restoration project is to locate naturally-resistant all American (not hybrid) trees. Champion trees could save the species. A champion would have a natural immunity to the blight, and would be capable of passing that immunity down to her children through her seeds. Here is an article about the ACF restoration project: Restoring the American Chestnut Tree. Another good piece is Chestnut Champions by Meghan Jordan, TACF, Page 12.
There is only a very slight possibility we have American chestnuts on our homestead. There is an even smaller probability still that our chestnuts are champions. But even the faintest possibility of a champion chestnut tree on our homestead creates a duty to check. That is why we must identify our chestnut trees. We owe it to our ancestry and progeny. Stay tuned.
|
<urn:uuid:dda5e76c-6dd7-4a99-b996-9dbb1a052860>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"url": "https://permies.com/t/38780/Trees-Champion-American-Chestnuts",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00242-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9343835711479187,
"token_count": 321,
"score": 2.96875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
by: Joey Langhorst – June, 2013 Newsletter
“I think the lighthouse foundation that was found in 2009 should be preserved by covering it with a plastic covering and then nearby showing a movie of the history of the lighthouse.
I think this is a good idea because then people can see part of North Carolina’s culture and then find out the history. This could be a way to raise money for endangered species and future projects. Plus tons of people will have another tourist attraction to visit just in case they get bored of the other attractions. To make this possible there needs to be space to build the theater and luckily there’s a ton of space in Fort Fisher (that is available to use!)
Also it seems like this is a good idea because authors and historians have a really accurate place they can find information on the Federal Point Lighthouse. The completion of this idea could even lead to an ordinary kid growing up and then becoming a historian. To make this even better the keeper’s house foundation could be covered with plastic (that is not touching the foundation.)
A small model of the lighthouse could also be made so people can see what it looked like. This would definitely attract locals, tourists, historians, authors, and other people, too.”
|
<urn:uuid:1f174ead-139f-4f8a-a34c-a4f0f9536d3f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"url": "http://federal-point-history.org/fphps-news/4th-grade-essay-contest-winner-joey-langhorst/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247494449.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220044622-20190220070622-00552.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9680729508399963,
"token_count": 260,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
An off-grid desert village in Kibbutz Ketura, Israel is being used as a platform for tech companies and entrepreneurs to develop innovative off-grid technologies. The village was set up in 2014 via a collaboration between the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies and Eilat-Eilot Renewable Energy Initiative. The project is aimed at developing off-grid solutions for undeveloped areas, encouraging experimentation. It is the key step between development and implementation in areas where whole communities have no grid access.
There are four key areas for off-grid living which are currently being developed and worked on in the village.
Desert Village Building:
There are three types of structure in the village, based on existing building types within in off-grid communities. The rural structure is based on a traditional design and has a thatched roof to help with ventilation, but lacks natural light. Therefore, to adapt it, the village has added windows to the buildings to provide natural light for reading and other activities, as well as providing more ventilation.
The urban structure is based on a design most commonly seen in urban slums. The modifications to this design are the double roof structure and wall insulation. The first roof layer is made of palm leaves for ventilation purposes and the second consists of metal for protection against the rain. Plywood walls have insulator material like sheep wool within the wall to keep thermal balance in the building. The structure is mainly based on plywood which is low priced and the design is simple to construct.
Finally, the earthbag dome design was first developed in the 1980s, using soil sacks to construct huts. The bags of soil provide a rigid, stable structure with a balance of temperature. There is no need for deep foundations or a separate roof structure, due to the dome shape. These buildings are rapid to construct, simple and cheap.
The desert village has some different energy technologies within its boundaries. The Kalipack solar suitcase can produce energy from three sources – electricity, a vehicle or solar power. Storage takes the form of a lithium ion battery and can power a small refrigerator, laptop or lighting, amongst other things. The village also has a small domestic biogas system which has efficient waste disposal whilst producing methane gas for cooking, water heating and home lighting.
LuminAID have introduced some chargeable and easy to use solar lighting. But GravityLights have also been developed at the village. These work by combining kinetic energy with potential energy. A weight of some sort is elevated and connected to a pulley system which powers a generator. The result is a light which is five times brighter than a kerosene lamp. Surveys with families using the lights have been very positive so far.
Clearly something that is very important in every community is clean water. The desert village has a solar water distillation system developed by SunDwater. This technology converts contaminated water to drinkable clean water through a process of concentrated radiation, requiring no external energy source. Plus, it’s completely green and eco-friendly. NUFiltration have also developed a water purifier unit in the desert village which provides waste water treatment. Once again, easy to use, requires no electricity and produces 500 litres of clean water per hour. There’s also no maintenance or spare parts required as it’s all done using man power! The village also has a solar powered water pumping system for agriculture and farming.
We all need fuel and that means food! The village has a hydroponics system developed called the LivingBox. These modular units are like Lego, therefore they can be fitted together and remodelled to suit different needs. They can grow a wide variety of fruit and veg and save up to 80% of water that would be used in other techniques. Solar ovens and cookers are used for cooking food. Plus, an energy generating pot has been developed which produces electricity from a heat source. The pot can then be used as a charging point for phones and other devices.
These are just some of the developed technologies that are in the village. Check out this video below to find out more about renewable energy in the Off-grid demonstration village!
For more stories from off-grid.net search here
Our Our fastest solar ovenBake, roast or steam a meal for two people in minutes, reaching up to 550°F (290°C). GoSun Sport sets the bar for portable solar stoves.
Buy our book - OFF THE GRID - a tour of American off-grid places and people written by Nick Rosen, editor of the off-grid.net web site
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:4862cb73-ccce-4b57-aef5-bf63c3384b87>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"url": "https://www.off-grid.net/experimental-tech-desert-village/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510019.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016051435-20181016072935-00372.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9596211314201355,
"token_count": 943,
"score": 3.203125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Penny Lake (The name as it would appear in a gazetteer)
Penny Lake (The name as it would appear on a map)
If this information is incorrect, please e-mail [email protected]
Feature type: Water body (11)
This name originates from New Zealand. It is part of the New Zealand Gazetteer and the SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.
Names that other countries have for this feature:
A coin-shaped lake perched in moraine near the mouth of Roaring Valley. It was the site for a base camp of the VUWAE, 1960-61, which gave it this descriptive name.
No images of this place could be found.
|
<urn:uuid:ea4a43de-1bd1-4237-92e7-11e06b61d400>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21",
"url": "https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=114100",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530066.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519204127-20220519234127-00263.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7275673151016235,
"token_count": 335,
"score": 2.703125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Blood sugar, also called “glucose”, is the main sugar found in the blood and it comes from the food that is consumed and is the main source of energy, since the blood carries glucose to all cells from the body to be used for energy, according to Medline Plus, the US National Library of Medicine.
But, when blood glucose (sugar) levels are very high, diabetes can develop and the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that there are different types of diabetes: type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is due to the The body does not effectively use the insulin it produces and type 1 diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by poor insulin production and requires daily administration of this hormone.
In addition, the US National Library of Medicine indicated that, over time, excess glucose in the blood can cause serious problems and can also damage the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes can also cause heart disease, stroke, and the need to amputate a limb.
Consequently, to know if you have high blood sugar, it is recommended that blood glucose be measured when you get up in the morning and before breakfast, and it is considered normal if glucose levels are between 70 and 100 mg/dl in fasting and less than 140 mg/dl two hours after each meal, according to the Sanitas Group of Spain.
When insulin metabolism does not work properly, tissue cells stop properly assimilating glucose and it accumulates in the blood. For this reason, diabetes is diagnosed if the fasting glucose level is 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher on two different tests. Levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL (5.5 and 7.0 mmol/L) are called impaired fasting glucose or prediabetes. These levels are risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
For this reason, to control sugar levels, you must have a balanced and healthy diet that provides vitamins and is accompanied by foods such as ginger that help reduce high blood sugar and provide vitamins B, C and E, according to the company. Terra Networks.
However, ginger not only helps reduce sugar, but this plant is also used to relieve nausea caused by pregnancy, but before consuming it, it is necessary to consult a doctor.
Also, the plant with a spicy flavor that comes from the tropical rain forests of the Indian subcontinent, in South Asia, is used by people who suffer from digestive problems such as gastritis, constipation, among others, since it works as a stomach protector
Additionally, it is consumed by women who suffer from cramps or menstrual cramps, as it reduces pain and may prove to be more effective than a medication.
Similarly, it is known to reduce high levels of LDL lipoproteins in the blood.
Along the same lines, it is known to increase the defenses in people, so it prevents colds or flu from developing. In addition, ginger, by containing antioxidant components, could directly improve brain function, which would help against Alzheimer’s. Also, the plant helps reduce age-related brain dysfunction.
However, as with any food that you want to include in your daily diet, it is important to consult the treating doctor or a nutritionist about the best way to consume, and if the existing medical conditions are not an impediment to benefit from all the properties of the food already named.
|
<urn:uuid:e91c31b8-bdb0-456f-8f09-336eab63038b>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21",
"url": "https://golfangelstrace.com/the-food-that-helps-reduce-high-blood-sugar-and-provides-vitamins-b-c-and-e/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662560022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523163515-20220523193515-00499.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9572492241859436,
"token_count": 686,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
- Open Access
Estimating the movements of terrestrial animal populations using broad-scale occurrence data
Movement Ecology volume 9, Article number: 60 (2021)
As human and automated sensor networks collect increasingly massive volumes of animal observations, new opportunities have arisen to use these data to infer or track species movements. Sources of broad scale occurrence datasets include crowdsourced databases, such as eBird and iNaturalist, weather surveillance radars, and passive automated sensors including acoustic monitoring units and camera trap networks. Such data resources represent static observations, typically at the species level, at a given location. Nonetheless, by combining multiple observations across many locations and times it is possible to infer spatially continuous population-level movements. Population-level movement characterizes the aggregated movement of individuals comprising a population, such as range contractions, expansions, climate tracking, or migration, that can result from physical, behavioral, or demographic processes. A desire to model population movements from such forms of occurrence data has led to an evolving field that has created new analytical and statistical approaches that can account for spatial and temporal sampling bias in the observations. The insights generated from the growth of population-level movement research can complement the insights from focal tracking studies, and elucidate mechanisms driving changes in population distributions at potentially larger spatial and temporal scales. This review will summarize current broad-scale occurrence datasets, discuss the latest approaches for utilizing them in population-level movement analyses, and highlight studies where such analyses have provided ecological insights. We outline the conceptual approaches and common methodological steps to infer movements from spatially distributed occurrence data that currently exist for terrestrial animals, though similar approaches may be applicable to plants, freshwater, or marine organisms.
Describing how the locations of individuals or populations change across space and through time is an important part of understanding many different levels of ecological organization. Tracked movements can allow us to understand individual behaviors (e.g., establishing home range, mate seeking, emigration to new territory [1,2,3]), the consequences of inter- or intra-specific interactions (e.g., competitive, facilitative [4, 5]), how individuals track and acquire resources (e.g., follow resource pulses, seasonality, migration [6,7,8]), or the effects of natural or anthropogenic perturbations (e.g., relocating from catastrophe or land use change, shifting habitat use in response to climate change or changes in resource availability [9, 10]). Recent technological innovations have expanded our ability to document fine-scale movements, and to track individuals over both short and long distances and time periods. Tracking sensors are becoming smaller, more affordable, and are being applied to an expanding range of taxa (e.g., birds, whales, bats, insects, fish [11, 12]). From such devices, the movements of individuals can be tracked, allowing researchers to connect known locations through time to understand how and where individuals move, or to evaluate the movements of many individuals to understand interactive components of movements among conspecifics or between species, or to summarize how aggregate populations move through time (e.g., [13, 14]).
Tracking data, however, are often limited to a small number of individuals (< 30) over short time periods (days to months), restricting the ability of researchers to generate broad-scale inferences [15,16,17]. In addition, individual-level tracking data are often constrained due to organisms or species having small body size [18, 19], budgetary limitations , or high tag loss (anatomical, behavioral, animal safety [21,22,23]). It can also be challenging to mark and track a sample of individuals that adequately represent broadly distributed species or species with large populations (e.g., [24, 25]). Because of these limitations, it is often more feasible to collect individual locations where identity is not retained over time (occurrence data), especially across large spatial and temporal scales. Even where individual-level movement data exist, complementary approaches that instead use individual occurrence data to study emergent dynamics in population distributions, referred to as population-level movement (previously described in [26,27,28]), have the potential to address knowledge gaps and advance our understanding of general movement phenomena (Fig. 1), ecological interactions, disease spread , invasive species and range-expanding species [30,31,32], climate response [7, 10, 14, 33, 34], and conservation of mobile populations, such as those that migrate .
Population-level movement can be summarized by an aggregate metric of the population distribution (e.g., its center or boundary) and quantified by its rate of change (direction, magnitude) across a subset of individuals within a defined population, species, or geographic area. Population-level movement, or redistribution, includes migration, nomadism, and the shifts of previously sedentary ranges or established natal or breeding dispersal areas [26, 37, 38]. Movement at the population-level can result from individual behavior, demographic processes, external factors, or their combined effects (Fig. 2). Despite the strengths of individual-level tracking data, researchers are increasingly able to turn towards occurrence data from human and automated sensor networks to infer macro-scale population-level movements [11, 39, 40]. Recent advancements in data acquisition, processing, and analysis have allowed broad-scale occurrence datasets to be used to infer spatially continuous movement of populations across the landscape over short to long timescales. Adding a macroecological lens to movement ecology provides a novel perspective for connecting individual processes and behaviors to emergent population-level movements across a range of temporal scales (seasonal, interannual, multi-generational, or evolutionary) and the big-picture trends in geographic range movement, expansion, or contraction that are occurring in response to ongoing regional and global changes .
Animal occurrence data, often collected as static presence, presence/absence, counts, or density in space and time along with a measure of sampling effort, are increasingly available through widely distributed sensor networks. These sensors can be human, as in the case of crowdsourced initiatives where tasks such as data collection or processing are outsourced to an undefined and large group of volunteers . In other cases, automated sensor networks collect data passively. Examples include weather surveillance radar , acoustic monitoring , or image monitoring [12, 45]. Some efforts overlap, with automated sensors passively collecting data, through a crowdsourced network of volunteer maintainers (e.g., [46, 47]). In all cases, each occurrence record represents an individual observation, a count, or a density of individuals, but in most cases, records lack individual identifiers that would allow linking the same individual animal to multiple locations at different times, and thus, explicitly record movement. To ascertain movement patterns, general requirements are that the network of sensors be distributed across a broad spatial extent, and that the sensor network collects data at a high enough temporal frequency relative to the movement properties of the species in order to detect shifts in location, and relative to the needs of the research question. For example, to infer population-level movement of a seasonally migrating species, a sensor network would need to include observations from across the summer and winter ranges and within regions of passage, with occurrences documented frequently throughout the species’ annual life cycle (Fig. 1).
Many datasets provide publicly available occurrence location data (Table 1), and the past decade has seen an increase in the number of datasets and new methods developed to infer population movement from occurrence data. Such occurrence datasets are commonly used to estimate species distributions at a single point in time or by pooling data across years (e.g., [48, 49]), which generally represent a static perspective of species location or occupancy across a landscape. Species distribution models are also often used to forecast changes in distribution in response to changes in climate or land use (e.g., [50, 51]). While species distribution models do not directly estimate movement, they can be used to measure different aspects of a population’s location in time and space, and by linking changes in those measures across time, one can infer patterns in population-level movement that include migration, nomadism, or range shifts. To date, little synthesis has been done on the data, methods, and types of models used to infer population-level movement from occurrence data. The purpose of this review is to (1) to lay out a theoretical framework to understand and guide population-level movement research, (2) summarize existing broad-scale species occurrence datasets, (3) discuss the latest statistical and modeling approaches for inferring population-level movement, and (4) highlight where such studies have provided ecological insights. Through the review, we hope to provide guidance to researchers conducting their own movement analysis using occurrence data, and to identify areas ripe for future research or development. We restrict our discussion to population-level movements in terrestrial animals, mostly at regional and larger spatial scales, and seasonal or longer temporal scales, though similar insights may be applicable to marine or aquatic animal studies, or at finer spatial or temporal resolutions (Box 1).
A theoretical framework for population-level movement
Recent statistical and modeling advances have allowed researchers to use occurrence data to infer spatially continuous population-level movement across the landscape. The types of population-level movement questions that can be answered with occurrence data differ from traditional individual-level movement questions using tracking data. Occurrence data are well suited for documenting movements between regions that occur in a relatively short time frame, such as days, weeks or months (migration, nomadism, or dispersal; sensu [17, 37, 38]) or for documenting movements and geographic range shifts that occur across a relatively long time frame, such as multiple years, generations, or evolutionary time [55, 56]. In contrast, occurrence data are poorly suited for determining the movements within resident populations (e.g., encamped movements related to behavioral activities like foraging). Beyond describing a movement path, the movement ecology paradigm identified three basic components focused on individual movement—internal state, navigation capacity, motion capacity—and their correlation with external factors . Importantly, since occurrence data frequently represent locations where individual identity is not retained over time, movement paths cannot be described for specific individuals, and variation in movement cannot be attributed to individual characteristics such as age, genetics, phenotype, behavior, or interactions . Instead, occurrence data can be used to identify population-level movement patterns that emerge from demographic processes and the movement of individuals. Population distributions can be compared within or across years or between different groups (i.e., species or regions), and changes or differences in distribution may be used to discern external abiotic or biotic correlates of movement.
We outline a population-level movement framework that builds upon the individual-level movement ecology paradigm , recognizing that population-level distributions emerge from individual movement mechanisms and movement types along with demographic processes (Fig. 2). This framework recognizes the disparate spatial and temporal scales at which the individual- and population-level processes often play out and organizes different movement types within these scales. Emergent changes in population distribution (i.e., population-level movement) may be influenced by scale-dependent external factors, including biotic interactions, resource environments, climate change, and anthropogenic disturbance [26, 38]. In some cases, such as migration and nomadism, the different types of population-level movement roughly overlap with types that can be observed in individuals , whereas other types of population-level movement, such as range shifts, emerge from aggregate, long-term changes in individual behavior and demographic processes.
We propose grouping population-level movement research into four thematic research areas: (1) Quantify population-level patterns of movement, (2) assess how species traits influence population-level movement (i.e., internal factors), (3) study how population-level movements correlate with external factors, and (4) connect movement patterns with conservation or management schema (i.e., implications and applications) (Box 2).
Most sensor-network occurrence data fall somewhere along the continuum of structured to unstructured data , and of structured to unstructured projects (Box 1, [53, 54, 58]). From a big data perspective, occurrence data generated by human or passive automated sensors may be structured as tabular or database formats that are easily machine readable (analysis ready), unstructured as audio, image, video or text files that are not easily machine readable, or fall somewhere in between as semi-structured data . From a study design perspective, projects that generate occurrence data range from structured to unstructured sensor networks. Structured projects use rigorously prescribed protocols, implement systematic or random sampling to ensure locations are representative of a larger population of interest, and are implemented for a specific purpose or planned data analysis with clear objectives [53, 54], for example, long-term standardized projects like the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme or national weather surveillance radar systems . In contrast, unstructured projects are collected by open recruitment, with few rigorous protocols, and typically exhibit large variation in data quality and quantity (e.g., iNaturalist, ). Semi-structured projects fall in between [53, 54, 58]. Data resulting from semi- and unstructured projects are not typically designed to answer specific research questions , or to adhere to particular statistical or study design principles but are often collected with the goal of sampling a large portion of the total population within a defined area . Unstructured and semi-structured project examples often include human sensor networks such as eBird and eButterfly , or other crowdsourced data platforms relying on professional or volunteer observers [43, 63] that may or may not collect effort covariates designed to account for potential sources of bias in the data [58, 64]. Structured project examples often include passive automated sensor networks that are designed by a central institution (e.g., weather surveillance radar as part of a national weather monitoring system). Structured projects may collect structured, semi-structured, or unstructured data, and the same is true for unstructured projects. The proliferation of occurrence datasets and projects that vary from structured to unstructured provides new challenges and opportunities for observing and estimating population-level movements across broad spatial scales.
Crowdsourced data can leverage the interests or expertise of many individuals to collect relatively high-density occurrence data across broad geographic areas and at high frequency through time. Many such efforts have gained traction with general community members and provide rich, and often publicly available, data sources . The applications or websites on which volunteers enter occurrence information can provide some structure to the data, while allowing for flexibility in observer expertise and motivation (e.g., a casual observer who largely ignores protocols to an observer that is dedicated to following strict protocols). Many platforms for crowdsourced data provide a method for “vetting” or filtering the data to address obvious data quality issues such as misidentifications. eBird (www.ebird.org) has been a leading example, capitalizing on already dedicated birding groups and hobbyists, and developing a platform that mimics the checklist format already popular among birdwatchers . New analytical methods and procedures have been developed to leverage the information provided by eBird to generate reliable estimates of species occurrence . Other datasets focus on different taxonomic groups and geographic regions, but are increasingly providing the quality, density, and frequency of human-observed data necessary to assess population-level movements (Table 1). Appropriate use of crowdsourced data requires careful consideration of imperfect and variable detections as well as spatiotemporal variation in sampling intensity, with observations often biased towards easily accessible locations containing unique or abundant species [64, 65, 67,68,69].
In addition to the crowdsourced data provided by direct observations, new technologies are expanding opportunities for automated observation networks, which can be used to document occurrences and infer population-level movements. Examples of automated networks include weather surveillance radar (WSR), acoustic monitoring, and camera traps. WSR stations were developed for the purpose of monitoring precipitation, but such data streams provide new opportunities to monitor biological populations (e.g., [79, 80]). These data may be used to monitor specific taxonomic groups (e.g., birds, bats, or insects) but the data typically cannot be parsed into individual species [81,82,83]. Exceptions include species that occupy large roosting sites during the night, whose dawn departures can be detected by WSR [84, 85]. Significant technical knowledge is often required to screen and process WSR data . After processing, WSR data may be capable of providing relative densities of biological targets as altitudinal profiles of density, speed and direction [87, 88]. Like crowdsourced occurrence data, WSR data cannot track specific individuals, but it can provide a cost-effective density-based estimate of the distribution and movement of aerofauna across space and through time. There are several national and international WSR networks that provide data openly, or in agreement with specific research groups. WSR data is freely available in the United States (i.e., ) and in Europe through a multinational data exchange program (OPERA, [60, 76]). Although some data and methods for parsing biological entities have also been published (e.g., MistNet, [89, 90]), acquiring and analyzing WSR data across other geographic and political regions may be more challenging due to WSR coverage gaps, limited data accessibility, and interoperability of data streams across stations [80, 91, 92].
Automated sensor networks may also include audio or visual technologies, such as acoustic monitoring and camera traps, and are sometimes deployed or maintained using crowdsourced volunteers (e.g., [46, 77, 93,94,95]). Camera trap and acoustic sensors may vary in their ability to isolate likely image or audio targets, may be patchily distributed across the landscape, and users may need to rely on automated software tools that are not 100% accurate or require time-consuming manual vetting processes . Thus, one challenge with acoustic and camera trap data is the combination of technical software and skill needed to identify and isolate the correct sounds or images for analysis , but also the human time that is often needed to manually validate portions of the data for accuracy [96, 98, 99]. Sparse arrays of acoustic or camera monitors may be useful for confirming a species’ occupancy, or for estimating animal activity patterns, abundance, or species diversity in an area, especially when robust methods for confirming species presence have been developed [100, 101], but much larger and denser arrays would be needed to infer population movement through or within an area . Differences in camera trap survey designs, including baited versus unbaited stations, have been found to have significant consequences for occurrence frequency and detection rates [102, 103]. However, there are several examples of such arrays that have been used to infer population movement—acoustic recordings for bat occupancy trends across space and through time , camera traps for raptor prevalence and migration and migration timing and speed of caribou and ptarmigan . Although acoustic monitoring is most frequently used to observe species within a local area or during non-movement periods, it has also been used to detect bird populations during migration or to “catch” the short flight calls that birds emit during migration . Decreasing costs of Autonomous Recording Units (ARUs) and camera units may increase the feasibility of deploying these sensor technologies to detect and infer population movement in future studies [100, 108].
Due to the partially unstructured nature of data, common for all of these networks, these datasets require a significant time investment to process and validate data, and careful consideration of possible sampling biases and variability in an observer’s skill before they can be used for analysis. A benefit for population-level movement research is that much of these data are publicly available (Table 1) or are available upon request, in contrast with individually tracked data, which may be more likely to be protected and only accessible within specific labs or institutions (but see Movebank’s data repository for a library of openly published individual track data; https://www.datarepository.movebank.org/). Data from crowdsourced human and sensor networks are most readily available at appropriate densities from the northwestern hemisphere, specifically from North America and Europe, and have a strong bias towards aerofauna, including birds, flying insects, and bats.
Analytical approaches to estimate population-level movement
Prior to statistical analysis, occurrence data frequently require cleaning and processing. Data processing methods may differ among datasets and for distinct research questions, but general challenges include estimating occupancy from presence-only data , standardizing sampling intensity by subsampling observations (e.g., [67, 110]), accounting for low detection probability of certain species or in certain time periods or habitats , the potential for false positive occurrences , and accounting for detection or sampling biases related to human behavior . Clear guidelines or code to aid in processing the data may be available for some datasets, or may require more technical knowledge to navigate, especially for WSR, acoustic, or image data . In other cases, common clear methods may not exist, and a researcher may need to develop their own data processing workflow using appropriate analysis techniques that account for imperfect detection or variable sampling effort (Fig. 3).
Data vetting and cleaning
Technical and logistical challenges exist for researchers using semi-structured or unstructured data, as data are often not ready “out of the box” for analysis, and because different data and project structures require unique statistical approaches to minimize bias [53, 111, 112]. Each occurrence dataset will contain different fields, constraints on data collection, variability among sensors or observers, and the oversight or protocols behind a given project. These factors need to be accounted for to reduce bias and avoid flawed conclusions (Fig. 3) [58, 65]. Variability in data collection and data quality can often be dealt with in the data processing stages but may also need to occur within the data analysis stage. When preparing occurrence datasets for movement analysis it should be useful to follow some or all of the checks presented below for filtering data, checking for coverage, accuracy, and accounting for variability.
Filter for observations of interest
For any occurrence dataset, an initial first step is often to parse out observations that represent biological entities, the target specie(s) and/or locations of interest, and observations that have a high likelihood of being accurate (e.g., not a misidentification). For WSR and other automated sensor network data such as acoustic or camera arrays, simply identifying records that represent biological entities, and then filtering to the target species or taxa is itself a non-trivial process (e.g., [113, 114]). Many tools have been developed to screen and process WSR data for biological information including the Bias Improvement of Radar Data System (BIRDS; methods described in ), and computational packages such as w2birddensity (part of WDSS-II ), vol2bird , R package bioRad, , and MISTNET . Camera trap and acoustic data research also increasingly rely upon artificial intelligence systems to automate and speed the process of filtering for target biological entities [97, 118,119,120,121,122], possibly using image or acoustic libraries (e.g., ). But such data still often require a significant investment in manual human-verification (e.g., ) before the data can be used for analysis.
Check for sufficient observation density and trends over time
To infer movement, the data need to have adequate coverage across space and time. Determining if there is sufficient data can be done in multiple ways, but often requires simply exploring patterns or structure in the data across time and space (e.g., using binned data). Simple visualizations or descriptive summary statistics may help the researcher determine if patterns occur due to imbalances in sampling, survey effort, or data collection methods, or represent valid ecological patterns. Strong increasing trends in total occurrences, the number of spatial locations observed, or the number of time frames observed may indicate that a data set is undergoing strong growth and should be used to infer movement with caution, or that it requires the application of a subsampling or weighting method as a first data processing step (e.g., ) (Fig. 4). Less pronounced increases or plateaus in the occurrence trends may indicate more stable data collection across space and time (Fig. 4). Controlling for overall sampling effort, spatially or temporally binning occurrences, and resampling or subsampling methods may all be useful ways to control for variability in sampling effort when analyzing occurrence data. In some cases, the researcher may decide to drop certain time frames or spatial areas from analysis if they do not meet a minimum threshold of occurrences for analysis (inclusion criteria; e.g. see methods from ).
Check observation accuracy
Data veracity is a challenge for many occurrence datasets, and substantial variability in data quality may exist, including the existence of false positive or false negative records. Such inaccuracies, misidentifications, or imperfect detections are mainly a problem if they change significantly over space or through time. Fortunately, many occurrence datasets have protocols in place for human experts to validate questionable observations. For example, programs like eBird, Project FeederWatch, and HerpMapper use automated processes and expert review [36, 71] to validate the data. Expert review may also be used to validate signals resulting from automated classification processing of acoustic or camera sensors [98, 99]. When using occurrence data, a researcher should first review the guidelines for individual datasets (e.g., [66, 127]) or view protocols or methods from recent publications that address potential sources of inaccuracy in the data (e.g., false-positive occupancy models ). When guidelines do not yet exist, researchers may need to rely on expert knowledge to look for and filter outliers or suspect records on their own. A researcher may want to consider the species- or habitat-specific context for their research subject and use their own protocols to filter occurrence records outside the known species range or cases where the species is known to have low detection probability or high misidentification rates (e.g., in the case where two similar species co-occur). Often, occurrence data are used to quantify occupancy (presence within a spatial area or grid cell) or relative abundance. Although abundance estimators are sometimes used with occurrence data, these methods often require strong assumptions (e.g. population closure, no double counting, and constant detection probability) that are difficult to verify and can significantly impact estimator accuracy [128,129,130].
Quantify and control for variability
Perhaps the largest challenge is to acknowledge and account for sources of variability that originate from the observation process (e.g., variability in sampling effort or observer skill level) within occurrence datasets and control for it where possible. Substantial variability in data quality, data volume, and overall sampling effort across time and space are characteristics of “big data” [52, 65] that are also common to occurrence data. Data fields that record sampling effort, sensor placement, factors related to detection probability, and spatial and temporal resolution of the data, should be collected and included in models to help control for variation when possible. Other effort-based measures may be used, such as time spent searching, distance traveled while searching, number of observers in the search party, or time of day (e.g., eBird ). For camera traps or acoustic sensors, effort-based measures could include fields for the number of days a camera/acoustic sensor was active, whether it was baited or not, or if sensors were placed randomly or chosen opportunistically to increase detection, for example, by focusing on known travel routes or previous occurrence locations . Such measures can help to control for crowdsourced effort differences across time and space, rather than using the raw occurrence data.
Recent work has focused on developing methods and approaches that account for variable and spatially biased sampling effort, sometimes by integrating data from multiple structured and/or unstructured projects [131,132,133], binning the data spatially and/or temporally (, e.g., ), or weighting records . For example, data can be standardized within a spatial bin by accounting for overall sampling effort (e.g. the total number of observers). Effort measures can be used to weight records, as predictors in an analysis, or in some cases, modeled using an offset (a predictor with a regression coefficient = 1, so that a count-based model effectively models density or encounter rate, ). In some cases, rarefaction or resampling methods (i.e., oversampling or undersampling to a median value ) may be used to represent a similar sampling effort across space or through time. Variable sampling effort over space is often accounted for using covariates that are suspected to correlate with sampling effort, such as distance to the nearest urban center (e.g., ) or distance to road . In some cases effort covariates do not exist (e.g., iNaturalist ) and researchers must instead control for variable sampling effort with other methods, such as using the number of non-target species detections as a way to estimate change in effort across space and time . Another common approach used when fitting species distribution models is to sample background locations in a way that attempts to mimic sampling biases in the occurrence data [139, 140]. Alternatively, setting strict inclusion criteria may help to deal with variability by omitting extreme or outlier observations or spatial or temporal bins that do not meet a predetermined threshold for total number of occurrences.
Ultimately, variation in data and project structures makes interoperability across datasets challenging. A major goal for researchers should be to identify better ways to coordinate data collection efforts, to link data observations across different collection sites and platforms, and to develop automated tools to make this process accessible to researchers at different computational skill levels and from different subfields. Species distribution modeling represents one area of research that has developed methods to integrate different types of occurrence data (e.g. presence-only, presence/absence, and count), that might prove useful for aggregating occurrence data to infer population-level movements or the causes of those observed movements [131,132,133, 141, 142]. Improved standards for data collection and project structure, and adherence to data sharing policies across institutional, national, and international boundaries would benefit the utility of occurrence data for movement ecology , considering that animal movement research often requires monitoring at regional, continental, or global spatial scales.
Methods and models
Population-level movement can be inferred from occurrence data in multiple ways: (1) A summary of predicted occurrence distributions at multiple points in time can be modeled to evaluate change (e.g., in the center or boundaries) over time, and (2) changes in the occurrence distribution can be directly modeled as a function of temporally changing explanatory variables. Statistical processes for inferring population-level movement from semi- and unstructured occurrence datasets and projects must be able to account for a high volume of data that contain variable quality, noise, recording anomalies, spurious correlations and incidental endogeneity throughout [52, 143]. Incidental endogeneity is a genuine relationship between predictor variables and the error term in a regression analysis (i.e., residual term is dependent on some of the predictors), and is common in observational data and in highly dimensional data that comes from multiple different sources, such as crowdsourced data [52, 112, 143]. Occurrence data also frequently violate common statistical assumptions of independence, stationarity, and Normality . Spatial [144,145,146] and temporal [147, 148] autocorrelation are common concerns. Additional challenges include finding ways to deal with multicollinearity (i.e., when an explanatory variable can be predicted by linear combinations of other explanatory variables [149, 150]) or overfitting due to excessive model flexibility (e.g., too many predictors or too flexible a relationship between predictor and response varaible) and accidentally masking the true effects. Generalized additive models (GAMs), and tree-based and other machine-learning methods use cross-validation or penalization in an attempt to avoid overfitting. Even in the absence of multicollinearity and overfitting, models, including advanced tree-based or machine-learning methods, may still have low predictive ability when transferred to novel locations or scenarios . Spurious correlations can occur, particularly when attempting to identify important species traits and environmental drivers of population-level movements with large datasets . Measurement errors can compound, particularly when predictor variables are remotely sensed and are thus only available on coarse grids or where they are spatially or temporally mis-aligned with occurrence records. Based on the above challenges and assumptions, there is a strong need to present levels of uncertainty associated with movement models based on occurrence data.
Modeling approaches should be tailored to the data and the specific research theme and question of a given project. Some modeling approaches use only occurrence records to describe movement paths or trajectories after vetting and controlling for bias in the occurrence data itself (Research Theme 1). Others rely on additional information such as species traits, behavioral models, environmental covariates, or anthropogenic factors (Research Themes 2–4). Below, we summarize recent analytical methods and approaches for describing or quantifying population-level movement across the four research themes, with a focus on methods for Research Theme 1, describing population-level movement.
Research theme 1: quantify population-level patterns of movement
Quantifying population-level movement is an important step to integrating population-level and landscape-scale perspectives into movement ecology, which to date has largely focused on the movements of individuals. Crossing or combining organizational scales to understand the changes to population-level measures of distribution that emerge from individual processes is a growing area of study that can provide new insights. Due to the nature of occurrence data, population-level movement is usually characterized using quantitative measures of the population’s range area, range edges, or range center, and changes in these characteristics through time. For populations undertaking directional movement through migration, or undergoing range expansion or range shifts, measures may describe location, direction, density of moving individuals (migration traffic rate, ), or speed (e.g., [28, 105]) over a time period, or compare differences in location, density, or velocity across multiple time periods and across space (e.g., [153, 154]). Estimates of the timing of events, such as date of first arrival, crossing a latitudinal or longitudinal demarcation, or reaching a predetermined number or density of observations (e.g., date when half the population has passed a sample point [105, 155]), may also be used to infer or evaluate population-level movement.
One may characterize the central location and movement of a population using coarse summaries of the occurrence data, such as the population’s centroid in latitude and longitude for a given time period (e.g. daily or weekly). The population centroid can then be compared across time or thresholds that indicate movement [28, 105] or arrival at a predetermined area (e.g., ). Changes in centroids can be modeled using generalized additive mixed models (GAMM, ) or any regression-based approach, allowing users to estimate when migratory species begin or end directional movement (e.g., the onset of spring migration or the end of autumn migration). Further, measures of distance, speed, and direction of movement across seasons or years can be calculated from measures of population centrality. For example, population migration speed may be calculated by measuring the distance between daily centroids as km/day (birds 28) or km/hr (caribou 99) traveled. For longer-term occurrence datasets, these approaches are able to provide a description of population movement through annual life cycles, while accounting for variability among years using random effects (e.g., ).
Robust adaptive spatio-temporal models (AdaSTEM), a form of ensemble species distribution models, have been developed for use with eBird data. These models automatically select the appropriate sized stixel (spatio-temporal block of data) for inferring occurrence and abundance across a region based on the quantity of observations [124, 157]. These models do not measure movement, per se, but their estimates of occurrence, abundance, and range can be compared to evaluate how populations move based on shifting species distribution ranges and centers over the target time period. AdaSTEM models are useful because they are semi-parametric and can be used to generate hypotheses for migration dynamics and range expansion, or dispersal across dynamic species ranges, as is necessary especially for migratory species . Estimates of ranges can be compared across different times of the year, or across years, to infer population movement . Scientists working with eBird data have led the development of many new statistical methods and tools for conducting movement research using occurrence data. These new approaches have been successfully applied to eBird data, which contain a large amount of high quality, vetted occurrence records for birds, across broad geographic areas for more than 10 years [36, 66]. Nonetheless, some aspects of these eBird-inspired workflows and statistical methods could be reasonably adapted to other crowdsourced or occurrence datasets, different taxonomic groups, and other types of population movement research questions.
Rather than use a two-step approach (estimating species distributions at different time points and then modeling summary measures of these distributions, e.g. their centrality), it is appealing to consider more mechanistic approaches that model movement in terms of an advection–diffusion process . This approach has been successfully applied to model the spread of Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) using structured breeding bird survey data , but we are unaware of any successful applications of diffusion models to unstructured project survey data. The modeling approach of Wikle is an example of a state-space model, with separate models for the underlying biological movement and observation processes. Alternative formulations of state-space models could be considered for quantifying population-level movements, but these methods require a significant understanding of advanced mathematics and access to high-level computing tools or high-performance computing systems to fit these models to large datasets .
Research themes 2 and 3: evaluating the effects of species traits or external factors on movement
Once population movement has been characterized, a logical next step is to assess possible traits or external factors driving movement Outputs from the previous step that describe population-level movement can be used to examine predictors or correlates of movement and to test relevant questions or hypotheses. Since population-level movements are often summarized using an aggregate measure of the population (e.g., its center or range boundary), predictors should be expected to influence a significant number of individuals across a large spatial or temporal scale. Predictor variables frequently come from other datasets, for example, remote sensing products (e.g., NASA MODIS, LANDSAT, landcover or anthropogenic databases, other species occurrence records) or climate reanalyses (e.g., Daymet, NCEP, ECMWF, ERA5), or trait databases [160,161,162]. These predictors can be analyzed with population-level movement metrics using generalized linear mixed models that account for different sources of variation in the data using combinations of random and fixed effects [163, 164]. In some cases, machine learning based models (i.e., random forests) may be able to identify the relative importance of different predictors for movement and/or changes in occurrence (e.g., ).
Research theme 4: connect movement patterns with conservation or management schema
Most conservation applications will apply an understanding of how distributions and movement are influenced by species-level or environmental covariates to a particular location or set of locations. In other words, Research Theme 4 requires the methods from Themes 1–3, but with a further step to translate the science to decision-making, and to influence on-the-ground management. From a robust description of population movement, ideally including some analysis of species traits or external factors, it becomes possible to forecast the effects of anthropogenic and environmental changes on future movement corridors or population distributions and to develop conservation and management strategies.
New ecological insights
Widespread occurrence data and new analytical approaches have allowed scientists to describe large-scale population movement, compare patterns among species or regions, and uncover potentially useful new strategies for conservation in ways that have not always been possible, or may have been very constrained, using only tracking data from focal individuals. Using measures of population-level movement and its correlates, researchers have uncovered broad-scale patterns across species’ annual life cycles, and quantified general relationships between population movement, expansion, or contraction and species traits and environmental associations (Box 3).
Conclusions and next steps
The rapid growth in occurrence data as well as new computational tools and statistical methods have opened the door to new possibilities for inferring population-level movement across broad spatial scales. While scientists at eBird and those specializing in analysis of WSR data have thus far led the development of datasets and new statistical methods and tools for analyzing movement from occurrence records, many of these approaches could be reasonably adapted to other crowdsourced or occurrence datasets, different taxonomic groups, and other types of research questions addressing population-level movement. Population-level movement studies have previously focused on data from individual studies that represent a relatively small sample of larger populations, but growing networks and increasingly available and interoperable data make larger collaborations and advances possible. Work that integrates different data sources and includes both individual- and population-level movement metrics (e.g., [49, 183,184,185]) have the potential to create models that share parameters across data, locations, and spatial or temporal resolutions to provide a more comprehensive summary of animal movement. Further, process-based modelling using individual tracking datasets could prove useful for testing hypotheses derived from occurrence data and for developing insights into alternate mechanisms driving observed population-level movement patterns.
As sensor networks for occurrence data mature, current limitations will hopefully be addressed through increased data quantity, improved methods for estimating accuracy and bias, and enhanced metadata standards. Population-level movement studies are “data hungry”—sufficient thresholds of the number of occurrences across space and time are needed to conduct a meaningful analysis—and not all datasets have the appropriate spatiotemporal coverage or volume of records required to make reliable estimates of population movement. Finally, the development of common standards for occurrence datasets could aid in increasing data availability, accessibility, and interoperability, as well as facilitating more robust adjustments for sampling effort and bias. For example, not all crowdsourced data repositories collect the necessary information to account for variation in observer skill or sampling effort, but an endeavor to do so would improve the utility of these data for movement ecology, and other scientific research. In some cases, related parts of sensor networks differ in their data accessibility or the resolution at which key geographic, temporal, or taxonomic variables are recorded, which can make it challenging for researchers to use data across broader spatial scales.
Currently, population movement studies are strongly biased towards birds, followed by other types of aerofauna such as bats and insects, and are geographically biased to North America and Europe. These biases make clear the exciting opportunities for new research in this area. There is high potential for new ecological insights to be gained as data are collected across other parts of the planet and for other taxonomic groups. This review only examined research related to terrestrial animal movement, but many of the same concepts and approaches can be applied to populations of aquatic and marine (e.g., [186, 187]), microbial , and plant taxa, which move over generations by natural or human-assisted dispersal (e.g., [188,189,190]. Using these data and new statistical methods to assess population-level movement can help support current work being carried out with individual tracking to determine how individual movement observations fit within the whole of a population or species’ trajectory and average patterns of movement. In addition, a population-level perspective can help shed new light on large-scale macro-movement patterns and associations with biological and environmental correlates of movement that might not be as obvious when considering the variation between specific individuals that were sampled (Fig. 1). Finally, documenting population movement may help scientists gain a clearer macroecological understanding of species occurrence, range expansion or contraction, migration, and needs for conservation and management in a changing world.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used to create figures or examples in the current review are cited within the text and the references and are freely available for download or from the data collector upon reasonable request.
Soulsbury CD, Iossa G, Baker PJ, White PCL, Harris S. Behavioral and spatial analysis of extraterritorial movements in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). J Mammal. 2011;92(1):190–9.
Supp SR, Koons DN, Ernest SKM. Using life history trade-offs to understand core-transient structuring of a small mammal community. Ecosphere. 2015;6(10):art187.
Van Moorter B, Rolandsen CM, Basille M, Gaillard J-M. Movement is the glue connecting home ranges and habitat selection. J Anim Ecol. 2016;85(1):21–31.
Friedemann G, Leshem Y, Kerem L, Shacham B, Bar-Massada A, McClain KM, et al. Multidimensional differentiation in foraging resource use during breeding of two sympatric top predators. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):35031.
Ahearn SC, Dodge S, Simcharoen A, Xavier G, Smith JLD. A context-sensitive correlated random walk: a new simulation model for movement. Int J Geogr Inf Sci. 2017;31(5):867–83.
Bischof R, Loe LE, Meisingset EL, Zimmermann B, Van Moorter B, Mysterud A. A migratory northern ungulate in the pursuit of spring: jumping or surfing the green wave? Am Nat. 2012;180(4):407–24.
Bartlam-Brooks HLA, Beck PSA, Bohrer G, Harris S. In search of greener pastures: using satellite images to predict the effects of environmental change on zebra migration. J Geophys Res Biogeosci. 2013;118(4):1427–37.
Bohrer G, Beck PS, Ngene SM, Skidmore AK, Douglas-Hamilton I. Elephant movement closely tracks precipitation-driven vegetation dynamics in a Kenyan forest-savanna landscape. Mov Ecol. 2014;2(1):2.
Rickbeil GJM, Hermosilla T, Coops NC, White JC, Wulder MA. Barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) behaviour after recent fire events; integrating caribou telemetry data with Landsat fire detection techniques. Glob Change Biol. 2017;23(3):1036–47.
Gurarie E, Hebblewhite M, Joly K, Kelly AP, Adamczewski J, Davidson SC, et al. Tactical departures and strategic arrivals: Divergent effects of climate and weather on caribou spring migrations. Ecosphere. 2019;10(12):e02971.
Kays R, Crofoot MC, Jetz W, Wikelski M. Terrestrial animal tracking as an eye on life and planet. Science. 2015;348(6240). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6240/aaa2478.
Kays R, McShea WJ, Wikelski M. Born-digital biodiversity data: millions and billions. Divers Distrib. 2020;26(5):644–8.
Mandel JT, Bohrer G, Winkler DW, Barber DR, Houston CS, Bildstein KL. Migration path annotation: cross-continental study of migration-flight response to environmental conditions. Ecol Appl. 2011;21(6):2258–68.
Davidson SC, Bohrer G, Gurarie E, LaPoint S, Mahoney PJ, Boelman NT, et al. Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic. Science. 2020;6:712–5.
Patterson TA, Hartmann K. Designing satellite tagging studies: estimating and optimizing data recovery. Fish Oceanogr. 2011;20(6):449–61.
McGowan J, Beger M, Lewison RL, Harcourt R, Campbell H, Priest M, et al. Integrating research using animal-borne telemetry with the needs of conservation management. J Appl Ecol. 2017;54(2):423–9.
Patterson TA, Parton A, Langrock R, Blackwell PG, Thomas L, King R. Statistical modelling of individual animal movement: an overview of key methods and a discussion of practical challenges. AStA Adv Stat Anal. 2017;101(4):399–438.
Wikelski M, Kays RW, Kasdin NJ, Thorup K, Smith JA, Swenson GW Jr. Going wild: what a global small-animal tracking system could do for experimental biologists. J Exp Biol. 2007;210(2):181–6.
Gottwald J, Zeidler R, Friess N, Ludwig M, Reudenbach C, Nauss T. Introduction of an automatic and open-source radio-tracking system for small animals. Methods Ecol Evol. 2019;10(12):2163–72.
Hebblewhite M, Haydon DT. Distinguishing technology from biology: a critical review of the use of GPS telemetry data in ecology. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. 2010;365(1550):2303–12.
Navarro A, Oliva V, Zamorano MJ, Ginés R, Izquierdo MS, Astorga N, et al. Evaluation of PIT system as a method to tag fingerlings of gilthead seabream (Sparus auratus L.): effects on growth, mortality and tag loss. Aquaculture. 2006;257(1):309–15.
Jepsen N, Thorstad EB, Havn T, Lucas MC. The use of external electronic tags on fish: an evaluation of tag retention and tagging effects. Anim Biotelemetry. 2015;3(1):49.
Bainbridge L, Stockwell M, Valdez J, Klop-Toker K, Clulow S, Clulow J, et al. Tagging tadpoles: retention rates and impacts of visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags from the larval to adult amphibian stages. Herpetol J. 2015;8:133–40.
Fieberg J, Kuehn DW, DelGiudice GD. Understanding variation in autumn migration of northern white-tailed deer by long-term study. J Mammal. 2008;89(6):1529–39.
Fieberg JR, Conn PB. A hidden Markov model to identify and adjust for selection bias: an example involving mixed migration strategies. Ecol Evol. 2014;4(10):1903–12.
Mueller T, Fagan WF. Search and navigation in dynamic environments—from individual behaviors to population distributions. Oikos. 2008;117(5):654–64.
Mueller T, Olson KA, Dressler G, Leimgruber P, Fuller TK, Nicolson C, et al. How landscape dynamics link individual- to population-level movement patterns: a multispecies comparison of ungulate relocation data. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2011;20(5):683–94.
La Sorte FA, Fink D, Hochachka WM, DeLong JP, Kelling S. Population-level scaling of avian migration speed with body size and migration distance for powered fliers. Ecology. 2013;94(8):1839–47.
Kottelenberg D, Hemerik L, Saponari M, van der Werf W. Shape and rate of movement of the invasion front of Xylella fastidiosa spp. pauca in Puglia. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1061.
Gallo T, Waitt D. Creating a successful citizen science model to detect and report invasive species. Bioscience. 2011;61(6):459–65.
Kamenova S, Bartley T, Bohan D, Boutain J, Colautti R, Domaizon I, et al. Invasions toolkit: current methods for tracking the spread and impact of invasive species. Adv Ecol Res. 2017;1:56.
Angert AL, Crozier LG, Rissler LJ, Gilman SE, Tewksbury JJ, Chunco AJ. Do species’ traits predict recent shifts at expanding range edges? Ecol Lett. 2011;14(7):677–89.
Devictor V, van Swaay C, Brereton T, Brotons L, Chamberlain D, Heliölä J, et al. Differences in the climatic debts of birds and butterflies at a continental scale. Nat Clim Change. 2012;2(2):121–4.
Sunday JM, Pecl GT, Frusher S, Hobday AJ, Hill N, Holbrook NJ, et al. Species traits and climate velocity explain geographic range shifts in an ocean-warming hotspot. Ecol Lett. 2015;18(9):944–53.
Michel NL, Saunders SP, Meehan TD, Wilsey CB. Effects of stewardship on protected area effectiveness for coastal birds. Conserv Biol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13698.
Sullivan BL, Aycrigg JL, Barry JH, Bonney RE, Bruns N, Cooper CB, et al. The eBird enterprise: an integrated approach to development and application of citizen science. Biol Conserv. 2014;1(169):31–40.
Teitelbaum CS, Mueller T. Beyond migration: causes and consequences of nomadic animal movements. Trends Ecol Evol. 2019;34(6):569–81.
Schlägel UE, Grimm V, Blaum N, Colangeli P, Dammhahn M, Eccard JA, et al. Movement-mediated community assembly and coexistence. Biol Rev. 2020;95(4):1073–96.
Shamoun-Baranes J, Alves JA, Bauer S, Dokter AM, Hüppop O, Koistinen J, et al. Continental-scale radar monitoring of the aerial movements of animals. Mov Ecol. 2014;2(1):9.
La Sorte FA, Lepczyk CA, Burnett JL, Hurlbert AH, Tingley MW, Zuckerberg B. Opportunities and challenges for big data ornithology. The Condor. 2018;120(2):414–26.
Estrada A, Morales-Castilla I, Caplat P, Early R. Usefulness of species traits in predicting range shifts. Trends Ecol Evol. 2016;31(3):190–203.
Nathan R, Getz WM, Revilla E, Holyoak M, Kadmon R, Saltz D, et al. A movement ecology paradigm for unifying organismal movement research. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008;105(49):19052–9.
Dickinson JL, Zuckerberg B, Bonter DN. Citizen science as an ecological research tool: challenges and benefits. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 2010;41(1):149–72.
Blumstein DT, Mennill DJ, Clemins P, Girod L, Yao K, Patricelli G, et al. Acoustic monitoring in terrestrial environments using microphone arrays: applications, technological considerations and prospectus. J Appl Ecol. 2011;48(3):758–67.
Kays R, Kranstauber B, Jansen P, Carbone C, Rowcliffe M, Fountain T, et al. Camera traps as sensor networks for monitoring animal communities. In: 2009 IEEE 34th conference on local computer networks. Zurich, Switzerland: IEEE; 2009 [cited 2021 May 25]. p. 811–8. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5355046/.
Jachowski DS, Katzner T, Rodrigue JL, Ford WM. Monitoring landscape-level distribution and migration Phenology of Raptors using a volunteer camera-trap network. Wildl Soc Bull. 2015;39(3):553–63.
Newson SE, Evans HE, Gillings S. A novel citizen science approach for large-scale standardised monitoring of bat activity and distribution, evaluated in eastern England. Biol Conserv. 2015;1(191):38–49.
Campos-Cerqueira M, Aide TM. Improving distribution data of threatened species by combining acoustic monitoring and occupancy modelling. Methods Ecol Evol. 2016;7(11):1340–8.
Gilbert NA, Pease BS, Anhalt-Depies CM, Clare JDJ, Stenglein JL, Townsend PA, et al. Integrating harvest and camera trap data in species distribution models. Biol Conserv. 2021;258:109147.
Mair L, Harrison PJ, Jönsson M, Löbel S, Nordén J, Siitonen J, et al. Evaluating citizen science data for forecasting species responses to national forest management. Ecol Evol. 2017;7(1):368–78.
Coxen CL, Frey JK, Carleton SA, Collins DP. Species distribution models for a migratory bird based on citizen science and satellite tracking data. Glob Ecol Conserv. 2017;1(11):298–311.
Gandomi A, Haider M. Beyond the hype: big data concepts, methods, and analytics. Int J Inf Manag. 2015;35(2):137–44.
Callaghan CT, Rowley JJL, Cornwell WK, Poore AGB, Major RE. Improving big citizen science data: Moving beyond haphazard sampling. PLoS Biol. 2019;17(6):e3000357.
Welvaert M, Caley P. Citizen surveillance for environmental monitoring: combining the efforts of citizen science and crowdsourcing in a quantitative data framework. Springerplus. 2016;5(1):1890.
Cove MV, Kays R, Bontrager H, Bresnan C, Lasky M, Frerichs T, et al. SNAPSHOT USA 2019: a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States. Ecology. n/a(n/a):e03353.
Rowley JJL, Callaghan CT, Cutajar T. FrogID: CitIzen scientists provide validated biodiversity data on frogs of AustralIa. Herpetol Conserv Biol. 2019;14:155–70.
Holyoak M, Casagrandi R, Nathan R, Revilla E, Spiegel O. Trends and missing parts in the study of movement ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008;105(49):19060–5.
Kelling S, Johnston A, Bonn A, Fink D, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Bonney R, et al. Using semistructured surveys to improve citizen science data for monitoring biodiversity. Bioscience. 2019;69(3):170–9.
Fox R, Warren MS, Brereton TM, Roy DB, Robinson A. A new Red List of British butterflies. Insect Conserv Divers. 2011;4(3):159–72.
Huuskonen A, Saltikoff E, Holleman I. The operational weather radar network in Europe. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 2014;95(6):897–907.
Van Horn G, Mac Aodha O, Song Y, Cui Y, Sun C, Shepard A, et al. The iNaturalist species classification and detection dataset. In: 2018 IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. Salt Lake City, UT: IEEE; 2018 [cited 2021 May 27]. p. 8769–78. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8579012/.
Prudic KL, McFarland KP, Oliver JC, Hutchinson RA, Long EC, Kerr JT, et al. eButterfly: leveraging massive online citizen science for butterfly conservation. Insects. 2017;8(2):53.
Bonney R, Cooper CB, Dickinson J, Kelling S, Phillips T, Rosenberg KV, et al. Citizen science: a developing tool for expanding science knowledge and scientific literacy. Bioscience. 2009;59(11):977–84.
Planillo A, Fiechter L, Sturm U, Voigt-Heucke S, Kramer-Schadt S. Citizen science data for urban planning: comparing different sampling schemes for modelling urban bird distribution. Landsc Urban Plan. 2021;5:211.
Rapacciuolo G, Young A, Johnson R. Deriving indicators of biodiversity change from unstructured community-contributed data. Oikos. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.08215.
Johnston A, Hochachka WM, Strimas-Mackey ME, Gutierrez VR, Robinson OJ, Miller ET, et al. Analytical guidelines to increase the value of community science data: an example using eBird data to estimate species distributions. Divers Distrib. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13271.
Fink D, Hochachka WM, Zuckerberg B, Winkler DW, Shaby B, Munson MA, et al. Spatiotemporal exploratory models for broad-scale survey data. Ecol Appl Publ Ecol Soc Am. 2010;20(8):2131–47.
Sicacha-Parada J, Steinsland I, Cretois B, Borgelt J. Accounting for spatial varying sampling effort due to accessibility in Citizen Science data: a case study of moose in Norway. Spat Stat. 2021;42:100446.
Ditmer MA, Iannarilli F, Tri AN, Garshelis DL, Carter NH. Artificial night light helps account for observer bias in citizen science monitoring of an expanding large mammal population. J Anim Ecol. 2021;90(2):330–42.
GBIF. What is GBIF? [Internet]. The Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2021 [cited 2021 May 20]. https://www.gbif.org/
HerpMapper. HerpMapper - Global Herp Atlas [Internet]. HerpMapper. [cited 2021 May 20]. https://www.herpmapper.org/
Pollard E. A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies. Biol Conserv. 1977;12(2):115–34.
Pollard E, Yates TJ. Monitoring butterflies for ecology and conservation: the British butterfly monitoring scheme. Berlin: Springer; 1994. p. 296.
NEXRAD on AWS—Registry of Open Data on AWS [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 May 20]. https://registry.opendata.aws/noaa-nexrad/.
Information (NCEI) NC for E, Information (NCEI) NC for E. NOAA Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) Level 2 Base Data [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 20]. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ncdc:C00345.
Holleman I, Delobbe L, Zgonc A. Update on the European weather radar network (OPERA). In: OPERA, Proceedings of ERAD 2008. 2008.
McShea WJ, Forrester T, Costello R, He Z, Kays R. Volunteer-run cameras as distributed sensors for macrosystem mammal research. Landsc Ecol. 2016;31(1):55–66.
Rowley JJL, Callaghan CT. The FrogID dataset: expert-validated occurrence records of Australia’s frogs collected by citizen scientists. ZooKeys. 2020;17(912):139–51.
Chilson PB, Bridge E, Frick WF, Chapman JW, Kelly JF. Radar aeroecology: exploring the movements of aerial fauna through radio-wave remote sensing. Biol Lett. 2012;8(5):698–701.
Shamoun-Baranes J, Bauer S, Chapman JW, Desmet P, Dokter AM, Farnsworth A, et al. Weather radars’ role in biodiversity monitoring. Science. 2021; 372(6539). https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/weather-radars-role-in-biodiversity-monitoring.
Chapman JW, Drake VA, Reynolds DR. Recent insights from radar studies of insect flight. Annu Rev Entomol. 2010;56(1):337–56.
Mizrahi D, Fogg T, Magarian V, Elia P, Hodgetts D, La Puma D. Radar monitoring of bird and bat movement patterns on block island and its coastal waters. 2010.
Heist KW, Bowden TS, Ferguson J, Rathbun NA, Olson EC, Nolfi DC, et al. Radar quantifies migrant concentration and Dawn reorientation at a Great Lakes shoreline. Mov Ecol. 2018;6(1):15.
Kelly JF, Pletschet SM. Accuracy of swallow roost locations assigned using weather surveillance radar. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv. 2018;4(2):166–72.
Bridge ES, Pletschet SM, Fagin T, Chilson PB, Horton KG, Broadfoot KR, et al. Persistence and habitat associations of Purple Martin roosts quantified via weather surveillance radar. Landsc Ecol. 2016;31(1):43–53.
Buler JJ, Lakshmanan V, La Puma D. Improving weather radar data processing for biological research applications: final report. 2012;15.
Dokter AM, Liechti F, Stark H, Delobbe L, Tabary P, Holleman I. Bird migration flight altitudes studied by a network of operational weather radars. J R Soc Interface. 2011;8(54):30–43.
Farnsworth A, Van Doren BM, Hochachka WM, Sheldon D, Winner K, Irvine J, et al. A characterization of autumn nocturnal migration detected by weather surveillance radars in the northeastern USA. Ecol Appl Publ Ecol Soc Am. 2016;26(3):752–70.
Lin T-Y, Winner K, Bernstein G, Mittal A, Dokter AM, Horton KG, et al. MistNet: measuring historical bird migration in the US using archived weather radar data and convolutional neural networks. Methods Ecol Evol. 2019;10(11):1908–22.
Sheldon D, Winner K, Bhambhani P, Bernstein G. darkecology/wsrlib: Version 0.2.0 [Internet]. Zenodo; 2019 [cited 2021 May 20]. https://zenodo.org/record/3352264#.YKavvoNKhH4.
Saltikoff E, Friedrich K, Soderholm J, Lengfeld K, Nelson B, Becker A, et al. An overview of using weather radar for climatological studies: successes, challenges, and potential. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 2019;100(9):1739–52.
Nussbaumer R, Benoit L, Mariethoz G, Liechti F, Bauer S, Schmid B. Modelling the flow of nocturnal bird migration with year-round European weather radar network. bioRxiv. 2020;19.
Smith AD, Paton PWC, McWilliams SR. Using nocturnal flight calls to assess the fall migration of warblers and sparrows along a coastal ecological barrier. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(3):e92218.
Townsend PA, Clare J, Liu N, Stenglein JL, Anhalt-Depies C, Deelen TRV, et al. Integrating remote sensing and jurisdictional observation networks to improve the resolution of ecological management. bioRxiv. 2020;2020.06.08.140848.
Lasky M, Parsons A, Schuttler S, Mash A, Larson L, Norton B, et al. Candid critters: challenges and solutions in a large-scale citizen science camera trap project. Citiz Sci Theory Pract. 2021;6(1):4.
Banner KM, Irvine KM, Rodhouse TJ, Wright WJ, Rodriguez RM, Litt AR. Improving geographically extensive acoustic survey designs for modeling species occurrence with imperfect detection and misidentification. Ecol Evol. 2018;8(12):6144–56.
Chen G, Han TX, He Z, Kays R, Forrester T. Deep convolutional neural network based species recognition for wild animal monitoring. In: 2014 IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP). 2014. p. 858–62.
Swanson A, Kosmala M, Lintott C, Simpson R, Smith A, Packer C. Snapshot Serengeti, high-frequency annotated camera trap images of 40 mammalian species in an African savanna. Sci Data. 2015;2(1):150026.
Glover-Kapfer P, Soto-Navarro CA, Wearn OR. Camera-trapping version 3.0: current constraints and future priorities for development. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv. 2019;5(3):209–23.
Wearn OR, Glover-Kapfer P. Snap happy: camera traps are an effective sampling tool when compared with alternative methods. R Soc Open Sci. 2019;6(3):181748.
Whytock RC, Świeżewski J, Zwerts JA, Bara-Słupski T, Pambo AFK, Rogala M, et al. Robust ecological analysis of camera trap data labelled by a machine learning model. Methods Ecol Evol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13576.
Sugai LSM, Desjonquères C, Silva TSF, Llusia D. A roadmap for survey designs in terrestrial acoustic monitoring. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv. 2020;6(3):220–35.
Iannarilli F, Erb J, Arnold TW, Fieberg JR. Evaluating species-specific responses to camera-trap survey designs. Wildl Biol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00726.full.
Reichert BE, Bayless M, Cheng TL, Coleman JTH, Francis CM, Frick WF, et al. NABat: a top-down, bottom-up solution to collaborative continental-scale monitoring. Ambio. 2021;50(4):901–13.
Tape KD, Gustine DD. Capturing migration phenology of terrestrial wildlife using camera traps. Bioscience. 2014;64(2):117–24.
Farnsworth A. Flight calls and their value for future ornithological studies and conservation research. Auk. 2005;122(3):733–46.
Watson MJ, Wilson DR, Mennill DJ. Anthropogenic light is associated with increased vocal activity by nocturnally migrating birds. The Condor. 2016;118(2):338–44.
Gibb R, Browning E, Glover-Kapfer P, Jones KE. Emerging opportunities and challenges for passive acoustics in ecological assessment and monitoring. Methods Ecol Evol. 2019;10(2):169–85.
MacKenzie DI, Nichols JD, Royle JA, Pollock KH, Bailey L, Hines JE. Occupancy estimation and modeling: inferring patterns and dynamics of species occurrence. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2017. p. 668.
Redhead JW, Fox R, Brereton T, Oliver TH. Assessing species’ habitat associations from occurrence records, standardised monitoring data and expert opinion: a test with British butterflies. Ecol Indic. 2016;1(62):271–8.
Pocock MJO, Tweddle JC, Savage J, Robinson LD, Roy HE. The diversity and evolution of ecological and environmental citizen science. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0172579.
Farley SS, Dawson A, Goring SJ, Williams JW. Situating ecology as a big-data science: current advances, challenges, and solutions. Bioscience. 2018;68(8):563–76.
Gauthreaux SA, Belser CG. Displays of bird movements on the WSR-88D: patterns and quantification. Weather Forecast. 1998;13(2):453–64.
Gauthreaux SA Jr, Livingston JW, Belser CG. Detection and discrimination of fauna in the aerosphere using Doppler weather surveillance radar. Integr Comp Biol. 2008;48(1):12–23.
Buler J, Diehl R. Quantifying bird density during migratory stopover using weather surveillance radar. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 2009;47(8):2741–51.
WDSS-II [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 20]. http://www.wdssii.org/.
Dokter AM, Desmet P, Spaaks JH, van Hoey S, Veen L, Verlinden L, et al. bioRad: biological analysis and visualization of weather radar data. Ecography. 2019;42(5):852–60.
Norouzzadeh MS, Nguyen A, Kosmala M, Swanson A, Palmer MS, Packer C, et al. Automatically identifying, counting, and describing wild animals in camera-trap images with deep learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018;115(25):E5716–25.
Schneider S, Taylor GW, Kremer SC. Deep Learning Object Detection Methods for Ecological Camera Trap Data. ArXiv180310842 Cs [Internet]. 2018 Mar 28 [cited 2021 May 20]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.10842.
Tabak MA, Norouzzadeh MS, Wolfson DW, Sweeney SJ, Vercauteren KC, Snow NP, et al. Machine learning to classify animal species in camera trap images: applications in ecology. Methods Ecol Evol. 2019;10(4):585–90.
Willi M, Pitman RT, Cardoso AW, Locke C, Swanson A, Boyer A, et al. Identifying animal species in camera trap images using deep learning and citizen science. Methods Ecol Evol. 2019;10(1):80–91.
Weinstein BG. MotionMeerkat: integrating motion video detection and ecological monitoring. Methods Ecol Evol. 2015;6(3):357–62.
Zamora-Gutierrez V, Ortega J, Avila-Flores R, Aguilar-Rodríguez PA, Alarcón-Montano M, Avila-Torresagatón LG, et al. The Sonozotz project: assembling an echolocation call library for bats in a megadiverse country. Ecol Evol. 2020;10(11):4928–43.
Fink D, Auer T, Johnston A, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Hochachka WM, Kelling S. Modeling avian full annual cycle distribution and population trends with citizen science data. Ecol Appl. 2020;30(3):e02056.
Greig EI, Wood EM, Bonter DN. Winter range expansion of a hummingbird is associated with urbanization and supplementary feeding. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 1852;2017(284):20170256.
Bonter DN, Cooper CB. Data validation in citizen science: a case study from Project FeederWatch. Front Ecol Environ. 2012;10(6):305–7.
Reichert BE, Lausen C, Loeb S, Weller T, Allen R, Britzke E, et al. A guide to processing bat acoustic data for the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat). U.S. Geological Survey; 2018 p. 33 p. (Open-File Report). Report No.: 2018–1068.
Knape J, Korner-Nievergelt F. On assumptions behind estimates of abundance from counts at multiple sites. Methods Ecol Evol. 2016;7(2):206–9.
Link WA, Schofield MR, Barker RJ, Sauer JR. On the robustness of N-mixture models. Ecology. 2018;99(7):1547–51.
O’Connell AF, Bailey LL. Inference for Occupancy and Occupancy Dynamics. In: O’Connell AF, Nichols JD, Karanth KU, editors. Camera Traps in Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses [Internet]. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2011 [cited 2021 May 20]. p. 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4_11.
Miller DAW, Pacifici K, Sanderlin JS, Reich BJ. The recent past and promising future for data integration methods to estimate species’ distributions. Methods Ecol Evol. 2019;10(1):22–37.
Fletcher RJ, Hefley TJ, Robertson EP, Zuckerberg B, McCleery RA, Dorazio RM. A practical guide for combining data to model species distributions. Ecology. 2019;100(6):e02710.
Isaac NJB, Jarzyna MA, Keil P, Dambly LI, Boersch-Supan PH, Browning E, et al. Data integration for large-scale models of species distributions. Trends Ecol Evol. 2020;35(1):56–67.
Supp SR, La Sorte FA, Cormier TA, Lim MCW, Powers DR, Wethington SM, et al. Citizen-science data provides new insight into annual and seasonal variation in migration patterns. Ecosphere. 2015;6(1):art15.
Johnston A, Moran N, Musgrove A, Fink D, Baillie SR. Estimating species distributions from spatially biased citizen science data. Ecol Model. 2020;422:108927.
Scotson L, Fredriksson G, Ngoprasert D, Wong W-M, Fieberg J. Projecting range-wide sun bear population trends using tree cover and camera-trap bycatch data. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(9):e0185336.
Warton DI, Renner IW, Ramp D. Model-based control of observer bias for the analysis of presence-only data in ecology. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11):e79168.
Fithian W, Elith J, Hastie T, Keith DA. Bias correction in species distribution models: pooling survey and collection data for multiple species. Methods Ecol Evol. 2015;6(4):424–38.
Phillips SJ, Dudík M, Elith J, Graham CH, Lehmann A, Leathwick J, et al. Sample selection bias and presence-only distribution models: implications for background and pseudo-absence data. Ecol Appl Publ Ecol Soc Am. 2009;19(1):181–97.
Botella C, Joly A, Monestiez P, Bonnet P, Munoz F. Bias in presence-only niche models related to sampling effort and species niches: lessons for background point selection. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(5):e0232078.
Pacifici K, Reich BJ, Miller DAW, Gardner B, Stauffer G, Singh S, et al. Integrating multiple data sources in species distribution modeling: a framework for data fusion*. Ecology. 2017;98(3):840–50.
Matthiopoulos J, Fieberg J, Aarts G. Species-Habitat Associations: Spatial data, predictive models, and ecological insights [Internet]. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing; 2020 [cited 2021 May 27]. http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/217469.
Fan J, Han F, Liu H. Challenges of big data analysis. Natl Sci Rev. 2014;1(2):293–314.
Dormann CF. Effects of incorporating spatial autocorrelation into the analysis of species distribution data. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2007;16(2):129–38.
Record S, Fitzpatrick MC, Finley AO, Veloz S, Ellison AM. Should species distribution models account for spatial autocorrelation? A test of model projections across eight millennia of climate change. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2013;22(6):760–71.
Miller JA. Species distribution models: spatial autocorrelation and non-stationarity. Prog Phys Geogr Earth Environ. 2012;36(5):681–92.
Roberts DR, Bahn V, Ciuti S, Boyce MS, Elith J, Guillera-Arroita G, et al. Cross-validation strategies for data with temporal, spatial, hierarchical, or phylogenetic structure. Ecography. 2017;40(8):913–29.
Schliep EM, Lany NK, Zarnetske PL, Schaeffer RN, Orians CM, Orwig DA, et al. Joint species distribution modelling for spatio-temporal occurrence and ordinal abundance data. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2018;27(1):142–55.
De Marco PJ, Nóbrega CC. Evaluating collinearity effects on species distribution models: an approach based on virtual species simulation. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):e0202403.
Dormann CF, Elith J, Bacher S, Buchmann C, Carl G, Carré G, et al. Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography. 2013;36(1):27–46.
Fourcade Y, Besnard AG, Secondi J. Paintings predict the distribution of species, or the challenge of selecting environmental predictors and evaluation statistics. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2018;27(2):245–56.
Nilsson C, Dokter AM, Verlinden L, Shamoun-Baranes J, Schmid B, Desmet P, et al. Revealing patterns of nocturnal migration using the European weather radar network. Ecography. 2019;42(5):876–86.
La Sorte FA, Fink D. Migration distance, ecological barriers and en-route variation in the migratory behaviour of terrestrial bird populations. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. 2017;26(2):216–27.
Coleman T, Mentch L, Fink D, La Sorte FA, Winkler DW, Hooker G, et al. Statistical inference on tree swallow migrations with random forests. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat. 2020;69(4):973–89.
Hurlbert AH, Liang Z. Spatiotemporal variation in avian migration phenology: citizen science reveals effects of climate change. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(2):e31662.
Wood SN. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R, Second Edition [Internet]. Routledge & CRC Press. 2006 [cited 2021 May 28]. https://www.routledge.com/Generalized-Additive-Models-An-Introduction-with-R-Second-Edition/Wood/p/book/9781498728331.
Fink D, Damoulas T, Dave J. Adaptive spatio-temporal exploratory models: hemisphere-wide species distributions from massively crowdsourced eBird data. Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell. 2013;27(1). https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/8484.
Wikle CK. Hierarchical Bayesian models for predicting the spread of ecological processes. Ecology. 2003;84(6):1382–94.
Auger-Méthé M, Newman K, Cole D, Empacher F, Gryba R, King AA, et al. A guide to state–space modeling of ecological time series. Ecol Monogr. in press;n/a(n/a):e01470.
Wilman H, Belmaker J, Simpson J, de la Rosa C, Rivadeneira MM, Jetz W. EltonTraits 1.0: species-level foraging attributes of the world’s birds and mammals. Ecology. 2014;95(7):2027–2027.
Sheard C, Neate-Clegg MHC, Alioravainen N, Jones SEI, Vincent C, MacGregor HEA, et al. Ecological drivers of global gradients in avian dispersal inferred from wing morphology. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):2463.
Jeliazkov A, Mijatovic D, Chantepie S, Andrew N, Arlettaz R, Barbaro L, et al. A global database for metacommunity ecology, integrating species, traits, environment and space. Sci Data. 2020;7(1):6.
Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, Stevens MHH, et al. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol. 2009;24(3):127–35.
Pinheiro J, Bates D. Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. New York: Springer; 2000. (Statistics and Computing). https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387989570.
La Sorte FA, Fink D, Hochachka WM, Kelling S. Convergence of broad-scale migration strategies in terrestrial birds. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 1823;2016(283):20152588.
Menz MHM, Brown BV, Wotton KR. Quantification of migrant hoverfly movements (Diptera: Syrphidae) on the West Coast of North America. R Soc Open Sci. 2019;6(4):190153.
Mayor SJ, Guralnick RP, Tingley MW, Otegui J, Withey JC, Elmendorf SC, et al. Increasing phenological asynchrony between spring green-up and arrival of migratory birds. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1902.
Sivakumar AH, Sheldon D, Winner K, Burt CS, Horton KG. A weather surveillance radar view of Alaskan avian migration. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 1950;2021(288):20210232.
Hooten MB, Wikle CK. A hierarchical Bayesian non-linear spatio-temporal model for the spread of invasive species with application to the Eurasian Collared-Dove. Environ Ecol Stat. 2008;15(1):59–70.
Williams JE, Blois JL. Range shifts in response to past and future climate change: can climate velocities and species’ dispersal capabilities explain variation in mammalian range shifts? J Biogeogr. 2018;45(9):2175–89.
Youngflesh C, Socolar J, Amaral BR, Arab A, Guralnick RP, Hurlbert AH, et al. Migratory strategy drives species-level variation in bird sensitivity to vegetation green-up. Nat Ecol Evol. 2021;29:1–8.
La Sorte FA, Fink D, Hochachka WM, Farnsworth A, Rodewald AD, Rosenberg KV, et al. The role of atmospheric conditions in the seasonal dynamics of North American migration flyways. J Biogeogr. 2014;41(9):1685–96.
La Sorte FA, Fink D, Hochachka WM, DeLong JP, Kelling S. Spring phenology of ecological productivity contributes to the use of looped migration strategies by birds. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2014;281(1793):20140984.
Flockhart DTT, Larrivée M, Prudic KL, Norris DR. Estimating the annual distribution of monarch butterflies in Canada over 16 years using citizen science data. FACETS. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2018-0011.
La Sorte FA, Hochachka WM, Farnsworth A, Sheldon D, Fink D, Geevarghese J, et al. Migration timing and its determinants for nocturnal migratory birds during autumn migration. J Anim Ecol. 2015;84(5):1202–12.
Zuckerberg B, Fink D, La Sorte FA, Hochachka WM, Kelling S. Novel seasonal land cover associations for eastern North American forest birds identified through dynamic species distribution modelling. Divers Distrib. 2016;22(6):717–30.
La Sorte FA, Fink D, Blancher PJ, Rodewald AD, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Rosenberg KV, et al. Global change and the distributional dynamics of migratory bird populations wintering in Central America. Glob Change Biol. 2017;23(12):5284–96.
Pettorelli N, Smith J, Pecl GT, Hill JK, Norris K. Anticipating arrival: tackling the national challenges associated with the redistribution of biodiversity driven by climate change. J Appl Ecol. 2019;56(10):2298–304.
La Sorte FA, Fink D, Buler JJ, Farnsworth A, Cabrera-Cruz SA. Seasonal associations with urban light pollution for nocturnally migrating bird populations. Glob Change Biol. 2017;23(11):4609–19.
La Sorte FA, Horton KG. Seasonal variation in the effects of artificial light at night on the occurrence of nocturnally migrating birds in urban areas. Environ Pollut. 2021;270:116085.
Vardi R, Berger-Tal O, Roll U. iNaturalist insights illuminate COVID-19 effects on large mammals in urban centers. Biol Conserv. 2021;254:108953.
Johnston A, Auer T, Fink D, Strimas-Mackey M, Iliff M, Rosenberg KV, et al. Comparing abundance distributions and range maps in spatial conservation planning for migratory species. Ecol Appl. 2020;30(3):e02058.
Flockhart DTT, Wassenaar LI, Martin TG, Hobson KA, Wunder MB, Norris DR. Tracking multi-generational colonization of the breeding grounds by monarch butterflies in eastern North America. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 2013;280(1768):20131087.
Linden DW, Sirén APK, Pekins PJ. Integrating telemetry data into spatial capture–recapture modifies inferences on multi-scale resource selection. Ecosphere. 2018;9(4):e02203.
Michelot T, Blackwell PG, Matthiopoulos J. Linking resource selection and step selection models for habitat preferences in animals. Ecology. 2019;100(1):e02452.
Lopez-Marcano S, Jinks EL, Buelow CA, Brown CJ, Wang D, Kusy B, et al. Automatic detection of fish and tracking of movement for ecology. Ecol Evol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7656.
Risch D, Castellote M, Clark CW, Davis GE, Dugan PJ, Hodge LE, et al. Seasonal migrations of North Atlantic minke whales: novel insights from large-scale passive acoustic monitoring networks. Mov Ecol. 2014;2(1):24.
Horvitz N, Wang R, Wan F-H, Nathan R. Pervasive human-mediated large-scale invasion: analysis of spread patterns and their underlying mechanisms in 17 of China’s worst invasive plants. J Ecol. 2017;105(1):85–94.
Koide D, Yoshida K, Daehler CC, Mueller-Dombois D. An upward elevation shift of native and non-native vascular plants over 40 years on the island of Hawai’i. J Veg Sci. 2017;28(5):939–50.
Fan L, Chen S, Liang S, Sun X, Chen H, You L, et al. Assessing long-term spatial movement of wheat area across China. Agric Syst. 2020;185:102933.
SRS and GB were supported by the National Science Foundation awards 1915909 and 1915913. GB and JF were supported by NASA award 80NSSC21K1182. JF received partial salary support from the Minnesota Agricultural Experimental Station. The authors wish to acknowledge the valuable efforts of the many scientists and volunteers who have collected and continue to collect broad scale occurrence data. We also wish to acknowledge the contributions of the two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor who provided valuable feedback to improve the manuscript.
SRS and GB were supported by the National Science Foundation awards 1915909 and 1915913. GB and JF were supported by NASA award 80NSSC21K1182. JF received partial salary support from the Minnesota Agricultural Experimental Station.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Consent for publication
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
About this article
Cite this article
Supp, S.R., Bohrer, G., Fieberg, J. et al. Estimating the movements of terrestrial animal populations using broad-scale occurrence data. Mov Ecol 9, 60 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-021-00294-2
- Acoustic monitoring
- Camera trap
- Crowdsourced data
- Occurrence data
- Population-level movement
- Range expansion
- Terrestrial animals
- Weather surveillance radar
|
<urn:uuid:d7669e28-a3b9-44e8-9d0f-b7190fd4eb55>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27",
"url": "https://movementecologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40462-021-00294-2",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103947269.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701220150-20220702010150-00179.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.823797881603241,
"token_count": 20211,
"score": 3.078125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A Crack in the Shell New Documents Expose a Hidden Climate History Key Findings • A major new trove of Shell documents unearthed by Jelmer Mommers of De Correspondent and released by Climate Files sheds new light on the contrast between Shell’s internal discussions and its public actions during a critical window for cllimate action. • In a 1991 film, Shell acknowledged both the scale and scope of potential climate harms to human society, ecosystems, and the environment, and warned of potential impacts to food security and the rise of “global warming refugees.” • As Shell faces climate litigation and investigation in a growing number of countries, including the Netherlands, these documents, paired with new historical materials, prove Shell had early, repeated, and often urgent notice of climate risks linked to its products. • Despite these warnings, and contrary to its public image, Shell maintained active membership in an array of industry trade groups and front groups that carried out a decades-long campaign of climate denial and climate obstruction. • A Shell executive authored a 1958 report noting industry research into fossil carbon in the atmosphere. • More than six decades after it was put on notice of climate risks from its products, Shell continues aggressively pushing to open new oil and gas horizons—including the rapidly melting Arctic. • In 1962, Shell’s Chief Geologist acknowledged possible human and environmental risks of global warming and highlighted calls by other scientists to increase reliance on solar energy. • A confidential report from 1988 stated that Shell accounted for 4% of global carbon emissions in 1984. Shell now faces mounting litigation based on market share theories of liability. • In 1989, Shell took the first steps to protect its own offshore oil platforms from the risks of rising seas, even as it joined oil industry efforts to sow public doubt about climate change. • Shell’s new Sky Scenario is the epitome of this dichotomy: Shell’s model sets out a vision to meet Paris goals, even as the company acknowledges that it has no intent to pursue that vision. • The new revelations pose risks not only for Shell itself, but for other oil majors whose role in the climate crisis have received relatively less attention. • These findings demonstrate that while these investigations may have begun with ExxonMobil, they are unlikely to end there.
|
<urn:uuid:62971fa9-9d61-4c1e-99db-69406272cacd>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05",
"url": "https://chr-observatories.uwazi.io/en/entity/06yw87chi2ac",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304760.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125035839-20220125065839-00508.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.949518084526062,
"token_count": 460,
"score": 2.96875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Ghana is modernly considered the epicenter for recycled glass bead-making on the continent, however, they weren’t the first country in West Africa to produce powder glass beads for the Western market. Back in the 1960s, US visitors to Mauritania discovered a thriving cottage industry in the Assaba region supplying beads to some of the biggest markets in the capital – Kiffa. Despite this, Mauritanian powder glass beads didn’t come to be known as “Kiffa Beads” until the 1980s when they became collectible among US enthusiasts.
Kiffa Beads are believed to have been inspired by early Islamic beads produced in Fustat, the first capital of Egypt, as far back as 1200 BCE. These early beads featured polychromatic designs and stripes, similar to those applied to Kiffa Beads. Since waste glass was generally in short supply in Mauritania during the 60s, artisans utilized old, broken trade beads and a binder, such as saliva or gum, to create new powder glass beads without the need for clay molds.
Mauritanian Beads were produced in a wide range of shapes and sizes; the most common being a triangle with curved corners due to its being associated with fertility. Triangular beads were often decorated with a series of triangles set within one another, along with a row of eyes along the widest point at the top. The “eye” is significant to the cultures of many tribes, and is believed to protect the wearer from the envy and malice of evil persons and spirits.
Bead-making in Kiffa reached its peak between the 1960s and 1970s, however, quickly went into decline thereafter with the passing of an entire generation of artisans. The craft itself was largely forgotten until the late 1980s when a group of aspiring descendants tried to revive the art. While their efforts were largely successful, subsequent generations could not match the intricacy and elaborateness of early Kiffa Bead designs. Today, those early beads are a highly sought after collector’s item, and due to their scarcity, have been known to fetch record-breaking prices at auction.
|
<urn:uuid:d8e53a51-a4ae-4820-a231-a33bdf79a9ea>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25",
"url": "http://westafricanbeads.com/kiffa-beads-and-the-lost-art-of-bead-making-in-mauritania/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487634616.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618013013-20210618043013-00035.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9800168871879578,
"token_count": 450,
"score": 3.046875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
About the Group
Supriyo Datta started his research career in the field of ultrasonics, but after joining the Purdue faculty in 1981, has largely focused on the problem of understanding the flow of electrical current through very small conductors.
The basic problem is a familiar one: A voltage _V_ is applied across two contacts (\“source\” and \“drain\” ) made to a conductor (\“channel\”). How do we calculate the current _I_, as the length of the channel _L_ is made shorter and shorter, down to a few atoms? Twenty years ago, such a question was largely academic, but today experimentalists are actually making current measurements through \“channels\” that are only a few atoms long. Indeed, this is also a question of great interest from an applied point of view, since every laptop computer contains about one billion transistors, each of which is basically a conductor whose resistance (V/I) can be controlled with an additional terminal.
As the channel length _L_ is reduced from macroscopic dimensions (such as millimeters) to atomic dimensions (such as nanometers), the nature of electron transport—that is, current flow—changes significantly. At one end, it is described by a diffusion equation in which electrons are viewed as particles that are repeatedly scattered by various obstacles as they perform a \“random walk\” from the source to the drain. At the other end, there is the regime of quantum transport. There, wavelike interference effects play an important role, leading to such non-intuitive behavior as two resistors in series having less resistance than either one alone. However, this wave behavior is also interlinked fundamentally with the particle nature of electrons, and a proper description of current flow on this scale requires a model that accounts for _both_. Quantum transport far from equilibrium remains one of the most challenging problems in physics although there has been significant progress in our understanding over the last twenty years. Broadly speaking, this is what Prof. Datta\‘s research is about.
Interestingly, this research activity has also had a significant impact on teaching and curriculum development. While developing an undergraduate course on nanoelectronics, it seemed that the typical \“top-down\” approach that starts from the macroscopic limit (large _L_) was not very effective in conveying our latest understanding to students. Instead, we found a \“bottom-up\” view starting from the atomic limit (small _L_) that was far more effective. The \“top-down\” approach that is so common in education is used primarily for historical reasons—after all, 20 years ago, no one knew what the resistance was for an atomic scale conductor, or if it even made sense to ask about its resistance. But now that the bottom-line is known, the \“bottom-up\” approach is needed at least to complement the existing \“top-down\” curriculum and at Purdue we have developed a unique set of undergraduate and graduate courses based on the text: S. Datta, \“Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor\”:http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521631459, Cambridge (2005).
|
<urn:uuid:54257ad3-4e88-4f0c-b970-d19fc5de5e45>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"url": "http://nanohub.org/groups/datta/overview",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657138501.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011218-00326-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9578075408935547,
"token_count": 704,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
With Tropical Storm Isaac moving on after a side-swipe, let's return to the question of renewing our approach to education. In this case, for Mathematics, this is under the shadow of shocking regional CXC results this year [looks like about 33% overall passes . . . ], which (HT: reader "X") have excited sharp comments in several quarters.
The overall knowledge space (which is a requisite for identifying a learner's knowledge state at any given time, thus also to monitor progress) can be compiled by various techniques. Wikipedia summarises usefully:
there exist several methods to construct knowledge spaces. The most frequently used method is querying experts. There exist several querying algorithms that allow one or several experts to construct a knowledge space by answering a sequence of simple questions.
Another method is to construct the knowledge space by explorative data analysis (for example by Item tree analysis) from data. A third method is to derive the knowledge space from an analysis of the problem solving processes in the corresponding domain.
I have found a teacher's guide to ALEKS here at Youtube:
(NB: Do, forgive the fuzzy screen-cast. However, the branching or "case" structure slide show with interactions/activities approach should be clear enough, and this is right up XERTE's street. It is also obvious that the sort of screen-capture explanations that the Khan Academy specialises in or video demonstrations or even exercises with teacher-developed "shoebox kits" of hands-on experimental objects with instructions could easily be incorporated (or of course, various Math kits -- I am partial to the Calvert School's store resources), making for a very rich, stimulating and interactive, individualised learning experience. There is plainly a very large base of pre-loaded problems in the program, and maybe a problem-generating engine. BTW, there is a special module for getting what Americans call "Math Facts" -- addition/subtraction and multiplication/ division solidly learned. I suspect, that is one underlying problem. I like the visualisations provided by Autograph for Maths, from the UK. Boardworks (also from the UK) provides some very useful resources keyed to interactive classroom whiteboards [not as "hot" as the Autograph ones but quite useful], and covers a wide range of GCE type syllabi at O and A levels, but is a bit expensive.)
Such an application could of course be integrated with the same kind of multimedia seminar room previously discussed:
ALEKS, of course, is keyed to the American educational system, so it is not directly relevant to CXC-type syllabi. And, while the CXC syllabi are not available online (apart from, by purchase of a print copy), the approach is close enough to that of the UK-based Cambridge GCE Math D syllabus 4024 (June 2014) -- notice, one paper is no-calculator, the other permits calculators, a "scientific & trigs calculator" being strongly suggested -- that we can draw close parallels:
CAMBRIDGE GCE MATH D:
2: Set language and notation
3: function notation
4: squares, cubes and matching roots
5: Directed numbers (+/- values)
6: Vulgar and decimal fractions and percentages
7: Ordering by magnitude and relationships: =, ≠, >, <,
8: Standard (scientific) notation
9: The four basic arithmetic operations with precedents (BOMDAS)
10: Estimation and rounding
11: Limits of accuracy
12: Ratios, proportion, rate
14: Use of a calculator
16: Time on 12 and 24 hr clocks
17: Money, including conversion
18: Personal and household finance, including tables and charts, profit/loss, simple interest
19: Graphs in practical situations (including kinematics of speed & distance)
20: Graphs of functions
21: Straight line graphs, y = mx + c etc
22: Algebraic representation and formulae
23: algebraic manipulation
24: Laws of indices
25: Solving equations and inequalities (Linear, fractional and quadratic)
26: Graphing inequalities (Linear programming NOT included)
27: Basic geometrical terms, figures & relationships
28: Geometrical constructions
29: Bearings from 000 to 360 degrees
33: Mensuration (esp. for basic figures)
34: Trigonometry (not solution of identities)
35: Basic statistics (Not inferential)
36: Basic probability
37: Basic matrices (inversion is of 2 x 2)
38: Transformations in the XY plane (2 x 2 matrices)
39: 2-D vectors (but not extensions to complex nos!)
Yes, a JUSTICE issue.
Mathematics capacity is not only critical to access many of the professions that are critical to national and regional progress, but also to access careers that have high upward social mobility.
So, it is simply not good enough to use correctable gaps in Math knowledge as socially loaded filters that lock out people who will disproportionately come from and be relegated to lower social strata, and of course, girls.
That is, as a matter of justice, we need to think out ways to help our children master and credibly document mastery of a critical core of mathematics for development, especially at secondary level -- including second chance secondary level . . . that flunked out 60 - 70% should not be simply written off -- and to open gateways for extending the "mastery of Math" knowledge base across time as people who were hampered by their previous level of development gain enough capacity to master abstract concepts and skills.
I suggest, first, that this is possible on a modular stage by stage spiral basis that allows for individualisation of learning paths and styles based on the power of modern digital technology:
Clearly, units of instruction should have a heavy diagnostic component, and should then address individual cases through targetted skills building. The knowledge space and knowledge state concepts above are perfect for this.
Also, the approach offers an obvious shift: FROM grading relative competence on a standard one-size-fits-all syllabus, TO a cluster of learning modules, where what is developed, assessed and put in the portfolio of learning is a growing list of demonstrated, mastered content and skills. That way, students move away from a one-point grade assessment to a profile of competencies that are linked to important areas of achievement.
Computer technology allows this to be done, and thresholds can be identified and listed as a sequence of grades of achievement relevant to onward studies or job requisites.
Where also, we need to remind ourselves of the statistics that say that even in advanced societies, only about 30 - 35% of adults are fully capable of abstract operations:
|There is a body of evidence that even in advanced countries only about 1/3 of adults achieve abstract operations capability|
For instance, a child in the formal operations stage can "easily" design a systematically structured simple experiment (such as to explore the parameters that govern the back-forth swinging of weights suspended from a hook using a string of adjustable length -- pendulums) without detailed step by step concrete instructions. That is because such a child can think abstractly about scientific methods, laws, possible consequences, and the like. But, without step by step "scaffolding," probably detailed sketches and maybe a live demonstration, a child not yet at that level will be likely to flounder.
The formal operational stage begins at about age 11. As adolescents enter this stage, they gain the ability to think in an abstract manner, the ability to combine and classify items in a more sophisticated way, and the capacity for higher-order reasoning.
At about age 11+ years, the child begins to manipulate ideas in its head, without any dependence on concrete manipulation; it has entered the formal operational stage. It can do mathematical calculations, think creatively, use abstract reasoning, and imagine the outcome of particular actions.
An example of the distinction between concrete and formal operational stages is the answer to the question “If Kelly is taller than Ali and Ali is taller than Jo, who is tallest?” This is an example of inferential reasoning, which is the ability to think about things which the child has not actually experienced and to draw conclusions from its thinking. The child who needs to draw a picture or use objects is still in the concrete operational stage, whereas children who can reason the answer in their heads are using formal operational thinking.
Indeed, I suspect that for many children in our region, doing math boils down to learning by concrete example how to do a Type X1 problem, then an X2 and an X3 etc. Throw in a similar Type Y that if the underlying principle is understood it can be solved easily enough (but is not directly comparable to the Type X's), and they will flounder and likely get stuck. And maybe that is where Skemp's contrast of instrumental and relational understanding as raised earlier in this series comes in:
It was brought to my attention some years ago by Stieg Mellin-Olsen, of Bergen University, that there are in current use two meanings of this word. These he distinguishes by calling them ‘relational understanding’ and ‘instrumental understand-ing’. By the former is meant what I have always meant by understand-ing, and probably most readers of this article: knowing both what to do and why. Instrumental understanding I would until recently not have regarded as understanding at all. It is what I have in the past described as ‘rules without reasons’, without realising that for many pupils and their teachers the possession of such a rule, and ability to use it, was why they meant by ‘understanding’ . . .So even words like "understanding" may have pitfalls in them.
However, it is worth following McLeod to the next step on possibilities for helping those who are ready make the leap:
Robert Siegler (1979) gave children a balance beam task in which some discs were placed either side of the center of balance. The researcher changed the number of discs or moved them along the beam, each time asking the child to predict which way the balance would go.Since we have things like autistic savants that can do astonishing things in a few areas but are otherwise often severely retarded and even very capable and "bright" people have gaps in capability, perhaps, we need to adjust. Perhaps, there is a progress in stages and in particular areas, and as we reach a critical mass, there is a transformational "jump," an aha reaction. Where, a very encouraging and stimulative environment encourages not just assimilating new experiences to old conceptual and operational schemas in our minds, but accommodating to new experiences, promoting transformation of our thinking. Where also hands-on, minds-on activities/exercises and rich visual and verbal stimulation as well as talked- and- walked- through examples led by people who truly understand what they are doing themselves, can obviously make a big difference.
He studied the answers given by children from five years upwards, concluding that they apply rules which develop in the same sequence as, and thus reflect, Piaget's findings. Like Piaget, he found that eventually the children were able to take into account the interaction between the weight of the discs and the distance from the center, and so successfully predict balance. However, this did not happen until participants were between 13 and 17 years of age. He concluded that children's cognitive development is based on acquiring and using rules in increasingly more complex situations, rather than in stages.
Certainly, for example: for me music is a mystery, one that I deal with in a very concrete way.
I can understand the physics and the system of harmonics [I keep wanting to pull out an oscilloscope and plotting waveforms and Fast Fourier patterns then 3-d waterfall plots . . . ], but don't ask me to understand the stuff of artistic composition and the difference between styles, much less the technical terms that apply. I suppose, with a major effort and the sort of supportive scaffolding I could learn, but I suspect my time would be better applied elsewhere if this is going to require a major sustained effort to study.
But, if someone could figure out a way to turn learning music into an entertaining and interesting game . . .
(Hence, the question of the power of entertainment in education, for good or ill. But also, we have to develop the discipline that sees that if something is important enough, "that's boring . . . " is not good enough to walk away or refuse to put in the requisite effort. Learning is often an acquired taste, and we need strong motivation to make the effort and bear with inevitable drudgery and frustrations. Oh, how I remember working through dozens and dozens of math problems per week, set by a Math teacher who believed in homework and "the Hobartian method of self-correction." That is, we were expected to work through solutions with the teacher -- and, often enough, selected students called on to report from their seats or sent to the board to show how they did the exercise -- and do the corrections for our own homework. Sometimes, if memory serves, we were then called up to have a look at our self-grading, one at a time.)
Back to the math issues . . .
Surely, that could be more promising than doing an all or none lumped certificate, where also -- given the huge diversity in the topic outline as listed -- modules can be adapted to where children are heading, career-wise. And, maybe we could make provision for students to build up a profile of performance across time, adding further modules to a higher grade of certification?
(Perhaps, too, the modules could be keyed to a half-term length "standard" unit. That would help us do the plug-n-play game that is so helpful with planning and management. )
But then, I must defer to those whose educational expertise is in Math, in the end.
Remember, 2/3 of those just sent to sit math in our region "failed." After five years of secondary education.
|
<urn:uuid:53951512-abd8-4096-92c0-8ce96069f0dc>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-39",
"url": "http://kairosfocus.blogspot.com/2012/08/capacity-focus-55e-remedial-and-perhaps.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689624.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923104407-20170923124407-00557.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9544203877449036,
"token_count": 2958,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Follow the full details of how NASA Satellite Movie Shows U.S. Tornado Outbreak from Space.
Read the details of Spider weaving web in space from the NASA official site.
NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover and tracks from its driving are visible in this view from orbit, acquired on April 11, 2014, by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
An image captured by NASA’s Cassini Spacecraft on Titan (Saturn largest Moon) has detected waves on the lake surface of Punga Mare (one of the Titan’s largest lake).
This is the first time a wave has been detected on other planets outside earth.
More at Inscider
Its no new news that the extent of our solar system keeps increasing as NASA keeps discovering new planetary forms in our system.
Apt from the planets in it, there are also so many other planetary formations that has been discovered thereby increasing the extent of our solar system to encompass not only the known planets.
You can read full details
from the NASA official site.
Touring the Milky Way now is as easy as clicking a button with NASA’s new zoomable, 360-degree mosaic.
The star-studded panorama of our galaxy is constructed from more than 2 million infrared snapshots taken over the past 10 years by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope.
The 20-gigapixel mosaic uses Microsoft’s WorldWide Telescope visualization platform. It captures about three percent of our sky, but because it focuses on a band around Earth where the plane of the Milky Way lies, it shows more than half of all the galaxy’s stars.
A spacecraft that looks like a giant sunflower might one day be used to acquire images of Earth-like rocky planets around nearby stars. The prototype deployable structure, called a starshade, is being developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
The hunt is on for planets that resemble Earth in size, composition and temperature. Rocky planets with just the right temperature for liquid water – not too hot, not too cold – could be possible abodes for life outside our solar system.
NASA’s Kepler mission has discovered hundreds of planets orbiting other stars, called exoplanets, some of which are a bit larger than Earth and lie in this comfortable “Goldilocks” zone.
Researchers generally think it’s only a matter of time before we find perfect twins of Earth.
The next step would be to image and characterize their spectra, or chemical signatures, which provide clear clues about whether those worlds could support life.
The starshade is designed to help take those pictures of planets by blocking out the overwhelmingly bright light of their stars.
Simply put, the starshade is analogous to holding your hand up to the sun to block it while taking a picture of somebody.
For more information on StarShade, visit http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/video/15
|
<urn:uuid:643f86c4-f065-4c2f-9ed9-bc4f4bb41b43>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"url": "https://chrisekong.wordpress.com/tag/nasa/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589710.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717105812-20180717125812-00067.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9153156280517578,
"token_count": 633,
"score": 3.546875,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Ages: 4-0 through 7-11
Testing Time: 25 to 45 minutes
The Young Children’s Achievement Test (YCAT) represents a major improvement in the early identification of children at risk for school failure. It yields an overall Early Achieve-ment standard score, and individual subtest standard scores for General Information, Reading, Writing, Mathematics, and Spoken Language. The YCAT was designed with both the child and the examiner in mind. The individual subtests for General Information, Reading, Writing, Mathematics and Spoken Language can be given independent of each other, leading to flexible testing sessions. Standard scores (with a mean of 100 and a standard deviations of 15), percentiles, and age equivalents are provided for both the subtests and the composite.
The YCAT was normed on 1,224 children representing 32 states and the District of Columbia. The information is clearly representative of the U.S. population as reported in the 1997 Statistical Abstract of the United States. Reliability was standardized using the coefficient alpha, test-retest, and interscorer procedures. Extensive evidence of the validity of YCAT test scores is proved for content-description validity, criterion-prediction validity, and construct-identification validity.
Finally, the YCAT items were examined to ensure that little or no bias relative to gender, disability, race, socioeconomic level, or ethnic group existed. Differential item functioning techniques were used to examine items for potential bias.
Complete YCAT Kit includes: Examiner’s Manual, Picture Book, 25 Student Response Forms, and 25 Profile Examiner Record Booklets, all in a sturdy storage box. (2000)
GENERAL ACHIEVEMENT,READING,WRITING,MATHEMATICS,SPOKEN LANGUAGE
|
<urn:uuid:b3a2161b-30a2-47c0-a9b3-906987ac9e98>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"url": "http://www.proedinc.com/customer/ProductView.aspx?ID=1684",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443738087479.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001222127-00057-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9022702574729919,
"token_count": 373,
"score": 3.546875,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Blood stored for long may be less safe for patients with massive blood loss and shock as it may have adverse effects on them, researchers, including one of Indian origin, suggest.
The researchers found that for patients who have massive bleeding and receive many transfusion units, older blood was associated with dysfunction in blood flow, increased injury and inflammation in critical end organs, and lung infection.
The link between older stored red blood cell transfusions and subsequent bacterial pneumonia is free heme -- a breakdown product from degraded red blood cells, the researchers said.
Heme is part of the oxygen-binding hemoglobin pigment that gives blood cells their red colour and carries oxygen through the body from the lungs.
Free heme is known to induce inflammatory injury to major organs in diseases like sickle cell or sepsis. During storage and upon transfusion, stored red blood cells lyse open, releasing free heme.
"An adverse role for heme suggests that finding ways to limit heme exposure or prevent heme toxicity may improve safety of stored red blood cell transfusions," said co-author of the study Rakesh Patel, Professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
For the study, published in the journal PLOS Medicine, mice were resuscitated after trauma and hemorrhage, using either fresh or two-week-old stored blood.
Two days later, they were challenged by instilling the lungs with the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A two-week storage of mouse blood approximates storage of human red blood cells for 42 days.
Compared to fresh blood, resuscitation with the stored blood significantly increased bacterial lung injury, as shown by higher mortality, and increases in fluid accumulation and bacterial numbers in the lungs.
Free heme acts, in part, by activating the toll-like receptor 4, the researcher said.
The researchers also found that transfusion with stored blood induced release of the inflammation mediator HMGB1, part of the body's immune response. (IANS)
|
<urn:uuid:13a0e37e-793e-49f3-9dc7-79f28e537f56>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-25",
"url": "https://www.ibtimes.sg/stored-blood-may-be-unsafe-severely-injured-patients-study-25122",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487658814.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20210620054240-20210620084240-00276.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9408573508262634,
"token_count": 409,
"score": 3.234375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
This seminar describes the application of basic environmental chemistry principles to the development of advanced oxidation technologies for water treatment and to the improvement of sampling methods for atmospheric trace organic pollutants. Two different studies illustrate each of these topics. The first study involves the optimization of novel sonochemical techniques that remove organic pollutants from water. The interaction of gas bubbles with ultrasonic acoustic waves in a liquid can generate transient extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. Those microscopic "hot spots" become active reaction sites for volatile organic solutes and produce radical species (OH, HO2) and oxidants (H2O2) through the sonolysis of water. We investigated the bleaching kinetics of azo dyes and their mechanism of degradation under steady-state ultrasonic irradiation at 500 kHz in a bench-scale reactor. Addition of optimal concentrations of Fe(II) produced a significant increase in the bleaching rate via Fenton's reaction. The combination of ultrasonic irradiation with the addition of ozone exhibited a synergistic effect on the overall mineralization of azo dyes. Sampling and analysis of trace airborne oxygenated chemicals is challenging due to their chemical lability and poor chromatographic resolution. We evaluated the advantages and limitations of a method based on in-situ derivatization with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and subsequent derivatization employing bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) in concert with gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS) for the analysis of ambient air samples collected at the San Francisco Bay Bridge Toll Plaza during rush-hour periods.
|
<urn:uuid:98dcd9e1-32a9-4272-b071-cf22e4c60baa>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"url": "https://eetd.lbl.gov/news/events/2003/11/14/organic-pollutants-in-the-environment-remediation-sampling-and-analytical-app",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541220.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00185-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8956283330917358,
"token_count": 353,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
For many businesses, intellectual property protects more than just an idea or a concept – it protects genuine business assets that may be integral to the core. The ethics of intellectual property: the four areas covered by intellectual property the essay was organized by your own creativity and incorporated a. Intellectual property & copyrights research paper research paper, 2 introduction in 1883, the intellectual property rights essay. College essay writing service question description choose one of the scenarios below and determine which type of intellectual property law applies and. Intellectual property refers to patents, copyright, trademarks, and trade secrets intellectual proper ty poses interesting problems because, unlike physic read.
Intellectual property rights: implications for development intellectual property rights 2 the global intellectual property rights system 43. 3 contents: preface 4 acknowledgements 5 the economics of intellectual property protection: an overview 6 essay 1: innovation and imitation under imperfect patent. What is intellectual property law intellectual property law deals with the rules for securing and enforcing legal rights to inventions, designs, and artistic works. Chapter 3 intellectual property and access to medicines summary 32 31 the global pharmaceutical market 32 categories of pharmaceuticals • role of patents in the. Essay about intellectual property beng2007 notes notes for intellectual property rights and their application to the life science industries known questions to.Online library of liberty the law of intellectual property or an essay on the right of authors mode of acquiring the right of property in such wealth 2. Kara hagen,an essay on women and intellectual property law: color and the experiences of other women2 instead, this essay focuses. More essay examples on education rubric it is not an idea, but an expression of an idea however, a character like court reporter #2 who is a character in the batman. What are intellectual property rights intellectual property rights are like any other property right they allow creators, or owners, of patents, trademarks or. The art-law centre of the university of geneva and the art law foundation are co-organizing a conference on ‘works of art qualified as “national treasures. Intellectual property is generally characterized as non-physical property that is the product of original thought typically, rights do not surround the abstract non. The case against intellectual property 2 as this “a patent induce socially desirable creative activity in the rest of this essay, we.
Intellectual property essay essay for everyone : intellectual property law essay competition intellectual property essay examples intellectual property essay topics. Types of intellectual property some examples of intellectual property include: artistic work literature music painting sculpture computer program indigenous. Free essay: intellectual property protection has become increasingly popular in the last century many factors have probed interest in this area of the law.
Would a libertarian society recognize patents as legitimate what about copyright in against intellectual property, stephan kinsella, a patent attorney of many years. Intellectual property (ip) is it is an umbrella term for various legal entitlements which attach to certain names, words and phrases, expressions stored in written. On intellectual property rights called the agreement on trade-related 2 frequently asked questions of the agreement are subject to wto dispute settlement. Intellectual property rights and free trade see also the essay by christine godt, lid=2 6 in the context of the intellectual property negotiations,.
Intellectual property rights in india: innovation and competitiveness in the indian context 2 over the past 30 intellectual property. Understanding the wto: the agreements intellectual property: protection and enforcement the wto’s agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual. Essays essay competition untangling the hyperlinking web 2 is proud to launch its yearly essay competition for young researchers in intellectual property.Download
|
<urn:uuid:93b90730-5d09-49e1-b7e2-39c1d43a1e06>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-39",
"url": "http://ugpaperzyso.northviewtech.us/intellectual-property-2-essay.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156857.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180921053049-20180921073449-00491.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8771792650222778,
"token_count": 732,
"score": 2.828125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
It is not uncommon that we will need to couple pumps, motors and/or engines together. Jaw-style couplers help with joining shafts together. With the use of these couplers, we can adapt and fit many different types of shafts together, but interestingly, there are so few choices! Granted, there are lots of choices in the catalogue, but it seems that there should be many more shaft sizes, spline cuts and keys to choose from. Why aren’t there more? Also, what about the outside of the parts? They look like they were designed to be mated with something.
Your questions are not unfounded. There was a standardization that took place years ago. SAE led the way with standardized shafts and mounting flanges in SAE J744. The standard takes a seemingly infinite number of combinations and boils it down to a manageable number of combinations. The fewer the choices, the easier it is on engineers. Plus, manufacturers can often bring a product to market quicker since there aren’t many custom options.
The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has standardized the mounting flanges for hydraulic pumps and motors using a letter codes and the number of bolts used. The sizes are already designed to be able to properly carry the load with medium strength fastener (Grade 5 or equivalent)
SAE J744 specifies the flanges by a letter and a bolt count. In a two bolt pattern, the two bolts and center pilot are all in line. Two bolt flanges (black) come in AA, A, B, C, D and E configurations. Each one gets successively larger. The four-bolt ones have the center pilot surrounded by four bolts arranged in a square around it. These four-bolt (blue) configurations are available in B, C, D and E configurations. These flanges are constructed so that the center pilot will take the main x-y loads and the bolts only take the torque load. Below, is a table for the two bolt configurations. It contains the pitch circle diameter, PCD, which is the diameter of a circle drawn centered at the pilot and intersects the center of the bolt holes. It also has the size of the bolt holes and the pilot diameter.
Keeping your pump and motors on the same center and parallel is critical and often difficult to do. It can mean the difference between a long-lasting system and one that constantly needs maintenance. The example here, a log splitter, is almost exactly how not to do this. Let’s take a look at several problems:
- The pump (left) is mounted on a thin piece of flat steel and cannot be adjusted for angularity.
- The motor is mounted on a piece of wood. As temperature and humidity change, so will the height and angle of the engine.
- The aligning of the shafts is entirely done by positioning the engine. There is limited flexibility. Washers were used to shim and they have discrete shimming heights which limits adjustment.
- Even if we get all of these things perfectly aligned, which didn’t happen, if the jib is loaded to this side, the stiffness of the frame causes these to shift. Each loading of the jib changes the alignment if only for a few seconds.
This is not ideal and will definitely wear out the spider coupler faster. However, there are three options to get great alignment with a pump or motor.
- Design and machine something yourself
- Buy a pre-machined coupler
- Close Coupling
Design it yourself
If you go the route of designing something yourself, make note that it must be machined after any type of welding. I’ve tried to create weldments that use fixtures and heat-controlled welding processes to make pre-machined parts align. It just doesn’t work. Many times, it takes a large weld just to carry the required torque load so heat can only be minimized to a certain point. I’ve also had parts warp in the heat of a powder coat oven. No, if you want to design an interface yourself, it needs to be post-machined or machined after welding. Designing something yourself is a good idea for large run quantities and custom interfaces. If this is a ‘one off,’ a much better choice is to:
Buy a pre-machined coupler
Many times you can buy a pre-machined cast aluminum coupler if you are coupling an electric motor or gas engine to a hydraulic pump. Grainger, McMaster Carr and many others have these products online. They are wonderful because they ensure that the shafts will lineup perfectly and have an added safety feature. They usually shield all the way around except for a small opening so that you can tighten set screws in the jaw coupler. Some even have options for a plastic or rubber plug to fill this hole. I always opt for this option. Be sure to mount with the opening on top so that the plug does not fill with water and debris or the vibrations cause it to fall out.
SAE has standardized shaft configurations to use keyways and splines to attach components. This limits the number of choices for each shaft size to one key and one spline. This makes it easy for the customer to specify mating components and the manufacturer to minimize component configurations.
You may have noticed that I skipped over close coupled arrangements. I did that because I wanted to discuss SAE shafts first. We will address that later in this section.
Shafts come in two varieties: Keyed and splined. We are probably all familiar with keyed shafts because this type is predominant in the industry. A keyed shaft has a small recess where a key is placed in. This assembly is then inserted into a hub. The main purpose of a key is to transmit torque, but prevent larger component failure when things go wrong. Keys are made of high strength steel, so if the key does break, diligently inspect all aspects of the system before replacing. Also, if your key breaks, be sure to inspect the shaft and hub for damage. Rolled edges from a broken key simply will not work correctly and must be replaced.
Keyways are designed in proportion to the shaft diameter. The intent here is to offer the maximum strength on the shaft while balancing the shear stress on the key. To put it another way, if we enlarge the key, the shaft will be inadequately designed. If the key is smaller, it won’t be able to transmit the rated torque. If you are designing a shaft or hub for a key, be sure to consult your Machinery’s Handbook for tolerancing guidelines.
The keys can be rounded (shown on shaft), square or a ‘woodruff’ cut (shown). As with anything, you can actually have many sizes and variations of each one including; oversized, undersized, stepped, and high profile. A stepped key will adapt between a shaft and hub of different sizes.
These shafts come in letter sizes A, B, C, D and E with double letters AA, AH, BB and CC. Each one specifies the shaft diameter, shaft length and total length. The key width is also specified and the depth is ½ of the width.
A splined shaft is much different. The full description is SAE 30° involute spline shaft, but in practice if you say splined shaft everyone will know what you are talking about. In appearance, they look like gears and essentially that is what they are. As you can guess, they do not have any mechanism to deal with over torque like a keyed shaft does. So these also have the same SAE letter codes available as a keyed shaft. A sizing table will have the spline details, nominal diameter and total length. Spline detail are displayed as 11T 16/32 DP. This is similar to how a gear is specified. In this example, the spline has 11 teeth and 16 teeth per inch of diameter (DP, diametric pitch). I’ll be honest; I do not know why the 32 is there. It seems redundant to me. The bottom line is this; if the teeth and diametric pitch match, the shaft and hub will fit together.
Yes, finally to the close coupling. This is when we fit our pump or motor to have either a splined or keyed hub instead of a shaft. This allows us to eliminate the entire issue of shaft alignment and jaw couplers by inserting the electric motor shaft inside the pump. In the image here, you can see that the pump is directly connected to the motor and there is no housing or coupler. This is a great option if you are driving multiple pumps from the same power source. In this case, you can have the pump that attaches to the motor with a hub on one side and a shaft on the other. You can then attach your second pump. Granted, having a hub instead of a shaft is more expensive on the front end, but it may end up paying for itself quickly if you can eliminate jaw couplers, machined framework and the time it takes to assemble.
In figuring out the specifications of our parts, SAE has helped by laying out the information for us. A very quick web search will provide you with the tables of all the shaft and mounting information. All that needs to be done is to answer these questions:
- What kind of shafts are available components that fit my needs?
- Which mounting bracket options are compatible?
- Can I close couple this?
One last word of advice when working with couplers and shafts: Remember to always use anti-seize between the two faces in order to prevent any rust or corrosion. It is more than likely that you will need to remove or separate these parts at some point. If these components rust together, you might as well throw them away. You can try to pry them apart or use heat, but it is more than likely you will damage the internal components of your pump and motor in the process. Please, use the anti-seize. It is inexpensive and available in any auto parts store.
There has definitely been a lot of information discussed here. After reading this, you should be able to:
- Know good and bad ways to couple a pump and motor
- Understand that shafts and flanges are standardized
- Find and interpret the SAE tables and to ensure your pump and motor will match up
- Understand the benefits of close coupling
If you can understand these basic things, this will put you ahead of your peers in designing hydraulic systems.
|
<urn:uuid:3e93454f-ba19-4ea6-b673-488aff3fc9a6>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://mentoredengineer.com/sae-pump-motor-mounting-flanges-and-shafts/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710813.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201121601-20221201151601-00859.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9459326863288879,
"token_count": 2217,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The modern game of chess started around 1475 in Spain when the queen and bishop got a much more powerfull move. This form of chess got such names as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess" (Italian alla rabiosa = "in the mad manner"). This led to much more value being attached to the previously minor tactic of pawn promotion. Checkmate became easier and games could now be won in fewer moves. These new rules quickly spread throughout western Europe and in Spain. It is rumoured that the enhanced move for the chess queen started after the coronation of the powerfull queen of Spain Isabella I.
An Italian player, Gioacchino Greco, regarded as one of the first true professionals of the game, authored an analysis of a number of composed games that illustrated two differing approaches to chess. This influential work went to some extent in popularizing chess and demonstrated the many theories regarding gameplay and tactics. In 1656 his manuscripts were published in London under the name: "The Royall Game of Chess-Play".
In the eighteenth century the center of European chess life moved from the Southern European countries to France. Centers of chess life in this period were coffee houses in big European cities like Simpson's Divan in Londonand Café de la Régence in Paris.
As the nineteenth century progressed, chess organization developed quickly. Many chess clubs, chess books and chess journals appeared. There were correspondence matches between cities; for example the London Chess Club played against the Edinburgh Chess Club in 1824. Chess problems became a regular part of nineteenth century newspapers.
The first modern chess tournament was held in London in 1851 and won by the German Adolf Anderssen. Anderssen was hailed as the leading chess master and his brilliant, romantic attacking style became typical for the time. Steinitz layed the foundation of strategic chess with his attention to avoid weaknesses in one's own position. Chess as a sport began in 1886 when the first world-champion of chess Steinitz beats the German master Zukertort in a match.
|
<urn:uuid:c10f7669-aaca-452c-8019-5dd994bf4e25>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45",
"url": "https://www.raindroptime.com/schools/chess-presentation/modern-chess-history.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107890586.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026061044-20201026091044-00237.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9711416959762573,
"token_count": 416,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Tiger sharks memorize where they’ve scored consistently good meals and find their way back there across vast expanses of ocean, Hawaii researchers have found.
Unlike bears, which can teach each other where to find food, sharks apparently don’t share that information, the scientists said. Instead, each shark learns on its own where to find food and incorporates that information into a “cognitive map,” a kind of personal GPS navigator.
Beginning in May 2006, University of Hawaii marine biologists Carl Meyer, Kim Holland and Yannis Papastamatiou tracked five tiger sharks and three Galapagos sharks around in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands using acoustic and satellite transmitters.
The results, published online May 5 by the journal Marine Biology, showed that one popular dining site is tiny islands at French Frigate Shoals where albatross eggs hatch in late spring and early summer.
“The precise, seasonal arrival of certain tiger sharks at (French Frigate) in time for albatross fledgling indicates these sharks may also use internal clocks to guide their movements,” the research paper says.
On voyages aboard the Hi’ialakai, a ship operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the scientists caught sharks using hooks baited with tuna heads. From a 20-foot skiff, they roped each shark’s tail and flipped it belly up, which places the predator into a docile mode known as “tonic immobility.”
They then installed three types of trackers:
|
<urn:uuid:700885ce-7723-4aa8-b15b-4f56f0e0f1a8>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21",
"url": "https://earthdive.com/archives/2010/06/12/shark-sense/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662510117.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516104933-20220516134933-00784.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.925848126411438,
"token_count": 318,
"score": 3.359375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
- Select an event or topic of interest to you
- Do background reading in the general library collection about the topic, to narrow the time period of interest to you
- Select newspaper titles of the appropriate time period
- Be flexible!
Where to Find Newspapers
Center for Archival Collections
Located on the 5th floor of Jerome Library, the CAC has an active newspaper collecting and microfilming program in nineteen northwest Ohio counties. Over 650 titles, covering almost 6,000 microfilm rolls of newspapers are held here. The Guide to Newspapers at the CAC is available online or in printed form at the CAC. Newspapers are listed alphabetically by their city, then by title. Check the dates carefully to be sure that the dates you need are covered. The BG News is also available in microfilm and in original copy at the CAC. An online index to the BG News is available.
The Periodicals and Microfilm area holds microfilm newspapers of national scope and those which fall outside the northwest Ohio region. (However, the Toledo Blade is available here from 1835-present, as is a microfilm copy of the BG News. An online index to the BG News is available). To see which titles the library holds, check the online catalog.
Your hometown library will probably have newspapers on microfilm or in original form from your hometown and the surrounding area. If you wish to use these resources, be sure to check with your instructor first.
Hints for Newspaper Research
Look over the newspaper layout. How often does the newspaper come out? Is it affiliated with a particular political party? Which one? How large is the community it serves? (geographically as well as in terms of circulation) On what page is the national/international news found? The local news? Commentary? Fiction? Features? What news sources are apparent?
Remember that newspapers are contemporary accounts. They lack our historical perspective--they didn't know when a war would end, or what kinds of events were taking place that we (in the future) might consider important. Some events unfold so slowly (an economic depression, for instance) that researchers must look for "symptoms" of the event, rather than easy-to-spot announcements.
News sources were often different from today's sources. "Wire services" did not exist until about the 1890s. Local newspapers, especially, relied on local people to provide them with news. Letters from hometown men at the warfront (for example) provided both the local perspective and on-scene reporting.
Speed of communication was often slower. Most local newspapers were weekly and had a limited amount of space for their news. Information might miss an edition or be postponed for a week or two until space could be found. Interesting letters found in an attic might appear in print 40 years after the events they describe.
Attitudes and biases of the community are expressed in a variety of subtle and not-so-subtle ways. "Women's Pages" often focus on domestic advice or social news. Racial or ethnic minorities often do not appear in the newspaper except when the news is of an especially shocking or scandalous event. "Filler" items which support biased attitudes are often drawn from places far removed from the local area because they support those attitudes. Editorials sometimes provide examples of the attitudes through their choice of metaphors, even though social relationships are not the subject of the essay. Joke columns and fiction series also reflect community attitudes. A single instance of a joke or news item is not enough to demonstrate a particular attitude, however. Researchers should look for patterns and consistency.
|
<urn:uuid:f29b2ff6-61f9-473c-bc4d-0efdbbe0f4ff>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://libguides.bgsu.edu/newspaperresearch",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00055-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9638620018959045,
"token_count": 734,
"score": 2.8125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
STEM in the early years
In 2016, a group of educators from Catholic Education Western Australia explored Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) education with young children. Sarah Denholm, the recently appointed Director of Ruyton Early Learning at Ruyton Girls’ School, documented and shared their journey through the publication of the iBook STEM in the Early Years: A Journey.
Young children are capable and competent learners who have their own theories and thinking about the world around them. Educators should acknowledge children’s prior knowledge and foster their natural curiosity for STEM. Early experience with STEM helps build skills for problem solving, research, investigation, creativity, design and construction.
What research tells us about children’s brains and their capacity to learn Children learn by building on their prior knowledge and experiences. Through home and school experiences, children gather information about the world around them—how things work and why. Opportunities for children to engage in scientific thinking processes through play-based learning allow them to engage in deep thinking. When children engage in deep learning they develop skills and competencies needed for lifelong learning and thrive in today’s world.
STEM in everyday life and classroom There are many opportunities for STEM in everyday life. The trick is to recognise these moments of learning and discovery. Walking down the street brings opportunities to notice, wonder and explore. A carefully planned classroom environment provides an invitation for exploration and wonder about the world around us. When educators design learning environments that invite children to problem-solve, enquire, research and experiment it helps the development of skills and understanding for lifelong learning. The interdisciplinary nature of STEM learning and teaching supports educators to do this effectively.
Activities you can do with children There are many examples of water related STEM provocations and experiences you can create for the children throughout the iBook. You can use everyday items from the classroom and home to set up provocations. Loose parts and open-ended materials create opportunities for investigation and creation. The iBook includes a teacher’s toolkit with specific resources and ideas. Having a focus on water, our teachers found that a wet area with access to liquids and resources was a great place to start. A place where children had permission to pour, tip, squeeze, drip, float and sink at their leisure led to increased engagement and curiosity about water. Items like buckets, spoons, straws, paintbrushes, ice and connecting pipes were made available for children to use in their experience and play.
There are many opportunities for STEM in everyday life. The trick is to recognise these moments of learning and discovery.
What children learn To meet the outcomes of the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF), there must be provision and planning for children to develop the capabilities for learning in our changing world. Educators should focus on developing children’s curiosity, creativity, critical thinking and cooperative skills.
Why I published the iBook? I was fortunate to work with the early childhood educators from Catholic Education WA as they began a journey into STEM education. We wanted to explore what STEM could look like with children in pre-compulsory schooling. The iBook shares stories of educators working in various contexts, who had different levels of teaching experiences. Together our aim was to increase STEM learning and teaching experiences and improved education outcomes for children. The iBook celebrates the journey of the educators to improve pedagogy practice and explore STEM in the early years. The iBook also showcases the capabilities and strengths of young children.
STEM in the Early Years: A Journey is available to download for free from the iTunes store: itunes.apple.com/au/book/stem-inthe-early-years/id1187113064?mt=11
Sarah Denholm is a passionate early childhood educator from Perth, Western Australia. She holds a Bachelor of Education in Early Childhood from Curtin University and a Professional Certificate of Instructional Leadership from The University of Melbourne. Her personal educational philosophy is play based and inquiry led, and takes inspiration from the work and research from Reggio Emilia and nature pedagogy practices. Sarah is passionate about learning environments, pedagogical documentation, and working with families and communities to make learning visible. At the time of the iBook’s publication, Sarah was working as an early childhood consultant for Catholic Education in WA.
Reproduced courtesy of Early Horizons 6.1 with the permission of ASG.
|
<urn:uuid:6ed47f4a-0f95-4a5b-8d92-d75ee2ddbf58>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"url": "https://privateschoolsguide.com/ruyton-girls-school",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987763641.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021070341-20191021093841-00334.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9502179622650146,
"token_count": 906,
"score": 3.515625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
41st Infantry Brigade Combat Team
41st Infantry Brigade (Light) (Separate/Enhanced)
In FY 2006, as part of the Army's transformation towards a modular force, the 41st Infantry Brigade (Light) (Separate) was redesignated the 41st Infantry Brigade Combat Team. The organization of the unit was also adjusted to reflect this change.
The state mission of the 41st Infantry Brigade Combat Team is to, on order of the Governor, or the local commander, unit mobilize and deploy in response to emergency situations in the State of Oregon. Its federal mission is to, on order, mobilize, deploy to theater of operation, occupy assembly area, conduct combat operations, redeploy, and demobilize.
The history of the 41st Infantry Brigade Combat Team can be traced back to 1887 when the Summers Law established the Oregon National Guard. In 1917, the 41st Infantry Division was formed (Named the Sunset Division). Oregon National Guard infantry, field artillery and cavalry units were sent to Camp Green, North Carolina, where, together with other National Guard units from the northwestern states, they were formed into the 41st Division. Some units changes were made as they processed into the 41st Division. The Third Oregon Infantry became the 162nd Infantry Regiment. The Oregon Field Artillery helped form the 147th Field Artillery Regiment which later was armed with the lethal "French 75" cannon. Since no real role existed for cavalry units in World War I, Oregon's cavalry troops were disbanded. Many of the men and officers went to the 148th Field Artillery Regiment which did have horse-drawn 155mm GPF cannons. The two artillery regiments, along with the 146th Field Artillery, made up the 66th Field Artillery Brigade -- the organic artillery of the 41st Division.
After months of hard work, training, reorganizing and re-equipping for war, the Division moved to Camp Mills, New Jersey, for shipment overseas. The first divisional units departed the United States on November 26, 1917. Within sight of the French coast, tragedy struck. Two torpedoes from a German U-boat ripped in the "TUSCANIA" which was carrying, among the others, men of the 66th Field Artillery Brigade. Fortunately, French fishing boats were in the area and pulled survivors from the freezing waters thus avoiding a great loss of life.
In France, the 41st Division received a major disappointment. It was designated a replacement division and did not go to combat as a unit. The majority of its infantry personnel went to the 1st, 2nd, 32nd and 42nd Divisions where they served throughout the war. The 147th Field Artillery was attached to the 32nd Division and saw action at Aisne-Marne, Meuse-Argonne and other areas. The 146th and 148th of the 66th Field Artillery Brigade were attached as corps artillery units and participated in the battles of Chateau Thierry, Aisne-Marne, St Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne.
After World War I, as after the Spanish-American War, further changes came to the Oregon National Guard. In 1921, the designation of the 41st Division was allocated to Pacific Northwest states, and each state was instructed to form certain divisional units. Oregon received the 162nd and the 186th Infantry Regiments, comprising the 82nd Brigade of the Division, as well as the 218th Field Artillery Regiment. Other divisional units were to be furnished by Washington, Idaho, and Montana.
In 1940, the 41st Infantry Division was inducted into Federal service for WWII. It became the first American Division sent overseas after Pearl Harbor, the first American Division trained in Jungle Warfare. It spent 45 months overseas (longer than any other Division), and earned the title of "Jungleers". The unit deactivated in 1945 in Kure, Japan.
As the international situation worsened in the 1930's, the intensity and urgency of training in the 41st Division increased. In 1937, the Division paired with the US 3rd Division for Corps Maneuvers at Fort Lewis. The 1940 summer camp at Fort Lewis witnessed the Division training with maneuvers at regimental level. One month after annual training in 1940, the 41st Division, along with the 249th Coast Artillery and State Headquarters, was called to active service. During the 14 months prior to the beginning of the World War II, the Division underwent intensive combat-type training and was equipped with the latest, most modern equipment available. By December 7, 1941, the 41st Division was ready. It continued the series of "firsts" by being the first United States Division to deploy to the South Pacific.
The 41st Division first stopped at Australia for even more training and then proceeded to New Guinea. This time, the 41st Division became the first American division to meet the Imperial Japanese Forces, not in defense, but in an offensive operation. Places with the strange names of Buna, Gona, Sanananda, and Salamaua became Oregonian battlegrounds in a war with an enemy during which no quarter was given or taken. The Division fought for 76 continuous days in combat against the Japanese at Salamaua. For 26 days only canned "C" rations were available. At the end of this campaign, Tokyo Rose, in her propaganda broadcasts, referred to the 41st as the "Butcher Division" because, among all the records established by the 41st, it established a record for taking the least number of Japanese prisoners-of-war in the entire Pacific theatre. This was the result of an incident early during the New Guinea campaign when the bodies of captured American soldiers were found to have been dismembered by their captors and the meat later discovered amongst Japanese prisoners carefully wrapped in large green leaves for preservation.
After the New Guinea campaign, the 41st Division returned to Australia for rest and re-equipping. In a few weeks, the Division then made another thrust to the north. Hollandia and Aitape, coastal communities on New Guinea's eastern coast fell, along with the islands of Wakde and Biak. The road continued into the Philippines where more bitter fighting occurred at Palawan, Zamboanga, and the Sulu Archipelago. After the fall of the Philippines, the Division began training for the attack on Japan itself, but surrender came first. The Division did move to Japan where it occupied the island of Honshu for a few months. Soon after, it was deactivated and the men returned home.
The 41st Infantry Division reformed in Oregon in 1946. It was reorganized in 1965 as the 41st Infantry Brigade. In 1968, the 41st Division was inactivated, but its heritage remain with Oregon. The traditions and spirit of the Division passed to the 41st Infantry Brigade which proudly wears the Sunset patch and bears its colors. And in 1976, the Brigade had the distinction of being designated a roundout brigade for the US Army's 7th Infantry Division.
In 1975, the 41st Separate Infantry Brigade became "Roundout" to the 7th Infantry Division. It was designated in 1994 as "Enhanced".
The unit was selected as one of the ESB's to form the Integrated Division in 1998.
In June 1998, the 41st Separate Infantry Brigade spent two weeks at the JRTC, the Joint Readiness Training Center, the Army's advanced academy for light infantry, at Fort Polk in central Louisiana.
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list|
|
<urn:uuid:9afd29f3-055d-44f8-b664-15273011b809>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"url": "http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/41in-bde.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131302318.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172142-00127-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9739033579826355,
"token_count": 1544,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Happy first of October everybody! Many recognize October as the month when the leaves change color, people are excited for Halloween, and many people raise awareness for Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Brest Cancer Awareness Month has become a popular indicator that it is October, but it is not the only awareness event that happens in this month. October is also the awareness month for depression, Down syndrome, and also domestic violence, among others. Domestic violence can happen to anyone; it doesn’t matter the race, gender, or even age. Yes, even teenagers can be the victim or abuser in domestic violence. For these reasons, and more, is why it is important to keep spreading the awareness so someone who might really need this knowledge can use it.
Domestic violence can happen in family relationships, dating relationships, spousal relationships, or among people who live together. Domestic violence can be physical, mental, or verbal. Do not think just because the abuser is not being physical, that it is not domestic abuse. The first step in getting out of an abusive relationship is recognizing the signs.
Domestic violence can take many forms, such as threats of sexual abuse, being overly controlling, or stalking. Recognize the domestic abuse, and come to a realization that that person will not change unless the victim leaves the relationship and gets help. It is easy for an abuser to feel shame, guilty, or remorse for hurting their loved one, but returns to the behavior a week later.Domestic abuse happens in cycles. The abuse happens, then your abuser feels guilty, and then he/she makes excuses and apologizes for his/her actions. The abuser’s behavior is normal for a while, then he/she makes promises, only to fall back to old patterns and abuse again. Please do not fall into this cycle, and if you do, seek help to get out.
For a lot of victims, getting help and breaking away from the abuser may be the hardest part. The two may have a child together, the victim may be dependent on him/her, or he/she may control every part of their life, but do not let any of those things stop you. The victim must take control of his/her life. They must separate themselves as soon as the situation permits and seek help right away. There are many support groups, government agencies, and online resources that can help them separate from their abuser, file the necessary legal paperwork, and help them emotionally through the process. It does not matter what the abuser says; it is never the victim’s fault and they always derserve better!
If you are or know someone who suffers from domestic violence, please call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1 (800) 363-9010. Makeup Talk is a proud supporter of the National Violence Hotline and many other wonderful causes. One of our MuT members shared a powerful video on domestic violence just this summer. Always remember, just because October ends, does not mean that spreading awareness for these important issues should. Thank you.
|
<urn:uuid:cf6cf71b-98a2-4df1-8a71-a30fc2a6df79>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"url": "http://www.makeuptalk.com/beautyblog/serious-subject-domestic-violence/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164938822/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134858-00085-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9627023339271545,
"token_count": 620,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
- A legal document codifying the result of deliberations of a committee or society or legislative body.
- synonyms: enactment
- Something that people do or cause to happen.
- A subdivision of a play or opera or ballet.
- A short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program.
- usage: "he did his act three times every evening"; "she had a catchy little routine"; "it was one of the best numbers he ever did"
- A manifestation of insincerity.
- usage: "he put on quite an act for her benefit"
- Perform an action, or work out or perform (an action. )
- usage: "think before you act"; "We must move quickly"; "The governor should act on the new energy bill"; "The nanny acted quickly by grabbing the toddler and covering him with a wet towel"
- synonyms: move
- Behave in a certain manner; show a certain behavior; conduct or comport oneself.
- usage: "You should act like an adult"; "Don't behave like a fool"; "What makes her do this way"; "The dog acts ferocious, but he is really afraid of people"
- Play a role or part.
- usage: "Gielgud played Hamlet"; "She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role"; "She played the servant to her husband's master"
- Discharge one's duties.
- usage: "She acts as the chair"; "In what capacity are you acting"
- Pretend to have certain qualities or state of mind.
- usage: "He acted the idiot"; "She plays deaf when the news are bad"
- Be suitable for theatrical performance.
- usage: "This scene acts well"
- Have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected.
- usage: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought"; "How does your idea work in practice"; "This method doesn't work"; "The breaks of my new car act quickly"; "The medicine works only if you take it with a lot of water"
- synonyms: work
- Be engaged in an activity, often for no particular purpose other than pleasure.
- Behave unnaturally or affectedly.
- usage: "She's just acting"
- Perform on a stage or theater.
- usage: "She acts in this play"; "He acted in `Julius Caesar'"; "I played in `A Christmas Carol'"
WordNet 3.0 © 2006 by Princeton University
|APA||WordNet. (2010). act. Retrieved February 22, 2019, from http://smartdefine.org/act/definitions/1188681|
|Chicago||WordNet. 2010. "act" http://smartdefine.org/act/definitions/1188681 (accessed February 22, 2019).|
|Harvard||WordNet 2010, act, Smart Define, viewed 22 February, 2019, <http://smartdefine.org/act/definitions/1188681>.|
|MLA||WordNet. "act" 23 October 2010. Web. 22 February 2019. <http://smartdefine.org/act/definitions/1188681>|
|
<urn:uuid:f42fe68d-ba78-47bf-b569-cd2da05371d5>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-09",
"url": "https://www.smartdefine.org/act/definitions",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249406966.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20190222220601-20190223002601-00263.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9378486275672913,
"token_count": 693,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Ultra-fast bomb detection unveiled
Researchers from the University of Surrey have developed a new ‘ultra-fast’ method to detect materials that could be used by terrorists to build explosives.
The new detection system is able to analyse a wider range of materials than current thermal-based detection systems used in airports, and other high-risk locations while reducing false positive reports.
Using swabbing material to collect samples of explosives, the new method is able to detect substances such as nitrotoluenes, trinitrotriazine, hexamethylene triperoxide diamine and nitroglycerine. Detection of peroxide-based explosives is key as high-profile terrorist attacks, such as the London bombings in 2007, used devices made from these materials.
The Surrey researchers say the swab spray technique is able to achieve “high sensitivity results” and has also been tested on ‘dirty’ surfaces such as new and used keyboards.
In a comprehensive two-part paper published by the journal Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics and Forensic Science International: Synergy, the Surrey team – Dr Melanie Bailey, Dr Catia Costa and Dr Patrick Sears – details how it has built on its previous groundbreaking work on super-fast fingerprint drug testing to develop a technique that is able to detect ‘key’ explosives in just 30 seconds.
Dr Bailey said: “It’s the unfortunate reality that security, especially in our airports, has to stay several steps ahead of those that wish to cause harm and destruction. The current thermal-based way of detecting explosive material is becoming outdated and has the propensity of producing false positives. What we demonstrate with our research is an extremely fast, accurate and sensitive detection system that is able to identify a wide range of explosive materials.”
Dr Costa added that the need for fast screening methods with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity to explosives “has reached a new boiling point with the recent terrorist activity”.
“The use of paper spray for applications such as these may help reduce false-negative events while also allowing simultaneous detection of other substances such as drugs, as previously reported by our group,” she said.
Dr Patrick Sears said the critical advantage of the system was “the ability to uniquely identify the explosive being detected, making it much less likely to create false alarms”.
“The selectivity of this system means that it could also be used to identify a range of other threat materials while the sensitivity would allow the detection of invisible traces of explosives,” he added.
|
<urn:uuid:f81e2d64-df0e-423e-82dc-2db6ea65679b>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24",
"url": "https://www.policeprofessional.com/news/ultra-fast-bomb-detection-unveiled/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347402885.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529085930-20200529115930-00142.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9469829797744751,
"token_count": 528,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
41-year-old Masabumi Hosono was the only Japanese passenger on board the Titanic when she sank on her maiden voyage on April 15th, 1912. Hosono survived the sinking, but it cost him his honour.
On the night of the sinking, Hosono was woken by a steward, but initially blocked from going up to the boat deck (where the lifeboats were already being launched) as the crew assumed that he was in third class (he was actually in second class). Eventually he made his way onto the deck, and was alarmed by the sight of the distress rockets being launched by Fourth Officer Boxhall and quartermaster George Rowe.
Realising the full horror of the situation, he wrote after that he became “deep in desolate thought that I would no more be able to see my beloved wife and children, since there was no alternative for me than to share the same destiny as the Titanic”.
As the number of remaining lifeboats diminished, he tried to prepare himself to die honourably, “with no agitation, making up my mind not to leave anything disgraceful as a Japanese. But still I found myself looking for and waiting for any possible chance of survival”.
The chance came with the loading of lifeboat 10, when an officer shouted that there was room for two more on board. Seeing another man jump in, Hosono decided to follow suit – “the example of the first man making a jump led me to take this last chance”.
Hosono’s survival – specifically his escape in a lifeboat while there were still women and children on board – was not met kindly in Japan. While ‘women and children first’ is not part of the Samurai code, the Samurai spirit of self-sacrifice is an important teaching (as evidenced in the ferocity and bravery of the Japanese soldiers in World War Two) and one that Hosono was felt to have dishonoured. As a result, he lost his civil service job, was condemned by the press and ostracised by his own people – with an article in 1997 claiming that he was even featured in school textbooks as an example of ‘how to be dishonourable’ (although a re-investigation in 2007 was unable to find any such textbooks).
This animosity, while in many ways specific to Japan, was not unique – with a number of Western male survivors also condemned by the public for escaping in lifeboats when there were still women and children on board. However, this is all part of a bigger debate around the call for ‘women and children first‘ vs. ‘women and children only‘ – but that’s a blog post for another time.
Hosono never spoke about what he went through, with the exception of a letter he wrote to his wife while on board the Carpathia (the ship that rescued the survivors and took them to New York). His story remained a source of shame for his family, who had his letter published at least twice in an attempt to explain what really happened. It was only when they published it for a third time, in the wake of James Cameron’s hugely successful film, that people took notice and, according to Hosono’s grandson, “honour [was] restored to the Hosonos”.
|
<urn:uuid:cf956539-5f04-4663-b64d-b9287a962d9f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47",
"url": "https://myhistorycafe.com/2018/06/29/masabumi-hosono/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669847.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118205402-20191118233402-00081.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9909349083900452,
"token_count": 686,
"score": 3.25,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Peak oil a myth, claims geoscientist
Predictions that oil production will peak in a few years' time and then taper off have been dismissed by a leading geoscientist.
Dr Peter McCabe, from the CSIRO, says predictions of a peak oil phenomenon date back to the 1920s but are no more relevant today than they were then.
He claims it's geopolitical problems in oil-producing countries such as Nigeria and Venezuela that's pushing up oil prices, rather than dwindling supply.
Dr McCabe was a member of the US Geological Survey Assessment of global oil supplies, and says the figures show oil will last for many decades to come.
"We have produced about 35 per cent of the world's conventional oil, and we are producing about one per cent of that oil per year, so we have about 65 years left of producing at the current level of world production."
|
<urn:uuid:5c4de006-7d97-4ac4-bc46-664caf55b2ce>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "http://peakoil.blogspot.com/2008/07/peak-oil-myth-claims-geoscientist.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109670.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821211752-20170821231752-00539.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9683372974395752,
"token_count": 182,
"score": 3.125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
While teeth whitening remains the number one cosmetic treatment in the United States, there are side effects of teeth whitening that everyone should be aware of before they begin, or continue, whitening. While almost everyone desires a beautiful smile to project to the world, many people are unaware of the damage that teeth whitening can do to their teeth and gums when not used correctly. Oral health is a vital part of a person’s general health, and because of this teeth whitening should be fully examined and researched before it is begun.
Children under the age of 16 and women who are pregnant should not whiten their teeth. The nerves of the teeth are enlarged as they are developing during childhood, and whitening the teeth can cause irritation to the nerve and which in turn can cause damage. Women who are pregnant or lactating should also steer clear of teeth whitening. Bleach is the main ingredient used in teeth whitening, and this is a substance that should not be passed on to a developing baby or infant during pregnancy or nursing.
People who have gum disease, cavities, and receding gums should also steer clear of teeth whitening. The teeth whitening solutions penetrate into any existing decay or exposed areas of the teeth nerves that can cause incredible and irreversible tooth sensitivity.
Many people today are also becoming addicted to teeth whitening. They are trying to achieve an impossibly white smile that they see photoshopped onto the covers of magazines. By over whitening the teeth, people are damaging the enamel and roots of the teeth. When the enamel and roots are damaged, pain is a side effect that won’t go away.
Before you start a teeth whitening regimen, know that there are negative side effects that can result from the procedure. While tooth sensitivity may be temporary, over use of teeth whitening products can result in permanent side effects that you do not want. Talk to your dentist before whitening to determine the best route to take to achieve the bright, white smile you desire.
Posted on behalf of Dr. Omar Damji, Executive Park Dentistry
A fairly common occurrence in the mouth is the existence of extra bone development along the outside or inside of the jawline near the teeth, or in the roof of…
Sedation dentistry is a wonderful option for many people who would not or cannot tolerate dentistry in a traditional dental setting. Many people have a fear of visiting the dentist,…
Lingual frenectomy and lingual frenuloplasty are both dental procedures used to correct a condition called ankyloglossia. Ankylogloassia, more commonly known as ‘tied tongue’, is an abnormality of the lingual frenulum….
|
<urn:uuid:6a17ed3d-37c0-48e0-ae39-0018a356e004>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34",
"url": "https://www.findlocal-dentists.com/blog/teeth-whitening/side-effects-of-teeth-whitening-2/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221215284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20180819184710-20180819204710-00545.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.944436252117157,
"token_count": 556,
"score": 2.578125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Erb's palsy, also called a brachial plexus injury, is an all too frequent birth injury. Out of 1,000 births, one or two children suffer this injury, which causes loss of motion and feeling in the arm.
Gestational diabetes develops is 7% of the 4 million women who give birth in the United States each year. These 280,000 women are at risk for complications of pregnancy that can cause severe injury to both mother and baby, including death. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) has noted that this condition is increasing as obesity and older age at pregnancy become more frequent. Mothers with gestational diabetes are at higher risk for hypertension, preeclampsia, cesarean section and a 7 time increase risk of developing diabetes later in life. Their babies are at increased risk for macrosomia, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, birth trauma, shoulder dystocia and Erb's Palsy. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 137 conclude that the 2 Stage test should be used rather than the shorter 1 Stage test.
Erb's Palsy is an injury to the nerves of the brachial plexus that control the movements of the hand, arm and shoulder. This injury is typically caused by improper pulling on a baby's head during delivery resulting in stretching and sometimes tearing of this nerve bundle. However, Erb's Palsy can also occur to adults who undergo surgical procedures and end up with an inability to raise their arm or use their hand. Injury during surgery can occur when the patient's arm is improperly positioned on the operating table and pressure or stretch is put on the nerve. The brachial plexus can also be injured directly when surgery is performed on the neck and the nerve is cut or severed by scalpel or the use of the electrocautery. Injury can occur if surgeons or nurses inadvertently lean against the patient's arm for a prolonged period of time causing pressure ischemia to the nerves.
|
<urn:uuid:afd14d71-3df0-401c-ab60-899ca490081b>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"url": "https://www.medmalnj.com/mt-bin/mt-search.cgi?IncludeBlogs=581&tag=erb%27s%20palsy",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578531994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421160020-20190421182020-00552.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9546219706535339,
"token_count": 418,
"score": 2.71875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Category: what | Last Updated: 1 months ago | Views: 74
Replication termination is the end of the synthesis of DNA molecules. Initiation and termination represent the initial and final limits of the chain of synthesis synthesized, which is carried out at the stage of elongation.
The answer depends on whether you are asking about the stop sequences for transcription (the production of RNA from DNA) or the sequences that stop translation (the production of proteins from messenger RNA (mRNA). For translation it is pretty str
What is Sanger sequencing? Sanger sequencing is a method that yields information about the identity and order of the four nucleotide bases in a segment of DNA. Also known also as the “chain-termination method”, it was developed in 1977 by Frederick Sanger and colleagues, and is still considered the gold standard of sequencing technology today since it provides a high degree of accuracy, long …
What is initiation elongation and termination? Termination in Prokaryotes Near the end of the gene, the polymerase encounters a run of G nucleotides on the DNA template and it stalls. The result is a stable hairpin that causes the polymerase to stall as soon as it begins to transcribe a region rich in A–T nucleotides.
What is the Difference Between PCR and DNA Replication ? The main difference between PCR and DNA replication is that PCR is an in vitro process which synthesizes DNA, while DNA replication is the in vivo process of DNA synthesis. PCR and DNA replication are two processes responsible for DNA synthesis. The enzyme responsible for DNA synthesis in PCR is a thermophilic DNA polymerase such as Taq polymerase while the enzyme responsible for DNA
Step 3: Termination. The termination sequence present opposite to the origin of replication terminates the replication process. The TUS protein (terminus utilization substance) binds to terminator sequence and halts DNA polymerase movement. It induces termination. Also Read: DNA Replication
What is the function of DNA? The correct answer to the question is option D – UGG. The stop codon is nucleotide triplets that are found in mRNA. Stop codon serve as signals for the termination of translation. These codons are also known as termination codons or nonsense codons. There are three standard stop codons found in mRNA. They are UAG, UAA, and UGA.Last modified: March 01 2021
Please let the audience know your advice:
|
<urn:uuid:fccae449-92c6-45f6-8598-e92a0d280b19>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17",
"url": "https://questions-answers.info/qa/what-is-the-termination-of-dna/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038056869.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210410105831-20210410135831-00200.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9415243864059448,
"token_count": 502,
"score": 3.4375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A free, site-specific multi-media project designed to remember Wellington city and her people during the First World War. From 11-18 October 2014.
On 16 October, 1914, ten troop ships left Wellington, carrying more than 8,000 New Zealand soldiers – the Main Body of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force that fought in the First World War.
To commemorate this date and the significant role played by the capital and its residents over the course of New Zealand’s involvement in the war, the Wellington City Council will use the public spaces of the city to bring the past into the present.
Wellingtonians from the beginning of the last century will take to the streets once more, as images of men and women from the time are pasted up around the city as ‘Wall Stories'. Stumbling upon them or seeking them out, current residents will be able to access the stories of these regular men and women who – like them – lived normal lives in the capital until the declaration of war. These Wall Stories are enhanced online where anyone can discover further information unearthed from Wellington’s many archives, as well as tips and hints on how to access similar information about their own relatives.
And on the evenings of the 16th to the 18th of October 2014, the archival history of wartime Wellington will be viewed in the locations it was made – the streets and buildings of the city.
Early film footage of Wellington and its war effort will be combined with still photographs and other visual images and projected onto the facades of three significant locations. The accompanying voice material from veterans and recordings from the period will immerse passers-by in the stories of those who once stood where they themselves now stand.
Curated by the Wellington City Council in association with Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision (formerly the Film Archive) and Te Papa, ‘Wellington – Lest We Forget’ will offer a unique mode of discovering and connecting with the past.
|
<urn:uuid:a9575bac-c48d-48bc-bcce-fce558c2b51e>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04",
"url": "https://ww100.govt.nz/wellington-lest-we-forget",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704821253.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20210127055122-20210127085122-00223.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9503025412559509,
"token_count": 399,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
18 June 2010 The United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) issued today its first-ever guidance on how to use more than 240 essential medicines for treatment of children aged 12 and below.
“To be effective, medicines must be carefully chosen and the dose adjusted to suit the age, weight and needs of children,” said Hans Hogerzeil, director of essential medicines and pharmaceutical policies at WHO .
“Without a global guide, many health-care professionals have had to prescribe medicines based on very limited evidence.”
Some countries have developed their own formularies, but this is the first comprehensive guide for medicines used around the world.
The WHO Model Formulary for Children provides standardized information on the recommended use, dosage, adverse effects and possible complications for medicines taken together.
For example, the formulary lists the pain treatment drug ibuprofen can have negative interactions when taken with any one of 21 listed medicines, and should only be given with or after food.
The new formulary is based on information from around the world as to which medicines should be used to treat specific conditions, how they should be administered and in what dose.
Accurate dosing of medicines for use in children is essential, particularly those below 12 months, where a dosing error can have devastating results, WHO warned.
During the development of the formulary, WHO said it noted a number of areas where more research is needed, such as child appropriate antibiotics to treat pneumonia and specific medicines for neonatal care.
WHO also noted the need to review cases where several drugs are combined in one pill, such as for treatment of malaria or HIV.
One anti-malarial and two antiretroviral drugs to treat children with HIV are currently on the market.
News Tracker: past stories on this issue
|
<urn:uuid:c11b8cba-b8a7-41fe-9122-7910e4aeb941>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04",
"url": "http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35065&Cr=health&Cr1=",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00072-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9443957209587097,
"token_count": 374,
"score": 3.890625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.