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1 in 8 Americans experience food insecurity – a lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life.
As a part of Phi Kappa Psi’s ELEVATE initiative, and in co-ordinance with our service focus of Addressing Poverty, we recognize March as National Nutrition Month. As the topic of health & wellness continues to present itself as a “trend” across social media and pop culture, it is important to educate yourself on the basic facts regarding what constitutes as a healthy lifestyle.
The United States Department of Agriculture stresses that a healthy lifestyle is a very personal journey that is shaped by a number of factors, including age, situations, preferences, access to food, culture, traditions, and the personal decisions we make over time. Making sure your body has the right nutrients to support you is the main goal, and can be done through a balance rather than a strict regimented diet! Incorporating these tips into your daily life will build a better foundation for long-term health:
Focus on variety, amount, and nutrition.
Choose foods and beverages with less saturated fat, sodium, and added sugars.
Start with small changes to build healthier eating styles.
Support healthy eating for everyone.
Following these guidelines for personal health is crucial, however we must also consider than impoverished people do not have access to resources that will allow them to obtain long-term health. That is why during March, we encourage you to commit acts of service in your community to help children and adults in need. Food banks and community kitchens nation-wide work daily to not only feed the hungry, but to help educate those in need about nutrition, and to improve of the systemic issue of poverty and food deserts. You can learn more about how to participate in meaningful service work here.
While you’re changing your personal health habits and participating in service work to help food insecurity, you should also consider reducing your food waste by following these tips.
Phi Kappa Psi Members Encouraged to Make Nutrition a Priority
Celebrated each year during the month of March, National Nutrition Month® is an annual nutrition education and information campaign created by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. It focuses on the importance of making informed food choices and developing sound eating and physical activity habits.
Coinciding with the Fraternity’s Poverty Focus, National Nutrition Month is a great opportunity to practice The Great Joy of Serving Others, whether on-campus or in the community. To get some background and ideas on how Phi Kappa Psi members can participate, we recently connected with Registered Dietitian Jenna Lee Hruban to get the skinny on why nutrition matters. Here is what she had to share.
Why is nutrition and access to fresh foods so important?
Nutrition is the foundation of life. Without nourishment, life ceases to exist. From hair to toenails, your body is meant to do one thing, which is to prolong life, and it will do so at all costs. Access to fresh foods or once fresh foods, also known as “whole foods,” provides us with the largest variety of nutrient-dense options to consume. Routine consumption of a variety of nutrient-dense foods will provide the body with what it needs to prolong life effectively and efficiently.
Are there specific guidelines to ensure balanced nutrition?
Absolutely! Look at any magazine, newspaper or website and especially on social media, and you’ll find an endless supply of guidelines to balanced nutrition. However, there’s a lot of mixed information out there, so do yourself a favor and check your source’s sources. Misinformation abounds when it comes to nutrition. The good news is there are plenty of sources of evidence-based balanced nutrition guidelines such as chooseMyPlate.gov or a Whole Foods Plant-Based (WFPB) diet. The partially bad news is that everybody is different, and what works for one, may not suit another. Generally, the chooseMyPlate guidelines will fit most of the populations’ needs. One can always seek out a Registered Dietitian for specific nutrition needs as well.
What are the benefits to healthy eating?
There are countless benefits to healthy eating. Most of us jump to weight being a consequence of healthful or non-healthful eating, but it’s deeper than that. We cannot perform at our best if we are malnourished, whether it be mental, emotional or physical.
How can people who are on budgets incorporate healthy eating and nutrition into their lives?
The biggest hurdle to healthy eating is the perceived cost associated with it, but many people on budgets can successfully incorporate a healthy eating lifestyle into their lives. It all begins with planning and preparation. If you can plan out your budget and at least half of your days’ meals, this becomes a breeze. First, decide what amount of your dollars you can afford to spend on food. Plan to spend the most in the produce and meat sections of the grocery store. Coincidentally, this is where you’ll also find the most nutrient-dense foods. Buy in bulk when you can, especially with your grain products like rice, pasta, and cereal. Only buy as much food as you’ll eat before it goes bad, and never go to the grocery store when you’re hungry. We are all guilty of food waste, which equals money waste. Secondly, make your list and double-check it. Also, check your stock of pantry staples before adding to your list or going to the store. Nobody needs three bottles of garlic powder. Shopping with a list can keep you tied to your budget and can help you with meal planning. Keep your meal plans simple, especially at the start. Once you determine what your tastes are, or maybe that you might even like cooking, then you can move onto more complex meals. Limit dining out, unless you’ve got the unicorn of a restaurant nearby, which includes nutrition-dense, fresh, properly cooked foods at low cost that delivers.
What are some ways to observe National Nutrition Month, whether on-campus or in your community?
There are a lot of ways that National Nutrition Month can be observed. This could include anything from volunteering at a food bank, hosting a philanthropic event to benefit a local food rescue organization or sponsoring a cooking demo or a Dial-a-Dietitian night with a campus radio station. The possibilities are endless. Also, don’t forget that food pantries need supplies year-round. It’s easy to donate. Many food pantries cannot keep their shelves stocked in the spring and summer months. Something else to consider is that everyone loves connecting over food and what a great way to build new connections than by hosting a dinner for patrons of your local food pantry or food bank. You might learn you have a lot in common with people you never realized you did. Finally, local food pantries, food banks and soup kitchens are always needing volunteers to help prepare and serve food, so signing up a group of brothers to participate can be a great way of giving back and building brotherhood.
Jenna Lee Hruban RD/CD, CDE has been practicing nutrition for over a decade, with a focus on weight management and diabetes. She has consulted with patients from all walks of life, in all stages and is always grateful for the opportunity to work with others on nutrition education. She is the proud mother of two children and a dog. She and her family love cooking and eating a varied, nutrient-dense spread. | <urn:uuid:466dce18-0fe8-438f-be50-9252fcf0b4d7> | {
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"Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you who you are."
That famous saying dates back to 1825, to French epicure Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin.
He meant that people define themselves by what they will -- or will not -- eat. And his words could not be a better description of why people are reacting so strongly to the horse-meat scandal in the European Union today.
The crisis began in Ireland in mid-January with the discovery of horse meat disguised as beef in some supermarkets.
Since then, up to 100 percent horse meat has been found in several ranges of prepared frozen food in Britain, France, and Sweden. There are fears food products in a dozen more EU countries could be affected, too.
Some consumers are furious because the meat they bought was mislabeled and they feel duped. But for others, something more powerful seems to be at work.
"There is a high degree of emotionalism because of the history of the horse," says Victor B. Meyer-Rochow, a professor of biology at Jacobs University in Bremen, Germany. "[It is] seen as such a stately, such a glorious, noble animal, especially if it is declared as some other kind of meat."
According to Meyer-Rochow, much of the outrage comes from people feeling they have been tricked into breaking a deeply felt cultural taboo or, more specifically, a food taboo.
Having studied the history of food taboos, he says every society has them and that often their origins are lost in the mists of time. They range from ancient tribal beliefs in the power of certain animal spirits that must not be offended, to religious dietary laws that proscribe eating certain foods or combinations of foods because they are deemed unhealthy or unclean.
But they also include more informal rules regarding which animals a society regards as man's natural companions and which are a food resource. Since horses have historically fallen into both those categories, their status is particularly complicated.
"Certainly, horse meat is eaten in many parts of Europe and in many parts of the world and there is no scientific reason why one should not consume horse meat," says Meyer-Rochow.
Today, however, the norm in most European countries is to give horses almost the status of family pets.
Horses have gained that status over the past century as cars, trucks, and tractors have freed them from being beasts of burden -- and afterward, food for the poor -- while leaving them with their more esteemed role as a sports and leisure partner.
In some countries -- particularly the United Kingdom and Ireland -- nobody eats horse meat, while in other countries, such as France and Switzerland, some do and some don't.
Meyer-Rochow says that when a taboo regarding what to eat or not eat is broken, the reaction can be furious because the taboos are not just about eating habits.
They are also a big part of how people in one area of the world see themselves as different from people in another.
"Any kind of food taboo unites people of a particular group and that makes them different from the others," says Meyer-Rochow. "So, by saying the horse is such a noble animal and we will not eat this meat, we elevate ourselves above those who treat the horse as if it were just a rabbit or something else."
That could be reason enough to suspect that, as the horse-meat scandal now spreads across Europe, the indignation will not only continue but continue to be taken very seriously.
Just one measure of how seriously was Romania's reaction
on February 11 as suspicions in France turned to it as the source of the disguised horse meat.
Romanian President Traian Basescu said his country's credibility could be damaged for "many years" if a Romanian meat supplier is found to be at fault for the scandal.
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Catch glaucoma early to minimize vision loss.
The key to minimizing vision loss is early detection and treatment. "When we catch glaucoma early, and closely monitor and treat people, we can significantly slow its progression and minimize vision loss," says Paul Lee, MD, clinical assistant professor of ophthalmology at Mt. Sinai School of Medicine.
What is glaucoma? Glaucoma refers to a group of disorders that can cause increased pressure within the eye, and eventually, damage to the optic nerve, which connects the retina to the brain. A clear, watery fluid (aqueous humor) flows between the lens and the cornea and lubricates the eye. Normally, this fluid leaves the eye through a spongy meshwork at the open angle where the cornea and iris meet. But sometimes the fluid drains too slowly through the meshwork and pressure builds up within the eye, which can cut off blood supply to the optic nerve, eventually leading to blindness. This is known as open-angle glaucoma., and is by far the most common form of the disease.
However, not every person with increased eye pressure will develop glaucoma--it simply means you are at greater risk. According to the National Eye Institute, other risk factors include being 60 or older (especially for Mexican Americans), being African American and over 40, having a family history of the disease, diabetes, hypertension, or a traumatic eye injury.
At first, glaucoma manifests no symptoms. But as the disease progresses, you may notice your peripheral vision slowly deteriorating, and eventually, forward vision may diminish as well, resulting in blindness.
Fortunately, an annual eye examination can catch glaucoma early, and timely treatment can minimize your chances of vision loss, says Dr. Lee.
Managing the condition. Glaucoma treatment is aimed at reducing eye pressure by improving fluid drainage, reducing fluid production, or both. This is accomplished with eye drops, oral medications, laser treatment, surgery, or a combination of approaches.
Eye drops. Eye drops are the most common first-line treatment for glaucoma (see "Glaucoma Eye Drops"). According to Dr. Lee, "Regular, consistent use of eye drops is required to best manage glaucoma."
However, applying eye drops can be difficult, because you need to prevent them from escaping through your tear drainage system (see "How to Apply Eye Drops"). Otherwise, the medication can pass into your sinuses and be absorbed into your bloodstream, where it can cause low or high blood pressure and changes in heart rhythm.
Oral medications. According to Dr. Lee, "In rare instances, if eye drops don't bring your eye pressure down to the desired level, oral medication may need to be taken." Commonly prescribed drugs include acetazolamide (Diamox) and methazolamide (Neptazane). Side effects may include upset stomach, loss of appetite and vomiting, as well as headache, fever, rash, and even seizures.
Surgery. Surgery may be needed to treat glaucoma if other methods prove ineffective. Patients should discuss the following options with their physician:
* Laser surgery. A procedure called trabeculoplasty is being used more often. The doctor uses a high-energy laser beam to shrink part of the trabecular mesh-work, which causes other parts of the meshwork to open up. This procedure is less invasive than conventional surgery and can be done in the doctors office. However, one of the side effects is the development of cataracts.
* Conventional surgery. Dr Lee recommends conventional surgery over laser surgery because "It can decrease eye pressure by as much as 40-50 percent, compared to only 25 percent with laser surgery." The procedure, called a trabeculectomy, is typically done in a hospital or walk-in surgical center.
* Drainage implants. This procedure may be an option for people with secondary glaucoma, in which another disease causes increased eye pressure that damages the optic nerve.
WHAT YOU CAN DO
* Get an annual, comprehensive eye exam that includes careful evaluation of the optic nerve and measurement of eye pressure.
* When seeing your eye doctor, ask what your current pressure is and what your target pressure should be.
* To prevent eye injuries, wear protective goggles when playing sports such as tennis or squash.
RELATED ARTICLE: How to Apply Eye Drops
1. Tilt your head back--it may be easier to do this if you sit in a high-backed chair or lean against the wall.
2. Pull your lower eyelid down to provide a 'pocket' for the drops; apply the drops without your lid (if the hand holding the bottle has a tremor, rest it on the bridge of your nose to steady it).
3. Close your eye and prevent the drops from escaping by placing the tip of your index finger over the inner corner of your eye and gently pressing down for one to three minutes.
GLAUCOMA EYE DROPS Drug Names Action Side Effects Contraindications Betagan, Reduces Difficulty Asthma, Betimol, production breathing, slowed bronchitis, Timoptic, of aqueous pulse, hair loss, chronic Ocupress, humor lower blood obstructive OptiPranolol pressure, pulmonary disease impotence, (COPD), heart fatigue, failure, weakness, emphysema, or depression, diabetes treated memory loss with insulin. Iopidine, Reduces Fatigue, Tell your doctor Alphagan production dizziness, red, if you are taking of aqueous itchy or swollen antidepressants, humor eyes, dry mouth, blood pressure allergic medication, reactions digoxin, insulin or sleeping pills, or if you have heart, liver or kidney disease. Trusopt, Reduces Frequent Do not use if you Azopt amount of urination, have an allergy or aqueous tingling sensitivity to humor sensation in sulfa drugs. fingers and toes Xalatan, Increases Mild reddening Tell your doctor Lumigan, drainage of and stinging of if you are taking Travatan aqueous eyes and antihistamines or humor darkening of the cough/cold iris, changes in medicines, or if pigment of you have asthma, eyelid, blurred ulcers, high blood vision pressure, heart disease, overactive thyroid, seizures or Parkinson's disease. Isopto Increases Pain around or Tell your doctor Carpine, drainage of inside the eyes, if you are taking Pilocar aqueous brow ache, antihistamines or humor blurred or dim cough/cold vision, medicines, or if nearsightedness, you have asthma, allergic ulcers, high blood reactions, stuffy pressure, heart nose, sweating, disease, increased overactive salivation, thyroid, seizures digestive or Parkinson's problems disease. | <urn:uuid:c1fcdd17-eede-49af-aa29-4422e6ca9429> | {
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More than 90,000 people have disappeared during Colombia’s armed conflict and the government has the arduous task of not only finding the bodies but identifying them.
It is a challenge taken on by the country’s very own criminal scene investigation and aided by the latest technology.
CCTV America’s Michelle Begue has more from Bogota.
Colombian detectives use 3-D technology to identify human remainsMore than 90,000 people have disappeared during Colombia's armed conflict and the government has the arduous task of not only finding the bodies but identifying them. It is a challenge taken on by the country's very own criminal scene investigation and aided by the latest 3-D technology.
Over the last three years, Colombia has exhumed more than 28,000 unidentified bodies buried in municipal cemeteries most, likely victims of the country’s 50 year old war.
What comes next is no easy task for Colombia’s forensics officials. Six labs across the country have been tasked to identify human remains that in most cases have been reduced to bone.
“All of our illnesses, diseases and lesions can be found in the bones and that makes that person unique and different from everyone else,” Clara Rodriguez anthropologist said about the process.
Colombian officials try to cross- check information and DNA samples with family members who have reported missing people but if no results are found, facial reconstruction comes into play.
With the information given by the doctors, anthropologists, a morphology group within Colombia’s Attorney General’s office would reconstruct a face with pencil, paper, and clay. It is a task that could take up to 20 working days for each skull.
Thanks to new 3D technology the time has been cut in half. More importantly say officials, the quality of the image improves greatly.
PHOTO GALLERY: Reconstructing the dead through 3-D
Click on any of the images below to view a full-screen slideshow from this story. | <urn:uuid:bbd07805-4641-4cd7-9dd3-51352bb807b8> | {
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Lieutenant General Sean MacFarland said engineers were looking at the likelihood of Mosul dam crumbling.
The hydroelectric dam requires constant grouting to maintain structural integrity.
"The likelihood of the dam collapsing is something we are trying to determine right now ... all we know is when it goes, it's going to go fast and that's bad," said Lt Gen MacFarland, head of the US-led coalition bombing Islamic State.
The US military is working with the Iraqi government on a plan to protect civilians from the impact of a collapse.
In 2007, the US Army Corps of Engineers surveyed the structure and concluded the dam was "the most dangerous in the world".
Sky News' Foreign Affairs Editor Sam Kiley said: "It's got feet of clay. More accurately, gypsum and limestone.
"It holds 12 billion cubic metres of water.
"If it broke it would unleash a liquid bulldozer 10 metres high that would engulf Mosul downstream on the Tigris before racing south and flooding Baghdad.
"Some experts have said around 500,000 people could be killed if the dam were to fail."
Some 200 tons of emergency grout has to be poured into the base every year but sinkholes have appeared.
The dam is the source of electricity for about a million people and clean water for much of northern Iraq.
IS seized the dam for two weeks in mid-2014, sparking fears they might blow it up.
While militants are no longer a clear threat to the dam, coalition spokesman Colonel Steve Warren said equipment had been stolen and technicians chased away.
"There was a steady grouting schedule that had been maintained for a long time," he said.
"When that stopped, obviously the deterioration of the dam increased accordingly."
An Italian company, the Trevi Group, is finalising a contract with Baghdad to upgrade the dam. | <urn:uuid:a783bf49-228a-4eb9-b419-5a52456055e1> | {
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SQL's UPDATE command is an incredibly powerful tool. What used to take dozens of lines of code with multiple nested loops now takes a single statement. Even better, SQL is not a true language — it's a declarative language. The SQL code is describing to the Query Optimizer only what you want to do. The Query Optimizer then develops a cost-based, optimized query execution plan to accomplish the task. It determines which tables to fetch and in which order, how to merge the joins, and which indexes to use. It does this based on several factors, including the current data-population statistics, the indexes available, how they relate to the data population within the table, and table sizes. The Query Optimizer even considers current CPU performance, memory capacity, and hard-drive performance when designing the plan. Writing code to perform the update row-by-row could never result in that level of optimization.
The UPDATE command in SQL is straightforward and simple. It can update one column of one row in a table, or every column in every row in the updated table, but the optional FROM clause enables that table to be part of a complete complex data source with all the power of the SQL SELECT.
Following is how the UPDATE command works:
UPDATE schema.Table SET column = expression, column = value… [FROM data sources] [WHERE conditions];
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This 31 slide Cinco de Mayo Power Point Presentation in English is animated with fun clipart that is sure to amuse and entertain students, as well as get them excited about learning new vocabulary while learning about a cultural celebration!
This presentation is ideal to use along with a Mexican culture unit. Please feel free to modify this presentation to best meet the needs of your classes. This 5 de mayo presentation is the perfect accompaniment to any holidays around the world unit!
This series of lessons is useful for anyone who is teaching face to face in a classroom, online Spanish, a flipped classroom or those that are affected by the cancellation of school due to unforeseen circumstances such as the Coronavirus. Distance learning
Online Spanish class Elearning Virtual Spanish lessons
Feel free to use this resource in your password protected Google Classroom!
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To see ALL of our sparkenthusiasm best seller products, please visit | <urn:uuid:0e2b8573-54ac-4ee4-b532-848174f509fb> | {
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Writing an argumentative essay is an interesting, but difficult task. Some people might think that the good content may be written on any topic and the paper success depends only on the mastery of the writer. However, in fact, a lot depends on the argumentative essay topic you choose. Argumentative writings is a specific type of a paper. Model essay on friendship and its importance Here you will find an example of how a well-structured and thought-out essay on friendship should be written. Take advantage of this model essay to come up with your own ideas. Argumentative Essay Topics 2019: 100+ FREE Ideas for Argument ... How to Choose the Best Argumentative Essay Topic. Even after reading through easy argumentative essay topics, many students don't know how to start writing an essay. Often this is caused by the fact that the topic is too broad. The more specific your topic is, the better the essay you will write. Four types of essay: expository, persuasive, analytical ...
How to Teach Argumentative Essay Writing by Susan Verner 138,652 views Whether your students are preparing to take standardized tests or you are walking them through how to write an essay, the Persuasive or Argument Essay is a standard strategy to cover.
PDF Writing an Argumentative Essay - Lane Community College The final difference between the argumentative essay and the argument (persuasive) essay is the organization of the composition. The persuasive essay follows the basic essay format as displayed in the example. The argumentative essay may be formatted In several ways: Example 1: Claim/Counter Claim . I . Introduce the topic and state or explain the I. Introduction (Claim and counter claim statement) question. State both the claim (your position) and How Do You Write an Argumentative Essay? | Reference.com Quick Answer. To write an argumentative essay, write an opening paragraph that introduces the topic, craft a thesis statement that details the position or side of the argument defended in the body, and provide supporting arguments throughout the body of the essay to support the position. An argumentative paper should also include information about... Academic Essay Writing: Some Guidelines - Carleton University Academic Essay Writing: Some Guidelines. The following is based on an original document by Bethan Davies with revisions by John McKenna, D. Robert Ladd, and Ellen G. Bard of the School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences at the University of Edinburgh. 1 Introduction. Good essay writing is a skill acquired rather than learnt. Argumentative Essay on Immigration - TailoredEssays.com
These step-by-step tips on how to write an essay can guide you through the process so you can write a masterpiece regardless of topic or essay type. Read on to learn more! Essays are common in middle school, high school and college.
Writing an argumentative essay can sometimes be confusing because you don't necessarily know how to write a convincing argument. If you're new to writing argumentative essays, there are a few key factors that you can learn that can help you write a better argumentative essay. How to Do Quotes on an Argumentative Essay in MLA Format When you write an argumentative essay that uses quotes as evidence, MLA format is as much a matter of including the quote fluidly as it as a matter of punctuation and indentation. This guide will provide you with MLA rules and show examples of how to apply those rules to make your essay as convincing and readable as possible.
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In particular, the argumentative essay is founded on a claim that is supported by evidence and rebuttals, which lack logical fallacies to facilitate a scientific critic. Argumentative Essay on Rules | Rasen Matt Göfis Vorarlberg… Rules is considered among the most requested line of work job areas that contain demonstrated that they are somewhat worthwhile. Argumentative Essay Rules Strategies That No one Is aware of… Way of living, Dying, and Argumentative Essay GuidelinesThe problem we are wanting to take care of in this particular specific essay is whether men and women
Argumentative Essays | GCE Guide
Basic Formatting Rules To Compose An Argumentative Essay Argumentative essays are quite popular; so much so that teachers keep creating scores of ... to follow the set pattern; method and format for writing these essays.
Persuasive Essay Examples | AcademicHelp.net Persuasive Essay Samples Since this is the most common type of essay, it is important to be familiar with its requirements and style. Check out our persuasive essay samples to get acquainted with this popular form of essay. Argumentative Essays | GCE Guide Difference b/w Discursive and Argumentative Essays: In Discursive essays, you present a balanced argument that contains 'for' and 'against' points. You do not state your opinion. In Argumentative, you give your opinion and convince the reader on your point of view. Example Argumentative Essay: | <urn:uuid:7aa7c8fe-bd69-41ed-8437-4edbc2d913ef> | {
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Many factors contribute to a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease, known commonly as heart disease. Researchers have found that stress, diet, smoking and weight, among other things, contribute to the chance that someone will have a heart attack or stroke. Now, as Rose Hoban reports, researchers are looking more closely at personality and how that might help predict future heart disease.
Psychologist Jesse Stewart from the Indiana University Center for Aging Research says prior studies have looked at the relationship of both depression and hostility to cardiovascular problems. He says the presence of each of these personality attributes has been shown to predispose people to heart disease. So, Stewart set out to study the two traits together.
"The main reason why these psychological factors need to be examined together is they are correlated, which means they tend to co-occur within individuals," Stewart explains. "So, someone experiencing depressive symptoms is more likely to be hostile than someone who is not."
Stewart worked with more than 300 older adults who were already part of another study looking at cardiovascular disease and gave them questionnaires to determine if they had a hostile personality or were depressed or both. The questionnaires asked subjects to agree or disagree with statements such as, "I think most people lie to get ahead."
The subjects also had their blood drawn.
Then the blood was analyzed to measure the levels of some inflammatory proteins which provide information about the status of their immune system and how active it is.
"We were specifically targeting two inflammatory proteins … that had been shown to be predictive of future heart disease, so, if you have high levels today, you're at greater risk for a cardiac event in the future," Stewart says.
Stewart and his colleagues followed the subjects for six years. He says they found that those who reported feeling both depressed and hostile had especially high levels of the inflammatory proteins in their blood.
Stewart says this adds fuel to the belief that complex interactions between psychological factors and the body can predispose people to heart disease, and that perhaps heart disease risk could be reduced by treating those factors.
He says there could be many applications to this knowledge. For example, individuals experiencing both depression and hostility might be considered a high risk population for which early intervention and treatment would be warranted.
"There are efforts now to develop treatments — psychological treatments — to reduce depression and hostility, with the hope of preventing or delaying the onset of heart disease," Stewart says.
Stewart says psychological risk factors for heart disease need to be studied more thoroughly. He says they easily could contribute as much to heart disease risk as smoking or high blood pressure.
Stewart's research is published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine. | <urn:uuid:e951c851-d271-4672-9f44-8ac887a3cdff> | {
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Springfield Primary School is a local authority school in Sale, Trafford. Located close to the town centre, the original building was constructed in 1905, but had become unfit for purpose and was unable to accommodate the number of students wishing to attend.
The new build extension included the addition of junior classrooms,group rooms, staff rooms and offices, a plant room and a learning resource centre.
As a non-designated heritage asset, the original period features of the traditional school were maintained, including octagonal chimneys and terracotta entrance portals.
Sandy Brown was appointed by Kier Construction to provide acoustic advice in relation to the proposed new build extension at Springfield Primary School, which included providing guidance on:
- environmental noise and façade assessment planning
- room acoustics
- reverberation times
- sound insulation and separating elements
- acoustic finishes
- building services noise and vibration.
Special acoustic features
There have been many studies that highlight the association between higher noise levels in schools and lower academic performance. Poor acoustics also lead increased amounts of stress for both teachers and children. Yet, in modern learning spaces the design preference for hard materials and a desire for flexible, open plan learning spaces create a louder environment. In designing schools, therefore, a number of acoustic factors need to be taken into consideration. These include:
- noise ingress from outside
- building services noise
- reverberation time
- noise transmission between rooms
- areas used for particular activities, such as music, drama or sports.
For the proposed development at Springfield Primary each of these was considered in line with relevant standards and design guidelines, including:
- Building Bulletin 93: Acoustic design of schools – a design guide (2003)
- Building Bulletin 101: Ventilation of school buildings – Standards, Regulation, Design guidance
- BS 8233:1999 Sound insulation and noise reduction for buildings – code of practice
- BS4142 Method for rating industrial noise affecting mixed residential and industrial areas.
Ambient noise surveys were conducted to determine external noise conditions and inform the advice for design of the building envelope. This included consideration of the glazing and lightweight roof construction that are a feature of the extension’s design and how these could be incorporated while achieving appropriate background noise within the building.
In certain areas required linkages between spaces meant that BB93 standards of sound insulation would not be appropriate. Alternative acoustic design standards were therefore proposed and agreed with the client and end user. One of these areas was the learning resource centre’s break-out area which was accessed directly from classrooms, offices and the school’s reception. Working with the end user enabled the use of the space to be defined and alternative performance standards developed.
By providing clear design specifications and liaising with the project stakeholders on all aspects of noise and vibration control, problems in relation to acoustics were ameliorated at an early stage. | <urn:uuid:15881f31-dd8a-4533-8455-21caac079156> | {
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In what is being described as a sign of global warming, an exotic plant in the United Kingdom has produced male and female cones outdoors. This is believed to be the first time this phenomenon took place in 60 million years.
Two plants of cycads, a primitive tree that used to dominate the planet 280 million years ago, have produced cones on the sheltered undercliffs of Ventnor Botanic Garden on the Isle of Wight.
Native to Japan, the species is usually only found indoors as an ornamental plant in Britain. Nevertheless, one of the garden’s plants has produced what is believed to be the first outdoor female cone on record in the UK.
“For the first time in 60m years in the UK we’ve got a male cone and a female cone at the same time,” said Chris Kidd, the curator of Ventnor Botanic Gardens. “It is a strong indicator of climate change being shown, not from empirical evidence from the scientists but by plants”.
Cycads used to live in what is now Britain millions of years ago in an era when the Earth’s climate had naturally high levels of carbon dioxide. Fossils of the plants were found in the Jurassic strata of rock stretching from the Isle of Wight to the Dorset coast.
Seven years ago a plant growing outside at Ventor had produced a male cone. But now different plants have produced flower-like male and females cones, giving botanists the opportunity to transfer pollen and generate a fertilized seed.
Kidd argued that the recent summer’s heatwave and the record-breaking temperatures have caused the plant’s production of cones, with a run of milder winters also helping. Records kept at the botanic garden show that the highest average temperatures for January 100 years ago were lower than today’s lowest average for the same month.
“It’s not something that’s happened with a short-term mild spell. It’s a longer-term warming which is making these things happen,” he said. “The plant will have made the decision to commit to cone production in summer 2018, and that production is set in place to run through over winter and produce the following year.”
Cycad species are composed of three families, the only surviving members of an ancient and largely extinct lineage that has changed little since the Jurassic period, and so are considered “living fossils”. All cycads are native to warmer parts of the world, but are naturally absent from Europe and Antarctica. | <urn:uuid:5152f19e-f944-414b-87f9-38cdb882d313> | {
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Glossary J-L Words
Junior Division – Grades 4 - 6.
Learning Disability (LD) – a disorder that affects how a person takes in, stores, or uses information; the processes involve understanding or using language, spoken or written, resulting in difficulty with listening, thinking, speaking, writing, spelling, or doing mathematical calculations. Term does not include children with learning problems related to disabilities, such as developmental delays. Gifted children can also have learning disabilities.
Learning Resource Teacher (LRT) - a teacher in a local school who is a Special Education specialist and provides part time direct support to exceptional students individually or in gorups and/or indirect support to students through consulting with the classroom teacher The Lambton Kent District School Board provides the following document that outlines a variety of Special Education staff job titles and descriptions. Lambton Kent District School Board – Special Education Staff Descriptions It’s important to remember that specific job titles, acronyms and descriptions vary from school board to school board.
Learning Support Teacher (LST) - A synonym for LRT that is used by some school boards. | <urn:uuid:9869050f-23da-4056-b516-4265136d2b26> | {
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Siege of Batavia castle in 1619.
J.P. Coen decided in 1619 that Jakatra (later Batavia) would be a more suitable base for the VOC on Java than Bantam and set out to capture the city. The sultan of Mataram, under whose influence Jakatra fell, was self-evidently opposed to this and resisted strongly.
In the foreground left is the Dutch commander Pieter van den Broecke, who was taken prisoner by the sultan. The illustration is taken from the work 'Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien' by Francois Valentyn.
Anoniem / Anonymous
(engraver / etcher)
,Braam, J. van
,Linden, Gerard onder de
15 x 18 cm
185 A 5 deel IV, I, p. 439
- Valentijn, François, Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën (Dordrecht/Amsterdam, 1724-1726) | <urn:uuid:8518d29b-7b85-4eaa-bab4-429ba61c9735> | {
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Test your soil and earthworm knowledge with our quiz
Can earthworms clone themselves? Can soils help reduce global warming?
Decide which of the statements below are true and which are false. Check your score at the end. How many did you get right?
- Visit the Kids Zone for more fun and games
1. Soil is the top layer of the earth's surface.
2. A teaspoon of healthy soil contains as many inhabitants as there are people in Britain.
3. A teaspoon of healthy soil contains approximately three miles of fungal hyphae (hyphae are a bit like roots).
4. Soils store more carbon than the Earth's atmosphere and all its plants, and so can help reduce global warming.
5. Soil is made up of layers and the plant roots and seeds are found in the layer called subsoil.
6. An average soil sample is 98% minerals, 1% water and 1% air.
7. The weight of earthworms beneath the farmer's soil could be greater than that of the livestock upon its surface.
8. Earthworms are a pest to the gardener because they eat the roots of popular garden plants.
9. Earthworms can make gurgling noises underground when disturbed.
10. The most common earthworm, a lumbricid has five pairs of hearts.
11. Worm casts (the little heaps of squiggly mud you see on the ground) are made when earthworms regurgitate dead leaves.
12. Several common earthworm species are parthenogenetic – in other words they can make clones of themselves.
13. There are only five different soils in the world.
How did you do?
- 11-13 correct - Excellent. You could be a soil or earthworm scientist!
- 5-10 correct - Very good. Discover more by taking part in the Soil and Earthworm Survey.
- 1-4 correct - Good effort. Improve your knowledge by taking part in the Soil and Earthworm Survey.
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Today I am going to talk about how we know that evolution is true. Is that challenging? Reportedly one Victorian aristocrat remarked, “Let us hope that what Mr. Darwin says is not true; but, if it is true, let us hope that it will not become generally known." Can we and will we be better people by ignoring our true roots? I argue no. We should celebrate our true humanity. Natural selection answers two ancient crucial questions “Who are we?” and “Where did we come from?” Evolution can be a powerful source of non-mythical myth, and literal metaphor. It’s our story, and knowing it may be critical to our ultimate growth.
As much as we can know anything, we know evolution is true! There is considerable evidence for evolution that comes from many fields of study. Modern evolutionary theory is not all knowing, complete, or perfect, and it contains controversies. However no alternatives to the modern evolutionary synthesis are supported by any credible evidence. Alternatives typically do not offer evidence to support their world view, only assertions combined with criticism of evolution.
Creationists have said they can’t see how anything as complex as an eye could evolve. It’s been explained and scientists have documented across many organisms a host of intermediate stages in eye development, from light sensitive spots on flatworms to the amazingly sensitive eyes of hawks. Our eyes reveal a distinct marker of our evolutionary history. The wiring for the eye passes right through the visual field. That’s something no semi-competent designer would ever do. But evolution moves by small change, and doesn’t look ahead, so it often results in sub-optimal design. Our evolutionary history has left us a blind spot that our brain software usually hides from us. Squid on the other hand have an eye with a much better design. We are able to predict that any mammal, lizard, frog, or other vertebrate that we will ever discover will have an eye with the subpar design and that any unknown member of the squid family will have the better squid type design. Find one exception and the whole understanding of evolution is called into question. Creationism and intelligent design don’t offer such predictions. Certainly a Creator could have shown man’s prominence by making him the only vertebrate with a well designed eye. Eye’s tell us a lot, but it’s not just eyes, its bones, nerves, muscles, DNA sequences, body segmentation, proteins, organs and more. If you know an animal’s ancestral lineage then you can predict all sorts of characteristics you will and will not find. The discovery of new or existing species playing outside the established rules would start a domino effect toppling our basic understandings.
So evolutionary theory does more than provide explanations. We’re wired to make up and accept explanations. There’s nothing special just because an explanation resonates within us. What’s impressive is making predictions of what can and can not happen while offering new insights that can prove to be significant in the future. The evolutionary synthesis does that. Creationism and Intelligent design fail those tests.
In a field with so much evidence and so much support, it’s not surprising that opponents can find things to pick at in order to rally their supporters and sow confusion along the sidelines. Scientists and others have repeatedly addressed all significant objections to the theory of evolution. But opponents repeat, recycle and retool a multitude of old claims that seem somehow to challenge evolution. They are often presented shotgun style with the “questioner” moving on to the next question without listening to any replies along the way. They contain a litany of dubious to false premises such as, No missing links have been found, rocks can’t think, there’s not enough fossils, there’s too many fossils, random change can’t introduce new information, some things are irreducibly complex, radioactive decay has problems, Darwin was a racist, no one’s seen a dog give birth to a cat, evolution is only a theory, tornados can’t assemble jumbo jets out of junkyard parts, random mutations can’t provide new information, and behold the banana it’s just too perfect.
If you take creationists at face value, not only do you have to abandon biology, but also what we know about archaeology, linguistics, anthropology, astronomy, geology, physics, ancient history and chemistry just for starters. The pseudo- controversies and ill informed questions promulgated by creationism and intelligent design do not belong in our public schools. They do not advance knowledge, understanding, or critical thinking. They probably don’t do much to advance religion either.
Some who challenge evolution are seemingly more reasonable But arguments that evolution can’t produce love, laughter, art, or all the wonderful feelings and emotions humans are capable of experiencing are very similar to arguments that evolution can’t produce an eye or a banana. The limitations are not in evolutionary theory, but rather in the knowledge, creativity, and imagination of the critics. Invoking the supernatural to bolster explanations, leeches amazement out of our remarkable story. When evolution is seen as “touched” by the divine it robs evolution of its most profound implications that relate us directly to all other life on this planet.
Mixing theology (even liberal theology) with evolution is a bad idea. It’s a mix as grating to some as Lawrence Welk versions of Rock Classics. Advocates might say, “Well we’ve used your tune and most of the lyrics.” “Well yes, that’s true but in the process you ripped out the heart and soul of what made it special.”
I mentioned the predictive power of evolutionary theory. I’d love to share more but her are a couple examples: Combining the theory of evolution and plate tectonics it was predicted that marsupial fossils would be found in Antarctica before they were. Neil Shubin recently predicted that the ancestor between fish and amphibians would be found in 375 million year old rocks in arctic Canada. There he discovered tiktalic, a close relative of our ancient ancestors. When it was discovered that humans had one less chromosome than our ape relatives, this unexpected finding led to some predictions. Chromosomes look somewhat like bar codes of differing lengths and patterns. As chromosomes change very slowly, it was predicted that 22 of our chromosomes would line up with those of our nearest relatives and that the one remaining chromosome of ours would look a lot like a fusion of the two remaining ape chromosomes. That is exactly what played out and the astonishing evidence is only a Google away.
Jerry Coyne, in his Book “Why
Evolution is True” observes that,
In 1922 President Woodrow Wilson was asked about the theory of evolution. He responded, "of course, like every other man of intelligence and education, I do believe in organic evolution. It surprises me that at this late date such questions should still be raised.” Since then the evidence supporting evolution has increased exponentially and yet….
If you’ve found things I’ve said to be surprising today, I encourage you to begin exploring. We’re living in the 21st century and we have the privilege to know what our forbears could not. Evolution is your story. Welcome the truth of who we are and where we came from.
Reverend _____ will raise some questions and throw out some challenges. By all means, question evolution but please do so in the spirit of inquiry. Don’t be closed minded like the creationists and use questions as a shield, a barrier, or a mantra to keep the door shut on this most wonderful idea. A dialogue will serve us all well.
In closing let me observe: Nature gives us proclivities for kindness, empathy, love, and trust. Certainly it provides us with inclinations towards selfishness and dark emotions as well. It makes sense to think that we can best control and shape our emotions and proclivities the more completely and directly we understand them. That’s not to say we won’t make missteps or misapply knowledge. But if it is our intention to become kinder and more compassionate people, we will be more successful the more truth we know of ourselves and the roots of our behavior. Thank you Charles Darwin for enabling us to shine a light on those roots. | <urn:uuid:29c8203e-afaa-4673-9dc9-017fcc42d3d3> | {
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Friday, March 03, 2006
Presented at the Workshop on Social Cognition, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 3-4 March 2006
In W.G. Sebald’s novel Austerlitz, when the thirteen years old Dafydd Elias is told by his teacher that he has to put the name « Jacques Austerlitz » on his examination papers, because that is his real name, something changes in his identity. He grew up in the little town of Bala in Wales, son of the Calvinist preacher Emyr Elias and now he discovers that the preacher is not his real father, but just took him into his house at the beginning of the Second World War. The first reaction he has to this news is that the new name doesn’t evoke anything to him: he cannot connect it to any reality. All his world until that moment is Wales, and if “Jacques” evokes to him a French song he heard once, “Austerlitz” is completely opaque and mute. Still, his identity won’t ever be the same and the rest of the book is a long journey of memory in order to reconstruct his past identity of Czech Jewish child.
Does something change in Austerlitz’s identity when he acquires this information? From an objective point of view, he was already Jacques Austerlitz, before coming to know that this is his name. What’s special in this name that has the power to change his identity once that he comes to know it?
According to Steven, for someone’s to have an identity, the following conditions should be met:
•she possesses one or more properties;
•she reflectively and self-consciously thinks of herself as having these properties
•she poses to herself questions about who or what she is for which her possessing the properties is an answer; and
•she believes that the possession of the properties plays important roles in her life.
Steven distinguishes also between a person’s identity and her self-conception. A person’s identity is what or who she is; a person’s self-conception concerns her beliefs about what or who she is.
People may be mistaken about their identities (believing of having a property that actually they don’t have) or mistaken about their self-conceptions (I can believe that I am the most beautiful woman in Paris while being sadly mistaken about this).
Steven opts for a “externalist” notion of identity: My believing of having certain properties is not sufficient for having those properties as part of my identity: I have to objectively possess these properties. On the other hand, if these properties are inert in my mental life (as the fact of being a Czech Jewish for Austerlitz), they don’t count either as part of my identity. So, according to Steven, we cannot completely “make up” an identity and cannot be imposed an identity from “outside” (as in the famous British novel by Nigel Dennis Cards of Identity in which a bunch of psychologists who are members of an identity club, meet once a year in a country house to “create” some psychological profiles, and then impose them to some people in the village) if we do not represent what is imposed to us as relevant for our self-understanding.
Still, Steven contrasts a first-person perspective and a third-person perspective on identity: As the Christian Mary of Steven’s example, I never thought of myself as an Italian when I was in Italy. I had to emigrate to understand that being Italian was part of my identity. I acquired the self-consciousness of this trait because other people started to look at me and making sense of my behaviour by using this characteristic.
My question is thus: Is it really possible to separate a first-person perspective and a third person perspective on cultural identity? Isn’t it precisely the contact between our own perspective on ourselves and that of the others the endroit charnière in which our cultural identity becomes an intresting notion? This may sound a bit Sartrian, and lead us to conclude that “Hell is other people”. But the way in which “I see myself seen” seems to be irreducible to a first-person perspective only or a third-person perspective only. The notion of cultural identity seems to me so central in thinking about social cognition because it is neither just a trait of our folk-psychology, nor just a social, legal or cultural notion. It’s my awareness of the gaze of the others on me as an Italian, a woman, or a French resident that makes these traits play a role in the way in which they contribute to my making sense of who I am.
Publié par Gloria Origgi à l'adresse 2:41 PM | <urn:uuid:6f5b7778-ff69-426e-82c5-d7fcb842af71> | {
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2018. Term Papers. | <urn:uuid:b183f484-afcb-455d-bb9b-52c0c491096c> | {
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Courage in the Struggle for Justice and Peace
Knowing Our Past -- Creating Our Future
A Panel Discussion
Moderators: Ashley Gooden and Elise Morris
First Church presented a panel discussion on Sunday, February 26, 2020
Atty. J. Mason Davis told us about the early days of the church and some of the members who played a role in the struggle for racial equality after World War II.
Mrs. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton talked with us about her role in the selective buying campaign and as secretary for the Central Committee of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights.
Ms. Barbara Shores reflected on her experiences as the daughter of one of the most famous attorneys of the Civil Rights era -- Arthur D. Shores -- during the time when their home was bombed.
Judge Houston Brown gave us a sense of what it was like growing up in the neighborhood surrounding the church, which became known as Dynamite Hill.
Mr. Jefferson Drew told us what it was like at home where his parents hosted their friend, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Dr. Jesse Lewis, Sr. reflected on the Civil Rights era as owner and publisher of the Birmingham Times --Birmingham's premier Black Newspaper. | <urn:uuid:9822a5ef-c321-41f9-b525-138b85407751> | {
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They Call Her 'Queen Of Dung' — And She Doesn't Mind
Early one morning in the spring of 2017, Claire McCarthy started her day as many don't: rolling dried rhinoceros dung into cigarettes and packing them into a machine that smoked them.
Although it might seem bizarre, McCarthy's purpose was serious: She wanted to know what happens when people breathe in dung smoke.
Dung smoke is no joke. Animal dung is used by millions globally for heating and cooking.
It's a dangerous practice. Burning biomass fuels (including animal dung as well as wood, charcoal, and plant matter) generates indoor air pollution, which caused 4 million deaths worldwide in 2012 according to the World Health Organization. Like cigarette smoke, biomass smoke has been linked to increased risk of lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), lung cancer and respiratory infection.
But people from low- and medium-income nations often cannot afford cleaner fuels and must rely on biomass fuels to heat their homes and cook their meals. While epidemiological studies have linked biomass smoke exposure to increased risk for lung disease, exactly how biomass smoke contributes to lung disease is unknown.
That's where researchers like McCarthy come in. McCarthy wanted to know how dung smoke affected airway cells, which in their normal position within the human lung are the first cells to come into contact with biomass smoke. She suspected that dung smoke induced an inflammatory response in airway cells, which could be involved in the development of COPD.
To answer this question, McCarthy has used some unorthodox methods.
McCarthy repurposed a cigarette smoke machine, originally used by tobacco smoke researchers, to generate dung smoke in a standardized way. Unfortunately, the cigarette smoke machine was designed for, well, cigarettes, and so McCarthy had to hand roll animal dung into cigarettes to use the machine.
But first, she had to figure out how to prepare dung to be burned.
When used for fuel for cooking or heating, dung is normally left to dry in the sun for days. For many reasons, this is not practical for research purposes. So, when the buckets and garbage bags full of dung arrived, McCarthy would lug them to the lab and place the dung in glass dishes to be baked overnight in an incubator. Of course, McCarthy developed this method from scratch and even tested to make sure the smoke generated from sun-dried dung was similar to lab-baked dung. (It was.)
To pack this freshly-baked dung into cigarettes, it first needs to be broken up. Enter the food-processor.
"I tested different blades," said McCarthy. "I also tested the dung-piece size, finer or coarser, to see what worked in the dung cigarettes."
In the end she used a mixture of fine-to-medium coarseness. The finer particles looked like ground coffee and the coarser ones looked more like tobacco in a traditional cigarette.
After chopping the dung up in the food processor, McCarthy rolled the dried dung into cigarettes and placed them in the cigarette smoking machine. As the cigarettes burned, the machine "inhaled" the dung smoke, pumping it through a tube and into a plastic box containing cells grown from human lung tissue.
In the box a machine diluted the smoke with fresh air so that cells would only come in contact with a pre-determined level of smoke particles that imitates the conditions the cells would experience if they were inside the lungs of a person cooking over a dung fire.
After developing this system, McCarthy first examined the effects of biomass smoke from horse dung (kindly donated by a local farmer) on human airway cells. She found the smoke caused an inflammatory reaction. Soon after contacting the smoke, the airway cells released molecules that recruit white blood cells.
Normally, airway cells produce these molecules to clear harmful bacteria or viruses from the human body. In this case, however, there are no bacteria or viruses, and the inflammation causes collateral damage to the lungs that will over time result in lung diseases.
People who use dung for fuel also have elevated levels of these molecules in their blood and sputum.
Overall, McCarthy's research provides evidence that human airway cells are affected by dung smoke. But horse dung is used only in certain parts of the world, so McCarthy was not sure if her findings could be applied to dung-smoke in general. To address this issue, she decided to test the effects of different animal-dung smoke on airway cells.
But how to amass a diversity of dung?
McCarthy contacted a veterinarian at the University of Rochester, who then contacted the local zoo. The zoo donated dung from white rhinos, elephants and goats, while area farms donated cow and horse dung.
McCarthy also bought Indian cow dung from — where else? — the internet (she found a company that specializes in cow dung distribution for use in a Hindu fire ritual).
She then tested the effects of all these different dungs on airway cells. That means she baked each of these dungs, separately broke up the dried pieces with a food processor, rolled the dung-cigarettes and then tested the different dung smokes on cells.
McCarthy found that regardless of the animal source (Indian cow, U.S. cow, elephant, horse, goat, or rhino), the lung cells had a similar inflammatory response to the dung smoke.
The type of animal dung does not affect the magnitude of inflammatory response, indicating that burning animal dung is equally dangerous regardless of the animal. This could mean that research done in regions where goat dung is used could translate to regions where horse dung is primarily used.
Additionally, because people exposed to biomass smoke have increased risk for respiratory infections, McCarthy tested to see if dung smoke affects the antiviral response of the airway cells. Normally, when cells are infected with a virus they produce molecules called interferons that help defend against infection. But in her research, human airway cells that came into contact with dung smoke did not make these molecules when challenged with a viral mimetic (something that looks like a virus to cells).
McCarthy began to study if mice exposed to dung smoke had similar responses before graduating with her Ph.D. and has now passed the baton to the next student.
There is a lot more work to be done to determine exactly how biomass smoke contributes to increased risk of lung diseases.
In the meantime, McCarthy's work has led to an additional reward.
"I was at a conference and someone came up to me and said 'Oh, you're the Queen of Dung,' so at least I'm known for something!"
Shannon Loelius is a Ph.D. Candidate at the University of Rochester.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. | <urn:uuid:9b9a7fa2-f60b-49c5-aa17-926354abd03a> | {
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Gardening Tips Website
Terra Viva Organics
Perennial Herbs from Seed
Planting in the favorable
signs and phases of the moon can improve the strength
and vigor of your plants, and give them every advantage
by working with the natural energy of the moon. Just
as the moon pulls the ocean tides, it also pulls the
smaller bodies of water, causing moisture to rise closer
to the surface during the waxing (increasing) moon,
or drawing the roots down in the waning moon.
Terra Viva Organics is
now providing a calendar
that pulls all the information together for your climate,
and keeps you on track for a more productive vegetable
garden. The calendar has these features:
- The best phase and
sign of the moon for planting and cultivating
- Lists when vegetable
and flower seeds can be started in flats or set out
in the garden
- Monthly reminders of
seasonal garden activities
- Shows daily moon phase
and sign, time of full and new moon
- Three climate versions
for short, medium and long growing seasons.
Tomatoes are one of the
easiest vegetables to grow from seed. However, unless
you live in the tropics, your summers are probably too
short to direct seed these heat loving plants. Starting
tomato seeds indoors gives them a jump on the season,
especially with late maturing varieties. Start seed
6-8 weeks before your last frost. Check www.almanac.com/garden/garden.frostchart.html if you'd
like to check your frost dates.
Tomato seeds themselves
are easy to handle and can be planted in any type of
container you have around the house: yogurt containers,
milk cartons, etc. Try not to use too small of a container
(egg cartons for example) or else you'll be watering
The key to starting tomato
seed is to keep the seed moist. Pre-moisten the potting
mix so that it's wet but not soggy. When you squeeze
it in your hand, no water should come out. The soil
should form a ball that falls apart when you poke it.
Fill your container and place 1 or 2 seeds on top, covering
them lightly with more soil. Next, cover the container
with either a plastic dome or saran wrap. Not only does
covering prevent the soil from drying out, it prevents
you from overwatering the soil as the seed is germinating.
In addition to moisture,
warm temperature is the key ingredient to helping tomato
seeds germinate. At 75-80 F, seedlings will emerge in
just 3-5 days. Bottom heat is best so place your containers
in a warm spot like on top of the water heater or even
on top of the VCR. Alternatively, you can use heating
cables or a heating mat under the containers.
Once the seedlings are
up, move them off the heat and provide them with lots
of light. If you have a bright, south-facing window,
keep them there. However, if you notice that your seedlings
are getting lanky, it's an indication that you need
to provide supplemental light. Grow lights or fluorescent
shop lights can be used to keep plants short & stocky.
Suspend them close to the plants, no more than 4" from
the top of the leaves.
Once the seedlings have
developed at least one set of true set of leaves, pot
them up into their own individual containers. Each time
you do this, add some fertilizer to the soil mix. I
find worm casts to be a great source of organic nutrients
that won't burn the seedlings. Other options include
compost or half-strength fish fertilizer.
Each time you pot up your
seedlings, take off the bottom two sets of leaves and
bury the entire stem. Why? Tomatoes have this wonderful
ability to sprout roots along their stems. They are,
after all, related to potatoes. Burying the stem &
stimulating more root production ensures that the seedling
has a well-established root system that will withstand
the fluctuating moisture conditions in the garden.
Have you ever seen what
you suspect to be a blue bottle fly entering that small
hole at the bottom of your screen door or investigating
nail holes left in your house siding? What you probably
saw was not a fly but in fact a bee!
Blue Orchard Mason Bees
(Osmia Lignaria Propinqua Cresson) find nesting
holes in the most unlikely places. Since they cannot
excavate their own holes, they depend on others for
nest sites. Woodpecker drillings, hollow stems, roof
shingles, BBQ handles, and wind chimes are just a few
places these resourceful bees use to their advantage.
Now you are probably wondering
what does all this have to do with gardening? Well in
two words: Pollination Power! While one third of all
the food we consume in a day has been pollinated by
some hard working insect, many urban gardeners are having
trouble adequately pollinating their own fruit trees
and berry bushes. In recent years, the honeybee has
come under attack by several predatory mites.
Mason Bees have been able
to withstand these mites. Most gardeners will find that
them and other solitary bees are already present in
their neighbourhood; providing them with a plentiful
food supply, and a dry and clean nesting hole can attract
them. These bees are very docile and do not bite, they
are smaller than a honeybee and are black in colour
with a blue iridescent sheen. Since they are solitary
they do not swarm, but sadly they do not make honey.
The season begins in late
March with the newly hatched female mating and locating
a suitable nest. She then begins the tedious process
of collecting nectar and pollen to make a lump of "bee
bread" which she places at the back of her nesting hole.
She lays one egg on this food supply and then constructs
a mud wall, securing the developing offspring within
its own chamber. After repeating this process several
times she will reach the end of the tube and cap the
end with a final thick mud plug. In order to provide
her offspring with suitable protection from predators,
she intentionally lays female eggs first, in the back
cells, with males at the front. Production of female
progeny is most important in continuing the species
and they are best protected when concealed behind several
Blue Orchard Mason Bees
are fascinating insects and will provide you with hours
of enjoyment during the spring and summer months. I
invite you to welcome these bees into your garden this
spring and they will repay you with the very important
and essential service of pollination.
Why grow your own perennial
herbs from seed? Well, for one thing, you can make hundreds
of lavender or rosemary plants for a few dollars. In
addition it is gratifying to grow something which is
not particularly easy.
Most 'woody' perennial
herbs are native to rocky/sandy semi-arid geographical
areas such as the seacoast of southern Italy or Greece.
The sharp drainage makes woody herbs very happy - try
to duplicate these conditions yourself when you grow
them. This means they absolutely cannot stand to have
wet feet, especially cold, wet feet.
Start perennial herb seeds
in early spring. For better germination, "stratify"
the seeds. This freezing and thawing duplicates nature,
and aids in breaking down the hard seed coat. Place
required number of seeds in a wet paper towel, and inside
a baggie. Place everything in the freezer, and leave
it for two or three days. Remove, thaw, then repeat
To sow seed, mix 1 part
sand to 2 parts moistened seed starter mix. Clay pots
are perfect for germination, since water is less likely
to be retained than in plastic pots. Sow seeds sparingly,
barely covering. Do not add additional water! Secure
plastic bag over seed pots and set in a warm, bright,
well-ventilated place indoors or in a greenhouse.
Germination will be uneven
in 7 to 30 days. Observe your seeds daily, and when
seedlings emerge, remove the plastic bag.
Woody herbs grow slowly,
especially at first. Always water them sparingly. After
they are about 2-3 weeks old, they would like a bit
of compost or manure tea or really watered down kelp
or fish fertilizer. When the little herbs approach about
1 inch tall and are nicely leafed out, and you feel
confident you can handle them, knock the pot bottom
to loosen the roots. Gently remove the plants, roots
You'll see that the roots
have put on a LOT of growth compared to what you see
above the ground. Carefully repot at the same level
they were in the original pot - do not bury the 'crown'
of the plant under the soil. 4" pots work well, either
clay or plastic is fine. The soil mixture should be
on the sandy side, not too composty. Don't put them
out into the garden soil until they are about 4-6" high
- most likely they'll be ready to go in at the end of
the summer, around August or early September.
Feed your woody herbs
occasionally with dilute organic fertilizer. NEVER use
6-8-6 on them, or any type of chemical fertilizer. I
once lost a beautiful rosemary in a gallon pot by sprinkling
it in only lightly! Grow your herbs in full sun, in
well-drained soil. Raised beds or huge clay planters
Sharon Hanna is a garden
writer and avid cook. Read her latest articles on Themestream | <urn:uuid:ba371bea-0074-4c22-a3a6-13dc2345d3fc> | {
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|Brought to you by:
Temporary structure uses paper to create light-regulating filter
Infrared is a group of architectural researchers and fabricators based in Thessaloniki, Greece. Initiated in 2010, the group’s work has included public installations like the Thess Bic Seat, an amorphously shaped bicycle rack and bench. Another piece called 313 / 315 is a 25-foot-long seesaw installed between two rooms of a derelict hotel created for last year’s XV Biennale De La Mediterranee. For its most recent installation, titled Madren 5340, the team investigated the theme of private space with a digitally modeled screen made with a series of paper tubes.
Madren 5340 began with the concept of regulating light and visibility in an intimate space like a bedroom. A patterned surface would act as a filter, creating a perforated facade between two parts of the room. Infrared began by generating the surface algorithmically, interpolating between sine curves of varying wavelengths and amplitudes. These calculations created a double-curved, self-supporting structure that would rest on the ground. The 11 ½-foot-tall wall was then rationalized into a series of simple paper tubes that would be assembled to create the structure. In its project brief, the team described the combined effect of 3-D volumes and round pixels:
In effect, each paper-tube is becoming something between a voxel and a pixel: it is positioned in space trying to represent a thin volume that reads as a surface—the properties of the volex—while at the same time displays a certain intensity of light—the properties of the pixel. The aggregation of the tubes is approximating the curvature of the initial surface.
The digitally generated information was exported into assembly sheets—essentially a map of where and how to place each tube. The piece was installed in January as part of Thessaloniki’s Platforma 1 temporary exhibition, organized by ArqLab and Art|House gallery. | <urn:uuid:9e5f635e-c8b5-4227-af39-9e300ec9cb6e> | {
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Today I will show you how to turn a circle into a 3-dimensional sphere, ball, or orb. In order to turn a circle into a sphere, you will need to use specific shading techniques to accomplish this. In this tutorial, I use graphite pencils, H, 2B, 3B, and 4B. This lesson will help you learn how to shade a beautiful sphere.
Today I'll show you how to draw really cool 3-dimensional fancy / curvy letters. It is not so hard to do...you start off by lightly drawing normal letters and then you build upon it. We break it down into so many steps that you will be able to follow along. This is for older kids / teens and people who just want to learn how to draw cool letters!
Today I'll show you how to draw a cool optical illusion of the page curling / coiling up like a sardine can's lid. And after your curl up the paper, you can see that below the page is outer space with cubes falling out into the emptiness. Then there is a cartoon girl character surfing on top of the curled paper as if it were a waver. Below you will find the illustrated step by step instructions so that you can draw it too.
Today I’ll show you a super cool optical illusion trick that you create by folding your paper over and then draw using that folded over paper to create a 3-D effect. We will create a cartoon snake wrapped around a tree branch on the folded over part and then draw the tree around it on the paper behind it and below it.
Use a notebook so that there is a piece of paper behind the original paper. The instructions are written on the illustrated tutorial below. Enjoy and Happy Drawing!
Today I'll show you how to draw cartoon mice characters climbing under the paper's lines that have been pushed up on notebook paper. This is a cute optical illusion drawing tutorial for kids to learn how to draw. Drawing the notebook paper is easy enough and then we teach you how to draw the cute cartoon characters. Then we show you how to draw the notebook paper's lines so that a hole appears for the mice to crawl through. I hope you enjoy this tutorial.
Check out our newest book – just released today!
Our Newest Book for Kids – How to Draw Cool Things and Optical Illusions 2
We just released our newest book to our Drawing for Kids series. Check out our newest book to learn how to draw 3-dimensional stuff, cool 3d letters, optical illusions, and just cool things in general. Check it out on Amazon.
Today I'll show you how to draw a cartoon girl holding a piece of artwork up for the world to see. But you draw different parts of the drawing on different parts of the paper to form the optical illusion that the piece of paper is coming out towards you. We show you how to draw a cute cartoon baby on the paper that the girl is holding. We will guide you through the steps with these easy instructions.
Today I'll show you how to draw a really cool looking impossible triangle shape. This specific impossible triangle called a Penrose triangle (or Penrose Tribar) Looks like a triangle mixed with a Celtic knot. Really cool.We will guide you through the process of drawing this Penrose Tribar with simple to follow steps and instructions.
Today I'll show you how to draw this cool optical illusion that looks like a boy is falling through grid paper out into space. This is a fun doodle to learn how to draw. It isn't too hard to draw, which is one of the things that makes it fun to draw. Learn how to draw this cartoon boy falling through this 3-dimensional grid paper with blocks / cubes flying out into space along with the cartoon boy. Have fun and happy drawing!
Today I'll show you how to draw a cool optical illusion that will melt your eyes as you are drawing it. Once you add the black and the gray, the picture will make more sense. We will guide you through the steps of drawing this cool optical illusion with the following cool drawing trick. Have fun and Happy Drawing!
Today I'll show you how to draw a super cool picture of boys climbing a piece of notebook paper. This is so much fun to draw and when drawn on a piece of paper can trick the eye into thinking there are really cartoon characters climbing on your lined notebook paper. We have broken down this tutorial into simple steps. Happy Drawing!
Today I will show you how to draw these cool 3-dimensional letters that seem to be going around, under, and over notebook paper. This is a cool and fun doodling idea for when you are bored. The following simple step by step drawing instructions / lesson will guide you through the steps of drawing these cool letters. Have fun! | <urn:uuid:b190b1cc-a992-4df8-a911-7a85b01a52b3> | {
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- A city of southeast Australia southwest of Canberra. Settled in 1835, it was the seat of the Australian federal government from 1901 to 1927. The Summer Olympics were held here in 1956. Population: 3,590,000.
- A city of east-central Florida on Indian River south of Cocoa Beach. It is a winter resort with varied light industries. Population: 77,000.
- Melbourne, Second Viscount See William Lamb.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- proper n. State capital of Victoria (Australia).
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a resort town in east central Florida
- n. the capital of Victoria state and 2nd largest Australian city; a financial and commercial center
Sorry, no etymologies found. | <urn:uuid:0e95f8a3-7c7e-4425-8539-c5c66fc744cf> | {
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Symptoms of Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) disorder sometimes go away on their own, but if they don’t, practice these three measures and get orthodontic treatment to alleviate the pain. You know the pain can be disabling at times, affecting your face, head, and neck.This is normally a result of swelling in blood vessels, head, and neck. Practice the guidelines below to cope with the disorder.
Change Your Diet
Eating hard foods that need constant chewing may worsen TMJ pain. Making changes in your diet may help the jaw muscles relax. Some of the foods you should avoid are bread crusts, hard fruits, and dried fruits. Eat softer foods or cut your meals into small pieces so the pain won’t persist.
Practice Jaw Exercises
Easy exercises that require gently stretching of the jaw muscles is an effective way to reduce the pain. Jaw clenching or teeth grinding may just contribute to the pain, as the muscles tighten for a long period. To avoid this, stretch your muscles by slowly opening your mouth as wide as you can. Put your fingers on your lower teeth and push your mouth open. If it starts to hurt, stop the exercise. But you should continue to challenge yourself one step at a time. Through this, your muscles will relax and loosen up, which may decrease the pain significantly.
When TMJ is a result of a medical condition like osteoarthritis, sufferers normally notice improvements as soon as they start their consultation and treatment. TMJ treatments range from simple, basic treatments to complex dental procedures. Some of these are using splints or mouth guards and undergoing corrective dental treatments, like braces.
Orthodontic Alliances assists patients and resolves TMJ disorders. We’re open to calls and consultations if you want to know more about our TMJ treatments. Contact us today and let us to handle your overall oral health. | <urn:uuid:e0ff02ef-1ecc-4185-8e00-436c760a7f02> | {
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Did you know that June 14th is Flag Day?
Did you know that June 14th is Flag Day? Although it is not a national holiday, in 1916 President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation that officially established June 14th as Flag Day, and in August 1949, an act of Congress established National Flag Day. Flag Day commemorates the adoption of the U.S. flag on June 14, 1777, when the Continental Congress passed the first Flag Act. It read: “Resolved, That the flag of the United States be made of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation”
In 1793, Vermont and Kentucky joined the Union as the fourteenth and fifteenth states. The Flag Act of 1794 provided for fifteen stripes and fifteen stars after May 1795. That new flag design flew for twenty-three years, through the War of 1812 and over the administrations of five presidents: George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. By 1812, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, and Indiana had joined the Union (now nineteen states), and Mississippi joined soon after. A Congressional committee formed to study the “problem” of adding stripes equal to the number of existing states. There were arguments for and against adding stripes, but the prevailing opinion was that the flag should include only thirteen stripes in honor of the original thirteen colonies.
The Flag Act of 1818, signed by President James Monroe on April 4, 1818, officially stated that the flag would have thirteen stripes and include one star for each state. Stars would be added to the flag on the 4th of July following the admission of each new state.
Fast Forward to the Civil War. Kansas joined the Union on January 19, 1861, with its star, the thirty-fourth, added to the flag on July 4, 1861. West Virginia was admitted to the Union as the thirty-fifth state, and its star was added on July 4, 1863. The last state to enter the Union during the war was Nevada (October 3, 1864). Its star, the thirty-sixth, was added to the flag on July 4, 1865, after the war had ended.
Did you know that the Confederate National flag was designed to be similar to the U.S. flag? The U.S. flag, known as the “Stars and Stripes,” added stars as states entered the Union and had thirteen red and white stripes. The Confederate First National pattern, adopted in March 1861, had seven stars, representing the first seven states to secede. Later versions added stars as more southern states seceded. Instead of stripes, the Confederate National flag had three bars (red-white-red) and was known as the “Stars and Bars.”
The VHS exhibition An American Turning Point: The Civil War in Virginia has four Confederate flags on display. One unique flag is a Confederate First National pattern with eight stars, which represents Virginia (the eighth state) joining the Confederacy. This flag would have been made in the short time between April 17, 1861, when Virginia seceded, and May 6, 1861, when Arkansas seceded. (An American Turning Point: The Civil War in Virginia exhibition closed in 2015, but is currently available to view as an online exhibition on the VHS website, here.)
Finally, my last flag tidbit. . . . The 48-star U.S. flag (see first image) was the official flag from 1912 to 1959 during World Wars I and II, and eight presidents served under this flag: William H. Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and Dwight D. Eisenhower. The current 50-star flag has been the official flag for the longest period of time, 52 years, as of this writing.
Rebecca A. Rose is the Registrar at the Virginia Historical Society.
For more information, please visit the website http://www.usflag.org or consult the book, Star-Spangled Banner: Our Nation and Its Flag by Margaret Sedeen or these two books on Civil War flags by Devereaux D. Cannon: The Flags of the Union: An Illustrated History and The Flags of the Confederacy: An Illustrated History. | <urn:uuid:1d8c3562-cc45-4ce0-aef9-24c408bd990d> | {
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Weird things are happening off the Pacific Coast.
And at the center of the action is a warm-water mass that scientists call “the blob.”
It’s turning the coastal ecosystem on its head. Species are dying along Washington, Oregon and northern California: sea stars, marine birds and sardines, among them.
It started in the fall of 2013 when the Gulf of Alaska’s usual winter storms didn’t show up to cool down the Pacific.
That gave rise to an expanse of warmer water, according to Bill Peterson of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
And it has spread. By last summer the blob had consumed the entire North Pacific from California to Canada. A few months later it had touched the West Coast shore. Now it spans 2,000 miles from Baja, Mexico to Alaska, stretching 500 miles wide.
It’s hard to get away from something that big, and while some species are dying, others are behaving strangely.
Tropical plankton are showing up for the first time. Native plankton are breeding much later. Brown pelicans are refusing to mate at all. And toxic algal blooms are spreading rapidly, at times shutting down commercial and recreational fishing.
The blob isn’t responsible for all of the strange happenings, though. The cyclical warm-water weather event El Niño is back on the California coast, and it looks as strong as its last severe episode in 1997. That makes this a double whammy for experts trying to get to the bottom of these habitat changes. And that’s leaving out the climate change variable, which may or may not be related to both events.
Basically, it’s not just a bunch of anomalies anymore. Scientists say these occurrences are part of a rapidly changing ecosystem. In other words, it’s the new normal. And rather than try to prevent something that’s already here, ocean and fishery management has to evolve with it.
Steve Marx, a Pacific Ocean conservationist at Pew Charitable Trusts, put it this way: Scientists typically look at things like commercial fishing pressure and ocean conditions to predict population cycles. Those models aren’t working anymore.
“Everything we know about (forecasting) is getting thrown out the window,” he said. “So, yes. Crazy things.”
What happened after the blob arrived and started to spread had never been seen before. It brought new visitors to the Northwest: tropical copepods.
Peterson, who teaches oceanography at Oregon State University, said they’re beautiful but they’re causing problems for predators. The tropical plankton are not as fatty as the native plankton, and predators are passing on them. Meanwhile, the native, cold-water plankton started breeding late this year and their population has dropped below normal.
Scientists also are noticing that krill, another bottom-of-the-chain prey, have been largely absent this year.
Jaime Jahncke, a biologist at Point Blue Conservation Science, said during a research cruise off San Francisco a few weeks ago his team found few adult krill, mostly just juveniles. Data isn’t out yet for Alaskan krill, but scientists say it’s likely the same situation.
There’s speculation that the blob is sending them away, but no one knows enough to confirm it.
Meanwhile, Jahncke and his team are seeing more tropical species, such as sunfish.
He called it a perpetuation of the warm water conditions.
In a separate development, humpback whales reportedly have been spotted this week hanging out in the mouth of the Columbia River near Astoria, presumably for the anchovies. That’s odd because humpbacks, unlike gray whales, are not known for swimming near shore.
The blob might also be to blame for a major die-off of Cassin’s auklets this past winter.
From California to Canada – but mostly in Oregon – beachgoers have reported hundreds of the small seabirds had washed ashore. By January, that number reached tens of thousands. That’s 100 times more than their average mortality rate.
Julia Parrish, a professor of aquatic and fishery sciences at the University of Washington, tracked the die-off and said one theory is that the birds had a particularly good breeding season, which made it harder for juveniles competing for food.
But it also might be the blob. Parrish said it’s possible the auklets didn’t want to eat the tropical plankton.
“There’s reason to believe that basically what was happening was suddenly the grocery store was full of all sorts of different food, and maybe the food wasn’t so good,” she said.
Peterson, on the other hand, theorized that because the seabirds can’t dive deeper than 40 meters, perhaps they couldn’t reach their prey, which would seek cooler water below the blob at 80 meters.
Then you’ve got the massive sea star die-off. Thousands of sea stars are turning to goo from a virus. Not that warm water is the cause, but it’s certainly known for spreading the rate of infection.
Not everything can be attributed to the blob, however. Sometimes it’s people.
U.S. officials say the nation accounts for 87 percent of all sardine fishing in North America. Supposedly Mexico catches 13 percent and Canada catches none. But Canadians disagree with that assessment, insisting they net a significant share.
The fact the countries disagree points to part of the problem. No one group is accurately tracking the catches. Which helps explain the fact that there’s also no standard for how many sardines trawlers can catch.
Though these forage fish normally do well in warm water, cooler water conditions before the blob arrived had brought their population down.
Combine that with overfishing, and the Pacific sardine population collapsed. According to the National Marine Fisheries Service, the West Coast Pacific sardine population has decreased 90 percent since 2007. That’s the lowest it’s been in decades.
That has spelled disaster for species dependent on sardines. Sea lion pups are starving and brown pelicans are refusing to mate.
And what about the salmon? They feed on sardines, too.
Salmon are a whole topic unto themselves. Populations have been suffering die-offs almost all summer in Oregon, mostly because of warm water in the Columbia River and its tributaries. The biggest mystery has been the disappearance of at least 250,000 sockeye traveling up the river out of an expected return of 500,000.
Ben Enticknap, a senior scientist at the international research group Oceana, said much of this problem is manmade because dams have hampered migration and, in some cases, blocked access to historical spawning grounds.
All this presents a conundrum for scientists.
“What do you do?” Enticknap said. “Do you ignore it and do nothing and just wait to respond to endangered species listings and extinction events? Or do you become more proactive?”
Marx, the Pew Charitable Trusts conservationist, said scientists generally focus on species as separate problems. But if you focus on one, you need to look at how it affects its relationship with other species. For example, if a conservationist is studying a struggling salmon species, Marx said, it’s important to also look at the fish the salmon is eating and the bird that’s eating the salmon.
“The one takeaway message we would have is … the need to manage and think of things in a bigger, multi-species ecosystem approach,” he said.
The Pacific Fishery Management Council, he said, is doing just that. With representatives from Washington, Oregon, California and Idaho, the largely government-appointed council is responsible for regional fishery management.
In 2013, the council adopted its Fishery Ecosystem Plan to incorporate more ecosystem science and management policies. It doesn’t necessarily wait for “perfect” science to consider action.
One of the first steps the council took was to address the sardine issue. All fishing is halted for the rest of this season and the next. New fisheries can’t be developed, either, until there is more science on how to sustain it.
Enticknap, a conservation adviser on the ecosystem advisory panel, called it a progressive move.
“For the longest time, fisheries would just start up and then people would be reacting to a collapse to overfishing, and this is reversing that whole concept.”
Other organizations have launched related efforts.
Oceana is working to protect seafloor habitats from trawling. Enticknap said when large fishing nets are dragged across the ocean floor, coral and sponges are knocked over or caught by accident.
At OSU, researchers are asking volunteers to run climate models on their computers to understand the blob’s origin and whether it’s a symptom of climate change.
And the state Legislature approved protected marine areas in Oregon, such as Cascade Head, Cape Perpetua and Redfish Rocks. These areas are open to recreational use, but not commercial fishing.
One thing to keep in mind, though, is that not all species are struggling. Sometimes when one suffers, another prospers.
Marx said hake, or Pacific whiting, is relatively abundant at the moment.
The oceanographic climate shift, he said, “is good for some things. It’s bad for a lot of other things.”
— Tara Kulash
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Lucid dreaming can improve their performance in real life, according to Yale researcher Peter Morgan. In lucid dreaming, the dreamer is self-aware and is in control of the substance of the dream.
Researchers from Yale University found that lucid dreamers perform better in a gambling task, designed to test a part of the brain important to emotional decision-making and social interactions, said a report in New Scientist this week.
Peter Morgan at Yale University and colleagues think that this region can be trained.
Morgan and his team are working on how to train people using dreams. Morgan hopes to be able to improve a person's social control and decision-making abilities.
'We know that by engaging circuits in the brain we can change its architecture,' he says.
It's already been proven that people who practice tasks in dreams can be better at them in real life. One Swiss study, led by Daniel Erlacher of the University of Bern, showed that lucid dreamers who 'practiced throwing a coin into a cup were better at the real thing when they woke up.
Movie fans have recently been treated to a version of this idea in the recent film Inception, which allows experts to contribute portions of a dream to a collective experience.
(Inception movie trailer)
SF authors have also written about the uses of lucid dreaming. In the 2007 anime Paprika, a researcher creates a device called a DC Mini that allows a therapist to enter the dreams of a patient.
Roger Zelazny worked with a similar idea in his 1966 novel The Dream Master; therapists could actually structure dreams for clients using the dream console
The idea that dreaming about performing a simple physical action could result in improved performance is intriguing. In the comments to last week's article DecNef: Download Skills Into Your Brain, reader Peter Jacobs pointed out that "muscle memory" developed through real-world physical training is an important part of learning. Could lucid dreaming actually develop neural pathways essential to better performance?
Via the Daily Mail; thanks to Moira for the tip on this story.
Scroll down for more stories in the same category. (Story submitted 12/22/2011) | <urn:uuid:deacef26-0729-4d0f-bbde-a5216a5003e0> | {
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Adverse health effects following exposure to jet oil mist during commercial flights
Chris Winder (†} School of Safety Science University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
Jean-Christophe Balouet Environment International 31 Rue du Geéneéral Chanzy 94130 Nogent sur Marne France
Materials used in the operation of aircraft may contain hazardous ingredients, some with significant toxicities, and need care in handling and use. Some maintenance or operational activities, such as leaks or poorly controlled maintenance procedures, can, through contamination of aircraft cabin air, produce unwanted exposures to personnel and passengers. Occasionally, such exposures (either short term intense or long term low level) may be of a magnitude to induce symptoms of toxicity. The symptoms reported by exposed individuals are sufficiently consistent to indicate the possibility of a discrete occupational health condition, termed aerotoxic syndrome. Features of this syndrome are that it is associated with air crew exposure at altitude to atmospheric contaminants from engine oil or other aircraft fluids, chronologically juxtaposed by the development of a consistent symptomology of irritancy, sensitivity and neurotoxicity. This syndrome may be reversible following brief exposures, but features are emerging of a chronic syndrome following moderate to substantial exposures.
Aircraft materials such as jet-fuel, de-icing fluids, engine oil, hydraulic fluids, and so on, contain a range of ingredients, some of which can be toxic. Although these chemicals are usually retained in engines and equipment into which they have been added, they can sometimes find their way into cabin air where crew and passengers are located, through incidents such as engine oil leaks, seal failures and fluid ingestion by APU/engines. Further, operational activities, such as APU “pack” burn outs, can give rise to significant contamination.
Dozens of in-cabin leak/smoke events are documented annually, often correlated to aircraft fluid leak events. Fume events are much more frequent, correlated to less important aircraft fluid leaks (hundreds per year), or to other independent sources. In total, aircraft fluid leak/fume/smoke events are estimated to impact over 300 flights per year worldwide, resulting in exposures to an estimated 40,000 or more crew and passengers. Some models of airplanes appear to be particularly prone to leaks.
The range of bleed air contaminants and their concentrations, which may be found during in-cabin contamination events during flight, can be extensive. Significant contaminants include: carbon monoxide, aldehydes; aromatic hydrocarbons; aliphatic hydrocarbons; chlorinated, fluorinated, methylated, phosphate, nitrogen compounds; esters; and oxides. One additional problem is the lower oxygen concentration operating in the cabins of planes flying at altitude.
Inhalation is an important route of exposure, with exposure to uncovered skin being a second, less significant route (for example, following exposure to oil mists) and ingestion improbable.
In terms of toxicity, a growing number of crew are developing symptoms following both short term and long term repeated exposures. Neurotoxicity is a major flight safety concern, especially where exposures are intense.
Symptoms have been collected from ten cases of pilots, first officers, pursers and flight attendants, flying in five airlines, three models of airplane and in four countries. The only common feature is that at some stage, they were involved in an incident where a leak of oil mist to the flight deck or passenger cabin occurred.
Symptoms were reported from single exposures to elevated exposures, and from long term low level exposures to low level oil leaks or residual problems from previous contamination. Combined exposures (that is, short term intense exposures combined with low level long term exposures) were also prevalent.
Symptoms from single or short term exposures are shown in Table 1 below and include: blurred or tunnel vision, disorientation, memory impairment, shaking and tremors, nausea/vomiting, parasthesias, loss of balance and vertigo, seizures, loss of consciousness, headache, lightheadedness, dizziness, confusion and feeling intoxicated
Table 1: Aerotoxic Syndrome – Symptoms, Intensity and Chronological Sequence Symptom
Acquired Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Mild intensity and/or symptoms occur occasionally Severe intensity and/or symptoms present continuously
minutes to hour, during or soon after exposure hours to days Short term: days to weeks weeks to months Long term: months to years
Symptoms from long term low level exposure or residual symptoms from short term exposures include: memory impairment, forgetfulness, lack of coordination, nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea, respiratory problems, chest pain, severe headaches, dizziness and feeling intoxicated, weakness and fatigue (leading to chronic fatigue), exhaustion, increased heart rate and palpitations, numbness (fingers, lips, limbs), hot flashes, joint pain, muscle weakness and pain, salivation, irritation (eyes, nose and upper airways), skin itching and rashes, skin blisters (on uncovered body parts), signs of immunosupression, hair loss, chemical sensitivity leading to acquired or multiple chemical sensitivity (see Table 1).
It is also apparent that some symptoms occur immediately or soon after exposure, for example, many of the irritant, gastric, nervous and respiratory effects. However, others, such as nervous system impairment, immunodepression and chemical sensitivity, develop later, perhaps months after exposures may have ceased. Further, while some of these symptoms are fully reversible, others appear to persist for longer (see Table 1). Debate is also continuing about the links between exposure and some of longer term symptoms (such as chemical sensitivity).
Symptom severity depends on a number of factors, including the range of contaminants present, the intensity, duration and frequency of exposure, toxicity of compounds (expectedly influenced by cabin environment factors such as humidity, decreased oxygen concentration and contaminants such as carbon monoxide), and individual susceptibility.
While single/long term exposure to aircraft engine lubricants and hydraulics (basically due to their chemical content and possible thermal decomposition products) is diagnosed as responsible for the aerotoxic syndrome, air crew or passengers exposed to same events or similar doses do not necessarily develop same symptom severity. The variation in symptoms severity is attributed to individual susceptibility, including anaphylactic response, may also depend on other potentiation factors, including prior exposure events.
The symptoms reported by exposed individuals as shown in Table 1 are sufficiently consistent to indicate the development of a discrete occupational health condition, and the term aerotoxic syndrome is introduced to describe it. Features of this syndrome are that it is associated with air crew exposure at altitude to atmospheric contaminants from engine oil or other aircraft fluids, chronologically juxtaposed by the development of a consistent symptomology of irritancy, sensitivity and neurotoxicity. This syndrome may be reversible following brief exposures, but features are emerging of a chronic syndrome following significant exposures.
Management of Occupational Health and safety in the Aviation Industry
It has become apparent that the primary safety consideration of the airlines is to keep airplanes flying - the safety of workers appears to have a very low priority to operational safety. Further, the regulatory agency involved in aviation safety (the Civil Aviation Safety Authority) admitted in evidence to the Senate Aviation Inquiry that its area of responsibility is airplane safety, not occupational health and safety.
Monitoring studies conducted by aircraft manufacturers and the airlines have failed to detect any major contaminants, although to date most monitoring studies have used inappropriate sampling techniques (such as air collection of poorly volatile contaminants) or inadequate methodologies (such as sample collection time, sample volume, storage of samples, not taking account of altitude). No monitoring has been conducted during a leak incident
Attempts by airlines to address this problem through design, maintenance and operational improvements and through staff support and medical care have not been successful, and in the main, continue to be reactive and piecemeal. Obviously, in some cases, options such as improving engine design are not within the sphere of activity of the operators. The efficacy of recent modifications to the aircraft remains unknown, and leaks are still occurring, albeit at a reduced rate.
An admission was grudgingly made by one airline in 1998 that adverse exposures had been occurring, and that such exposures might cause irritation and transient effects. However, the development of long term symptoms is vigorously denied.
Civil aviation regulations clearly state that "the ventilation system must be designed to provide a sufficient amount of uncontaminated air to enable the crew members to perform their duties without undue discomfort or fatigue and to provide reasonable passenger comfort." The admission that irritation and transient symptoms can occur demonstrates non-compliance with the above rules.
Further, the adversarial and acrimonious manner in which some airlines have pursued workers compensation cases brought by staff with aerotoxic syndrome indicates a confrontational approach which is unlikely to be beneficial to all parties in the long term.
Direct exposure to hydraulics and lubricants are known to be toxic, causing effects such as blurred vision, disorientation, memory loss, lack of coordination, nausea, that if they occurred in flight crew, are direct threats to flight safety. Further, there is factual evidence that flight deck, cabin crew and passengers can be directly exposed to trace chemicals on aircraft in sufficient concentrations to cause acute, immediate to long term symptoms.
These exposures can produce symptoms of toxicity. Symptoms associated to the aerotoxic syndrome clearly include neurotoxicity as neuropsychological effects, as well as other symptoms typically correlated to chemical intoxication. Links between neurotoxic effects and certain contaminants known to be neurotoxic (such as the phosphate esters) are suspected.
Aerotoxic syndrome presents significant issues with regard to the health of pilots, cabin crew and passengers, but most notably with regard to air safety if pilots are incapacitated and cabin crew cannot supervise cabin evacuations during emergencies. Health effects include short term irritant, skin, gastrointestinal, respiratory and nervous system effects, and long term central nervous and immunological effects. Some of these effects are transient, others appear more permanent. The exacerbation of pre-existing health problems by toxic exposures is also highly probable.
This is a hidden issue. Staff of the airlines are worried about job security and what might happen to them if they complain about working conditions and make their symptoms public. At present, with only a few cases proceeding in the courts, little compensation has been awarded to airline workers affected by toxic fumes. Therefore, staff are reluctant to come forward until their health in jeopardised sufficiently that they can no longer fly without compromising their health and safety. | <urn:uuid:2195c9b4-cbbc-49a7-bd0e-0031cab7fd62> | {
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Almost every kid yearns for the day when they can be old enough to learn how to drive. Getting that driver’s license is a rite of passage that carries so much meaning. For most young drivers, learning how to drive symbolizes freedom and responsibility. It’s a giant leap away from childhood and a small step toward adulthood. Once you learn how to drive, you can go places without your parents, run errands for your parents, get a job that’s beyond walking or bicycling distance, and go on real dates. It’s an amazing time in life that happens only once.
How you learn to drive depends on where you live and what your situation is. If you go to a school where they offer Drivers Ed, you might learn how to drive with a bunch of your friends sitting in the back seat, which is simultaneously a blast and intimidating. If driving school is affordable, you might learn about defensive driving from a stranger. Your last – and sometimes preferable option – is to learn how to drive from your parents or a family friend. However, you officially learn about defensive driving, there’s probably a bunch of stuff you didn’t learn. But don’t worry. We’re here to fill in the gaps. Here’s the guide on how to drive that you’ll never hear from anyone else.
Watch Other Drivers’ Faces
When you watch driving videos, they always tell you to “look out for other cars.” But defensive driving requires more than that. You can get a whole lot of information about what a car is going to do by watching the driver’s face. Say you’re coming up on an intersection. The driver of the car at the stop sign is laughing and talking to his buddy. Every now and then his car creeps forward. He can’t wait to zip out. Does he see you coming? Keep an eye on that driver to make sure he looks at you. If he doesn’t, there’s a good chance he might pull out right in front of you. To be on the safe side, slow down or move to the next inside lane.
Don’t Double Pedal
Your right foot is for driving, and your left foot is for the clutch if you have a manual transmission. Don’t double pedal with your left foot hovering over the brake and your right foot hovering over the accelerator. This is a bad habit that can lead to a) overuse of brakes, b) an accident. Just don’t do it.
Don’t Eat in the Car
Yes, your mom’s car is full of Burger King wrappers. You grew up at the drive-thru. That’s what drive-thrus are for, right? We’ve heard it all before. But eating in the car is a bad, bad idea. First, you could choke, and trying to maneuver your car out of traffic and danger is a lot harder when you’re also trying to not choke to death. Second, if you’re eating, you’re not holding the wheel with both hands. Third, eating in the car is messy business. You’ll end up trashing your car, getting stains on your clothes and not paying attention to the task at hand, which is, ahem, driving. Eating in the car puts your life at risk. Burger King won’t tell you that, but we will.
So now that you know the real secrets to knowing how to drive, we feel confident you’re ready for adulthood. Learning how to drive is something that almost everyone hopes to accomplish one day. But do you want to know the best part of learning how to drive? It’s learning how to drive safely. | <urn:uuid:dfd2ef3e-36c5-446e-a95c-b1ec80db7f26> | {
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Industrial Mathematics Laboratory at University of Helsinki, Finland
The Industrial Mathematics Laboratory, founded by Professor Samuli Siltanen in 2009, is used for two main purposes: research and education.
The laboratory is part of the activities of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics of University of Helsinki and of the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Inverse Problems Research.
The laboratory is crucial for several research projects, mainly in the field of computational solution of inverse problems. For example,
- The X-ray imaging equipment of the lab provides data for studies of 3D tomographic imaging from sparsely collected datasets. This is relevant for low radiation dose medical X-ray imaging and for industrial non-destructive testing in challenging environments.
- The lab has high-resolution camera equipment and powerful lighting gear. These are used for creating datasets for studying the mathematical and statistical structure of photographs. These in turn are used to create new image processing algorithms for JPEG artefact removal, de-mosaicing, deblurring and inpainting.
- 3D printer is used for many scientific purposes, including tube models for human vocal tracts (see picture below) and physical phantoms for X-ray tomographic experiments.
Regarding teaching, it is of utmost importance that students of applied mathematics learn to work with actual noisy data and analyse it with computational methods. These skills are crucial for finding a mathematically challenging job in the industry, for example in research and development division of high technology companies.
Data measured with the camera equipment and with the X-ray equipment of the lab are used for BSc and MSc theses and in the annual course Inverse Problems.
X-ray Imaging System
The X-ray equipment is located in the radiation-shielded facilities of the Laboratory of Electronic Structure of the Department of Physics at University of Helsinki.
Hamamatsu X-ray detector with 120x120mm active area and 2400x2400 pixels. The detector is capable of recording 9 frames per second with 4x4 binning.
See this video for an example measurement.
MakerBot Replicator 2 3D printer provides possibility to make such mathematical models and reconstructions you can touch.
For example we can print shape of vocal cords in different vowels, calculated by Bayesian inversion and MCMC methods.
Phase One 645DF and a digital IQ260 achromatic back with 60 megapixel sensor.
See this video for an example of measurement.
Digital single lens reflex (SLR) camera
The Canon 5D Mark II digital camera body has a 21.1-megapixel full-frame CMOS sensor and complete control of photographic settings. Video HD imaging is also possible. The lens shown is a Canon EF 100mm/f2.8 USM macro optimised for close-up photography.
Carl Zeiss Lenses with focal length of 35 mm, 50mm macro and 85mm are used to collect high quality images for image processing algorithm development.
View Camera with Interchangeable Lenses and Digital Back
Very flexible classical Arca-Swiss view camera, allowing extreme close-up imaging, perspective correction, and tilting of the focal plane.
Several lenses are available: Nikkor wide-angle 75mm (left), Nikkor 120mm macro (right), and an old but sharp Japanese 300mm lens.
A scanning camera back delivering 144 megapixel color images. It has three line scanners, one for each RGB color component. In particular, it does not have the Bayer filter present in all regular digital cameras, so each pixel in the 6000x8000 resolution image has measured color components. (Therefore 144 megapixels: three times 6000x8000 equals 48 megapixels.)
HP Designjet T520
HP Designjet T520 is used to print posters for conference presentations. It is capable to print even A0 sized high quality posters with it's five toner cartridge. | <urn:uuid:c84b3e16-2bab-4b01-84fe-7db7c080fe60> | {
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Students will need their graphing calculators. I begin the lesson by reviewing the previous day’s activity relating to graphing inverse functions. I ask my students to explain in a pair-share why the inverse functions need to be restricted over a specific domain. (MP2) While they’re talking, I walk the room to make sure all the groups understand. I then tell all my students to set their calculator windows to the restricted domain we’ve discussed (xmin = -π/2, xmax= π/2) and to graph the inverse sine function (y = sine-1(x)). Some students will need help adjusting the rest of the window dimensions, but I address this by asking my students to help each other get a “good view” of the graph.
Once everyone has the graph set, I challenge them to transform the amplitude of the graph by a factor of 2 (y = 2sin-1(x)). We’ve done enough work with transformations that I expect the majority of my students to be able to accomplish this fairly easily, but they may need a little direction in re-setting the view window. Again, I ask my class to help each other while I walk around giving additional assistance as needed. I ask my students for suggestions for a few more transformations of the inverse sine, including changes to amplitude, period and phase, and we try them as a class until everyone is reasonably comfortable with them.
I repeat this procedure with inverse cosine and inverse tangent functions until my students have viewed at least two dozen inverse trig graphs and can adjust their calculator window as needed. (MP5)I always seem to have one or two students who continue to struggle with determining the window, but rather than holding the entire class back, I set up a time to work independently with these kids and for this lesson pair them up with someone who is competent at the skill and also patient and mature enough to help.
There is a video narrative that accompanies this section of the lesson and addresses some of the pedagogy. You will need copies of the Problems handout and graph paper for this section. I tell the students they will be working in teams of three to complete this activity, but that each student needs to complete all the graphs and written work. I choose to have them work in teams of three rather than independently or in pairs because this activity asks the students to develop models for real world data which is fairly challenging. I’ve found that putting my students into teams for this gives them enough support to preserver in solving these models. I give each student a copy of the handout and explain that their challenge is to find the best model for each set of data, record the model as both an equation and a graph, and explain why they think their model is the best fit. (MP1, MP3, MP4) I also say that team members do not necessarily have to agree on the models they choose, but they do have to be respectful in their disagreements. I walk around checking progress and giving encouragement and assistance as appropriate. Some students are really enthusiastic about tackling problems like these but others are somewhat intimidated about how to begin.
My seating groups of three are generally set up to be heterogeneous in terms of both aptitude and attitude, so I don’t have to do too much encouraging, but when necessary, I try to encourage either by asking leading questions that they can easily answer or by reminding them of a similar challenge that they successfully completed. The biggest hurdle is usually figuring out what to do with the data to find x and y values. After about 15-20 minutes I advise the students that they should be finishing up the first challenge and beginning on the second. I continue to walk, observe and encourage until all the teams are done or until we are down to our last five minutes of class.
I use notecards as a part of this closure activity, but you could also have students turn in their responses on their own paper. As teams finish, I ask them to be ready to share their results with the class via their student whiteboards (I have a classroom set cut from shower board) All the teams post whiteboards with their equation for problem #1 and for problem #2 around the room so the entire class can see and compare the results. Because there are multiple equations displayed, those teams that did not quite finish can still participate in the viewing. I also have them turn in the work they’ve completed along with everyone else, so I can carefully review what they’ve completed and what stumped them. Sometimes the problem is with my groupings, which becomes evident as I walk the room, other times it’s simply confusion about this specific lesson. If that’s the case I make sure to connect with that team or teams that need additional instruction. As the final piece to this activity I give each student a notecard and tell them to review the equations and look for similarities and differences for each of the problems. I then tell them to select either problem #1 or #2 and to write an equation that combines the similarities they’ve noticed into one “optimum” equation on the notecard, along with their name, and turn it in. (MP4, MP7) | <urn:uuid:60098be4-ea4b-4ebf-9b25-9b99da6e41af> | {
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Was there an earthquake in the North Atlantic, or not?
First there was this from ENEWSPF:
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) reports an 8.0 magnitude earthquake that occurred this evening in the North Atlantic Ocean.
The earthquake occurred at a depth of 13 km, 84 km (52 miles) NE (55 degrees) of Higüey, La Altagracia, Dominican Republic; 109 km (68 miles) ENE (73 degrees) of El Seybo, El Seybo, Dominican Republic; 116 km (72 miles) NW (313 degrees) of Rincón, PR; 119 km (74 miles) NE (54 degrees) of La Romana, La Romana, Dominican Republic; and 209 km (130 miles) ENE (73 degrees) of SANTO DOMINGO, Dominican Republic.
And then this, later on:
N.B. This event has been deleted from the USGS Web site. There is no more explanation as to why this event was originally reported.
Was someone at the USGS just having fun when the original email alert was sent?
Why did the USGS report an earthquake, a big one, in the North Atlantic? | <urn:uuid:c14764f2-523d-4b9e-a9b6-7c8acc3be27d> | {
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What is the purpose of most water valves out there? Well, they are simply used to restrict water flow through pipes. Water valves also come in a variety of styles for how and where they’re used in your home.
- Stop and Waste Valve
- These are the most common valves used for general and residential plumbing. They can be found off your main water line between the meter and where your water line enters the house.
- Angle and Straight Stop Valve
- On an angle stop valve, the outlet is at a 90-degree angle for a supply line that comes from the wall. On a straight stop valve, the inlet and outlet are aligned and are found where the supply line comes through the floor.
- Washing Machine Valve
- Typically, these are located behind your washing machine. They’re mainly responsible for managing the entry of water into your washing machine.
- Ball Valve
- These valves restrict or allow the passage of fluid in plumbing systems and serve as a shutoff point. In most homes, these can be found by your hot water heater, while some states have them on the exterior of the home.
- Supply Stop Valve
- Primarily, supply stop valves can be behind your toilet or under your sink, where the water pipe enters the room. These control the water flowing into your household’s plumbing fixtures.
It can be hard to differentiate between the variety of water valves, but taking some time to get familiar with these key plumbing fixtures can help you better understand their uses and designs. For more detailed information on our Arrowhead Brass lead-free plumbing valves visit Product Portfolios –> Arrowhead Brass! | <urn:uuid:169ccb76-6b91-49ab-b0d9-8fc38210c1b1> | {
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Parallels similarities between the experiences of womenmen in Gileadean and US society Essay
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I would like to concur with Atwood that the Gilead society only exist in the land of Gilead alone, and such attributes are not witnessed in the basic American societies even though this concurrence is limited. I will begin by citing Atwood opinion. Firstly, the Gilead society transferred women wealth to their husbands or relatives. Thus, a woman was seen as a property and could not be allowed to own property since she was a property. This is not the case with contemporary US society where women can make significant macroeconomic decisions American women are leaders of large businesses, control large investments and even assume elective posts.
I will, therefore, compare the identity issue to makes sure that you understand the differences between American societies and Gilead societies.
Unlike in the American society, in the Gileadian society women were highly segregated from one another. For a woman to befriend a fellow woman that relationship was to be made public. As such, their husbands took women as properties.
Thus, they expected women to consult them on what choices they would want to make in life. According to Atwood, Gileadian woman would wear uniforms coded to their functions. However, American women have independent decisions. They choose who and who not to relate with.
Besides, Audience, Atwood believes that Gilead women were infertile, and they would help their husbands during insemination commonly known as ceremony. The women were only in charge of the household discipline, however, their freedoms since way the feel week they were left to die with no care at all. As well, the women were expected to provide subsequent child catering; as quoted;
They would tell Bible stories for children and sing hymns. One of the women was called Serena Joy…..was expected to laugh and cry……in order to teach the children (16)
Rather complex, the women of Gilead, who are seen handling complex administrative jobs, for instance, becoming police officers, are still considered properties of men they are working with. As such, the women become rigid, middle-aged who have internalized patriarchal values. In fact, Gilead women are dogmatized to live in a society that does not seem to care about their objectives. Similarly, women of Gilead operate re-education centers; however, they are not mandated to carry out critical decisions concerning education. However, this is not the case their American counterparts. American counterparts contribute positively towards the development of the society. Their decisions are independent.
Similarly, the creation and destruction of property rights fundamentally presents legal challenges affecting the women of Gilead. Men, control the Gilead government. Gilead state captures wayward and loose women who can bear birth to the incoming generations; however, they fail to recognize the power and legitimacy of the new regime. Thus, their property is their self and freedoms and as illustrated earlier, the access to money. As a result, women become the property of their husbands if they have one or the state that has their discretion can dispatch them wherever they see them. In this case, males are in power to claim property rights in women who have been foiled. However, in America, women are not treated as fugitives in fact, they present an equal 50/50 power distribution and resources are shared evenly.
Ironically, the Gilead regime pretends to respect the feminist philosophy in its treatment of women and the paints a picture of an utopian future that female society turnaround to become the sorority and prevent from being hurt. However, the patriarchy principles in Gilead embrace the paradox of protection in the imprisonment, where women face significant prejudices in the type of decisions that they make. This is not the case with the present American society. Joining Atwood, I prefer Aunt Lydia reflection on what freedom-to-freedom means. Ironically, the commander justifies the Gilead by claiming that women are relevant if they fulfill their biological duties. Literary the commander had married so many women, and had one ceremonial as Atwood is quoted saying
At one, level was an almost a caricature of the banality of kitchen talk that could be a scene from a Pinter commender…But in the terror-filled austerity of the commander house, it is seductively comforting….note the word seduction. (10)
Such a doctrine is rapid, and it indicates how women are considered as a property of the Gilead men communities. American women consider giving birth as a service to the society and not necessary as a reward for a better life. Besides, American women consider giving birth as a way of giving back to the society positively.
Equally, audience please be advised that the fascist Republic of Gilead, which differs the contemporary United States society assigns every woman to different classes of women: without their will to protest. The classes are as a follows: wives, belong to the married men who have a superior military rank. These women, despite their will, are treated fairly better than other counterparts are in the society. Secondly, the Gilead society assigns a second class of women, handmaid, econowives or Martha the role of reproduction and matrimony. These women, despite their will, are engaged into hard jobs serving the rich in one way, or another. The group is forcefully married to a lower rank military regime that does not have enough status to obtain a handmaid or aunts function. Even though ironically, Handmaids surrogate for the infertile heterosexuals, as well as, serving as women housekeepers and cooking nannies. To achieve that, the Gilead initiates a dogmatizing religious program, one that ordains the reproduction where multiple doctrines are enacted to affirm the system of social rituals. Members, such as absurd society does not exist in America. On the contrary, in America, women are empowered to make decisions concerning the sexuality. As quoted saying
……The flesh arranges itself differently. I am a cloud congealed around a central object, the shape of a pear… (Chapter 13, 43)
However, the social complexity of the US, American women control their sexuality and as well, control how they would prefer bringing forth their off springs.
Similarly, since Gilead is actively involved in patriarch driven conflicts, most members are either infertile or sterile, it is arguable that men through the subsequent political battles have made their property. As such, subsequent political battles have increased toxic wastes and nuclear fallout, where toxic waste colonies are increased. To hide the truth behind such rituals, the Gilead societies have invoked a biblical ritual called “The Ceremony.” However, arrogantly, how they conduct their sexual activities is unbecoming. The command penetrates the handmaid exposed sex in an attempt to impregnate a woman. The commander is quoted to have said
I’m not talking about sex; he says. That was part of it; the sex was too easy. . . You know what they were complaining about the most (Chapter, 32)
This is unbecoming since the woman has been lured to sex. Any sound child born by the handmaid is handled over to the wife of the commander as if the child belonged to the commander’s wife. Such a social setting is very wanting and prompts the question on the role of women in the society. To answer that, American women make independent decisions on how when and where, they want to give birth. American women also make the choice to have sex, when, where and with whom.
Nonetheless, despite the complex differences between the Gilead society and the American society, we still notice some similarities. While it is evident that the Gilead society obligates women roles as predominantly domestic, the US society seems to emulate that by assigning women the task of raising children while men are technically exempted from that.
Additionally, members you will agree with me that the congress, which happens to be active Christian right is looking for traditional family values. Even though we acknowledge that radical pieces of the Gilead system have not found a way into the American system, it is notable that domestic institutions have secret doctrine women in the Gilead society. A common doctrine is the domestic chore, where the common American woman is made to believe that in order to make a perfect partner, one has to wash the dirt, prepare food, and even entertain a commander called the husband. Men experiences, therefore, are not radical, or in any case equal as those affecting women. It is also disheartening to note that efforts by feminine movements are currently being considered outdated or extremists and are not attracting subsequent influence as they were expected two decades. Efforts to benefit and strengthen the woman counterpart peel away the layers the practice once again set to maintain the dominant-subordinate relationship.
Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid’s Tale. London: Vintage Classic, 2010. Print. | <urn:uuid:9fc6f64e-a543-4fc0-8ad3-725ee5f27c34> | {
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WWII: The Battle for Leyte ( 3 of 4 )
But the Japanese were preparing a trap for the American fleet. A decoy fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa lured Admiral William "Bull" Halsey's Task Force 34 north, away from Leyte, leaving the landing force highly exposed. Three other Japanese striking forces converged, while Nimitz frantically wired Halsey, "Where is Task Force 34...? The world wonders."
The Japanese plan would have worked had it not been for the courageous improvisation of Admiral Clifton Sprague's vastly outgunned task force, all that remained between the Japanese and the American invasion force. Their clever, vigorous attack convinced Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita that he was facing a formidable American group, and he withdrew through the San Bernardino Strait. Despite the debut of a deadly new Japanese weapon -- the kamikaze -- in the following days, the largest naval engagement in history had been decided in favor of the Americans. | <urn:uuid:050987d9-7556-461c-9bfb-5c3d8efc19d9> | {
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Happiness: what is it? A new study has found the answer: it is a mathematical equation based on your own expectations. You are so very predictable, humans.
The new study by researchers at the University College of London, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, produced an equation that can predict exactly how happy people will say they are at a given time. The takeaway: happiness is not just what happens to you, it's whether what happens is better than you thought it would be. From Science Daily:
Lead author of the study, Dr Robb Rutledge (UCL Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging and the new Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing), said: "We expected to see that recent rewards would affect moment-to-moment happiness but were surprised to find just how important expectations are in determining happiness. In real-world situations, the rewards associated with life decisions such as starting a new job or getting married are often not realised for a long time, and our results suggest expectations related to these decisions, good and bad, have a big effect on happiness.
Expectations are the key to happiness. In other words, you hold the key to your own happiness within yourself. Now that this aphorism has been scientifically proven, will you use this knowledge to eschew worldly concerns and find satisfaction from within? No, because that bitch Stacey is still taking credit for your shit and fuck that.
Most humans prefer revenge to happiness. It's just our way. | <urn:uuid:f0e6b30e-f65d-42cf-833d-1359f0465ca3> | {
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From Our 2009 Archives
Saliva Test Could Monitor Type 2 Diabetes
Latest Diabetes News
TUESDAY, Jan. 20 (HealthDay News) -- Scientists say they are on the verge of developing a saliva test for monitoring type 2 diabetes, which might someday replace invasive blood tests.
For the first time, researchers from Oregon and India have identified proteins in saliva that appear more frequently in people with diabetes than in non-diabetics. Using these proteins, they are working to develop a test to monitor and perhaps diagnose the condition.
However, Dr. Umesh Masharani, an associate clinical professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, doesn't think this approach is going to replace current blood tests any time soon.
"I think this is an interesting and novel approach," Masharani said. "I do not think this approach will be used in the diagnosis or treatment of diabetes any time in the near future. It is interesting, I think, for research studies in diabetes."
The report was published in the Jan. 2 issue of the Journal of Proteome Research.
For the study, Paturi V. Rao, from the departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Medicine at Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences University in Hyderabad, India, and colleagues analyzed saliva samples from people with and without type 2 diabetes. Their goal was to find proteins associated with the blood sugar disease.
The researchers found 65 proteins that occurred twice as frequently in the people with diabetes than in those without the condition.
Using these proteins, Rao's team hopes to develop a noninvasive test for diabetes screening, detection and monitoring.
Rao's group thinks the pain involved with current diabetes monitoring causes many diabetics to be lax in monitoring their condition. A noninvasive test could make it easier and less painful for patients to keep track of their blood sugar levels.
"As recent studies have shown that early and multi-factorial intervention in diabetes prevents cardiovascular complications and mortality, advances in understanding molecular aspects of preclinical diabetes will further facilitate accurate diagnosis and early intervention," the authors wrote.
Diabetes expert Dr. Charles F. Burant, a professor of internal medicine at the University of Michigan, isn't convinced that a test using proteins in saliva is needed.
"I think it has minimal clinical impact," Burant said. "To be a valid biomarker, a test has to be sensitive and specific. We don't know the value of either for any of the proteins at the present time."
The biggest question is why this is needed, Burant noted. "Diabetes and prediabetes have a valid biomarker -- glucose -- that is the measure of the disease state. Thus, this is interesting biochemistry and raises questions why these changes occur, but the clinical utility is unclear."
SOURCES: Umesh Masharani, M.D., associate clinical professor, medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Charles F. Burant, M.D., Ph.D., professor, internal medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Jan. 2, 2009, Journal of Proteome Research
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Mission infrastructure development in the Canadian North, c. 1850-1920
Turner, Emily Elizabeth
MetadataShow full item record
This thesis explores the development of missionary infrastructure in the Canadian north between approximately 1850 and 1915 and its impact on the evangelization of northern indigenous people by missionary organizations. Focussing on two groups of missionaries—the Catholic Oblates of Mary Immaculate and the Anglican Church Missionary Society—this thesis demonstrates how missionaries used buildings to develop a programme for evangelization based on the convert and civilize model prevalent in nineteenth-century global missions. It argues that the intent was to convert indigenous people to Christianity and to enact significant changes on their traditional way of life, including their economy and social structure. Within this programme, architectural spaces, specifically the mission station, were used as a frontier location where indigenous people and missionaries interacted, providing a location for missionary teaching, a didactic place to demonstrate how Christians lived, and a method of transforming what was viewed as a non-Christian wilderness into a Christian ‘garden’ through construction of buildings and control of the natural world. While these ideas were applied to diverse locations throughout the global mission field in the early modern period of missionary activity, the Canadian north presents a unique area of study for this topic because of the relative lack of pre-existing non-indigenous development in the region, the difficulties in building resulting from its environment, and the romantic approach that missionaries took to it as the frontier of European and Christian activity—in biblical terms, the “uttermost ends of the earth.” Within this context, the use of architecture as part of a missionary programme of conversion and civilization became extremely important as a tool for the transformation of the land and its people to a Christian ideal rooted in European precedent. This proved problematic because of the inherent difficulties in evangelization in this geographic region. As a result, this thesis demonstrates how missionaries applied architecture within the mission station as a tool for evangelization in this region, taking into consideration both the way in which they perceived the territory and the realities they faced on the ground. It reveals how these missionaries created a unique set of architectures that responded to how missionaries understood building function within the missionary environment, as well as what was actually achievable in the northern mission field. | <urn:uuid:5ac4ef81-824d-4d72-953c-aeb260fd74da> | {
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Black History Month
Check out breast cancer survivor and volunteer Nicolle Surratte on Comcast Newsmakers with Jill Horner discussing Black History Month in the video below
What is the Black History Month “Planting the S.E.E.D. to Health and History” Campaign?
In honor of Black History Month, let’s Plant the S.E.E.D. for Survivorship, Education, and Early Detection for Women of Color!
Some health conditions like cancer, heart disease, and high blood pressure, can be genetic. Together, we can trace back our family history to find out what health risks run in our family! Download your tree here and follow the instructions below.
How can I Plant the S.E.E.D. during Black History Month?
Download your family health tree for Black History month and trace your family history back three generations. Ask questions of your siblings, parents, aunts, uncles, and grandparents (if they are still living) to find out what health conditions may run in your family.
Bring your family tree with you the next time you visit your primary care physician. If you have a family history of a disease or condition a doctor can help monitor your health and keep attuned to risk factors you may face. A doctor may begin screening early, put you on a medication, or ask you to undergo genetic testing based on your family history.
DBCC will be offering a gift basket to one lucky participant. After you complete the family tree visit our online survey you will be entered into a drawing to win a gift basket. A winner will be picked in February 2017.
Why is Planting the S.E.E.D. so important?
The Black History Month “Plant the S.E.E.D. to Health and History” Campaign is a part of the Delaware Breast Cancer Coalition’s Planting the S.E.E.D. (Survivorship, Education, and Early Detection) initiative for women of color. Black women are 40% more likely to die from breast cancer than white women, even though they tend to be diagnosed less often with the disease. Many factors play into this disparity, including having fewer social and economic resources, having cancers that grow faster and are harder to treat, and not getting prompt follow-up care.
To combat this disparity, the Delaware Breast Cancer Coalition has developed the Planting the S.E.E.D. initiative aimed at educating women of color about breast health, connecting women of color to resources to screenings, promoting annual mammography screening in the African American community, and celebrating African American survivors.
What can I do to help spread the word?
Promote the Black History Month “Planting the S.E.E.D. to Health and History” Campaign by sharing flyers and content on Facebook & other social media platforms
Talk to people in your community about breast cancer during black history month and share the family health history tree. Think local churches, community centers, women’s groups, etc.
Recruit/Identify key leaders in the communities of the women who need the services of DBCC (especially the under/uninsured and/or unemployed).
Learn more about Planting the S.E.E.D. all year by visiting: Planting the Seed | <urn:uuid:d6f4157e-2422-4dce-859f-99a511721cf4> | {
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Thursday, July 10, 2008
Taking Back Childhood/Nancy Carlsson-Paige
Nancy Carlsson-Paige has written an informative and instructive book called Taking Back Childhood: Helping Your Kids Thrive in a Fast-Paced, Media-Saturated, Violence-Filled World. It is very readable and filled with anecdotes and even better specific suggestions for handling the many situations that arise as children are raised in an increasingly consumer-driven and media-saturated society. An early chapter, "Through Their Eyes" gives a concise summary of child development from birth to ten. With my concentration on making books with children, I was pleased to see that she suggested making books in several chapters. One was in regard to limiting a seven year old's TV time:
I suggested they encourage Nina to make a books of shows she wants to watch and use the book to talk together about the content of the shows she sees. In addition I suggested that if they asked Nina open-ended questions about her favorite shows (Why do you like that show? What do you think about how the characters act on this show?) it could help her, over time, to become more critical about television and more media literate.
Nancy Carlsson-Paige suggested stapling pages together but of course I'd suggest something else: a Stick and Elastic Book or a Hot Dog Booklet. | <urn:uuid:b3f10123-e337-4ae2-9e79-4d16aa41d6b3> | {
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There’s never a dull moment in science – well, not many – and at the moment no field is fizzing more than immunotherapy. Just the other day in Outsourcing the Immune Response we talked about the astonishing finding that cells from healthy people could be used to boost the immune response – a variant on the idea of taking from patients cells that attack cancers, growing them in the lab and using genetic engineering to increase potency (generally called adoptive cell therapy).
A general prod
Just when you thought that was as smart as it could get, along comes Angus Dalgleish and chums from various centres in the UK and Spain with yet another way to give the immune system a shock. They used microorganisms (i.e. bugs) as a tweaker. The idea is that bacteria (that have been heat-killed) are injected, they interact with the host’s immune system and, by altering the proteins expressed on immune cells (macrophages, natural killer cells and T cells) can boost the immune response. That in turn can act to kill tumour cells. It’s a general ‘immunomodulatory’ effect. Dalgleish describes it as “rather like depth-charging the immune system which has been sent to sleep”. Well, giving it a prod at least.
Inactivating bugs (bacteria) and waking up the immune system.
And a promising effect
The Anglo-Spanish effort used IMM-101 (a heat-killed suspension of a bacterium called Mycobacterium obuense) injected under the skin, which has no significant side-effects. The trial was carried out in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, a disease with dismal prognosis, and IMM-101 immunotherapy was combined with the standard chemotherapy drug (gemcitabine). IMM-101increased survival from a median of 4.4 months to 7 months with some patients living for more than a year and one for nearly three years.
Although the trial numbers are small as yet, this is a very exciting advance because it looks as though immunotherapy may be able to control one of the most serious of cancers in which its incidence nearly matches its mortality.
Dalgleish, A. et al. (2016). Randomised, open-label, phase II study of gemcitabine with and without IMM-101 for advanced pancreatic cancer. British Journal of Cancer doi: 10.1038/bjc.2016.271. | <urn:uuid:1538dc1b-8853-4acd-af47-e2a5f35c53e6> | {
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Why study in Ireland
Education SystemStudy in Ireland will be a passport to a successful career. Historically, Ireland was always one of Europe’s poorer countries, however, in the last 20 years; it has grown into one of Europe’s wealthiest nations. And the quality of the Irish education system is a major contributing factor to the rapid rate of economic growth. The Irish Education System is divided into three basic levels: Primary (for 8 years); Secondary (for 5 or 6 years) and Third level which offers a wide range of opportunities from post-Secondary courses, to vocational and technical training, to full degree and the highest post-graduate level. Apart from this, Ireland education system accepts student’s for post graduation with 15 yrs of education, unlike some countries. NFQA maintain quality Standard of Ireland education system. Ireland is famous as an international hub for high quality scientific research. Many students from around the world, including India, choose Ireland to pursue research in various fields.
College students have a wide choice when it comes to accommodation. Irish people are known for warm welcome and their friendliness, they make international student comfortable very soon, and student can choose any suitable accommodation in any location that can fulfill their requirement.
On Campus – living in university campus will be a great option. It will minimize your Travel & expenses. Living in campus give you option to live with classmates and friends.
Off Campus – Many Students choose off campus option (Private, ranted accommodation) as they want to explore their life beyond the campus. If you are renting a property, you need to pay a security deposit or ‘bond’ as well as rent in advance.
Home stay – Often called living in ‘digs’, a home stay is the most common type of accommodation for younger students. | <urn:uuid:ccc2e8e4-31f2-458a-aa84-67f76bd9cb71> | {
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There is big news in the world of physics.
CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, has been mapping the secrets of the universe. ATLAS is a “particle physics experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.”
The ATLAS detector is searching for new discoveries in the head-on collisions of protons of extraordinarily high energy. ATLAS will learn about the basic forces that have shaped our Universe since the beginning of time and that will determine its fate. Among the possible unknowns are the origin of mass, extra dimensions of space, unification of fundamental forces, and evidence for dark matter candidates in the Universe.
According to the CERN website, “The ATLAS and Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiments at CERN presented their latest results in the search for the long-sought Higgs boson. Both experiments see strong indications for the presence of a new particle, which could be the Higgs boson…”
The experiments found “hints of the new particle by analysing trillions of proton-proton collisions from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2011 and 2012.”
If you want to know more, the BBC’s Jonathan Amos “attempted to explain Higgs boson using ping-pong balls, a bag of sugar and a tea tray.” | <urn:uuid:b7332d8a-a316-47f8-aadb-e32f2edc8567> | {
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- freely available
Sustainability 2012, 4(5), 917-932; doi:10.3390/su4050917
Published: 7 May 2012
Abstract: Global climate change, especially the phenomena of global warming, is expected to increase the intensity of land-falling hurricanes. Societal adaptation is needed to reduce vulnerability from increasingly intense hurricanes. This study quantifies the adaptation effects of potentially policy driven caps on housing densities and agricultural cover in coastal (and adjacent inland) areas vulnerable to hurricane damages in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal regions of the U.S. Time series regressions, especially Prais-Winston and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models, are estimated to forecast the economic impacts of hurricanes of varying intensity, given that various patterns of land use emerge in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal states of the U.S. The Prais-Winston and ARMA models use observed time series data from 1900 to 2005 for inflation adjusted hurricane damages and socio-economic and land-use data in the coastal or inland regions where hurricanes caused those damages. The results from this study provide evidence that increases in housing density and agricultural cover cause significant rise in the de-trended inflation-adjusted damages. Further, higher intensity and frequency of land-falling hurricanes also significantly increase the economic damages. The evidence from this study implies that a medium to long term land use adaptation in the form of capping housing density and agricultural cover in the coastal (and adjacent inland) states can significantly reduce economic damages from intense hurricanes. Future studies must compare the benefits of such land use adaptation policies against the costs of development controls implied in housing density caps and agricultural land cover reductions.
The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report established with very high confidence that anthropogenic intervention is forcing a change in the climate, such as Green House Gas (GHG) emissions at the current rate will increase the global mean temperature by 2.8 C by the end of 21st century. Another impact of increased GHG emissions, and subsequent global warming, is expected to be on the increased intensity of hurricanes by a factor of 8% to 16% during the 21st century . While it is generally expected that the increased intensity of hurricanes will cause higher economic and societal damage where the hurricanes would make landfalls, it is not yet known how much more damage would occur. In fact, the challenge of estimating a damage function from increased intensity of hurricanes is a controversial topic. For example, in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina and a rather destructive hurricane season in 2005, the journal Nature published an interesting debate between Pielke Jr. and Emanuel . Pielke Jr. takes a rather strong position in arguing for a non-significant upward trend in the “normalized” damages from hurricanes during the 20th century. Based on earlier analyses [5,6], Pielke Jr. argues that inflation adjusted damages from hurricanes can be de-trended by normalizing them with increases in population and wealth. More formally, it is proposed that normalization of hurricane damages should be undertaken as suggested in Equation (1):
Equation (1) makes two major assumptions in “normalizing” the damages: First, damages from hurricanes are monotonically increasing functions of population and wealth. Second, population and wealth changes are given equal weights in normalizing the damages. It is hypothesized in this paper that both of these assumptions are not tenable and may lead to an incorrect “normalization” of damages. It is argued that normalization of damages should only be adjusted for inflation, as suggested in Equation (2):
Following the normalization proposed in Equation (2), it is possible to construct statistical and structural models for testing the two assumptions made by Pielke and Landsea [5,6]. Furthermore, the revised normalization proposed in Equation (2) enables forecasting the normalized damages in the face of changing intensities of hurricanes (due to global warming as suggested by Emanuel ), and changing socio-economic and demographic conditions. Most importantly, it enables assessing the structural weights of not only population and wealth effects on damages rather other social and demographic effects (e.g., housing, agricultural land cover, population configuration) can also be assessed and weighted. A long term structural assessment is important from two aspects: (1) Forecasting the hurricane damages in the 21st century if we continue with “business as usual” scenario, such as IPCC’s A1 scenario family; (2) Forecasting hurricane damages in the 21st century if we adapt through various policy & planning interventions and behavioral changes.
While global coastal communities will very likely be exposed to a range of socio-economic impacts from unmitigated global climate change, such as sea level rise, flash floods, and heat waves , this paper is limited in its scope to measuring the impact of increased intensity of hurricanes in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal regions of the U.S., as observed in the 20th century. Such assessment is aimed at establishing a baseline case of spontaneous adaptation under current Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) trends. This baseline case, in turn, could be compared with alternate scenarios of planned adaptation through policy driven changes in LULC as suggested by Kelly and Adger and Adger et al. . In this broader context of climate change adaptation policy development, the scope of this paper is delimited to estimating economic damage functions from increased intensity of hurricanes conditional upon LULC developments in the coastal communities and other natural variability. It is hypothesized that adaptation in the form of policy driven caps on the growth rates of housing densities and agricultural land use in the coastal areas vulnerable to hurricane damages could lead to significantly reduced damages from 8% to 16% more intense hurricanes expected to make landfall in the 21st century. This study thus quantifies the adaptation effects of potentially policy driven caps on housing densities and agricultural cover in coastal (and adjacent inland) areas vulnerable to hurricane damages in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal regions of the U.S. Time series regressions, especially Prais-Winston and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models, are estimated to forecast the economic impacts of hurricanes of varying intensity, given that various patterns of LULC emerge in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal states of the U.S. The Prais-Winston and ARMA models use observed time series data from 1900 to 2005 for inflation adjusted hurricane damages and socio-economic and land-use data in the coastal or inland regions where hurricanes caused those damages. Next Section 2 presents detailed information about empirical data and the research methodology. Section 3 presents results and their interpretations. Section 4 discusses the limitations and prospects of this modeling approach vis-a-vis other socio-economic impact assessment approaches. Section 5 presents the implications of the study findings for land-use adaptation to climate change in the broader public policy and planning context.
2. Data and Research Methodology
This study uses hurricane damages data for one hundred and five years (1900–2005) . A portion of the same damage data from 1926–1995 has been initially analyzed by Pielke Jr. and Landsea . As mentioned earlier, their analysis focused on normalizing the damages by inflation, wealth and population indices. Pielke Jr. and Landsea found that the normalized damages from hurricanes have neither increasing nor decreasing trend during the 1926–1995 period. Same “normalized” data was employed by Katz in a Poisson regression model to model changes in the incidence rates of land-falling hurricanes and a log normal model to predict changes in the normalized damages when hurricanes make landfalls. The authors of both of these studies, however, did not use the hurricane damage data to predict the expected damages that are conditional upon changes in the intensity of the hurricanes, as well as land-use, societal and economic changes, such as population density, housing densities, and agricultural land cover. It should be noted that the Landsea Hurricane damages data follows a heuristic of doubling insurance losses, which may not be true and thus may induce a measurement error. Due to non-standard data collection procedures in the first half of the 20th century, the hurricane damage data in the initial fifty to sixty years may contain higher measurement error than the latter half of the series. Further, Landsea damages data does not include fatalities, social costs, ecological costs and other indirect damages from hurricanes.
Socio-economic data about the housing and population densities of the affected areas as well as % agricultural cover was derived from U.S. census data. Since the census data is measured on a decadal time-scale, linear interpolation method was used to derive annualized estimates for socio-economic variables of interest. SST Nino, which refers to observed Sea Surface Temperature variability at intra-decadal time-scale, is derived from a National Climate Center database. It is included in the models because Katz and Pielke Jr. and Landsea hypothesized that normalized damages increase in La Nina years and decrease in El Nino years.
Table 1 presents descriptive statistics of the annualized time series data from 1900 to 2005. This table shows that annual damages from hurricanes in U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts averaged US$2937.73 Million, which ranged from 0% to 0.99% as a proportion of the U.S. Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth (FRTW). Annual damages per square mile of the affected area averaged US$0.42 Million. On average, 1.62 hurricanes made landfall every year with an average intensity of 1.71 (on Safire Simpson (SS) Scale). Annually, 13,079.13 Square Miles of land were affected by land-falling hurricanes, which affected on average 2.46 million people. Average annual population density affected by hurricanes is about 182 persons/square mile. On average, 1.01 million houses get affected by landfalling hurricanes every year, which means average annual housing density affected by hurricanes is about 66 houses/square mile. About 31.07% of the total affected land is agricultural.
Figure 1 shows annual damages from hurricanes in 2005 US $ Millions. This figure shows an upward trend in annualized damages. Figure 2 shows a logarithmic transformation of the annualized damages. Figure 3 plots inter-decadal variability by plotting the number of land-falling hurricanes against SST Nino. There is no clear statistically significant trend between La Nina and El Nino years in terms of increasing or decreasing frequency of land-falling hurricanes. Figure 4 shows variation in the average intensity of land-falling hurricanes vis-à-vis SST Nino, again without any significant discernable trend.
This study develops a time series forecasting model that can predict the inflation-adjusted damages at different intensities of hurricanes, while controlling for housing densities of the areas impacted by the hurricanes. Such forecasting model could potentially be used to predict the damages in the next one hundred years (2006–2106), if policy/planning interventions are employed to carry out various land-use adaptations (i.e., manipulating the trends in housing densities, population densities, and agricultural land cover at various planning thresholds).
|Table 1. Descriptive Statistics.|
|Annual Damages (2005 U.S. Million $)||106||0||99,150||2,937.73||11,340.11|
|Annual Damages as % of Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth (%)||106||0||0.99||0.05||0.13|
|Ln (Annual Damages as % of Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth)||80||−10.54||−0.01||−4.30||2.12|
|Annual Hurricane Frequency||106||0||6||1.62||1.43|
|Average Annual Hurricane Intensity (Safire-Simpson Scale)||106||0||4||1.71||1.20|
|Annual Affected Area (Square Miles)||106||0||238,409||13,079.13||34,995.14|
|Annual Affected Population||106||0||41,664,959||2,465,596||7,255,926|
|Annual Affected Population Density (People/Sq Mile)||80||2.51||4,604.81||181.80||522.43|
|Annual Affected Houses||106||0||21,742,632||1,011,516||3,299,449|
|Annual Affected Housing Density (Houses/ Sq Mile)||80||0.51||1,512.35||66.01||174.73|
|% of Agricultural Land in the Affected Area (%)||80||0.16||93.65||31.07||23.17|
|Deviations from Sea Surface Temperature (SST)||106||−1.9||2.52||0.06||0.98|
The simplest time series forecasting model uses inflation-adjusted damages (D) for a year (t) as the dependent variable. The dependent variable could also be normalized through a measure of inflation-adjusted damages as a proportion of GDP or as a proportion of FRTW. FRTW is preferred here because it only contains fixed assets, while GDP contains both fixed and liquid assets. It is hypothesized that the following predictors affect the changes in inflation-adjusted hurricane damages: (1) Average intensity of land-falling hurricanes for a year (t), measured on a Saffire-Simpson scale, (X1); (2) Annual frequency of land-falling hurricanes (X2); (3) Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth (X3); (4) Area-weighted housing density affected by the hurricane path and their squared and cubed values (X4 to X6); (5) % of Agricultural land cover (X7); (6) SST El Nino (X8) and (7) Time variable measured in years (X9). When the dependent variable is normalized by FRTW, the FRTW is dropped from the list of independent variables.
The simplest form of the model was initially specified as an OLS model, as shown in Equation (3):
Various statistical tests were employed to detect autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity for estimating the βr. Table 2 and Table 3 in the results section provide a summary of these statistical test results. Model 1 in Table 2, for example, is an OLS model that predicts inflation-adjusted damages. Similarly, Model 5 in Table 3 is also an OLS model that predicts inflation-adjusted damages normalized by FRTW. Model 1 produced a Durbin-Watson d-statistic of 1.0324, which led to a rejection of null hypothesis of no autocorrelation and acceptance of an alternative hypothesis of positive autocorrelation. Similar evidence for positive autocorrelation is observed for model 5 that predicts normalized damages. In addition to autocorrelation, the OLS models also manifested evidence of heteroskedasticity. Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg test was implemented to test for the null hypothesis of no heteroskedasticity in OLS models 1 and 5. This null hypothesis was rejected for both the OLS models (P > chi2 = 0.0000). After testing for various functional forms, a logarithmic transformation of the dependent variable successfully minimized heteroskedasticity, which led to log-linear functional forms of Model 2 (Table 2) and Model 6 (Table 3). While log-linear models minimized heteroskedaskticity (P > chi2 = 0.0165 for Model 3 and P > chi2 = 0.1788 for Model 6), the null hypothesis of no temporal autocorrelation could only be barely rejected (d-statistic of 1.3290 for Model 2 and 1.2462 for Model 6). To account for temporal autocorrelation, both Prais-Winston and ARMA modeling approaches are used by specifying auto-regression, moving average and differencing orders for stationarizing the time series. Prais-Winston regression models are special cases of generalized ARMA models that assume first order auto-regression on residual terms and adjust the regression coefficients through transforming the d-statistic. The ARMA model, as shown in Equations (4) and (5), is a more generalized approach to predict the log of damages conditional upon hurricane intensity trends, and trends in housing densities and agricultural land cover in the south eastern USA. Model 3 in Table 2 and Model 7 in Table 3 are Prais-Winston regression models to respectively predict inflation-adjusted and normalized damages. The transformed d-statistic in Prais-Winston regression models shows that the estimated coefficients in these models do not present any evidence of first-order autocorrelation. The evidence for higher order autocorrelation and moving average is tested in ARMA specifications to predict inflation-adjusted damages in Model 4 and inflation-adjusted damages as a proportion of FRTW in Model 8. While there is evidence for higher-order autocorrelation, the direction and significance of estimated coefficient values in Prais-Winston and ARMA regression models are robust and consistent.
|Table 2. Estimated Models Predicting Economic Damages from Land-falling Hurricanes in the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the U.S., 1900–2005.|
|Variable||OLS Model 1 Predicting|
(2005 U.S. Million $)
|Loglinear Model 2 Predicting|
|Prais-Winston Model 3 Predicting Ln(Damages)||ARMA (5,1,5) Model 4 Predicting|
|Average Annual Hurricane Intensity (Safire-Simpson Scale)||2,885.8720 **|
|Annual Affected Housing Density (Houses/ Square Mile)||50.2466|
|Annual Affected Housing Density Squared||−0.1473|
|Annual Affected Housing Density Cubed||0.00007|
|% of Agricultural Land in the Affected Area||21.7046|
|Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth (2005 US $ Billions)||4.5842 ***|
|AR (1)||N/A||N/A||0.3607||−1.9835 ***|
|AR (2)||N/A||N/A||N/A||−2.3611 ***|
|AR (3)||N/A||N/A||N/A||−1.4897 **|
|MA (3)||N/A||N/A||N/A||−0.6469 **|
|MA (5)||N/A||N/A||N/A||−1.0000 ***|
|F-test or Wald-test score||6.0600 ***|
|Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity||Chi2 = 248.0900|
(P = 0.0000)
|Chi2 = 1.8100|
(P = 0.1788)
* shows significance at 0.01 level; ** shows significance at 0.05 level and *** shows significance at 0.001 level. Numbers in brackets show standard errors. F-test or Wald-test statistic shows joint significance for all variables. N/A stands for Not Applicable.
|Table 3. Estimated Models Predicting Economic Damages as a % Proportion of Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth (FRTW) from Land-falling Hurricanes.|
|Variable||OLS Model 5 Predicting|
|Loglinear Model 6 Predicting|
|Prais-Winston Model 7 Predicting Ln(Damages/FRTW)||ARMA (5,1,5) Model 8 Predicting|
|Average Annual Hurricane Intensity (Safire-Simpson Scale)||0.0496 **|
|Annual Affected Housing Density (Houses/ Square Mile)||0.0015 **|
|Annual Affected Housing Density Squared||−4.08e−06 *|
|Annual Affected Housing Density Cubed||2.3e−09 *|
|Average Annual Hurricane Frequency||0.0386 ***|
|% of Agricultural Land in the Affected Area||−0.0003|
|AR (1)||N/A||N/A||0.3954||−1.9573 ***|
|AR (2)||N/A||N/A||N/A||−2.3032 ***|
|AR (3)||N/A||N/A||N/A||−1.4156 **|
|MA (3)||N/A||N/A||N/A||−0.6467 **|
|MA (5)||N/A||N/A||N/A||−1.0000 **|
|F-test or Wald-test score||6.1300 ***|
|Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity||Chi2 = 102.2400|
(P = 0.0000)
|Chi2 = 5.7400|
(P = 0.0165)
* shows significance at 0.01 level; ** shows significance at 0.05 level and *** shows significance at 0.001 level. Numbers in brackets show standard errors.
Both Prais-Winston and ARMA estimation is undertaken in the software STATA by maximum likelihood methods. Harvey , Hamilton and Gourieroux and Monfort explicate the fuller details of Prais-Winston and ARMA model employed in this study to account for autocorrelation of residual errors. The generalized ARMA model is shown in Equations (4) and (5). Prais-Winston regression model is a special case of ARMA with first order autocorrelation value of p = 1, while time-differencing (d) and moving average (q) parameters are assumed to be zero. Overall, the estimated Prais-Winston regressions (Models 3 and 7) appear very robust that explain significant amount of variation in the observed data (R2 at 87.15% and 67.91% respectively for Models 3 and 7) while minimizing heteroskedasticity and first-order autocorrelation. The Prais-Winston regression models should therefore be used to interpret the study findings with respect to quantifying the effects of changing hurricane intensities, hurricane frequencies, housing densities and agricultural LULC on inflation adjusted damages (Table 2) and inflation adjusted damages as a proportion of FRTW (Table 3).
3. Results and Findings
3.1. Predicting Inflation-Adjusted Damages
Table 2 presents results from 4 regression models that predict inflation adjusted damages (in 2005 US$ millions) from land-falling hurricanes in the Atlantic and the Gulf coasts of the U.S.: OLS Model 1; Log-linear Model 2; Prais-Winston Model 3 and ARMA (p = 5, d = 1 and q = 5) Model 4. As argued in the previous section, Prais-Winston Model 3 with R2 of 87.15% appears most robust with no evidence for heteroskedaskticity and first-order auto-correlation. Figure 5 plots the observed log of damages against the Model 3 predicted log of damages. Residuals from Model 3 are also plotted in the third line shown in Figure 5. While not a perfect fit, Model 3 comes pretty close to minimizing mean square error and predicting the observed pattern of damages from hurricanes that made landfall in the southeastern U.S. in the 20th century. Next, findings about the magnitude, direction and significance of the predictors of inflation-adjusted damages derived from Model 3 (and compared with Model 4) are presented.
Model 3 predicts that a one unit increase in the average intensity (on SS scale) of land-falling hurricanes is significantly (p > 0.001) correlated with a 130.18% increase in the log of annualized damages, holding all other variables in the equation constant. Since the observed mean intensity of land-falling hurricanes is 1.71 for the 20th century, 8% to 16% projected increase in the 21st century under unmitigated climate change scenario translates into average annual intensity between 1.84 and 1.98 on SS scale, which will be approximately equivalent from 10.41% (8% × 130.18%) to 20.82% (16% × 130.18%) expected annual increase in the log of inflation-adjusted damages. Since a 1% increase in the inflation-adjusted annual damages is approximately equivalent to (2005) US$29.38 million (from Table 1), a 10.41% to 20.82% increase implies approximate increase in annual damages from (2005) US$305.84 million to US$611.69 million.
Higher frequency of land-falling hurricanes significantly increases the log of annualized damages. Each additional land-falling hurricane increases damages by 57.62%. The effects of housing density and agricultural cover are also positive and significant in explaining the annualized variation in inflation-adjusted damages. Model 3 predicts that a 1% increase in the agricultural land cover of the affected lands increases annualized damages by 1.51%. Using the mean values from Table 1 (mean damage = 2937.73 million), this means that the 1.51% would translate into approximately (2005) US$44.35 million. Further, from Table 1, average annual affected area is 13079.13 square miles, 31.07% of which translates into 4063.68 square miles of average affected agricultural area every year. A 1% increase in affected agricultural area is thus equivalent to approximately 40.63 square miles, which results in average damage of (2005) US$44.35 million. Equivalently, each additional square mile of agriculture cover in coastal and inland states thus results in approximate damage of (2005) US$1.09 million annually. The coefficients on SST Nino and FRTW are not statistically significant, which is rather surprisingly a different result than earlier studies [5,6]. The effects of housing density on inflation-adjusted damages are modeled as a cubic function for Model 3. Average increase of 1 house per square mile of affected area results in 2.68% higher damages (significant at 1% level) with a decreasing second order effect of 0.005% (significant at 5% level) and an increasing third order effect of 0.000002% (significant at 5% level). Since a 1% increase in the inflation-adjusted annual damages is approximately equivalent to (2005) US$29.38 million (from Table 1), a 2.68% increase is approximately equivalent to (2005) US$78.738 million (ignoring second and third order effects). Overall, the effects of housing density and agricultural land-cover are significantly positive in inducing higher damages from land-falling hurricanes and thus demand serious policy and planning consideration for any meaningful land-use adaptation to climate change in the coastal and adjacent inland states.
3.2. Predicting Inflation-Adjusted Damages as a Proportion of FRTW
As a proportion of FRTW, inflation-adjusted damages range from 0 to 0.99% during the study period. Table 3 presents four additional regression models that predict normalized inflation-adjusted damages as a proportion of FRTW: OLS Model 5, Loglinear Model 6, Prais-Winston Model 7 and ARMA (5,1,5) Model 8. Independent variables for these four models are the same as previous four models, except that FRTW was removed due to its usage as a normalizer of the dependent variable. Prais-Winston Model 7 with R2 of 67.91% appears most robust with no evidence for heteroskedaskticity and first-order auto-correlation. Figure 6 plots the observed log of damages per FRTW against the Model 3 predicted log of damages per FRTW. Residuals from Model 3 are also plotted in the third line shown in Figure 6. ARIMA (5,1,5) model 8 shows considerable non-stationarity in the dependent variable due to significant higher order autocorrelations and moving averages. Relatively higher variation in the residuals shown in Figure 6 mirrors this non-stationarity. Despite this non-stationarity of residuals, both Prais-Winston Model 7 and ARIMA (5,1,5) model 8 predictors appear to have similar direction, magnitude and significance.
One unit increase in average annual hurricane intensity (on SS scale) is predicted to lead to 130.65% increase in damages as a proportion of FRTW, which has a mean value of 0.05% during the 20th century. Each additional house per square mile leads to 2.61% increase in damager per FRTW with a decreasing second order effect of 0.005% and increasing third order effect of 0.000002%. Each additional hurricane causes 59.09% increase in damages as a proportion of FRTW. Further, each additional % of agricultural land in the affected area leads to 1.36% higher damage as a proportion of FRTW. Overall, the direction, magnitude and significance of predictors for damages as a proportion of FRTW (i.e., Table 3) are consistent with the predictors for inflation-adjusted damages (i.e., Table 2).
4. Limitations and Prospects of the Dynamic Time-Series Modeling Approach
In classical general equilibrium models, extreme weather events were treated as exogenous shocks/events . Global climate change science has changed this perspective: extreme weather events need to be modeled as endogenous events in truly accurate dynamic models both due to long term climate change mitigation and adaptation effects. In theory, some Vulnerability Analysis Models, Risk Management Models and Integrated Assessment Models could be designed to endogenize the socio-economic impacts of global climate change on hurricane damages. Empirical estimation of such comprehensive models that endogenize the effects of global climate change is faced with some critical limitations, which include scale selection and boundary issues, model specification problems, weighting issues, and significant loopholes in measuring empirical data. As opposed to a comprehensive model, this paper has presented a reduced form dynamic model that requires minimal data to predict annualized damages from changing hurricane intensities under shifting socio-economic and land-use conditions over time. While reduced form models are easy for integrating theory with data, scalable, well established in forecasting science and can perhaps also provide external validity test for comprehensive models, such models also suffer from some serious limitations and the results of this study must be interpreted in the light of these limitations. First of all, these models are highly aggregated. While future versions of such models could be built as multi-level models (assuming damage data is available at sub-levels, e.g., states, counties, cities etc.), the reduced form models by definition ignore structural effects that are included in comprehensive models such as integrated assessments and vulnerability assessments. The reduced form models thus cannot replace comprehensive models, rather they complement the knowledge base for developing full structural models. Finally, reduced form models cannot account for novelty and surprises, which is also known as the classical problem of historicity in forecasting science.
5. Implications for Land-Use Adaptation to Climate Change
This study has quantified the effects of changing housing densities and agricultural land cover on inflation-adjusted damages from land-falling hurricanes in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal (and adjacent inland) states of the U.S. From the larger climate policy design perspective, these estimates could be used to calculate marginal effects of climate change induced increases in the intensity of hurricanes. For example, 8 to 16% increase in the average intensity of hurricanes will very likely lead to increased annual damages from (2005) US$305.84 million to US$611.69 million, holding constant other effects. If global circulation models are revised in future that predict a revised estimate of changes in hurricane intensities and frequencies induced by anthropogenic global climate change, such dynamic time-series modeling approaches could be used to parse out revised damage estimates. Obviously, these estimates are based upon the assumption of “spontaneous” adaptation to climate change. In contrast, the findings from this and other related studies could also potentially be used by planners and policy makers in the U.S. and other hurricane and typhoon risk-prone countries to design and implement a “planned” adaptation. While coastal and other adjacent inland communities face higher risk from global climate change induced events (e.g., sea level rise, flash floods and so forth) and a cumulative disaster risk management approach might be more appropriate, it is clear from the findings of this study that medium to long term land-use adaptation must be an integral component of this cumulative “planned” adaptation. While the evidence from this study implies that a medium to long term land use adaptation in the form of capping housing density and agricultural cover in the coastal (and adjacent inland) states can significantly reduce economic damages from intense hurricanes, future studies must compare the benefits of such land use adaptation policies against the costs of development controls implied in housing density caps and agricultural land cover reductions.
Reduced form models can be used to quantify land use adaptation benefits (i.e., avoided damages) as compared to the baseline case of no planned/spontaneous adaptation. This study quantifies the adaptation effects of potentially policy driven caps on housing densities and agricultural cover in coastal (and adjacent inland) areas vulnerable to hurricane damages in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal regions of the U.S. Time series regressions, especially Prais-Winston and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models, are estimated to forecast the economic impacts of hurricanes of varying intensity, given that various patterns of land use—housing, agriculture—emerge in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal states of the U.S. The Prais-Winston and ARMA models use observed time series data from 1900 to 2005 for inflation adjusted hurricane damages and socio-economic and land-use data in the coastal or inland regions where hurricanes caused those damages. The results from this study provide evidence that increases in housing density and agricultural cover cause significant rise in the de-trended inflation-adjusted damages as well as damages as a proportion of FRTW. As expected, higher intensity hurricanes significantly increase the economic damages. The evidence from this study implies that a medium to long term land use adaptation in the form of capping housing density and agricultural cover in the coastal states can significantly reduce economic damages from intense hurricanes. In future research, the effects of specific land-use policy interventions, such as land-use taxes, subsidies and re-insurance schemes, may be evaluated to estimate benefit-cost ratios of alternate policy interventions that simultaneously minimize economic damages from more intense hurricanes under unmitigated global climate change scenarios and maximize societal benefits derived from LULC of housing and agricultural activities.
Work on this paper and research supporting it is funded by the National Science Foundation grants 0433165 and EPS-1101317. Thanks to Chris Landsea for providing hurricane damages data and Jennifer Boenhart for helping with GIS Census data.
Conflict of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
References and Notes
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As educators, we are always seeking innovative and effective methods to assess our students’ learning and performance. One such assessment tool gaining popularity among teachers is the Single Point Rubric. You may be wondering “What are single point rubrics”? Traditional rubrics have been widely used in education for many years, but they come with their own set of challenges. Single Point Rubrics address some of these issues, making them an appealing alternative for educators.
What are Single Point Rubrics?
A Single Point Rubric is an assessment tool that focuses on a single level of performance. As opposed to using a traditional multi-level rubric. This means that the rubric outlines the criteria for proficiency in a single criteria description. Thus allowing teachers and students to focus on what matters most in a specific assignment or task.
The rubric is designed with three columns: the center column lists the proficiency criteria, while the left and right columns are left blank for teachers to provide personalized feedback on areas needing improvement and areas where the student has exceeded expectations.
Advantages of Single Point Rubrics
- Simplicity: By focusing on a single level of performance, Single Point Rubrics make grading more efficient and accessible for both teachers and students.
- Flexibility: The open-ended nature of the rubric allows teachers to provide personalized feedback based on individual student performance.
- Growth Mindset: Single Point Rubrics encourage students to focus on their growth and improvement rather than just their final grade.
- Clear Expectations: By outlining the criteria for proficiency, Single Point Rubrics help students better understand what is expected of them.
How to Grade Using Single Point Rubrics: A Step-by-Step Guide
Step 1: Define the proficiency criteria Before you can use a Single Point Rubric, you need to establish the criteria for what constitutes proficient work in the assignment or task. These criteria should be clear, specific, and measurable.
Step 2: Introduce the rubric to your students Make sure your students are familiar with the Single Point Rubric and understand how it works. Explain the proficiency criteria and how the rubric will be used to assess their work.
Step 3: Assess the work As you review each student’s work, compare it to the proficiency criteria outlined in the rubric. Focus on identifying areas where the work meets the criteria, as well as areas where it falls short or exceeds expectations.
Step 4: Provide personalized feedback In the left column of the rubric, note any areas where the student’s work needs improvement. Be specific and constructive, offering guidance on how the student can meet the proficiency criteria. In the right column, highlight any areas where the student’s work exceeds expectations, reinforcing their strengths and achievements.
Step 5: Determine the final grade Once you have provided feedback on the rubric, use your professional judgment to assign a final grade based on the student’s overall performance. While the Single Point Rubric does not have specific numeric values or a predetermined grading scale, you can use the feedback provided to determine a grade that fairly reflects the student’s work.
I have integrated a Single Point Rubric template into the Google Sheets Add-on TemplateTab. Start a new Google Sheets spreadsheet. Use the Extensions menu and select TemplateTab and show the sidebar.
Advanced Features in TemplateTab
Under the Advanced Features option in the sidebar is the option to “Setup Single Point Rubric.” Clicking this button will insert a tab into the Google Sheets spreadsheet with a template for the Single Point Rubric. On the first tab, paste your class roster. Run TemplateTab in the Extensions menu to duplicate the rubric per student into a new tab within the same spreadsheet.
Try Single Point Rubrics
Single Point Rubrics are an innovative and effective tool for assessing student performance. By focusing on a single level of performance and providing personalized feedback, this assessment method simplifies the grading process and encourages a growth mindset. As you incorporate Single Point Rubrics into your classroom, you’ll likely find that both you and your students benefit from their clarity, flexibility, and focus on improvement.
An Adventure Awaits: BookWidgets for Teachers
Alice Keeler and Sheryl Place from BookWidgets have a fun chat. Sheryl shares some of her favorite BookWidgets features.
Google Doc Becomes Slides – Magically
I think you will find this a fun activity to turn your Google Docs into Google Slides! Slides allow for multi-media and have some distinct advantages over Google Docs sometimes. However, Docs is easier for brainstorming and outlining. Now you can have the best of both world by turning your Google Docs to Google Slides. Use the Doc to Slides Add-on by Alice Keeler
My Google Docs Won’t Connect to the Internet
I am online but my Google Docs are offline! Help!! Explore troubleshooting solutions for the ‘Google Docs Offline’ issue.
Maximizing Retrieval Practice with Padlet
Discover the power of retrieval practice as a potent tool for long-term learning. Explore how Padlet, an interactive digital platform, can be effectively utilized to facilitate retrieval practice and create an engaging learning experience. Learn valuable tips on structuring, prompting, peer learning, feedback, review sessions, and maintaining variety for optimal results. Maximizing Retrieval Practice with Padlet
The AI English Teacher
Discover how “The AI English Teacher” is transforming English Language Arts education and equipping students for a tech-driven future. This insightful article explores the integration of generative AI into the classroom, empowering teachers to leverage AI resources effectively. Uncover the importance of preparing students to navigate AI-generated content, critically evaluate information, and understand the implications of AI in terms of privacy, bias, and ethics. Explore innovative assessment methods that prioritize the learning process, emphasizing research, brainstorming, drafting, revising, and reflection skills. “The AI English Teacher” also highlights the significance of developing effective communication skills in writing and verbal interactions, while adapting to the digital age with multimedia communication and engaging classroom discussions. Prepare your students for success with “The AI English Teacher,” embracing AI as a powerful tool to enhance their language learning journey.
Acceptable Use Policy for AI in the ELA Classroom
Teachers of ELA classes will need to provide an Acceptable Use Policy for AI in the ELA Classroom. When school starts back up this is going to be essential for every ELA teacher to provide.
You must log in to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:63cab3dc-f1a8-4a6b-8d23-89ce27a0e982> | {
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The workers in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory were among the hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers who toiled in the city's garment factories at the time. They came from countries such as Italy and Russia in search of a better future, and all around them they saw the riches promised by the American Dream. New York was in its Gilded Age and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory was not too far from the limestone mansions of millionaires and the elegant shops of the famed Ladies Mile. Two men who had achieved the dream were the wealthy owners of the thriving Triangle factory. Isaac Harris and Max Blanck, immigrants who had arrived from Russia only 20 years earlier, had become known as New York's "Shirtwaist Kings," and each owned fully staffed brownstones on Manhattan's Upper West Side.As unions continue to be demonized and demagogues like Glenn Beck encourage their audience to roll back the progressive reforms of the 20th century, its important to remember what it was that unions fought to achieve in the first place.
The dream seemed a long way off for the young workers at the factory who toiled 13 hours a day for $0.13 an hour. Though the factory was considered modern with its high ceilings and large windows, the working conditions were difficult. Only a year before the deadly fire, New York's garment workers had begun agitating for shorter hours, better pay, safer shops and unions. To the horror of Harris and Blanck, the young women of the Triangle factory joined the crusade and called for a strike, becoming leaders in what became the largest women's strike in American history. Within 48 hours, more than 50 of the smallest factories gave in to their workers' demands, but the Triangle bosses organized other owners and refused to surrender, paying prostitutes and police to beat the strikers. Their terrible treatment brought the women an unexpected ally. Anne Morgan, the daughter of J.P. Morgan, and many of her powerful suffragist friends -- the so-called "mink brigade" -- took up their cause, and the press and public began to rally to the plight of the brave young seamstresses.
After the strike had continued for 11 weeks, the Triangle owners finally agreed to higher wages and shorter hours. But they drew the line at a union. Back on the job, the Triangle workers still lacked real power to improve the worst conditions of the factory floor: inadequate ventilation, lack of safety precautions and fire drills -- and locked doors.
When a tossed match or lit cigarette ignited a fire on the eighth floor of the building, flames spread quickly. Blanck and Harris received warning by phone and escaped, but the 240 workers on the ninth floor continued stitching, oblivious to the flames gathering force on the floor below. When they finally did see the smoke, the women panicked. Some rushed toward the open stairwell, but columns of flames already blocked their path.
Neoliberalism: the idea that swallowed the world
7 hours ago | <urn:uuid:2f877921-bbea-483f-8de5-829861640290> | {
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Thrombocytopenia is the name for a reduced platelet count in the blood which happens when the platelets are lost faster than the bone marrow can replace them. This in turn decreases the ability of the body to clot and can lead to excessive bleeding. The condition can be inherited or caused by viruses like HIV, chemotherapy, metabolic disorders or other diseases. Standard treatments include transfusions and medications, but diet can also help to improve platelet production.
Fresh and Organic
Since there’s a correlation between pesticides and herbicides and an increase in autoimmune diseases which can lower platelets, patients with thrombocytopenia or even borderline cases should avoid processed foods. Instead, look for products as close to the source as possible which are grown organically.
Another way to strengthen the immune system is to choose whole grain cereals, brown rice and whole wheat over their “white” forms. Gluten intolerance may also contribute to immune disorders, so eliminating gluten products containing wheat, barley and rye may help with platelet counts.
Vitamin K is an important factor in clotting. The Platelet Disorder Support Association recommends increasing the intake of foods rich in vitamin K, including all leafy greens, especially spinach, kale, and collard greens, and sea vegetables like seaweed.
A study from 2009 at the Aimst University in Malaysia found that participants receiving papaya leaf extract showed significantly higher mean counts of thrombocytes, another name for platelets. Although the process by which this occurs is still unknown, it is promising enough for patients with platelet disorders to consider adding papaya to their diets.
Sesame oil has properties that raise platelet levels, according to cancer nutrition expert Dr. Kim Dalzell of the Midwestern Regional Medical Center. Two tablespoons of a high-quality natural sesame oil like Rapunzel taken orally twice a day, and even rubbing some externally on lymph node areas, may help increase platelet counts over a period of several weeks.
Research in Sweden at the Odense University Hospital and the Karolinska Institute found that standardized shark oil capsules increased platelet production. The patients received five capsules daily, with the researchers warning that using such supplements for more than 30 days should be avoided to prevent an overproduction of platelets.
Thrombocytopenia patients should drink plenty of filtered or bottled water, preferably at room temperature which assists the digestive process. The Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania recommends eight to ten 8-oz. glasses of non-alcoholic fluid a day to keep the mouth moist, help avoid constipation and encourage a healthy intestinal lining. | <urn:uuid:d78465c6-1b4d-4c57-98c7-48d83de64f36> | {
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Posted on Jun 24, 2014, 6 a.m.
DNA-based nanosensor measures pH variation inside cells.
A strong correlation exists between cancer and pH, in that cancer cells often display a lower pH compared to normal cells, that is – the pH level inside cancer cells is higher than it is outside. Andrea Idili, from the University of Rome (Italy), and colleagues have developed a DNA-based nanosensor that allows to measure pH variation at the nanoscale. This nanosensor measures less than 10 nm and unfolds at a specifically programmed pH. The study authors submit that: “With their fast response time (<200 ms) and high reversibility, these pH-triggered nanoswitches appear particularly suitable for applications ranging from the real-time monitoring of pH changes in vivo to the development of pH sensitive smart nanomaterials,” and are hopeful that their device may lead to efforts to build nanodevices for cancer in-vivo imaging and targeted drug-delivery.
Idili A, Vallee-Belisle A, Ricci F. “Programmable pH-triggered DNA nanoswitches.” J Am Chem Soc. 2014 Apr 23;136(16):5836-9. | <urn:uuid:779e1fd8-2da8-48fb-a347-36ae78ad12b6> | {
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A star is dimming for reasons that astronomers can't explain.
Observations by NASA's Kepler space telescope revealed that the star KIC 8462852, which lies about 1,500 light-years from Earth, dimmed dramatically and strangely several times over the past few years. Researchers aren't sure what's going on, and they have posited that some sort of light-blocking "alien megastructure" is a possible — though unlikely — explanation.
Astronomers are following up on that possibility, using radio telescopes to hunt for signals coming from KIC 8462852. But these scientists are urging skepticism on the alien-life hypothesis — as are science-fiction writers. [13 Ways to Hunt Intelligent Alien Life]
"We are the most skeptical people on the planet," Robert J. Sawyer, a Canadian sci-fi writer who regularly discusses alien life in his novels, told Space.com. His 23rd novel, "Quantum Night," will be published in 2016. "It is hard to find a science-fiction writer who believes in UFOs or flying saucers," Sawyer said.
Sawyer added that journalists, by contrast, often pump up the news because they "smell front page." And while Sawyer supports the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) because it is so cheap to listen for radio signals, he said it's meaningful that, in five decades of searching, nothing has come up so far. Aliens, he said, may communicate by other means.
All that being said, what if KIC 8462852 does host an alien megastructure? What might it look like? Sawyer and fellow sci-fi novelist Larry Niven shared some ideas with Space.com.
Patterns in the sky
One possible use of a megastructure could be a sort of calling card, which was covered in Sawyer's 1994 novel "End of an Era." In that book, a paleontologist travels back to the time of the dinosaurs, some 65 million years ago, and spots a rosette pattern of stars in the sky. Upon analysis, it's clear the structure is far away; there is no parallax, or shifting in position when you view it at different times of the year (and at different points in Earth's orbit).
"You have to conclude that some now-extinct alien civilization was announcing itself to the universe by doing a mega-engineering project, moving the stars in a geodesic sphere so that from any vantage point, you would see it," Sawyer said.
Another use for a megastructure could be to harvest energy from a star, which is famously discussed in Niven's "Ringworld" series. Niven was inspired by the idea of a Dyson sphere — a shell or system of objects that would surround the star and collect its light.
In some cases, a Dyson sphere could be constructed as an artificial world with a water cycle, atmosphere and so on. Niven's twist, first articulated in the 1970 novel "Ringworld," was to have an object only around the star's equator — a ringworld — in part because spinning a Dyson sphere would force the atmosphere and oceans to the equator anyway. [Dyson Spheres: How Advanced Alien Civilizations Would Conquer the Galaxy (Infographic)]
"The Dyson sphere looked wonderful, but I decided to make a cheaper version," Niven told Space.com. "[The public] loved it. I was surprised, and before that, I was a little worried. I wasn't sure they'd take it seriously. Once I opened the field, there were enough new problems to make a [book]shelf all based on ring structures."
One problem with the ringworld is that it would eventually break apart due to gravity from the star — an issue that both Sawyer and Niven pointed out. In Niven's next book on that concept, "The Ringworld Engineers" (1979), he stabilized the ringworld using attitude jets on the rim, which were powered by the solar wind (a stream of particles coming from the sun). He also made the ringworld's floor — the side facing the sun — magnetic so that it would interact with the sun's magnetic field and keep the ringworld aligned with the equator.
Niven said he is also skeptical that the new find is an alien megastructure, but he said it could be suggestive of a Dyson cloud — a huge collection of solar panels to harvest the sun's energy. Stars could also be moved around to gather energy more efficiently — an idea that Gregory Benford and Niven cover in their jointly authored books "The Bowl of Heaven" (2012) and "Shipstar" (2014).
Aliens probably wouldn't use such a megastructure to act as a cosmic calling card, Niven added, as doing so would be very expensive.
However, Sawyer noted that there is historical precedent for making (or at least proposing to make) big structures that do little more than say hello. In the late 1800s, when some people believed there were canals and a dying civilization on Mars, Joseph Johann von Littrow (as the story goes) suggested digging huge canals in the Sahara, filling them with kerosene and setting them on fire.
"We would be signaling [the Martians] with glowing geometric shapes," Sawyer said. "It really has been this natural desire to say, 'Hey, we're here.'" | <urn:uuid:b537baf0-5a05-4498-8c46-0fcb93879987> | {
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Subhas Chandra Pattanayak
Gouranga Charan Das, eminent freedom fighter, was born in Bagalpur, the village of Karana aristocracy in the district of Cuttack in Orissa on 26 January 1899. He was physically handicapped by birth with his right hand critically crippled. But in early youth he joined the freedom movement and soon led the people whose sacrifice made India a Sovereign Republic on his 50th birth anniversary.
Imprisoned for more than five years by the British authorities he had started his first journey to jails on 13 April 1930 by leading the salt movement at Inchudi, a movement that was meant to make people of India self-dependant.
He was the man who made history by changing aristocrat Karans of his village to allow Harijans into the famous Dadhibamana temple.
A legendary Gandhian, he was simple in nature but strong in decisions. He was deeply involved with Charakha movement but one of the stalwart organizers of Congress socialist party.
He had been elected uncontested to Orissa Assembly in 1945 and was chairman of Cuttack district Board from 1961 to 1967.
He breathed his last on 19 February 1972. But despite holding positions of power, he was without any money in his possession as always.
Gouranga Charan Das, who fought for India’s freedom from colonialism is today ever more relevant in people’s struggles against Free Market Capitalism imposed upon them by the ruling political combines. | <urn:uuid:baa00546-69e4-4fe4-b895-7502f554dec2> | {
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HOME · HISTORY · AROUND TOWN
FUN STUFF · NEW
HISTORY - TIME DATE
January 1, 1912 Canadian Pacific
Railway (CPR) becomes responsible for all lines formerly operated by the
Dominion Atlantic Railway (DAR) - according to a 999 year lease arrangement.
January 2, 1904 Louis B. Mayer, one of the founders of MGM Studios
(Hollywood, California), leaves his family home in Saint John, destined for
January 3, 1786 The first meeting of the New
Brunswick Legislature is held at the Mallard House on King Street in Saint
John. The historic opening marks the official business of developing the new
province of New Brunswick.
January 6, 1841 The Report of American
Commissioners is released, concerning the boundary line between New Brunswick
and the State of Maine.
January 6, 1900 The first issue of " The
Freeman" appears in Saint John.
January 9, 1839 The State of Maine
prepares for war with New Brunswick, as Colonel Jarvis and 800 Maine volunteers
occupy the disputed territory of Aroostook.
January 10, 1815 Sir
John Alexander Macdonald, the Dominion of Canadas first Prime Minister,
is born in Glasgow (Scotland).
January 12, 1786 The results of the
first provincial election in Saint John are protested.
1837 The second most deadly fire in Saint John's history starts at Peter's
Wharf and rages along South Market Wharf, eventually destroying 115 houses
throughout the downtown and causing more than $1 million in property
January 16, 1880 Thomas Campbell, of Saint John, patents the
Combined Hot and Cold Water Faucets.
January 15, 1635 Charles
Saint-Étienne de La Tour is granted a large tract of land which includes
St. John harbour, and a bitter rivalry soon develops, with Charles
dAulnay de Charnisay at Port Royal, for supreme authority in Acadia.
January 18, 1785 The first Governors Ball is held at Parrtown
(Saint John), to celebrate the Queens birth night. Between 30 to 40
of the best families only and nearly 100
of all sorts are reported in attendance.
January 20, 1853 The first undersea telegraph cable in North America
is completed between Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick, and Borden, Prince Edward
Island, largely through the efforts of inventor and engineer Frederic Gisborne.
January 21, 1968 Artist Miller Brittain dies in Saint John.
January 22, 1847 Saint John's Dr. Martin H. Peters uses ether as an
anaesthetic during surgery for the first time in New Brunswick.
22, 1901 Death of Queen Victoria.
January 24, 1974 The New
Brunswick Supreme Court finds K.C. Irving and 3 New Brunswick companies guilty
of establishing a monopoly of English-language daily newspapers in the
province. The decision is later overturned.
January 25, 1926 Saint
John's Charles Gorman is the world's amateur speed skating champion after
winning the event at Lily Lake in Saint John.
January 25, 1933 Alden
Nowlan is born near Windsor, Nova Scotia. With a grade 4 education, Nowlan
moves to New Brunswick in 1952, later becoming a nationally respected award
winning poet, journalist and playwright.
January 26, 1786 George
Handyside is reprimanded on his knees in the Legislative Assembly for public
criticism of the Assembly.
January 27, 1858 Queen Victoria choses
Ottawa as the capital of the United Canadas.
January 28, 1764
Governor Wilmot recommends that Acadian refugees be sent to the West Indies.
January 29, 1951 The Canadian Post Office announces that Maritime
home mail deliveries will be reduced to once per day.
1807 The House of Assembly passes a Fishing Rights Act, giving property
owners the exclusive right to take fish on waters bounded by their property.
The Common Council of Saint John subsequently convinces British authorities in
London to veto the act.
January 30, 1821 Both New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia approve grants of £150 each to help maintain a packet mail ferry
service between Saint John and Digby.
January 30, 1865 Leonard
Tilley dissolves the New Brunswick Legislature Assembly and prepares to oppose
Albert James Smith in the historic pre-Confederation election. Albert Smith
carries the anti-Confederation vote, with 26 of the 41 seats going to
January 30, 1931 The worlds first Boy
Scout Apple Day is organized by Eli Boyaner in Saint John.
1851 Inventor Thomas Turnbull demonstrates his "Audromonon Carriage" to the
Saint John public. New Brunswick's first horseless carriage consists of three
wheels drawn by a crank, with an operational lever on each side of the driver's
February 1, 1785 The first session of
the Supreme Court of New Brunswick is held in Saint John, under Chief Justice
George Duncan Ludlow. A Loyalist, and former Supreme Court Judge in New York,
Ludlow had endured the American Revolution on Long Island.
1923 Peter J. Veniot becomes the first Acadian Premier of New Brunswick.
Veniot rose to power under Walter Foster, and was selected his successor as
February 1, 1977 The three Maritime provinces sign an
agreement with the federal government, giving the provinces 100 percent of the
royalties from off-shore mineral discoveries within five kilometres of the
shoreline, and 75 percent of royalties beyond five kilometres.
2, 0 GROUND HOG DAY
February 2, 1817 Governor Thomas Carleton
dies in Ramsgate, England.
February 3, 1769 The first schooner to be
constructed on the St. John River, the "Betsy", sails for Newburyport,
Massachusetts, under Captain Jonathan Leavitt. Built by the Saint John firm of
Simonds and White.
February 3, 1820 Members of the House of Assembly
are refused permission to attend debates of the Executive Council. This closed
door policy continues until 1834.
February 4, 1817 William Botsford
is appointed Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
February 5, 1859
Inventor Robert Foulis petitions provincial authorities to allow his steam
fog-horn to be installed on Partridge Island in Saint John harbour, and the
world's first steam-operated fog alarm is erected on the island later the same
February 6, 1952 Elizabeth II becomes Queen upon the death of
King George VI.
February 7, 1831 Sir Archibald Campbell arrives in
New Brunswick to serve as Lieutenant-Governor.
February 7, 1867 A
draft bill to form the Dominion of Canada is introduced in the British House of
Lords. Parliament passes the British North America Act on March 8 and the act
receives Royal Assent the same month.
February 8, 1631 Louis XIII of
France names Charles de Saint-Étienne de La Tour Lieutenant General and
Governor of Acadia. La Tour establishes a small fortified trading post at the
mouth of the St. John River - Fort La Tour.
February 8, 1793 With
France declaring war on Britain, London directs Lieutenant-Governor Thomas
Carleton to raise an infantry corps in New Brunswick. The Kings New Brunswick
Regiment is quickly created and by the following year numbers 450 men.
February 8, 1839 The Aroostook War breaks out between New Brunswick
and Maine lumbermen over the disputed territory along the upper St. John River.
On March 25, a truce is arranged between the warring factions over drinks at a
local grog shop.
February 8, 1879 Sir Sandford Fleming, the
immigrant from Scotland who built the Intercolonial Railway and most of the
Canadian Pacific Railway, first proposes International Standard
February 9, 1936 Legendary Canadian folksinger, "Stompin" Tom
Connors is born at the stroke of midnight in the Saint John General Hospital,
son of Isabel Connors and Thomas Joseph Sullivan.
February 10, 1638
With the death of Governor de Razilly, Louis XIII appoints Charles de Menou
d'Aulnay de Charnisay, Lieutenant-Governor of Acadia, but limits his authority
to Port Royal, La Have, and Pentagouet on the Penobscot River (present-day
February 10, 1638 Louis XIII gives Charles de La Tour a
portion of Acadia, including Cape Sable Island and the fortress at the mouth of
the St. John River. Animosity between La Tour and d'Aulnay creates civil war in
Acadia, and La Tour is recalled to France in 1641.
February 10, 1763
The Seven Years' War ends with the Treaty of Paris. All of North America is
ceded to Britain, except New Orleans and the small islands of St. Pierre and
February 10, 1824 The first history of New Brunswick,
Peter Fisher's Sketches of New Brunswick, is advertised for sale in the "Royal
February 10, 1848 Opening in Fredericton of the first
Provincial Normal School.
February 10, 1914 The Parish of
L'Assomption is created in Moncton, under the leadership of Reverend Henri
February 10, 1975 Various government agencies announce $18
million is available to help spur the laying of an underwater electrical cable
between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.
February 11, 1923
Winnifred Blair, "Miss Saint John", is crowned the first Miss Canada, at the
Montreal Winter Carnival. Miss Blair returns by train to the port city amid
thousands of cheering supporters.
February 14, 0 VALENTINE'S DAY
February 15, 1965 The Canadian Maple Leaf Flag is adopted.
March 1, 1764. New
England entrepreneur James Simonds forms a trading enterprise for at the 'mouth
of the St. John, with partners Samuel Blodget, William Hazen, James White,
Richard Simonds, and Robert Peaslie.
March 1, 1815. The War of 1812
between Britain and the United States comes to an end, and so, too, the heyday
of the privateer. Henceforth, private ship-owners in the Maritimes are no
longer allowed to capture American vessels.
March 1, 1848. The Sons
of Temperance report that after one year of operation, they have 30 divisions
in the province.
March 1, 1912. Construction begins in Courtenay Bay
on Saint John's massive new dry-dock.
March 1, 1925. Union of the
Presbyterian, Methodist, and Congregational Churches into the United Church of
Canada is put to a vote throughout the Maritimes, and is approved despite much
March 2, 1829. The Saint John almshouse is destroyed by
March 2, 1925. A major earth tremor rumbles across the
Maritimes, and people rush from quivering buildings to the safety of the
March 3, 1855. Leonard Tilley introduces a controversial
liquor prohibition bill, which the House of Assembly passes in 1856. However,
the unpopular law proves unenforceable. Tilley's "Smasher Government" loses the
election of 1856 and prohibition is repealed.
March 3, 1911.
Plumbers and Steamfitters Union, Local No 574 is first organized in New
March 4, 1863. George E. Fenety is appointed Queen's
March 5, 1802. The first public schools act is
March 6, 1918. The Blue Cross organizes a special day
throughout the Maritimes, in aid of horses needing special care after being
wounded or maimed in the First World War.
March 8, 1866. Lt. Gov.
Gordon reads his speech: I am further directed to express to you the strong and
deliberate opinion of Her Majesty's Government, that it is an object much to be
desired, that all British N. American Colonies should agree to unite in one
March 11, 1818. The petition of Saint John bakers to
prohibit the importing of hard bread from the United States is refused by the
March 12, 1819. William Pagan, one of New
Brunswick's richest Loyalist businessmen, dies in Saint John.
1899. Industrialist K. C. Irving is born in Bouctouche. Starting with a
used tank and a few trucks, he founds the Irving Oil Co. in the mid 1920s, and
eventually establishes a vast business empire that employs one out of every 12
workers in the province.
March 15, 1744. France declares war on
Britain in an all-out struggle that becomes known in Europe as the War of the
Austrian Succession. However, in British North America the conflict is called
March 15, 1851. New Brunswick enacts a law to
begin construction of the European and North American Railroad. The proposed
route is to extend from the Nova .Scotia border in Westmorland County, south,
to Bangor and Portland Maine.
March 16, 1836. The Saint John Stage
Coach Company and the Woodstock and Fredericton Stage Coach Company are founded
by an act of the Legislative Assembly.
March 17, 1866.The United
States ends Reciprocity - the free trade agreement with British North America -
under suspicion of Britain's attempts to assist the South during the American
March 20, 1826. Saint John announces tenders will be
received for six freemen of the city "of good character" to become British
North America's first paid police force.
March 21, 1904. An
earthquake is felt in New Brunswick.
March 22, 1834. The Legislature
adopts a new Marriage Act that ends the Anglican monopoly on marriage in the
province. Prior to 1834, many religions were unable to perform their own
marriage ceremonies and refused to submit to Anglican authority.
25, 1820. The Bank of New Brunswick is the first bank incorporated in
Canada. It begins operations on Prince William Street in Saint John, with an
initial capital of £50,O00.
March 25, 1938.
Notre-Dame-de-L'Assomption is proclaimed patron Saint of Acadians.
March 25, 1965. The New Brunswick flag is flown for the first time.
March 27, 1632. Isaac de Razilly is placed in charge of the Company of
New France at Port Royal, and is later appointed Lieutenant Governor of Acadia.
This throws into doubt Charles de La Tour's appointment as commander of Acadia.
March 27, 1855. The liquor prohibition bill is passed in the
Legislative Assembly. This unpopular law takes effect January 1, 1856 and is
repealed six months later, after Tilley's "Smasher Government" loses the
March 29, 1929. CFBC Radio in Saint John hosts Don Messer's
first broadcast with a group known as "The New Brunswick Lumberjacks".
March 30, 1894. The Women's Enfranchisement Association of New Brunswick
is organized at Saint John, under the presidency of Sarah Manning.
April 2, 1865 Francis
A. Anglin, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, is born in Saint John.
April 4, 1784 First marriage in Parrtown (Saint John) - Hannah
Lester and Lieutenant Andrew H. Stockton.
April 5, 1815 Tambora
volcano erupts on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, causing the summer of 1816
(the "Year Without a Summer") to be extremely dark and cold throughout eastern
April 5, 1842 The first public museum in Canada opens
in Saint John at the Mechanics Institute. The Gesner Museum includes more than
2,000 items, mainly in the natural history field, and becomes the forerunner of
the New Brunswick Museum.
April 5, 1883 First speed skating
competition in New Brunswick (Saint John).
April 6, 1888 The New
Brunswick Telephone Company is incorporated and begins to take over the
telephone system throughout the province.
April 9, 1825. The Saint
John Agricultural and Emigrant Society is formed.
April 11, 1713.
The Treaty of Utrecht formally ends the War of the Spanish Succession.
Territory in Acadia (Nova Scotia) is ceded to Great Britain, while possession
of lands north of the Bay of Fundy (New Brunswick) remain in
April 11, 1786. Thomas Mallard announces in the "Royal
Gazette" he as acquired the schooner "Four Sisters" and has established a
weekly passenger and cargo service from Saint John to Fredericton.
11, 1816. The first river steamboat in New Brunswick, the "General Smyth",
is launched at Saint John. On May 20, the "General Smyth" begins its maiden
voyage upriver from Saint John to Fredericton.
April 15, 1919. After
almost 50 years of debating the issue, New Brunswick women are granted the
right to vote in provincial elections.
April 16, 1764. James
Simonds, James White, Jonathan Leavitt, and a party of approximately 30
tradesmen arrive at Portland Point (Saint John) from Massachusetts to establish
the first permanent English settlement.
April 16, 1889. The
communities of Saint John and Portland agree to merge.
April 17, 1645.
With Charles de La Tour in Boston, seeking help to maintain his hold in
Acadia, arch-rival Charles d'Aulnay de Charnisay attacks Fort La Tour. After an
heroic defense, La Tour's wife, Francoise Marie Jacquelin, surrenders and dies
April 17, 1851. One of Canada's most famous clipper
ships, the " Marco Polo ", is launched at Marsh Creek near Saint John. Built by
James Smith at Courtenay Bay, the " Marco Polo " earns the title of the Fastest
Ship in the World.
April 17, 1908. Rev. Joseph Owens, author,
philosopher and president of the Metaphysics Society of America, is born in
April 19, 1927. Prohibition ends in New Brunswick with
the government becoming involved in the sale of liquor.
1866 Fenian raiders,on board the hired schooner "Two Friends" out of Lubec
Maine,capture the "Winthrop" near Campobello Island - "in the name of the Irish
Republic".Upon arrival of British warships, the raiders sink the "Two Friends"
and return to Eastport.
April 21, 1926 Birth of Elizabeth Alexandra
Mary (Queen Elizabeth II), the first child of The Duke and Duchess of York -
who subsequently become King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.
1786 Sir Guy Carleton is appointed Governor-in-Chief of British North
America. His brother, Colonel Thomas Carleton, becomes Lieutenant Governor of
April 23, 0 ST. GEORGE'S DAY
April 24, 1920
The Association of Professional Engineers of New Brunswick is
April 26, 1850 "The New Brunswick Society for the
Encouragement of Agriculture, Home Manufactures, and Commerce Throughout the
Province" is established.
April 26, 1909 Saint John Magistrate
Ritchie rules that electricity is indeed a commodity. Charles Kerr of the Bijou
Moving Picture Theatre is found guilty of stealing electricity by tapping into
the St. John Railway Company.
April 27, 1950 Despite mass protests,
Premier John B. MacNair imposes a four percent sales tax in New Brunswick to
help finance education and social services. Two years later, MacNair and his
party are defeated at the polls.
April 29, 1916 New Brunswick adopts
the practice of Daylight Saving time.
May 1, 1843 New
Brunswick's first official coins, the Penny and Halfpenny Copper tokens,
commence circulation. Before this date prices were quoted in New Brunswick
currency, although Spanish, British, or American coins were actually
May 1, 1917 Prohibition commences in New Brunswick, making the
sale of liquor unlawful - except for "medicinal, scientific, sacramental, and
mechanical purposes". This law remains in effect for 10 years.
1786 The first libel trial in New Brunswick begins in Saint John. Printers
William Lewis and John Ryan are charged with publishing inflammatory articles.
They are found guilty by a jury, fined and made to post a security bond against
May 2, 1811 Henry Chubb begins the "New
Brunswick Courier" newspaper in Saint John. The Courier becomes a training
ground for many prominent newspapermen, and champions the rights of the elected
Assembly during the struggle for responsible government in the
May 3, 1945 The Town of Rothesay is incorporated.
4, 1985 Frank McKenna is elected leader of the Liberal Party. On October
13, 1987, McKenna's Liberals take all 52 seats in the provincial
May 5, 1909 Convicts William Parks and Carl Schultz escape
from a chain gang working near Saint John. Schultz is quickly rearrested; but
Parks remains on the loose for some time. Parks was serving a one year sentence
for stealing a pair of boots.
May 7, 1869 New Brunswick's Provincial
Seal is authorized by Royal Warrant.
May 7, 1945 German forces
surrender in western Europe and World War II ends in Europe.
1871 The Treaty of Washington sets out rights for American access to
Canadian inshore fishing waters, as well as some navigation rights on Canadian
rivers, including allowing Maine's lumber industry to float logs down the St.
May 10, 1783 The first Loyalist ships sail into Saint
John harbour. The tiny Parrtown settlement is soon overflowing with refugees. A
fleet of 20 vessels had left Sandy Hook in New York with Americans loyal to the
May 10, 1873 Nearly 600 Scottish immigrants aboard
the "Castalia" arrive at Saint John harbour, destined to establish the "Scotch
Colony" of Kincardine.
May 12, 1689 King William's War begins between
England and France, with New Englanders and their Iroquois allies in North
America pitted against New France and their numerous Native allies, including
Mi'kmaq and Maliseet.
May 13, 1765 Shiploads of Acadians in exile
continue to arrive at the port of New Orleans in Louisiana.
1871 A Common Schools Act is established in New Brunswick, calling for free
schools through public funding and a non-denominational curriculum. The
abolition of separate Catholic schools creates immense controversy.
17, 1918 Home-made candy from cane sugar is disallowed in New Brunswick. To
conserve sugar for the war effort, people are limited to only a 15 day supply
in their homes.
May 18, 1783 The "Spring Fleet" of approximately
7000 Loyalists commence landing at Parrtown (Saint John).
1785 Parrtown and Carleton, at the mouth of the St. John, are amalgamated
by Royal Charter and renamed Saint John - Canada's first city.
1785 New Brunswick is divided into eight counties - Charlotte, Saint John,
King's, Queen's, Sunbury, York, Northumberland, and Westmorland.
1816 New Brunswick's first steamboat, the " General Smyth ", sails on her
first trip from Saint John to Fredericton. Stopping over at Maugerville, the
steamer arrives the next morning at Fredericton - to a tumultuous reception.
May 20, 1873 Parliament agrees to a resolution, moved by Samuel
Leonard Tilley, that Prince Edward Island come into Confederation. Prince
Edward Island agrees and by an Imperial Order-in-Council on June 26, the colony
is admitted into the Canadian Confederation.
May 24, 1650 Governor
of Acadia, Charles de Menou d'Aulnay dies after his canoe capsizes in Port
Royal Basin, and is buried at Port Royal. D'Aulnay's widow, Jeanne Motin, and
his former rival, Charles de la Tour, sign a marriage contract in 1653.
May 24, 1819 Queen Victoria's birthday. Born the daughter of Edward,
the Duke of Kent, and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg, H.R.H. Princess
Victoria becomes Queen in 1837 - after the death of her uncle William IV.
May 25, 1815 Over 300 Black Refugees, escaped slaves from Virginia
and Maryland who found shelter in British occupied Chesapeake Bay during the
War of 1812, arrive in Saint John harbour aboard the "Regulus". They eventually
settle near Loch Lomond.
May 25, 1875 Saint John's Grace Annie
Lockhart becomes the first woman in the British Empire to earn a university
degree, as she graduates from Mount Allison University with a Bachelor of
Science and English Literature.
May 26, 1784 Captain Nehemiah Marks
comes ashore on the banks of the St. Croix River with 200 settlers. Upon
landing, they raise the British flag and name their new settlement "Morristown"
May 26, 1868 New Brunswick's Coat of Arms is assigned
by Queen Victoria. On September 25, 1984 additions are granted by Her Majesty
Queen Elizabeth II during a public ceremony in Fredericton to mark the 200th
anniversary of the establishment of the province.
May 27, 1818 In
order to avoid trade restrictions with the United States, Saint John and
Halifax are declared free ports. Shelburne and St. Andrews are also given free
May 28, 1895 Owens Art Gallery, the oldest university
art gallery in Canada, re-opens on the Mount Allison campus in Sackville,
having been relocated from Saint John two years previous.
1814 An Ox roast is held in King Square (Saint John) to celebrate the
abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte.
June 1, 1911 A new
national census reports that New Brunswick's population has grown by 6 percent
to reach 351,889 - although only 13 percent of Canada's population make their
home in the Maritime Provinces.
June 1, 1921 Canada's population is
pegged at 8,788,483 with New Brunswick at 387,876 (an increase of 10 percent).
The Maritime Provinces account for only 11 percent of the total population of
the Canadian Dominion.
June 1, 1931 The Maritime Provinces account
for 10 percent of Canada's population, with New Brunswick reporting an increase
of 5 percent - totaling 408,219.
June 1, 1951 New Brunswick's
population reaches 515, 697, and leads the Maritime Provinces with a growth
rate of 13 percent. In total however, the Maritimes only account for 9 percent
of Canada's national population.
June 1, 1961 Comprising 8 percent
of Canada's population, the Maritimes have continued to grow, but the rest of
Canada has grown faster. New Brunswick reports an increase of 8 percent,
totaling 597,936 - compared to a national average of 13 percent and 18,238,247.
June 1, 1997 The Confederation Bridge, linking Prince Edward Island
with New Brunswick, is officially opened with a giant foot race and a walk in
which more than 50,000 people participate.
June 2, 1941 For the
first time since Confederation, the Maritime Provinces are experiencing a
population growth equal to the national average, with New Brunswick and Nova
Scotia exceeding the rest of Canada by 2 percent. New Brunswick reports 457,401
June 3, 1959 The New Brunswick provincial tartan, designed
by Patricia Jenkins of Gagetown, is accepted by the Court of The Lord Lyon,
King-of-Arms in Edinburgh (Scotland), as "The New Brunswick Tartan" - and
recorded as a registered design.
June 5, 1854 Great Britain and the
United States sign a Reciprocity Treaty, thereby ensuring free entry of British
North American wood, fish, and farm products into the United States in exchange
for American access to the sea fishery along coastal waters.
1981 The first teachers' strike occurs in New Brunswick; 1,000 teachers
demonstrate outside of the Legislative building, demanding a 37 percent wage
increase over 27 months. A tentative settlement is reached on the weekend, and
classes resume Monday morning.
June 6, 1944 D-Day invasion of Europe
("The Scarlet Dawn") includes the 3rd Canadian Division - 7th, 8th and 9th
Canadian Brigades. The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment lands at Saint
Aubin-sur-mer, a tiny village on the French coast of Normandy.
1987 The Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency (ACOA), a regional
development agency with a mandate to assist businesses in creating opportunity
and employment, is established with an annual budget of $200
June 9, 1817 The cornerstone is laid for the first brick
building in Saint John, built by John Nutting on the corner of Germain and
June 9, 1964 Lord Beaverbrook, Sir Max Aitken, New
Brunswick's distinguished son, and one of the most successful businessmen to
emerge from the Maritime Provinces, dies in Surrey (England).
1965 The Honourable John Babbit McNair of Fredericton is appointed
Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick.
June 12, 1812 The United
States Congress declares war on Great Britain,citing numerous grievances,
including naval blockades and the seizure of American sailors at sea. Despite
opposition from marine interests in New England, President Madison confirms a
state of war.
June 13, 1915 The 26th Battalion departs Saint John for
service in World War I. "The Fighting 26th" becomes the only infantry battalion
to continuously represent New Brunswick on the battlefront in France and
Belgium during World War I and receives 21 Battle Honours.
1801 Benedict Arnold dies in London (England). Considered a "traitor" for
joining the British after a heroic career as a Revolutionary leader, the
Brigadier-General spent a number of unhappy years in New Brunswick attempting
to repair his damaged reputation.
June 15, 1857 The Dramatic Lyceum
opens in Saint John with a performance of "Bulwar's Money".
1984 Official celebrations begin to mark the bicentennial of the founding
of New Brunswick as a province.
June 19, 1794 H.R.H. Edward Augustus,
The Duke of Kent, (son of King George III) visits Saint John and stays at
June 20, 1833 The ""Maid of the Mist", a steamboat
running regularly between Saint John and Windsor (Nova Scotia), makes its first
voyage. By this route, travelers can expect to reach Halifax from Saint John in
June 20, 1874 Described as a "dirty pastime", baseball is
introduced to New Brunswick at Saint John, by a clergyman from Guelph
June 20, 1877 Saint John's largest fire breaks out in
Portland, and quickly engulfs most of the South End of the city. For 9 long
hours the fire rages on - leaving 13,000 people homeless, destroying over 1,600
buildings, and consuming most of the commercial district.
1883 The first sale of angling licenses for "surface fly fishing" in New
Brunswick takes place by public auction.
June 20, 1889 Mary K.
Tibbitts of Fredericton becomes the first woman to graduate from the University
of New Brunswick, receiving her Bachelor of Arts with Honours in English, as
well as the Governor General's Stanley Gold Medal for proficiency in
June 22, 1822 The Provincial Marine Hospital opens in Saint
June 23, 1830 A "pest-house" is announced for the west end of
Partridge Island in Saint John Harbour, after smallpox and typhus are reported
on incoming immigrant ships. Vessels with any cases of disease must now hoist a
yellow flag upon entering the harbour.
June 24, 0 SAINT JOHN THE
June 24, 1904 At Saint John, the Champlain tercentenary
involves a large celebration, including the replica vessel "Acadie" landing at
Market Slip and a huge public reception at Market Square. St. Croix Island also
holds a tercentenary celebration.
June 25, 1896 Father of
Confederation, Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley, dies in Saint John. New Brunswick's
most influential politician, Tilley crafted the province's entry into
Confederation and played an important role in the development of Canada's
June 26, 1861 Over 130 Scottish immigrants arrive
at Partridge Island on board the "Irvine". They left the port of Greenock on
May 9, destined for the new settlement of Glassville.
June 28, 1838
Coronation of Queen Victoria.
June 30, 1866 New Brunswick's
provincial elections are tallied in favour of Confederation; in the
Legislature, the "Confederation Resolution" is passed by a vote of 30 - 8,
requesting Lt-Gov. Gordon to appoint a delegation to arrange the union of
British North America.
July 1, 0 CANADA DAY
1867 The British North America Act takes effect uniting the
Provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into one Dominion. In New
Brunswick celebrations are respectful and kindly
in a spirit
eminently conciliatory to political opponents.
July 1, 1867
The Honourable Peter Mitchell, of Newcastle - one of New Brunswick's Fathers of
Confederation - becomes Canada's first Minister of Marine and Fisheries.
July 1, 1867 After overseeing the defence of New Brunswick against
Fenian threats from Maine, Major-General Sir Charles Hastings Doyle is
appointed Lieutenant-Governor . July 1, 1873 Prince Edward Island enters
July 1, 1920 Female teachers in New Brunswick are
given equal pay with men. The Schools Act of 1903 had distinguished between
male and female teachers regarding salary levels.
July 1, 1927 The
Maritime Freight Rates Act (a Maritime version of the Crows Nest Pass
Agreement) comes into effect - enabling Maritime manufacturers and producers to
compete with markets in central Canada.
July 1, 1941 His Majesty
King George VI presents new Colours to the Carleton and York Regiment, at
Caterham, Surrey (England). His Majesty reminds the regiment that wherever they
are called to fight, they will be "fighting on the very soil of New
July 2, 1847 Dr. James Collins, who assisted hundreds of
Irish immigrants ill with typhus on Partridge Island, dies of the dreaded
ship-fever at the age of 23. Collins is buried in Saint John, in a lead coffin
designed to prevent the spread of the disease.
July 4, 1776 The
Thirteen United States of America issue their Declaration of
Independence from Great Britain, and the American Revolution begins in earnest.
July 4, 1852 The "Marco Polo" sets sail from Liverpool (England),
reaching Melbourne (Australia) in a record 76 days. Upon returning to Liverpool
in another 76 days, the pride of New Brunswick earns the title of "Fastest Ship
in the World".
July 5, 1700 Governor Joseph Robinau de Villebon dies
at Fort Saint-Jean (Saint John).
July 5, 1854 An epidemic of Asiatic
cholera breaks out in Saint John, killing an estimated 1,000 people by
summers end. The citys Board of Health orders all taverns to not
sell alcohol, daily death tolls are posted, and all homes in Portland are
July 5, 1872 The Honourable George Edwin King of Saint
John becomes Premier of New Brunswick.
July 7, 1830 The Saint John
County Militia, under Lieutenant-Colonel Simonds, announces the formation of a
separate African Company of the First Battalion comprised of "all the people of
July 10, 1972 The Maritime provinces experience a total
eclipse of the sun.
July 11, 1788 Benedict Arnold's store on Main
Street in the Lower Cove district of Saint John is burned. Rumoured to have
been over-insured, Arnold is accused by his ex-partner, Munson Hayt, of
starting the fire.
July 11, 1912 Construction commences in Courtenay
Bay on Saint John's massive new dry-dock. Premier J. K. Flemming and invited
dignitaries watch as the Honourable W.T. White detonates TNT, marking the
beginning of site preparations.
July 12, 1849 The annual July 12th
Orange Order celebration in Saint John erupts into violence at York Point. More
than 1,000 Protestants and Irish Catholics battle amid chaos as law and order
breaks down and 12 deaths are reported.
July 12, 1877 Amand Landry,
the first Acadian member of the Legislative Assembly, dies at Memramcook. First
elected in 1846 as a representative for Westmorland County, Landry is believed
to have been a descendant of Charles Saint-Étienne de La Tour.
July 12, 1960 Louis J. Robichaud becomes the first Acadian to be
elected premier of New Brunswick. Robichaud's Equal Opportunity Program
introduces wide-reaching social reforms and transforms the province into
Canada's only officially bilingual province.
July 13, 1784 The
oldest gravestone in the Loyalist Burial Grounds of Saint John is enscripted
with this date, "In memory of Conradt Hendricks aged 46 years".
1654 Charles Saint-Étienne de La Tour surrenders his fort at the
mouth of the river St. John to an English expedition led by Major Robert
Sedgwick. La Tour is taken to England as a prisoner, where he is held for two
July 14, 1888 Long-distance telephone communication is
established between Saint John and Fredericton.
July 15, 1788 The
meeting location for New Brunswicks Legislative Assembly moves from Saint
John to Fredericton.
July 15, 1880 Convicts of the Saint John and
Halifax penitentiaries are sent to the new Dominion Penitentiary at
July 18, 1621 Françoise-Marie Jacquelin is born at
Nogent-le-Rotrou (France), the daughter of a medical doctor. Later in life, she
marries Charles de Saint-Étienne de La Tour, Governor of Acadia, and
dies at Fort La Tour (Saint John) in 1645.
July 18, 1974 Premier
Richard Hatfield announces the construction of the first nuclear power station
in the Maritimes at Point Lepreau, on the Bay of Fundy.
July 23, 1914
New Brunswick's worst labour strife occurs during the Saint John Street
Railwaymen's strike, when the militant union and supporters clash in the
streets against the Royal Canadian Dragoons.
July 25, 1883 While
carrying a load of timber from Quebec to London (England), New Brunswick's
pride, the clipper ship "Marco Polo", runs aground in a storm and breaks up off
the coast of Cavendish (Prince Edward Island).
July 26, 0 FEAST DAY
OF SAINT ANNE
July 27, 1812 At Saint John, the owners of the sloop
"General Smyth" apply for a letter of marque to cruise against the American
enemy. While no letters are issued, the vessel engages in privateering anyway
during the War of 1812.
July 28, 1827 The steamer "Saint John"
begins service from Saint John to Eastport, Maine.
July 30, 1860 The
European and North American Railway is completed between Shediac and Saint
August 1, 1927 In response to the
Maritime Rights Movement and the subsequent development of a National
Transportation Policy, the federal government takes over operation of the Port
of Saint John.
August 2, 1689 During King Williams War, John
Gyles is captured by Maliseet warriors at Pemaquid (Maine) and taken to
Medokteck (Meductic). He later records his impressions as one of the earliest
English residents on the river St. John.
August 3, 1791 New
Brunswick's first lighthouse becomes operational on Partridge Island in Saint
August 4, 1914 Canada automatically enters World War I
as Great Britain declares war on Germany. Canadas Parliament later
authorizes raising expeditionary forces, on August 19.
1497 Having sailed throughout the waters of eastern North America, Giovanni
Caboto (John Cabot) returns to Bristol (England).
August 7, 1959 CBC
television commences national broadcasting of "Don Messer's Jubilee". Produced
in Halifax and featuring New Brunswick born Don Messer and Charlie Chamberlain,
the show becomes one of the most successful programs CBC television has ever
August 7, 1975 Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announces that
Canada will try to extend its economic coastal zone to 200 miles off the East
August 9, 1656 After having been held prisoner in England for
nearly two years, Charles Saint-Étienne de La Tour is allowed to meet
with Oliver Cromwell and regain his rights in Acadia as a Baronet of Nova
August 9, 1842 The Webster-Ashburton Treaty defines the
Maine-New Brunswick border, and awards the Madawaska territory south of the
river St. John to Maine.
August 10, 1840 The first balloon ascension
in Canada is undertaken by "celebrated Aeronaut" Monsieur L.A. Lauriat, from
Barrack Square in Saint John.
August 13, 1846 The Roman Catholic
Diocese of New Brunswick is incorporated.
August 14, 1838 A new city
water works, including fire hydrants, becomes operational in Saint
August 14, 1987 The Honourable Gilbert Finn is appointed
Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick.
August 15, 0 ACADIAN NATIONAL
August 16, 1784 Colonel Thomas Carleton is appointed the first
Governor of New Brunswick.
August 16, 1934 New Brunswick celebrates
its 150th anniversary as a separate province, and Prime Minister R. B. Bennet
officially opens Canada's first public museum, the New Brunswick Museum, in its
new building on Douglas Ave. in Saint John.
August 17, 1842 A
Ladies Bazar and Art Exhibition is opened in the Mechanics
Institute at Saint John by Lieutenant-Governor Sir William and Lady Colebrooke.
August 17, 1862 New Brunswick born lawyer, author, naturalist and
government agent, Moses Henry Perley, dies on board the vessel
Desperate off the Labrador Coast, and is buried at Forteau
August 17, 1905 Farmers in Manitoba and the territories
(Saskatchewan and Alberta) request 30,000 men from eastern Canada to assist in
harvesting this years wheat crop.
August 18, 1784 The first
Royal Instructions are issued to Governor Thomas Carleton by King George III -
setting out the form and order of government within the Province of New
August 18, 1827 Sir Howard Douglas meets with 93-year-old
Maliseet Elder, Chief Sachem Pierre Tomah, at Meductic. A veteran of the Battle
of the Plains of Abraham (1759), Tomah was an influential leader during the
period of the American Revolution.
August 19, 1942 For twelve raging
hours, under intense Nazi fire, Canadian troops from the 2nd Division fight the
blazing and bloody Battle of Dieppe.
August 23, 1871 "The Paris
Crew" of Saint John, named for their 1867 World Exposition rowing victory in
Paris, defeat England's famed Tyne Crew on the Kennebecasis River.
August 23, 1922 New Brunswick Films Limited is incorporated at Saint
John with Premier Walter Foster and Lieutenant-Governor William Pugsley as
stockholders. The province's first feature film is " Blue Water ", by Ernest
August 23, 1977 Irving Woodlands reach a milestone as Mr.
K.C. Irving plants New Brunswick's one hundred millionth tree, in the Black
Brook district near St.-Leonard.
August 24, 1807 Exports from
British North America to the United States are suspended due to strained
relations between Britain and the U.S. However, four Maritime ports (Halifax,
Shelbourne, Saint John, and St. Andrews) guarantee American shipping safe
August 24, 1873 One of the worst storms to hit the Gulf of
St. Lawrence region smashes Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova
Scotia. "The August Gale" is estimated to have killed nearly 1,000 men at sea.
August 28, 1762 James, son of Hugh and Elizabeth Quinton, is born at
Fort Frederick - the first child of English speaking parents whose birth is
recorded in Saint John.
August 28, 1824 Major-General Sir Howard
Douglas is appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick.
1758 Colonel Robert Monckton is sent to the mouth of the river St. John.
Monckton captures the French fort, but the garrison escapes upriver while the
British armed sloop "Ulysses" is wrecked attempting to navigate the Reversing
September 1, 1969 New Brunswick
enacts the Official Languages Act, making it the first officially bilingual
province in Canada.
September 2, 1752 The old Julian (Roman) calendar
is changed to the new Gregorian calendar throughout the British Empire.
September 2 becomes September 14.
September 2, 1755 At Grand
Pré (Nova Scotia), Colonel John Winslow issues a citation ordering all
Acadian men and boys to assemble at the church on September 5, without
that we may impart what we are ordered to communicate to
September 3, 1783 Great Britain and the United States
sign the Treaty of Paris, formally ending the American Revolution. A boundary
is established at the St. Croix River and the United States gain access to
British inshore fishing waters.
September 3, 1894 Labour Day is
officially celebrated in Canada.
September 5, 1804 Amos Botsford is
born in Saint John. Described as a person of discretion and
intelligence, in 1852 Lieutenant-Governor Sir Edmund Head appoints
Botsford to represent New Brunswick in Reciprocity Treaty discussions taking
place in Washington (D.C.).
September 5, 1918 The first police union
in Canada is organized in Saint John. The Saint John Federal Police Protective
Association is chartered on September 10. Two days later, the Police Commission
dismisses a number of the officers, but they are later reinstated.
September 6, 1851 New Brunswick's first postage stamps are available
for purchase at all post offices within the province. The Pence Issue includes
denominations of three pence, six pence, and one shilling.
1864 At the Charlottetown Conference on Prince Edward Island, the Maritime
Provinces discuss the various aspects of Maritime Union, with New Brunswick's
Samuel Leonard Tilley in favour of a Maritime union prior to a confederation of
British North America.
September 10, 1621 King James I grants Acadia
to the Scottish poet and nobleman Sir William Alexander. The royal charter,
written in Latin, names the territory Nova Scotia (New Scotland).
The river Ste. Croix becomes the Tweed, and the St. John becomes
September 10, 1784 The Privy Council of Great
Britain approves an official Great Seal for the province of New Brunswick -
illustrating a ship sailing up a river, with lofty pines on each side, and
bearing the motto Spem Reduxit (Hope Restored).
September 10, 1864 Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canadian
delegates meet at Province House in Halifax to discuss further details of
union. By September 12, an agreement is reached to hold a conference in Quebec
to consider the union of British North America.
September 10, 1939
Canada declares war on Germany.
September 11, 1884 The telephone
company in Saint John reports a total of 291 telephones in service.
September 14, 1864 New Brunswick and Canadian delegates from the
Charlottetown Conference arrive in Saint John, from Halifax (Nova Scotia). A
banquet is held at Stubbs Hotel, where the Canadians are toasted with the
singing of For They are Jolly Good Fellows.
1896 The American feminist, Julia Ward Howe, speaks on the North American
Suffrage Movement before a large audience in Saint John, at a national
convention organized by the Womens Enfranchisement Association of New
September 16, 1839 Described as "the poor man's friend",
George Fenety starts the first penny newspaper in the Maritimes, in Saint John.
"The Commercial News and General Advertiser" is later called the "Morning
September 16, 1915 The 26th Battalion ("New Brunswick's
Fighting 26th") departs England and lands at Boulogne (France). Later, they
participate in capturing Courcelette and taking more than 1,000 prisoners.
September 18, 1632 Scottish raiders, led by Andrew Forrester of
Charlesfort, New Scotland (Port Royal, Nova Scotia), attack Fort Sainte-Marie
in St. John harbour. Governor Charles Saint-Étienne de La Tour later
retaliates by robbing English traders at Machias (Maine).
1758 Colonel Robert Monckton arrives at Partridge Island, with over 2000
troops, on orders to destroy Acadian settlements along the river St. John. Fort
Frederick is established at the mouth of the river, near the location of an
abandoned French fort.
September 18, 1845 Gas lighting is first
introduced in Saint John.
September 21, 1893 The Honourable John
Boyd, of Saint John, is appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick.
September 23, 1897 Hollywood star Walter Pidgeon is born in Saint
John, at 23 Cedar Street. Pidgeon grows up working in his father's clothing
store at the corner of Main and Bridge Streets. At age 13, he gives his debut
performance at the Imperial Theatre.
September 24, 1918 The
"Patriotic Potato Scandal" inquiry opens at the Saint John County Court House.
After almost three years of inquiry, a tale unfolds of patronage, perjury,
cover-ups, incompetence, and many other forms of political
September 25, 1849 The "Teal" sails from Saint John,
bound for California and the Gold Rush.
September 25, 1975 The New
Brunswick Government agrees to put Bricklin Canada Ltd. into receivership,
after the company loses an estimated $23 million in its attempt to produce a
revolutionary new sports car.
September 26, 1709 The Abbé
Jean-Louis Le Loutre is born at Morlaix (France). Ordained in Paris (France),
Father LeLoutre first arrives in Acadia in 1737, later becoming one of the most
popular missionaries known in Acadia.
September 27, 1783 The
Fall Fleet of Loyalist evacuations out of New York arrive in St.
John harbour - too late in the season to reach their designated land grants, or
to prepare for the approaching winter.
September 27, 1982 The last
issue of "L'Évangeline" is published. The Maritime's most influential
French-language newspaper first appeared in 1887 and became a daily publication
on September 12, 1949.
September 29, 1834 The Honourable Ward Chipman
Jr., of Saint John, is appointed Chief Justice of New
September 30, 1697 King William's War ends with the Treaty
of Ryswick, which returns all of Acadia to France. New Englanders are
displeased, but by 1702 the Spanish War erupts in Europe and Massachusetts
again launches an attempt to reconquer Acadia.
September 30, 1764
The Halifax Gazette reports that at about 12 oclock noon a
very severe shock of an earthquake was felt at the mouth of the river St. John.
September 30, 1842 The Roman Catholic Diocese of New Brunswick is
established by Pope Gregory XVI, and in 1843, Father William Dollard becomes
the first Bishop of New Brunswick.
September 30, 1946 The last
passenger steamboat to ply the river St. John, the D.J. Purdy,
makes her final trip from Fredericton. She ends her days beached as a dance
hall at Gondola Point and burns in 1948.
October 1, 0 TREATY DAY
October 1, 1815 Father French opens St. Malachi's Chapel in Saint
John on the corner of Sydney and Leinster Streets.
October 5, 1869
The Saxby Gale, predicted one year earlier, devastates the Maritimes,
especially the Bay of Fundy region.
October 5, 1922 Two men from
Centerville are severely injured after crashing their vehicle into an American
car near the Centerville Bridge. The crash is the result of Americans driving
to the right while New Brunswick is still using the British rules of the
October 6, 1783 Peace is proclaimed between the United States
and Great Britain.
October 6, 1784 Dr. Samuel Moore of Saint John
reports the new province's first murder. A black man named John Mosley has been
killed with a pitchfork during a domestic dispute.
October 7, 1957
Thanksgiving is celebrated as an annual holiday. Since 1879 Thanksgiving has
been an annual harvest feast, but has often been celebrated at different times
of the year. In 1957 the second Monday of October is chosen as the annual date.
October 11, 1785 The first issue of the "Royal Gazette and New
Brunswick Advertiser " (forerunner to The Royal Gazette) appears in
October 11, 1918 In New Brunswick, the province's first
Minister of Health, Dr. William Roberts, outlaws the gathering of more than 5
people and closes schools and churches for 5 weeks to combat the spread of
October 11, 1927 A twenty-foot Celtic Cross is
unveiled on Partridge Island as a memorial to the Irish immigrants of 1847 and
Dr. James P. Collins.
October 15, 1785 Governor Thomas Carleton
issues a writ for New Brunswicks first provincial election. In Saint
John, the election ends with a riot outside the Mallard House polling station,
and troops are called in from nearby Fort Howe to restore order.
16, 1980 The Furbish Lousewort, a perennial herb only found growing along
the banks of the upper St. John, becomes the first plant to be protected under
New Brunswicks Endangered Species Act.
October 17, 1783 The
final fleet of Loyalist evacuations out of New York arrive in St. John harbour.
October 17, 1878 The Honourable Samuel Leonard Tilley becomes
Canadas Minister of Finance, with responsibility for implementing a
National Policy to encourage Canadian manufacturing.
1918 The Spanish flu peaks, as 55,000 people die across Canada, and one of
the worst epidemics in world history destroys the jubilation of World War I
October 25, 1798 An International Boundary Commission, set up
under the terms of Jay's Treaty, establishes the St. Croix River as the
southwestern border between New Brunswick and the State of Maine.
29, 1929 The Wall Street stock market crash marks the official beginning of
the Great Depression; however, the Maritime economy has already suffered
through almost ten years of depressed conditions and has little further ground
October 31, 1885 Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley, one of New
Brunswicks Fathers of Confederation, is appointed Lieutenant-Governor of
New Brunswick for a second time.
November 1, 1860 While British
currency is still accepted, decimal coinage becomes the official tender in New
Brunswick and new coins are not minted until 1862.
1945 The Honourable David Laurence MacLaren, of Saint John, is appointed
Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick.
November 2, 1936 The Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation is created.
November 3, 1850 Fredericton is
illuminated by gas lights for the first time.
November 3, 1886 A
major fire occurs in Dalhousie.
November 3, 1991 Allan Legere is
convicted of four counts of first-degree murder in the torture and beating
deaths of three women and a priest, during a reign of terror on the Miramichi,
after his 1989 jail break.
November 6, 1867 The first Parliament of
Canada's new Confederation opens in Ottawa.
November 6, 1879
Maritimers celebrate Thanksgiving for the first time, as a celebration for
the blessings of the harvest.
November 6, 1917 The
Honourable William Pugsley, of Saint John, is appointed Lieutenant-Governor of
November 8, 1928 Police arrest five men digging a
tunnel under the Chatham to Newcastle highway. The leader of the digging caper,
George Bulger, is outraged at the forced work stoppage, claiming to be within
striking distance of Captain Kidd's treasure.
November 9, 1849 The
first telegraph message is transmitted between Saint John and Halifax.
November 11, 0 REMEMBRANCE DAY
November 11, 1918 At 5
oclock in the morning in Paris (France), an Armistice Agreement is signed
between British Allies and Germany officially ending The Great
War (World War I) at the eleventh hour (11:00 AM).
1835 The first separate lunatic asylum in Canada opens in Saint John under
the direction of Dr. George Peters, who led the move to segregate the insane
from criminals. A new treatment centre, the Provincial Lunatic Asylum, opens in
November 14, 1895 Saint John becomes Canada's Winter Port as
the Beaver Line Steamship Company announces a fortnight service between Saint
John and Liverpool.
November 15, 1841 William Valentine advertises
his new Daguerreotype Miniature Portraits process in the " St. John Morning
News", the first known reference to photographic services in the
November 15, 1873 Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley, having
resigned his position as Member of Parliament in the administration of Sir John
A. Macdonald, is appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick
18, 1883 At midnight, Maritimers join with other regions in the Atlantic
Zone and set their clocks to confirm with the first installation of Standard
Time across North America.
November 22, 1784 At Parrtown, Governor
Thomas Carleton, having just arrived the previous day, takes his oath of office
and oversees the swearing-in of the provinces first Executive Council.
November 23, 1817 Army Officer, engineer, mathematician, and
colonial politician, James Glenie dies in poverty in London (England). Glenie
was one of the first to challenge the Loyalist establishment in New
November 25, 1783 British forces leave New York,
completing the evacuation of nearly 30,000 Loyalist refugees to present-day New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
November 25, 1784 The first judges of the
Supreme Court of New Brunswick - Chief Justice George Duncan Ludlow, James
Putnam, Isaac Allen and Joshua Upham - take their oath of office at Parrtown
November 25, 1864 Opposed to the gathering forces of
Confederation, Albert James Smith publishes his "Letter to the Electors of the
County of Westmorland", and delays Canadian union for almost two
November 26, 1934 Cigarettes are selling for 1 cent a piece
and a round-trip steamship excursion from Saint John to the British Isles is
November 29, 1892 Death of Martin Condon, a pauper sold
several times at public auction, who had saved $400 to buy a tombstone.
November 29, 1910 The New Brunswick Historical Society allows for
the acceptance of female members.
November 29, 1944 German submarine
U-1230, on war patrol in the North Atlantic, lands two German agents at Hancock
Point (Maine). Four days later she sinks the Canadian merchant steamer
Cornwallis in the Gulf of Maine, on route for Saint
November 30, 0 SAINT ANDREW'S DAY
November 30, 1782
A preliminary agreement to end the American Revolution is signed at Paris.
Britain recognizes the independence of its thirteen colonies, and in New York
preparations are underway to evacuate Loyalist refugees to British North
December 1, 1922 At midnight, all
motor vehicles move to the right side of the road in New Brunswick. Signs in
large red letters reading TURN TO THE RIGHT are posted along New Brunswick's
streets and highways.
December 1, 1936 The Purple Violet (Viola
cucullata) is proclaimed the provincial flower for New Brunswick, by an
December 3, 1944 While steaming to Saint John from
Barbados, the Canadian merchant ship "Cornwallis" is sunk off Maine by the
German submarine U-1230. Out of a crew of 48, only five survive.
December 5, 1812 The British brig "HMS Plumper", out of Halifax with
at least £70,000 in gold and silver destined to pay troops at Saint John,
strikes rocks near Point Lepreau in the Bay of Fundy and goes down. The
whereabouts of the treasure is never revealed.
December 6, 0 SAINT
December 7, 1840 The Saint John Mechanics Institute
building, first home of Abraham Gesners Museum of Natural History (New
Brunswick Museum), is opened on Carleton Street.
December 10, 1912
Father Édouard-Alfred LeBlanc is appointed Bishop of Saint John,
becoming the first Acadian Bishop in the Martimes.
December 15, 1725
Dummers Treaty of Peace and Friendship is signed at Boston
(Massachusetts), and British authorities promise to respect Wabanahki
(Penobscot, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, and Mi'kmaq) hunting, fishing, and
December 15, 1976 The first Atlantic Lottery draw
takes place in Moncton, with the $50,000 grand prize going to Judy Christopher
of North Port (Prince Edward Island).
December 16, 1920 Father
Patrice Alexandre Chiasson becomes Bishop of Chatham.
1783 At Carleton (Saint John), Loyalists William Lewis and John Ryan
publish New Brunswicks first newspaper, The Royal Saint Johns
Gazette and Nova-Scotia Intelligencer.
December 21, 1878 The
City Market in Saint John reports heavy sales of country produce,
as the Christmas season approaches.
December 23, 1879 A brick Market
House opens at Market Square in Saint John, two years after a fire destroyed
more than 100 wooden structures in the city. Designed to withstand fire, the
building burns in the Great Fire of 1877 and is rebuilt.
1819 The Madras Central School opens on King Street in Saint John.
December 25, 0 CHRISTMAS DAY
December 25, 1635 Explorer
and cartographer, Samuel de Champlain dies at Quebec. As lieutenant to Pierre
Dugua de Mons, Champlain charted the coast of Acadia and was one of the
founding members of the first French settlement in North America, on Saint
December 26, 0 BOXING DAY
December 27, 1848
A telegraph line from Calais (Maine) to Saint John is completed, allowing for
dispatches to be sent to Boston, New York and other major North American
December 28, 1720 The British Lords of Trade propose to
deport the Acadians from Nova Scotia, although the deportation does not take
place until 35 years later, in 1755.
December 30, 1861 As a result of
The Trent Affair (seizure of two Confederate diplomats from a
British vessel on the high seas), 6,000 British troops land at Saint John with
orders to march overland to the Canadas - in defence of a possible American
December 31, 1847 Saint John has seen almost 15,000 Irish
immigrants arrive at its harbour over the past year, including 5,800 in 35
vessels during the month of June.
December 31, 1868 It is reported
that Marysvilles Alexander Boss Gibson has shipped 67,942,511
feet of lumber and 759,505 palings from Saint John to English markets
making him the largest shipper of lumber in America, if not the
Information taken from
HOME · HISTORY · AROUND TOWN
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The land on which the Presidential Mansion was built was, until the final decades of the nineteenth century, outside city limits. The eastern limit of the town was the Royal Palace. Beyond that, there were fields and small farms. The only buildings appearing on the maps of the period were the manor of the Duchess Plakentias (known as “Ilissia” and today housing the Byzantine Museum) and the Petraki Monastery, both built in country areas far from the centre of town. The limited significance of the area at the time may be seen by the fact that a girl’s orphanage (which no longer exists) was built there in 1854. Furthermore, the land along Kifissias Avenue (today called Vassilis Sophias) also remained unbuilt and was earmarked by the state for the construction of ministry buildings.
In early 1870 the State allowed the sale of land to private individuals which led to the construction of mansions to house the wealthy families of Athens. Around 1890, the architect Ernst Ziller was entrusted with the construction of the Crown Prince’s Palace. This palace later became the residence of the Royal Family and is now used as the Presidential Mansion.
Today, with the city of Athens extending over many square miles, the Presidential Mansion is located right at the centre of the capital next to the National Gardens and Parliament.
Herod Atticus Road, where the Mansion is located, is not only one of the most beautiful roads in the city, it is also bound up with the political and social life of Greece, since also situated there is the mansion where the Prime Minister of the day has his office.
The Presidential Mansion with its garden takes up a total area of about 27,000 square metres (about 7 acres). The official entrance to the Mansion is on Herod Atticus Road. | <urn:uuid:42c92411-2fce-4ac7-9368-75b3d7c36554> | {
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ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ASTRONOMY EDWARD MORAN was toying with the idea of taking a webcam with him to the Kitt Peak National Observatory so sophomores in his Introduction to Astronomical Techniques class could get a closeup look at hands-on research. But then he had a better idea: leave the camera home and take the sophomores.
“There are five students in the class,” Moran says. “So I thought, why not?”
Moran admits that one of the “why nots” is that such an opportunity isn’t afforded to undergraduate students with declared astronomy majors at universities across the nation, never mind sophomores who have yet to decide on a major. In fact, Moran didn’t even get to go to such a facility until he was in his third year of graduate school at Columbia. Still, he thought it would be a tremendous opportunity.
“Certainly better than a live webcast,” he said.
Van Vleck Professor of Astronomy William Herbst, who heads the department, enthusiastically backed the idea. Still, logistical and funding questions loomed, so Moran said nothing to his students. But then he received permission from Kitt Peak and secured a Rosenbaum/Andersen grant from the university. The grant provides funding for educational experiences specifically designed for first- and second-year students. With all this in hand, Moran made his announcement.
“I told the students I’d be missing a week of class in April because I was going to Arizona to work on my research,” he said. “And then I told them they were coming with me to assist.”
“I think their jaws collectively hit the floor.”
The facility itself is enough to create a jaw-dropping effect. Perched at the top of a mountain in the Sonoran desert about 50 miles southwest of Tucson, Arizona, Kitt Peak is one of the world’s elite observatories. It is home to the largest collection of telescopes anywhere (25 optical and two radio), which draw researchers from colleges, universities, and other institutions from around the world. Wesleyan buys a month’s worth of observation time on one of the telescopes each year.
Along with its impressive array of telescopes, Kitt Peak also affords observers an increasingly rare work environment: the truly dark sky.
“Most of these students come from urban or suburban areas so they’ve never seen a night sky without some degree of ambient light,” Moran says. “The number of stars that can be seen in a dark sky just standing outside after sunset using the naked eye can be quite breathtaking.”
During the three nights of observations the students assisted Moran with his ongoing research: studying a galaxy with a super-massive black hole at its center that exhibits uniquely rapid changes in brightness. It’s 13-million light years away—relatively close in astronomical terms. He hopes to discover the cause of the variation in brightness.
“The students were actively involved with my research and basically worked and interacted like other researchers at Kitt Peak,” Moran said.
This included the use of the telescope to make observations all night long. They also handled some of the other essential activities such as working with the bank of computers, acquiring calibration data, and attending to the monitoring and refilling of liquid nitrogen needed to keep the detector cold. The students also interacted with other researchers at the facility, not just at the telescopes and computers, but also informally in the dining hall and around the campus of the facility.
“It gave me a better idea for what the minute-by-minute experience of observing is like,” says Matt Johnson ’07. “Observing is a big part of astronomy and it was amazing to get the opportunity to do it hands-on at a ‘real’ place like Kitt Peak.”
For Seth Cohen ’07, it was a defining experience.
“I knew I was interested in astronomy, but I wasn’t sure if actually having it as a career was right for me,” says Cohen. “After the trip, however, I realized that everything I learned how to do at Kitt Peak only made me more fascinated with the subject, thus affirming my interest in eventually having astronomy as a career.”
Sounds like it beats a webcam hands down. | <urn:uuid:cad290c4-3642-42b6-b848-44c03fdcb973> | {
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By Andrew Griffin
The year 2015 will have an extra second — which could wreak havoc on the infrastructure powering the Internet.
At 11:59 p.m. on June 30, clocks will count up all the way to 60 seconds. That will allow the Earth’s spin to catch up with atomic time.
The Earth’s spin is gradually slowing down, by about two thousandths of a second per day, but atomic clocks are constant. That means that occasionally years have to be lengthened slightly, to allow the slowing Earth to catch up with the constant clock.
But last time it happened, in 2012, it took down much of the Internet. Reddit, Foursquare, Yelp and LinkedIn all reported problems, and so did the Linux operating system and programs using Java.
The reset has happened 25 times since they were introduced in 1972, but the computer problems are getting more serious as increasing numbers of computers sync up with atomic clocks. Those computers and servers are then shown the same second twice in a row — throwing them into a panic.
If a computer is told to do an operation at the time that is repeated, for instance, the computer is unsure what to do. Or if an e-mail is received in that moment, it could find its way in the wrong bit of the server.
Last time, Google anticipated the problem and built a smart update, which it called “leap smear”. It modified its servers so that they would add a little bit of extra time every time they were updated, so that by the time of the leap second they were already caught up with the new time. It said when it laid out the plan in 2011 that it would use the same technique in the future, when new leap seconds are announced.
Leap seconds were initially added at least once a year, but have slowed since 1979. The U.S. wants to get rid of them entirely, arguing that they cause too much disruption, but others have opposed the change.
Britain, for example, has said that the leap second should stay. Getting rid of it would mean the end of Greenwich Mean Time, used in some European and African countries, which is measured by the sun and would no longer be accurate. | <urn:uuid:ce855b80-7455-480e-893b-21a3c22f20af> | {
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These series of statistical graphics show that, while there's still plenty of war, hunger, sickness and poverty in the world, things are much better than what they were only a few decades ago — not to talk about centuries ago. We are still far from utopia, but the data is stubborn: We are getting there. Fast.
Swipe to close
Check out this graphic of death in wars since 1947 — when the Indo-Pakistani war started two years after the end of World War II (the deathliest human conflict in absolute numbers.) Even while the doomsayers argue that we are in another valley of relative peace preceding a major worldwide conflict, even while we there's the ISS, Syria, Iraq, Israel, Ukraine and Afghanistan, it seems the world is pretty much in calm. But while war and conflict have terrible consequences, they are temporal events. More important through time is the level of poverty, food consumption or child mortality. Here's the map of food supply. Click on the years to see the differences since 1961:
This data comes alive in this two insightful (andpresentations by Swedish statistician and expert in development Hans Roslin: | <urn:uuid:5cbbbb70-1994-48b3-adaf-3afe7fdec268> | {
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Water in the winter for green trees in the spring
Fall tends to be a time for putting away hoses, rather than getting them out, but don’t get in too big a hurry if you have newly-planted trees or shrubs.
Tim Sime, one of the owners of Jolly Lane Greenhouse in Rapid City, South Dakota, said lack of winter moisture and temperature fluctuation are two of the major culprits when it comes to winter-killed plants.
But don’t let that stop you from planting new trees or shrubs this fall—just keep in mind that they may need water even after they’ve lost their leaves.
“Fall is a good time for planting,” Sime says. “For the most part, it’s no different than planting in any other part of the season, as far as the planting process goes. If you can dig a hole, you can plant a tree. As long as the ground isn’t frozen, it’s fine to plant.”
Fall planting is best done with container-grown trees and shrubs in our area, according to John Ball, SDSU extension forestry specialist, in an iGrow article about planting bare-root trees. “While bare-root trees can be planted in the autumn and spring in most of the United States, in South Dakota only spring planting is advised. Our harsh and dry winters can often injure tender fall planted bare-root trees. Bare-root plantings are limited to the spring time period between soil temperatures warm enough to allow for root growth (at least 45° F) and when the tree’s buds begin to expand,” he writes.
Sime advises amending the soil when planting trees or shrubs, unless you have unusually good soil—not typically the case in western South Dakota. Adding compost to South Dakota’s native soils will help improve both drainage and moisture retention, keeping the soil and moisture in contact with the roots.
“When we get to the point that we have freeze-up for winter, that ground needs to be saturated,” he said.
The danger for most trees and shrubs that don’t have established root systems comes with the 50 to 60-degree days in the midst of winter’s chill. While we may be basking in the sun, the thawing that begins can be deadly to plants. Making sure the soil around the roots is moist before it freezes can help offset the effects of these temperature fluctuations. “The moisture in the soil acts as an ice cube,” Sime says. “It keeps the ground cold even when the temperature goes up.” The goal is to prevent change in the soil temperature as much as possible.
On those nice days, Sime suggests getting out the garden hose and letting it slowly trickle around the trees, or drilling a few small holes in a five-gallon bucket, and filling that and setting it beside the tree. “If the water is soaking in, the tree needs it. If it’s running off, you don’t need to water,” he says. But he also says it’s always better to have too much than not enough.
Mulch can be another way to help keep trees alive over the winter. Wood chips or river rock help hold in the moisture that would otherwise be sucked out by winter winds with no snow cover.
If you’re not sure if watering is necessary, Sime suggests pushing a metal rod or stick into the ground as far as you can—at least six to 12 inches, to see where the moisture level is. The goal is to make sure there is moisture around the roots. When in doubt, water.
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Rob Davies is Public Affairs Manager for CLOSER, the UK longitudinal studies consortium funded by the ESRC and the Medical Research Council. CLOSER brings together eight biomedical and social longitudinal studies, with participants born as early as the 1930s to the present day.
Before I worked for CLOSER I helped run a charity supporting vulnerable people with different needs, including addictions, mental health problems, debt or homelessness. I saw first-hand the damaging effects of these complex issues and the barriers people face in their attempts to get back to work and take advantage of opportunities many of us take for granted.
So when the government announced a commitment to create a country that works for everyone I, like many others, hoped this signalled a new approach in tackling some of the fundamental and seemingly intractable issues we face in our society today.
The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) recently announced new plans to help workless families break the cycle of disadvantage. Improving lives: Helping Workless Families sets out proposals to improve outcomes for children who grow up in workless families and face multiple disadvantages. It draws on analysis of three longitudinal studies in the CLOSER consortium – Understanding Society, the Millennium Cohort Study, and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.
In the foreword of the report, Damian Green (Secretary of State for Work and Pensions) says we need to understand the complex issues that some families face and develop a new approach to tackling poverty and engrained disadvantage. Analysis of the longitudinal evidence has provided new insights into these issues, particularly on the impact that workless parents can have on their children over the lifecourse. Combining survey and administrative data has also shed new light on the impact to children’s educational attainment if they live in a workless family.
The DWP analysis is pretty stark – children growing up in workless families are almost twice as likely as children in working families to fail at all stages of their education, and workless families are considerably more likely to experience problems with their relationships, have poorer mental health, and be in problem debt. An intergenerational cycle of disadvantage emerges if left untackled, with children in workless households more likely to repeat the poorer outcomes of their parents. Two factors that feature particularly strongly in the lives of workless families are parental conflict and poor parental mental health.
Commitments to help address these issues place greater emphasis on helping people back to work and tackling the disadvantages associated with worklessness. Specific priorities include reducing parental conflict through a new programme and tackling dependency to help those dependent on drugs and alcohol back into employment. National indicators will track progress over time and a new evidence resource developed to support a range of professionals commission and deliver effective, evidence-based interventions in their communities.
Does this signal a new approach at the heart of government? Recognising that multiple disadvantages and complex needs are issues best tackled through a lifecourse approach, using evidence from multiple longitudinal studies and (where possible and appropriate) combining this with administrative data seems to suggest it does. This is welcome news, but more can be done. A holistic approach is required to tackle the root causes of disadvantage.
The UK’s longitudinal studies are world-class research resources which enable us as a country to track, measure and understand complex change. Crucially, they provide unique insights about the dynamics of individual behaviour and the influence of early life circumstances on later life outcomes. Longitudinal evidence has more of a part to play across a range of domains, including health, education and employment – for example, the government’s Industrial Strategy presents a timely opportunity to commit long-term investment in these vital resources and capitalise on one of our world-leading strengths. Continued investment in these studies will be crucial to the future success of the UK’s science and research base and will help inform policymakers for generations to come.
Societal issues are complex and multi-faceted – to address these requires a cross-departmental approach that recognises operating in isolation from each other simply does not work. If we are truly serious about tackling the entrenched issues I witnessed in my previous role this new approach by the DWP is a positive step. This needs to be emulated across government in their efforts to “build a country that works for everyone” and help struggling families and their children overcome their problems and improve their lives. | <urn:uuid:d11857b2-5b24-4418-b89f-9cf7410d85f1> | {
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INTRODUCTION TO TRICEPS IMPLANTS
Using the Chugay Biceps Prosthesis as a starting point, a custom designed triceps prosthesis was developed by Dr. Nikolas Chugay to help achieve augmentation in the triceps area for reconstructive and cosmetic needs.
HISTORY OF THE PROCEDURE
Triceps augmentation really takes its early steps in the work done by various surgeons to augment the bicipital region. The biceps implant was initially used by surgeons to help in the reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the upper extremity left by significant trauma or post oncologic surgery.
Using his experience with biceps augmentation and having a good understanding of the upper extremity musculature and neurovascular structures, Dr. Nikolas Chugay sought to begin performing triceps augmentation not only for restoration of volume following traumatic injury or as a result of congenital abnormalities but to aid those patients who wished to increase the volume of the triceps region purely for vanity. In 2010, he published his initial work on 14 patients that received triceps augmentation from 2008-2010. All of the initial procedures were performed via an incision in the axilla and placement of the implant primarily in the submuscular plane. In the primary author’s experience, greater risks for complications were possible with placement of the implant under the muscle, as in biceps augmentation, and for that reason the author routinely uses the subfascial plane for augmentation in the vast majority of cases. With placement solely beneath the fascia, the improved contour was similarly noted but without the increased risk of damage to vital neurovascular structures.
Initially, triceps augmentation was introduced as a means to treating asymmetries in the arm region left due to congenital anomalies, trauma producing atrophy of muscles in the upper extremity, and in those patients who suffered volume deficits secondary to trauma or post oncologic surgery. Triceps augmentation, for purely aesthetic reasons, is indicated for the patient who has hypoplasia in the area of the triceps muscle.
In any initial triceps augmentation patients are instructed on the fact that they can achieve an augmentation of approximately 1 inch in vertical height over the triceps. Larger augmentations may require a second operation with larger, custom implants. Also, patients are instructed that while biceps and triceps augmentations can be performed, it is safer to separate this into two separate surgeries to avoid the risk of compartment syndrome in the upper extremity.
Based on evaluation at consultation, the surgeon can choose the implant that would best suit the patient’s body habitus.
POST OP CARE/INSTRUCTIONS
On discharge from the office on the day of surgery, the patients have their arms wrapped in elastic compression sleeves to diminish the amount of swelling and potential for seroma formation. These sleeves are to be worn at all times for a period of 4 weeks. Patients may remove the sleeves to shower and to wash the sleeves as needed. Patients may begin showering the day after surgery, taking care to dry the elastic tape over their insicions with a hair dryer on a low heat setting. The patient is instructed postoperatively to limit the use of the upper extremities and to avoid exertion or any heavy lifting. Patients may begin to use their arms as tolerated immediately after surgery but are restricted from heavy lifting or vigorous activity for 4-6 weeks post operatively.
In performing triceps augmentation, there is a host of complications that can arise
|Potential Complications of Triceps Augmentation Surgery
ADJUNCT PROCEDURES FOR UPPER EXTREMITY CONTOURING/ TREATMENT OF SKIN LAXITY IN THE TRICEPS REGION
Patients seeking contouring of the upper extremity can present with a constellation of problems including: lipodystrophy, skin laxity, and muscle hypoplasia. In addition to treating the hypoplastic muscle with triceps implants, a patient may require some combination of liposuction of the arm and/or excision of excess skin with formal brachioplasty. These will be further discussed at the time of consultation.
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In my last article, I described two therapeutic models, dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), that are useful for addressing eating and food problems. Both involve the concept of mindfulness, or the practice of observing what we see, hear, touch, taste, and smell, as well as what we feel emotionally and physically. Mindfulness also means being aware of what we are thinking at any given moment, in order to be fully present in the present.
Why be fully present in the present? Because that’s where life happens. All too often, we human beings live in our heads, in thoughts of things that already happened or things that we imagine, fear, or desire will happen. We feel emotions in reaction to and along with these thoughts, and we sometimes take action based on these thoughts and feelings.
For example, a young woman might receive an invitation to a party that was to happen on the weekend. She might then imagine the people she expected to be at the party, and find herself thinking that she was too fat to attend, that the other guests would see her body and judge it and her, and she would feel afraid of these people’s judgment and then anxious and ashamed. She might then berate herself for her eating and exercise habits and criticize her body, engaging in the very judgment that she imagined the other guests would pass. She might then decide not to attend the party, feel relieved, and vow to crack down on her eating. And she might spend the evening of the party at the gym working out for hours, or in front of her television eating cookies and ice cream.
This young woman is not living in her life. She’s living in her head.
It’s like a pinball machine: thought and emotions and predictions and beliefs ricochet off of one another, creating internal uproar. Recognizing this ricochet process of thoughts, emotions, and body sensations is necessary in order to change such patterns. Mindfulness enables us to do this.
According to DBT, everyone has four different minds that are important to be aware of: “Reason Mind,” or “Reasonable Mind,” which comprises our logical, rational, intellectual perspectives on a given situation; “Emotion Mind,” which is what we feel emotionally about the situation; “Body Mind,” the physical sensations we experience in that situation; and “Wise Mind.” Wise Mind is that place deep within us that observes without judgment and knows what is best for us. DBT teaches people how to be aware of what Reason, Emotion and Body Minds are saying, but to decide how to proceed by listening to Wise Mind.binge eating or over-exercising, but not healthy. We think we’re reacting to the situation, but we’re actually reacting to the story we tell ourselves about the situation.
Another way of understanding this process is through the concept of parts of self. Everything living is a whole made up of parts—each of us has a body, and that body has many parts. The same can be said of our psyches: we have lots of parts, different parts for work, play, friends, and family.
One therapeutic approach that utilizes the concept of parts of self is internal family systems (IFS). According to IFS, there are two main types of parts that are relevant to the problems that bring people to therapy: vulnerable parts, which are usually younger and hold painful emotions and negative beliefs about themselves that they acquired during difficult experiences, and protective parts, which protect us from being overwhelmed by the pain of the vulnerable parts. Protective parts often engage in unhealthy or harmful behaviors, so it’s important to remember that while their impact is negative, their intentions are good.
IFS also states that everyone has a core self that is compassionate and non-judgmental, and that when we connect to various parts of ourselves from self, we create the beginnings of positive, healing relationships with those parts.
Let’s look at the aforementioned process that I described using a DBT focus from an IFS perspective: the situation triggers a vulnerable part, the person sees the situation through the eyes of that part, and feels the emotions and body sensations of that vulnerable part. This in turn triggers a protective part, which wants to do something familiar and comforting, yet unhealthy, to stop the discomfort. What DBT calls the “story” is, in IFS, the perspective of an activated vulnerable part; the emotions and body sensations felt are those of that part; and the “action urge” is a protective part jumping in to provide relief by using a go-to behavior, like binge eating, bingeing and vomiting, or over-exercising.
While DBT offers methods of managing the emotions and action urges without acting on them in ways that are harmful, and recognizing and challenging the story, IFS focuses on befriending the protective part responsible for the action urge, and healing the vulnerable part generating the story, emotions, and body sensations.
DBT teaches a set of skills for managing painful emotions and creating positive change in life. IFS offers a means of meeting and creating compassionate relationships with the parts of self that are involved in the problems that bring people to therapy and to heal the wounds that parts have sustained.
While DBT typically is taught in skills training groups and applied in more depth in concurrent individual psychotherapy, IFS is most often used in individual therapy. Both are effective for treating eating and food issues, and, like many approaches, can be combined by therapists who are trained in both approaches.
© Copyright 2014 GoodTherapy.org. All rights reserved.
The preceding article was solely written by the author named above. Any views and opinions expressed are not necessarily shared by GoodTherapy.org. Questions or concerns about the preceding article can be directed to the author or posted as a comment below. | <urn:uuid:32dda349-b3f0-4b7c-8c4f-7f00ff05d98c> | {
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In 1899, Harding won a seat on the Ohio State Senate and his political career began. For the next several years, Harding remained active in both local and state politics. Harding was chosen to give the nomination speech for President Taft at the Republican National Convention in 1912. The exposure given to him at the convention allowed him to run for U.S. Senator. Harding won the race and served until his inauguration in 1921.
During the summer of 1920, Harding began to campaign in earnest. The campaign was run in a very modern fashion, with print ads, sound clips, news reels, anti-Democrat literature and celebrities all being used in an attempt to win voters. On November 2nd, 1920, Harding won the election with 60% of the popular vote and 404 electoral votes.
"Return To Normalcy" - 1920 Campaign Slogan
At the same time, Harding was making budget cuts in various other areas to make good on his campaign slogan, "Less government in business and more business in government." Over the course of his Presidency, tax rates were decreased across the board, and these slashes were felt by every income group. Even with the tax reductions, the Federal debt was reduced by one third in the 1920s, mostly due to policies started by Harding.
The Harding administration had many scandals brewing beneath the surface, though few of them came to light before the President passed away in August of 1923. Harding's biggest challenge by far was keeping the Ohio gang under control during his time in office. Unfortunately for him, many of the gang members were able to sweep their illicit activity under the rug. While he may have been dimly aware of the trouble his friends were causing, he was kept out of the loop for the most part, making it nearly impossible to put a stop to it. After Harding's death, many of his friends were sent to prison for the various crimes they committed while Harding was in office.
While Harding was running for office, "the Duchess" was very involved in his campaign, moreso than any other First Lady up to that point. After he was elected, Florence worked to make the country a more welcoming place for war veterans to come home to. The White House had been closed to the public during the Wilson Administration, and the First Lady opened it again, and restarted the annual Easter Egg Roll on the White House lawn.
Warren Harding, a Republican from Ohio, served as President from 1921 to 1923. Harding viewed the Presidency as a largely ceremonial role, and advocated for keeping the government out of businesses. He was an early proponent of civil rights.
Museum Intern, University of Minnesota Undergrad
This panel is part of our 2014 exhibit on U.S. Presidents Between the World Wars. For educational purposes, we have made the document available as a pdf. --> | <urn:uuid:7bb22dd5-6577-4d8b-9e32-9e51093eef94> | {
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When should you plan to renovate a pasture? How long should a pasture stay productive? These are two common questions I hear from folks across the U.S. whose pastures aren't producing their former yields or forage quality, and they want to know what to do about it.
Unfortunately, these two questions miss the real point. The more pertinent question is: Why does the pasture need renovating?
Disappearance of desirable forage species, weed invasion and declining land quality are all results of management decisions. Yes, drought, flood, insects and disease all can play a role in pasture deterioration, but there are management decisions we can make to minimize their impacts.
I frequently see dramatic differences in pasture condition on adjacent properties after so-called natural disasters. How pastures respond to stress situations is largely a function of ongoing management strategies.
Failure to make a decision is a management decision. A basic principle of resource management is you always get what you manage for. The result may not be the target you hoped for, but it's the product of your management.
Many producers mistakenly believe all their problems will be solved by tearing up and reseeding a poor pasture. In reality, the new pasture quickly will revert to the previous condition unless fundamental changes are made in grazing, fertility and irrigation management.
Uncontrolled continuous grazing is one of the most common causes of pasture deterioration. In central Idaho, for instance, the predominance of low-producing Idaho fescue on many native range sites is the direct product of the grazing management imposed. Similar sites managed more appropriately will contain a wide range of species, including several native wheatgrass and needlegrass species, along with wild ryes and other palatable grasses and forbs.
There are only a few forage species that persist and produce under close continuous grazing. They vary among states and regions, but the result of uncontrolled, continuous grazing is pretty predictable. Just a moderate level of planned rotational grazing can make a dramatic difference in pasture condition.
Managing pasture fertility
Failure to manage pasture fertility is another common cause of pasture deterioration and weed invasion. This is particularly true in the eastern half of the U.S. where soil acidity provides ongoing challenges for plant survival.
Soil testing is an important tool for land management. Use it as a decision-support aid for balanced fertility management.
I've met many producers who wanted to tear up and reseed pasture when all that was really needed was better fertility management. Adequate pH and phosphorus levels are critical to the survival of many pasture species.
Where high nitrogen (N) rates were applied in the past to drive forage production, other necessary nutrients may have been added at inadequate levels. The result is loss of legumes and less-aggressive grasses from the mixture, and an increasing dependency on expensive N fertilizer. Trying to recreate a grass-legume mixture without first dealing with fundamental soil fertility issues is a waste of time and money.
Forage species differ in their rooting habits and water needs. Irrigation management that matches the needs of your pasture mixture is key to maintaining that mixture. Heavy, infrequent irrigation favors deep-rooted species. Frequent, light applications favor shallow-rooted species.
All over the West, I meet ranchers who are converting alfalfa hay fields to grazed pastures. Most aren't happy with the high percentage of alfalfa and low presence of grass in the fields.
One way to speed the conversion is to speed up irrigation frequency while reducing the amount applied each time. As long as the watering frequency is 7-10 days, alfalfa will continue to dominate. Shorten the frequency to 3-4 days and you'll encourage grass development.
Heavy weed infestation is often cited as a reason for pasture renovation. Fact is, most weeds don't invade and elbow out desirable forage species; they're invited by inappropriate grazing management, poor fertility and untimely watering. Loss of desirable species, low productivity, bare ground and erosion all come from the same management.
Before you renovate pasture, renovate your management. How often should you plan to reseed a pasture? My answer is once in your lifetime. Manage it appropriately and it will be there.
Jim Gerrish is a grazing management consultant based in May, ID, and former lead pasture researcher at the University of Missouri's Forage Systems Research Center in Linneus. Reach him at 208/876-4067, [email protected], or visit http://americangrazinglands.com. | <urn:uuid:16fa91a1-b4f8-4a59-aa89-4a501e1000ea> | {
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The University of Tasmania and ConTag Systems (ConTag) have teamed up in the application of temperature measuring and recording technology for oyster farmers.
The technology is aimed at providing reassurances to oyster growers and eventually to consumers about the shelf life of oyster shipments.
The Oyster Refrigeration Index (ORI) has been teamed with a rugged time-based temperature sensor which is included in oyster shipment and stores temperature data over the entire transport phase to produce a prediction of oyster health and merchantability.
ORI developer Professor Mark Tamplin from the Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture’s Food Safety Centre said one of the more common contamination risks to oysters is Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a natural bacterium found in seawater, the growth rate of which is sensitive to temperature.
The ORI will allow companies to predict how V. parahaemolyticus, if present, might increase in supply chains, particularly for products exported into markets that test for this bacterium.
“Until recently there has been insufficient information about how fast V. parahaemolyticus grows in Australian oyster species at different storage temperatures, but now the ORI has been field-tested with Pacific oysters and shown to make reliable predictions,” he said.
The Director of ConTag, Michael Jarvis, said that at the end of the transport phase, his company’s temperature data logger will be returned to Contag.
“When ConTag receives the tag, we use the temperature data to run the ORI model and can provide estimates of bacterial growth to the oyster growers within 24 hours,” he said.
”For now, the technology is principally providing operators with confidence that their produce is being shipped under the right conditions. However that’s just first generation. When we release our GPS-enabled version we will have the ability to analyse near real-time data, so that retailers can make evidence-based decisions about the oysters they are putting on their shelves.” | <urn:uuid:57a94b02-03ec-4602-a967-f4d9cd5c2100> | {
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A bank of editable spelling and handwriting resources perfect for the primary age range. Spelling lists, interactive games and creative teaching ideas for you to download.
Our resources provide you with creative teaching ideas and activities for your Primary class. If you're a subscriber, you can adapt them to make them perfect for your children and your teaching objectives.
Have a look at some of our hand-picked resources for EYFS through to Y6 Writing transcription. | <urn:uuid:dd3f4b1b-a204-4297-b507-6c13eb3d6e38> | {
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Causes and Risk Factors
How does open-angle glaucoma damage the optic nerve?
In the front of the eye is a space called the anterior chamber. A clear fluid flows continuously in and out of the chamber and nourishes nearby tissues. The fluid leaves the chamber at the open angle where the cornea and iris meet. (See diagram below.) When the fluid reaches the angle, it flows through a spongy meshwork, like a drain, and leaves the eye.
Sometimes, when the fluid reaches the angle, it passes too slowly through the meshwork drain. As the fluid builds up, the pressure inside the eye rises to a level that may damage the optic nerve. When the optic nerve is damaged from increased pressure, open-angle glaucoma–and vision loss–may result. That’s why controlling pressure inside the eye is important.
Does increased eye pressure mean that I have glaucoma?
Not necessarily. Increased eye pressure means you are at risk for glaucoma, but does not mean you have the disease. A person has glaucoma only if the optic nerve is damaged. If you have increased eye pressure but no damage to the optic nerve, you do not have glaucoma. However, you are at risk. Follow the advice of your eye care professional.
Can I develop glaucoma if I have increased eye pressure?
Not necessarily. Not every person with increased eye pressure will develop glaucoma. Some people can tolerate higher eye pressure better than others. Also, a certain level of eye pressure may be high for one person but normal for another.
Whether you develop glaucoma depends on the level of pressure your optic nerve can tolerate without being damaged. This level is different for each person. That’s why a comprehensive dilated eye exam is very important. It can help your eye care professional determine what level of eye pressure is normal for you.
Can I develop glaucoma without an increase in my eye pressure?
Yes. Glaucoma can develop without increased eye pressure. This form of glaucoma is called low-tension or normal-tension glaucoma. It is not as common as open-angle glaucoma.
Who is at risk for glaucoma?
Anyone can develop glaucoma. Some people are at higher risk than others. They include:
- African Americans over age 40.
- Everyone over age 60, especially Mexican Americans.
- People with a family history of glaucoma.
Among African Americans, studies show that glaucoma is:
- Five times more likely to occur in African Americans than in Caucasians.
- About four times more likely to cause blindness in African Americans than in Caucasians.
- Fifteen times more likely to cause blindness in African Americans between the ages of 45-64 than in Caucasians of the same age group.
A comprehensive dilated eye exam can reveal more risk factors, such as high eye pressure, thinness of the cornea, and abnormal optic nerve anatomy. In some people with certain combinations of these high-risk factors, medicines in the form of eyedrops reduce the risk of developing glaucoma by about half.
Medicare covers an annual comprehensive dilated eye exam for some people at high risk for glaucoma. | <urn:uuid:954fd00b-6b43-4b51-99a9-afadc1398c8f> | {
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Mixmag by Harrison Williams
May 7, 2018
Learning to DJ is now considered part of secondary education and counts toward a student’s General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) in the UK.
According to the BBC, the new qualification is now possible due to turntables, CDJs and other DJ gear now being recognized as formal instruments by examination boards.
In light of this, two professional DJs in Austen and Scott Smart have developed a DJ curriculum that is inspiring students to pursue music.
Austen and Scott are finding that music is helping students become more interested in the overall learning process of schooling: “We’re also seeing a lot of students who are not just maybe disengaged from the music department, but potentially disengaged from the rest of the school. I believe that we are able to connect with them, with the music that they get.”
This education business, which is called FutureDJs, is currently sending professional DJs to tutor kids throughout the UK. Their mission “is simply to get more young people into music, and in turn more students taking GCSE and A-Level Music.”
Check out the original article, here: http://mixmag.net/read/djing-is-now-considered-part-of-secondary-education-in-the-uk-news | <urn:uuid:62cd4454-82af-4102-a00d-1b3581eceb24> | {
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On the Longest Day of the Year,
by Billy Parish
For those of us in the northern hemisphere, today is the longest day of the year. Here in Oakland, California, we're soaking up almost 15 hours of sunlight. Globally, about 7600 exajoules of solar energy -- that is, about 15 times the amount of energy humanity will use this year -- will reach the earth's surface in the next 24 hours, powering everything from phytoplankton to redwoods to backyard BBQs.
It is, in other words, a beautiful day to get outside and celebrate the power plant that has kept our planet humming with life for the last 3.7 billion odd years.
It's also the perfect day to celebrate what we're learning to do with the sun's power. The past few years have ushered in an unprecedented, unforeseen, and largely unheralded solar energy revolution. As recently as 2005, global installed solar power capacity stood at 4.5 gigawatts (GW). Today, the figure exceeds 65 GW, which is equivalent to the capacity of about 130 average-sized coal-fired power plants.
To put recent growth of solar power in perspective it helps to look at how it has played out in particular places. Take the U.S., for example. Solar is America's fastest growing industry, and already employs more than 100,000 men and women -- more than U.S. steel production and more than U.S. coal mining. In California, which leads the nation on solar power, the number of installed solar energy systems has increased from about 500 in 1999 to more than 50,000 in 2011. These days, when you fly into a place like Oakland, you can see your plane reflected in the rooftops below.
Then there's Germany. A few weeks ago, every energy wonk in the world did a double take after learning that the country had met a third of its weekday noontime electricity demand -- and half of noontime electricity demand on a Saturday -- with solar power. These statistics are amazing in of themselves, but even more amazing is the fact that three-quarters of Germany's solar energy capacity is locally-owned. Put simply: the world's fourth largest economy and seventh largest energy consumer is now meeting a huge chunk of its electricity demand via clean energy sources whose economic benefits flow to everyday people.
So what's driving the solar revolution?
Better, cheaper solar technology is a big part of it. While the efficiency with which solar cells convert sunlight to usable energy has improved dramatically over the last few decades, manufacturing costs have come down. The upshot of both these trends is that the cost per watt for solar panels declined from $22 in 1980 to well under $1 by January of this year.
Policy has also played an important role. Many countries, Germany included, have implemented feed-in tariffs that essentially subsidize solar and other forms of renewable energy. In the U.S., government support for renewable energy has been more scattered, but state and federal incentive programs have still played a critical role in expanding the solar industry. For a fraction (one twelfth, to be precise) of the government dollars that go to the fossil fuel industry, these programs are driving innovation, bringing us closer to the day when solar will be cheaper than coal, even absent incentives. In California, we are already arriving at that point.
Finally, a new breed of solar entrepreneur is bringing down the costs associated with installing and financing solar power. One major innovation came from Jigar Shah, a founder of SunEdison, who realized that it might make more sense for many property owners to lease, rather than purchase, solar energy systems for their roofs. Thanks to solar leases, building owners are now able to go solar with no upfront cost and make monthly lease payments that are typically less than what they would pay the utility for the same amount of energy. More recently, innovations in cleantech have been merging with innovations on the net to form what Sunil Paul calls the "cleanweb." Sungevity uses advanced software and satellite imagery to provide potential customers with iQuotes for solar installations on their roofs. My own company, Solar Mosaic, is using the web to empower people to pool their resources to create solar in their communities. Our efforts recently won us a $2 million grant from the Department of Energy's Sunshot Initiative, which aims to catalyze a dramatic decrease in solar energy costs over the next decade.
There are plenty of days in the year to think about the mistakes we've made fighting climate change and how much we have left to do to create a society powered by clean energy. Yet, for now, with the sun shining outside, it's worthwhile to step back and think about what we have accomplished. It's worthwhile to think about all of the solar panels that are out there catching some serious rays today and how much coal -- about 186 million tons per year -- they'll keep in the ground.
What comes next? According to McKinsey and Co, the revolution is just getting started: we're on track to reach 400-600 GW of global solar capacity (that is, the equivalent of between 800 and 1200 coal-fired power plants) by 2020. Other projections estimate that by the end of the decade solar will be the cheapest power source for more than 80 million Americans. Some would say these projections are overly optimistic. I suspect we can do better than the projections suggest. We'll have to work hard. We'll have to innovate like crazy. We'll have to beat some seriously big and bad opponents and overcome some immense challenges.
Fortunately, we know can do all of this, because we're already doing it.
learn more on topics covered in the film
see the video
read the script
learn the songs | <urn:uuid:45eec008-4519-4237-96d1-b35d5bcfff0e> | {
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Quarterly Gross Domestic Product (QGDP)
To access the QGDP press here.
Quarterly Gross Domestic Product at market price (QGDP), the main macro-economic aggregate of national accounting, represents the final result of production activity for resident productive units, for a certain period, a quarter, respectively:
Quarterly Gross Domestic Product at market price is estimated by three approaches:
- output approach:
GVA=gross value added at basic prices;
TP=taxes on products;
SP=subsidies on products.
- expenditure approach:
FC= actual final consumption;
GCF=gross capital formation;
E=exports of goods and services;
I=imports of goods and services.
- income approach:
CO= compensation of employees;
GOS=gross operating surplus;
TPI=taxes on production and imports;
SPI=subsidies on production and imports.
The main data sources used for quarterly Gross Domestic Product estimation are:
- statistical sources: short-term surveys regarding industrial production, construction, services, trade; production account for agriculture; short-term surveys regarding earnings and employment;
- financial-accounting sources: accounting statements of financial institutions;
- administrative sources: execution of state budget and local budgets, and of social security budget; balance of payments.
Quarterly Gross Domestic Product is estimated in current prices, in the prices of the corresponding period of the previous year and in the average prices of the year 2000. The estimates in average prices of 2000 are calculated by chain-linking volume indices.
Besides the gross estimates of quarterly Gross Domestic Product, seasonally adjusted estimates are also compiled, based on the regressive method, this method being recommended by the European regulations.
The seasonal adjustment envisages the removal of seasonal effects from the data series in view to highlight the real economic evolution during consecutive periods.
In order to adjust the main aggregates series, based on which the GDP is estimated by all three methods, JDEMETRA software package is used (TRAMO/SEATS and X-13ARIMA-SEATS methods). This leads to the estimation of seasonal effect (events taking place each year at the same time, with the same amplitude and orientation, such as: seasons, holidays, etc.), of the working days number different from one month to another and the calendar effect (Orthodox Easter, leap year and other national holidays) as well as to the outliers identification and correction of outliers (additive outlier, transitory change, level shift) and to missing data interpolation.
The seasonally adjusted series was obtained by removing this effect from the unadjusted series, by means of correction coefficients, selected depending on the regression model used (additive or multiplicative). The additive or multiplicative model used for regression is automatically identified by the JDEMETRA software, depending on the nature of series that are subject to adjustments.
The seasonally adjusted GDP is obtained through the direct method, thus leading to a statistical discrepancy between the GDP and the sum of its components, which are independently seasonally adjusted.
The selection of regression models used for each series takes place at the beginning of each year and entails a revision of adjusted series compiled during the previous year (revision due to the changes of selected models, of regression factors number and of available observations number).
The revision of the quarterly accounts data is periodically done, when a new version of yearly national accounts is available. The revision of data has as objective to keep the coherence between the quarterly accounts and the yearly accounts. The periodical revision of national accounts unadjusted data series also entails the revision of seasonally adjusted series.
Last update: October 7, 2018 | <urn:uuid:0480b726-a429-4fc8-8c4e-b6d574696ade> | {
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Teenagers transitioning from elementary school to middle school may feel overwhelmed by daily pressures. From puppy love to peer pressure, teenagers have a lot on their plates that may cause them to slip in their academic studies. Students automatically know the difference between fifth grade and sixth grade homework on their first day of class. In fact, most students realize they will need to put in a little extra effort in order to pass their courses. After spending their first month adjusting to a “schedule” with different time “periods,” students will get the hint that they need to study to move on to the next grade level. However, the majority of middle school students need to learn how to develop study skills. Middle school teachers introduce the material in the syllabus on a daily basis and in order for students to effectively learn they will need to help students with their study skills. Middle school students need more than a parent or teacher telling them to study to be successful. In fact, many middle school students consider “cramming” a form of studying. Unfortunately, information does not store in short-term memory for very long, especially when students force themselves to stay awake the night before the test.
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Many teachers agree that the dedicated student will develop effective study skills. Middle school students who spend at least fifteen minutes a day reviewing the chapter taught in class will perform better on their test. Students often complain that they feel unmotivated when they start to incorporate their middle school study skills. Activities for middle school students looking to improve their motivation may include writing about their goals and aspirations about succeeding in middle school on paper. Motivation serves as the key above and beyond all middle school study skills. Motivation starts from within the student, not the teacher or parent. If the student finds a little motivation to seek the necessary assistance and resources, then he or she will succeed at improving their middle school study skills. Self-motivation enables the student to focus on improving their study skills. Middle school teachers agree that outer motivation only helps temporarily. Self-motivated students who wish to move beyond their limitations will begin by learning some of the most effective study skills for middle school students.
The self-motivated student will not feel rushed to learn all of the study skills for middle school students at once. In fact, they will select one of the suggestions on the study skills for middle students list and then work at making it a habit. Not only will this method make it easier for middle school students, it will become second nature as they transition into high school. Some of the most basic study skills for middle school students involve setting up a schedule, studying in fifteen minute intervals, taking small breaks, finding a quiet environment, eliminating distractions, regulating mood, and rewarding oneself for studying in the first place.
Teachers agree that improving reading comprehension stands at the cornerstone of effective study skills. Activities for middle schools students looking to improve their reading comprehension include scanning a chapter or notebook page while looking for charts, graphs, headers, maps, photographs, illustrations, summaries, and reviews. Scanning helps the student understand the information within a short period of time. It provides a quick view of the presented information and makes it easier to understand when the student chooses to read the entire chapter. Students who incorporate scanning into their routine agree that it improves their study skills. Activities for middle school students who wish to learn how to actively read include asking questions about the information contained in the chapter. In other words, students ask about the text in front of them, especially if they see a new word or concept that they do not understand. Students agree that active reading improves their overall study skills. Activities for middle school students looking to improve how they review a chapter include scanning over the information and actively asking questions.
Middle school students often complain about a fizzled memory. Students may dedicate their time improving their study skills for middle school, but simply forget what they have read. Students who wish to improve their study skills for middle school will need to improve their memory using a few simple tricks. Teachers introduce acronyms as an effective method to improve a student’s study skills for middle school curriculum. In short, students choose a word and then use each letter in the word as a reminder about a person, place, thing, or idea. Teachers also introduce acrostics to improve middle school study skills. Activities for students interested in acrostics include creating a phrase or poem with the first letter of each word or line. Teachers may also impart imagery as an effective method of improving middle school study skills. Activities for students looking to improve their imagery while reading include drawing or imagining a picture of the studied object, theory, or idea. Finally, teachers may incorporate visualization as a means of improving middle school study skills. Activities for students looking to improve their visualization include using graphic organizers to help remember pictures and other information.
Teachers will motivate their students once they introduce them to these study skills. Activities middle school students will come across while working through the curriculum challenge students to improve their study habits by getting motivated and organized. Students looking to improve their academic performance should take part in these study skills activities. Middle school teachers should gladly help their students with maintaining awareness in class, attending class, and participating in classroom discussion. Students who miss a class should inform their teachers immediately and report on a different day to gain credit for learning these study skills activities. Middle school students should take good notes, use their textbooks, ask questions, talk to their tutors, form study groups, and stay organized in order to transition to high school.
Follow these links to learn more about study skills for middle school students: | <urn:uuid:d810ed78-88b6-4559-97cb-a6618ce23777> | {
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According to all four Gospel narratives, the people were hungry and a young boy surrendered his lunch of five loaves and two fishes. But what was that among a multitude of more than 5000 men, not counting the women and children? Still as Matthew Henry states: “Those who have but a little, yet when the necessity is urgent, must relieve others out of that little, and that is the way to make it more.”
This paltry provision was brought in faith to Christ and was taken by the Lord, who then looked toward heaven and having blessed it, gave thanks. Afterward, so miraculous was the distribution of it that everyone did eat and was filled. So plentiful was the expansion of the meager measure there were twelve baskets full of left overs.
America’s beginning was similar. When the Pilgrims arrived in the New World, escaping religious persecution, they became hungry. Food was scarce and supplies low. Nearly half of their band died in the first winter. However, Squanto, an English speaking Native American who was briefly a slave and had also been introduced to the Christian faith, offered to help.
Like the Pilgrims, Squanto was also extremely impoverished. After having been kidnapped and stolen away from his kindred, upon his fateful return home he learned his entire tribe, the Patuxets, had been wiped out by a sudden plague. He wandered aimlessly for a time through the forests of his childhood grieving his loss. Having no where else to go, he settled with Massasoit, a chieftain of the Wampanoag. Later Sqaunto’s English speaking and interpreting skills would become instrumental in forging a forty year peace treaty between the Wampanoag and the Pilgrims.
Before this, Squanto was in despair and thought he had no reason for living. But now with a renewed sense of purpose in life, he would adopt the Pilgrims as his own people and help them survive. He would give them what he had – his knowledge. He would teach them how to fish, plant and harvest corn. He would teach them to hunt, refine maple syrup from maple trees, harvest berries, and discern what plants were good for medicines. He would also introduce them to the trade of beaver pelts and prosper them economically.
Peter Marshall, in his book, The Light and the Glory, says that by the fall of 1621:
“The Pilgrims were brimming over with gratitude – not only to Squanto and the Wampanoags who had been so friendly, but to their God. In Him they had trusted, and He had honored their obedience beyond their dreams. So, Governor Bradford declared a public day of Thanksgiving…Massasoit was invited, and unexpectedly arrived early – with ninety Indians! Counting their numbers, the Pilgrims had to pray hard to keep from giving in to despair. To feed such a crowd would cut deeply into the food supply that was supposed to get them through the winter…
But if they had learned one thing through their travails, it was to trust God implicitly. As it turned out, the Indians were not arriving empty-handed. Massasoit had commanded his braves to hunt for the occasion, and they arrived with no less than five dressed deer, and more than a dozen fat wild turkeys! And they helped with the preparations, teaching the pilgrim women to make hoecakes and a tasty pudding out of cornmeal and maple syrup. Finally, they showed them an Indian delicacy: how to roast corn kernels in an earthen pot until they popped, fluffy and white – popcorn!
The Pilgrims in turn provided many vegetables from their household gardens: carrots, onions, turnips, parsnips, cucumbers, radishes, beets and cabbages. Also, using some of their precious flour, they took summer fruits which the Indians had dried and introduced them to the likes of blueberry, apple and cherry pie.
A joyous occasion for all!....Things went so well that Thanksgiving Day was extended for three days.”
America would do well to remember these humble beginnings. Although this is not meant as a sanction of illegal immigration, let us not forget there was a time when we were the immigrants in a foreign land, perceived as intruders and desperately in need of friends. We were a minority fleeing another land with hope for a better tomorrow. We were poor, ignorant of the ways of this land and unable to speak the language. But God was with us and countenanced us in our poverty, destroying those bent on our destruction and blessing those that made room for us. Need we in our own hour of testing forget these foundations and fail to find a way to make peace on the issue of illegal immigration? Dare we forget it is only when we are willing to share that we should be given more? And may God hasten the day when He would raise up someone like Squanto in our midst – someone who truly understands both cultures and would lead us to find a balance between compassion for the lowly and fairness for those who legally occupy and own the land.
Moreover, let us remember whether it is a broken and impoverished life, or a broken and impoverished people, the miracle of the feeding of the five thousand remind us God specializes in transforming a little into an overflowing of abundance. The difference is whether we give our challenges to Christ.
Though America has grown over the centuries to become one of the wealthiest and most powerful nations in human history, Dr. George Sweeting, former President and current Chancellor of Moody Bible Institute, rightly contends:
“We have lost much of our basic trust in God. No longer do we see clearly His wisdom, power, and love. We have put our trust in men and they are failing. We have laid aside the Bible, not only in our schools, but in our homes and in our public life as well. Small wonder we have lost our concept of sin, our condemnation of wrongdoing. Bloodshed and violence fill our land. Again and again, we have affirmed the rights of men at the cost of God’s rights. We have sold our birthright for humanism’s pottage…We have made the fatal error of thinking we can be wise and good without God’s help, that we can be great and happy and still reject salvation on God’s terms. We must turn back.”
This Thanksgiving season, let us remember from whence we came – God’s loving-kindness to us when we were weak and vulnerable – the source of our abundance – to make room and share with others – to trust God implicitly in matters both personal and public – to recognize our constant need of Him - to repent and be thankful!
Dr. Creech is a regular columnist for Agape Press, the national news wire of the American Family Association. His columns have also appeared on numerous other sites across the web, including: The Christian Post, MichNews.com, The Intellectual Conservative, Capitol Hill Coffee House, The North Carolina Conservative, The Conservative Voice, Worldview Weekend Network, Renew America, as well as a number of others. | <urn:uuid:07c022d1-9275-4aa6-a88e-e11457e77615> | {
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IRBs, Vulnerable Populations, Informed Consent & Ethical Conflict
Within IRB considerations, all human research must be conducted in a manner which adequately protects the rights and welfare of the participants. Any trial administered in a village in Central Africa would be subject to federal regulations as if the trial was being conducted within the United States. As such this trial would need to comply with the federal regulations that are designed to protect humans with regard to informed consent and other ethical issues.
Although the procedures normally followed in Central Africa might differ than those in the United States, IRB policy is to approve the research providing that there “the procedures prescribed by the [foreign] institution afford protections that are at least equivalent to those provided in this policy” (45 CFR 46.101, 2015). In such an event, the foreign country’s procedures may be used in substitution US federal procedures and policies. However, this approval must be made by the appropriate federal agency after reviewing the foreign procedures. This outcome is different when the research is being funded by federal sources. For example, all FDA funded research must comply with FDA and with DHHS standards (DHHS, 2015).
The real issue in a trial in Central Africa is whether the research company follows the established protocols outlined in 45 CFR 46.101 and 45 CFR 46.102 (45 CFR 46.101, 2015). Whether the company is a private or public IRB should not matter as both are subject to approval by IRB. Private, for profit companies, may be more prone to ethical conflicts due to the fact that they may take advantage of vulnerable citizens who do not have another means of getting drugs and do not understand individual rights and thereby lose informed consent. Although the FDA and IRB are meant to provide oversight in this manner it is difficult to determine if requirements of informed consent are actually being met.
45 CFR 46.101. (2015). To what does this policy apply? Retrieved from Cornell Law: https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/45/46.101
DHHS. (2015). INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH. Retrieved from Department of Health and Human Services: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/archive/irb/irb_chapter6ii.htm
Vincent Triola. Mon, Feb 01, 2021. Protecting Vulnerable Populations in Clinical Trials Retrieved from https://vincenttriola.com/blogs/ten-years-of-academic-writing/protecting-vulnerable-populations-in-clinical-trials | <urn:uuid:34413314-fdbd-41ca-b4a2-1924f09f6b81> | {
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Oxford Seminar for Primary Education in Las Palmas
Creating Curiosity in the Classroom – Nina Lauder
People have a natural desire to find out more than what they already know. This natural curiosity to learn is something that, as teachers, we can tap into in the classroom. Learning is critically influenced by learner motivation and our classes are much more productive if students are curious about a topic and engaged in it. Curiosity might have 'killed the cat', but a lack of curiosity in the classroom might kill our pupils' will to learn. Come along and find out how to build interest and spark curiosity in our lessons.
Nina Lauder has been teaching at all levels since 1990 and for the past ten years has been involved in educational consulting and teacher training. She is one of the authors of OUP's new series for Primary, Explorers and currently works as a freelance author, teacher trainer and educational consultant. | <urn:uuid:6b956388-ba25-44b9-836a-c739af54dcdf> | {
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Schoolmaster Kantorek refers to his former students as "the Iron Youth". Paul Baumer and Albert Kropp scoff at the term because it is so ironic. Kantorek speaks of them as if they are glorious and indestructible, but in reality, as they find out so quickly on the front, the young men are not iron but only flesh and blood, and their youth is stripped from them forever by the realities of war.
Paul speaks with bitterness about men like Kantorek, the older generation who are so enamored with high ideals of patriotism and love of country, and who so willingly send the young out to do the dirty work of war. As a schoolmaster, Kantorek had used his authority to convince the impressionable "lads of eighteen" in his classroom that it was their duty to enlist to fight for their country. Never did Kantorek nor any other of the boys' role models try to make them understand about the horrific reality of what they were about to undertake. They taught that "duty to one's country is the greatest thing", but after a short time on the fields of battle, the young men learn unequivocably that "death-throes are stronger". By that time it is too late to preserve their youth, however. The things the soldiers experience rip away their innocence forever. With the harrowing realization of what war is all about, Paul and his friends know that the term "Iron Youth" is patently false. They are neither indestructible - "Iron", nor are they any longer innocent, or youthful (Chapter 1). | <urn:uuid:b6ff2b73-2f1b-48a8-a60f-1a1945887546> | {
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Questions About Remote Learning?
Andrew Jackson Story
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Does Andrew Jackson Deserve to be on the $20 bill?
TciMrs. Gomez Info Slides!
Andrew Jackson does not deserve to be on the $20 bill
This topic makes him not worthy to be on the $20 bill because it allowed the lower class to vote, but not for their knowledge on politics, but for votes.
Jacksonian Democracy was used because since he allowed many to vote, the majority voted for him. Except they voted for him just because he allowed them too, not for an actual political reason
Jacksonian Democracy- political power for all people, majority rule
Spoils Democracy was used because by rotating jobs, it allowed him to reward his loyal supporters and join the administration.
This topic makes him not worthy to be on the $20 bill because it replaced more experienced people with people who had no idea what they were doing.
Spoils System- the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters
Indian Removal Act-the first important legislative departure from the U.S. policy of officially respecting the legal and political rights of the American Indians.
Andrew Jackson is not worthy to be on the $20 bill because the Act forcefully relocated the Indians since they had found gold on their land( the Indians).
This topic was used because there was a huge argument between the the Americans and the Indians, so they would relocate the Indians from the East to the West of the Mississippi
Move West, the gold is ours!
States' Rights- the political powers held by each US states rather than by the federal government
Andrew Jackson is not worthy to be on the $20 bill because the tariffs of abomination mostly only hurt the south.
This topic was used because he mean't to set tariffs of abomination to hurt each state.
War on National Bank/ Economic Decisions-the act of going against national banks by vetoing their renewal charters and creating state banks
This topic was used to limit the federal banks power since Andrew Jackson believes the bank is only for the wealthy.
Andrew Jackson is not worthy to be on the $20 bill because by vetoing their renewal charters, it made it hard for the lower class or the poor to get loans.
Over 13 Million
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Göttingen was the place in which many important mathematicians such as Riemann worked. It was also one of the main locations for the development of quantum theory in the twenties (e.g. Heisenberg, Born worked there) What led to its decline, was it previously building up to it or was WW2 the only cause? Also when did it occur?
It's not exactly the war, but the Nazi regime more generally that caused the decline of Göttingen. When the Nazi's came to power in 1933, they started implementing antisemitic measures quite quickly. An important step in the Nazi policy was what is now dubbed 'the great purge of 1933', which (basically) aimed to expel all Jews from positions in government or academics.
The 'purge' caused a huge amount of influential scientists to leave Göttingen, mostly involuntarily (fired or fled the country), including Born, Noether, Wigner, von Neumann, Franck and many others. Born was even officially stripped of his PhD. degree. This turned out to be a decisive blow (something which applies more generally to science in Germany, which was really unrivaled in the early 20th century): The university never quite regained its former glory. One very telling example is given in this book. Between 1931 and 1939, the number of mathematics students in Germany declined from over 7000 to around 1250. The link that I provided to the Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences also contains a very 'nice' anecdote, illustrating the damage that was done:
In 1934, David Hilbert was sitting next to the Nazis' newly appointed minister of education, at a banquet. When asked, "And how is mathematics in Göttingen, now that it has been freed of the Jewish influence?" Hilbert replied: "Mathematics in Göttingen, there is really no such thing any more."
It's worth noting that we can't just pin it down to "The Nazi regime" and we may have to just say "The Nazis." Take for instance the case of Landau. He could not be purged as such but when he tried to teach in Fall 1933 he faced a student boycott led by Oswald Teichmuller. A letter from Landau sets the scene.
On 2 November, about 11.15, as I wished to leave my office and go to the large lecture theatre to begin my lecture, the entrance hall was filled with about 80 to 100 students who let me pass through unhindered. In the lecture hall was one person. Clearly therefore, there was a boycott with sentries at the door who had prevented (without force) those students who wanted to work from setting foot in the lecture room.
What happened - and it happened with the collaboration of many who were my pupils - leads me to believe that the only consequence must be my application to become emeritus or pensioned.
The article notes that it's reasonable to assume the boycott was actually organized by the SA but given his later history, it seems likely that Teichmuller was perfectly happy to be the face of the boycott. He was a staunch Nazi who frequently published in Deutsche Mathematik and indeed met his end fighting on the Eastern front after the German defeat at Stalingrad. Much more on this and similar topics can be found in "Mathematicians under the Nazis" by Segal.
MacLane's article "Mathematics at Göttingen under the Nazis" is a very vivid first hand account of the time 1931-33. MacLane writes:
... in 1933 eighteen mathematicians left or were driven out from the faculty at the Mathematical Institute in Göttingen
which shows how quickly the department disintegrated after the Nazis came to power. | <urn:uuid:74b2802d-7fae-4e82-81bb-3b396e5fde70> | {
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A Brief History of Philosophy from Ancient Greeks to Present Day
“What do you think of when I say “the spirituality of philosophy?” Some people think of the soaring spirit of Socrates, who saw past human suffering into the grandeur of God. Some people think of the soaring spirit of Socrates, who saw past human suffering into the grandeur of God. Some people imagine Plato’s great Symposium, with its Ladder of Love reaching from the pain of life to perfect union with God. Others contemplate St. Augustine, following Plato into the dazzling Light of God, clarified by Christ, the light of the world. Still others consider St. Thomas, the Angelic Doctor, building upon Aristotle’s Pure Act to show that the act of creation is Love, Who yearns to unite us to Himself in everlasting ecstasy. At the other extreme, some think of Hume ridiculing spirituality, or of Voltaire attacking it at every turn.
All these thoughts are accurate. Some philosophical thinkers harm us by attacking spirituality. But others heal us by feeding our hunger for spirituality. So we find a spectrum from harmful to healing philosophers. But the best philosophers are the ones who heal.”
The foregoing introduction is taken from the “The Spirituality of Philosophy” class notes prepared by Brother Brian Dybowski for students of the Santa Fe Institute for Spirituality, summarizing the history of philosophy from the early Greeks to the contemporary “Lublin Synthesis” that originated in war-torn Twentieth Century Poland. The full text follows the outline below and formed the basis for a series of talks and discussions, part of the SFIS Summer Program of 2005. In some cases the sessions were recorded in 15 minute segments; links to these videos are indicated in blue.
Page 1 Overview 3 Ancient Greeks - Socrates and the Sophists 4 Pre-Socratic Philosophers 5 Sophists - Pre-Socratic Philosophers - Sophists' Pseudo Philosophy; Moral Implications of Sophist Teaching; 5 Socrates 470-399 BC - Plato Writes About Socrates; Socrates Condemned to Death 8 Plato 427-347 BC 12 Aristotle 384-322 BC - Aristotle's Solution to Plato's Problem; Aristotle's Synthesis of Philosophy 14 Judeo-Christian roots 2000 BC – 60 AD - Judeo Christian Roots; Arriving at Wisdom 16 Marcus Aurelius 121-180 AD 17 Justin Martyr 110-165 AD 19 Plotinus circa 204-270 AD - Justin Martyr; Plotinus' Neo-Platonic Thinking; Fullness of Spirit; Giving Enables Receiving 21 St. Augustine 353-430 AD - Saint Augustine of Hippo -- Tying Plato to Judeo Christian Philosophy 24 Saint Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274 AD 29 Attacks on the Thomistic Synthesis 29 Reaction against Ideology: Soren Kierkegaard 1813-1855 AD 30 Nicholas Berdyaev 1874-1948 AD 31 Max Scheler 1874-1928 AD - Kierkegaard through Scheler; The Love of God: Giving and Service 34 Gabriel Marcel 1889-1973 AD - Giving is Natural; Accepting the Gift 35 Martin Heidegger 1889-1980 AD 37 Lublin Synthesis 1940 - present For more on Aquinas, Kierkegaard, Marcel, Husserl, Scheler, Heidegger, and the Lublin Synthesizers, including Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II), please see the next Web page called The Spirituality of Philosophy II. | <urn:uuid:891cf700-15fb-47dc-a93d-889fd6c52091> | {
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Innovations in medicine have obvious impacts in multiple medical fields. What makes the difference is when the advancement of medical technology spreads. This can touch areas of the world that would otherwise fall behind.
International telepathology gives us an easier way to connect with and improve the health fields across the world. Some countries don’t have the infrastructure to build better medical structures. International telepathology is here to help.
What is international telepathology? We’ll go over the basics, and its applications, with you today. Read on to learn more.
Understanding International Telepathology
International telepathology is the practice of using telehealth solutions to provide care and education to those who may not be able to receive standard medical care.
Digital technology has allowed for even the most detailed sample selections to show doctors anywhere in the world what they need to cure their patients. From tissue samples to standard medical charts, you can share almost any type of medical data with telepathology.
The network of communication between medical professionals and their peers in far off locations then gives the international part of international telepathology.
The Applications of International Telepathology
So how do digital charts and communication help a community that has little to no medical infrastructure? The idea centers around sharing more advanced infrastructure with less time and resources.
1. Centralized Quality Control
With all the telehealth materials coming through large hospitals and medical firms, everything that needs quality control starts in one place.
That means every piece that goes out to other areas around the globe has one area for quality control. Checks and balances create a thorough system that comes guaranteed. Standards remain consistent as single teams check every file and material.
2. Fast and Simple Delivery
Digital technology has put the medical field forward by leaps and bounds. A lot of this comes from the timing. The quality of healthcare skyrockets when doctors can get near-instantaneous test results and scans.
This applies as well to far afield communities as it does to local hospitals. Quality networks mean information travels fast and with little hassle.
3. International Storage Without Local Servers
Cloud technology is a powerful solution to many storage issues around the globe.
Helping lesser developed areas means helping areas with no real local resources. That includes server storage for data. With cloud-based storage, it is all taken care of.
4. Easier Education
Often the best way to educate is in person with practical materials. While in-person can be hard with both doctors and their samples, digital variations can put in the same work.
Medical professionals can get key lectures and learn first hand with digital recreations of their specimens. Their teachers can live stream in their lecture and answer questions, all from across the world and in real-time.
Improving Health Around the Globe
International telepathology is making its mark across the globe. Now more and more doctors can reach out and provide not only better care, but to teach others to provide better care as well.
We here at Specialist Direct work hard to do the same. With our wide network of telehealth solutions, we make sure that our patients find the best services they can get.
Interested in learning more? Contact us today. | <urn:uuid:7a5791f1-9c33-4c26-843d-08433c5cef4d> | {
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We’re recycling everything these days – bottles, cans, phones, computers, even clothes. But mattresses? In most cases, old mattresses are left out for trash and end up in already-overflowing landfills (which is not green).
Here are some frequent questions on recycling an old mattress:
1. Do people really do that?
2. Reduce and reuse are usually not far behind the word recycle, but reducing… that doesn’t seem to work with mattresses and reusing? Ew, no thank you.
3. What’s there to recycle?
Let’s start with 1. Yes, a lot of people recycle their mattress. It’s just not as common as glass bottles or batteries because we only buy a new mattress every 10+ years, and most people are more focused on the new mattress coming in… than the old one going out.
2. Mattresses are necessary to good health, as they provide us with the support and comfort of a great night’s rest, so reducing the amount of mattresses we buy or replace is out of the question for now. But reusing, yes, and in so many ways. If you are replacing your mattress because a bigger, better one is coming to town, bring the old one to a local charity, nursing home or donate it to a center. Many local mattress companies will offer to pick-up the old one when they are delivering your new one, but call to make sure.
3. Mattresses are designed to last, but a well-oiled recycling factory can reuse 90% of the mattress; the cotton and cloth can be turned into clothes, the springs can either be reused or melted down, the foam gets recycled and the wood gets turned into chips. Mattresses however contain some materials and chemicals that are not quite eco friendly: formaldehyde, polyurethane, petroleum based materials, volatile organic compounds (VOC’s), and so on so attempting to break it down isn’t the smartest idea.
When considering recycling your mattress, you should contact your city or town first; they also might offer to pick it up and deliver it to your donation center.
Contributor: Cassandra Broadway | <urn:uuid:583e0ccd-9aac-4047-9c13-c74e968254de> | {
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|About | Media | Search | Contact|
illation (i-LAY-shuhn) noun
1. The act of inferring.
2. An inference or conclusion drawn.
[From Late Latin illation-, from Latin illatus, past participle of inferre (to bring in), from il- + ferre (to carry).]
What could today's word have in common with terms such as fertile, transfer, refer, and circumference? They all derive from the same Latin root ferre (to carry).
"Her political illations are by any standards excessively childish." Sion Simon; Love's labour lost; The Spectator (London, UK); Dec 4, 1999.
"The same high power of reason, intent in every one to explore and display some truth ... of law, deduced by construction, perhaps, or by illation." Rufus Choate; Eulogy of Daniel Webster; 1853.
This week's theme: assorted words.
What a child doesn't receive he can seldom later give. -P.D. James, writer (1920- ) | <urn:uuid:93db0dfb-b047-4c19-98f1-b20d22f18d84> | {
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What is Methopedia?
Methopedia is meant as a resource for trainers who want to make their
seminars more active by using different seminar methods. As educators
we often wonder how active learning can be accomplished in larger
groups, how online learning episodes can be organised during
e-learning or what can be done to liven up a face- to-face seminar.
Methopedia provides different methods for that such as Webquest,
Jigsaw Puzzle, ABC lists, station learning, or ice breakers like
“Funky Questions”. In order to find the right method for a specific
situation from over 100 possibilities, you can search in categories or
combine categories such as “beginning of a seminar” and “online
On the web and in the literature there are many such method pools,
however they all have the disadvantage, that the user, i.e. the
trainer, cannot change them. The methods in Methodpedia are therefore
provided with a certain structure. However, the wiki allows everybody
who registers, to change the description of the methods and enrich it
with examples, comments, links, presentations or videos.
What is the idea behind the methods?
Many of us know formal learning as the passive reception of
information in form of lectures, talks or presentations (which don’t
get any better by using power point). Or as learning for an exam with
a certain stress “kick” which helps us to finally learn the
material. However after some time – hopefully after the exam –
learners realize that they have forgotten a lot of what they had
learned. Is there no other way?
Comenius already asked that question over 300 years ago:
“The first and last goal of our pedagogy should be to find and explore
the teaching method where teachers need to teach less and students
nevertheless learn more, where there is less noise in schools, less
tedium and unnecessary effort, instead more freedom, fun and true
The methods in Methopedia and their adaptability by the user can make
a contribution for learning to be more cooperative and individual and
thus contribute to the overall learning progress.
The European Commission summarizes their position regarding
learner-centred and cooperative learning in the report on “The use of
ICT to support innovation and lifelong learning for all” as follows:
“The reviewed studies showed that learner-centred guidance, group work
and inquiry projects result in better skills and competencies and that
interactive forms of e-learning can lead to a more reflective, deeper
and participative learning, learning-by- doing, inquiry learning,
problem solving, creativity, etc all play a role as competencies for
We would like to invite you to the world of methods and collaborative
learning. Try some methods, write us your opinions, tell us about your
experiences and changes in Methopedia and tell your colleagues about
it. We hope you find working with Methopedia fun and rewarding!
This project has been funded with support from the European
Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author,
and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be
made of the information contained therein. | <urn:uuid:692fe489-9be0-48a9-8ea0-beb7b2654980> | {
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[Left: Medieval scholars learn how to use a cardboard astrolabe at the 2017 International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo, MI; Right: CCSU Students in a Cultural Astronomy class learn how to use astrolabes]
Astronomy has rightly been called the oldest science. From using the phases of the moon to record the passage of time and make calendars to monitoring the position of the sun at sunrise to determine the summer solstice, humans have been studying the heavens throughout recorded history. Technology such as the telescope and sensitive cameras (not to mention space probes!) has greatly enhanced our ability to understand the universe around us. But one particular type of astronomical technology is decidedly old school – really old school! The origins of the astrolabe are lost to history, but probably date back to around the 6th century CE. Part calculator, part star map, part surveying and navigational tool, and part work of art, the astrolabe has been used for centuries to calculate the time from the position of the sun or stars, estimate one’s latitude, and measure the heights of buildings and trees, among other uses. Although they were largely replaced by more “modern” technologies by the 18th century, they are still an excellent tool that can be used to teach basic astronomical concepts, as well as demonstrate the close connections between astronomy, history, art, and religion (as they were used to calculate prayer times by both Christians and Muslims in medieval times).
[So-called Chaucer Astrolabe in the British Museum]
I have greatly enjoyed teaching students how to use simple cardboard astrolabes, both in a Cultural Astronomy course as well as as a guest lecturer in a Medieval History class, as well as giving lectures and workshops at other universities and numerous conferences. If you ever get the chance, peruse the astrolabe collections at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago and the Oxford University Museum of the History of Science. I have been fortunate to have seen both these collections in person and they are quite simply out of this world!
— Kris Larsen | <urn:uuid:63c819c0-e7bb-4e2f-8e38-8caa23723cc8> | {
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If you're used to regular swigs of energy drinks, then here's a piece of advice from the experts. Intake of beverages containing caffeine might get you energized but an overdose of the drinks may have serious health consequences, says a leading health expert.
According to Dee Rollins, R.D., PhD, dietitian with Baylor Regional Medical Center at Grapevine, energy drink consumers should keep careful track of the amount of caffeine they get in a day because an overdose of it can lead to jitteriness and nausea.
"There was a time when we would get our caffeine intake from coffee and cola, but now there are a number of caffeine containing beverages and we need to be careful because over a period of 24 hours that caffeine intake is cumulative," says Rollins.
"If you know that 400 milligrams a day is the upper limit you can check the back of the labels and make sure that you don't get more than that," adds Dr. Rollins.
According to the health expert, 400 milligrams is roughly the equivalent of just one energy drink and two cups of coffee. Getting more than that can lead to jitteriness, nausea, heart palpations-and in extreme cases more severe symptoms.
"It can be so bad that if you take too much caffeine you can end up in the hospital thinking you have flu-like symptoms and really it's caffeine overdose," adds Rollins.
So remember as you're sipping-take it slow or it may not just be energy you end up with, says Rollins.
"We don't think of caffeine as being a drug that we need to monitor, but we can overdo it," says Dr. Rollins.
The expert has provided some guidelines for all those who love the energy drinks. They are: don't drink energy beverages while exercising. It can lead to severe dehydration, don't ever mix these drinks with alcohol-it's popular-but doing so can not only mask how intoxicated you really are, it again can be extremely dehydrating.
In addition to caffeine, most of these energy drinks contain very high amounts of sugar and sodium, which can be dangerous for diabetics or those with high blood pressure. | <urn:uuid:535f9238-217c-4175-ad9f-89997a905968> | {
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It once seemed obvious to me that feedback on writing was less useful when it was too context specific.
So I’d try to avoid writing a comment such as:
The example of Hitler’s appeal to the middle classes would be useful here.
Instead I’d write something that could transfer to other essays:
Give more specific examples to back up your points.
This seems in line with what Harry Fletcher-Wood wrote recently in an excellent blog on feedback. He writes the following about teacher responses designed to improve performance on the current task:
This can help students improve the current task, but its effects are limited: students are unlikely to be able to transfer what they learn about one task to another (Hattie and Timperley, 2007; Kluger and DeNisi, 1996; Shute, 2008): people struggle to recognise that they can use the solution to one problem to solve an analogous problem, unless they receive a hint to do so (Gick and Holyoak, 1980)…We may therefore consider giving more general feedback.
In fact Harry is saying something a bit more complex – more on that later – but just to say that I’ve realised it is mistaken to assume that very task specific feedback is wasted.
‘Iballisticsquid’ helped me reach this conclusion. He is a Youtuber, a genial if rather pasty-faced young gentleman, who has made his millions early by recording himself playing computer games and posting these recordings on Youtube. He and his colleagues such as ‘Dan TDM’ and ‘Stampycat’ have worldwide followings of primary aged fans, including my 9 year old son. Initially I found the whole concept bizarre. Why would anyone want to spend hours watching someone else play computer games when you can just play them yourself? True, the commentary as they play is lively, tells the viewer what the presenter is trying to do and is aimed squarely at the humour level of a nine-year-old boy, but still… The other day my son was gazing in rapt attention as ‘iballisticsquid’ played ‘Bedwars’ a game in which he defended a bed – on an island – while trying to obtain diamonds and emeralds. Suddenly I got it! Even I, seeing Mr iballistic model the game-play felt I could have a go. Manuals and instructions would have simply made me glaze over (as they always have) but seeing iballisticsquid play and I naturally inferred the game premise, appreciated the tools at my disposal and felt empowered. Iballistic Squid and co. are superb teachers. It is fascinating that often they make mistakes and lose the game they are playing. If anything these examples of ‘what not to do’ or ‘non-examples’ simply add to the success of their ‘teaching’ of game-playing. Children watch them play, naturally infer what is transferable to their own game-play and are thus empowered to have a go themselves.
It might seem utterly unconnected but something similar happened when I received copious and very specific feedback on my MEd writing. If I’m honest, at the outset of the MEd I did not even appreciate the nature of academic writing, let alone how my own efforts fell short. Sometimes feedback on my drafts just took the form of examples of how my sentences could be better phrased and feedback was nearly always pretty specific to the content. However, I learnt fast. I infered from the examples how I should write in similar contexts. Inference is what humans do naturally IF the examples are pitched correctly so that inferences can be made.
It strikes that my first suggestion for feedback :
‘The example of Hitler’s appeal to the middle classes would be useful here’.
… is more useful than the second because it provides much richer inference possibilities. This example allows the student to appreciate the nature of the sort of examples that are appropriate in this form of writing, the degree of specificity of those examples, the occasions when such examples need to be used. All this can be inferred because inference is what humans do naturally when given appropriate examples (and non-examples).
It is absolutely correct that people don’t transfer what they learn about from one task to another at all easily and this insight is one teachers must grasp. However, it is when people DO transfer an insight from one context to another that we can say that they have learnt something new. It is also the case that examples are incredibly powerful tools for learning. We make a mistake when we think of ‘inference’ as the skill to be taught when in fact it is what humans do automatically. We make a mistake when we try and teach through generalised principles. People learn through examples. (This is a central insight of Engelmann’s Direct Instruction method which I’ll discuss further in a future blog.)
What can we do to ensure our pupils DO infer? We can repeatedly model the (carefully chosen) specific and as ‘iballisticsquid’ instinctively appreciates, from that modelling our pupils will infer and transfer to new but similar contexts.
Finally do read Harry’s excellent post in which he explains how linking the specific with the more general in feedback can make transfer more likely.
A great teacher: iballisticsquid | <urn:uuid:1c18ca32-5fc4-4a6d-b5f5-e11da6c0405e> | {
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I Am Enough by Grace Byers offers constructive affirmations to promote self-esteem and self-acceptance. It celebrates children for who they are and promotes positive female role models. In the classroom, you can use the book to teach and discuss:
- self-esteem and self-worth
- self-confidence and self-awareness
- positive relationships
- hope and optimism
- poetry and verse
Scroll down for I Am Enough activities, discussion questions and videos.
I Am Enough by Grace Byers Synopsis
I am Enough promotes the message that we are unique and that will always be enough. A young girl makes positive declarations – “Like the sun I am here to shine… like the bird I am here to fly and soar high over everything.”
She is surrounded by friends of different colours and cultures and declares “I'm not meant to be like you; you're not meant to be like me. Sometimes we will get along, and sometimes we will disagree.”
I Am Enough looks at the different sides of us – peaceful, powerful, quiet, hard, soft, compassionate, etc. It promotes a positive self-image and self-acceptance that we are worthy no matter our skin colour, race, religion, abilities and interests.
I Am Enough by Grace Byers
Illustrator: Keturah Bobo
Publisher: HarperCollins Publishers Inc (2018)
Take a look inside I Am Enough
I Am Enough, I Believe I Can
I Am Enouh Activities & Resources
I have created a bundle of literacy graphic organizers for I Am Enough. You can find them at my Teachers Pay Teachers store. There are many activities for each literacy area to differentiate depending on your student’s ability/age. They include activities for:
- Author’s Purpose
- Cause & Effect
- Character Traits and Analysis
- Comprehension Questions and Writing Prompts
- Inferring and Predicting
- Main Idea and Theme
- Making Connections
- Point of View
- Problem and Solution
- Retelling, Sequencing and Summarizing
*Click on these links to discover book recommendations on these topics.
External I Am Enough Activities & Links
FREE I Am Enough Activities
I Am Enough Read-Aloud Questions
Read aloud sessions are a wonderful way for children to understand the connection between written text and spoken language. You can model reading habits and strategies, reading fluency, tone and eye contact. You can also introduce different genres, authors and illustrators.
- What does “I Am Enough” mean?
- How do you think “I Am Enough” relates to you?
- What is the mindset of the narrator? What is the evidence?
- Look at the illustrations and identify the character’s emotions. Do these emotions have anything in common?
- What do you notice about the traits of the characters in the book?
- Do the characters have a fixed or growth mindset? Explain.
- What lesson did you learn from I Am Enough?
- How does it feel to make good choices?
- How do you feel different when you make negative choices?
- What message is Grace Byers sending by writing I Am Enough?
- What connections do you make to I Am Enough?
I Am Enough Book Videos
Disclosure: This post contains affiliate links. If you purchase anything through them, I will get a small referral fee and you will be supporting me and my blog at no extra cost to you, so thank you! You can find more information here. | <urn:uuid:fca0fae7-cbd5-437f-b446-c850baf374ee> | {
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Solving from the diary of Anne frank class 10 MCQ is the best way to start with your board exam preparation. If you are aiming to secure maximum marks in English, you should check out these MCQs. The From the Diary of Anne Frank Class 10 MCQ Questions with Answers English Chapter 4 adhere to acceptable standards of the CBSE marking scheme and paper pattern.Practicing MCQ questions is best for self-assessment. After going through Chapter 4 From the Diary of Anne Frank solve the MCQs and rate your preparations. It takes students to the forefront of academics and allows them to have a deeper understanding. A detailed analysis of the Multiple Choice Questions enables students to understand the pattern and perform effectively.
MCQ Questions for Class 10 English First Flight Chapter 4 From the Diary of Anne Frank with Answers
1) Who is Anne’s long awaited friend?
- Her pen
- Her cat
- Her diary
- Her Dog
2) Why was writing in a diary a strange experience for Anne?
- she had never written anything before
- she didn’t know how to write
- neither she nor anyone else would be interested in it later
- Both A and C
3) Who would Anne allow to read her diary?
- her sister
- her parents
- a real friend (if she got one)
- no one
4) How old was Anne’s father when he married her mother?
5) What was Anne Frank’s full name?
- Anneliese Marie Frank
- Anna Mariam Frank
- Anne Mark Frank
- Anneliese Martina Frank
6) Why was Mr Keesing annoyed with her?
- she was not a good student
- she was talkative
- she was rude
- all of the above
7) Which subject was she not sure of passing?
- All of the above
8) _____ has more patience than people.
9) What does had a good laugh’ imply in the context of Mr. Keesing? It means that he:
- celebrated his ability to make Anne write the essay
- ridiculed Anne in front of the whole class.
- pulled up Anne for her arguments in the essay
- realised the humour in it and was amused.
10) The narrator wrote the poem about:
- the birds
- the ducks
- the sparrows
- the animals
11) Why did she not want to give a brief in the diary at first?
- she didn’t want to be formal
- she wanted the diary to be her real friend
- She did not like the idea
- both 1 and 2
12) What do most people do in their diary?
- About their hobby
- Write facts
- Write their happiest moments
- None of the above
13) Name the topic of the essay that was written by Anne.
- My Diary
- A Chatterbox
- A letterbox
- None of the Above
14) Anne’s argument about talking was that:
- Talking is a fundamental right
- Talking is a student’s trait
- Talking is a birth-right
- Talking is a duty
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Find a quotation that relates to the character being analyzed. Begin the introduction with the quote, and cite the source parenthetically. By using a quote that relates to the character, you set the stage for the analysis of the character. If a character is brave, start with a quote about courage. Draw the reader into the essay with a relevant and interesting quotation.
The structure of a poetry analysis essay is pretty straightforward, seeing as it merely serves as a recommendation that you should consider when creating the first rough outline. Ideally, you should add the title of the essay at the top of the page. Afterward, write the Roman number (I) followed by “Introduction.”
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You’ve been staring at your blank computer screen for what feels like hours, trying to figure out how to start your analytical essay. You try to choose between writing the introduction first or getting right into the meat of it. But somehow, it seems too difficult to do either.
Analysis essay introduction - No fails with our top essay services
Illustration essay is here to prove a particular thing exists. This particular essay type relies much more on a research than analysis in order to prove a particular point. It contains a great deal of description and provides the reader with vocal examples. The thesis is formulated in the introduction; then it is developed with the help of illustrative examples within the body paragraphs – just to be perpetuated in the conclusion by the end of the essay.
This Analytical Essay Outline Will Kick Start Your Writing
As your essay-writing skills mature, you can certainly move beyond this INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH: This paragraph should tell the reader what your Sample Literature Papers This paper is an excellent example of superior analysis coupled with stylistic economy and succinctness that avoid anything superfluous. The introduction and Planning for Writing: Introduction and Conclusion of a Literary I can write informative/explanatory texts that convey ideas and concepts using relevant I can draft the introduction and conclusion of my literary analysis essay. How to Start an Introduction When Writing an Essay About Poetry Take a piece of literature that was written in an often condensed form of a language and explain it; that is the assignment when writing an essay about poetry. Trent University :: Writing Strong Paragraphs, Introductions and Essays are the most commonly assigned form of writing at University and are central concepts, images, or historical documents or literature that are relevant to the Whether you are writing the introduction or the body of your essay, you will Essay Structure Advice - Arts You could be writing about anything at this point, so use your introduction to let . For instance, when you are writing a literary essay, you must make sure your Introductions and Conclusions - The Literary Link 2. the thesis or direction the essay will take in discussing the literary work(s). Here are some fundamental approaches for writing introductory paragraphs: 1. A literary analysis essay example and composition ideas Now take a look at a literary analysis essay sample available at our site. You see that there is an Introduction, Main Body, and a Conclusion. Let's find out what A level English Literature Essay Skills - Englishbiz In the above essay example on McEwan's novel Atonement, you might write, “The In some types of literature essays (check this with your teacher), you'll need to to do this is to use an “embedded quotation” in your introduction – a word or.
The introduction paragraph starts with basic information about the author of the work being analyzed and transitions into a clear, debatable, and specific 7 Ways to Write a Literary Analysis - wikiHow Build a strong, intriguing introduction. This is where A few ideas to start with: A relevant How to Write a Literary Analysis That Works - Essay Writing - Kibin 9 Dec 2015 I'm here to explain how to write a literary analysis that works. you'll wrap up the introduction with a clear and specific thesis statement. literary How to Write an Introduction: The First Paragraph 1) State the goals of this tutorial; 2) What is an introduction; 3) How to write an ask: What is the difference between an introduction and a literature review? How to Write a Good Hook for Your Essay - Bid4Papers 24 Feb 2014 When you are asked to write an essay, it doesn't mean that you don't get It serves as an introduction and works to grab the reader's attention. you are writing about a particular author, story, literary phenomenon, book, etc. Purdue OWL: Writing About Literature 19 Oct 2011 Introduction What Makes a Good Literature Paper? An argument. When you write an extended literary essay, often one requiring research, QUT cite|write - Writing a literature review 21 Jun 2017 The literature review is generally in the format of a standard essay made up of three components: an introduction, a body and a conclusion. How to Write the Intro Paragraph of a Literary Elements Essay | The Literary elements are the tools writers use to express their ideas. Students analyze these elements in essays to gain a better appreciation and understanding of Introduction Strategies - MIT Comparative Media Studies/Writing Suppose the assignment is to write a literary analysis of Vladimir Nabokov's novel Lolita. Below are several different ways to start that essay. Please note that not Writing a literature review - UNE A literature review follows an essay format (Introduction, Body, Conclusion), but it the literature If you use systems cards and write one item at the top of each. Example of a Literary Analysis Essay 21 Aug 2013 Essay #6. Disappointment. "The Story of an Hour" is a short story in which Kate Chopin, the author, presents an often unheard of view of
How to Write an Analytical Essay: 15 Steps (with Pictures)
Your self-analysis essay may vary in length from two to seven pages, depending on the assignment. It should follow the basic structure of a personal essay. You’ll need an introduction that states your thesis -- your central idea or theme. You’ll need at least three subsequent sections -- one for your strengths as a writer, one for your weaknesses and another for your future goals. Your conclusion should restate your thesis and sum up what you’ve learned about yourself. Each section may be a single paragraph or multiple paragraphs. Though the essay will be written in the first-person voice, use topic sentences to transition from one section to the next. For example, “Having acknowledged my natural talent for grammar, I would like now to address my weaknesses as a speller” could serve as a transitional topic sentence linking your strengths and weaknesses sections. | <urn:uuid:583aaf18-8279-41f5-8321-f918014af79b> | {
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The Aquaculture Program has been developing tilapia production systems
for the US Virgin Islands since 1979. The initial efforts focused on cage culture of tilapia in watershed ponds that had multiple uses for livestock watering and crop irrigation.
Early work in aquaponics began with research by Barnaby Watten and Robert Busch, recorded in the journal article "Tropical Production of Tilapia (Sarotherodon aurea) and Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in a small-scale recirculating water system." Aquaculture, 41 (1984) 271-283. Elsevier Science Publishers.
James Rakocy joined the team in 1979 and expanded the Aquaculture Program with the development of research and demonstration systems in aquaponic and biofloc systems
Early barrel and wading pool systems developed by Watten and Busch, circa 1980.
Expanded facilities, 1985 and now.
UVI Aquaponics Workshops are offered from January - May each year. The Workshop is offered to interested students, entrepreneurs and farmers. This education program makes extensive use of the facilities with hands-on training in the practical aspects of aquaponic and biofloc systems and tilapia production.
Contact the program leadership for more information.
News and Links from Workshop Participants
Egypt's agricultural evolution: Paving the way for fish and vegetable production in water-scarce GCC
Egypt aims for revolution in desert farming
From city banker to high tech farmer
Fish-greenhouse system proving efficient, effective
Closed-Loop Aquaponic Growing System Combines Land And Lake
Aquaponics Project at the Cylburn Arboretum
Aquaponics farms awash in promise – and, farmers hope, profits
Virginia Man Creates Elaborate System To Reduce Food Waste
A new source of fertilizer in Richmond – koi fish
Berea College Jackson L. Oldham Aquaponics Facility | <urn:uuid:699730af-ce1f-44df-99a1-ca8dd6fe92c0> | {
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The full scale of the devastation caused by Tropical Cyclone Idai in south-west Africa is becoming clearer, the UN said on Tuesday, warning that the emergency “is getting bigger by the hour”.
Five days after the storm made landfall in Mozambique, causing widespread damage and flooding, at least 1,000 people are feared dead there alone.
Victims are reportedly trapped on roofs and clinging to trees awaiting rescue, UN agencies said, while across Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe, tens of thousands of people have lost their homes, while roads, bridges and crops have been washed away.
“We are talking about a massive disaster right now where hundreds of thousands -in the millions of people – (are) potentially affected,” said Jens Laerke from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). “We need all the logistical support that we can possibly get.”
Although floodwaters have reportedly begun to recede in Zimbabwe and Malawi, allowing some people to return home, the World Food Programme (WFP) warned that Mozambique is facing “a major humanitarian emergency that is getting bigger by the hour”.
An estimated 1.7 million people were in the path of the cyclone in Mozambique, WFP spokesperson Herve Verhoosel told journalists in Geneva, in addition to the 920,000 people affected in Malawi and “thousands more” impacted in Zimbabwe.
Flooding resembles ‘inland oceans’
Aid access is “the biggest challenge”, the WFP spokesperson insisted, while the agency reported that staff members who flew over the area inundated since the weekend, when two swollen rivers burst their banks, spoke of “inland oceans extending for miles and miles”.
In Mozambique, WFP aims to support 600,000 people affected by the cyclone, which struck with wind speeds in excess of 150 kilometres per hour. In Malawi, the UN agency plans to target 650,000 people with food assistance.
Amid the humanitarian response, heavy rain is continuing and more is forecast, according to Clare Nullis, spokesperson for the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). “The Mozambican President is quoted as saying they are fearing there are more than 1,000 casualties,” she said. “If these reports, these fears are realized, then we can say that this is one of the worst weather-related disasters – tropical cyclone-related disasters – in the Southern hemisphere.”
Thousands fighting for their lives on rooftops, in trees
UN Children’s Fund UNICEF confirmed the scale of the emergency, noting that 260,000 children have been affected in Mozambique, which bore the brunt of Idai.
“Many people are in desperate situations, several thousand are fighting for their lives at the moment sitting on rooftops, in trees and other elevated areas,” said spokesperson Christophe Boulierac. “This includes families and obviously many children.”
Gerald Bourke, WFP’s Regional Communications Officer for Southern Africa, told UN News on Tuesday morning, that the “key concern is for those people who have been stranded, isolated by the flood waters…People that have overflown the area speak of inland oceans, running for mile after mile, with water above tree level.”
Matthew Cochrane, spokesperson for the International federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), underlined the perilous situation, noting that colleagues “talked of flooding perhaps in parts as deep as six metres, covering roofs, covering palm trees covering telephone poles”.
WFP hails ‘incredible pilots’ delivering vital food aid
To date, WFP has coordinated airlifts of high-energy biscuits, water and blankets to people crammed on rooftops and elevated patches of land outside the port city of Beira, where 90 per cent of buildings are damaged, including the agency’s warehouse and port unloading machinery.
“It was very difficult to land a plane like this,” said Mr. Verhoosel. “Can you imagine in an airport, damaged by the water, dark with no light or radio communication with the control tower, nothing. I mean, those pilots are incredible.”
Four tonnes of biscuits are to be delivered by air later on Tuesday, in addition to the 1.2 tonnes dispatched on Monday – part of a 20-tonne consignment flown in from Dubai.
Negotiations are also “at an advanced stage” to bring in two freight aircraft to Beira, including a Hercules C-130, the agency said.
To respond to people’s health needs, Christian Lindmeier from the World Health Organization (WHO) explained that the initial priority is helping those with crush and trauma injuries.
“So for the immediate needs, WHO is positioning health kits, emergency health kits, trauma kits and also cholera kits in order to be able to assist people on the ground, as soon as these kits gets there,” he said.
Longer-term needs will include dealing with a potential rise in waterborne diseases and rebuilding “many destroyed health centres”, the WHO spokesperson added. | <urn:uuid:07fa7e00-1bc5-41a7-b35f-922aed6cf341> | {
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Many people have heard of trauma and PTSD. But when we think of PTSD, many of us think of nightmares and flashbacks that are related to one traumatic incident or event that has been experienced by the sufferer. There is another form of PTSD that's related to being exposed to repetitive trauma. It is called Complex PTSD, coined by a woman named Judith Herman.
In this audiobook, we will first explain Complex PTSD and trauma as it relates to Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS). We will also discuss how AIWS relates to migraines, stress, and food intolerances. We will then touch base on who exactly is prone to experience Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, what the symptoms are, and how one can seek relief from this mysterious brain disturbance.
What is Complex PTSD? How does it relate to Alice in Wonderland Syndrome? Complex PTSD is a disorder which alters a person's cognitive state, personality, and emotional states due to repeated exposure to events in which the person feels incapable or helpless.
These events can be an abusive romantic relationship or childhood physical abuse. Traumatic events can include a death, an infidelity, a complicated birth, a medical or mental illness, a job loss, and many other events. Events that cause people stress and dysfunction can also include natural disasters, school bullying, rape, theft, mugging, automobile accidents, and physical injury.
PTSD or Complex PTSD can be caused by nearly any event in which a person feels an overall lack of control in reference to what is occurring. They feel hopeless, helpless, weak, or powerless during the event because of circumstances or actions that may be out of their control. | <urn:uuid:ef762867-46ff-480f-9182-62ff08b18afc> | {
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Biosecurity hazards on beef operations are sometimes overlooked, however the risk of introducing disease onto your farm is real and relatively common. It can be especially prevalent in the fall when cattle return from various community pastures, grazing leases or even pastures that border neighbouring livestock.
Other common fall practices such as borrowing stock trailers or outsourcing transport, sharing chutes or buying in replacement breeding stock can bring more risk than what producers bargain for. Fortunately, there are some practices that producers can implement to help manage their biosecurity risks.
Producers first have to accept and be aware of biosecurity risks that exist. “No animal industry can claim to be a closed industry,” explains Dr. Blake Balog. | <urn:uuid:79b9134b-749d-45e3-8368-9e3f669742ee> | {
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This Technology Transfer Advances Myanmar's
- Nationally Determined Contribution to reduce climate change vulnerability and reduce poverty in rural areas and for subsistence farmers as a priority, and to continue the work of developing flood and drought early warning systems for reducing the vulnerability of local communities to extreme weather events.
Myanmar’s National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) states there is an urgent need for Myanmar’s communities and economic sectors to adapt to climate change and variability (UNEP, 2012). The agricultural and water sectors are some of the main areas in need of adaptation technology and approaches to deal with the impacts of climate change. The CTCN assistance is requested for improved information in relation to the development of climate resilient solutions for the key sectors in Myanmar: improved and additional data and information, and how it can be applied in relation to climate change, drought and flood assessments in Myanmar.
Requested CTCN Response
To facilitate transfer and capacity building for climate change adaptation focusing on the information base for climate resilient solutions:
• Data and information availability
• Drought and flood management
• Climate forecast
• Climate projection
• Validation and testing
• Dissemination and capacity building
Relevant Technologies and Approaches
• Establishment of reliably and timely data and information for Myanmar used for climate change assessments, drought and flood management
• Improved access to the latest available climate models, ensuring up-to-date climate projections are available to stakeholders
• Increased use of more advanced technologies and enhanced knowledge for climate related studies as the available data will be a required driver for planning and adaptation within the water and agriculture sector in Myanmar
For further information, please see the full technical assistance request in the Documents section. | <urn:uuid:bf60c06d-6281-4632-bcb0-e035d294f002> | {
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Livestock research shows dramatic greenhouse gas reduction
Scientists in South East Asia have measured greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from goats and cattle in a series of research projects investigating the effects of different feeding regimes. By changing the animals’ diets, GHG emission reductions of up to 60% have been achieved.
21 different research projects have been reviewed by Gasmet Technologies, the Finnish instrumentation company which supplied the portable FTIR gas analyzer that was used in the work. The research papers have been published by ‘Livestock Research for Rural Development,’ a peer-reviewed international journal for research into sustainable developing world agriculture.
Prof. Reg Preston, who participated in much of the research, says: “With an understanding of the enteric fermentation processes that result in the formation of methane, it is possible to speculate on the effects of changes to the diets of ruminants, so these research projects were designed to test our hypotheses. In each case, the effects of various diets were measured in terms of animal performance criteria such as feed conversion and growth rates, but also in terms of GHG emissions.”
Major concern exists relating to recent increases in global methane emissions. However, livestock play an important role in Asia, which extends beyond the supply of meat and milk; they are also used for purposes such as draft power, transportation, capital, credit, social value, hides, and as a source of organic fertilizer. Nevertheless, ruminants are significant contributors to atmospheric GHG emissions. It is essential therefore to find ways to reduce these emissions, and the research projects mentioned above demonstrate how significant reductions can be achieved while improving animal production and utilizing low cost, locally available resources.
Read the full text of the review article summarizing the research: Managing livestock diets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions | <urn:uuid:f0cb4952-c475-4598-acfc-0a20ad4ebd4a> | {
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- Arts & Entertainment
- Photo and Video
Many veterans still do not know they are veterans.
If you are a former or retired member of the United States Armed Forces, you may qualify for benefits from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs defines “veteran” in Title 38, United States Code, Section 101, as, “a person who served in the active military, naval, or air service, and who was discharged or released there from under conditions other than dishonorable.”
Being a veteran does not mean being male, or having served in combat, or even having served in wartime. Former and retired members of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps, as well as some other groups with World War II service, qualify for benefits from the VA. Some examples of those with World War II service are the Women Airforce Service Pilots (“WASPS”), Merchant Mariners and Filipino veterans who served with U.S. forces.
The definition of, “active military, naval, or air service” is not as clear as one would think. Guard and Reserve members may still qualify for veteran status if disabled by injury or disease during active duty for training or inactive duty for training. Former and retired members of the Guard and Reserve still qualify for some benefits, including educational benefits and home loan guaranty from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, even if not labeled a veteran under Title 38.
Some benefits from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs require a certain amount of time on active duty, a discharge under, “other than dishonorable conditions,” or wartime service. Most state departments of Veterans Affairs also offer benefits to veterans, and may have different definitions of a veteran for benefits eligibility.
If you are unsure of your veteran status, check with a Veterans Service Organization or Military Service Organization. Gather any documentation you have of your service. Every veteran has a different experience of his or her time in service to America. But, they all share a common characteristic: a veteran is someone who, at one point, wrote a blank check made payable to The United States of America for an amount of “up to and including their life.”
For further Information on VA benefits, please call or stop by the Archuleta County Veterans Service Office, located at the Senior Center in the Ross Aragon Community Center on Hot Springs Blvd.
I will be out of the office on the following days for regular scheduled meetings:
• Vets4Vets: Tuesday mornings, 0900-1200.
• Arboles Community Center, first and third Thursdays. Back around 1400.
• Pagosa Outreach Connection, 0830 to 1000 every Thursday.
The office number is 264-4013, fax number is 264-4014, cell number is 946-3590, and e-mail is [email protected]. The office is open from 8 a.m. to 4:15 p.m. Monday through Friday. Bring your DD Form 214 (Discharge) for completing applications to VA programs or benefits for which the veteran may be entitled to, and a copy for filing in the Archuleta County VSO office. If the office is closed, I am out assisting veterans, leave me a message and phone number to contact you.
The following veterans groups meet in Pagosa Springs:
American Legion Post 108: second Wednesday of the month at 7 p.m., 287 Hermosa St.
American Legion Post 108 Ladies Auxiliary: second Tuesday of the month at 4 p.m., 287 Hermosa St.
Veterans for Veterans: Every Tuesday at 10 a.m., Quality Resort.
Women’s Group of Spouses of Veterans: Every other Monday, 6 p.m., St. Patrick’s Episcopal Parish Hall, 225 S. Pagosa Blvd. Contact Charlotte, 731-1025.
Point Man Ministries’ Breakfast for Veterans 8:30 a.m. each Tuesday at Buffalo Inn, 164 N Pagosa Blvd. Contact Vincent, (435) 618-0049 or [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:01c64cc4-abe7-4ef4-9657-ee43d7d09369> | {
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Sociology MCQ - Topics
Practice What are Minority Groups Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ Quiz), What are Minority Groups quiz answers PDF to study sociology course for sociology online classes. Race and Ethnicity Multiple Choice Questions and Answers (MCQs), What are Minority Groups quiz questions for accredited distance learning universities. What are Minority Groups Book PDF: history of intergroup relations, why they came, how and why they came, stereotypes test prep for free online courses.
"Charles Wagley and Marvin Harris a minority group is distinguished by different characteristics" MCQ PDF: what are minority groups App APK with unequal treatment and less power over their lives, involuntary membership in the group, high rate of in-group marriage, and all of above choices for accredited distance learning universities. Learn what are minority groups quiz questions for merit scholarship test and certificate programs for accelerated online degrees.
MCQ: Charles Wagley and Marvin Harris a minority group is distinguished by different characteristics | <urn:uuid:8efc75bb-7f4e-488f-9414-1bb5573c14f9> | {
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November 9, 2012
The Right Pace Of Neural Development Protects Against Autism And Intellectual Disability
Neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders are marked by mutations that impair signaling between neurons. These mutations cause key brain circuits involved in learning and memory to develop too quickly, leading to long-lasting behavioral and cognitive deficits, according to a study published by Cell Press in the November 9th issue of the journal Cell. The findings could pave the way to new treatment strategies for severe forms of neurodevelopmental disorders.
"We have provided perhaps the first evidence that acceleration of certain neural milestones is just as disruptive as delay in the same milestones," says senior study author Gavin Rumbaugh of Scripps Florida. "These studies have far-reaching implications for how we will treat these severe forms of neurodevelopmental disorders."Autism spectrum disorders are often accompanied by intellectual disability, and these disorders are linked to harmful mutations that affect proteins responsible for regulating the communication between neurons. A deficiency in one of these proteins, known as SynGAP, can lead to severe forms of these disorders, but it has not been clear how mutations affecting this protein alter the development of brain circuits and behavior.
To answer this question, Rumbaugh and his team inactivated one copy of the SYNGAP1 gene in mice to cause a deficiency in the protein. By two weeks of age, these mice showed a dramatic and premature increase in the communication between neurons in the hippocampus–a critical brain region for learning and memory. As a result, the mice were hyperactive, showed learning deficits, and were prone to seizures, similar to human patients.
These behavioral and cognitive abnormalities persisted even after the researchers restored normal levels of SynGAP in adult mice, suggesting that this protein exerts its effects on cognitive maturation only during a narrow developmental window. Thus, mutations that affect SYNGAP1 can cause neural networks to become miswired early in development and to resist repair during adulthood.
"Our results imply that very early intervention is essential in certain neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly for cognitive symptoms," Rumbaugh says. "We believe that certain pharmacological or genetic treatments initiated in this sensitive developmental window will greatly benefit our model mice, and hence could be translated into patients."
On the Net: | <urn:uuid:35757982-e741-4240-b201-2b52f2512d82> | {
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- The Great Chicago Fire
- The Web of Memory
- Touring the Fire
- Special Features
- Browse All Images
Chicago in Distress
Most of the contemporary stories on the fire were sensational in tone and emotional in their appeal to their readers, but a few reporters reflected more analytically on the fire's causes and its implications. Among these was Frederick Law Olmsted, reporting for The Nation in early November. Olmsted (1822-1903), America's most renowned American landscape architect, designed (with Calvert Vaux) and supervised the construction of New York's Central Park in the late 1850's and early 1860's, and his subsequent projects included Prospect Park in Brooklyn, Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, Riverside and Morningside Parks in New York, Belle Isle Park in Detroit, the area surrounding the Capitol in Washington, the Stanford University campus, Boston's park system, and the ground plan of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Olmsted also had a distinguished career as a commentator on a variety of subjects, from life in the antebellum South to, as is evidenced here, the Great Chicago Fire.
I have had an opportunity of looking at Chicago at the beginning of the fourth week after the fire, and, as you requested, will give you a few notes of my observation.
Chicago had a central quarter, compactly built, mostly of brick, stone, and iron, and distinguished by numerous very large and tall structures, comparable to, but often more ostentatious than, Stewart's store in New York. They were mostly lined, to the fourth, fifth, or sixth floor, with pine-wood shelves, on which, or in pine-wood cases, a fresh stock of--larger at the moment than ever before--dry goods, or other inflammable materials, was set up, with plentiful air-space for rapid combustion. This central quarter occupied a mile and a half square of land. On one side of it was the lake; on the other three sides, for the distance of a mile, the building, though irregular, was largely of detached houses, some of the villa class, with small planted grounds about them, and luxuriously furnished, but generally comfortable dwellings, of moderate size, set closely together. There were also numerous churches and tall school buildings, and some large factories. At a distance of two miles from the centre, and beyond, houses were much scattered, and within a mile of the political boundary there was much open prairie, sparsely dotted with cabins and a few larger buildings. It will be seen that a much larger part of the town proper was burned than a stranger would be led to suppose by the published maps.
The fire started half a mile southwest, which was directly to windward, of the central quarter, rapidly carried its heights, and swept down from them upon the comparatively suburban northern quarter, clearing it to the outskirts, where the few scattered houses remaining were protected by a dense grove of trees. The field of ruin is a mile in width, bounded by the lake on one side and mainly by a branch of the river on the other, and four miles in length, thus being as large as the half of New York City from the Battery to the Central Park, or as the whole of the peninsula of Boston. The houses burned set ten feet apart would form a row over a hundred miles in length. I judge that more than a third of the roof-space and fully half the floor-space of the city, the population of which was 330,000, was destroyed.
Familiar with these facts and comparisons before I came here, and having already seen many who had left the city since the fire, I now feel myself to have been able but slightly to appreciate the magnitude of its calamity. Besides the extent of the ruins what is most remarkable is the completeness with which the fire did its work, as shown by the prostration of the ruins and the extraordinary absence of smoke-stains, brands, and all debris, except stone, brick, and iron, bleached to an ashy pallor. The distinguishing smell of the ruins is that of charred earth. In not more than a dozen cases have the four walls of any of the great blocks, or of any buildings, been left standing together. It is the exception to find even a single corner or chimney holding together to a height of more than twenty feet. It has been possible, from the top of an omnibus, to see men standing on the ground three miles away across what was the densest, loftiest, and most substantial part of the city.
Generally the walls seem to have crumbled in from top to bottom, nothing remaining but a broad low heap of rubbish in the cellar--so low as to be overlooked from the pavement. Granite, all sandstones and all limestones, whenever fully exposed to the southwest, are generally flaked and scaled, and blocks, sometimes two and three feet thick, are cracked through and through. Marble and other limestones, where especially exposed, as in doors and window-dressings, especially if in thin slabs, have often fallen to powder. Walls of the bituminous limestone, of which there were but few, instead of melting away, as was reported, seem to have stood rather better than others; I cannot tell why. Iron railings and lamp-posts, detached from buildings, are often drooping, and, in thinner parts, seem sometimes to have been fused. Iron columns and floor-beams are often bent to a half-circle. The wooden (Nicholson) asphalt-and-tar-concrete pavements remain essentially unharmed, except where red-hot material or burning liquids have lain on them. Street rails on wood are generally in good order; on McAdam, as far as I have seen, more often badly warped.
Where houses stood detached, and especially where they were surrounded by tall trees, there is less evidence of intense heat, charred wood and smoke-stains being seen in the ruins. I had heard it surmised that, by furnishing numerous small brands, the planted trees of the North Division would have helped to scatter the fire, but I find them generally standing to the smallest twigs, so inclined and stiffened, however, as to show perfectly the action upon them of the wind at the moment of death. It is evident that they would have been an efficient protection to the houses they surrounded had the buildings to windward been a little less tall, or the gale a degree less furious. For the wind appears not only to have been strong, but gusty and whirling. There is evidence of concentrated slants, eddies, and back-sets. This partly explains the small salvage. Many, a moment after they had been out to observe the flames in the distance, and had judged that they had still a chance to save their houses, were suddenly driven by a fierce heat, borne down upon them apparently from above, to flee, leaving even their choicest property, though previously packed and ready to be carried by hand. The radiated heat from the larger buildings was so strong that it scorched men ten rods away across the wind. Families were driven from one place of refuge to another--in several cases, to my knowledge, four times, and, finally, a few into the lake; many thousands into the open country. Some were floated or swam across the river.
Burning fragments of wooden parapets, sheets of roofing metal, signs, and doors were carried great distances, and, with blazing felt, tarred paper, and canvas, and myriads of smaller sparks, sometimes swept down upon the fugitives with a terrific roar. Very sensible men have declared that they were fully impressed at such a time with the conviction that it was the burning of the world. Loose horses and cows, as well as people of all conditions on foot and in wagons, were hurrying half-blinded through the streets together, and it often happened that husbands and wives, parents and children, even mothers and infants, were forced apart and lost to each other. Sudden desolation thus added to the previous horrors, made some frantic who would otherwise have maintained composure. In general, however, the people, especially the households of the north side, appear to have manifested a greater degree of self-possession and of considerate thoughtfulness one for another, under these circumstances, than can be easily believed. Almost every one holds the resemblance of some instance of quiet heroism, often flavored with humor. The remains of only about one hundred human bodies have thus far been recognized in the ruins, and the coroner and others are of the opinion that not more than two hundred lives were lost. That the number should be small can only be accounted for by the fact that there was an active volunteer rear-guard of cool-headed Christians, who often entered and searched houses to which they were strangers, dragging out their inmates sometimes by main force, and often when some, caught unawares, were bewildered, fainting, or suffocating. One still sees burned garments and singed beards.
Of course, a state of mind approaching insanity followed with many. After the lost had been found, as in most cases they soon were--children especially having been almost invariably taken up, tenderly cared for, and advertised by strangers--and after food and rest had been had, there was a reaction from desperation. For a time men were unreasonably cheerful and hopeful; now, this stage appears to have passed. In its place there is sternness; but so narrow is the division between this and another mood, that in the midst of a sentence a change of quality in the voice occurs, and you see that eyes have moistened. I had partly expected to find a feverish, reckless spirit, and among the less disciplined classes an unusual current setting towards turbulence, lawlessness, and artificial jollity, such as held in San Francisco for a long time after the great fire there--such as often seizes seamen after a wreck. On the contrary, Chicago is the soberest and the most clear headed city I ever saw. I have observed but two men the worse for liquor; I have not once been asked for an alms, nor have I heard a hand-organ. The clearing of the wreck goes ahead in a driving but steady, well-ordered way. I have seen two hundred brick walls rising, ten thousand temporary houses of boards, and fifty thousand piles of materials lifting from the ruins; but, on Sunday, although there were other reports, in a walk of several miles among the ashes, I saw no hand-work going on, except that in two half-made cabins German women were holding boards while their husbands nailed them to the framing. It is obvious that the New England man is taking the helm.
There are respectable citizens who hold to the opinion that the fire was started and spread systematically by incendiaries, and I have seen one, lately from Paris, who is sure that it was part of a general war upon property. Numerous alleged facts are cited to sustain this view, but I believe them generally to be delusions growing out of the common excitement, or accidental coincidences. It is certain that the original, progress, and all the unusual general phenomena of the fire can be reasonably accounted for in other ways.
You will have heard bad symptoms reported among the workingmen since the fire, but, on the whole, their conduct seems to have been as satisfactory as could have been reasonably expected. An unusual proportion of them are Germans, Swedes, and Norwegians, and, what is of great consequence, they were the owners of a lot and cottage. There has been an advance of about twenty per cent. in wages, and this has occurred without strikes or any general ill-feeling. Laborers now command $2 a day, carpenters and masons $4 to $5. Good mechanics are wanted, and many hundred more than are now here will be required in the spring.
The responsibility of leading affairs is felt to be too great to be trifled with. Even in politics this is true; perhaps, on the principle of locking the stable-door after the horse is stolen. City officers are to be elected next week, and citizens who have heretofore been unable to spare time for public from their private business, are exhibiting some concern about the character of the candidates. The old knots of dirty, overdressed men waiting for something to turn up seem to have had enough, and have disappeared. I have seen no soldiers, nor the slightest occasion for them. The police, as usual, except those regulating the passage of the crossings, seem to have nothing on their minds but a lazy looking forward to the arrival of their reliefs.
Although few of those who were men of substance yet know where they stand, and the work of general permanent reconstruction must, from loss of land titles and other reasons, be postponed till next summer, there has been no delay in deciding upon and starting efficient temporary arrangements for nearly all the old business of the city, except that of the courts. The shipping, railways, telegraphs, are all doing more work than before the fire, and will probably continue to. The city is again supplied with water, most of it with gas; it is as well sewered and paved as before. Omnibuses and street-cars are running on all the old lines; newspapers are published, schools are open and full, and half the numerous churches of the past are working more than double tides--the sensible, economical Roman Catholic custom of successive congregations and relays of clergymen having been adopted; while every day in the week the most effective preaching of the gospel, in the form of bread, beef, and blankets, is uttered from each. Theatres, concerts, and lectures are advertised, and a new public library is started in the basement of a Baptist meeting-house. Three hundred of the burnt-out business concerns advertise themselves in new quarters, and new stocks of goods are constantly seen coming from the Eastern railway stations. In but few respects will the market a week hence be much worse, either to buy or sell in, than before. There is no difficulty in handling the crops, and, fortunately, they are large and excellent. Chicago, in short, is under jury-masts, and yet carries her ensign union down, but she answers her helm, lays her course, is making fair headway, and her crew, though on short allowance and sore tried, is thoroughly sober and knows its stations.
You ask whether it is in the power of man adequately to guard against such calamities--whether other great cities are as much exposed as was Chicago? All the circumstances are not established with sufficient accuracy for a final answer, and one cannot, in the present condition of affairs, make full enquiries of men who must be best informed; but to such preliminary discussion as is in order, I can only offer a certain contribution.
The prevailing drought was, I think, a less important element of the fire in Chicago--whatever may have been the case as to those other almost more terrific fires which occurred simultaneously in Wisconsin and Michigan--than is generally assumed; yet doubtless it was of some consequence. As to the degree of it, I learn that there had been no heavy rain since the 3rd of July, and, during this period of three months, it is stated by Dr. Rauch, the Sanitary Superintendent, the total rain-fall had been but two and a half inches. The mean annual rain-fall at Chicago is thirty-one inches. With regard to the cause of the drought, it is to be considered that millions of acres of land hereabouts, on which trees were scarce, have been settled within thirty years by people whose habits had been formed in regions where woods abound. They have used much timber for building, for fencing, railroads, and fuel. They have grown none. They are planting none to speak of. The same is true of nearly all parts of our country in which a great destruction of forests has occurred or is occurring. If the reduction of foliage in any considerable geographical division of the world tends to make its seasons capricious, as there is much evidence, the evil both of destructive droughts and devastating floods is very likely to extend and increase until we have a government service which we dare trust with extensive remedial measures. It is not a matter which commerce can be expected to regulate.
I can obtain no scientifically definite statement of the force of the wind. Several whom I have questioned recollect that they found it difficult, sometimes for a moment impossible, to make head against it; but I think that no year passes that some of our cities do not experience as strong a gale, and that every city in the country must expect to find equal dryness coinciding with equal force of wind as often, at least, as once in twenty years.
The origin of the fire was probably a commonplace accident. The fire started in a wooden building, and moved rapidly from one to another, close at hand, until the extended surface of quickly-burning material heated a very large volume of the atmosphere, giving rise to local currents, which, driving brands upon the heated roofs and cornices of the tall buildings to leeward, set them on fire, and through the rapid combustion of their contents, loosely piled tier upon tier, developed a degree of heat so intense that ordinary means of resistance to it proved of no avail. Under an old law, wooden buildings had been forbidden to be erected in or moved to the locality where the fire had started. In 1867, upon the motion of men who wished to dispose of buildings they had contracted to move out of the more compact part of the city, the Common Council consented to a modification of this law. The Board of Health at the time urged the danger of doing so, and was told to mind his own business. Underwriters, merchants, and capitalists were silent.
Chicago has a weakness for "big things," and liked to think that it was outbuilding New York. It did a great deal of commercial advertising in its house-tops. The faults of construction as well as of art in its great showy buildings must have been numerous. Their walls were thin, and were often overweighted with gross and coarse misornamentation. Some ostensibly stone fronts had huge overhanging wooden or sheet-metal cornices fastened directly to their roof timbers, with wooden parapets above them. Flat roofs covered with tarred felt and pebbles were common. In most cases, I am told by observers, the fire entered the great buildings by their roof timbers, even common sheet-metal seeming to offer but slight and very temporary protection to the wood on which it rested. Plain brick walls or walls of brick with solid stone quoins and window-dressings evidently resisted the fire much better than stone-faced walls with a thin backing of brick.
There has been no court-martial called for the trial of the fire service of the city. I understand that it was under the same board with the police. Most of the so-called police force of Chicago whom I had seen before the fire appeared in dirty, half-buttoned uniforms, and were either leaning against a door-post in conversation with equally disreputable-looking friends, and incessantly spitting on the sidewalk, or were moving with a gait and carriage which can be described by no word but loafing.
No one can be sure that with reasonably solid brick walls, reasonably good construction, and honest architecture, this fire could, once under strong headway, with the wind that was blowing, have been stopped at any point in its career, even by good generalship, directing a thoroughly well-drifted and disciplined soldierly force of fireman and police. But that the heat thrown forward would have been less intense, the advance of the fire less rapid, the destruction of buildings less complete, the salvage of their contents greater, and the loss of life smaller, may be assumed with confidence.
The walls least dilapidated are those of the Post-Office. They are of brick faced with stone, and two or three feet thick. It is stated that the fire entered by the upper windward windows, which, strangely, were not protected by iron shutters. The interior is thoroughly burned out. The windward side of the exterior is scaled and seared with heat, but the leeward side is scarcely injured at all; the glass even remains in the windows, and the sidewalks, rails, and lamp-posts are essentially unimpaired. It appears to me that this one building stood for a long time a perfect dam to the fiery torrent. It was far from fireproof; but had there been a dozen other as well-built walls standing in line across the wind, and had there been no excessively weak roofs and cornices to leeward of them, I should suppose that half of all that was lost might have been saved.
The two most important buildings in the city were the Court-House, which was also the City Hall, and the pumping house of the Water-Works. The Court-House was a costly structure with a stone exterior, ostensibly fireproof, standing in the midst of a public square. No respectable structure in the same situation would have been seriously injured. Large additions had been made to it two years ago, and the design for them is said to have been bargained for under such conditions that no respectable architect could have been employed. The result, architecturally, was at all events very bad. There is much more beauty in the walls now, where they have been chipped and crumbled by the fire, than ever before. It has also been publicly charged that some of the legislators of the city were interested in the building contracts, and that much money was made on them. The first fall of snow after the roof was put on caused it to fall in, and other parts of the structure were so thoroughly shattered that it was feared the whole would come down. A proposition to tear it down and rebuild it was seriously entertained, but, as one of the gentlemen who decided the question told me, in view of what it had already cost, the taxpayers would not have stood it, and it was determined to patch it up. On the top of it, a tall wooden, tin-clad cupola was set. The fire, true to its mission of instructive punishment, made a long leap forward to seize upon this; it soon fell in and before the nearest adjoining commercial blocks to windward had even taken fire, it had been completely burned out with all its invaluable contents.
I have neither seen the Water-Works nor the justly distinguished engineer who is regarded as responsible for their construction, and who may be depended on to give the reason of their unfortunate break-down with the utmost accuracy and candor. The roof of the pumping-house, of metal, I believe, is publicly stated to have been upheld by wooden timbering, which was charred by heat from firebrands which had fallen above. Breaking down, it broke some part of the pumping-engine, and thus the city was left without water. The main battle, such as it was, had been before this fought and lost, but that much might still have been saved had the flow of water continued, a single experience will sufficiently indicate.
A friend who had, with other treasures, a choice library of several thousand volumes, tells me that he had thought much of the danger of fire, and was prepared to meet it. His house stood apart from all others, and was surrounded by trees. He had a strong force of instructed assistants, with private hydrants, hose, wet carpets, and buckets, well distributed. He had hoses and wagons ready, but to the last was confident in his means of resistance. All houses to windward of him had nearly burned down, and he had extinguished every spark that had fallen upon his own, when the water failed. Five minutes afterwards his roofs and walls were on fire in a dozen places, and he had all he could do to save the lives of his household.
Considering the circumstances under which the arrangements for relief were formed, they appear to be admirably good. In the midst of the most pressing demands of their private affairs, men of great good sense and well informed have taken time to devise and bring others into a comprehensive and sufficient organization, acting under well-guarded laws. Chicago, when all did well, exceeded all in her manner of providing for the sick and wounded, prisoners and refugees as well as friends; and now the bread she then floated is truly returning to her under natural laws; for men and women more fit to be trusted in every way than those to whom the control of the contributions for relief [was originally entrusted] have at length, after, it is said, a hard struggle with political speculators, been given [control].... The most scrupulous caution is taken to guard against waste or imposition, and to avoid encouraging improvidence, indolence, or a disposition to mendicant habits. Among hundreds of women drawing rations, I saw few who did not appear to have been decent, tidy, motherly persons--nearly all were European born.
The most costly and best form of charity has been that of supplying, either as a loan or as a gift, a limited amount of building materials with printed plans for a rough cabin of two rooms to be made of it, together with stove, mattresses, and blankets, to men having families, and able by their work to support them. This has already been done in 6,000 cases. Great eagerness is shown to obtain this favor, especially by those laboring men who were burned out from houses of their own, and who can thus at once reoccupy their own land. The thankfulness expressed by these men--thankfulness, as the Mayor says, "to all the world"--is sometimes very touching. The cost of the cabins, lined with heavy paper and supplied with a chimney, is, according to size, from $90 to $120. Besides the shelter thus provided, the public squares are filled with temporary barracks, and the whole number of those who have been housed by means of contributions received is, I believe, about 35,000. Wherever it is possible, persons not of families able to at least partly support themselves by labor, are helped to leave the city. The number of those to whom aid is thought needed to be administered has been rapidly reduced, every care being taken to obtain work for them and to avoid feeding those who avoid work. It is now a little over 60,000. With the coming on of winter, work will fail, and the number needing assistance will increase. The funds thus far promised are not enough to meet the requirements of the barest humanity, and, especially if the winter should be severe, larger contributions than there is now reason to expect will be sorely needed.
Arrangements are made for searching out and privately and delicately administering to such sufferers as will not ask or be publicly known to receive charity. It is easy to see that the number of such must be very large. It was a maxim in Chicago that a fool could hardly invest in city real estate so badly that, if he could manage to hold it for five years, its advance would fail to give him more than ten percent interest, while there was a chance for a small fortune. Acting on this view, most young professional men and men on small salaries, if they had families, bought a lot and built a small house for themselves, confident that by hook or by crook they should have enough to pay the interest as it fell due on the necessary mortgage, together with the cost of insurance. To accomplish this they lived pinchingly, and their houses and lots were their only reserves. In thousands of cases, they have lost their houses, their insurance, and their situations all at one blow. Fifty of the insurance companies doing business here have suspended payment, seven of them being Chicago companies, whose directors were men of local influence and often employers.
The Sanitary Department has a list, known to be as yet incomplete, of 180 regular physicians who were burned out. Many, if not most of these lost house and furniture, as well as office, instruments, and books, and the families in which they practice are dispersed. Judge Wilson reckons the number of lawyers, mostly young men, whose libraries were burned at five hundred. Many of both classes, for some days after the fire, took their places in lines in order to get the rations of biscuits served out by the relief agents.
But even the condition of young men with families who have lost everything is hardly as sad as that of many of the older citizens, much overworked men who had fairly earned leisure and affluence. Owing to peculiar commercial conditions here, the number of such who have lost everything is larger than it would be in an older city. Cautious men averse to the general habits of speculation were most disposed to invest in buildings, and patriotic men, who had grown up in the city, and who had the most interest and pride in it, were most apt to insure in the local companies.
Amidst all the material property of Chicago, there had always been a few of her citizens who had really bonded themselves to have no share in it, in devotion to higher pursuits. As examples of these, the Kinnicut brothers, as both are dead, may perhaps be named. There were others, their instructors, leaders, supporters, and followers, who, like them, had traveled frugally and far, studied devotedly, and who, aided by a few worthy men of greater wealth, were laying the foundations of a true seat and school of art, science, and learning. Several special collections had already been gathered which money can never replace. These, with libraries, many series of notes, the work of half a lifetime, and some unpublished books, more or less nearly complete, are lost; and most of those who had supplied the funds to sustain these most interesting and important bases of the higher civilization for the great Northwest, are thrown back to struggle again for the decent maintenance of their families.
But great as is this loss, it will be consciously felt by comparatively few. Even more appalling, in view of the long years of weary labor of many educated men involved, is the destruction of important papers, contracts, agreements, and accounts, notes and surveys, and records of deeds and mortgages. It is estimated that nine-tenths of the papers held by attorneys were kept in various patent safes on upper floors, and were destroyed. The same is true of those held by surveyors, real-estate agents, etc. The city and country records were, I believe, in vaults built, like those of the Custom-House and Post-Office, on stone slabs, supported by iron columns, which soon yielding to the heat, tumbled them into a pit of fire, and all were lost. How the city is to recover from this blow no one can yet see, but the difficulty is engaging in the study of its best and most conservative minds; and that in some way it will recover, and that it will presently advance even with greater rapidity, but with far firmer steps, than ever before, those staggered and cast down by it have not a shadow of doubt. | <urn:uuid:a34e88b4-22de-43ba-96bb-302a57902497> | {
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By George Barnes, Justin Bradley, Jenny Stafford, and Justin Young
We are going to put the info we know about them and say where the Vikings were at this period of time. Clerico Notes: We are going to take the info Mr. Clerico gave us and put it in paragraph form. Mr. Clerico is one of our high school teachers who is also an archeologist. He came and talked with us one day about Indians in Nevada.
The Mound Builders lived during 1000 A.D. The mounds are found in almost all the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio River Systems. Types of mounds. North America’s mounds were of many shapes and must have been used in several different ways. Some of the mounds were built in the lower Mississippi at about the time of Columbus. They towered 80 feet high and were 200 feet square at the base. One of the mounds was called the Great Mound, and is located near Moundsville, West Virginia. It is sometimes called the Grave Creek Mound. It was opened in 1838 by people who were not trained as anthropologists. A shaft 10 feet wide was sunk from the top of the mound, and a second vault was discovered. It was directly over the first and was of the same size. From this upper mound the searchers took more human bones, over 1,700 beads, 500 sea shells, 5 copper bracelets and many pieces of mica.
They also found a flat stone inscribed with what looked like Viking Runes. This stone has caused a great deal of argument. No one can be sure whether this stone was actually found inside the vault or whether it had been placed there as a joke by some of the diggers. Though various people have made what they call translations of this Grave Creek tablet, it is the present opinion of the archaeologists of the National Museum in Washington that the stone was planted in the excavation by a trickster.
|Burial Mound 1 500-900 A.D.||New: Burial mounds and villages were built. They made pottery and woven articles. Tobacco pipes were made Some farming began|
|Burial Mound 2 900-1300 A.D.||New: Large burial mounds were built. Art forms developed Wide trade with distant tribes.|
Americans Before Columbus By Elizebeth Chelsey Baity
Publisher The Viking Press NY:NY (MCMLI)
The Indians in the northern country had to hunt and gather food all year long so they could survive the winter. They also had to make winter clothes so they wouldn’t freeze to death. These Indians never had time to have fun. The southern Indians had a lot of time to have fun because they could get food at all time of the year and they didn’t have to make winter clothes. The southern Indians had life better than the northern Indians | <urn:uuid:6e67cd41-abfa-43bc-9e22-17e389061528> | {
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Q1. Which among the following term is used for: Unauthorized copying of software to be used for personal gain instead of personal backups?
(a) program thievery
(b) data snatching
(c) software piracy
(d) program looting
(e) data looting
Q2. In first generation of computers, they used ______.
(a) batch processing
(e) All of the above
Q3. Term referring to a person who uses his or her expertise to gain access to other people’s computers to get information illegally or do damage?
(c) instant messenger
Q4. To allow someone else schedule your meetings and appointments, ______ feature of Outlook is used.
(a) Monthly calendar
(b) Event manager
(d) Delegate Access
(e) Event Calendar
Q5. Which of the following device used ‘set of beads’ to represent the unit of data?
(e) None of these
Q6. A router is a networking device that forwards data packets and is connected to two or more data lines from different networks. Which among the following was the earliest device which had almost the same functionality as that of a router?
(a) Interface Delay Device
(b) Interface Traffic Manager
(c) Interface Routing Processor
(d) Interface Message Processor
(e) Interface Data Manager
Q7. A vacuum tube (also called a VT, electron tube or, in the UK, a valve ) is a device sometimes used to amplify electronic signals. Vacuum Tubes were used in which generation of Computers?
(a) 1st Generation
(b) 2nd Generation
(c) 3rd Generation
(d) 4th Generation
(e) 5th Generation
Q8. In Computer programming API is set of subroutine definitions, protocols, and tools for building software and applications. Which among the following is an application programming interface for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database?
(c) JAVA SE
Q9. Which of the following error occurs when software tries to access protected memory?
(a) Segmentation Fault
(b) Displaytime Error
(c) IO Error
(d) Runtime Error
(e) Zero Division Error
Q10. Which among the following is a term representing unit of data storage in computer memory?
Software piracy is the illegal copying, distribution, or use of software.
In First Generation mainly batch processing operating system were used.
Hacker is someone who seeks and exploits weaknesses in a computer system.
Delegate Access is a more advanced feature than just sharing your Outlook folders. If you want to grant additional permissions, such as allowing a delegate the ability to create e-mail messages or respond to meeting requests on your behalf, you must use Delegate Access.
The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool with a set of beads for counting.
The very first device that had fundamentally the same functionality as a router does today was the Interface Message Processor (IMP); IMPs were the devices that made up the ARPANET, the first TCP/IP network.
First Generation computers are characterized by the use of vacuum tubes. These vacuum tubes were used for calculation as well as storage and control. Later, magnetic tapes and magnetic drums were implemented as storage media. The first vacuum tube computer, ENIAC, was developed by US army ordinance to calculate ballistic firing tables in WWII. It had about 17 000 vacuum tubes.
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application programming interface (API) for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database. It is part of the Java Standard Edition platform, from Oracle Corporation.
A segmentation fault is a common condition that causes programs to crash; they are often associated with a file named core. They are caused by a program trying to read or write an illegal memory location. In other words, this is a memory access violation error.
Octet is another name for a byte=8bits | <urn:uuid:ce0acba9-b269-48ae-896d-566520e7e2e9> | {
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By: Claire McCarthy, MD, FAAP
According to the National Institutes of Health, nearly
1 in 3 of all adolescents ages 13 to 18 will experience an anxiety disorder. These numbers have been rising steadily; between 2007 and 2012, anxiety disorders in children and teens
went up 20%.
These stats combined with the rate of hospital admissions for suicidal teenagers also
doubling over the past decade leaves us with
many concerning questions.
What's causing the rise in teenagers with severe anxiety? How did we get here?
What's going on? While we don't know for sure, there are a number of factors that could be contributing. In addition to genetics, brain chemistry, personality, and life events, take the following into consideration:
High expectations and pressure to succeed. Between standardized testing and a
culture of achievement, today's youth can feel pressure to succeed in ways previous generations did not. A survey done every year by
Higher Education Research asks incoming college freshmen if they feel overwhelmed by all they have to do. In 2016, 41% of students said "yes" compared with 28% in 2000 and 18% in 1985.
A world that feels scary and threatening. We've seen an increase in school shootings, with resultant
drills and lockdowns in schools. We've seen shootings in public places. There have been terrorist attacks here in the US and around the world taking many lives. From just
watching or reading the news, it is reasonable for anyone to feel afraid in public spaces that previously would have felt safe.
Social media. Today's children and teens are
constantly connected to social media. It's not surprising that their self-esteem―and worldview ―becomes connected to responses to social media posts. It's hard for them not to compare their life and social connections to what they see others posting on social media.
There are also some children who have unexpected and disproportionate reactions to normal developmental experiences like going to school, going to a party, doing a sleepover or going to camp; children who worry excessively about everyday life activities. This often starts in the years right before
Whatever the cause, this rise in anxiety is a real problem for our youth.
Chronic anxiety can lead to serious mental health problems―depression,
substance use, and
even suicide. It can interfere with the ability to focus and learn causing school problems that can have lifelong impact. It can also lead to physical problems, such as headaches, chronic pain, digestive problems, and later heart disease.
Anxiety disorders cut across all demographics―suburban, urban, and rural. They affect those who are
college-bound and those who are not.
So, what can parents, teachers, and anyone else who interacts with children and teens do?
Be aware of the signs of anxiety. Sometimes children may say that they are anxious, but other times it is less clear―especially as they may not even realize it themselves. Signs can include:
Recurring fears and worries abo ut routine parts of every day life
Changes in behavior, such as irritability
Avoiding activities, school, or social interactions
Dropping grades or school avoidance
Trouble sleeping or concentrating
Substance use or other risky behaviors
Chronic physical complaints, such as fatigue, headaches, or stomachaches.
Talk with kids about potential stressors. Try to see the world the way they do—and help them to keep perspective and find ways to cope.
Be mindful of the expectations you set for children and teens. High expectations can help children reach their potential, but they need to be realistic ones. Not only that, remember that kids need time to relax, play, and be with friends—all of which are crucial for their mental and physical health. And it's important for all of us to remember that there is more to life than achievement.
Talk with kids about their social media use. Help them take breaks—and help them think critically and rationally about the effect of social media on their lives.
How to Connect with Your Teen about Smart & Safe Media Use.
How pediatricians screen kids for anxiety:
At visits―whether they are
well child visits or appointments made because of a concern―pediatricians ask questions about a child's physical complaints, mood, behavior and activities, as well as what is going on at school, at home, and in other areas of life.
Pediatricians also use screening tools such as the
Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) that look for signs of various different mental health problems, including anxiety. Pediatricians often refer to
mental health professionals, as well, in order to more fully evaluate children when there is a concern.
Know anxiety is treatable!
According to the
Anxiety and Depression Association of America, 80% of kids with a diagnosable anxiety disorder are not getting treatment―and anxiety disorders are highly treatable! As with most problems, the earlier it is diagnosed the easier it is to treat.
most effective treatments with for anxiety disorders are cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) and SSRI medications.
CBT focuses on changing how the child thinks about his fear, increasing exposure to feared situations, and relaxation strategies such as deep breathing, muscle relaxation, and positive self‐talk (repeating positive or reassuring statements to oneself). Exposure therapy, a type of CBT, focuses on increasing exposure to feared objects or activities.
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) ―commonly prescribed antidepressants―are the medications most frequently used for treating anxiety disorders in children.
Studies have found a combination of CBT and medication for 12 weeks yields a positive response in 80% of children with anxiety disorders. In fact, 65% of those children had no or minimal anxiety symptoms after the 12 weeks of treatment. With CBT alone, 60% had a positive response―about 35% of those children having no or minimal anxiety symptoms. However, it is important to note that SSRI medications can be administered safely and be an important part of child's anxiety disorder treatment.
As with any mental health disorder, anything that supports general wellbeing is an important part of anxiety disorder treatment―regular sleep, exercise,
meditation, relaxation apps or
yoga can be helpful. However, these are not a substitute for CBT or medication.
The most important thing is to be aware of your children's mental health, ask questions, and ask for help!
About Dr. McCarthy:
Claire McCarthy, MD, FAAP is a primary care pediatrician at Boston Children's Hospital, an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, a senior editor for Harvard Health Publications, and an official spokesperson for the American Academy of Pediatrics. She writes about health and parenting for the
Harvard Health Blog, Huffington Post and many other online and print publications. | <urn:uuid:b1c07803-390b-4104-b0c6-09ff5fcc4469> | {
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Alaska Fish & Wildlife News
Public Access to Alaska Waters
Fishing and Boating Access is Protected
Every year Alaskans migrate outdoors to enjoy our abundant opportunities for recreation on Alaska's rivers, lakes, and streams. Accordingly, each spring and summer, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game receives calls from the public requesting information regarding use of Alaska's waterways. Many of these calls come from frustrated fishers and boaters who arrived at a favorite stream and found posted signs or were accosted by landowners claiming ownership of the stream and the submerged lands under it.
In Alaska, the public has a constitutional right to access on and use of navigable and public waters regardless of who owns the underlying bed. This right is defined in Article VIII, Section 14, of the Alaska Constitution, which states: "Free access to the navigable or public waters of the state, as defined by the legislature, shall not be denied any citizen of the United States or resident of the state …." This section of the constitution also empowered the state legislature to define navigable and public waters. A navigable water body under state law includes any water of the state that is navigable in fact for any useful purpose including boating, hunting, fishing, and other recreational activities (AS 38.05.965(13)). Public water, as defined in state statute, includes navigable water and all other water that is reasonably suitable for public use and utility including habitat for fish and wildlife in which there is a public interest (AS 38.05.965(18)).
The Alaska Constitution and state statutes protect the public's right to use navigable or public waters. Under Alaska law, ownership of uplands adjacent to navigable or public water does not grant an exclusive right to use the water or to control public use of the water, even if the title includes the submerged land. Any land below the ordinary high water mark of navigable or public waters is subject to the right of the people to use for recreational or other purposes consistent with the public trust (AS 38.05.126). Such uses include fishing, trapping, boating, and hunting. Use of the water and land below the ordinary high water mark is not considered trespassing. On the contrary, it is a misdemeanor to interfere with or obstruct a person's free passage or use of navigable water, including the land below the ordinary high water mark. Accordingly, the state holds the view that the public's right to use navigable or public waters also includes the right to walk or stand on the lake or streambed below the ordinary high water mark.
Along non-tidal waters, the ordinary high water mark can usually be identified by the vegetation line or a physical line indicated by erosion, shelving, or changes in soil characteristics along the streambank or lake shore. In a braided river or stream, the area below the ordinary high water mark includes everything between the ordinary high water marks on the outside margin of the most distant channels.
While permission from the adjacent upland owner is not required for use of the water or land below the ordinary high water mark, the right to use the water does not include the right to enter, cross, or use private uplands except as minimally necessary to portage around obstacles or obstructions. River users should not assume the adjacent uplands are open for any use.
At the Department of Fish and Game, public access issues are addressed by a small, but dedicated staff in the Division of Sport Fish, Access and Defense Program that works in partnership with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources and federal resource agencies. Access and Defense staff work cooperatively with these agencies to assist the public with access questions and to resolve issues statewide involving public access and state authorities over fish, wildlife, and water. One way that Access and Defense staff protect public access is by reviewing federal, state, and municipal land management plans and land conveyances to ensure that navigable waterways and other easements are protected as land is transferred across jurisdictions or into private hands. The Access and Defense staff also investigates historical and modern uses of state waters to help determine which water bodies are in fact navigable under federal law, which means the lands underlying the waterway are owned by the state.
For further information contact the Sport Fish Information Center at the Department of Fish and Game offices in Anchorage or the Public Access Assertion and Defense unit at the Department of Natural Resources.
Dave Ryland is a biologist and navigable waters program leader who works for Division of Sport Fish in Anchorage.
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- Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building - http://inhabitat.com -
Four Cooking Stove Designs That Can Save The World
Posted By Andrew Michler On August 22, 2011 @ 11:43 pm In Features,global development,Green Appliances,Greener Gadgets | 8 Comments
The technology is dubbed the rocket stove , a seemingly simple device that has a large vertical cylinder to hold a pot and an opening at the bottom to feed the combustible biomass to efficiently cook a meal or pasteurize drinking water . While the concept has been proven to be simple, effective and best of all cheap, studies in fluid dynamics, geometry, and advanced materials are leading to very efficient high-tech designs which can reduce the smoke by 95 percent.
Add to that the fact that fuel consumption is reduced by half, which helps to curb expenses for families and slows the clearing of forests just for cooking fuel. All of theses factors make these stoves essential for the long term sustainability of a significant portion of the world population. These stoves are precision technologies that are far superior to homemade stoves, and they are designed to be affordable for even the poorest in the world with prices as low as $15 a unit.
At the front of both the design of high quality low cost stoves and a robust distribution network is Envirofit out of Colorado State University. Their diligent work in developing combustion chambers that meet precise tolerances to maximize combustion has lead to a family of stoves, lead by the flagship G-3300 . The stove uses a special low cost, high heat tolerant alloy that, along with a advanced combustion chamber design, reduces fuel consumption by 50 percent.
Designing the stove was only half the work though. Envirofit has opened up offices throughout the world to developed distribution and credit networks to get the stoves to where they are needed. They are on target to sell half a million of the $23 stoves by the end of 2011.
Stovetec in partnership with Aprovecho Research Center produces a hybrid wood and charcoal stove that is based on a special lightweight clay core which improves combustion efficiency but maintains strength for years of use. A special dual chamber allows families to use either wood in the upper chamber or charcoal in the lower one. The double door system also allows for more control of the burning, leaving both open to maximize air intake when starting a fire and partially closing the lower door to maintain the proper temperature.
The Jiko Poa is a Kenan produced stove that uses a ceramic core and sheet metal body. The $15 stove is designed to be manufactured within the community where they are distributed to multiply the economic benefits. While other stove makers have struggled to get viable local manufacturing operations going, Burn Design Lab and The Paradigm Project are looking locally to produce and sell one million of these stove in the next decade.
The newly unveiled BioLite HomeStove makes a leap in usability by brilliantly incorporating a small thermoelectric module that is activated by the heat. A small fan helps improve combustibility and reduces smoke emissions by an astounding 95 percent. A USB charging port is also incorporated to charge cell phones and utilitarian devices like LED lights . Undergoing field tests now, the stove will be available in April 2012. With billions of people in need, it can’t be soon enough.
Article printed from Inhabitat – Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building: http://inhabitat.com
URL to article: http://inhabitat.com/four-cooking-stove-designs-that-can-save-the-world/
URLs in this post:
Smoke inhalation: http://inhabitat.com/chulha-stove-could-help-stop-1-6-million-smoke-inhalation-deaths/
high-tech: http://inhabitat.com/pure-air-prius-solar-power-ventilation-system-modified-to-clean-air-in-huts/
intense campaign: http://inhabitat.com/us-gives-50-million-for-clean-burning-stoves-in-developing-world/
: http://inhabitat.com/four-cooking-stove-designs-that-can-save-the-world/untitled-1-42/?extend=1
rocket stove: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_stove
drinking water: http://inhabitat.com/tag/drinking-water/
Envirofit G-3300: http://www.envirofit.org/cookstoves/g-3300.html
Envirofit: http://www.envirofit.org/home.html
offices: http://www.envirofit.org/our-impact.html
Stovetec 2 Door Stove: http://www.stovetec.net/us/stove-models/2-door-stoves
Stovetec: http://www.stovetec.net/shop/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1&products_id=36
Aprovecho Research Center : http://aprovecho.org/lab/
charcoal : http://inhabitat.com/cooper-hewitt-receives-600k-to-continue-design-for-the-other-90-exhibit/cooper-hewitt-sugarcane-cha/
Burn Design Lab Jiko Poa: http://www.burndesignlab.org/our-stoves/
manufactured: http://inhabitat.com/manufacturing-sustainability-brands-weigh-in/
Burn Design Lab: http://www.burndesignlab.org/
The Paradigm Project: http://www.theparadigmproject.org/
BioLite HomeStove: http://www.biolitestove.com/HomeStove.html
LED lights: http://www.inhabitatshop.com/freeplay-ml-1-mini-lantern.html
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