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Talk of banding versus broadcasting nutrients is likely to become a much bigger conversation as Ontario works to reduce the impact farm phosphorous on the Great Lakes.
In this Corn School episode, Purdue University professor Tony Vyn offers insights on why he feels farmers should consider banding nutrients as apposed to broadcasting. While attending the Ontario Certified Crop Advisors meeting last month, Vyn also addressed questions on how smaller farmers, those who farm 500 to 800 acres, can make this management approach more affordable for their operations.
Overall, Vyn believes applying nutrients in a band beside the root zone can improve nutrient efficiency and reduce nutrient losses to the environment. It also increases application accuracy and contributes to increased crop yields.
Vyn feels farmers should consider banding fields with low soil test P and K or fields that show high levels of nutrient stratification. Fields with steeper slopes that are close to streams should also top the list. “A deep banding approach should be considered whenever there is an environmental concern about losses of dissolved phosphorus from broadcast applied fertilizer to water sources,” says Vyn.
It’s also important to place the band at a depth where it will not have a detrimental impact of the crop’s early growth. Vyn’s research in this area is ongoing, but says bands can range from shallow (2” to 3” below the surface) to deep bands at 6” or lower. Deep applications tend to be most beneficial in dry soil conditions. When it comes to timing, Vyn recommends banding P and K in the fall and spring applications for N.
Vyn acknowledged that equipment and technology needs for banding application could prove cost prohibitive for smaller farms, but he does believe it could be affordable if they are prepared to make strip till their only system for row crops. “It’s not affordable if strip tillage is adopted from the standpoint of being yet another tillage option for that farm,” says Vyn.
If farmers and the industry are concerned about phosphorus run-off, the case for banding gains significant strength, argues Vyn. “It provides an opportunity to have an immediate incorporation occur that ensures contact of that phosphorus fertilizer directly with soil particles rather than having them just laying on the surface and being susceptible to high run-off activity.”
Vyn also believes there’s an opportunity for smaller farmers to rely on custom operators who offer banding services. To make it economical the custom operator must also “create those bermed or tilled zones” during the same field pass. “That would enable direct planting in the spring. Then it’s something a smaller farmer can do the economics on and consider it as one of their options,” says Vyn.
Check out previous Corn School episodes.
Subscribe: Apple Podcasts | Google Podcasts | Spotify | RSS | All Podcasts | <urn:uuid:e740bab1-f8d4-4c9e-901c-7bfabad5f5e2> | {
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It has long been known that men have a greater risk for developing autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders, compared to women. While boys have a one in 52 chance of developing autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the risk is only one in 252 for girls, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Now, a new study published by the American Journal of Human Genetics reveals why so many more men are affected by these diseases.
Previously, researchers had speculated that mutations on the X chromosome may be to blame for the prevalence of ASD among men. However, study author Evan Eichler, a professor of genome sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine, said that doesn’t seem to be the case.
“Five percent [of genes responsible for brain development] map to the X chromosome,” Eichler told FoxNews.com. “…There are not enough brain development genes on the X chromosome to account for that big of a difference in terms of gender bias.”
In an effort to puzzle out the gender disparity seen in autism and other disorders, Eichler and his colleague Sébastien Jacquemont, of the University Hospital of Lausanne in Switzerland, paired up to analyze DNA samples from nearly 16,000 people with neurodevelopmental disorders. They also analyzed additional samples from a separate cohort of 800 families affected by ASD.
Through their analyses, the researchers began to notice that despite the fact that more boys are affected by ASD, the serious genetic mutations responsible for these diseases were more likely to be passed to children through their mother’s DNA, as opposed to from their father.
“We started to see this bias coming from mothers, who were supposed to be unaffected, that they were more likely to be transmitting mutations we thought were deleterious,” Eichler said.
After analyzing the cohort of 16,000 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, Eichler and his colleagues also discovered that female children seemed to have a larger number of genetic mutations associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, compared to male children.
“If we divide [the cohort] into females and males, and look at really big mutations, do we see a difference between boys and girls in terms of frequency?” Eichler said. “The answer was, unequivocally, yes. Girls tend to have more of these than boys. Boys have fewer than females.”
In analyzing the cohort of 800 families affected by ASD, the researchers also saw that girls had more major genetic deletions – and more small mutations – compared to boys.
Furthermore, the researchers discovered that 60 percent of these severe genetic mutations were coming from a child’s mother, as opposed to 40 percent that came from the father.
“And that tells us something important, because the mothers are unaffected – even though the females have more mutations and they are more likely to be transmitting them,” Eichler said.
The researchers theorized that women are better able to overcome genetic mutations, compared to men. Despite the fact that females had more mutations – and larger mutations – they were less likely to develop diagnosable neurodevelopmental problems.
“What it says is females are better at dealing with these severe mutations and males are more at risk for having them result in disease,” Eichler said. “It’s not necessarily an X chromosome effect, per say, but it has to do with effect that males are more at risk for developing these diseases with fewer mutations, and for females it takes more to push them into a state of intellectually disability.”
While Eichler said they aren’t certain why women seem less affected by these genetic mutations, they speculated that it may have to do with the fact that women possess two X chromosomes.
“When you look at the X chromosome, there are 1,500 genes and 5 percent are important to brain development…imagine you’re a male, any mutation that even makes the protein produced a little weaker or less efficient, now you’re stuck with that,” Eichler said. “The female, because she has two X chromosomes, chances are if she has a defective mutation on one of those genes, she can compensate because she has one from the other parent.”
And while this research indicates that women pass down the majority of the inherited genetic mutations responsible for ASD and other disorders, Eichler said men are more likely to pass down de novo - new - mutations.
“I want to be sure I don’t leave the impression that females are to blame for this, both parents contribute to the risk but in very different ways,” Eichler said. “Dads are more likely to contribute new mutations; mothers are more likely to contribute inherited mutations.”
Eichler and his colleagues hope to continue their research on a larger cohort to develop a better understanding of which genetic mutations put children at the greatest risk of developing ASD or other neurodevelopmental disorders.
“We have to nail it down at the gene level because those become the proteins that become the target for therapies,” Eichler said. | <urn:uuid:3c4d0c66-ecb5-4992-a74d-f3b6b5eb371a> | {
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“Fewer, clearer, higher”: These were the words that guided the crafting of the Common Core State Standards. In concise and clear-eyed prose, the Alliance for Excellent Education’s Robert Rothman lays out exactly how the new standards could change current instructional practices—and aims to speak directly to educators, whose efforts will determine whether or not these changes will occur. After providing a brief history of the Common Core (which he covered at length in his previous book), Rothman describes nine facets of the standards that mark a significant change from current practice, four of which pertain to math instruction and five to English language arts. In one math-related example, Rothman discusses the “math wars,” a long-standing battle over whether math instruction should emphasize procedural fluency, conceptual understanding, or problem-solving abilities, and how the Common Core—by emphasizing all three—seeks to find peace. Rothman concludes with a look at the road ahead and impending challenges—like funding, politics, and implementation in the years to come. Still, Rothman remains hopeful—as do we.
SOURCE: Robert Rothman, Fewer, Clearer, Higher: How the Common Core State Standards Can Change Classroom Practice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press, 2013). | <urn:uuid:d6422851-f3a8-47e3-bcc4-088fe0e9d31d> | {
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(October 14, 1890 - March 28, 1969)
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942-43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.
(August 10, 1874 - October 20, 1964)
Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933). Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric "economic modernization". | <urn:uuid:5ab519c2-82dc-4272-a34f-a6730215b1a6> | {
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Mixmag by Harrison Williams
May 7, 2018
Learning to DJ is now considered part of secondary education and counts toward a student’s General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) in the UK.
According to the BBC, the new qualification is now possible due to turntables, CDJs and other DJ gear now being recognized as formal instruments by examination boards.
In light of this, two professional DJs in Austen and Scott Smart have developed a DJ curriculum that is inspiring students to pursue music.
Austen and Scott are finding that music is helping students become more interested in the overall learning process of schooling: “We’re also seeing a lot of students who are not just maybe disengaged from the music department, but potentially disengaged from the rest of the school. I believe that we are able to connect with them, with the music that they get.”
This education business, which is called FutureDJs, is currently sending professional DJs to tutor kids throughout the UK. Their mission “is simply to get more young people into music, and in turn more students taking GCSE and A-Level Music.”
Check out the original article, here: http://mixmag.net/read/djing-is-now-considered-part-of-secondary-education-in-the-uk-news | <urn:uuid:b1c5ba20-7c57-4c42-8f77-5f24250f9668> | {
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The First Amendment commands the Government shall make no law abridging freedom of the press. Early American history shows that Government efforts to inhibit the press have failed badly. In 1798, the governing Federalist Party promoted the Alien and Sedition Acts, which criminalized any criticism of the President and Congress. These restrictions impacting the press were unpopular, and lead to the Federalist Party’s eventual demise.
Government hostility to the press has taken a sad twist in modern times. The President’s hostility has been shown by actions as overt as Tweeting insults about MSNBC anchors, to launching a social media video of himself attacking someone with a CNN logo on his head. Reporters are facing hostilities that were once unimaginable. A reporter from CQ Roll Call was shoved against a wall while attempting to interview an FCC Commissioner. The Justice Department has threatened to prosecute leaks, while refusing to rule out going after reporters involved in receiving information regardless of whether it is classified.
This unprecedented climate poses grave Constitutional issues. Government actions against the press today may be less defined than a modern version of the Sedition Act, but they show a troubling pattern threatening our Constitutional fabric. This freedom is needed now more than ever. Consider Michael Flynn’s departure from the White House, which was forced after the media disclosed he gave false information to the Vice President. Absent that reporting, a nondisclosed foreign agent with questionable judgment could still be operating in the White House as a national security advisor.
Our democracy depends on freedom of thought and open access to information holding government officials accountable. We may disagree on certain reports and viewpoints, but an unfettered media is key to avoiding autocratic rule. Hopefully the Constitutional guarantee of a free press will continue to overpower efforts by others to quash the free exchange of information over the airwaves. | <urn:uuid:eedb6d10-6507-4045-8952-8e8122412db0> | {
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Dr. Bosco Paes, MD
Pediatrician, Neonatologist ; McMaster’s Children’s Hospital
Sue & Tyson
IT CAN BE MORE THAN A COLD…RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) infects approximately two thirds of all infants in the first year of life and by age two almost 100 percent of children have had an RSV infection. RSV is a virus that produces common cold symptoms such as coughing and nasal congestion but can lead to serious respiratory tract infections requiring hospitalization, especially in high-risk newborns and infants. Fortunately, there are ways to help prevent the infection in high-risk babies. | <urn:uuid:4f6d18dd-629d-4ccd-8016-e6ce7dc46cf0> | {
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Modern science has verified what the ancients believed about one’s heart—that the heart is a center of higher wisdom. It can actually remember things and it functions much like the brain.
“There is a brain in the heart, metaphorically speaking,” said Dr. Rollin McCraty of the HeartMath Institute, a non-profit that offers treatments based on the connection between heart and brain. “The heart contains neurons and ganglia that have the same function as those of the brain, such as memory. It’s an anatomical fact,” he said.
“What people don’t know that well is that the heart actually sends more information to the brain [than the brain does to the heart],” he added.
Dr. J. Andrew Armour coined the term “heart brain” in 1991; he has also called the heart a “little brain.”
According to Harvard Medical School, chemical “conversations” between the heart and the brain affect both organs. Depression, stress, loneliness, a positive outlook, and other psychosocial factors influence the heart. The health of the heart can also affect the brain and the mind.
As neuro-cardiology (the study of the brain and heart connection) has developed, researchers have found that negative emotions throw both heart rhythms and brainwave patterns out of sync.
Stress responses, for example, take a toll on the body, contributing to high blood pressure, the development of artery-clogging plaque, and brain changes that may contribute to anxiety and depression, according to Harvard Medical School.
Conversely, when a person experiences positive emotions, heart rhythms and brainwave patterns are harmonious and coherent.
Heart as an Emotional Center
The heart as an organ is linked to the concept of heart as an emotional center. The heart sends messages through physical pathways to the brain, which are then interpreted as emotion.
McCraty explained: “Heart beats are similar to morse code, with these messages reflecting one’s emotional state.”
McCraty has worked as a psycho-physiologist for nearly 30 years. One technique he works with through the HeartMath Institute is “heart-focused breathing.”
While breathing deeply, the patient directs attention to the heart, which “shifts the physiology and facilitates changes in the body’s rhythms,” McCraty said.
Heart and brain wave patterning has been measured to observe the effects of this technique, showing greater coherence.
Scientists Reveal Human Brains are Hardwired for Empathy and Friendship
How DNA Is Reprogrammed By Words and Frequencies
Brain-to-Brain Control Established Between Humans and Animals at Harvard
The Truth About Energy Healing | <urn:uuid:33c21fea-cf80-4d48-a63b-673566e1a4a7> | {
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Erect, bushy perennial, herb or shrub, 0.2-0.6 m high. Fl. yellow-green, Oct to Dec or Jan to Jun. White beach sand. Coastal areas, dunes.
Beard’s Provinces: Eremaean Province, South-West Province.
IBRA Regions: Esperance Plains, Hampton, Jarrah Forest, Mallee, Swan Coastal Plain, Warren.
IBRA Subregions: Eastern Mallee, Fitzgerald, Hampton, Perth, Recherche, Southern Jarrah Forest, Warren.
IMCRA Regions: Eucla, Leeuwin-Naturaliste, WA South Coast.
Local Government Areas (LGAs): Albany, Augusta-Margaret River, Bunbury, Busselton, Capel, Cockburn, Dardanup, Denmark, Dundas, Esperance, Fremantle, Gingin, Harvey, Jerramungup, Mandurah, Manjimup, Perth, Ravensthorpe, Rockingham, Stirling, Wanneroo.
General Biology. Growth form. Herb. Life form. Perennial. Reproduction. Primarily seed, also root fragments. Dispersal. Explosive dehiscing, water, sand, wind, boats, ship ballast. Toxicity. Sap in the leaves and stem is irritant and posionous. Seedbank persistence. 2+ years in salt water, otherwise at least 7 years. Fire response. Likely to recover and resprout.
Notes. Rapidly spreading along the Western Australian coast. Also found throughout coastal southeastern Australia, including Tasmania and the islands off Bass Strait and southern New South Wales. Grows on beach fronts, from the high water mark into dunes, where it colonises bare sand and native dune vegetation. Also found on rocky foreshores, steep back dunes and mouths of coastal lakes and estuaries. Produces large numbers of bouyant salt-tolerant seeds which survive a number of years dispersed on ocean currents. Spreads rapidly once established. Believed to have a significant influence on ecological processes by altering landform morphology, reducing floral and structural diversity, and degrading fauna habitat. Can disrupt many native species including shorebirds that use open sand spits for nesting. Side branches may form anywhere along stems giving it the capacity to grow through accumulating sand. Anchored by a deep taproot with several lateral roots. Flowering is thought to be more dependant on growing conditions than time of year. Annual seed production may be over 20,000 seeds per plant, although this is variable with severely stressed plants producing few, if any, seeds. Above ground stems die after flowering and are replaced by new stems, can recover from damage to the above ground stems from fire, frost, burial or grazing.
Additional information. Origin. Mediterranean. History of use/introduction. Most likely introduced in ship ballasts or by boat. Similar exotic species. Euphorbia helioscopia, E. terracina.
Suggested method of management and control. Hand remove small isolated infestations, ensuring use of appropriate personal protective equipment and safety guidelines. When actively growing, spray with 50 mL glyphosate (360 g/L) + 0.2 g metsulfuron + Pulse® in 10 L water. Consider possible dune erosion. Read the manufacturers' labels and material safety data sheets before using herbicides. For further information consult the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority to determine the status of permits for your situation or state.
|Manual Removal||Y||Y||Y||Y||Y||Y||Y||Y||Y||Y||Y||Y||Follow safety guidelines|
Legend: Y = Yes, regularly, O = Occasionally, U = Uncertain, referred by others but not confirmed.
FloraBase is produced by the staff of the Western Australian Herbarium, Biodiversity and Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. Publication or other use of content on this site is unauthorised unless that use conforms with the copyright statement.
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ulysses s grant
Last Updated: Friday, February 05, 2021
DATE OF BIRTH
BEST KNOWN FOR
18TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
CAUSE OF DEATH
( Throat )
ulysses s grant died on 07/23/1885 at the age of 63.
ulysses was prominently known as
and is remembered fondly by family, friends, and fans.
Digging into our profile records, among our politician class of profiles,
ulysses s grant is one of
who has died as a result of cancer .
Within the broader landscape of our profiles, ulysses s grant
was one of 224 individuals who had succumbed
to this illness, and one of 10
people who had died from Throat Cancer. | <urn:uuid:91ace492-69a3-4d60-9177-c18c0e3bbff6> | {
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By: Rachel Skillicorn
Energy Saving Microwaves are getting more and more people to switch to going green. Research shows that cooking only takes 3% of energy in a normal household, but researchers say, " why not do it anyway?" 60% of microwaves use eelectricity, not gas. They also produce less indoor pollution and they are said to be using 30% less energy than other, normal microwaves. These microwaves range from $99.00-$399.00 and are a great way to start using less energy. | <urn:uuid:ddf2cac4-491a-4503-9b64-b17feda28475> | {
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We have quite a few foraging articles on Outdoor Revival, and we’re often encouraging you to learn about foraging as part of your emergency planning and general outdoor knowledge.
It is always a good idea to learn about which plants are edible in the wild, particularly in the areas that you spend your time in. You can add these plants to your salad or cooked meals while on a hike, they will add to the variety and nutrition of your meal.
It’s really not long until we’re into springtime which is the best time to find plants such as wild cresses. These cresses are part of the mustard family, some of which have nice strong flavors.
Wintercress, watercress and Pensylvania bittercress can be found in places you may pass on your hike, so it’s a good idea to have a plant identification book or app and keep your eyes peeled.
All over North America, there is the chance you will find small patches of Watercress in clear streams. In early spring they are small and tasty, later in the summer, they will be about a foot tall.
The leaves should be washed well before you use them in a salad, as the water could be contaminated in some way. You should probably treat all water with caution and wash the leaves well in clean water. Watercress greens also make a delicious soup.
Pennsylvania bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica) is a plant which grows on dry land in the East of the country. It is a small plant and, even its name confuses people because the plant itself is not at all bitter.
The leaves make a very good base for a salad and can be eaten either cooked or raw. Sadly, this is a short lived plant, and you need to find and eat this in April, as the summer moves on the plant gets overrun by other plant growths and grass.
Wintercress has a much more bitter taste. Other names for the same plant are Creasy Greens or Yellow Rocket. It is found mostly to the East of the country and has shiny dark green leaves. As with many things, they are delicious fried in bacon fat!
This particular variety of cress can grow up to three feet tall. The buds can be used in salads or just as a snack. The plant is in fact related to broccoli and has a similar appearance. The bitterness of the leaves prevents its use as a salad vegetable most of the time. Cooking with oil improves the taste making it quite edible and very nutritious.
If you have any comments then please drop us a message on our Outdoor Revival Facebook page
If you have a good story to tell or blog let us know about it on our FB page, we’re also happy for article or review submissions, we’d love to hear from you.
We live in a beautiful world, get out there and enjoy it.
Outdoor Revival – Reconnecting us all with the Outdoor | <urn:uuid:3d0b0dea-7859-4c74-a200-e1be0fe604c9> | {
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By Jonathan Amos
BBC News Online science staff, in Seattle
More than 1,100 marine scientists have signed a statement calling on the UN and world governments to stop the destruction of deep-sea corals.
The seafloor off Northwest Australia before (top) and after (bottom) the trawlers have passed through
The researchers want a moratorium on the use of the heavy trawling gear that gouges coral and sponges from the ocean bottom in search of valuable fish.
Some of the coral fields will contain thousands of species and are sometimes called the "rainforests of the deep".
"Bottom trawling is like fishing with bulldozers," said expert Elliot Norse.
"It's devastatingly efficient in one sense; it's a way to get fish relatively easily and painlessly, if you don't mind killing all of the life on the bottom to catch them," the president of the US Marine Conservation Biology Institute told the BBC.
The gear is huge. Nets are armed with steel weights or heavy rollers and destroy everything in their path. At the cold depths of one to two kilometres, the growth rates of all organisms are incredibly slow and the coral fields have little chance to re-establish themselves.
Some of the corals resemble trees - they can be up to 10 metres tall - and some specimens have been found to be almost 2,000 years old.
"They are sources of future medicines, they are recorders of global climate change because they live so long, and they provide habitat for many other species including some really important commercial fish," says Dr Norse. "They are also exquisitely beautiful organisms."
It is the big and valuable species - cod, orange roughy, armorhead, grenadier and Chilean seabass - that live among the coral that draw the trawlers. But these fish species, too, cannot sustain heavy losses.
The orange roughy, for example, can live to more than a hundred years but takes decades to reach sexual maturity.
Scientists want to see a move to longlining
Scientists have long known about corals and sponges in shallow tropical waters, and discovered deep-sea corals in the 1800s.
But until recently, they did not know that coral forests and sponge reefs are widespread in certain cold and deep ocean habitats, many centred along the edges of continental shelves.
Scientists have now discovered deep coral fields in Japan, Tasmania, New Zealand, Alaska, British Columbia, California, Nova Scotia, Maine, North Carolina, Florida, Colombia, Brazil, Norway, Sweden, UK, Ireland and Mauritania.
It is clear there are more species of corals in cold and deep ocean waters than in tropical shallows.
"Deep-sea corals and sponges are crucial habitat elements for seafloor species," said Dr Daniel Pauly, of the University of British Columbia, in Vancouver, Canada.
"Allowing trawling in coral forests is the worst thing we are doing in the ocean today. It should be stopped immediately until scientists can determine whether trawling in the deep-sea can be justified anywhere.
Deep corals: Beautiful but very slow growing
"Nothing could be dumber than destroying the habitats that depleted fish populations need to recover. Governments must stop pussyfooting around and do something useful."
Marine scientists want to see the current gear substituted with anchored longlines.
These lines, which would be of the length of several hundred metres, would float above the reefs. Their downside is that they could snag corals as they are recovered, but the researchers say this would be infinitely preferable than the current methods employed.
Dr Martin Willison, of Dalhousie University, also in Canada, said many fishermen he had spoken to recognised the need to move away from bottom trawling.
"The social conditions are such that fishermen can't voluntarily stop doing what they are doing because if they do in the absence of regulation, they will be beaten by those who go out and continue to destroy the reefs.
"We need new regulations now. The fishermen are onside but it's time for policymakers to get behind this bandwagon." | <urn:uuid:1481bd62-b9c8-49a6-ab05-37e8fd228046> | {
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It isn’t surprising that travel on The RIDE has plummeted since fare hikes were imposed on elderly and disabled riders (“The Ride less ridden after increase in fare,” Page A1, Feb. 2). An analysis based on the Elder Economic Security Standard Index found that Massachusetts elders “struggle with the nation’s largest shortfall between income and costs, with median income covering about 60 percent of basic expenses.” Thousands of elders in The RIDE service area are unable to cover essential expenses. The increases make it even tougher.
The Elder Index, developed by the University of Massachusetts Boston Gerontology Institute and Washington-based Wider Opportunities for Women, is used by the Washington organization’s state partner, the Massachusetts Association of Older Americans, for advocacy. Tabulating current local data to determine the amount of income elders need to meet basic expenses, the index provides the “economic security gap” — the difference between what they need and a typical elder’s income. It helps us understand whether public policy strengthens or weakens elders’ economic security.
Governor Patrick has emphasized that transportation is about quality of life, economic activity, and opportunity. We agree. The Elder Index can help move Massachusetts toward a fare structure that facilitates the use of public transportation and preserves opportunities for elderly and disabled people to engage in community life. | <urn:uuid:4a0c3f9d-4c5b-4960-8541-61a235431b65> | {
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We are writing to remind you that there are students in every grade level at Clinton Public School who have allergies to nuts and nut-‐products. This includes almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, peanuts, pecans, pine nuts, sesame seeds and walnuts. Strict avoidance of all nut products is the only way to prevent life-‐threatening allergic reactions. Even touching a small amount of a product or accidental ingestion of a food containing nuts could result in a life-‐threatening situation.
To keep children with nut allergies safe all classrooms and common areas at Clinton Public School are nut-‐free. Common areas include the art room, computer room, gym, hallways and library. Nuts and nut products are allowed in the cafeteria where nut-‐free tables are available for studens with nut alergies. Any student may sit at the nut-‐free table as long as they have a nut-‐free lunch.
Notify your child’s teacher if you are planning a special celebration for your child in the classroom. Unscheduled celebrations will not be permitted. No foods can be brought into the classroom without prior teacher approval at all times. We also need to consider the needs of children who are allergic to foods other than nuts. Class treats should be pre-‐packaged and in the original container with the label of contents clearly visible. They must be totally free of nuts and nut products and should be delivered by the parent directly to the teacher.
We suggest planning a classroom treat that can be enjoyed by all the children in the class, including those with food allergies. Consider designing a fun activity for the class, donating a book or game or providing an alternative to food such as stickers, pencils, themed erasers or other trinkets or school supplies. Your child’s teacher will be happy to provide suggestions to you.
We appreciate your support and cooperation. We believe all families understand a parent’s concern and worries about safety and that you will join us in ensuring that our school is a safe learning environment for all children. If you have any questions or concerns please do not hesitate to contact us.
Mary Ellen Bowlby, RN
Dr. Seth Cohen | <urn:uuid:9d17511f-7ae7-41a6-bccd-0b7ed9af58c3> | {
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Grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) are apex predators found on many Indo-Pacific coral reefs, but little is known about their movement patterns and habitat requirements. We used acoustic telemetry to determine movements and habitat use of these sharks at the isolated Rowley Shoals atolls, 250 km off the coast of north-western Australia. We equipped 12 male and 14 female sharks ranging from 0.79 to 1.69 m in total length with transmitters that were detected by an array of 11 strategically placed receivers on two atoll reefs. Over 26,000 detections were recorded over the 325 days of receiver deployment. No sharks were observed to move between reefs. Receivers on the outer slopes of reefs provided nearly all (99%) of the detections. We found no differences in general attendance parameters due to size, sex or reef, except for maximum period of detection where larger sharks were detected over a longer period than smaller sharks. Male and female sharks were often detected at separate receivers at the outer slope habitat of one reef, suggesting sexual segregation, but this pattern did not occur at the second reef where males and females were detected at similar frequencies. We identified two patterns of daily behaviour: (1) sharks were present at the reef both day and night or (2) sharks spent more time in attendance during day than at night. Fast Fourier transforms identified 24-h cycles of attendance at the reef and a secondary peak of attendance at 12 h for most sharks, although no individuals shared the same attendance patterns. Our study provides baseline data that can be used to optimise the minimum area and habitat requirements for conservation of these apex predators. | <urn:uuid:7faea7a7-1ce6-47b1-b675-fcc5b0b8c6d0> | {
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The Science of the EIC
The Electron-Ion Collider is considered to be essential to the United States’ ability to contribute to world-leading scientific research. Researchers hope such a machine can help answer fundamental questions about ordinary matter, revealing for the first time and in detail how matter’s smallest building blocks and nature’s universal forces combine to build our visible universe.
To explore the infinitesimal, nuclear and particle physicists rely on particle accelerators. These machines serve as microscopes for the very heart of matter, where protons and neutrons combine to form the nucleus of the atom, and where quarks and gluons come together to build protons and neutrons. The Electron-Ion Collider is a powerful and precise tool that will enable both the discovery of new particles and the further exploration of known particles and forces that constitute visible matter.
A polarized Electron-Ion Collider, such as the machine being proposed for Jefferson Lab, would be uniquely suited to address several outstanding questions of the theory that describes the basic building blocks of matter, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). QCD is a framework for understanding how the building blocks of protons and neutrons, called quarks, are bound together by the “strong force.” The strong force is one of the four forces of nature – along with gravity, the electromagnetic and weak forces – and it is the force that builds protons and neutrons and the nuclei of atoms.
When scientists probe the heart of matter, they’re exploring a veritable zoo of tiny particles that combine to form the familiar atoms that make up all visible matter, from your favorite pair of jeans, to the planet we stand on, to the stars in the sky. These explorations often center on the nucleus of the atom and its protons and neutrons. Each proton and neutron is primarily made from three particles called quarks. These quarks are bound together by the exchange of other particles called gluons, which carry the strong force.
In fact, quarks are bound together so strongly, that no quark has ever been found in isolation, but only ever as a constituent particle bound up with another quark or quarks. One of the goals of Jefferson Lab’s newly upgraded Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility is to discover and probe particles that can reveal more about how the strong force binds quarks together. The upgraded CEBAF, which would become a part of Jefferson Lab’s proposed EIC, is on track to probe a particle in which the gluons are enhanced in such a way that experimenters can probe those gluons, and the strong force, in detail never before accessible by experimenters. An EIC could then continue the study of gluons with even greater precision, and may even be capable of probing gluons directly.
An EIC could also allow for a better understanding of ordinary protons and neutrons. For instance, the complete mapping of these particles’ three-dimensional structure, a long-time goal of nuclear physicists. It’s also expected that an EIC could provide insights into all particles built of quarks, called hadrons, something no other machine is currently capable of providing. An EIC could potentially reveal in detail how quarks and gluons are distributed inside hadrons, how quarks and gluons move inside hadrons, what role quarks interactions have with themselves and the strong-force gluons, and how the intrinsic spin and movement of the quarks and gluons contribute to the spin of hadrons.
Further, this detailed mapping could finally reveal how transient particles contribute to the structure of protons and neutrons. These transient, so-called “sea particles” are quarks and gluons that continuously blink into and out of existence inside hadrons. An EIC could reveal, for the first time, the role this quark-gluon sea plays in the microscopic structure of protons and neutrons.
Finally, an EIC could help scientists understand why matter behaves the way it does at all levels of view, from a scattered collection of quarks and gluons, to a hadron built of quarks and gluons, to the nucleus of the atom built of hadrons.
In the end, it’s hoped that the insights made possible by an Electron-Ion Collider could ultimately lead to the discovery of how the ordinary matter that we see today first coalesced from a morass of quarks and gluons in the early universe and how quarks and gluons and protons and neutrons underpin the fabric of our visible universe today. | <urn:uuid:7639534b-8bd2-44f6-83b4-6ddff72aae6e> | {
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New industry research has quantified for the first time how much Europe’s economy could benefit from domestic shale gas production. The development of shale gas in Europe could add as many as one million jobs to the economy, make industry more competitive and decrease the region’s dependence on energy imports, according to the study commissioned by OGP and carried out by the independent consultancies Poyry Management Consulting and Cambridge Econometrics. Shale gas could add a total of 1.7 trillion to 3.8 trillion euros to the economy between 2020 and 2050.
“Europe is still in a period of difficult economic and social recovery. This new study shows that shale gas production could have significant economic benefits,” said Roland Festor, OGP’s EU affairs director. “While it may not be a game changer as in the United States, shale gas development in Europe could take full advantage of the lessons learned.”
The study modeled the impact of domestic shale gas development on the economy of the European Union, using three different scenarios, each with differing production levels.
“We cannot afford to forego such an opportunity; every cubic meter of gas produced from EU shale resources means one cubic meter less of imported gas. That would translate into more jobs, more disposable income, better security of supply and ultimately more prosperity,” Mr Festor explained. “We encourage policy makers to create the right conditions for exploration.”
According to the results, shale gas operations could trigger the creation of between 400,000 and 800,000 new jobs by 2035 and between 600,000 to 1.1 million by 2050. Many of these jobs would be in the industries most affected by Europe’s crisis and would be in net addition to any new jobs generated by other sectors, including the renewable energy industry.
Domestic production could reduce dependence on gas imports to between 62% and 78%, down from an otherwise predicted 89% of demand in 2035. The less Europe spends on energy imports, the more it can invest internally, stimulating national and local economies. Between 2020 and 2050, investment in the EU could increase by 191 billion euros, while tax revenues could increase by 1.2 trillion euros.
Indigenous gas production could also reduce energy prices compared with a no-shale gas scenario. Relatively lower prices would increase the income available to households and reduce costs for industry, making European products more competitive internationally.
The study is available here. | <urn:uuid:01d0c18a-6e01-4339-9c4a-0837366e15c9> | {
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Market capitalization, or market cap, is simply the measurement of a company’s total value or worth. If a company wants to buy out another company, they are going to be paying the market cap for it.
Calculating Market Cap
To calculate the market cap, all you simply have to do is take the total number of outstanding shares, then multiply that number by the current share price. Let’s look at Exxon Mobil (XOM) for example:
Total Shares = 5.63 Billion
Today’s Close = $79.82
Market Cap = $449.63 Billion (5.63 x 79.82)
Why does the market cap matter at all? Well, when investing in the stock market, it is typically recommended you diversify your holdings amongst multiple sized companies. Ever heard of “small cap”, “mid cap”, and “large cap”? Those are direct references to simply the size of the company you are investing in.
Types of Market Cap
There are several different caps used on a day to day basis, and for educational and reference purposes I will relay them for ya!
Nano Cap = Under $50 Million
Micro Cap = $50 Million to $300 Million
Small Cap = $300 Million to $2 Billion
Mid Cap = $2 Billion to $10 Billion
Large Cap = $10 Billion to $200 Billion
Mega Cap = $200 Billion or greater
Finding Market Cap
To find out what the market capitalization of a company is, I simply use yahoo finance because yahoo rocks. To find it through yahoo finance, simply type in the ticker, hit enter and in the middle column to the left of the chart you will find Market Cap. Here is screenshot just taken:
(If you enjoyed this post, or just investor education in general, stay up to date by subscribing to the feed! Google reader is most popular just so ya know. Also check out the education archives for more great reads.) | <urn:uuid:076aceae-7045-4238-837e-dd361026d275> | {
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Written in 1944 while Brecht was living in America, The Caucasian Chalk Circle was initially intended for Broadway. It never quite made it there, but was instead premiered by students at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota in 1948....
Bertolt Brecht was born on February 10, 1898, in the medieval city of Augsburg, part of the Bavarian section of the German Empire. Married in 1897, his father was a Catholic and his mother a Protestant. Brecht was their first child, baptized as Eugen Bertolt Friedrich Brecht. His father, Bertolt Friedrich Brecht, worked in a paper factory. His mother, Wilhelmine Friederike Sophie Brezing, was ill with breast cancer most of his young life. He had one brother, Walter, who was born in 1900.
Brecht was a sickly child, having a congenital heart condition and a facial tic. As a result, he was sent to a sanitarium to relax. At age six he attended a Protestant elementary school (Volksschule) and at age ten a private school, The Royal Bavarian Realgymnasium (Koeniglich-Bayerisches Realgymnasium). Like most students, he was educated in Latin and the humanities, later being exposed to Nietzsche and other thinkers. He suffered a heart attack at the age of twelve but soon recovered and continued his education.
Significantly, Brecht was exposed at a young age to Luther's German translation of the Bible, a text considered instrumental in the development of the modern German language. Quotes from and references to the Bible abound throughout Brecht's work and can be found most particularly in Mother Courage and Her Children in the mouth of the chaplain.
While in school he began writing, and he ended up co-founding and co-editing a school magazine called The Harvest. By age sixteen, he was writing for a local newspaper and had written his first play, The Bible, about a girl who must choose between living and dying but saving many others. He was later almost expelled at age eighteen for dissenting about it being necessary to defend his country in time of war. By nineteen, he had left school and started doing clerical work for the war, prevented from more active duty due to health problems.
In 1917, he resumed his education, this time attending Ludwig Maximilian Universitaet in Munich, where he matriculated as a medical student. By this time, his mother was heavily drugged with morphine because of her progressing cancer. He started to write Baal at this time, a play concerned with suffering caused by excessive sexual pleasures. It sensationally depicted what were considered immoral attitudes at the time.
Brecht's own sex life is fascinating in many ways. He is thought to have had no fewer than three mistresses at any time throughout his adult life. When he was a child, the family's second servant, Marie Miller, would hide objects in her undergarments for Brecht and his brother to find. Through Brecht's poetry, we understand that his mother used to smell his clothes to determine the extent of his sexual activities. By the age of sixteen, he began to frequent a brothel as part of a conscientious effort to broaden his experiences. Between sixteen and twenty, he apparently pursued eight girls simultaneously, including Paula Banholzer, the woman who gave birth to his illegitimate child in 1919. He is known to have experimented with homosexuality, often inviting literary and musically inclined male friends to his room on weekends in order for them to read erotic compositions. His diaries, although vague, mention his need for both males and females to fulfill his sexual desires. Brecht's desire for experience was, throughout his life, all-consuming.
In 1921, he took his second trip to Berlin and attended the rehearsals of Max Reinhardt and other major directors. In 1922, his play Drums in the Night opened in Munich at the Kammerspiele and later at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin. He received the prestigious Kleist prize for young dramatists as a result. Brecht also entered into his first committed relationship, his marriage with the opera singer Marianne Zoff, at the age of twenty-four. Their daughter Hanne was born the following year. Despite being married, Brecht had extramarital affairs and spent very little time with his wife or daughter. In 1923, his two plays Jungle of Cities and Baal were performed.
After moving to Berlin in 1924, he met a communist Viennese actress, Helene Weigel. His wife Marianne moved in with her parents after the birth of Hanne, and soon she stopped responding to Brecht's letters. At age twenty-six Brecht fathered his second illegitimate child, with Weigel. Their son was named Stefan. Brecht divorced Marianne Zoff and in 1929 married Helene Weigel. At this point, he was just thirty-one.
Helene Weigel gave birth to their second child, Barbara, in 1930. During this time, Brecht was by no means monogamous. He was obsessed with the idea of abandonment, and as a result, he abhorred ending relationships. The women in his life were important for his writing career, and modern feminist detractors often try to claim that his mistresses in fact wrote much of what was accredited to him. The allegation is largely untrue, but women such as Elisabeth Hauptmann did write significant parts of The Threepenny Opera. In addition, other mistresses included Margarete Steffin, who helped him write The Good Woman of Setzuan and Mother Courage and Her Children; Hella Wuolijoki, who allowed him to transform her comedy The Sawdust Princess into Herr Puntila and His Man Matti; and Ruth Berlau, who bore him a short-lived, third illegitimate child in 1944. Weigel was tolerant of his affairs, and she even warned other men to stay away from his mistresses because it upset him when they made their moves.
Brecht's writings show the profound influence of many varied sources during this time and the remaining years of his life. He studied Chinese, Japanese, and Indian theatre, focused heavily on Shakespeare (adapting, among other plays, Shakespeare's Coriolanus) and other Elizabethans, and was fascinated by Greek tragedy. He found inspiration in other German playwrights, notably Buchner and Wedekind, and he enjoyed the Bavarian folk play. Mother Courage and Her Children arguably owes much to Schiller's Wallenstein trilogy. Brecht had a phenomenal ability to take elements from these seemingly incompatible sources, combine them, and convert them into his own works.
In 1933, Brecht took his family and fled to Zurich after the burning of the Reichstag, later moving around the world to escape Nazi rule. In October 1947, during the McCarthy years, Brecht was called to appear before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Although not an official member of America's Communist party, Brecht left the United States for Switzerland the next day. He soon reunited with Helene Weigel, and they traveled to East Berlin in 1948 and set up the Berliner Ensemble with full support from the Communist regime. Mother Courage and Her Children was the Berliner Ensemble's inaugural production. In 1950, Brecht and Weigel were granted Austrian citizenship.
Brecht's four great plays were written between 1938 and 1945. These included, for one, The Life of Galileo, which followed history slavishly. It dealt with the protagonist's self-hatred for giving up his convictions in the face of the Inquisition. The others were Mother Courage and Her Children; The Good Woman of Setzuan, which in some ways follows from Mother Courage in examining the compatibility of virtue and a capitalist world; and The Caucasian Chalk Circle, which introduces questions about power and who is entitled to own things. After this period, Brecht worked on his famous adaptation of Antigone and spent much of his energy recording his theoretical ideas.
Brecht experimented with Dadaism and expressionism in his early plays, but he soon developed a unique style that suited his own vision. He detested "Aristotelian" drama and the manner in which it (at least from his point of view) made the audience identify with the hero without enough analysis of the hero's flaws. To him, when such drama produced feelings of terror and pity and led to an emotional catharsis, the process prevented audience members from thinking. (It is the ancient quarrel between philosophers and poets once again, with another thinker trying to reform poetry.) Determined to destroy what he considered theatrical illusions, Brecht made his dreams into realities when he took over the Berliner Ensemble. In one of his early productions, he famously put up signs which said, "Glotzt nicht so romantisch!" (“Don't stare so romantically!”). For further information, see About Epic Theatre in the ClassicNote on Mother Courage and Her Children.
Brecht received the National Prize, first class, in 1951. In 1954, he won the international Lenin Peace Prize. Brecht died of a heart attack on August 14, 1956, while working on a response to Samuel Beckett's absurdist play Waiting for Godot, written the year before. Even at the end, Brecht was very much interested in the modern drama of the day. He provided instructions that a stiletto be placed in his heart and that he be buried in a steel coffin so that his corpse would not be riddled with worms. He also left a will giving the proceeds of his various works to particular mistresses, including Elisabeth Hauptmann and Ruth Berlau. Unfortunately, the will lacked the necessary witness signatures and was therefore considered void. His widow, Helene Weigel, generously gave small amounts of money to the specified women. Brecht is buried in the Dorotheenfriedhof in Berlin.
Study Guides on Works by Bertolt Brecht
Bertolt Brecht wrote Der gute Mensch von Sezuan (translated literally as “The Good Person of Setzuan”) with Margarete Steffin and Ruth Berlau between the years of 1938 and 1943. Steffin was a German actress, writer, and translator, and...
Bertolt Brecht wrote Jungle of Cities (Im Dickicht der Staedte) when he was only twenty-three years old. The play emerged as a brilliant and poetic tribute to his most despairing and nihilistic phase from 1921-1923. Set in Chicago, it portrays the...
Mother Courage and Her Children is set during the Thirty Years' War, but it was written either shortly before or during the early years of the Second World War. Hitler's warmongering intentions had become clear to many Germans by the...
The Threepenny Opera, written and staged in 1928, soon became Brecht's first and greatest commercial success. Produced only two years after Brecht's famous work Man equals Man, the play represents a new style for Brecht. Whereas Man equals... | <urn:uuid:635d4724-2f7a-4390-96c1-8f8008a01bfb> | {
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Last week, Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy announced his retirement. With that one event, the political landscape began to shift. Settled law such as Roe v. Wade and same-sex marriage was put in play again, suggesting those battles we thought behind us may have to be won again. At the heart of this political struggle sits millennials, now the largest and most racially and ethnically diverse generation ever, making up the largest share of eligible voters. And while many of the most important issues facing our country revolve around millennials, rarely are the positions of millennials, especially those of color or queer, front and center in public discourse.
To address this void, I built the GenForward Survey, a nationally representative survey of over 1,750 young adults ages 18-34. The survey is conducted bimonthly and includes oversamples of African-American, Latinx, and Asian-American young adults, ensuring we can accurately represent their positions and the positions of all millennials on important issues facing the country.
Last month we focused our GenForward survey — Millennial Views on LGBT Issues: Race, Identity, and Morality — on LGBT issues and discovered some important insights. For example, 14 percent of millennials identify as something other than heterosexual, ranging from queer to LGBT to same-gender-loving. However, irrespective of their sexual identity, majorities of millennials across race and ethnicity say they know someone who is LGB. In contrast, only about a quarter of millennials of color (22 percent) and 37 percent of white millennials report knowing someone who is transgender. Research tells us that knowing someone who is LGBT is important in making the attitudes of individuals more tolerant and respectful when it comes to the rights and equality of the LGBT communities.
The impact of knowing someone LGBT seems evident in millennials' positions on the equality of LGBT citizens. For example, majorities of millennials across race and ethnicity “somewhat” or “strongly” favor allowing LGBT people to adopt children, establishing laws to protect LGBT people from job discrimination, allowing transgender people to serve in the military, increasing government funding for the prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS, and accepting more LGBT immigrants from countries that criminalize sexuality.
Millennials are also cognizant of the discrimination many members of LGBT communities face. Majorities of millennials across race and ethnicity say that there is “some” or “a lot” of discrimination against LGB individuals and a majority of African-Americans (51 percent) and pluralities of Latinx people (48 percent), and whites (45 percent) believe that there is a lot of discrimination against transgender people. Asian-American millennials (30 percent) are the least likely to say there is a lot of discrimination against transgender individuals in the country.
The concern with the discrimination that LGBT communities face is also evident in millennials' responses to our question about the biggest problems facing LGBTQ people. Again, across race and ethnicity and sexual orientation there is shared priority for reducing violent hate crime and ending bullying against young LGBTQ people. However, despite some agreement about the most pressing issues faced by LGBT communities, majorities of African-American (53 percent) and Latinx (50 percent) millennials believe issues confronting LGBT individuals in communities of color are very different than the issues promoted by mainstream organizations — and 52 percent of LGBT Millennials agree with that position. In contrast, white (58 percent) and Asian-American (54 percent) millennials believe that all LGBT individuals benefit when mainstream LGBT organizations fight for basic rights. This discrepancy deserves attention as LGBTQ organizations develop programs for delivering services and strategies for advocacy.
While nearly every question on our survey indicated overwhelming support for the rights and equality of LGBT individuals and communities, there was one puzzling finding. At the end of our survey, we used an often-asked question, “Has homosexuality led to a deterioration of morality in this country?” Even though a majority of millennials disagreed with this statement, a significant number (41 agreed) agreed. Even more surprisingly, 21 percent of LGBTQ millennials agreed.
What are we to make of this contradiction in beliefs? First, this is the only place in the survey where we used the word “homosexuality.” That word may be a trigger inscribed in our culture as something bad and deviant. It is also possible that for millennials “homosexuality” may mean something quite different than the more familiar “LGBTQ.” This is a contradiction Millennials (and we) will have to work out over time. It should remind us of all the work that remains to be done and how little we should take for granted when it comes to educating young people about the reality of LGBTQ lives, especially the lives of young queers of color. | <urn:uuid:b3aec8c2-1402-47bb-9773-6905a5f800be> | {
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For Parents & Caregivers
As our children gain more independence, make new friends, and spend more time outside of the home with their friends and doing extracurricular activities (which is an important part of healthy adolescent development), it is natural to wonder if we’ve prepared them to make good decisions — Good decisions about bike safety, strangers, conflict with a friend, or intimate relationships, and about: alcohol, nicotine, and other drugs.
Good, open communication is the foundation for a healthy relationship.
Often we find talking with our teenager impossible! This approach can make all the difference.
Practice Active Listening or Empathic Listening (It truly does take practice!)
- Be present. Put away your cell phone or tablet. Turn off the TV. Stop cooking dinner. Show your teen that you are focused on them. Make eye contact and use body language to show you are open and available.
- Listen for details and soak in the information. Focus on the present and avoid making assumptions or jumping to conclusions. Avoid making judgements about the situation or the people involved.
- Ask open ended questions. “How did you feel when that happened? What do you think they were trying to tell you? Tell me more about that. What did that look like?”
- Restate what you heard to show that you were listening and to make sure you understood correctly. “It seems like you’re feeling …” or “ Am I right that you were feeling ….” or “I want to make sure I understand….”
- Encourage your child to problem solve. As parents, we often want to fix problems or tell our kids what the right thing to do is. This can be a roadblock in communication. We can empower our kids to problem solve and find solutions by simply asking: What do you want to do about this situation? How can we make this better? What do you think you should do next?
Manage your emotions. Only talk when you are calm and can be open to listen to your child.
Talk Often With Your Kids about Important Topics
- This resource has more examples of communication skills and even has video examples of ineffective communication and positive effective communication.
Kids who learn about the risks of alcohol and other drugs from their parents are less likely to use.
- Have regular discussions from an early age with consistent and age appropriate messages about the risks of alcohol and other drugs.
- Plan what you want to say.
- Practice how you will respond to tough questions and if you don’t have the answer say let’s find the information together.
- Find teachable moments.
- Teach your child how to turn down alcohol and other drugs.
- Get more tips for talking with your child.
Be Involved In Your Kid’s Life
Kids are less likely to use drugs when they have relationships with caring adults they trust.
- Listen to your child. Ask about things they enjoy doing.
- Be empathetic about problems with friends.
- When your child seems angry or upset, start a conversation with an observation like “you seem sad” or “you seem stressed.” and practice Active Listening (above).
- Have dinner (can’t do dinner? How about breakfast?) together at least four times a week. This doesn’t have to be a fancy meal, eating together sends the message that they are important to you and you want to spend time with them. It also opens opportunities for conversation and checking in on what is going on in your lives.
- Get to know your child’s friends and their parents.
- When your child is going to someone’s house, make sure an adult will be home.
Encourage your child to call any time they feel uncomfortable and want to leave a situation. This can be hard at certain stages of their lives and with certain friends, so creating a code emoji or code word can help. Read more about this strategy.
Support Your Child’s Involvement in Activities
Kids who pursue their interests and dreams are less likely to try alcohol and drugs.
What makes your child tick? What do they “get lost” in? What’s their spark? Providing opportunities for your children to pursue their interests is important. It helps with identity development, building skills, and self-confidence. Sometimes what interests them doesn’t line up with what we are interested in or what we wish they were interested in. It is important that we follow their interests and provide opportunities for them to engage deeply in activities they enjoy.
You might think, “My child has no interests, except being on her phone or playing video games.” Have them teach you about an app or how to play their favorite game. Are they interested in learning how to develop apps? Make a video game? Connect them to the resources that can help them learn this skill. Find what interests them and help them to pursue it. This will show that you care and provide more opportunities for positive conversations that can strengthen your relationship.
Depending where you live and what your child is interested in, it may be difficult to find opportunities for them. It may take a little digging. Time and money can also be factors. Don’t give up! Many programs offer financial assistance, as do local civic organizations. Ask your child’s guidance counselor and school principal, too, for opportunities available.
VolunteerNH is a great place to explore the many opportunities for youth and families to volunteer and get involved in their communities. In addition, ask your local faith community and charitable organizations how you can get involved. Is there a specific area your child is interested in? Animals? Elderly? Finding an organization whose mission is in-line with your child’s values and interests is important.
See what is happening at your local Parks and Recreation office.
Check out your local public library. They offer a variety of activities and programs for all ages.
Reach out to your Regional Public Health Network to see what resources are available locally.
Also, the Youth and Family Field Specialists at UNH Cooperative Extension know about the many opportunities available for young people around the state. Reach out to see what is happening in your area.
ParentingNH has a wealth of information about what is available throughout the state.
New Hampshire is home to many wonderful summer camps where youth can explore interests, try new things, and meet new friends!
It can take time and effort to find opportunities for our kids to discover their interests, but when you see them take off and follow their passion, it will all be worth it!
Your child may not have that passion yet. They may not know what they are really interested in. Help them explore. Look for opportunities in your community such as:
- Community Service – Volunteering and getting involved in the community gives a sense of purpose, and expands your child’s awareness of the world.
- Sports – Keeping active in sports provides physical, mental and emotional benefits, and helps a child from developing self-mastery and building skills for team work..
- Art, Drama and Music – Creative self expression and with friends who have similar interests can help a child develop a talent(s) and increase self-confidence.
Be Clear About Your Expectations, Establish Rules and Follow Through
You can build trust with your child and help them make healthy choices by having clear and consistent expectations, rules, and consequences.
Set your expectations. Tell them it is not okay to drink or do drugs because:
- It‘s against the law.
- You’re still growing and your brain is still developing. Alcohol and drugs has been proven to affect your memory, your ability to learn, and can permanently damage your brain.
- Doing drugs and drinking when you’re a teen makes you more likely to become addicted.
- You are more likely to make a decision you will regret when you are drinking or getting high, such as getting in a car, getting in a fight, or having sex.
- Kids who drink are more likely to try other drugs.
Establish the rules and follow through.
- Talk to your child about rules at a time when you both are calm. Clearly explain the rules, for example what time they must come home, and the consequence for breaking the rule.
- Build a trusting relationship with respect and consistency. Reinforce the behavior you want. When your child follows all the rules consistently, allow them some flexibility to negotiate the one rule that they would most like to change (curfew, bedtime, etc).
- Follow through with consequences. Uphold your rules and rules set by the school and community. When your child has a consequence for not following a rule, help them understand why, and discuss what they can do differently in the future.
Be a Role Model
Kids imitate adults.
- If you decide to drink alcohol, do it in moderation, defined as up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
- Show them that you always designate a non-drinking driver for safety and never drink and drive.
Don’t use illegal drugs.
- Use prescription as prescribed by your health care professional and use over-the-counter legal drugs safely.
Encourage Your Child to Strive to do their Best in School
Kids who perform well in school are less likely to become involved with alcohol and drugs.
- Encourage improvements in grades and in good work.
- Make sure your child has a quiet place to do homework.
- Coach your child on effective ways to ask teachers for help and advice.
Parenting Support Resources
While these actions are everyday things we can do, it isn’t always so easy. Many factors can make taking these steps difficult. You are not alone! There are local and national resources that can support our parenting and help support our children!
Online and in person options to help strengthen communication with your child:
New Hampshire Teen Institute‘s parent programming, specifically Staying Connected with Your Teen.
In Derry, The Upper Room provides support and resources for parents.
Family Check Up is an online article with example videos on each of the above topics.
The Center for Parenting Education has great resources for everything parenting, including communication.
Partnership for Drug Free Kids has communication tips and a parent support hotline.
Addiction affects everyone. As a concerned family member, you may be looking for resources to help someone you love. There is immediate help and information available in New Hampshire.
You are not alone. You are never far from help. The Doorway connects NH residents to help and services in NH for any alcohol or drug issue.
is the connection for NH residents to the most up to date resources they need from specially trained Information and Referral Specialists. If you or someone you know is experiencing an addiction-related crisis, call 211 now.
Drugs & Alcohol
This organization helps families in addressing every aspect of substance use and addiction, from prevention to recovery. This organization empowers parents and caregivers with support and guidance using the latest science-based information as well as advancing effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Peer pressure to try drugs can feel intense for many adolescents. We need to prepare our kids to refuse offers of alcohol and other drugs–preferably without alienating their peers. This resource from health care providers gives parents multi-age information on sex, drugs, alcohol and other issues parents may be facing.
Find information for people struggling with drug abuse, as well as resources for their families and friends. This website also offers guidance in seeking drug abuse treatment and lists five important questions to ask when searching for a treatment program and presents principles of addiction treatment for a variety of drugs that can inform drug treatment programs and services.
These online resources are aimed specifically at parents of adolescents and young adults. Here you can find a one-page reference sheet to parents looking for additional information, including online resources, support groups, peer networks, helplines, treatment locators, and advocacy opportunities.
SAMHSA National Helpline, also known as the Treatment Referral Routing Service, is a free, confidential, 24 hour a day, 365 days a year treatment referral and information service for individuals and families facing mental and/or substance use disorders. Services are available in English and Spanish.
If you or someone you know needs help finding treatment or information on mental and/or substance use, please call 1-800-662-HELP (4357).
Teen Brain & Addiction
In this course, you will learn how to protect your teenager’s health, life, and future through a series of brief videos demonstrating the effects of adolescent substance use on the developing brain. You also will learn practical tips on how to keep your teen safe.
The Addiction Policy Forumhas developed a series of videos to explain how addition happens and works towards ending stigma.
Tobacco & Vaping
E-cigarettes are very popular with young people. Their use has grown dramatically in the last five years. Today, more high school students use e-cigarettes than regular cigarettes. The use of e-cigarettes is higher among high school students than adults. Nicotine exposure during adolescence and young adulthood can cause addiction and harm the developing brain.
The New Hampshire Quitline, QuitNow-NH offers free help with quitting all types of tobacco and nicotine products.
My Life, My Quit shares the truth about nicotine, vaping and other tobacco products. Help for teens who decide they want to quit vaping. Text “Start My Quit” to 855.891.9989 or call to talk with a coach who is ready to listen and cheer you on.
Smoke Free Teen has nicotine quitting resources including text, chat, an app and more. Developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The Truth Initiative strives to expose Big Tobacco’s lies and manipulation as well as spreading awareness about the opioid epidemic. Youth can get empowered and involved or also get help quitting vaping/tobacco with the ThisIsQuitting app.
1 Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Miller JY. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychology Bull. 1992 Jul;112(1):64-105. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.64. PMID: 1529040.
2 Benson, P. L., Roehlkepartain, E. C., & Sesma, A. Jr. (2004, March). Tapping the power of community: The potential of asset building to strengthen substance abuse prevention. Search Institute Insights & Evidence. | <urn:uuid:d4e2de5a-b335-480c-9e2a-c1537a2ec307> | {
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Every two minutes someone is diagnosed with leprosy, points out the body promoting World Leprosy Day 2013, which will be marked on Sunday 27 January.
While this fact will prove shocking to most in the West, it will not surprise the people of South Sudan. Unofficial data points to the UN’s newest member state as having the world’s highest prevalence of leprosy.
Six times the number of people the World Health Organisation classes as a public health problem are believed to be affected by leprosy in South Sudan.
After decades of civil war, South Sudan became an independent country in 2011. But less than two years after its independence celebrations, the people of Sudan face a daily struggle for survival with severe food shortages.
Leprosy is a disease intrinsically linked with poverty and The Leprosy Mission England and Wales believes one of its greatest challenges lies in providing desperately-needed services to those affected by leprosy in South Sudan.
Recent field trips to the country made by staff at The Leprosy Mission England and Wales revealed a woeful lack of healthcare available to those affected by this most devastating disease. While leprosy is easily cured with a simple course of antibiotics, if left untreated it causes irreversible disabilities including blindness.
Head of Programmes Coordination at The Leprosy Mission, Sian Arulanantham, met members of a leprosy community based on the outskirts of South Sudan’s capital city Juba.
Due to demands for land in the new nation’s capital, its people had been displaced with its already poor members left destitute and living in tents.
Ms Arulanantham said: “When a nation is blighted by poverty, leprosy-affected people, tellingly, usually remain among its poorest and most-marginalised groups of people. This has never been so apparent to me as when I met this group of people living in tents with virtually no access to healthcare or education.
“We are working with the government to set up a programme in South Sudan to diagnose and treat leprosy before it leaves a person disabled or robs them of their eyesight. We also want to improve this displaced community’s living conditions and send the children to school.
“Tragically, I understand that there are numerous communities like this in South Sudan that The Leprosy Mission is doing its utmost to reach out to,” he said.
A health worker in Juba who is affected by leprosy himself, welcomed The Leprosy Mission’s intervention.
“The new government has not yet been able to address our needs,” he said. “The people here say their priority is food and education. They are building a primary school nearby but we cannot afford the fees. Our children are still roaming around aimlessly with hungry stomachs and without an education they have no hope. We need help.”
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An idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning that is only known through common use. Allen steals the car by force to take this 8. Read chapters of Animal Farm the last 30 pages. | <urn:uuid:a7431172-bfc7-402a-9b40-fb7ceb89ef59> | {
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There have been many educational studies and research projects which have determined what many parents already know which is that, for students to get the most from their learning experiences, they need to feel safe and secure at school. A study conducted by the US National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments, for example, found that:
“physical safety is related to higher academic performance, fewer risky behaviors and lower dropout rates,”.
They go on to state that:
“Students who are not fearful or worried about their safety feel more connected to their school and care more about their educational experience.”
It’s therefore become a priority for parents, teachers and our educational establishments to ensure that schools and colleges are safe, secure and comfortable environments that are conducive to learning.
School Perimeter Security
Perimeter security and fencing around schools can sometimes prompt negative comments from some children and parents who associate fencing with the loss of freedom and even entrapment. But a secure school perimeter doesn’t need to make the premises look like a fortress and it will make a valuable contribution to student safety and security.
Inadequate perimeter security around school playgrounds, for example, can make children vulnerable. Schools have a duty of care toward their students and parents need to be confident that their youngsters are safe and secure when they are at school. One of the worst nightmares and fears of any parent is that their child might be abducted. Children are naturally trusting so they might be coerced or persuaded to go with strangers who simply tell them that they are there to pick them up.
Rigorous perimeter security that prevents unauthorised people from coming into contact with students is clearly essential.
Non Aggressive Perimeter Security
As well as keeping unwanted intruders out of schools an effective perimeter security system should keep the students inside without causing fear or potential harm. While aggressive looking, spiked anti-climb barriers are highly effective they are often considered unsuitable due to their appearance and the potential that students might harm themselves if they attempt to climb over. Since schools are responsible for the safety of the students in their care it’s vitally important that they don’t allow pupils to easily exit from the school grounds whenever they want to.
An optimal anti-climb perimeter security solution for schools is Roller Barrier. The Roller Barrier system can be retro-fitted to most walls and fences enabling the security provided by existing perimeters to be significantly enhanced. The non-aggressive appearance of Roller Barrier means that students will not feel like they are in what appears to be a high security prison. And the non-aggressive behaviour of the Roller Barrier system means that if someone attempts to climb over they will not harm themselves, which they might do on a spiked boundary.
Another key attribute of Roller Barrier that’s widely appreciated in school environments is that it can be used to prevent students from climbing on internal structures and equipment. Many schools have single storey buildings with flat rooftops which are often an irresistible attraction for youngsters. Similarly, there are often external equipment housings for fans, air conditioning units and other systems which can attract unwanted climbing attempts from children. Roller Barrier has already been successfully deployed in many schools to prevent children from accessing flat rooftops, climbing onto equipment housings or over internal school fencing.
Roller Barrier is Versatile, Low Cost and Highly Effective
As noted, the Roller Barrier system can be retro-fitted to most existing fences, walls, rooftops and elsewhere. The simple system design is highly versatile and totally customizable to specific needs and requirements. Another important point is that Roller Barrier is a low cost solution which means that budgets for school perimeter security will go a whole lot further.
Roller Barrier is manufactured in the UK by Insight Security.
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Increasingly, robots not only soar through the air and wander over the land, but they also swim on and under the water. Now scientists in Florida are developing a wireless communications network to connect marine robots together in real time, whether they are on the water’s surface, flying in the sky or lurking underwater.
Nowadays, unmanned aerial aircraft systems (UAS) and those operating on land regularly communicate using radio waves from satellites, cell towers and WiFi. However, radio waves generally can’t penetrate deeply through water. This means a lot of the things easily done when operating drones and unmanned ground systems, such as controlling them remotely or using GPS for navigation, are far more difficult with underwater systems.
Instead of relying on radio waves, sound waves are the preferred signals for subsurface communications over distances greater than 100 meters.
“Sound propagates as a pressure wave with speeds in the water that range from 1,450 to 1,498 meters per second,” or about 3,240 to 3,350 miles per hour, said George Sklivanitis, a research assistant professor of computer and electrical engineering and computer science at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton. In the water, “sound can easily travel over kilometers, or even hundreds of kilometers.”
To help develop new and improved underwater acoustic networks, scientists at Florida Atlantic University received a $500,000 grant from the National Science Foundation. The aim of the four-year project is to design, deploy and evaluate a test bed for subsurface marine modems to connect autonomous undersea vehicles (AUVs), autonomous water-surface vehicles (ASVs), UAS and satellites.
“Imagine you have an underwater asset, like a submarine vehicle or a diver, and you want to communicate with another underwater asset,” said Dimitris Pados, co-principal investigator of the project and a professor of computer and electrical engineering and computer science at Florida Atlantic University. “You can envision a network where you can get information acoustically from the bottom of the water to another asset on the surface of the water, like a buoy, and it can communicate with radio-frequency signals across the air fast, can go to a satellite even. So you could communicate from one point on the bottom of the sea to another all the way on the other side of the Earth in almost real-time.”
Ideally, underwater acoustic networks could serve as communications and positioning systems to control underwater vehicles “for search and rescue, remote wireless navigation and surveillance operations,” Sklivanitis said.
Divers could also use these networks to interact with underwater assets, Sklivanitis said. “Underwater vehicles can act as virtual diver assistants and provide a range of services, such as diver monitoring, guiding, navigation and diver tracking,” he said.
Furthermore, military uses of such networks could include “remote wireless control of underwater vehicles and drones for surveillance, mine, ship, intruder or object detection,” Sklivanitis added. A host of applications for these networks may also exist for the offshore petroleum industry, seaport monitoring, commercial fisheries, pollution monitoring, oceanographic research and wildlife monitoring, he said.
However, to cover long distances underwater, lower frequencies of sound are needed. These can transmit far less data than the frequencies used for terrestrial radio communications, Sklivanitis said.
In addition, underwater acoustic communications links can suffer from a variety of other problems that hamper data transmission. For example, acoustic emitters and receivers are vulnerable to drifting with the waves, and the speed at which sound travels through water can vary with temperature, salinity and depth, all of which complicate the analysis of acoustic signals. Moreover, underwater acoustic waves are susceptible to scattering due to reflection off the surface of the water, the bottom of the sea and objects suspended in the ocean.
Given all these constraints, underwater acoustic channels have limited bandwidth open to them. Furthermore, they currently experience heavy traffic from both artificial acoustic systems such as sonar as well as natural acoustic systems such as echolocating dolphins and whales.
One strategy to make the most of that limited bandwidth comes from technology known as cognitive radio. Cognitive radios are programmed to automatically detect available radio channels and negotiate with other cognitive radios to set their transmission and reception settings to make the most of the wireless spectrum and avoid interference, Pados said.
“Cognitive networking is new even for aerial communications, but the most critical application of cognitive networking may be underwater, because the problem of creating effective links and networks is so much more difficult underwater than aerially,” Pados said.
The researchers hope to develop new cognitive underwater acoustic modems that can adapt to maximize all the available wireless bandwidth. The aim is to introduce “the next-generation underwater network architecture of the future, where throughput optimization is carried out across space, air, water-surface and undersea mediums for the first time,” Sklivanitis said.
The researchers also plan to design new algorithms that are better at pinpointing 3-D locations underwater.
“Imagine dropping a bunch of wireless communications nodes into the water. To initialize a network, you have to have a sense of the 3-D location of each node so you can connect them and create information sessions between them,” Pados said.
Specifically, the scientists aim to develop new algorithms focused on estimating the correct angles of arrival of underwater signals. Conventional methods of doing so are highly vulnerable to errors creeping in due to irregular outliers in sensor data. These kinds of errors can crop up, for instance, when oceans scatter and reflect acoustic waves, Sklivanitis said. The researchers are developing a new strategy to computationally avoid getting confused by such outliers, he explained.
“This project aims to significantly advance—five-fold in precision—the state of the art in 3-D, passive undersea acoustic localization,” Sklivanitis said.
In addition, the new system will employ a software-defined radio platform, where tasks traditionally implemented using hardware such as amplifiers, filters and mixers are instead executed using software. This shift to components that are easily reconfigurable can help scientists rapidly test and deploy communications and networking techniques, Sklivanitis said.
The scientists will also aim to reduce the impact of their underwater acoustic networks on marine life by minimizing sound power levels and designing acoustic signals proven to reduce biological discomfort, Sklivanitis said. “We believe that the proposed software-defined modem technology offers a way forward to more bio-friendly acoustic modem devices for operation in regions with sensitive fauna or increasingly strict environmental controls,” he noted.
The scientists will first analyze the range, accuracy and transmission rates enabled by their strategy in a 30-foot-deep water tank at Florida Atlantic University. They will next perform experiments in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Dania Beach at the university’s Institute for Ocean and Systems Engineering.
The research team’s experiments will start by testing how well their techniques can pinpoint and track the location of marine robots. They will begin with speakerphone arrays placed at various locations in the water, and then move to speakerphone arrays loaded onto autonomous underwater vehicles, Pados said.
In their experiments so far with underwater acoustic modems, “we were able to get about 300,000 bits per second over distances of a quarter of a mile,” Pados said. “In comparison, right now, commercial systems used by the navy have data rates that are as low as 10,000 or 20,000 bits per second—which are like the data rates we had with dialup modems in the mid-90s, which you could do little with except send email. If we can go up to 300,000, that’s enough to stream maybe a small-size video.” | <urn:uuid:282314ac-e99c-410c-9e76-3a87e2d02a7f> | {
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Summer Assignment: Foster Creativity
June 2, 2019
If you read one education book this summer, consider Alan Lightman’s In Praise of Wasting Time. If it strikes too close to home, you’re not alone. Lightman articulates what many of us are feeling. That our very wired, very stressful lives are driven by a pervasive feeling of #FOMO (fear of missing out). We feel we need to be purposeful (or at least seen to be) every minute of every day. And it’s exhausting.
The Joy of Doing Nothing
Lightman begins with a vivid reflection on his childhood, as he describes, his “careless, wasteless hours at the pond.” He makes us wistful for the joy of doing nothing. While Lightman mourns that loss, at least he has memories. His concern is that today’s kiddos won’t have the luxury of those remembrances. In their over-scheduled, time-driven, wired existence, no one seems to take (or in the case of parents, allows) time for wasteless hours. He acknowledges that it is a natural part of growing up to forego hours of nothingness. Of course, we can’t be kids forever. But kids will never experience the feeling of loss because today’s kiddos often do not have the luxury of wasting time.
Kids’ hyper-scheduled lives have consequences beyond what we might nostalgically view as unavoidable and unfortunate. First, there is the widely reported rise in anxiety, depression and sleeplessness linked to too much time on social media. Now kids’ lack of free time is linked to the nation’s decline in creativity.
The Loss of National Creativity?
Creativity is the driving force of the innovation process. Researchers call the decline in creativity since 1990 as America’s Creativity Crisis. They fear it will leave the nation unprepared to face world challenges. Though we can’t just blame social media for the decline in creativity (there’s plenty of correlation with the timing of No Child Left Behind and standardized tests) we can work with what we can control. We can foster creativity. In other words, Lightman’s time to think and enjoy doing nothing.
Foster Creativity in Kids this Summer (and always)
Fortunately, the evidence on the common traits and experiences of the most creative people can provide a guide to foster creativity in all kiddos.
- One key adult. Kids benefit from having an adult mentor that can nurture their creativity. It can be a teacher, a coach, or a relative. Someone who can see their potential and provide relevant experiences and feedback to nurture it. Take note. The one key adult does not need to be a parent. In fact, there is no correlation between creative parents and creative kids.
- Supportive parents. Parents don’t need to be creative but research does show that parents do need to encourage creativity. That means giving their children the space, the unscheduled time, the opportunities to be creative. Sounds like the perfect summer to-do list!
- Experience. While there’s a lot to be learned from reading about other people’s experiences there is no substitute for having your own. Summer is the perfect opportunity to expose kiddos to places and people their over-scheduled school year lives might now allow. Most importantly, let kiddos help define those experiences. When kids are interested and personally invested, the deepest learning and most creative thoughts will follow.
- Reflection. Memories can fade quickly. But when we take the time for reflection those memories stay with us longer and the lessons learned even longer. Want your child to have structure during the summer? How about building in time for daily reflection. A journal, a sketchbook, a personal blog, a daily conversation, or mindfulness are all good options for reflection. Keep in mind, it’s not about the writing–it’s about thinking and making connections.
- Openness. Research on Big 5 Personality traits suggests that Openness is the greatest predictor of human behavior and creative achievement. In other words, it’s not how smart you are, but how willing you are to engage in new and challenging experiences even at the risk of disappointment. The more exposure we give kiddos to new experiences and encourage them to take risks, the more comfortable they will be with uncertainty. And, of course, the more likely they will develop an openness to seeking new experiences on their own. If it sounds related to growth mindset, that’s because it is.
The summer has a lot of opportunity to foster creativity. Enjoy it!
- Ideas for daily reflection
- Apps and websites that encourage creative thinking
- Strategies to nurture Openness
- Lesson Plan from The Empowered Student: Develop Growth Mindset
- Additional Mindprint blogs on creativity | <urn:uuid:aa30f1c4-e037-42f4-899a-97bf9150e3f7> | {
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This comprehensive guide to supporting SEND students takes the outcomes for the Core Curriculum subjects at Key Stages 1 and 2. For each offers a range of creative and practical support strategies and resource suggestions. To support the class teacher in delivering a meaningful, adapted and accessible curriculum.
Adjusted and individualised National Curriculum Outcomes for children with SEND. The class teacher is able to both set and record achievable outcomes.
If you would like to buy one year group at a time the cost is £142.50 please contact us for more information.
Watch the video of Gwyn talking about Positive Outcomes supporting SEND students.
Supporting SEND students?
Positive Outcomes for Children with SEND is simple, quick and easy to use.
- Provides guidance to the class teacher. Helps to plan andput in placet a differentiated and meaningful Core Curriculum
- Has clearly written individualised National Curriculum Outcomes
- Includes simple planning framework and checklist. Supporting you to plan an accessible curriculum
- Embeds fundamental skills that are crucial to accessing the National Curriculum
- Ensures class teachers meet their legal obligation on SEND legislation
- For each National Curriculum Outcome for English, Maths and Science – Years 1 – 6
- Provides a whole school approach to supporting SEND students
- Creative, practical support strategies and resource ideas. To support class teacher’s planning for individual children
- Record progress in ‘Individual Outcome Recording’ booklets. Per child, per year group and subject
- Facilitates partnership working between teachers, teaching assistants and support services
Download sample pages:
Additional Curriculum Outcomes
The child may need to develop additional skills to reach their National Curriculum Outcomes. For each outcome (per subject and year) the skills are clearly identified.
The Additional Curriculum works across both Positive Outcomes for Children with SEND. The The Easy-Easier Child’s Voice Toolkit and includes:
- Sensory Function and Efficiency.
- Understanding the World.
- Media Access.
- Interaction with the world.
- Managing our own world.
- Understanding our place and ourselves in the world.
- Accessible and assistive technology.
- A positive future
- English, Maths and Science subject booklets for years 1 – 6
- Individual recording booklets – per subject, per year group
- Additional curriculum outcomes booklet
- A planning framework and checklist
- Parent’s postcards (electronic) .
Please note: All booklets are included in the electronic version and there is no limit on the number that can be printed by the setting.
Here is what professionals attending training on Positive Outcomes say…
“The Positive Eye session was a fantastic opportunity to expand our knowledge towards inclusion within our own classroom. The opportunity to see how the National Curriculum can be broken down, simplified and tailored for all learners was very positive.”
“Comprehensive programme that can benefit all age groups. Can provide a uniform approach to rewarding progress in the establishment”
“This is a wonderful resource that will benefit the needs of the individual child. Lots of wonderful ideas that I will take back to school with me #feelinginspired”
“A practical and easy to use package which will support learning and show progress of individual children with SEND. Why reinvent wheel when it’s here already to use”. Sue Cook, Head of Sensory Support Service, Knowsley. | <urn:uuid:cd9f2439-8edf-4e76-a19a-7091103a526c> | {
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17 Jul 2012:
Severe Drought in U.S.
Is The Worst Dry Spell Since 1956
The U.S. National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) says that 55 percent of the Lower 48 states suffered from moderate to extreme drought in June, the largest area affected by drought since 1956.
With searing heat and drought conditions only intensifying in July, corn and soybean crops in the U.S. Midwest are suffering badly
, threatening to increase food and fuel prices and cut food aid and grain exports from the world’s top producer of key crops. “We’re moving from a crisis to a horror story,” said Purdue University agronomist Tony Vyn. “I see an increasing number of fields that will produce zero grain.” The current drought now covers a larger area than the famous 1936 drought, although other droughts in the Dust Bowl years — particularly the extreme drought of 1934 — still rank higher, the NCDC said in a report.
Several years of drought in the mid-1950s were also worse than the current dry spell, which is the sixth most severe drought since the U.S. began keeping records in 1895.
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This article is a runner up in the general public category of the Plus new writers award 2008
Modern ideas about infinity provide a wonderful playground for mathematicians and philosophers. I want to lead you through this garden of intellectual delights and tell you about the man who created it — Georg Cantor.
Cantor was born in Russia in 1845.When he was eleven years old his family moved to Germany and he suffered from a wistful homesickness for the rest of his life. At school he had a great talent for the violin, but his real gift and passion was for mathematics. As a university student in Berlin he was president of the mathematical society and met his friends every week in a wine house...to discuss mathematics! In 1872 he was appointed extraordinary professor at Halle, and began his life-long study of infinite sets.
The simplest infinite set is the set of natural numbers
The diagram shows that there is a one-to-one correspondence, or bijection, between the two sets. Since each element in pairs off with one element in and vice versa, the sets must have the same "size", or, to use Cantor's language, the same cardinality.
Using a bijection to compare the size of two infinite sets was one of Cantor's most fruitful ideas. The cardinality of is not of course an ordinary number, since is infinite. It's nevertheless a mathematical object that deserves a name, so Cantor represented it by the first letter in the Hebrew alphabet, , (pronounce "aleph") with a subscript of zero: ,
In 1872 Cantor started to think about those numbers that can be represented as fractions, known as rational numbers. These include the natural numbers since every whole number n can be written as the fraction n/1. What's more, between any two rational numbers, no matter how close, there are infinitely many other rational numbers. And then, between any two of these new and more closely packed rational numbers there is again an infinite number of rational numbers — this seems to show that there are hugely more rational numbers than natural numbers, but Cantor proved that in fact they are equally numerous. An ingenious way to see this is to write down the fractions in an array:
Take a moment to convince yourself that the array contains every single positive rational number. Numbers occur more than once as equivalent fractions, for example 1= 1/1 = 2/2, etc. Now we create a list of fractions by starting in the top left corner of the array and moving up and down diagonally:
If we omit those rationals we have met before, this gives the list
Now associate to the first fraction on the list the number 1, to the second fraction on the list the number 2, to the third fraction the number 3 and so on. This map is a bijection, proving that the set of positive rational numbers has the same cardinality as the set of natural numbers. This can then be extended to show that the set of all rational numbers has the same cardinality as the natural numbers.
Any infinite set which can be listed is called countable because (given an infinite amount of time) you could go down the list and simply count "one, two, three...". Because of this simple bijection with the natural numbers, all infinite countable sets have cardinality .
The second question Cantor considered in 1873 was the cardinality of the set of real numbers. The real numbers are all the points on the continuous number line, including irrational numbers such as , and . The set of real numbers contains both the natural numbers and the rational numbers, but is it really "bigger" than both these sets? Cantor proved that it is. To see this assume that the real numbers between zero and one are listable. Imagine such a list:
Now change each digit of this new number, for example by adding 1. This gives the new number 0.21987... .This new number is not the same as the first number on the list, because their first decimal digits are different. Neither is it the same as the second number on the list, because their second decimal digits are different. Carrying on like this shows that the new number is different from every single number on the list, and so it cannot appear anywhere in the list.
But we started with the assumption that every real number between zero and one was on the list! Cantor proved that the only way to avoid this contradiction is to admit that our original assumption — that the set of real numbers and the set of natural numbers have the same cardinality — is false.
Leopold Kronecker: philosophy and theology, but no mathematics.
This famous diagonal argument shows that there are so many real numbers that they can't be listed, even with an infinitely long list, and so they cannot be counted, even in an infinitely long time. Because the real numbers are associated with the points on a continuous line, their cardinality is called , the cardinality of the continuum.
The diagonal argument shows that represents a higher order of infinity than . Cantor adapted the method to show that there are an infinite series of infinities, each one astonishingly bigger than the one before.
Today this amazing conclusion is honoured with the title Cantor's theorem, but in his own day most mathematicians did not understand it. Some vehemently criticised his work. His old professor, Leopold Kronecker said
In January 1874 Cantor wondered if the points along a line of length 1 could be put into one-to-one correspondence with the points in a square of side length 1. Initially he thought that the answer was obviously "no", but he wanted a proof one way or the other. He was still working on this problem when he married Vally Guttmann in August 1874 — and spent most of his honeymoon discussing it with his friend and fellow mathematician Richard Dedekind.
Three years later Cantor finally realised that there is a bijection between the points on a line and those in a square. To see this, interweave the coordinates of each point in the square, to get a corresponding point on the line. For example to the point with co-ordinates (0.216, 0.750) associate the number 0.271560. It's not hard to show that this rule gives a bijection between the points in the square and the points on the line, forcing the counter-intuitive conclusion that the cardinality of the set of points on the square is the same as that of the points on the line.
It is easy to extend this argument to show that the points in a cube (or even in an n-dimensional hypercube) have the same cardinality as the points in a segment of the real line.
Cantor himself was so surprised by this discovery that he wrote:
Cantor's final struggles
David Hilbert: one of the mathematicians who recognised Cantor's genius.
From 1884 onwards, Cantor suffered from bouts of depression during which he could not concentrate on mathematics. He was disappointed that his ideas were not widely accepted, his relationship with Kronecker grew worse and his long friendship with Dedekind suffered. At his lowest points he was given leave from the University, but during his lucid periods he continued to have brilliant ideas about the ordering of infinite sets. Cantor proved that there were a whole series of infinite cardinal numbers which could be listed in increasing order. The first of these is , the cardinality of the natural numbers, and the others are denoted by , , and so forth.
One question arising from this was which of these cardinal numbers was equal to , the cardinality of the continuum. Cantor had shown that was greater than — but was it equal to the next cardinal number on the list, ? Cantor felt strongly that this should be the case. If not, then there was another infinity that was "bigger" than that of the natural numbers but "smaller" than that of the real numbers. The assertion that became known as the continuum hypothesis. Cantor spent the last years of his life struggling to find a proof one way or the other.
We now know that Cantor's mathematical toolkit was simply inadequate to answer the question. In 1940 (22 years after Cantor's death) Kurt Gödel showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved using standard mathematics, and after another 23 years Paul Cohen showed that neither can it be proved. Today mathematicians and logicians are still debating this fascinating question.
In 1899, after his youngest son and his younger brother died, Cantor's mental health and mathematical ability rapidly deteriorated. His last letters are to his wife Vally, written from a mental hospital, pleading to be allowed home. He died of a heart attack on the 6th of January 1918.
In 1904 The Royal Society of London honoured Cantor's life-long work laying the foundations of set theory and unravelling the mysteries of infinite sets by awarding him the Sylvester Medal, its highest award for mathematical research.
About the author
Peter studied mathematics and physics at the University of St. Andrews, taught in Cyprus, studied at Manchester University, and gained a PhD from Strathclyde University for research in marine dynamics.
When not exploring remote corners of Scotland, or practising ShotoBudo karate, he teaches mathematics at James Watt College in Greenock.
He lives on the Firth of Clyde with his wife and a large (but finite) number of children. He is a believer in the goodness and grace of God, and a lay preacher of the Christian Gospel. | <urn:uuid:59f8c733-9aca-4711-92f2-5b2060272b09> | {
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R-Value of Log Walls
From contributor L:
To add to the above reply: dried wood has an average R-value of 1/inch of wood. So your 10 inch timber once dried will have about an R-10 value.
From contributor S:
But log walls have an attribute called thermal mass. Adobe and trombe walls (sp) also have thermal mass, as do large containers of water. Why don't tall water towers freeze solid in the north? They act as a heat/cold reservoir moderating fluctuations in temperature because of stored energy. From what I've read, R values are not really an accurate way to measure thermal masses and are only one factor that needs measured.
From contributor D:
You are right in a way about the mass idea. When the sun hits the outside of a wood wall, it has to heat the wall and thus, there is a time delay from the time the sun hits the wall until the inside sees the effect. But it will see the effect. Since there is a daily fluctuation in sun and temperature, it is not an important issue for a kiln. It is more of an important issue in heating and air conditioning where you have a much different effect from an R8 window than you do from an R8 wall and you consider that when sizing an air conditioning unit. But the net result over the day is not a big enough deal to worry about.
Build a tight kiln and insulate to at least R30. That saves heat but, just as important, prevents condensation from forming, which will destroy the building over time.
From Professor Gene Wengert, forum technical advisor:
Using a multiplier of 1.0 is a conservative approach to determining the R-factor. But the answer is a bit misleading, as there is often a great deal of leakage at the joints. (It is similar to have a well insulated house, but then leaving the windows open.) It is advisable to suggest that the interior walls of a log home also be framed with 2x4s conventionally and insulation added to provide better heat insulation overall. This is especially true for the bathrooms and kitchens. It is important to insulate the floors and ceilings as well, especially in bathrooms and kitchens. Certainly, the drier the log, the better the insulation value (the larger the R-value). This is likely why some people suggest using a 1.5 multiplier, as that would be closer for very dry wood.
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Have you reviewed the related Knowledge Base areas below? | <urn:uuid:fa414a71-c74b-4d63-8196-d7e23e30b08b> | {
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ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — The only underground nuclear waste repository in the United States doesn't have enough space for radioactive tools, clothing and other debris left over from decades of bomb-making and research, much less tons of weapons-grade plutonium that the nation has agreed to eliminate as part of a pact with Russia, federal auditors said.
In addition, the U.S. Government Accountability Office found that the U.S. Energy Department has no plans for securing regulatory approvals and expanding the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico before it reaches capacity in less than a decade.
"DOE modeling that is needed to begin the regulatory approval process is not expected to be ready until 2024," the auditors said in their report released Tuesday.
Energy Department officials contend there's enough time to design and build addition storage before existing operations are significantly affected.
A Senate committee requested the review from auditors amid concerns about ballooning costs and delays in the U.S. effort to dispose of 34 metric tons of its plutonium.
Citing the delays and other reasons, Russia last fall suspended its commitment to get rid of its own excess plutonium.
The U.S. has not made a final decision about how to proceed. However, the Energy Department agrees with auditors about the need to expand disposal space at the repository and devise guidance for defense sites and federal laboratories to better estimate how much radioactive waste must be shipped to New Mexico as the U.S. cleans up Cold War-era contamination.
Don Hancock, director of the nuclear waste safety program at the Southwest Research and Information Center in Albuquerque, said he was pleased the auditors acknowledged the space limitations and hoped the report would spur a public discussion about how to handle the surplus plutonium and waste from bomb-making and nuclear research.
"The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, it was never supposed to be the one and only," Hancock said. "So it's past time to start the discussion of what other disposal sites we're going to have."
The New Mexico repository was carved out of an ancient salt formation about a half-mile below the desert, with the idea that shifting salt would eventually entomb the radioactive tools, clothing, gloves and other debris.
The facility resumed operations earlier this year following a shutdown that followed a 2014 radiation release caused by inappropriate packaging of waste by workers at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The release contaminated part of the underground disposal area and caused other problems that further limited space.
Federal auditors say another two disposal vaults would have to be carved out to accommodate the waste already in the government's inventory. More space would be needed for the weapons-grade plutonium.
The initial plan called for conversion of the excess plutonium into a mixed oxide fuel that would render it useless for making weapons and could be used in nuclear reactors.
However, the estimated cost of building a conversion facility at the Energy Department's Savannah River site in South Carolina has grown from $1.4 billion in 2004 to more than $17 billion. About $5 billion already has been spent on the facility.
Estimates also show it would take until 2048 to complete the facility.
Faced with the skyrocketing cost, the government began considering whether it would be cheaper to dilute the plutonium and entomb it at the plant in New Mexico. No final decisions have been made.
Federal auditors say without developing a long-term plan, the Energy Department may be forced to slow or suspend waste shipments from sites across the U.S. and compromise cleanup deadlines negotiated with state regulators. | <urn:uuid:1e9f4a2f-e992-4ec4-9c56-ca591705ac4e> | {
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Teaching Black history accurately in schools is a battle that is being played out nationwide, but the fight for Black history curriculums is nothing new.
Michael Hines’ book “A Worthy Piece of Work: The Untold Story of Madeline Morgan and the Fight for Black History in Schools” is the latest selection in our Black Voices Book Club Series.
The book traces a teacher’s efforts to bring Black history to Chicago classrooms.
Hines tells the story of Madeline Morgan, later Madeline Stratton Morris, who was a pioneering teacher in mid-century Chicago and was the force behind the creation of the city’s first African American history curriculum, which was adopted in the mid-1940s, said Hines.
Hines says he wanted to draw attention to Madeline Morgan, because the work of teachers and Black women activists often goes overlooked.
“The stories of teachers aren’t usually viewed as being historically significant. I think we tend to focus on politicians and philanthropists, businessmen and I would argue now probably tech moguls as the drivers of education in our school system,” said Hines. “And we leave out the men and women who are on the front lines and who I would argue have the most impact.”
Hines also draws comparisons between the fight happening today for Black history to be taught in schools and the battle nearly 100 years ago.
“I think that the recent battles over critical race theory are just the latest instance of us deciding whether we’re going to be a nation that can look honestly at its past or whether we want to continue to sweep things under the rug and push some stories to the margins,” Hines said. “And it’s really sad to see schools and districts passing actions to stop teachers from teaching and stop students from learning the reality of American history.” | <urn:uuid:6a6aba1f-8210-4c0b-ac3a-3755d2679cb2> | {
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- By Dana Sparks
Hearing Through the Holidays: Noisy Gifts
Hearing loss is often associated with the aging population but it impacts the lives of younger generations too. The Hearing Health Foundation reports that nearly 50 million Americans suffer from hearing loss in at least one ear, including 20 percent of teenagers. Young children also inflict hearing damage by playing with noisy toys. This holiday season remember to purchase ear-healthy gifts for your loved ones! Katie Kendhammer, Au.D., is a Mayo Clinic Health System audiologist and offers these tips.
Many toys that young children play with can produce levels equal to 90 dB, which is as loud or louder than a lawn mower. These levels would require adults to utilize hearing protection. Additionally, young children often play with these toys at ear level. Putting them up near their face, ears and mouth exposes their ears to levels as loud or louder than an airplane taking off – 120 dB.
As a parent, it’s a good idea to test toys out in the store before buying them. Some things to keep in mind:
- If a toy sounds too loud to you, they are too loud for your child.
- Think like a child: hold the toy up by your ear and get down to the ground to mimic a child’s height.
- Testing the volume level at arm’s length is not effective. Your child will play with the toy much closer to their face.
- If you have a noisy toy you or your child doesn’t want to return, try placing clear tape over the speaker. Some tests have shown this limits sound and may be safer for kids’ ears.
- Research the “Noisy Toys List” on sightandhearing.org.
It’s important to limit your child’s play with noisy toys. Avoid loud action figures and dolls, and shut the noise off of audible playthings every now and then. Your child’s ears are delicate.
Music and headphones
For children and teens that are glued to their music player or smart device, parents should listen when children are wearing headphones and have music on. If the parent can hear the music, it’s too loud.
Output limiting headphones is a nice gift option. In most cases, they automatically limit the output level to about 85 dB, which is a safe volume for up to eight hours. These headphones are available at many Mayo Clinic Health System sites.
You can also invest in custom earbud headphones or noise-cancelling headphones that help block out background noise, allowing you to decrease the volume.
Does your son or daughter – or maybe even your spouse – want an instrument as a present? Instruments are fun gift ideas, but you need to consider tips to make sure hearing isn’t sacrificed for making music.
For all musicians, especially drummers, smart hearing health care is essential. Older musicians may benefit from musician earplugs that limit sound without compromising musical integrity.
Drummers should try practicing with drum pads as much as possible. This will eliminate loud noises while still offering a surface on which to rehearse stick strokes.
Another approach for musicians is to limit practice to intervals. Try practicing, with ear protection, for 30 to 60 minutes, taking a break for the same amount of time to give your ears a rest and then going back to practice.
As you are out shopping for gifts during the holidays, or any other time of year, don’t forget about hearing health care. Your ears provide an important sense, and they are sensitive. Make sure your presents support healthy ears.
For more information, please go to mayoclinichealthsystem.org. | <urn:uuid:8010612e-297b-41e6-bf5d-34d7c3495030> | {
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The holidays are supposed to be a time full of joy. Unfortunately, they can also bring with them stress, sadness and unrealistic expectations. Kids are affected by this just as much as adults. We talked to Children’s psychiatrist Stuart Goldman, MD, about how to help your kids cope with the holiday blues and make this a memorable holiday for the whole family.
The holidays can be especially tough for children who have lost a family member. What are your suggestions for helping a child cope with the loss of a loved one during these times?
The holidays bring back memories of things missed and that might have been. Parents need to give children permission to be sad and reminisce over the loss of a loved one. It’s okay to look through photo albums and have a remembrance at church or over dinner. It’s important for kids to remember the past and not have it shut off. Tell children that it’s okay to miss that loved one, but that you can still have a good holiday. Have them write a letter to Grandma who’s in heaven and start a new holiday tradition that will help make this year’s celebrations memorable.
What are signs of sadness or depression that parents should be aware of?
Sadness and anxiety are a part of life. It when they’re disproportional or extend too long and disrupt functioning that they become a problem. We should expect everybody to be a bit somber around the holidays or upset if they’ve lost a loved one. It’s when your child is irritable, won’t get out of bed and refuses to open presents that you should be more concerned. Episodic sadness is nothing to worry over. Only sustained sadness should be concerned about.
A lot of families are experiencing a tough time economically. How can parents explain to their kids why they won’t be receiving as many gifts this year or going to The Nutcracker?
Parents think kids don’t know about family problems, but they always do. Not talking to your children makes them feel excluded. Parents should be direct about their financial situation, but don’t need to share all of the details. You should shield them from things like being worried about making the mortgage payment, but should talk about why you can’t have the Christmas you’d like to have. Have this talk early on because kids always know.
Parents have the idea that it’s all about gifts and it’s really shared memories that make the holidays, but it’s creative family time that makes a difference during the holidays. Rent The Nutcracker on DVD, make popcorn and buy candy for everyone to share.
Children have come to have high expectations of the types and amount of gifts that they receive around the holidays. What has contributed to these expectations and what can parents do help their kids not get caught up in the commercial aspects of the holidays?
Kids have learned to have high expectations for the holidays and very few things actually live up to one’s fantasies. Parents whose kids have unrealistic expectations have to examine whether they are contributing to that. They should begin to address the topic of gifts early on – not on Christmas morning. If parents are proactive, Christmas morning won’t be a disaster. Parents often feel guilty about not being able to get their kids everything they want, which can result in anger because their kids aren’t appreciative of the gifts.
Break this larger conversation down to a few smaller serious conversations. Everybody has a wish and feels like the holidays are a time when they can be gratified. Parents have to set the line for realistic versus unrealistic gifts, wherever that may be in your family. There might be jealousy and sadness because your children didn’t get a certain gift that their friends did, but there are lessons to be learned. This is an opportunity to say we learned things and that it’s okay to be jealous. Maybe things will be different next year.
What makes the holidays great is that it’s shared time with parents. Building new experiences doesn’t cost anything. One thing my family does is make “surprise balls.” It’s a paper mache ball or hollow Christmas ornament where you hide a note about where someone’s present is in house and what it might be. Do something that contributes to fun family memories.
While you’re here, check out these other holiday-related blog posts:
- Pediatrician Claire McCarthy, MD, talks about why you should put downtime on your holiday calendar this season.
- Tynaya, a Youth Advisor in the Center for Young Women’s Health, recently wrote a blog about what the holidays mean to her.
- Michael Rich, MD, MPH, our Mediatrician, offers a great guide to holiday gifts this year. Plus find out how to shop for safe toys.
- Read some tips on how to balance your holiday eating this year.
- Don’t let glass holiday ornaments injure your child. | <urn:uuid:b309b949-916e-46b2-bfff-324f1d9c1862> | {
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A little beer science
Looks like beer marinade doesn’t just make meat tastier, it’s also good for you!
Here’s a recent press release from the American Chemical Society:
Beer marinade could reduce levels of potentially harmful substances in grilled meats
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
The smells of summer — the sweet fragrance of newly opened flowers, the scent of freshly cut grass and the aroma of meats cooking on the backyard grill — will soon be upon us. Now, researchers are reporting that the very same beer that many people enjoy at backyard barbeques could, when used as a marinade, help reduce the formation of potentially harmful substances in grilled meats. The study appears in ACS’ Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
I.M.P.L.V.O. Ferreira and colleagues explain that past studies have shown an association between consumption of grilled meats and a high incidence of colorectal cancer. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are substances that can form when meats are cooked at very high temperatures, like on a backyard grill. And high levels of PAHs, which are also in cigarette smoke and car exhaust, are associated with cancers in laboratory animals, although it’s uncertain if that’s true for people. Nevertheless, the European Union Commission Regulation has established the most suitable indicators for the occurrence and carcinogenic potency of PAHs in food and attributed maximum levels for these compounds in foods. Beer, wine or tea marinades can reduce the levels of some potential carcinogens in cooked meat, but little was known about how different beer marinades affect PAH levels, until now.
The researchers grilled samples of pork marinated for four hours in Pilsner beer, non-alcoholic Pilsner beer or a black beer ale, to well-done on a charcoal grill. Black beer had the strongest effect, reducing the levels of eight major PAHs by more than half compared with unmarinated pork. “Thus, the intake of beer marinated meat can be a suitable mitigation strategy,” say the researchers.
The full research paper is online at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf404966w
The authors acknowledge funding from Universidade do Porto. | <urn:uuid:d68ee52e-f6fe-48c7-91ff-e6af69ea430e> | {
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The National Museum of Animals & Society Promotes a Greater Vision of a Planet in which all its Inhabitants are Inherently Valued.
Every social movement has a museum dedicated, or partially dedicated to its cause, such as civil rights and labor. One of today’s great humanitarian movements is animal protection and the museum supporting this cause is The National Museum of Animals & Society. This museum first opened its doors in a small gallery space on Melrose in East Los Angeles. Now it is planning to relocate to a much larger space on Museum Row in Miracle Mile to join this cultural destination with institutions that educate, inspire, and enlighten.
The goal of the museum is to continue presenting animal protection issues and exploring our relationship with animals by presenting eye-opening information through world-class, curated exhibits that are friendly to a wide audience.
Some facts and figures related to key exhibits include:
Animals in Entertainment
Elephants are widely regarded to be the third most intelligent mammal. They roam up to 30 miles a day in the wild, foraging in large familial groups. In contrast, in zoos and circuses they are forced to live in solitary or small groups with little activity or emotional stimulation, causing great physical and emotional suffering.
Pet Overpopulation and Puppy Mills
According to the Humane Society, 99% of the dogs sold in pet stores or online come from inhumane and overcrowded breeding facilities commonly called puppy mills. This is appalling, especially considering the high euthanization rates in shelters, where at least 25% of the dogs are purebred. While Los Angeles kill rates have been dropping due to concerted efforts in the animal rescue community, 12,680 dogs and cats were euthanized by Los Angeles Animal Services in the fiscal year ending June 2014. Adopt, don’t shop!
Choose cruelty-free cosmetics not tested on animals so you are not supporting the use of 67,000 dogs in painful and unnecessary experiments (80-90% of these tests are for household products and cosmetics).
Animals in Fashion
Pelts from up to 100 animals are used to manufacture a full-length fur coat. With all the fabulous faux alternatives available today, there is no reason to contribute to the needless suffering of fur-bearing animals for fashion and vanity.
These are only a few of the issues addressed through education and exhibits at the museum. Animal Place founder and executive director Kim Sturla says, “It is the first museum of its kind; promoting an ethic of compassion, while exploring the interconnectedness of animals and people.”
Support the museum’s efforts by attending the star-studded Museum Gala, Saturday, June 6 at 6:30pm at the Olympic Collection in West Los Angeles. Enjoy cocktails followed by a gourmet vegan dinner, live and silent auction, entertainment and more. Outspoken vegan and animal rights activist Moby is the evening’s special honoree. For tickets or to learn more, visit: museumofanimals.org.
Ellen Lavinthal is the Co-Chairperson of The National Museum of Animals & Society. An animal advocate for more than 25 years, she is the founder of Animal Alliance, a Los Angeles-based animal rescue and advocacy organization; co-organizer of Fur Free WEHO which brought about the recent ban on the sale of fur in West Hollywood; and the recipient of Worldfest 2012 “Activist of the Year” award: animalalliance.org. | <urn:uuid:44dafea8-e22e-4878-93a7-539851bc5535> | {
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A benediction of understanding: Remembering Harding's inauguration 100 years ago
“Mankind needs a benediction of understanding,” Warren Harding said on March 4, 1921, when he was sworn-in as the nation’s 29th president. “It is needed among individuals, among peoples, among governments, and it will inaugurate an era of good feeling to make the birth of a new order.”
When he assumed the presidency, nothing was more important than the blessing of peace and the birth of a new order in a world torn apart by a monstrous, barbaric war and rocked by the deadliest pandemic of all time. Harding understood that grave threats remained—resumption of war, famine and starvation, worldwide Bolshevik revolution, economic collapse, and the advent of costly and endless weapons races. The disruption had been incalculable—tens of millions died in the war and fifty to a hundred million perished from the Spanish flu (675,000 in the U. S. alone).
For the United States, these forces of chaos had been met by a leaderless national government. President Woodrow Wilson had suffered a series of debilitating strokes in September and October 1919 as he stumped the country in a desperate attempt to gain acceptance of his view of a new order—the League of Nations. His strokes left Wilson incapable of performing his job, at first physically and later emotionally. His hovering spouse, Edith Wilson, allowed few visitors to his sickroom and his condition was largely blinded to the American public.
Thus, for nearly a year and a half before Harding’s inauguration, things were allowed to drift aimlessly in what was perhaps one of the most precarious times of humankind. The economy was supercharged from the war and it hit overdrive in the year following, but then collapsed in the spring of 1920. Soldiers returning from Europe could not find jobs. Rapid inflation was followed by ruinous deflation. War taxes weighed down the economy that had to survive to save the world, prostrate from its war indebtedness.
He took the oath on the East Portico of the Capitol at 1:18 PM “under a brilliant sky and in a keen atmosphere,” per the New York Times. Woodrow Wilson rode with Harding from the White House to the Capitol, but then turned back, lacking the strength to witness the swearing-in of his successor. He was driven inauspiciously to his new home on S Street. Chief Justice Edward D. White, black-capped and gowned, a massive man, administered the oath on a Bible used by George Washington in his first inaugural. Harding had it opened to Micah 6:8, his favorite verse: “What does the LORD require of thee but to do justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God?”
This was the first inaugural where an electronic amplification system was employed, with speakers hidden under a huge flag in the roof of a kiosk of Corinthian architecture built on the Capitol steps for the ceremony. In previous inaugurals, one had to be within shouting distance to hear the speaker. On this day, a large crowd could hear Harding’s words in resonant tones echoing in front of the speaker’s platform.
They cheered for certain lines, mainly those directed against the League of Nations and in favor of national sovereignty. “A world supergovernment is contrary to everything we cherish and can have no sanction by our Republic,” he said, drawing heavy applause according to Times.
But Harding surprised many with the speech. While he sought to protect America’s sovereignty and any decision to use its power, he was solicitous of those who believed that the United States had a sacred mission in the world. America might avoid unnecessary “entanglements” with other nations of the world, but it would not remain aloof.
He built on the theme that the United States alone was the guiding example of a representative form of government, one that had selflessly thrown itself into a war to end what had devolved into a ferocious contest that threatened civilization itself. “In the beginning the Old World scoffed at our experiment,” he said. “Today our foundations of political and social belief stand unshaken, a precious inheritance to ourselves, an inspiring example of freedom and civilization to all mankind.”
He warned that the United States, while it would allow no other governments to decide its fate, would not shrink from challenges to the international order: “We want to do our part in making offensive warfare so hateful that Governments and peoples who resort to it must prove the righteousness of their cause or stand as outlaws before the bar of civilization.”
These warnings delivered, he turned to higher calls for associations among nations, a code word that made reservationists and irreconcilables in his party edgy. “We are ready to associate ourselves,” he declared, “with the nations of the world, great and small, for conference, for counsel; to seek the expressed views of world opinion; to recommend a way to approximate disarmament and relieve the crushing burdens of military and naval establishments.”
Disarmament in fact would be one of the great achievements of his administration. The Washington Naval Conference he called in 1921, resulting in the world’s first arms’ limitation treaty, would lead to his nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize (unawarded in 1923 after he died, as Nobel rules discouraged posthumous honors).
As importantly, he recommended the country join the World Court, a suggestion that never came to pass because of deep isolationists sentiment in the country.
Having addressed international concerns, Harding turned to his plans for the United States, recognizing that unless America put its house in order, the world could never recover from the war wreckage; indeed, events could have turned to revolution and anarchy. This task of reconstruction, he warned, was complicated and would not be easy. Burdens would fall unfairly on some. He sought cooperation of all, management and labor. “Our people must give and take,” he pled.
Two areas required immediate attention: reducing government expenditures and taxes. He avowed: “We can reduce the abnormal expenditures, and we will. We can strike at war taxation, and we must.” To accomplish these complex tasks, Harding insisted that the government had to be placed on a budget for the first time. He would create the first Bureau of the Budget, today the Office of Management and Budget. He spoke, he said, for “administrative efficiency, for lightened tax burdens, for sound commercial practices, for adequate credit facilities.”
His tactics worked. After a worsening period economically, the United States recovered and helped undergird some precious measure of economic stability in the world.
He welcomed women, who had voted for the first time in federal elections in 1920, into their rightful place as citizens. He addressed wounded veterans brought over from Walter Reed Hospital. “A generous country will never forget the services you rendered,” he said. His administration would create the first Veterans’ Bureau (today the Department of Veterans Affairs) to care for those wounded and maimed in the war.
He even winked at a sort of New Deal concern for the unemployed and those in poverty. “Wealth is not inimical to welfare,” he observed, “it ought to be its friendliest agency.” He explained: “There can never be equality of rewards or possessions so long as the human plan contains varied talents and differing degrees of industry and thrift, but ours ought to be a country free from the blotches of distressed poverty.”
Presaging Franklin Roosevelt, he pondered, “We ought to find a way to guard against the perils and penalties of unemployment.”
He concluded, thirty-seven minutes after he began, by imploring “the favor and guidance of God in His Heaven.” Knowing his task too great for any one man, he took comfort in the fact that a hundred million Americans would share his responsibility.
Returning to Micah, “to act justly, and to love mercy, and the walk humbly with thy God,” Warren Harding ended by promising, in an old-fashioned way, “This I plight to God and country.” As he left the inaugural platform, the Marine Band, in scarlet coats and bright blue trousers, played a stanza of “America.”
James Robenalt is the author four nonfiction books, including The Harding Affair, Love and Espionage During the Great War. He lives in Shaker Heights, Ohio. | <urn:uuid:d229adf5-b1a1-48cd-9562-2184f43b6950> | {
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Porque sempre a representação de um modelo seguirá a fórmula abaixo:
Modelo = Realidade – Erro
“[…]Thus, regression in statistics is different from regression in supervised learning.
• regression is used to model relationships between predictors and targets, and the targets could be continuous or categorical.
• a regression model usually includes 2 components to describe such relationships:
o a systematic component
o a random component. The random component of this relationship is mathematically described by some probability distribution.
• most regression models in statistics also have assumptions about thestatistical independence or dependence between the predictors and/or between the observations.
• many statistical models also aim to provide interpretable relationships between the predictors and targets.
o For example, in simple linear regression, the slope parameter, , predicts the change in the target, , for every unit increase in the predictor, .
In supervised learning,
• target variables in regression must be continuous
• regression has less or even no emphasis on using probability to describe the random variation between the predictor and the target
o Random forests are powerful tools for both classification and regression, but they do not use probability to describe the relationship between the predictors and the target.
• regression has less or even no emphasis on providing interpretable relationships between the predictors and targets.
o Neural networks are powerful tools for both classification and regression, but they do not provide interpretable relationships between the predictors and the target.
Com isso a geração dos resultados e da análise ficam muito mais ‘walk-thru’ e muito menos black-box.
O resultado final?
“[…]The results indicate that there is a lot of variation in flavor profiles within the different scotch whisky regions. Note that initial cluster centers are chosen at random. In order to replicate the results, you will need to run the following code before your analysis.
set.seed(1) Further data analysis would be required to determine whether proximity to types of water sources or terrain types drive common flavor profiles. This could be done by obtaining shape files and adding them as an additional layer to the ggmap plot.
For me, I have identified my next to-try single malt. Talisker is still within the familiar realm of cluster 4 but a little more malty, fruity and spicy. Sounds like the perfect holiday mix. […]” | <urn:uuid:8b64680d-d88d-4dfd-96bc-bd37064eae81> | {
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“Parliament is teaching kids that don’t have a disability that they shouldn’t be with kids that do have a disability. I think that’s mean. … my school rules are to be respectful, to be safe and to be a learner. I think parliament should have the same rules. Saying to get rid of kids with Autism is not respectful. When parliament says kids like me should be gotten rid of, I don’t feel safe … a leaders job should be to find ways to make things work, not to get rid of things”.
This week, Australia’s One Nation Senator Pauline Hanson said in parliament that children with disabilities, particularly those with Autism, should be separated out of mainstream classrooms. Cadence listened to the Senators comments on the news. This is nhot a ‘political’ response; it is an Autistic child’s response to what they interpreted from what was said.
Nine year old Cadence, who is Autistic, was alerted to these comments during a television news break. Cadence, who delights in writing, twirling, patterns, counting and painting, often shares short writings on her experiences as an Autistic child. Her first public piece, ‘Autism is why I am different’, was published by Kidspot magazine in August 2015, when Cadence was 7 years old, which combined with her prose “Autism Doesn’t mean I’m bad”, was made into a Spanish short film, ‘Acceptance’ (released August 2016).
Read Cadence’s short prose on how words harm Autistic children here.
You can view Senator Hanson’s speech here.
You can visit Cadence’s Facebook page here. | <urn:uuid:d0d7e164-f23a-4796-86af-b8557fc0cf30> | {
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Cochlear Implants: Listening
Versión en Español
Back to Full Paper
Training the Ear to Listen
The process of learning to make sense of sound will differ for each child depending on his or her age, prior experiences with listening, language competence, and other characteristics (see Factors Influencing Performance Outcomes). To optimize listening, speech, and spoken language outcomes, it is recommended that children receive some type of auditory and speech habilitation services following implantation either through their hospital implant center, their school program, or a private practice. Development of spoken language skills may effectively be addressed in individualized therapeutic sessions, integrated into the child's natural environments (home or classroom), or a combination of both. Some children may learn best in a therapy setting, whereas others may readily develop skills in more natural settings.
Recommendations regarding the frequency of habilitation services should be specific to each child. Immediately after implantation, the child may require more frequent and focused attention on skill development. As spoken language foundations are established, the frequency of individualized training should be revisited. A habilitation program should continue as long as the child is progressing in his or her development of spoken language skills.
Auditory habilitation services should be provided by knowledgeable professionals with cross-disciplinary skills in three primary areas: audiology, speech-language pathology, and education of children who are deaf. The professionals should have training and experience with the development of auditory, speech, and language skills for children with hearing loss. Increasing numbers of training/certification programs are preparing professionals to facilitate spoken language for children with cochlear implants. However, experienced specialists who do not have formal certification may be qualified to provide the necessary services. It is important to explore the qualifications of the professional who will be providing services to each child to assure that he or she has the necessary training and experience.
For more information about the recommended qualifications for habilitation/rehabilitation specialists, see Roles of Speech-Language Pathologists and Teachers of Children Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing in the Development of Communicative and Linguistic Competence. Developed by a Joint Committee of ASHA and the Council on Education of the Deaf , this publication provides useful guidelines for speech-language pathologists.
A child's success with an implant depends on the device's consistent functioning. Although it is not common, the internal component of the implant device can fail. More common are issues related to the malfunction of the implant's external speech processor; especially the child's individualized program settings. As the brain adjusts to sound, what may have at first been comfortable and "loud enough" to the child may become insufficient and "not enough." A child's changing responses to sound may occur quickly and become clearly apparent or happen slowly and go unnoticed, similar to a light on a dimmer that grows dim so slowly as to almost be imperceptible until it becomes too dark. A child may also inadvertently have electrodes set for too much stimulation during a mapping session, causing discomfort. If this occurs and is not remedied, the child could possibly begin to experience listening as negative and may resist using the cochlear implant. If a child is functioning with an inappropriate map, this will negatively impact progress with the implant.
To assure optimal functioning, it is critical that professionals working with the child are comfortable with the device, know the personal device settings for each child, and check the device on a daily basis. School professionals needing support with this process should request guidance from an educational audiologist in their school system and/or an audiologist from the hospital implant center.
There are two types of checks on a cochlear implant that can be completed daily both at home and in school-an equipment check and a check of the child's functional listening.
Information about how to troubleshoot implant devices can be found on each manufacturer's website.
- MED-EL: On-line Troubleshooting Guide
- Cochlear Americas Troubleshooting Guides
Include the following in an equipment check:
- Use signal check devices (available from the implant manufacturers-see below) to check the integrity of the transmitted signal when connected.
- Check all batteries daily (a weak battery will make a difference).
- Check coils and cables for wear and tear.
Wand to verify that the speech processor's transmitting coil is sending a signal across the skin to the implant.
Monitor earphones to check whether a processor's microphone and internal amplifier are receiving sound. Monitor Earphones only detect a signal from the microphone or an attached accessory. They don't assess signal quality or represent the processed sound a recipient hears.
MED-EL: Speech Processor Test Device
Functional Listening Check
In addition to a physical check of the equipment, it is equally important to check a child's performance with the equipment on a daily basis. One such check, familiar to many, is the Ling Six Sound Test. This check involves presenting a series of specific speech sounds at a consistent loudness and distance from a child to document his or her sound awareness. When a child demonstrates a change in sound awareness from an established baseline response, this may reflect a possible change in a child's listening potential that may require attention to his or her map or an equipment malfunction.
This quick and easy check involves the following steps:
- Have the child sit at a distance of about three feet wearing his or her implant.
- Cover your mouth with a listening hoop (a specially designed barrier to present sound without distortion). This hoop can be made using an embroidery hoop with two layers of acoustic speaker cloth. If you do not have a listening hoop, cover your mouth with a barrier that does not distort the sound.
- Individually present each of the following six sounds: "mm," "oo," "ah," "ee," "sh," and "s." (These sounds represent the variety of the frequencies present in speech.)
- Have the child respond to sound (e.g., raise a hand, place a block into a container) when it is audible.
Note about the Ling Six Sound Test for children with cochlear implants: Present each sound at a quiet level. You want to confirm that the child is consistently aware of "very quiet" sounds. If you present the sounds too loud, it is difficult to determine when it may be time to return to the hospital implant center to adjust the setting of the speech processor.
- Cochlear Corporation - Ling Six Sound Test (PDF)
- Equal Voice for Deaf Children
The Stages of Listening and Speaking Development
Children with cochlear implants are typically able to detect very quiet sounds throughout the frequency range integral to understanding spoken language. Detection of sound, however, does not automatically guarantee that an individual will develop the skills to comprehend spoken language for learning (see Factors Influencing Performance Outcomes). There are many pre-requisite skills a child must develop before he or she will be able to understand and use spoken language. The following progression details a typical hierarchy a child may follow in learning to understand and communicate through spoken language. How far and how quickly a child progresses is individual to the characteristics of each child.
For more information about listening, speech, and spoken language development:
A.G. Bell Association: Listening and Spoken Language Knowledge Center
Equal Voices for Deaf Children
Garber, A., & Nevins, M. E. (2010, December). HOPE Bulletin-Spoken Language Development (PDF)
Assessment of Listening, Speech, and Spoken Language
There is a variety of formal and informal tools available to assist in gathering information about a child's spoken language functioning to guide in planning habilitation goals and strategies. These tools can be used to document listening, speech, and spoken language before and after implantation.
Checklists and questionnaires:
For more information on assessment tools:
Garber, A., & Nevins, M. E. (2010, December). HOPE Bulletin-Assessment Measures (PDF)
Auditory, Speech, and Spoken Language Guides
There are published guides available to provide a framework for the development of listening, speech, and spoken language skills. While various guides may propose a full program to follow, it is not necessary to fully use any one guide. There may be helpful hints and activities to gather from various guides. Skill development need not follow a cookbook approach. Determining effective strategies will be individual to each child. For skills to be beneficial in the child's life, these skills must be integrated and supported within the child's natural environment.
Auditory, Speech, and Spoken Language Practice Activities
Listening practice materials are available through the cochlear implant manufacturers and through other sources. Some are available for purchase and others are directly accessible online at no charge. Some provide interactive activities and games. Others provide materials to download to facilitate activities.
Starfall-A free website to teach children to read with phonics. For preschool, kindergarten, and first grade. Phonics games and online interactive books.
Equal Voice for Deaf Children (EVDC)-Resource designed for families who do not have access to a qualified therapist to help their child acquire spoken communication skills
Listening Tree-A subscription that allows access to hundreds of printable listening and language activities. Listening tree has a Spanish version with Spanish weekly activities
Superduper Publications-iPad apps for auditory and speech habilitation
ESL Lab-Website with mini lessons for learning English as a second language
ABCya.com-provides a wealth of free educational kids computer games and activities for elementary students to learn on the web.
Integrating Sound for Learning
While a child may be able to listen effectively within a controlled therapy environment, it is important for individuals communicating with the child to be aware of how to best present spoken information to him or her so he or she will successfully be able to understand what is being said in the natural environment. For children who are new to listening, or only have beginning-level listening skills, they may not be able to understand complex, fast-paced communication. It is important for individuals who communicate with the child, to understand the child's current level of auditory functioning and incorporate strategies to guide the child in deriving meaning from sound.
Learning how to adjust communication variables in the natural environment is central to the concept of auditory habilitation/rehabilitation. The listening difficulty of a communication experience can be adjusted so a child can have success in listening at his or her level. The listening experience can also be adjusted to provide increasing challenges to the listening situation so the child can improve his or her listening.
When the following factors related to the content and/or presentation of information are controlled during either a structured listening activity or in the natural environment, any listening situation can be designed to be either readily accessible or challenging.
These content-related factors can be modified:
- the familiarity of vocabulary,
- the number of items in a choice set (e.g., three choices, four choices, open set),
- the acoustic contrast of items in a choice set (e.g., shoe versus elephant), and
- the number of critical elements (e.g., big red shoe, ball under the bed).
These presentation-related factors can be modified:
- the rate of presentation,
- the acoustic highlighting (e.g., emphasis on key words),
- the visibility of a carrier phrase (e.g., a phrase leading up to a key word or words), and
- the number of repetitions.
Another beneficial strategy to assist children in deriving meaning from sound is the "sandwich" technique. The sandwich technique involves linking information sequentially via auditory and visual modes.
Two examples of the sandwich technique are as follows:
- Auditory-Visual-Auditory: Say it-sign it-say it or Say it-say it adding speechreading-say it
- Visual-Auditory-Visual: Sign it-say it-sign it-say it adding speechreading-say it -say it using speechreading
Professional Training: Auditory Habilitation
To guide professionals in learning about auditory habilitation for children with cochlear implants, there are numerous on-line professional training tools offered through the cochlear implant manufacturers including:
Cochlear Corporation: HOPE Courses (archived on a variety of topics specific to auditory habilitation: http://hope.cochlearamericas.com/online-courses | <urn:uuid:9e47d8d8-ac9c-4c5a-968c-6583dbd3db04> | {
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Early Warning Signs and Home Management of Ear Infection in Children
Ear infection is very common in children. This can be caused by bacteria or viruses. It can affect the outer ear, inner ear or the middle ear, the part of the ear behind the ear drum. Ear infection can be very painful due to fluid buildup or inflammation. Due to the painful nature of it, parents normally become disturbed. Know home management and the warning signs of ear infection in children and some home management of ear infections.
Ear infection can be sudden onset or chronic. The sudden onset of acute ear infection is very painful but does not last long. Chronic ear infection can last longer or does not cure forever.
Ear infections are painful and very common in children. By the age of six, most children have grown out of ear infections. Since it’s common in children, every parent needs to know home management and early warning signs of ear infection to be able to rule it out easily.
1. Being in day-care
2. Exposure to cigarette smoke
3. Using a pacifier
4. Low birth weight
5. Changes in temperature
6. Recent illness
7. Being a male
9. Sinus infection
Signs and symptoms of ear infection in children
1. Ear pain
2. Rubbing their ear
3. Not reacting to certain sounds
4. Pulling their ear
see also: Home Remedies For Childhood Diseases
5. Pus drainage from the ear
6. Loss of appetite
8. Losing balance frequently
Home management of ear infections in children
1. Keep the child hydrated
2. Apply warm compress on the affected ear
3. Don’t allow the child to sleep or lye on the affected ear
4. Avoid activities that increase pressure in the ear, such as the child shaking the head or putting the finger in the affected ear.
5. Avoid exposure of the child to second-hand smoke
Complications Of Ear infection in Children
1. Brain abscess
2. Facial paralysis
3. Problems with speech and language
6. Hearing loss
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One thought on “Early Warning Signs and Home Management of Ear Infection in Children”
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You may believe that the children of today aren't as smart as when you were a kid. But, guess what? You'd be wrong! And it's quite possible that the opposite might be true. Researchers studying the Flynn effect have found that scores on IQ tests have been on the rise.
So what is this Flynn effect? No, it has nothing to do with Michael Flynn and/or the Russian-US election scandal. The Flynn effect was first described in the 1980's by researcher, James Flynn. He referred to the findings that IQ scores have risen over the past century. Other researchers have found evidence to back up Flynn's claim. generally, IQ scores have increased since the 1950's, although there are some exceptions. Now, the existence of the Flynn effect is rarely disputed.
So why have the Flynn effect happened? Researchers have several theories. One explanation has to do with improved health and nutrition. An example would be the knowledge that alcohol and cigarette smoking has a harmful impact on unborn babies. There has also been the discontinuation of lead-based paints, improvements in the prevention of infectious diseases and, of course, improvements in human diets. Scott Barry Kaufman writes, “The Flynn effect serves as a reminder that when we give people more opportunities to prosper, more people actually do prosper.”
Another plausible explanation has to do with societal changes that have occurred since the Industrial Revolution. James Flynn tells us that the world today is "a world where we've had to develop new mental habits, new habits of mind.” Flynn found that IQ has risen the most rapidly on questions that ask humans to find similarities between different things, as well as in more abstract problem-solving. These are skills that are more necessary now in the modern world than they were a century ago.
There have been several suggestions made to explain why modern society might lead to higher IQ scores. More humans had intellectually demanding jobs now than they did 100 years ago. Schools have changed, as well. A test given in the 1900's might rely more on the student's ability to memorize facts. But today, kids have to explain the reasons for something...not just memorize the basic facts. More students finish school and go on to college now, as well. Another factor might be family size. Having fewer children allows the parents more time to interact with their children, teaching them more vocabulary words. Even the entertainment of today is considered more complex. it didn't take a great deal of intellect to understand "Leave it To Beaver."
The Flynn effect has shown us that the human brain is much more adaptable and more malleable than was previously thought. Human thinking patterns aren't innate but, rather, something that can be learned from the human's environment. Humans think about the world today differently than did their ancestors. And thank goodness for that! It could be that the Flynn effect might even suggest that human IQ might not be what we all thought it was. Instead of being a measure of natural and unlearned intelligence, it might actually be something that can be shaped by education and the world that humans live in.
Education is even MORE important now than ever before. | <urn:uuid:d0cbb9c1-666b-4a9c-9aac-8f7853da3767> | {
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Neutron stars are created as the result of a supernova. A supernova signals the death of a large star, particularly supergiants. During the supernova the outer parts of the star are blasted off into space. What happens is that as these outer layers are released, the force of the explosion implodes the core. The core is referred to as being in a state of collapse. The force is so great that it is crushed into a superdense object that can be as large as London, but has the mass of our Sun.
Composition of a Neutron Star
Surprisingly they are not composed of gas (plasma state) but the neutrons form the core of the star, hence the name. Surrounding the core is a layer of (tightly-packed) iron nuclei. It is as if the neutrons were a liquid surrounded by solid iron. During the collapse of the star a large percentage of the atoms are compressed. This forces the protons and electrons (the subatomic particles) of these atoms to merge, resulting in the creation of neutrons. The neutrons form the liquid core of the star, hence the name. Surrounding the core is a layer of solid iron.
Neutrons are very small since they are subatomic particles and in a neutron star they are arranged tightly together which is why they are so dense. So dense, in fact, that a teaspoon of neutron star material would weigh a few thousand tons. If you were on a spacecraft you would have to have a thrust equal to 0.5c (or half the speed of light) to escape if you are on the surface. After a neutron star reaches a density more than three solar masses (three suns) it will collapse further due to the excessive gravity and will result in the creation of a black hole. There are other types of neutron stars, called Pulsars.
These are neutron stars that have strong magnetic fields and spin on their axis. They send out regular spurts of radio waves. They can spin several hundred times per second, or a slow as a few times per minute. Some pulsars emit bursts of light, around 15 times a second, although this varies between each star. These bursts are so precise that they are more accurate than any clock found on Earth. They work like this because the radio beams are emitted from the magnetic poles of the star and we can detect them here on Earth as they pass by us. Eventually they slow down as they lose energy, then will eventually stop producing radio waves and die.
Types of Pulsar
The three main categories are:
Binary - A Pulsar can orbit another star and this companion may be a different class of star altogether, not necessarily a neutron star. They attract each other due to gravity as they orbit and will eventually merge. The resulting mass of the two may be too much and they will collapse into a black hole.
X-Ray - Pulsars don't necessarily produce radio waves, they can produce X-rays. This occurs because in binary systems the gas from its companion is attracted to the pulsar and forms a stream as it approaches. As the gas collides with the surface of the pulsar it forms a region where the material is heated up to millions of degrees which produces the X-rays. When this area rotates into our direction as the star spins we see this as a pulse of X-rays. X-ray pulsars may also have been resurrected from dead pulsars because as they extract gas from a companion, they speed up.
Magnetars - These are pulsars with amazingly strong magnetic fields than those described above. It is thought that this property of magnetars is related to gamma-ray bursts in space.
Where Neutron Stars Can Be Found
The best place to start is in the heart of nebulas, such as the Crab Nebula which contains an optical pulsar and it is thought that the energy released from this star is what heats the surrounding nebula to make it visible. Of course, they can probably be found all over the galaxy but they are being detected mostly in globular clusters where they are thought to occur in large numbers.
- Neutron Star written by Larry Niven. Part of the short story collection, Neutron Star
- Dragon's Egg written by Professor Robert L Forward.
- The Universe Explained written by Colin Ronan. | <urn:uuid:d9b4b8ec-fd04-4a53-9cc1-49da0e3cb069> | {
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Study looks to tackle PNG infant mortality
An Australian study will examine why Papua New Guinea mothers are 80 times more likely to die in childbirth than mothers in Australia.
The Burnet Institute in Australia will undertake a five-year research program to tackle Papua New Guinea's high infant and maternal mortality rates.
Burnet's Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies program aims to provide life-saving health care for women and children in Papua New Guinea through translational and community research.
Burnet CEO Professor Brendan Crabb says they're looking at research that will lead to cost-effective and accessible intervention programs in more remote parts of PNG.
"There is decent obstetric care in the major centres in PNG but getting there is incredibly hard, and that's a greater challenge in PNG than in most other places in the Pacific," he said.
"We are going to look at interventions that we know work in settings where there is good obstetric care and good clinics, but we don't know how to deliver those into rural and remote communities, where it's just not realistic for people to access good healthcare."
More than 5,000 babies will die in the first 24 hours of life and another 10,000 children perish before their fifth birthday.
The study will look at testing more effective ways to implement interventions to remote communities and define the causes of the major diseases that contribute to maternal and infant mortality, such as anaemia, malaria, and malnutrition.
"What this is about is trying to find out what are some of the... new ways that we can look at dealing with this situation...for not much expenditure, and to do that we really have to innovate," Professor Crabb said. | <urn:uuid:936c1e8a-c2a7-45c8-aef9-ecd44a64df9e> | {
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A Book for Adventurers
Book Review by Lindsay Townsend
Cabinet of Curiosities: Collecting and Understanding the Wonders of the Natural World
By Gordon Grice
188 pages. Workman Publishing. 2015
“Science is an attempt to find out how the world fits together,” writes Gordon Grice in his book Cabinet of Curiosities. It’s a statement that embodies the core spirit of Grice’s book, as he encourages readers to explore the natural world around them, to find what fascinates them—and to create curiosity cabinets to study what they find.
As Grice explains, the expansion of European exploration in the 1400s to 1600s made curiosity cabinets blossom. The new creatures and items explorers discovered in distant lands fascinated people. So much so, some people began keeping these remarkable items in cabinets where they could be viewed and admired. A cabinet, Grice says, could “mean any place where things are stored,” including whole rooms. The objects inside the cabinets served as both a source of novelty and knowledge.
Grice’s book in many ways feels like a curiosity cabinet. It is a novelty, an immersive experience created through the vintage etching-style illustrations and taped-in-looking-notes, which give the book an old sketchbook-feel. And like a curiosity cabinet the book also teaches, introducing readers to scientific classification, different species of plants and animals, and objects readers can find. The range of objects Grice suggests keeping is varied, ranging from flowers to beetles. Readers can truly create a cabinet suited to them.
Grice’s writing style adds to the sense of wonderment. He is conversational with touches of humor, such as when he says in parenthesis, “seriously, that was his name” after introducing a cabinet creator named “Ole Worm.” Grice feels like an approachable fellow explorer, and this makes the scientific language in the book less intimidating.
The book is by no means a complete of account of all that could be said about natural history. Grice concentrates on details and examples that readers who wish to create their own curiosity cabinets might need, such as only mentioning six of the phyla, or groups, within the animal kingdom. This helps the text avoid becoming bogged down in detail and serves the book’s mission—encouraging a new love for studying the natural world and natural science.
The book’s helpful practicality, then, is one of its most engaging qualities.
Suggestions are incorporated throughout the text to help readers create curiosity cabinets, such as ways to “keep [a animal skull] from turning yellow.”
“We’re all explorers, conservationists, and collectors by nature,” writes Grice in the book’s afterword. If readers don’t consider themselves these before reading Grice’s book, they may have a desire to become them afterwards.
Cabinet of Curiosities: Collecting and Understanding the Wonders of the Natural World is available for purchase in the DMNH Museum Store. Lindsay Townsend is interning as a science writer at the Museum this summer. | <urn:uuid:4dc6c962-2117-40a6-89e3-82b83708855f> | {
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Properties of Solutions
A solution is a mixture of materials, one of which is usually a fluid. A fluid is a material that flows, such as a liquid or a gas. The fluid of a solution is usually the solvent. The material other than the solvent is the solute. We say that we dissolve the solute into the solvent.
Some solutions are so common to us that we give them a unique name. A solution of water and sugar is called syrup. A solution of sodium chloride (common table salt) in water is called brine. A sterilized specific concentration (0.15 molar) of sodium chloride in water is called saline. A solution of carbon dioxide in water is called seltzer, and a solution of ammonia gas in water is called ammonia water.
A solution is said to be dilute if there is less of the solute. The process of adding more solvent to a solution or removing some of the solute is called diluting. A solution is said to be concentrated if it has more solute. The process of adding more solute or removing some of the solvent is called concentrating. The concentration of a solution is some measurement of how much solute there is in the solution.
It might initially offend your sensibilities to consider a solution in which the solvent is a gas or a solid. The molecules of a gas do not have much interaction among them, and so do not participate to a large extent in the dissolving process. Solids are difficult to consider as solvents because there is a lack of motion of the particles of a solid relative to each other. There are, however, some good reasons to view some mixtures of these types as solutions. The molecules of a gas do knock against each other, and the motion of a gas can assist in vaporizing material from a liquid or solid state. The fan in a ‘frost free’ home freezer moves air around inside the freezer to sublimate any exposed ice directly into water vapor, a process clearly akin to dissolving. Solid metals can absorb hydrogen gas in a mixing process in which the metal clearly provides the structure.
True solutions with liquid solvents have the following properties:
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
These last four of the properties of solutions collectively are called colligative properties. These characteristics are all dependent only on the number of particles of solute rather than the type of particle or the mass of material in solution.
Other Types of Mixtures
Take a spoonful of dirt and vigorously mix it with a glass of water. As
soon as you stop mixing, a portion of the dirt drops to the bottom. Any
material that is suspended by the fluid motion alone is only in
temporary suspension. A portion of the dirt makes a true solution in
the water with all of the properties of the above table, but there are some
particles, having a diameter roughly between 1 nm and 500 nm, that are
suspended in a more lasting fashion. A suspended mixture of particles of
this type is called a colloid, or colloidal suspension, or
For colloids or temporary suspensions the phrase dispersed material
or the word dispersants describes the material in suspension, analogous
to the solute of a solution. The phrase dispersing medium is used for
the material of similar function to a solvent in solutions.
As with true solutions, it is a bit of a stretch to consider solids as a
dispersing medium or gases as forming a large enough particle to be a colloid,
but most texts list some such. A sol is a liquid or solid with a solid
dispersed through it, such as milk or gelatin.
Foams are liquids or solids with a gas dispersed into them.
Emulsions are liquids or solids with liquids dispersed through them,
such as butter or gold-tinted glass. Aerosols are colloids with a gas
as the dispersing medium and either a solid or liquid dispersant. Fine dust
or smoke in the air are good examples of colloidal solid in a gas. Fog and
mist are examples of colloidal liquid in a gas.
Liquid dispersion media with solid or liquid dispersants are the most often
considered. Homogenized whole milk is a good example of a liquid dispersed
into a liquid. The cream does not break down into molecular sized materials
to spread through the milk, but collects in small micelles of oily
material and proteins with the more ionic or hydrophilic portions on
the outside of the globule and the more fatty, or oily, or non-polar, or
hydrophobic portions inside the ball-shaped little particle. Blood
carries liquid lipids (fats) in small bundles called lipoproteins with
specific proteins making a small package with the fat.
Proteins are in a size range to be considered in colloidal suspension in
water. Broth or the independent proteins of blood or the casein (an unattached
protein) in milk are colloidal. There are many proteins in the cellular fluids
of living things that are in colloidal suspension.
Colloidal dispersants in water stay in suspension by having a layer of
charge on the outside of the particle that is attractive to one end of water
molecules. The common charge of the particles and the water solvation
layer keep the particles dispersed. A Cottrell precipitator collects
the smoke particles from air by a high voltage charge and collection device.
Boiling an egg will denature and coagulate the protein in it. Proteins can be
fractionally ‘salted out’ of blood by adding specific amounts of sodium
chloride to make the proteins coagulate. The salt adds ions to the liquid that
interfere with the dispersion of the colloidal particles.
Colloids with liquid as a dispersing agent have the following properties:
PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
The concentration of a solution is an indication of how much solute there is dissolved into the solvent. There are a number of ways to express concentration of a solution. By far the most used and the most useful of the units of concentration is molarity. You might see ‘6 M HCl’ on a reagent bottle. The ‘M’ is the symbol for molar. One molar is one mol of solute per liter of solution. The reagent bottle has six mols of HCl per liter of acid solution. Since the unit ‘molar’ rarely appears in the math of chemistry other than as a concentration, to do the unit analysis correctly, you will have to insert concentrations into the math as ‘mols per liter’ and change answers of ‘mols per liter’ into molar.
Molality is concentration in mols of solute per kilogram of solvent. Mol fraction is the number of mols of solute per number of mols of solution. Weight-weight percent (really mass percent) is the number of grams of solute per grams of solution expressed in the form of a percent. Mass-volume concentration is the number of grams of solute per milliliter of solution. There are other older units of concentration, such as Baume (or Baumé), that are still in use, mainly in industrial chemicals.
Normality is the number of mols of effective material per liter. In acid-base titrations, the hydroxide ion of bases and the hydrogen (hydronium) ion of acids is the effective material. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) has two ionizable hydrogens per formula of acid, or one mol of acid has two mols of ionizable hydrogen. 0.6 M H2SO4 is the same concentration as 1.2 N H2SO4.
We say that sulfuric acid is diprotic because it has two protons (hydrogen ions) per formula available. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is monoprotic, phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is triprotic, and acids with two or more ionizable hydrogens are called polyprotic. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is monobasic, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is dibasic, and aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is tribasic.
Where ‘X’ is the number of available hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in an acid or base, N, the normality, is equal to the molarity, M, times X.
The normality system can be used for redox reactions, but the effective material is now available electrons or absorption sites for electrons. Consider the following reaction, #43 in the redox section.
In a sulfuric acid solution potassium permanganate will titrate with oxalic acid to produce manganese II sulfate, carbon dioxide, water, and potassium sulfate in solution.
|5e- + Mn+7 Mn+2 Reduction|
5( C+3 C+4 + e-) Oxidation
|Balanced 2 KMnO4 + 5 H2C2O4 + 3 H2SO4 2 MnSO4 + 10 CO2 + 10 H2O + 2 KCl|
Since the manganese has a place for five electrons and the potassium permanganate contains the manganese, we could say that the normality of the permanganate solution is five times the molarity. The oxalic acid solution contains the carbon that becomes oxidized with only one electron added. The normality of the oxalic acid solution is the same as the molarity.
Where ‘X’ is the number of electrons either donated or accepted by a material in a redox reaction, the normality, N, is the molarity, M, times X.
In acid-base or redox titrations, the math is made easier by the use of normality. There is no need for a chemical equation because only the net reaction is considered. Where ‘C’ is the concentration in normality, and ‘V’ is the volume of solution, the formula is:
C1 V1 = C2 V2
Dissolving Solids Into Liquids
The best way to measure the amount of a solid material is usually to weigh it. The best way to find the amount of a liquid is to find the volume. The formula for solutions is: C V = n, where C is concentration in molar, V is the volume in liters, and n is the number of mols of solute. Further, n = m/Fw , where m is the mass and Fw is the formula weight of the solute. Solving for the mass, m = C V Fw.
How do you make the solution of a solid in a liquid. First weigh the solid to get the mass. The concentration you want times the volume of solution times the formula weight of the solute will get you the mass of solute you need to weigh. Place the mass of solute in a volume measuring device such as a volumetric flask or a graduated cylinder. Use a small amount of water to dissolve the solute in the volumetric device. Add water to the volume desired and mix.
The act of dissolving a solid into a liquid is a process that happens on the surface of the particles of the solute. The smaller the particles (the larger the surface area) the faster the solute dissolves. Triple-X sugar, called ‘confectioner’s sugar,’ has smaller particles than regular ‘table sugar.’ Rock candy is just regular table sugar that has been crystallized in large lumps. When you put each crystal size the chemically identical materials in your mouth, which one dissolves faster? The triple-X sugar tastes sweetest because more of it has dissolved in the same short time. (You can only taste dissolved sugar.)
Expose the surface area of the solid to more solid and the solute will dissolve faster. Mixing helps dissolve the solid. You can try this with sugar. Take two glasses of water at the same temperature and add a spoonful of sugar to each. Mix one, but not the other. In which glass does the sugar dissolve more easily?
Most solid materials will dissolve faster with increased temperature. Since the increased temperature increases the motion of the molecules, you can think of this effect as being similar to mixing. You have seen this effect. Sugar dissolves more quickly in warm tea than iced tea. Table salt dissolves more quickly in hot water than in cold.
HOW TO DISSOLVE A SOLID INTO A LIQUID
- Increase surface area of solid by decreasing the size of particle.
- Increase temperature of the mixture.
Dissolving Gases Into Liquids
Gases are more easily measured by knowing the pressure, volume, and temperature of the gas. Seltzer water and ammonia water are two good examples of solutions of a gas in a liquid. Seltzer, or carbonated water, is the result of pressing carbon dioxide gas into water. Seltzer is used as the base liquid in any carbonated beverage. The bubbles in beer or sparkling wines are also due to carbon dioxide, but the CO2 is a natural product of the fermentation process, so it does not have to be added artificially. Ammonia water, also called ammonium hydroxide solution, is made from ammonia (NH3) being pressed into water. It is used as a weak base and as a cleaning material, particularly for glass.
Because the process is better done under pressure, it is often difficult to directly observe the actual dissolving done in most cases. The notable exception is the addition of dry ice, solid carbon dioxide, to water as described in the section on carbon dioxide.
As with a solid dissolving in a liquid, a gas dissolves in a liquid more easily with agitation or mixing, but that is where the similarity ends. Remove a carbonated beverage from its container and it becomes obvious that pressure is necessary to keep the gas in the liquid. The drink fizzes and bubbles, releasing the gas. As the beverage sits for a few hours, the taste becomes what we describe as ‘flat.’ Almost all of the carbon dioxide has escaped from the liquid. The only CO2 remaining in the water will produce a partial pressure equal to the partial pressure of the gas in the atmosphere. Water carries dissolved oxygen from the partial pressure of the oxygen in the atmosphere.
As the combination of liquid and gas is NOT the favored (lowest energy) condition, an increase in temperature causes the separation. Lower temperature favors dissolving the gas into the liquid. You can verify this experimentally on your own. Leave one can of carbonated beverage at room temperature. Refrigerate a can of the same carbonated beverage. Gently heat a third can of the same beverage. Open them all and record the results. You are likely to find that the gas stays in solution better in the cooler liquid.
HOW TO DISSOLVE A GAS INTO A LIQUID
- Increase the gas pressure on the liquid.
- Decrease the temperature.
Liquids In Liquids
A solution of two liquids is relatively uncomplicated. For the most part,
liquids either mix together or they don’t. When liquids will mix together,
they usually do so in all proportions and are said to be miscible. If they do not mix, as oil and water, they are said to be immiscible. Using ethyl alcohol and water as examples of miscible liquids, we can have a solution of the two liquids with one drop of alcohol in a bucketful of water or one drop of water in a bucketful of alcohol.
Immiscible liquids can make a mixture of the nature of a colloidal suspension by very finely dividing one of the liquids and dispersing it through the other liquid. Milk fresh from the cow separates into a milk and a cream layer, the cream rising to the top. The cream of milk is a fatty material of a lower density, so it floats. The milk may be homogenized, a process that violently shakes the milk so that the cream forms very small ball-shaped particles. This homogenized milk will remain well mixed with normal treatment.
The stability of homogenized milk as a mixture is helped by the presence of the proteins of milk. Proteins often have areas of large amounts of available electrical charge and areas of very little charge. The areas of higher charge are more soluble in water and the areas of lower charge are more soluble in the fat of the cream. In this way the protein acts as a surface active agent, or surfactant. A surfactant is a large molecule with one area in one liquid and another area in another. Proteins of milk on the surface of the small globules of fat in homogenized milk will keep the globules from attaching back to each other, so the milk stays homogenized. Soaps and detergents are surfactants that help get oily dirt into suspension in water.
Agitation (mixing) is usually the most important factor in making a liquid-liquid mixture. The agitation of milk to homogenize it is a good example for colloids, but many other liquids do not mix without considerable agitation. If you make a highly concentrated syrup and pour it into water, the syrup will drop to the bottom of the water and stay there until it is agitated or (in a much longer time) diffusion mixes the layers.
For the best view of solubility, we will use the examples of a solid
solute dissolved into a liquid solvent. This does not mean that other
materials do not work in the same fashion.
The solubility of a solution is a measure of how much of the solute can
be dissolved into the solvent. The solution reaches a point called the
saturation point when no more solute will be accepted by the solvent.
Any further addition of solute will result in solid solute mixed in with the
saturated solution. Each solvent and solute pair has a characteristic
solubility at a given temperature. Usually as you increase the temperature,
an increased amount of solute will be able to dissolve.
Take a Pyrex measuring cup and put in exactly a cup of table sugar. Heat
water to boiling and pour in a small amount. Notice what happens. The volume
of material in the cup appears to shrink! Continue adding boiling water until
the level is back up to the ‘one cup’ mark. Notice the temperature of the
solution. It takes heat to dissolve sugar. Stir. You should be able to almost
dissolve all the sugar. The solution should be very close to the
saturation point at that temperature. The solution should end up at about
room temperature. Now add a few heaping tablespoons of sugar. Stir and
attempt to dissolve all the sugar. If you succeed, add another few
tablespoonsful of sugar. Put the saturated solution with a lot of undissolved
sugar into the microwave, and heat until all the sugar is dissolved. If you
have a meat thermometer, find the temperature of the boiling mixture. (Be
careful. The solution is VERY hot. Handle with something to insulate you from
Observe the solution after you take it out of the microwave and put it on the
counter. Notice the temperature at which the sugar crystals begin to form again.
If you have done the experiment just right, you may see the crystals
appearing at a temperature far below what you might think. If you boil the
solution enough in the microwave, you will dissolve all traces of a seed
crystal for the saturated solution to deposit sugar onto. At one time your
solution will be supersaturated, or beyond the normal amount of solute in the solution. Supersaturation is an unstable condition. If any crystal is presented to a supersaturated solution, the crystallization of the solute onto it will occur fairly rapidly.
At home if you have done this demonstration with only sugar and water in
a clean cup, don’t waste the sugar solution. A little bit of maple flavoring
will make it a fine syrup for pancakes, or you can use it in the
frosting of the chocolate cake I have published
here on the site. Do not eat any material made at school. Lab materials may
contain traces of contaminants. If you eat anything in the school laboratory,
the school lawyers will turn green and purple, have a conniption fit, and
likely take their discomfort out upon you.
Solubility of salts depends upon the type of ions in the salt. There is a very great range of solubility of salts in water. Even the most
insoluble, such as silver chloride, have a very small but detectable solubility.
Some salts, called deliquescent salts, are so soluble that they grab water molecules out of the air and
can dissolve themselves in this way.
Using the simplification of classifying materials as either soluble or not
in water at room temperature, there are some nice easy general rules for predicting whether or not a
salt will dissolve in water. These rules are useful not just for predicting
how to make solutions, but ion reactions, such as a double displacement reaction,
depend upon the insolubility of a salt as a possible product for the reaction to
happen. Depending upon what your instructor suggests, it may be a good idea for
you to know the following rules:
(a) Almost all simple ionic compounds with Group I elements (lithium and elements below it on the Periodic Table) or ammonium ion,
(b) All nitrates (NO4)–,
most sulfates, (SO4)2-,
and most chlorides, Cl–, are soluble. ** Notable
insoluble exceptions to this rule are: barium sulfate, Ba(SO4),
lead II sulfate, Pb(SO4),
and silver chloride, AgCl.
(c) Most hydroxides, (OH)–, carbonates,
sulfides, S2-, and phosphates,
(PO4)3-, are insoluble except for
the compounds of rule (a). Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 is a
soluble exception to this rule.
The colligative properties of solutions have already been mentioned in the section on properties of solutions. A colligative property is one that depends only on the number of particles in solution rather than the type of particle. Molecular solutes have only one particle per formula, but ionic materials come apart into their ions and have almost as many particles in the solution as there are ions available. The word ‘almost’ was included on purpose because there is a small tendency for ions to re-associate with each other, making ion pairs that decrease the number of particles. The ion pair effect depends upon the properties of the species dissolved and the concentration of solute. The more concentrated the solute, the greater percentage of ion pairing takes place.
The colligative properties of solutions are;
- The solution shows an increase in osmotic pressure between it and a reference solution as the amount of solute is increased.
- A solution of a solid non-volatile solute in a liquid solvent shows a decrease in vapor pressure above the solution as the amount of solute is increased.
- The solution shows an increase in boiling point as the amount of solute is increased.
- The solution shows a decrease in melting point as the amount of solute is increased.
Osmotic pressure occurs when a semipermeable membrane divides two solutions, one of which has more solute than the other. A semipermeable membrane is one that lets through water but not some materials in solution or in suspension in the water. Semipermeable membranes are an important part of any living thing. Cell membranes are semipermeable. The membranes on the outside of eggs are semipermeable. Trees pull up water from their roots by osmosis.
Here is an easy way to demonstrate osmotic pressure. Take two similar hen’s eggs and keep them in a dilute vinegar solution for a few days. The acid in the vinegar will react with the calcium compounds that are the hardening materials for the shell. There are two semipermeable membranes under the hard shell of the egg. Replace the vinegar solution if the process stops for a few days before all of the shell is removed. When all of the hard shell has gone, compare the size of the eggs. They should be fairly close. Put one egg into pure water (or tap water). Put the other egg into a brine solution (table salt dissolved in water). Observe the eggs over a few days.
Water goes through the semipermeable membrane in a direction to make the particle concentration on either side equal. The egg in just water will absorb water and become very large. The egg in brine will shrivel from water going out of it. The tight skin on the large egg is a demonstration of the pressure provided by osmosis.
Don’t eat the eggs. Open them up and see what’s inside. Inspect them carefully, particularly the yolk and its size. The membranes of the egg are a pretty good barrier to bacteria, but the stretched membrane particularly may not be able to keep bacteria out. Smell the eggs after you have opened them. Is there an odor that would indicate bacterial contamination? Cook them to see if the proteins react the same way as other eggs, but do not eat them due to the possibility of hidden bacterial contamination.
Red blood corpuscles (in humans) are not much more than semipermeable bags containing oxygen-absorbing protein (hemoglobin) floating in the blood. If you were to pump pure water into a person, the osmotic pressure due to the difference in osmolarity would swell and burst the red corpuscles. If the blood plasma has too many dissolved particles, the red corpuscles would shrivel up or crenate. Saline is a solution that is designed to be the same osmolarity as the cellular and corpuscular contents.
Honey has some moisture in it that is close to saturation in sugar. Take two small shallow dishes and put in an equal (small) amount of honey in one and water in the other. Leave them exposed to the air in the same place, and observe them over a few days. The sugar in the honey will reduce the vapor pressure of the solution.
The boiling point of a liquid is just the point at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding pressure. If the vapor pressure decreases, it will take a greater temperature to boil the liquid.
Put a small amount of honey in the bottom of a glass and about the same level of water in the same kind of glass. Place them both in a microwave oven. Which one boils first? Try the same experiment with various amounts of salt in solution.
It may be that the dissolved materials block the water molecules from attaching on to the rest of the water crystal. Or possibly that the dissolved material holds on to the water molecules more tightly than the water in the crystals.
Whatever the cause, you have seen this in action in the making of homemade barrel ice cream. The barrel on the outside of the ice cream container has ice and salt (sodium chloride) in it. The ice melts (grabs up the heat) at a temperature lower than the usual melting point of water. Just ice in the barrel would not work, because it does not get cold enough to freeze the ice cream inside that has dissolved materials in it itself.
Concentration Math in Stoichiometry
If you are given the concentration and volume of a solution, you know the amount of solute in that solution. ( C V = n ) The concentration times volume can serve as the ‘given’ and will go directly to the mol ratio on the stoichiometry roadmap.
Since C V = n, and the first thing found from stoichiometry is the number of mols of a material (n), if you need to find the volume of a known concentration of a solution, you must attach (1/C) to the end of the roadmap to get the volume. If you need to find the concentration of a known volume of a solution, you must attach (1/V) to the end of the roadmap DA.
Math Problems on Concentration
1. Explain how to make up five liters of a 0.175 M NaCl solution.
2. What volume of 0.86 M table sugar (C12H23O12) has 50 grams of sugar in it?
3. How many grams of KMnO4 would you get if you evaporated the water from 85.75 mL of 1.27 M solution?
4. To what volume must you dilute 15 grams of silver nitrate to make it 0.05 M?
5. What is the concentration of KCl if five grams of it are in 25.3 L?
6. How many moles of chlorine gas are in 17 L of 1.02 M solution?
7. How many grams of sulfuric acid are in 5 mL of 3.2 M acid?
8. I make up 500 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution. Explain how I did it.
9. To what volume must you take 27 g of table salt if you want a physiological saline solution? (Physiological saline is 0.15 M NaCl.)
10. What is the concentration of silver nitrate if 15 grams of it are dissolved into 14.28 liters?
11. How many moles of NaCl are in 68 mL of a 0.15 M NaCl solution?
(That is physiological saline when sterilized.)
12.How many grams of NaCl do you have to put into a 5 liter container to make a physiological saline solution?
13. What volume of physiological saline solution would give you a gram of salt when evaporated?
14. What is the concentration of KCl if ten grams are dissolved in enough water to make 12 liters?
WRITE AND BALANCE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR THOSE PROBLEMS THAT NEED IT.SHOW ALL YOUR WORK. USE W5P OR DA METHOD ACCORDING TO THE ROADMAP.
15. Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid combine to make table salt and water. 14 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is added to an excess of acid. How many moles of table salt are made? How many grams of salt is that?
16. 50 mL of 0.25 M copper II sulfate evaporates to leave CuSO4 · H2O. (That is the pentahydrate crystal of copper II sulfate.) What is the mass of this beautiful blue crystal from the solution?
17. Chlorine gas is bubbled into 100 mL of 0.25 M potassium bromide solution. This produces potassium chloride and bromine gas. The bromine (which dissolves in water) is taken from the solution and measured at 27°C and 825 mmHg. What is the volume of bromine?
18. 95 mL of 0.55 M sulfuric acid is put on an excess of zinc. This produces zinc sulfate and hydrogen. How many grams of zinc sulfate are made?
19. 27.6 mL of a 0.19 M solution of silver nitrate and 15.4 mL of an unknown (but excess) amount of sodium chloride combine to make a white precipitate silver chloride and some dissolved sodium nitrate. (a) How many moles of silver chloride are made? (b) How many grams of silver chloride is that? (c) How many moles of sodium nitrate are made? (d) What is the concentration of sodium nitrate in the final solution?
20. What mass (how many grams) of potassium permanganate, KMnO4, is needed to make 1.72 liters of 0.29 M solution?
21. By my calculations, a drop of ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH , in an olympic-sized swimming pool produces a 1.2 E-10 M solution of alcohol in water. A drop is a twentieth of a mL. How many molecules of ethyl alcohol are in a drop of the water in the pool?
22. 93 mL of 0.15 M magnesium hydroxide is added to 57 mL of 0.4 M nitric acid. (Magnesium nitrate and water are formed.) What is the concentration of the magnesium nitrate after the reaction?
23. Does concentration ruin your concentration?
ANSWERS TO MATH PROBLEMS
|1. (a) Weigh out 51.2 grams of NaCl. (b) Dissolve the solid in a small amount of water in a suitable volumetric device. (c) Bring the solution to volume by adding water (q.s.) and mix to completely disburse.|
|2. 0.162 L||3. 17.2 g||4. 1.77 L||
|5. 2.65 m mols||6. 17.34 mols||7. 1.57 g||
|8. (a) Weigh out 2.00 grams of NaOH. (b) Dissolve the solid in a small amount of water in a suitable volumetric device. (c) Bring the solution to volume by adding water (q.s.) and mix to completely disburse.||
|9. 3.08 L||10. 6.18 m molar||11. 10.2 millimols||
|12. 43.9 g||13. 0.114 L||14. 0.0112 M||
|15a. 1.4 E-3 mols||15b. 0.0819 g||16. 3.12 g||
|17. 284 ml||18. 8.44 g||19a. 5.24 E-3 mols||
|19b. 0.752 g||19c. 5.24 E-3 mols||19d. 122 mmolar||
|20. 78.8 g||21. 3.61 E9 molecules||22. 0.152 M|| | <urn:uuid:12fa242e-de53-47f3-add6-067af4dc8e86> | {
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Ready to Go Puzzle - School Sequencing Activity
What's a school day look like? eeBoo's School Sequencing activity helps little ones anticipate and order the series of events!
The morning ritual of preparing for school involves an essential and familiar series of events. Place the interlocking pieces in the proper order, noticing logical hints in the charming illustrations. You will find two pieces that can be in more than one place!
Uta Krogmann is from southern Germany where, as a child, she spent lots of time outside, collecting corn for doves, counting ladybugs spots, and playing hopscotch. She loves to travel, especially to Asia where the art and textiles inspire her work.
Look at the pictures carefully;
Place each piece sequentially.
Some pieces may be moved about;
That’s for you to figure out! | <urn:uuid:5799bf6e-b29b-4f7a-af36-51b9bda4c332> | {
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The year 2015 didn’t just break climatic records, it shattered them, as IFLScience reported over and over again. Global temperatures were unprecedented, and often surpassed previous extremes by unheard of amounts. Yet within a decade, if we don’t take action, years like 2015 will be ordinary, and some years will be much, much worse.
When discussing the effects of climate change, activists and science communicators often talk about “the new normal”, a phrase that also appears in some influential scientific papers. But what is normal anyway? Dr Sophie Lewis of the Australian National University searched the literature and found that although there are many references to “the new normal” the term hasn’t been defined, and is often used in an ambiguous way.
To address this Lewis created a clear, measurable definition. In the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, she writes: “A new normal is defined here as having occurred when more than 50 percent of future anomalies exceed a reference event in magnitude or intensity.” If 2015 is the chosen reference point, it will have become the new normal when half the annual temperatures are higher still.
As Lewis notes, this definition is not limited to global annual averages. A summer heat wave in a particular city can be used as the reference event, allowing predictions of when temperatures will rise to the point that half of all summers will be that hot or hotter.
Having created this useful definition, Lewis tested 11 climate models to see when the devastating heat of 2015 would be the new normal, both globally and at regional levels. The majority of models indicated we will reach this point between 2020 and 2030. All but one have it happening by 2040. With 2016 set to be hotter than its predecessor, we are already well on the way. | <urn:uuid:83f15f6d-82f9-473f-ac83-d101519a8138> | {
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A group of researchers from Washington University in St Louis want to create a cybernetically-enhanced locust that will be used to search for and identify explosives. - and they've convinced the United States Navy to sponsor them.
In fact, the Office of Naval Research is funding the team - led by associate professor of Biomedical Engineering, Baranidharan Raman - to the tune of US$750,000 in order to make the seemingly science fiction-based concept a reality. Raman has been researching insects and their sense of smell for years, and he believes their incredibly sensitive antennae and highly attuned sense of smell can be trained to identify certain odours - even in a scenario dominated by other pongs.
"Why reinvent the wheel? Why not take advantage of the biological solution?" muses Raman. "That is the philosophy here. Even the state-of-the-art miniaturized chemical sensing devices have a handful of sensors. On the other hand, if you look at the insect antenna, where their chemical sensors are located, there are several hundreds of thousands of sensors and of a variety of types."
So how does the team plan to make something as small as a locust effective at bomb sniffing? Firstly, the team plan to implant an electrode into its brain that will enable them to track the electrical activity running to its antennae, before fitting the test subject with a tiny transmitter that will fit onto its back.
They're also planning to control the locust remotely via a process that involves tattooing the locust's wings with a form of silk that can convert light into heat. This would generate a laser pointer of sorts, which Raman and his team say would be used as a rudimentary remote control. The team hope to have a working prototype sniffing out C4 within the year, and it believes the new bugs could be more effective in the field than sniffer dogs.
Why not check out: What are home robots capable of right now? | <urn:uuid:565f01d6-5109-4f7d-a916-ffcd4721a933> | {
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What are hives?
Hives are medically known as urticaria. It is a skin rash that is extremely itchy. When you look at your skin you have red welts on the surface. They can be found anywhere on your skin. Often you will see hives on your face, chest, back, legs and torso.
What causes hives?
Hives are caused by an allergic reaction in your system. Often, they are caused by drugs or by exposure to foods. Some people develop hives from an insect bite. If you get stung from a bee, wasp or a mosquito and you are allergic you develop hives. You can also get hives from the elastic from tight clothing or even from excess sweating.
What are the categories of hives?
If hives last six weeks or less they are called acute urticaria. If they last six weeks or more, they are called chronic urticaria.
What are the treatment options for hives?
They can be treated with an elimination diet eliminating the foods that may be triggering the hives.
What foods trigger hives?
- Shellfish (Example: lobster, shrimp, crayfish and crab)
- Aspirin and other Pain Killers (Example: Codeine, Demerol, Advil, Nuprin, Anaprox and Motrin)
- Alcohol (Example: wine and beer)
- Food Preservatives and Additives (Example: Salicylates, Benzotes, Yeast and Azo Dyes)
- Menthol (Example: cigarettes, mouthwash, and cough drops)
- Artificial Sweeteners (Example: Saccharin and Nutrasweet)
What are other treatment options?
They can also be treated with prescription topical medications as well as oral antihistamines. Of course, if a drug is the culprit it needs to be stopped. Sometimes it is necessary to do a complete medical workup to determine whether you have a viral or fungal infection or even if you have a more serious medical condition like lupus, hepatitis B or even a leukemia or lymphoma. | <urn:uuid:fb4e39e6-354c-44ab-ba67-7261702eb04a> | {
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Opiates' side effects rooted in patients' genetics, study shows
Genetics play a significant role in determining which patients will suffer the most from the disturbing side effects of opiates, commonly prescribed painkillers for severe to moderate pain, according to a new Stanford University School of Medicine study, which pinpoints nausea, slowed breathing and potential for addiction as heritable traits.
"One of the most hated side effects of these opiates, nausea, is strongly inherited," said Martin Angst, MD, professor of anesthesia and one of two principal investigators for the new study, which explores individual variations in the response to opiate use. The study will be published online June 20 in Anesthesiology. Genetics also play a likely role in determining which patients will suffer from itchiness and sedation associated with the use of these powerful medications, which include morphine, methadone and oxycodone.
"The study is a significant step forward in efforts to understand the basis of individual variability in response to opioids and to eventually personalize opioid treatment plans for patients," said Angst, director of the Stanford Human Pain Research Laboratory. "Our findings strongly encourage the use of downstream molecular genetics to identify patients who are more likely or less likely to benefit from these drugs to help make decisions on how aggressive you want to be with treatment, how carefully you monitor patients and whether certain patients are suitable candidates for prolonged treatment."
Treatment with opiates, also known as narcotics, is tricky because of this variability in drug response. Certain patients may require 10 times the amount of these painkillers to get the same level of pain relief as others. In fact, in some patients the occurrence of side effects may prevent the use of opioids for effectively alleviating pain. Side effects such as nausea or sedation can be debilitating to some, while nonexistent for others. Similarly, some patients can take medications for months with little addiction potential, while others are at risk within weeks.
Millions of U.S. patients are prescribed opiates for pain each year. A better understanding of the potential risk of side effects motivated the researchers to explore individual variation in pairs of identical and fraternal twins, Angst said. The study was prompted by past genetic studies in animals that have shown a strong genetic component in the response to opiates.
"We rely heavily on narcotics as the cornerstone medication for the relief of pain," said Angst. "Yet we don't know the answers to fundamental questions, such as why some people 'like' narcotics more than others drug liking and disliking could be key in determining addiction potential."
Researchers recruited 121 twin pairs for the randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled study. Pain sensitivity and analgesic response were measured by applying a heat probe and by immersing a hand in ice-cold water, both before and during an infusion of the opiate alfentanil, a short-acting painkiller prescribed by anesthesiologists. The team also compared individual variations in levels of sedation, mental acuity, respiratory depression, nausea, itch, and drug-liking/disliking a surrogate measure of addiction potential between identical twins, non-identical twins and non-related subjects. This provided an estimate of the extent to which variations in responses to opiates are inherited. For example, the finding that identical twins are more similar in their responses to opiates than non-identical twins suggested inheritance plays a significant role.
Heritability was found to account for 30 percent of the variability for respiratory depression, 59 percent of the variability for nausea and 36 percent for drug disliking. Additionally, up to 38 percent for itchiness, 32 percent for dizziness and 26 percent for drug-liking could be due to heritable factors. An earlier study published by the same researchers in the March issue of Pain reported that genetics accounted for 60 percent of the variability in the effectiveness of opiates in relieving pain.
"Since side effects are common among patients who use opioid medications, it will be beneficial to use such research to help at-risk patients avoid serious, life-threatening complications," said David Clark, MD, PhD, professor of anesthesia and the other principal investigator for the study. | <urn:uuid:32d6db8f-d937-4b82-a831-05335faf8714> | {
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Virginia Energy Sense
How Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Incandescent
By: Andy Farmer
In the past, we replaced our traditional 60-watt incandescent bulbs with more incandescent bulbs. But those bulbs were wasteful with 90 percent of the energy given off as heat. And they did not last very long. Depending on usage, the traditional incandescent bulb would last between 1,000 and 1,200 hours.
Now there many lighting choices for your home that provide the same amount of light for less money and they last much longer. In the average home, about five percent of the energy budget is used for lighting. Switching to energy-efficient bulbs is one of the easiest and quickest ways to cut your energy bills. Replacing five of your home’s most frequently used incandescent light bulbs with energy-efficient bulbs could save you $75 a year in energy costs.
In a side-by-side comparison, traditional incandescent bulbs are cheaper per bulb than other types. One incandescent bulb costs around $1, as opposed to roughly $2 for a CFL and $4 for an LED. But before you go for the cheaper bulb, consider this: a CFL bulb uses about one-fourth the energy and lasts 10,000 hours. A typical CFL pays for itself in energy savings in less than nine months. The LED bulb uses less than one-fourth of the energy of incandescent bulbs and lasts up to 25,000 hours!
The U.S Department of Energy has calculated that the annual energy cost of a 60-watt traditional incandescent bulb is $4.80. A 15-watt CFL produces the same amount of light and has an annual energy cost of $1.20. A 12-watt LED has an annual energy cost of $1.00.
With so many lighting choices, be sure to read the labels on the packages of bulbs. Look for information on the brightness, the light color, energy use, estimated energy costs and expected life. Compare the lumens to be sure you are getting the amount of light, or level of brightness, you want. The more lumens the brighter the bulb. For reference, around 800 lumens are the amount of light produced by a traditional 60-watt incandescent bulb.
And you can save even more money on your energy bill by using controls such as timers and photocells that turn lights off when not in use. Dimmers save electricity when used to lower light levels. Make sure you select lighting controls that are compatible with the energy-efficient bulbs that you want to use.
When you're shopping for lightbulbs, compare lumens to be sure you're getting the amount of light, or level of brightness, you want. The Lighting Facts Label will help. This new label will make it easy to compare bulb brightness, color, life, and estimated operating cost for the year.
When you're shopping for lightbulbs, you can choose your next lightbulb for the brightness you want by comparing lumens instead of watts. A lumen is a measure of the amount of brightness of a lightbulb -- the higher the number of lumens, the brighter the lightbulb.
Lumens are to light what?
Lumens let you buy the amount of light you want. So when buying your new bulbs, think lumens, not watts.The brightness, or lumen levels, of the lights in your home may vary widely, so here's a rule of thumb:
Author: Andy Farmer is the manager of Virginia Energy Sense, the Commonwealth’s statewide energy education program under the guidance of the State Corporation Commission (Copyright © 2012 Annandale Chamber of Commerce. All rights reserved. (Photographs & images, on this page, and on this website, are not available for use by other publications, blogs, individuals, websites, or social media sites.) | <urn:uuid:fd16ba93-6834-45fa-814e-3324c72349bc> | {
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(April 24, 2014 / JNS) Recent polls show that Israeli women earn 25 percent less than their male counterparts. The situation is not much better in the United States, where working women earn just 77 cents for every dollar men earn.
This unjust reality translates into short- and long-term economic consequences for the female members of the workforce, including less money to meet their everyday needs as well as their inability to save adequate funds for retirement. But more important than any financial figure is the message this kind of mistreatment sends to women of every age. In the 21st century, our society is telling women that they are simply not as valuable as men.
I consider myself quite fortunate in having never felt the presence of the infamous “glass ceiling.” My secret is a life centered on competitive sports.
In 2007, the United Nations commissioned a report titled “Women2000 and Beyond: Women, Gender Equality and Sport” that discussed this very formula. The report explained that the relationship between gender equality and sport is not solely about achieving equality in women’s participation and treatment within sports, but also about harnessing the potential of sport for social empowerment of women and girls.
Sport offers a valuable channel to strengthen women’s capabilities, and their participation can challenge gender stereotypes and break down entrenched discriminatory attitudes and behaviors.
When I began training for equestrian competitions, the stereotype that girls wanted to play with ponies—rather than horses—was pervasive (due in large part to the incredible popularity of “My Little Pony” toys). But once I learned how much strength and skill was required to control a horse, it became clear that horses were definitely not ponies and that I wasn’t going to be riding sidesaddle like a princess in the movies. And that was okay with me. I was hooked on the challenge.
As I began competing, I quickly learned that the only way to evaluate my peers was by the connections they had developed with their horses. There are no male and female divisions in equestrian sports. There is no such thing as someone being “pretty good for a girl.” Now, that is not to say there isn’t a strength differential between the genders.
When I train, I need to compensate for less upper body strength, less lower leg strength, and shorter legs than my male counterparts. In show jumping, male competitors often talk about being able to use their muscle to “lift” their horses up. Because female riders cannot do the same, we must concentrate on developing the proper technique in order to compete against our male peers. The subtleties of the sport become that much more important when you are competing as a woman.
Nevertheless, the reality is that equestrian is the only Olympic sport in which men and women compete alongside each other on entirely equal terms. It is for this reason that I am involved in a movement that is dedicated to the development of a robust equestrian culture in Israel. In addition to the many societal and economic benefits of such a culture, it is important to me that young girls and women of all ages throughout Israel become empowered through equestrian sports.
It is one thing to tell a girl that she can be “as good as the boys.” It is quite another to make her feel that she is. When you first put a young girl on a horse, she looks so small and fragile. But as she begins to turn the horse and coax it into walking, she sits up straighter and calls out the commands a little louder. Suddenly, the rider displays an air of confidence, and her presence becomes just as crucial as the horse’s.
The empowerment gained through equestrian sports doesn’t end there. Learning to guide a stubborn animal teaches the merits of patience and develops core management skills, and the communication system created between rider and horse boosts overall creativity and teaches the rider how to build bridges and push herself beyond her comfort zone.
But if you don’t see yourself (or your daughter) mounting a horse anytime soon, don’t despair. Just make sure to find a sport that does suit you. Participation in sports—all sports—increases self-esteem and self-confidence and teaches important skills and values such as teamwork, negotiation, leadership, communication, and respect for others. The acquisition of new interpersonal networks helps young women develop a sense of identity and gives them access to new opportunities. Sport can also serve as a vehicle to improve leadership roles and participation in decision-making, which empowers women and girls to become leaders in all areas of business and community life.
Thanks to Israel’s addiction to innovation and its constant push for upward mobility, it is the ideal place to start a revolution, specifically one that challenges gender stereotypes and breaks down entrenched discriminatory attitudes and behaviors. This is one of the main reasons why I chose to ride for Israel in the first place, and how after only four short years, I am riding on the Israeli Equestrian Team, the first-ever competitive Israeli team in equestrian sports.
Theodor Herzl, the “Visionary of the State of Israel,” famously stated, “If you will it, it is no dream.” So let’s dream big for women across Israel and around the world, and through competitive sports, provide them with the tools they need to not only rise above that great big glass ceiling, but to shatter it beyond recognition.
Danielle Goldstein is an award-winning Grand Prix show jumper and a founding member of the Israeli Equestrian Team. She manages Starwyn Farms, a jumper facility located in Wellington, Fla.
Jewish News Syndicate
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We appreciate your support. | <urn:uuid:f3f4ce25-8483-4d71-89d2-0e634347182d> | {
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“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” – Genesis 1:1
Every story has a beginning.
In the way back year of 1972, Allan Alcorn created a small game by the name of Pong. Taking the concept of table tennis to the two-dimensional realm, Pong pitted two players against each other with two in-game paddles and a ball. The graphics were simple; the gameplay addictive. Pong may not be the very first video game ever created but Pong has been credited with demonstrating that money could be made with video games. Pong was the beginning.
Just as the video game industry was launched with Pong, the Biblical book of Genesis serves as the starting point for humanity. Notice in the verse above (Genesis 1:1) that God created the heavens and the earth. This was our press start moment.
What game features your favorite beginning? | <urn:uuid:afb20eb1-e233-449e-a62e-53bcc4530f74> | {
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Marked impacts of climate change on biodiversity have frequently been demonstrated, including temperature-related shifts in phenology and life-history traits. One potential major impact of climate change is the modification of synchronization between the phenology of different trophic levels. High phenotypic plasticity in laying date has allowed many bird species to track the increasingly early springs resulting from recent environmental change, but although changes in the timing of reproduction have been well studied in birds, these questions have only recently been addressed in mammals. To track peak resource availability, large herbivores like roe deer, with a widespread distribution across Europe, should also modify their life-history schedule in response to changes in vegetation phenology over time. In this study, we analysed the influence of climate change on the timing of roe deer births and the consequences for population demography and individual fitness. Our study provides a rare quantification of the demographic costs associated with the failure of a species to modify its phenology in response to a changing world. Given these fitness costs, the lack of response of roe deer birth dates to match the increasingly earlier onset of spring is in stark contrast with the marked phenotypic responses to climate change reported in many other mammals. We suggest that the lack of phenotypic plasticity in birth timing in roe deer is linked to its inability to track environmental cues of variation in resource availability for the timing of parturition.
Climate change can alter the synchronization of life cycles between organisms at different points in the food chain. If species do not respond to climate change, the timing of peak resource availability may fail to match the timing of peak energy expenditure. Many bird species have been able to advance their laying date to match a change in the timing of caterpillar abundance. Herbivores are similarly expected to track changes in the timing of vegetation growth. In this study, we combine statistical analysis with demographic modeling to analyze the influence of a climate-driven shift in the timing of the spring vegetation flush on the birth date and demography of roe deer. In recent years, climate change has generated a marked increase in local temperatures and a progressively earlier vegetation flush. Despite these changes, we observed no shift in timing of the birth date of roe deer over the 27-year study period. This failure to track environmental change resulted in a mismatch between vegetation flush and birth date, which in turn caused a decrease in survival of the young, and hence a reduction in roe deer fitness. Birth date was under strong directional selection, but was not strongly heritable, suggesting that any evolutionary response of birth date to climate change might be limited. We suggest that a plastic response in birth date did not occur because reproduction is triggered by day length rather than resource availability in roe deer.
Citation: Plard F, Gaillard J-M, Coulson T, Hewison AJM, Delorme D, Warnant C, et al. (2014) Mismatch Between Birth Date and Vegetation Phenology Slows the Demography of Roe Deer. PLoS Biol 12(4): e1001828. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001828
Academic Editor: Georgina M. Mace, University College London, United Kingdom
Received: August 30, 2013; Accepted: February 19, 2014; Published: April 1, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Plard et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The sources of funding that supported the work presented in this paper include grants from the Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (to FP, JMG, CB, DD, and CW), from the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (to MH), from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (to CB and JMG), and from the European Research Council (TC). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviations: IPM, Integral Projection Model
Marked impacts of climate change on biodiversity have frequently been demonstrated, including temperature-related shifts in phenology and life-history traits . Species living at high altitudes or latitudes are particularly affected by climate change ,, but widespread species inhabiting temperate areas are also responding . Global temperatures have risen by 0.89°C since 1901 , and this has led to an advance in the timing of key life-history events by, on average, 2.8 d per decade . Earlier springs have caused phenological modifications in most taxonomic groups ,. The phenology of vegetation, particularly trees, has advanced with time (by 3.3 d per decade ). A failure of species to track these changes may have important demographic consequences that, in turn, could impact conservation and management issues. Changes in the timing of reproduction have been well studied in birds –, but have only recently been considered in mammals ,,. These studies suggest that a change in the timing of peak resource availability typically generates a change in median laying or breeding date ,,. This response ensures that individuals can synchronize their energetic demands for offspring production and provisioning with the period when environmental conditions are the most favorable .
A key question about the consequences of global change is which species can respond and how . Although most studied species have responded to match resource availability with energy requirements, the response is not always exact or immediate ,. Phenotypic plasticity may play a major role in the adjustment of reproductive timing to earlier springs . In a population of great tits, those individuals that could vary their reproductive timing the most had higher fitness . But for individuals to shift their reproductive cycle in order to track environmental modifications, they require a reliable environmental cue ,. The timing of breeding is influenced by photoperiod in many species of birds and mammals –, a cue that is clearly unaffected by climate change. Nonetheless, some species, including the great tit and red deer, rely on temperature , to minimize the mismatch between birth timing and the peak resource availability. If earlier breeding increases fitness, selection could also drive a micro-evolutionary change in terms of advanced reproductive timing as long as birth date is heritable. The relative role of phenotypic plasticity and micro-evolutionary change remains largely unquantified , although Réale et al. showed that the advance in birth timing in red squirrel was mostly due to phenotypic plasticity rather than micro-evolution. Although some species have advanced their birth timing in response to increasing temperature, some species have not whereas others have delayed their reproductive phenology . For instance, Columbian ground squirrels have delayed their breeding phenology by 0.47 d per year over a period of 20 y, leading to a reduction in fitness by a half between 1993 and 2003 . On the other hand, birth timing in caribou advanced at a much slower rate than the vegetation flush over a period of 33 years, so that the mismatch between birth timing and peak resource availability increased, causing calf production to decline ,.
Births are highly seasonal and synchronous in most large herbivores , including roe deer ,, in which more than 90% occur within 1 mo . Roe deer females are income breeders and selectively feed on highly digestible and nutritious young shoots, especially during early lactation when energetic demand peaks . Synchrony between births and the peak availability of high-quality vegetation is expected to be crucial for successful recruitment. The reproductive cycle of roe deer is unique among ungulates, including a phase of embryonic diapause that appears not to vary in duration among females . As in reindeer where reproductive timing may be driven by day length , both ovulation and conception dates appear to be under the control of photoperiod , which could explain the lack of variation in parturition date across years for a given female ,.
Focusing on the mismatch between birth date and plant phenology, we investigate how climate change is currently affecting roe deer fitness. Our study on the intensively monitored roe deer population at Trois Fontaines, eastern France, spans 27 y, from 1985 to 2011. We tested the three following predictions: (i) As most mammals studied so far have shown a response to climate change, we expected that roe deer births should occur earlier in response to the advance in vegetation phenology. (ii) Because parturition date varies little across years for a given roe deer female , indicating limited phenotypic plasticity, but because it has been shown to be heritable in mammals ,, and markedly influences early offspring survival , we expected any change in birth timing to be mainly the result of natural selection. And (iii) because such micro-evolutionary responses are often delayed, we expected that despite any advance in birth timing, the mismatch between peak energetic demand and peak resource availability should likely increase over time, leading to negative impacts on roe deer performance. Our study provides a unique quantification, to our knowledge, of the demographic costs associated with the failure of a species to modify its phenology in response to a warming world.
Climate Change and Birth Date
Analysis of local weather variables revealed a strong local impact of climate change that translated into increasingly earlier and warmer springs over time. Annual spring (April to June) temperature increased by 0.07°C per year (SE = 0.02, p = 0.001, Figure 1) at Trois Fontaines over the study period. Analysis of flowering date in the vineyards of the Champagne region indicated that annual timing of plant phenology in the region had advanced by 0.6 d per year (SE = 0.18, p = 0.002, Figure 1) over this period, so that the peak in availability of high-quality resources for roe deer was increasingly early from 1985 to 2011. Spring mean temperature and flowering date in the Champagne region were negatively correlated over this period (ρ = −0.89, p<0.001). We therefore used flowering date as a proxy of the vegetation flush and compared it to annual variation in the timing of roe deer births. Roe deer give birth about 1 mo before the onset of flowering in Champagne because they preferentially feed on leaves and young shoots that become available before flowering. The mismatch between median birth date and vegetation phenology was estimated from the difference between median birth date and annual flowering date in the Champagne vineyards. We standardized this measure (by subtracting the observed value of mismatch in the first year (1985) from this variable) to obtain a relative measure of mismatch ranging from 0 in 1985 to 36 d in 2011.
The mismatch was estimated as the difference between median birth date and annual flowering date in the Champagne vineyards. We standardized this measure (by subtracting the observed value of the mismatch in the first year of study (1985) from this variable) to obtain a relative measure of mismatch ranging from 0 in 1985 to 36 d in 2011. Predicted trends are presented as black lines with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines). Geometric means of mean individual fitness were calculated over periods of 4 y (black squares).
In contradiction with our first prediction, annual median birth date did not occur earlier over time. Both the mean and median birth dates of roe deer at Trois Fontaines remained remarkably stable among years (based on 1,095 birth dates, mean = 136.1, SE = 8.56; time trend, t = −0.82, p = 0.421; and median = 136, the 16th of May, t = −1.23, p = 0.232 for mean and median birth dates, respectively, Figure S4A). Neither the spring mean temperature nor flowering date in the Champagne region had a detectable influence on median birth date (Pearson's product moment, ρ = −0.07, p = 0.730 and ρ = 0.11, p = 0.575 for spring mean temperature and flowering date, respectively). Consequently, the mismatch between median birth date and vegetation phenology increased by 0.54 d per year (SE = 0.20, p = 0.011, Figure 1) between 1985 and 2011. We did not find any correlation between median birth date and other environmental drivers (Table S1), suggesting that roe deer females are unable to track these potential environmental cues.
Parturition Date, a Trait Under Strong Selection Pressure
We investigated whether birth date of roe deer fulfilled the three necessary conditions for evolutionary change to occur: variability, heritability, and a selection pressure . First, variation in parturition date among roe deer females has been recently quantified and found to be consistently high within several populations , with long-lived and/or heavier females (i.e., high-quality individuals) giving birth earlier than low-quality females . Second, we found no strong statistical support for heritability in parturition date when estimated from the parent–offspring relationship based on 28 daughter–mother pairs (β = 0.234, SE = 0.13, p = 0.094, h2 = 0.127). Third, we identified directional selection favoring early births, with a strong negative relationship between individual birth date and individual early survival from May 12th onwards (on a logit scale β = −0.06, SE = 0.01, p<0.001, Figure S1). Note that year was included as a categorical variable in this model to control for interannual variation in environmental conditions affecting early survival. A model including a threshold effect of individual birth date on individual early survival provided a better fit than a linear (ΔAIC = 6.12) or a quadratic (ΔAIC = 0.50) model. Thus, a fawn born before May 12th had, on average, a 50% chance of surviving to 8 mo of age, whereas a fawn born on May 31st had, on average, only a 24% chance of surviving to that age. Adding a term describing interactive effects between birth date and year did not improve the fit of the model (ΔAIC = 9.28), indicating that the response of individual early survival to individual birth date was consistent across cohorts. Taken together these results suggest that we should not expect a strong micro-evolutionary response of parturition date in roe deer.
At the population level, cohort-specific survival (measured as the proportion of fawns that survived to the onset of winter each year) was negatively correlated with our index of mismatch (arcsine-square root transformation: β = −0.009, SE = 0.003, p = 0.012). Adding a quadratic term (ΔAIC = 1.95) or a threshold effect (ΔAIC = 1.86) of mismatch did not improve model fit. Early cohort-specific survival of juveniles decreased by 40% with an increase in mismatch of 1 mo (Figure 2).
The predicted relationship is represented by a black line with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines). Data used to fit the models are represented by black squares whose size is proportional to the standard error of mean cohort-specific early survival.
At the individual level, the mismatch was a better predictor of early survival (R2 = 0.037) than birth date (R2 = 0.025) (ΔAIC = 8.90, Table S2; note that year was not included in these models because interannual variation was integrated within the mismatch variable). Individual early survival was constant when the mismatch was 16 d or less, but then decreased linearly beyond 16 d of mismatch (Table S2, Figure 3). When birth occurred at least 1 mo (35 d) before flowering date in Champagne's vineyards, a fawn had an expected probability of 0.5 of surviving to 8 mo of age, whereas this probability was only 0.25 when birth occurred 2 wk prior to flowering (Figure 3).
The predicted values are presented after back-transformation from a logit scale with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines). Data used to fit the model are represented by black squares whose size is proportional to the number of observed births within periods of 2.5 d (examples in the figures: 1 (in white), 82 fawns; 2 (in white), 115 fawns).
We built an IPM describing the temporal dynamics of parturition date in our roe deer population to quantify the impact of this increasing mismatch on roe deer fitness. The distribution of parturition date in the population at time t+1 depends on the distribution of parturition date at time t and on the four relationships linking parturition date with survival, recruitment, transition between two successive parturition events, and inheritance of parturition date between mother and offspring (see Text S1, Tables S2, S3, S4, and Figure S2 for further details ,). Annual flowering date in the vineyards of the Champagne region was included in the IPM to model the local shift in plant phenology. As most roe deer females give birth to two fawns and the sex ratio is close to 0.5 at birth at Trois Fontaines , the recruitment function linking the number of female offspring a mother has successfully weaned given its parturition date was modeled by individual early survival (Table S5, Figure 3).
The IPM predicted mean parturition date to occur on the 17th of May each year, with a very slight, but statistically significant, advance of just 0.27 d over the whole 27-y study period (β = −0.010, SE = 0.003, p = 0.006, Figure S4B). The model also predicted earlier parturition as females aged, with 2-y-old females giving birth, on average, 5 d later than older females (Figure S5). The estimated population growth rate, and so the mean fitness of females in the population, decreased by 6% on average over the study period (β = −0.003, SE = 0.001, p = 0.008, Figure 1), from 1.23 in 1985 to 1.06 in 2011. Marked variability in environmental conditions between successive years often leads to a decrease in the arithmetic mean population growth rate . Consequently, we estimated the geometric mean of population growth rate for successive periods of 4 y. The geometric mean population growth rate also decreased over the study period (β = −0.009, SE = 0.002, p = 0.002). Thus, the IPM allowed us to demonstrate a clear impact of the mismatch between energy demand and peak resource availability on mean fitness, which declined in this population of roe deer over the entire study period. In accordance with these results, we also observed a decrease in mean annual female reproductive success over the study period (β = −0.027, SE = 0.005, p<0.001; note that these data are independent of those used to build the IPM, see Figure S3).
This study has demonstrated that mean fitness is currently decreasing in this roe deer population due to the lack of response in parturition date to the increasingly early availability of high-quality resources induced by climate change. Warming at Trois Fontaines over the last 27 y (0.46°C per decade) was more than threefold greater than the average global expectation from the 2013 IPCC report on climate change (0.12 [0.08–0.14] per decade since 1951, ). This local warming has led to an advance in spring plant phenology demonstrated by the advance in flowering date in Champagne's vineyards. In contrast to most other studied mammals that have been able to track resource availability by advancing their birth timing ,,,, the median birth date of roe deer remained constant over years. This generated an increased mismatch between mean birth date and phenology of the vegetation such that at the end of the study period fawns were born relatively later with respect to the peak in availability of high quality resources. Post and Forchhammer were the first to describe a negative impact of a mismatch between resource availability and birth timing on calf production in Greenland caribou. In our study, climate change over recent decades has had a similarly negative impact on early survival (i.e., a “climatic debt” ), both at the individual and at the population levels. Furthermore, we were able to show that this mismatch between parturition and the availability of highly digestible forage led to a decline in mean fitness of 6% over the study period, and of 14% between 1985 and those years when the vegetation flush was particularly early (2007 and 2011). This link between plant phenology and roe deer population dynamics, mostly driven through recruitment, is the likely mechanism for the observed decrease in population growth rate over time .
Our study provides an illustration of the probable fitness costs for species which do not respond to climate change. Indeed, the increasing mismatch between the peak of roe deer births and the onset of the vegetation flush in recent years had a negative impact on both early survival and mean fitness. Previous studies have reported an impact of climate change on recruitment ,,. However, the influence of mismatch on fitness and population dynamics has received much less attention. IPMs allow the phenotypic consequences of climate change to be explored (see also ), which is not possible using classical statistical methods. In contrast to a recent study on birds , we found that population growth rate of roe deer was not buffered against phenological mismatch. Mean fitness was most strongly affected during years when plant phenology was particularly early, for example, in 2007 and 2011 (λ = 1.07 versus λ = 1.23 for the first year of the study). We can therefore predict that this increasing mismatch will further increase the energetic costs of breeding for females as spring phenology continues to advance in the future.
The lack of response in roe deer birth date to climate change provides a stark contrast with the previous findings on most mammalian species studied to date, which have shown phenotypic responses to climate change ,,,. Despite the clear selection pressure that we demonstrated, which should favor earlier births over time, we showed that a strong evolutionary change is not expected in roe deer. Indeed, we found no strong statistical support for heritability of birth date, despite the fact that parent–offspring regressions are known to overestimate heritabilities . However, as the number of mother–daughter pairs (N = 28) available to assess heritability of birth date was low, further work on a much larger sample size is required to explore this question. Nonetheless, both the classical statistical approach and the IPM provided similar results and clearly indicated no change in roe deer reproductive timing. Although roe deer did not exhibit an evolutionary response to climate change, why have they not responded plastically ,?
Roe deer females appear unable to track environmental cues such as temperature to time their birth event. Birth timing in mammals is mainly driven by the date of conception and gestation length. Ovulation and, thereby, conception date is mainly under the control of photoperiod in roe deer . Gestation begins with a phase of embryonic diapause that probably originally evolved to increase gestation length , but we expected this historical selection pressure for delayed birth to be counterbalanced by selection for earlier birth date in response to climate change over recent times. However, diapause appears to be triggered by an intrinsic mechanism involving the mother or even the embryo itself, and the 5-mo duration appears not to vary among females . In many species, adaptive phenotypic plasticity has generated a response to changes in phenology (great tit , red squirrel ). In red deer, a species related to roe deer that is able to track earlier plant phenology , gestation length decreased with increasing average temperature in March . In contrast, in roe deer, we have shown that parturition timing is independent of changes in temperature and in the onset of the vegetation flush, suggesting this lack of phenotypic plasticity in birth timing is associated with an inability to track environmental cues of variation in resource availability for the timing of parturition.
Earlier plant phenology is likely the main cause of the observed decrease in early survival, and thereby in mean fitness, in this roe deer population. Although the roe deer population consistently displayed positive growth over the 27-y study period (i.e., λ consistently higher than 1), population growth rate (and therefore average individual fitness) decreased in a continuous fashion by 6% over this period. Moreover, temperatures are expected to increase further in the future, causing the phenology of vegetation to advance still further. We suggest that these combined effects could impose a brake on the demographic and geographical expansion of roe deer, a common and previously successful species across all Europe .
Materials and Methods
Studied Site and Population
Trois Fontaines (48°43N, 2°61W) is an enclosed 1,360 ha forest located near Saint-Dizier, at the border of Marne and Haute-Marne counties in north-eastern France. In spring (from mid-March to mid-June), the number of rainy days averaged 31.5 (ranging between 18 and 52 d during the study period 1985–2011) and the temperature averaged 10.4°C (ranging between −6.06°C and 15.00°C). The forest is dominated by oak (Quercus sp.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica). Roe deer feed mainly on coppice and the understory is dominated by hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), ivy (Hedera helix), and bramble (Rubus sp.).
The roe deer population at Trois Fontaines has been intensively monitored for more than 35 y by the Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage based on a detailed Capture-Mark-Recapture program. Roe deer are individually marked using numbered collars and ear-tags. A systematic search for newborn fawns was conducted every year from late April to mid-June between 1985 and 2010 . In 2011, searches ended earlier and the last fawn was found on May 20th. Fawns were handled by experienced people, ear-tagged, and weighed. Their sex was recorded and their age estimated to the nearest day using umbilicus characteristics and behaviour at marking . Birth dates were back-calculated using these estimated ages and the day of capture. The average age at marking was about 5 d, and all fawns were marked within 20 d. The identity of the mother for a given fawn was established, when possible, through direct observations of lactating behavior or by the identification of an escaping female in the vicinity of the fawn. From January to March, annual capture sessions took place, with capture of more than 50% of the roe deer population each year, providing reliable information on the fate of animals marked at birth. Individual early survival was defined as the probability of survival of a fawn from birth to the next winter (see for further details). At Trois Fontaines, fawn mortality was most likely associated with shortage of high-quality food because this population is not subject to marked predation or hunting pressure. At the population level, mean cohort-specific early survival was estimated using Capture-Recapture analyses from 1985 to 2011. Cohort-specific early survival could not be estimated with accuracy for 2012 (see ), so these data were not included here. Data are available from Table S6.
Climate Change and Parturition Date
The local daily temperature was collected from the Météo-France weather station of Saint-Dizier located at less than 5 km from the study site. Spring temperature (April to June) was used to assess the magnitude of climate warming at the local scale. To measure annual changes in vegetation phenology, we used the mean flowering date of vineyards in the Champagne region collected by the Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne and available on the website of the French Observatoire National sur les Effets du Réchauffement Climatique (http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/-Impacts-et-adaptation-ONERC-.html). Flowering date is little influenced by human activity and reliably reflects the phenology of the vegetation of that year. Moreover, flowering date in Champagne is highly correlated with the local sum of degree-days (ρ = −0.61, p<0.001), which is often used to index vegetation growth ,, with spring temperature (ρ = −0.83, p<0.001) and with annual mean temperature (ρ = −0.57, p<0.001). As a consequence, flowering date in Champagne reliably indexes the overall changes in plant phenology over years. When flowering date in Champagne was early in the year, we assumed that the availability of high-quality resources for roe deer provided by spring vegetation was also early. Consequently, we used the difference between birth date and flowering date in Champagne as a measure of the mismatch between birth date and peak resource availability.
To assess temporal trends in local temperature, vegetation phenology, and birth date, we fitted linear regressions with a Gaussian error. Subsequently, we examined the relationships of cohort-specific median birth date with mean spring temperature and with flowering date in Champagne to test whether birth date tracked climate change. To quantify the mismatch between median birth date and the vegetation flush at the population level, we subtracted the median birth date from the annual flowering date.
Birth Date: A Trait Under Selection?
Available data were not detailed enough to build pedigrees, so we measured heritability using the weighted regression of the median parturition date of each daughter against the median parturition date of her mother . To assess whether roe deer birth date was under selection, we analyzed the relationship between birth date and early survival at the level of the individual with a generalized linear model and a logit link. We included year in the model to control for interannual variation in environmental conditions. We tested for linear, quadratic, and threshold effects of birth date on individual early survival. Finally, we tested for an interaction between birth date and year to investigate whether the selection pressure was similar over time.
Demographic Consequences of the Mismatch
To assess whether roe deer exhibited a phenotypic response to climate change, both at the population and individual levels, we used mean cohort-specific early survival after an arcsine-square root transformation; we investigated the relationships between cohort-specific early survival and the mismatch, testing for linear, quadratic, and threshold effects of the mismatch. Each point of the regression was weighted (using the inverse of the variance of cohort-specific early survival) to account for uncertainty in the estimates of cohort-specific survival. Then, we investigated whether the mismatch was a better predictor of early survival than birth date at the individual level. We did not include year in this model as among-year variations were integrated within the mismatch variable. We tested for linear, quadratic, and threshold effects of birth date or the birth date–vegetation phenology mismatch on individual early survival with a generalized linear model and a logit link. We compared the relative fit of the different models using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC).
To investigate the influence of plant phenology on mean fitness, we built an Integral Projection Model (IPM, ,) describing the dynamics of parturition date in the population. Selection and estimations for the models describing the four functions defining the IPM (survival, recruitment, transition, and inheritance) are detailed in the Supporting Information section. This IPM allowed us to investigate the influence of the timing of peak resource availability on the outputs of the model: the annual asymptotic population growth rate, in other words, annual mean fitness over the study period. As previous studies in this population have revealed no effect of density dependence on any of the demographic parameters, we did not include density in our demographic analysis (supplementary material of ).
Influence of individual birth date (expressed as the day of year between 110 (20th April) and 161 (10th June)) on individual early survival in the roe deer population of Trois Fontaines, France. The predicted values are presented after back-transformation from a logit scale with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines). Data used to fit the model are represented by black squares whose size is proportional to the number of observed births within periods of 2 d.
Recruitment, survival, transition, and inheritance functions in the roe deer population of Trois Fontaines, France, used to build the IPM. Parturition date varies between the days of the year of 110 (20th April) and 161 (10th June).
Temporal variation in mean annual reproductive success (measured in fall) of roe deer females in the population of Trois Fontaines from 1985 to 2010. Reproductive success was estimated by direct observations of the maternal group (mother and fawns) between September and December to determine the number of fawns successfully weaned. Predicted trends are presented as black lines with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines). The size of the circle is proportional to the number of females for which reproductive success was recorded each year.
Annual median parturition dates in the population of roe deer from Trois Fontaines, France, from 1985 to 2011. (A) Observed and (B) predicted (from the IPM) parturition dates. Standard errors of median observed and mean predicted parturition dates are provided.
Stable distribution of parturition date (A) and mean parturition date in relation to age (B) predicted from the IPM in the population of roe deer from Trois Fontaines, France. Parturition date varies between the days of the year of 91 (1st April) and 181 (30th June).
Influence of environmental variables on annual median birth date. We investigated the influence of flowering date in the vineyards of the Champagne region (Flow. date), annual mean temperature (Annual T), mean spring (April, May, and June) temperature (Spring T), sum of spring precipitation (Spring Prec), sum of degree-days above 7°C before the birth season (SDD), mean winter (January, February, March) temperature (Winter T), sum of winter precipitation (Winter Prec), mean fall (October, November, December) temperature (Fall T), sum of fall precipitation (Fall Prec), mean summer (July and August) temperature (Summer T), and sum of summer precipitation (Summer Prec). These periods where chosen in relation to the reproductive cycle of roe deer: births occur in spring, true gestation occurs during winter, embryonic diapause occurs in fall, and the rut takes place in summer. *The correlation between median birth date and sum of degree-days was performed excluding the outlier year of 1986.
Individual early survival (recruitment function) in the roe deer population of Trois Fontaines, France.
Transition function between two successive parturition dates in the roe deer population of Trois Fontaines, France.
Inheritance function of parturition date between mother and daughter in the roe deer population of Trois Fontaines, France.
Models of the functions used to build the IPM describing the distributions of parturition date (PD). M, Mother; D, Daughter.
Datafile. Year of birth, sex (1, male; 2, female), birth date (day of the year), family (0, single fawns; >0, identity of the twin pair) and early survival (0, died; 1, survived until 8 mo of age).
We thank the Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage and the many volunteers and colleagues who participated in catching and monitoring fawns on the study site of Trois Fontaines. We are grateful to the Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne for collecting the data on the flowering date of the vineyards in the Champagne region and we thank Jean-Luc Dupouey for consultation during the analysis design.
The author(s) have made the following declarations about their contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: JMG TC MH CB FP. Performed the experiments: DD CW. Analyzed the data: FP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JMG TC MH CB FP DD CW. Wrote the paper: JMG TC MH CB FP DD CW.
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Hoarding disorder affects every part of a person’s life. It also affects anyone who lives with or cares for a person with hoarding disorder. Without treatment, hoarding disorder gets worse as a person gets older. If you have hoarding disorder, you’re not alone. Eco Bear is a veteran- and women-led business offering hoarder property cleaning services in Los Alamitos, CA. Our compassionate and thorough services allow you to live in a safe, sanitary and clean environment that you’ll feel proud to call home.
How Hoarding Disorder Impacts Your Life
In the early stages of hoarding, the condition impacts your life in several ways. You might describe your home as messy or disorganized. When you find out someone is on their way to visit, you might shove everything into a basket or box to be dealt with later. However, later rarely comes. You may buy things in duplicate or triplicate because you can’t find them. As the condition gets worse, you may feel distressed about your living conditions but unable to take action. You may feel embarrassed about your home and stop allowing people in it. Your ability to do self-care, such as preparing a meal or taking a shower, may be lost. You might trip over the hoarded items, leading to injuries.
If you live with others, the hoard affects their quality of life, too. Children living in a hoarded environment miss out on social interactions with their peers. They might have a tough time concentrating on homework or studying for tests. Teens may be embarrassed and avoid spending time at home. If you have a partner or spouse, they may be frustrated by the amount of items. They may feel as if there’s no room for them in the home.
You may not be able to socialize or reciprocate on invitations with friends and family. This leads to strained relationships. As your social support network shrinks, the stress may trigger your hoarding to get worse.
What Hoarding Disorder Does to a Home and Property
As items pile up in a hoarded home, you may only be able to get around through narrow paths. Tall stacks of items can fall, so you end up walking on things. The piles of items make it difficult for repair technicians, electricians or plumbers to fix problems. This increases your risk of a fire or water damage. The weight of a hoard may cause floors and ceilings to bow and joists or support beams to crack. Hoards may hide water and pest damage, triggering mold growth and more structural problems. When hoards include rotted food, human or pet waste or other biological material, pests may infest the space. Pest infestations lead to more structural issues as well as a risk of disease.
Who Has Hoarding Disorder
Anyone can get hoarding disorder. Men and women develop it at similar rates. Some things that increase your risk of hoarding disorder include:
- Over the age of 50
- Family member with hoarding disorder
- Co-existing mental health disorder, such as anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Live alone
- Unresolved trauma or grief
People from all geographic, educational and income backgrounds develop hoarding disorder. There are hoarders in all professions. Some people learned the behavior from a parent or relative, and for others, a traumatic event triggers the behavior.
Why Professional Hoarder Property Cleaning in Los Alamitos Is Needed
Hoarded properties contain a multitude of hazards that put your safety and health at risk. Some of these hazards are:
- Blocked exits
- Broken heating or cooling system
- Broken plumbing
- Inaccessible appliances
- Inaccessible shower or toilet
- Mold and thick dust buildup
- Structural problems
- Fire hazards
How Eco Bear Cleans Hoarded Properties in Los Alamitos
Our Los Alamitos hoarder property cleaning services begin with a site assessment. This allows us to plan for the right number of cleaners. We arrange the logistics for waste and recycling hauling and specialty services, such as tow trucks to remove non-running vehicles.
The next step is the cleanup. On cleanup day, you’re welcome to be onsite, but you don’t have to be. We’ll communicate with you throughout the process. Our thorough cleaners set aside salvageable or special items.
Some hoards include pets. If that’s the case, we work with local veterinarians and Humane Society agents to safely remove them from the home and provide care. Hoards may include pests, and we coordinate with Los Alamitos pest control practitioners. We document the cleanup for insurance and code enforcement purposes. A hoarded property may take us a couple of days to one week to completely clean and restore.
Why You Should Choose Eco Bear’s Hoarder Property Cleaning Services
We put safety as our top priority. Our skilled cleaners wear gloves, face masks, aprons and goggles during the cleanup. We’re fully licensed and insured for hoarder property cleaning in California. Some additional reasons to choose Eco Bear’s Los Alamitos hoarder property cleaning services:
- Affordable rates
- Rapid response and completion times
- Women and veteran-led company
- Trained cleaning professionals
- Resolve health and building code violations
Having someone go through your property can be a stressful experience. We treat you and your belongings with respect and compassion. Our goal is to leave you with a safe, sanitary and comfortable property. | <urn:uuid:87183059-68ad-4999-87d3-c32b3c0a9fb8> | {
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By Miriam Raftery
January 4, 2017 (San Diego) – An e-coli outbreak that has sickened 58 people in the U.S., including California, and Canada is likely tied to consumption of romaine lettuce. At least one patient has died, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control reports.
Canadian health officials have warned the public not to eat romaine lettuce. Thus far, U.S. health officials have not yet issued such an advisory, even though the strain of E coli found in American patients is similar to that found in the Canadian outbreak. Consumer Reports, however, has issued an advisory recommending that people choose different types of lettuce for salads for now.
Jean Halloran, Director of Food Policy Initiatives at Consumers Union, a policy division of Consumer Reports, says, “The available data strongly suggest that romaine lettuce is the source of the U.S. outbreak," adding that she believes the Food and Drug Administration should take action to protect the public.
Simply washing lettuce is not enough to get rid of e-coli if the lettuce is contaminated, which may occur if a field worker or packaging plant worker handled lettuce after using the bathroom without washing their hands. Animal waste in fields can also transmit e-coli.
Canadian officials recommend that consumers avoid using any romaine lettuce purchased in the last five weeks and be sure to read ingredient labels on mixed salad bags to avoid any containing romaine.
E-coli can cause severe stomach cramping, diarrhea that may be bloody, fever, and vomiting. Symptoms may occur three to ten days after eating contaminated food. If symptoms are severe or last over three days, you should talk with your doctor. In rare cases, e-coli can lead to kidney failure, leading to paleness and fatigue, or even death. | <urn:uuid:afa37d77-d4be-4a30-85f4-59e9b1f083bd> | {
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I examined two textbooks that are fifty years apart, a Spanish textbook from 1960 and one from 2010
– Teach the same grammar – present, present irregulars, preterite, preterite irregulars, imperfect, …..
– Teach the same basic vocabulary- family, occupations, house, …. The 2010 textbook does have more modern words such as cell phone, computer…
– Start each lesson with a written dialogue
– Focus primarily on grammar- almost all the exercises are grammar focused
– Have images – The 1960 has black and white illustrations and the 2010 has many colored photos.
– Include cultural information
– Have dictionaries
– The 1960 textbook contains 200+ pages while the 2010 textbook has 500+ pages.
– The 1960 has some testing/practice material while the 2010 textbook has much online grammar practice.
– The 1960 textbook has a story line of a family with a father who travels to Latin America, however, the 2010 does not have a storyline.
– The 1960 textbook teaches practical vocabulary essential to daily living and traveling while the 2010 teaches specialized vocabulary such as words to describe art in a museum.
– The 1960 textbook follows the grammar translation methodology while the 2010 follows the grammar use methodology.
The 2010 textbook, once all the colored photos are removed, is essential the same as the 1960 textbook. Do modern language teacher still want to focus primarily on grammar instead of communication?
How has the textbook, the staple of most classes, changed over the last 50 years?
– Does it scaffold information to make it easier for students to learn?
– Does it include strategies to help the students better learn the material?
– Does it organize information in a way to help students see similarities and differences?
– Does it build in self tests so students can measure their progress in a formative assessment manner? Does it provide formative feedback?
– Has it gone to the “less is better” with more concentration on critical learning or has it gone to “the bigger is better” way of thinking?
– Has it incorporated spontaneous speaking or is the speaking still based on teaching grammar?
– Is the vocabulary being taught include verbs and adjectives about the topic instead of just nouns? Can student talk in depth about a topic?
Think of creating your own virtual textbook that truly matches the state goals and your district’s goals. Consider using QR codes to create your own textbook.
My Spanish spontaneous speaking activities (25+) includes Modified Speed Dating (Students ask partner a question from a card-whole class), Structured Speaking (Students substitute in or select words to communicate in pairs), Role Playing (Students talk as people in pictures or drawings from 2-4 people), Speaking Mats (Can talk using a wide variety of nouns, verbs and adjectives to express their ideas- pairs or small group), Spontaneous Speaking (based on visuals or topics in pairs), and Grammar speaking games (pairs or small group). Available for a nominal fee at Teacherspayteachers: http://bit.ly/tpthtuttle. I have a series of modern language visual stories (the beach, the city, school, etc.) for two students to role play; the restaurant role play involves four students. Can use in any language since there are just visuals, no words.
My book, Improving Foreign Language Speaking Through Formative Assessment, and my book, Formative Assessment, Responding to Students, are available at http://is.gd/tbook | <urn:uuid:da6b2bff-3053-4a97-bd7c-b335283d43a4> | {
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Sports bribery has been in existence since ancient times, when in the original Olympic games athletes would be bribed to produce particular outcomes. In the modern day, sports bribery takes a different form than it likely took back then, but it continues to plague the fairness and ethics of sports. Players can be bribed to throw matches; referees can be bribed to unfairly fix results. Individuals willing to commit bribery can make huge amounts of money by betting on fixed matches, assuming they do not get caught.
But sports organizations are fighting back against the prevalence of bribery in sports and the damage that it can do. They have enacted such internal regulations as banning sports betting and punishing very strongly any individual caught exchanging some form of bribe.
The battle between those who would use bribery to unfairly affect outcomes of sports matches and those who would defend the fairness of sports competitions against insidious bribery has no end in sight. Click the link for more of an overview on the background of sports bribery.
The primary controversy regarding sports bribery comes from the practice of match-fixing. Match fixing would nullify the validity of any sports competition. After all, every sports game has the objective of discovering which team or participant is better at that sport than the other. Match-fixing undermines this goal and prevents any observer from successfully and truthfully claiming that the winner has proven himself the best at that sport.
Controversy arises when considering how best to deal with match-fixing. A major goal is not to discourage the practice, but to repair the damage it causes. Should the fixed matches be replayed, at great cost to the sports organization, the participating teams and even the audience? Should they simply be annulled, the season ignored and forgotten, a costly and unsatisfactory solution?
There is likely no good answer, not least because some of the teams involved may have participated to the best of their ability, without any match-fixing behavior on their parts, only to find out that their success was due to the illegitimate practices of other participants. Seizing their victories from them by replaying those games seems cruel. Find out more information about the nature of match-fixing and its solutions by following the link.
Examples of sports bribery abound throughout modern history, as almost every sport has, at some point or another, been rocked by such a scandal. From Ty Cobb and Tris Speaker fixing baseball games in 1926, to the University of Michigan basketball scandal in the ’90s in which players were bribed to help launder money from sports gambling, and from the Southern Methodist University football scandal of 1986 when collegiate football players were bribed with thousands of dollars, to the Hansiegate scandal of 2000 when a South African cricket player was accused of match-fixing, examples can be found all throughout the sports world.
Three examples stand out in particular, however. The first is a famous, well-known, oft-lamented instance of bribery and match-fixing from the early days of baseball. The second involves bribery in the world of sports, certainly, but not oriented on match-fixing or sports betting, as most sports bribery is, therefore showing the variety of corruption that could exist. The third shows a modern example of the form of sports bribery and match-fixing, proving that it still goes on, albeit in a different form, today. For more about these specific examples of sports bribery, click the link. | <urn:uuid:d5a296a6-8b2f-44dd-96f3-e8a42f3a4e7c> | {
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Objective: To measure and monitor the Energy Consumed by the Switch of the 2960X Series and draw inferences from the values observed. The goal of this experiment is to identify the various factors which affect the energy consumption of a switch.
Technical Equipment: Energy Meter( Volt Craft), PC/Laptop, Connecting Wires, Cisco Switch 2960X, Patch Panel, PDU for Power.
- The switch is sequentially connected to 0,1,2,3 PC to observe if there are changes in energy consumption with added load.
- The Bandwidth of the PC’s are adjusted from 1Gbps to 100Mbps and 10 Mbps to observe if there are any changes in switch energy consumption with BW.
- Afterwards with the help of Traffic Generator, traffic is added at capacity 10%, 50% and, 100% of its total load to observe if there is are any changes in Power Consumption.
The results observed suggest that:
- We observe that traffic has no impact on the Energy Consumption of the Switch
- Bandwidth has very little effect on Energy Consumption for Switch
- The number of PC’s/Laptops connected has little impact on the energy consumption of the switch | <urn:uuid:68bc2da6-4e69-43a8-99c9-c1b69d753140> | {
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Biometry A Scan
The refractive power of the human eye depends on three factors: the power of the cornea, the power of the lens, and the length of the eye. Following cataract surgery, only the power of the cornea and the length of the eye are relevant. If both of these variables are known, it is possible to calculate what lens power will give the best refraction. Biometry is the process of measuring the power of the cornea (keratometry) and the length of the eye, and using this data to determine the ideal intraocular lens power.
Biometry (A-scan) is used to determine eye length for calculation of IOL power. Briefly, the total refractive power of the emmetropic eye is approximately 60. Of this power, the cornea provides roughly 40 diopters, and the crystalline lens 20 diopters. When a cataract is removed, the lens is replaced by an artificial lens implant. By measuring both the length of the eye (A-scan) and the power of the cornea (keratometry), a simple formula is used to calculate the power of the intraocular lens needed. At smile laser eye centre we perform Biometry Scan at world’s most advanced proven gold standard Nidek Japan US-4000. | <urn:uuid:e168a4ef-02d0-4ba4-8d37-4fb81bf3da4f> | {
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David Anthony, Guest Curator for the Lost World of Old Europe, is Professor of Archaeology in the Department of Anthropology at Hartwick College in Oneonta, NY. He has directed archaeological excavations in the Russian steppes near Samara and studied archaeological collections in Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Serbia, Hungary, and Moldova. His recent book, The Horse, the Wheel, and Language, offers an answer to the problem of the origin of the Indo-European languages (including English) and describes recent archaeological discoveries from Old Europe across the Eurasian steppes to Central Asia.
Your archaeological work covers a lot of the globe. What led to your discovery of and interest in Old Europe?
I became interested in Old Europe through my work in the steppes, which are adjacent to Old Europe. There’s an element of the exhibition that talks about the collapse of Old Europe, and the role that might have been played by people of the steppes—which are the arid grasslands in southern Ukraine and extending all the way to Mongolia. I’m a specialist in those people. They were integrated with Old Europe at a very early date. In fact, cattle and sheep were introduced to the steppes from the farmers of Old Europe, and the skills of copper working were introduced from Old Europe as well. So to understand my core area, I had to go over and understand Old Europe too, and that’s how I began to be interested in it. In the end, it may have been people from the steppes who were partly responsible for the collapse of Old Europe—so if for no other reason than to deal with that issue, people who work in Old Europe have to learn about the steppes and vice versa.
Some sophisticated things came from Old Europe that were subsequently used in the steppes. Are these kinds of discoveries changing the notion of what “prehistoric” means?
The recent discoveries in Old Europe have certainly surprised everybody in terms of the complexity of its societies. Old Europe was a lot more sophisticated aesthetically, on one side, and technologically, on the other, and in terms of social organization. It’s surprising how advanced these people were, and it makes the collapse of that world even more interesting. Because after the period of Old Europe, the area did get kind of reorganized, but at a lower level of complexity, and the aesthetics were not as obviously developed. The technology went through a brief downturn at the end of Old Europe and then came back in a completely different way—it wasn’t organized the same way as it had been. And the society also completely reorganized itself.
It was the patterns that came in after Old Europe’s collapse that really established the foundation for the later development of prehistoric European societies, which were quite different. The fact that in this region very sophisticated societies were very early and that, at least in some ways, simpler societies were later—it’s not the notion of progress or evolution that we’re familiar with, and it raises all kinds of questions.
You pose another interesting question, about the demise of these societies. Do you have a theory to account for the relatively sudden and dramatic demise of these cultures?
I do think that the people from the steppes were involved, although we don’t have enough evidence to say exactly how. We show artifacts in the exhibition demonstrating that people from the steppes migrated to the fringes of and even into Old Europe, just before it collapsed. So there was a phase of intense interaction that involved people from the steppes immigrating into territories that had been occupied by Old European farmers. These steppe people seem to have been enriched by the contact, but we don’t know exactly how. They could have been looting; they could have been raiding. But the work has not really been done to answer that question in detail.
What has happened is that we’ve been accumulating radiocarbon dates, but we need a lot of radiocarbon dates to answer this question. The great mass of radiocarbon dates now available have clarified the suddenness of the shift. But an explanation for the shift is going to depend on whether it was a sudden change or whether there was a slow evolution toward a new pattern. Those two different possibilities have been unresolved and argued about until recently, when we’ve collected enough radiocarbon dates so that, at least as far as I’m concerned, we have the evidence to say it was a sudden collapse.
A sudden collapse usually involves a dramatic event, right?
Yes, exactly. The ideas already out there have suggested some sort of climate change, but it’s difficult to identify a climate change that would have taken place in just this one region and not affected the rest of central Europe. A sudden rise in the level of the Black Sea, which could have inundated coastal areas—this is one explanation. The influx of people from the steppes is another alternative, and the one I tend to go with.
There’s been talk about Old Europe as a matriarchal society or evidence pointing toward a society with a strong female presence. What are your thoughts on that issue?
I’ve written about this, and I’m very interested in the topic. There’s a famous archaeologist named Marija Gimbutas who was the principal proponent of the ideas that you were just citing. She invented the term “Old Europe” for these societies, and I borrowed it from her. She had a theory that the society of Old Europe was “matri-centered,” as she called it: a female-centered society; a peaceful society without war; an egalitarian society without strongly hierarchical arrangements of people dominating other people, or the powerful dominating the weak; an idealized, utopian society in which female values—nurturing, nature, and art and aesthetics—were the dominant values. These ideas, though very appealing, are based largely on one thing—that the household cults, and thus rituals conducted in the home of Old Europe, without a doubt were centered on female imagery. Thousands and thousands of female figurines have come from the houses and the villages and towns of Old Europe. Gimbutas started off by studying these figurines, and one of our galleries is devoted entirely to examples of them. We can expect, as part of our audience, to get people who have read Gimbutas’s books. There is even a modern cult—a goddess cult and form of religion—based on her books and the idea that this kind of world actually existed in the ancient past. These people believe that this world existed in Old Europe, and if we could just get that back again, then the world’s problems would be fixed.
When most people who are not archaeologists or historians think of ancient cultures, they think of Egypt and Mesopotamia; Old Europe is never included. Why do you suppose that is?
It takes a long time for any particular area of archaeology to leak into the general consciousness; the public doesn’t know even about things that were discovered five years ago. It knows about Egypt and Mesopotamia because we’ve been talking about those civilizations in our textbooks since 1900. But it takes a long, long time for knowledge of any specific archaeological subject to reach the public awareness. Plus, for a long time, all of this material was behind the Iron Curtain, and until 1991 it was relatively difficult to go to these countries and study it. “Since 1991” sounds like a long time, but in terms of public consciousness of archaeology, it’s nothing. It takes exhibitions like this to bring Old Europe more recognition. | <urn:uuid:58a09a9d-56df-4fc5-a18c-0afb2ddf2b59> | {
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In 2015, Pennsylvania Cable Network (PCN), in conjunction with the County Commissioners Association of Pennsylvania (CCPA), worked with key individuals from Cumberland County to produce this video of our historic County courthouses.
The Cumberland County Courthouse, built in 1846, is a brick structure with sandstone columns and an impressive bell-and-clock tower. On July 1, 1863, Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart demanded that the Union General William Smith surrender and he replied, "shell and be damned." One of the columns bears the mark of the artillery barrage that followed before General Robert E. Lee ordered the Confederate cavalry unit to the Battle of Gettysburg. | <urn:uuid:4eafe830-1889-4baa-b2fe-b9d7f45ba725> | {
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Up the Intensity and Strengthen Your Heart
Written by: Samantha Granger, Health Fitness Specialist
Did you know that being physically active helps to prevent heart disease and stroke, which are the number 1 and number 5 causes of death in the nation? Our heart is a muscle, and just like other muscles in our body it becomes stronger with exercise. As the heart increases strength, it can pump more blood throughout the body with each heart beat and maintain working at the highest level for a longer period. To improve overall health, as well as cardiovascular health, the American Heart Association recommends getting a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate exercise, or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise throughout the week. The recommendations also include two days per week of moderate to high-intensity muscle strengthening activity for added benefits.
Regular exercise provides a wide range of positive effects on the heart and the circulation of blood. These benefits include improving cholesterol, decreasing fat levels, reducing inflammation in the arteries, weight loss, and helping to keep blood vessels open and flexible. Those who maintain a healthy lifestyle have about a 45% lower risk of developing heart disease than those who do not. Mentioned above as one of the benefits, a healthy lifestyle helps to change your cholesterol and lipid levels in a positive way. This occurs when moderate or high intensity exercise take place. Studies have shown a correlation between higher intensity exercise, and greater improvement in cholesterol levels.
This month, our content writers focus on the effects of a weak heart as well as tips to increase your heart muscle. Strengthen your heart with our exercise of the month, jumping rope. Also, learn how to love what you eat with our healthy eating tip. | <urn:uuid:50a2c7e7-3805-4997-b910-70740779e8e0> | {
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Hate Crimes; What is the real number?
Date of publication: 23th October 2012
A hate crime is any criminal offence committed against a person or property that is motivated by hostility towards someone based on disability, race, religion, gender identity or sexual orientation.
According to the BBC NEWS UK more than 2000 such offences were recorded in 2011, up one third from 2010. Police have said this was partly due to an increased willingness to report crimes. Overall hate crimes linked to race religion sexual orientation and disability fell by 3600 to 44,500. Hate crime monitoring began in 2008 to raise awareness of the problem. In 2011 a total of 44,519 hate crimes were recorded compared with 48,127 in 2010.
According to the home office website I have found there were 43,748 hate crimes recorded by police in 2011/2012. These figures are related to the five monitored strands of the hate crime classifications used by the criminal justice system and is not a count of crimes as more than one form of hate crime can be assigned to an offence. Indicative data suggest that less than 5% of hate crime offences have more than one monitored strand assigned ( this ranged between 1% and 7% of offences for the 17 forces whose data was reviewed).
Of the 43,748 hate crimes recorded by police:
- *35,816 (82%) were race hate crimes
- *1621 (4%) were religion hate crimes
- *4252 (10%) were sexual orientation hate crimes
- *1744 (4%) were disability hate crimes
- *315 (1%) were transgender hate crimes.
There is a discrepancy in numbers by 751 hate crimes. I’m not sure what database the BBC NEWS got there information from; maybe different from the home office? Is that why there is a slight difference in numbers? What I have noticed is the home office seems to have broken down the statistics so we as a public get an actual over view of what a hate crime is and how the statistics are going down slightly. If anyone has any information regarding this discrepancy in numbers, please comment below.
Year 1 Student – Crime & Investigative Studies
University Centre Peterborough
Supervisor: A. Smith; B.A. (Hons) Criminology Course Leader | <urn:uuid:420e6a4a-bb76-4388-8467-0481ff6421ee> | {
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Phytosensing and phytoactuating system
The system for measuring physiological and electrophysiological reactions of phyto-objects (productive and home plants, herbs, shrubs, trees, mosses, algae, fungi, mold; for yeasts -- see the biosensor) is based on CYBRES MU module and intended for analysing and monitoring responses of phyto-objects to external stimuli. The system measures:
- Biopotentials (2 channels)
- Tissue conductivity at different frequencies (2 channels)
- The frequency shift in tissue response (2 channels)
- Leaf transpiration (single channel)
- Stem's sap flow (signle channel)
- Environmental parameters: 3D accelerometer/magnetometer, EM power meter, air temperature and humidity, pressure, light (on external sensor panel, available in set)
- Supported external sensors: CO2, O2, soil humidity, ion-selective electrodes, any sensors with I2C interface
Functions with two channels enable performing high-resolution differential measurement. Real-time data (with time stamps) can be recorded into the internal flash memory, transmitted via USB or Bluetooth to a computer, or written as html-pages for the online data plot in internet. The needle- or surface- electrodes are used to receive signals from plants. The system is fully autonomous and can operate without user intervention.
In addition to phytosensing, the device can also perform phytoactuation, i.e. to execute real-time data processing and decision making for operating different actuators. This functionality is useful for electrical or light stimulation of plants (blue/red light stimulation), optimizing watering and lighting mode, conducting fully autonomous experiments and development of complex feedback-based and adaptive scenarios with bio-hybrid systems. It possesses built-in semiconductor relays (switches) e.g. for RGB LEDs or water pumps, and can actuate any external USB relays. The system implements dynamical mapping between embedded signal detectors, numerical processors and actuators with reactive, probabilistic and homeostatic decision mechanisms. The phytosensor is a part of CYBRES bio-hybrid interface devices.
Applications. This system is designed for professional and amateur purposes, as a tool for biological laboratories, and for plant enthusiasts. In the professional use this system can be employed to study the electrical reaction of plants, as phyto- or bio-sensors, in the bio-hybrid and robotic systems, for biotechnological processes based on phyto-objects. Additional algorithms for data analysis and actuation can be easily implemented with the provided script language. In amateur applications the system has a variety of potential usages, for example, in school or university courses on biology, for studying 'the electrical language of plants', or to carry out experiments in the context of Cleve Backster and Peter Tompkins works with the 'Secret life of plants'.
The phytosensor is offered in three different versions:
- In the minimal version, users receive access to all electrophysiological functions, can record, analyse and perform phytoactuation based on electrical responces. There are several pre-programmed behaviours such as 'singing plants' or 'talking plants' - converter of biosignal to music and speech. Users can flexibly program reactions and voice dialogue. Plants are very sensitive to a touch and 'presence' of a person, maybe that the flower will be able to recognize you and 'express a joy' about your arrival. The delivering set includes the MU3.4 module, bio-potential/tissue-conductivity electrodes and the sensor panel with several environmental sensors.
- In the extended configuration, the system is configured as an indicator of biological pathogenicity of the environment. It can measure separate parameters (e.g. CO2 or EM emission level) or a 'complex biological pathogenicity' - a combination of different parameters that affect the metabolism (e.g. geobiological situation and cosmobiological factors). The system needs about one-two weeks to adapt to the plant, its signals and to calculate the correlations with other sensors. For instance, the green LED indicates a normal signal level of the plant, yellow - the deviation of current parameters from a 'normal', red - the critical state. The main purpose of this system is to attract attention to possible biological pathogenicity on early stage. In this configuration the phytosensor is capable to operate without a connected PC/laptop. The delivering set includes the MU3.4 module, bio-potential/tissue-conductivity electrodes, the leaf transpiration sensor, and the senor panel with several environmental sensors.
- In the configuration for professional users, the device provides access to all obtained data and allows their algorithmic, mathematical and statistical analysis. This mode is useful for optimization of plant's productive functionality, for using plants as biosensors, including weak signals, human psycho-emotional influences and unconventional instrumental detectors, as well as for scientific research of the world of plants. In particular, it can be used to explore the leanring and adaptation processes in vegetable and bio-hybrid systems based on plants. The delivering set includes the MU3.4 module, bio-potential/tissue-conductivity electrodes, the leaf transpiration sensor, the stem's sap flow sensor, and the senor panel with several environmental sensors. Optional electrodes in this version include electrodes for trees/shrubs. In this configuration the phytosensor is capable to operate without a connected PC/laptop also outside (with IP65/66 water protected package).
|Resolution of biopotentials (input current)||±64nV (±70pA)|
|The potential for electrical stimulation and measurement of tissue conductivity||±10mV - ±1B|
|The frequencies of electrical stimulation and measurement of tissue conductivity||8Hz - 0.3MHz (max. 0.65MHz)|
|Leaf transpiration (in configuration II)||relative measurement,
|Stem's sap flow (in configuration III)||relative measurement,
|Additional built-in sensors (MU3.4)|
|RF power meter (chip LT5534)||50Mhz-3Ghz|
|absolute barometric pressure (chip BMP280)||300...1100 hPa (resol. 0.01 hPa )|
|3D accelerometer/magnetometer (chip LSM303D)||±2--±12 gauss full scale|
|Additional external sensors|
|air/soil temperature (chip LM35) on sensor panel I||10mV/C conversion|
|air humidity (chip HIH-5031-001) on sensor panel I||23.5mV/%|
|light sensor on sensor panel I||0-1000 Lux|
|soil humidity on sensor panel II||separate calibration|
|CO2/O2 sensors on sensor panel III (external modules)|
|MOSFET 3x separate channels||max. 1A continuous current|
|MOSFET 2x with thermostat functionality (also as a current source)||max. 1A continuous current|
|programmable switch 3.3V||0.2A|
|external USB relays (up to 128 relays)||e.g. 24-330V up to 16A|
|voice, sound, twitter, electrostimulation (see the manual)|
|Intervals between measurements||0.1sec - 100 seconds|
|Internal flash memory||512MB|
Real time clock with separate lithium battery
|Analysis||FFT, FRA, frequency shift, differential measurements, linear regression, spectral and statistical analysis, additional numerical processors available|
|Connectivity||I2C, USB (main channel), Bluetooth (optional, integrated), WiFi/GSM (optional, external)|
|Packaging||EM shield. alluminium package 95x70x24mm, (IP65/66 cover package optional)|
|Power supply||USB, 5V (optional: solar cells, USB power banks)|
- CYBRES Measurement Unit MU3: SHORT MANUAL (English, German, French, Ukrainian, Arabic, Chinese)
- CYBRES EIS for electrochemical and electrophysiological analysis of fluids and organic tissues: EXTENDED USER MANUAL
- Device for measuring the plant electrophysiology, IJUS, Issue 12-13(4), p.138, 2016
- Device for measuring the plant electrophysiology (rus), IJUS, Issue 12-13(4), p.138, 2016
- Short Presentation "CYBRES Phytosensor 2018" (pdf) | <urn:uuid:0cb62475-e1ba-4752-9a70-1d7f31cd58c9> | {
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Across the country, activists are battling to put a cap on soda consumptionand one of their biggest lines of attack is taxes.
The argument: Sodas and other sugary drinks lead to problems like obesity and diabetes, which drive up health-care costs. So, the drinks should carry a higher tax to keep people from overdrinking, as well as help cover medical costs.
A host of states have levied taxes on sugary drinks, as did the city of Berkeley, Calif., in a recent move. Soft-drink companies have battled hard against these measures, saying their products are being singled out unfairly. Other critics have argued that taxes dont help to reduce consumption, and that they feed bureaucracies that waste money instead of helping the public.
The fight comes as U.S. soda sales have declined for 10 straight years as consumers switch to alternatives such as bottled water and tea. Per capita consumption of soda dropped to 41.4 gallons last year from 52.4 gallons in 2004, according to industry tracker Beverage Digest.
Arguing for a soda tax is Kelly Brownell, dean and the Robert L. Flowers professor of public policy at Duke Universitys Sanford School of Public Policy. Making the case against the tax is William Shughart II, the J. Fish Smith professor in public choice at Utah State Universitys Jon M. Huntsman School of Business and research director of the Independent Institute.
YES: It Is an Effective Way to Cut Obesity And the Harm It Does
By Kelly Brownell
There is a long history of voters supporting taxes meant to protect health and to offset costs produced by products that can cause harm. Its time to add sodas and sugary beverages to that list.
Weve seen time and again that taxes can have powerful beneficial effects. Economists point to taxes as the single most influential factor in the striking reduction in smoking in the U.S.the-per capita number of cigarettes smoked is a quarter of what it was in the mid-1960s. The lives saved in the U.S. and elsewhere can be counted in the millions.
Likewise, taxes on certain categories of foods could improve health and save money for all Americans. Consumption of these drinks is linked to increased risk for a number of diseases, particularly obesity and diabetes. Fully 42% of the annual $142 billion in health-care costs attributable to obesity are paid with public funds through Medicare and Medicaid, and obesity is but one disease affected by poor diet.
Add to this the heavy marketing of the products, the gratuitous addition of caffeine to many drinks (keeps people coming back for more) and the likely addictive properties of sugar, and it is easy to see why sugary beverages have become the frontier.
Momentum for soda taxes is building. Such taxes have been enacted in France, Barbados, Romania and Mexico. In the U.S., over 30 states have levied taxes on these beverages. An individual city, Berkeley, Calif., recently enacted a tax, and other cities and states are considering similar action.
Opponents of taxing sugary beverages say that taxes dont change consumer behavior. Yet in Mexico, consumption of sugary beverages has declined by 6%, with a tax half the size of that most often proposed. The drop is not likely attributable to anything other than the tax, as sugary-beverage sales have increased in other Latin American countries.
The tax in Berkeley, which will increase prices around 20%, is forecast by experts to reduce consumption in the neighborhood of 15% to 20%. And theres no evidence that those consumers will simply go elsewhere to buy sodas for less, as some critics speculate.
Benefits vastly outweigh costs
Critics also argue that taxes on sugary beverages are regressive and would hurt the poor, but obesity and diabetes are highly regressive diseases. Tobacco taxes helped prevent cancer and heart disease among those least able to afford the medical care these diseases require. Furthermore, the revenue from soda taxes could be used to help those most in need by subsidizing the costs of foods like fruits and vegetables.
Tax opponents argue a black market will develop in sodas if we enact high taxes. But the same argument could be made about tobacco taxes, which have been massively successful, even if some illicit sales occur.
As for the idea that diet sodas are potentially more harmful than sugary ones: There is a massive literature on the health effects of sugary drinks. There is a much, much smaller literature on the health effects of diet drinks, and this is highly inconsistent.
Tobacco and alcohol taxes are now commonplace and are considered a permanent part of the public-health and economic picture. Soda taxes are likely to follow the same course and will provide considerable benefit in the U.S. and around the world.
Dr. Brownell is dean and the Robert L. Flowers professor of public policy at Duke Universitys Sanford School of Public Policy. He can be reached at [email protected].
NO: The Health Benefits Are Far Less Than Claimed
By William Shughart II
Imposing a tax on sugary drinks is bad policy. It doesnt solve the health problems it purports to address, creates new problems and leads to waste in the public sector. Just because the idea has gained traction among voters does not make it defensible.
First and foremost, taxing sugary drinks does not reduce purchases enough to matter. Numerous studies find that consumption is persistent, despite higher taxes. That means health benefits will be vanishingly small. Proponents point to a recent soda tax in Mexico that supposedly reduced consumption, but that study has not been peer-reviewedthe finding was announced in a news conference, supported only by PowerPoint slides.
Taxes too low?
One important reason taxes dont cut consumption much is that the taxes are often set too low to affect behavior. Why not set them higher? That introduces other problems. Set taxes high enough, and underground markets will arise, as they have for cigarettes in New York City.
Black markets arent the only way that people skirt high taxes. When a product becomes more expensive in one area, they simply go across the border and buy it in a neighboring spot where its cheaper. Thats likely why some retailers in Berkeley, Calif., which recently implemented a new soft-drink tax, did not initially pass the tax on to customers, and thus paid it out of their own pockets, according to some early reports. They feared losing business to stores in nearby cities if they charge customers the full price.
There are other reasons to reject soda taxes. Evidence is mounting that drinking diet soft drinks may be as bad asor even worse thansugary drinks. The human body apparently reacts the same way to artificial sweeteners as it does to real sugars. The pancreas pumps out insulin, but zero-calorie artificial sweeteners do not produce the energy rush that curbs appetites and satisfies cravings for sweetness. Yet these drinks arent subject to taxes on sugary beverages.
Beyond that, theres the matter of how these taxes are used. Selective taxes on sugary drinks and other modern sins (junk food, fast food) are revenue engines for the public sector. But the evidence suggests very little of the revenue ends up actually improving health outcomes. And the burden of paying for these measures falls most heavily on low-income households; budget constraints narrow the range of food choices open to them.
Whats more, wasteful rent seeking by advocates and adversaries of a selective tax can swamp its social benefits, if any. Suppose that a proposed tax is expected to raise $1 million in revenue over the medium term. Producers and retailers of soft drinks will be willing to spend up to $1 million to block the tax from being enacted; groups supporting programs financed by the revenue also will spend money to pass the tax. So, if $1 million (or more) is invested in lobbying, that sum is transformed into a social cost, which must be added to the already-heavy burden that every tax creates.
The argument that taxing sugary drinks helps to promote healthy lifestyles deflects attention from their actual effects. We dont normally expect politicians to be truthful. But if they want to impose these taxes, they should be honest enough to admit that they will not end obesity or diabetes, but rather will generate more of other peoples money for profligate state governments to spend. | <urn:uuid:4a829e43-63c2-4aed-b6d0-d4baa69254eb> | {
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In the two previous posts in this series looking at personalization in the classroom, I focused on the individual learner and how teachers and materials can make the language and topics of the classroom relevant to him or her. However, personalization isn’t just about making sentences using the words ‘I, me and my’! A large part of our personal lives involves our relationship to the people around us – our family and friends, peers at school or colleagues at work. Finding out and talking about the lives of others in relation to our own life is also a key part of personalization in the classroom. In this post I’ll outline three types of personalization activities which are based on the idea of learning about others and learning from others.
‘Finding out’ activities
We can ask students to say something personal about themselves with new language but real communication starts to happen in the classroom once students ask each other questions about their lives. The extract below from a course book demonstrates how this might work in a lesson.
[From Life Second Edition Pre-Intermediate, available 2018]
Having looked at the use of past tenses, Exercise 10 asks students to prepare questions to ask their partner either using the prompts given or they can create their own (personal) questions to ask. Next in 11, they take turns to interview each other using their questions and answering with authentic personal responses. Finally, working with a new partner in Exercise 12, they report what they discovered about the other person. This kind of three-part structure can help to practise a range of language structures and it also extends the basic idea of personalization beyond just talking about yourself into talking about the people around you.
‘Making connections’ activities
Finding out about another person is one thing but finding out what you have in common with them is something else. Making connections and finding ‘commonalities’ is something that is used a lot in any profession where the skill of networking is required (such as sales) but it’s also a useful life skill in general; the idea being that in a conversation you share something personal about yourself and the other person responds and as a result you find things you have in common. Classroom activities that encourage this kind of conversation are particularly generative and intrinsically motivating. Here’s an example of simple type of ‘making connections’ activity in which students talk about last weekend.
|Work in pairs. Tell each other about your weekend and try to find things that you both did.
– have a meal with the rest of your family
– watch the same TV program
– stay in bed until the same time of day
– meet up with friends and go out somewhere
– do some exercise
Afterwards, report back to the class and say which things you both did.
The task requires students to make personal statements, ask each other questions, and it’s driven by the need to find things they have in common.
‘Show and tell’ activities
This third type of activity asks students to share something more personal with the rest of the class. You ask students to bring an object (or song or poem etc) into class which means something special to them and they give a short presentation about it. There are some challenges associated with this type of ‘show and tell’ activity. Students can find presenting in English in front of their peers daunting at first. They are also presenting something which may have great personal meaning so this is what might be regarded as ‘deeper personalization’ (see previous post for more on this). So introduce the task at a stage in the course where the class has had time to develop a team spirit with mutual respect for one another.
To help with this kind of activity, I recently developed some video materials in which different people present a personal object which is meaningful to them. Here is an extract from the materials showing a woman from Russia presenting a dress handed down from her mother.
[Video taken from Life Second Edition Elementary, available 2018]
Show your students this kind of video and identify the three-part structure of the presentation: (1) she introduces the dress (2) explains how it came to her (3) why it’s important to her. She also uses past tenses as well useful phrases such as ‘This is my…’, ‘It’s very important to me because…’ For homework, ask your students to choose their own object from the past and prepare a similar presentation. It’s a great way to bring personalization into the classroom both in terms of students talking about themselves but also finding out more about the people around them.
We would love to hear from you. Let us know how any of these personalization activities go in your classroom.
Be sure to tune into John Hughes’ webinar called Personalization in an Impersonal World on November 21st. Register here!
Author: John Hughes
John Hughes is a teacher, teacher trainer and course book author. He currently combines a variety of roles including part-time teaching, running online training courses, and lecturing on ELT methodology at Oxford University. He is an author of many National Geographic Learning titles including Life, a six-level general English course, Spotlight on First, Practical Grammar, Total Business, Success with BEC Vantage, and Aspire. He lives near Oxford, United Kingdom. | <urn:uuid:b04a020c-411e-4bea-9020-3a3631481eb0> | {
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A new Earth-like planet was recently discovered. Find out everything you need to know about Proxima b.
The world of science news was recently abuzz with an incredibly exciting new discovery—a roughly Earth-mass planet orbiting the star Proxima Centauri a mere 4.2 lightyears away. The discovery has been described as an “astronomy dream come true.”
As shocking as it sounds, we find exoplanets, or planets orbiting stars other than our Sun, all the time now. We know of nearly 3,000 such planets plus another 2,500 planet candidates. So what makes this recent discovery, dubbed Proxima b, so particularly exciting? Not only is this newfound planet very similar to the Earth in mass at 1.3 times the mass of the Earth, but it also orbits its host star in that star’s habitable zone.
As we’ve previously discussed, the habitable zone describes the range of distances from a star with the right temperature for liquid water to exist. You can think of the habitable zone as a band or torus around the host star. Planets too close to the star will have temperatures that are too high, causing any liquid water to boil while planets too far from the star will be too cold leading to frozen worlds. Planets within the habitable zone—also called the “Goldilocks zone”—have temperatures that are “just right” and thus at least have the potential to host liquid water.
One of the main drivers of the search for planets outside of our solar system is the search for life similar to what we see on Earth. Finding planets similar to our Earth is the first, very important step.
There have been a few previous discoveries of Earth-sized planets in their host star’s habitable zone, including the planet dubbed Earth’s bigger, older cousin Kepler 452b. However, Kepler 452b is over 1400 lightyears from Earth. That means that even traveling at 5% of the speed of light—which, by the way, is far faster than the fastest spacecraft—the trip there would take over 28,000 years to complete. And that’s just one way!
So another reason that the discovery of Proxima b is so special is that it is not only much closer than previously known Earth-mass planets, but it actually resides in the closest star system beyond our own. The host star Proxima Centauri resides in the triple star system Alpha Centauri at a distance of 4.2 lightyears away.
Thus the odds of us being able to visit or send probes to Proxima b are greatly improved over our chances of exploring any other planet outside of our solar system. Loyal listeners may also remember that the program Breakthrough Starshot recently announced plans to send nanocraft propelled by ground-based lasers at 20% the speed of light toward the Alpha Centauri system.
So should we start packing our bags now? Will future generations have the possibility of visiting and eventually settling Proxima b? Here are five reasons why Proxima b might not be ready for visitors just yet. | <urn:uuid:9140dfe6-8e78-4de8-8c43-eae4efa2b9cd> | {
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MUMBAI: The risk of getting infected by coronavirus is lower on board an aircraft than say during grocery shopping or eating out, according to a study published by Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health.
There are caveats to this though. Passengers should wear face masks, aircraft air conditioning/filtration systems should function well, cabin surfaces should be disinfected and appropriate ventilation should be maintained from gate to gate at the departure and arrival airports.
The big takeaway was the importance of layered risk mitigation strategies. The recently released report has presented scientific evidence on the effectiveness of various non-pharmaceutical interventions—like wearing face masks—to control the transmission of the virus on board aircraft. The strategies included consistent operation of ventilation systems, disinfection of surfaces, consistent wearing of face masks, and procedures during boarding and deplaning to maximise social distancing among passengers and crew members. The study did not look at the effectiveness of any single strategy and proposed using layered risk mitigation strategies.
When the aircraft cabin conditioning system is fully operating, the mask-wearing passenger in the nearest seat to a masked infectious person will have a substantially reduced exposure, the study said. “The estimated dose inhaled by an adjacent passenger over a few hours of exposure is likely to be less than the amount necessary to cause a secondary infection,” it found.
In fact, aircraft ventilation offers enhanced protection for diluting and removing airborne contagions in comparison to other indoor spaces with conventional mechanical ventilation and is substantially better than residential situations, the study said. “This level of ventilation effectively counters the proximity travellers will be subjected to during flights. The level of ventilation provided aboard aircraft will substantially reduce the opportunity for person-to-person transmission of infectious particles, when coupled with consistent compliance with mask-wearing policies.”
“Mask compliance reduces the dispersion of larger droplets that may deposit on surfaces, while general airline cleaning practices and passengers sanitising hard surfaces around their seats lowers the probability of contacting SARS-CoV-2 infected surfaces, which is already low to begin with,” said the report. “Requiring passengers to attest to the absence of Covid-19 symptomatology, mandating they comply with all the airline’s Covid-related procedures, including physical distancing during boarding and deplaning. provides some degree of protection (it is yet to be determined).”
Copyrights © 2019 Plan My Medical Travel.com. ( It is a trading name of CBB Medical Services Pvt. Ltd. ) All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:595a95de-34c1-4a60-a70e-6846a63d6b03> | {
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There are more women in political office than ever, but the U.S. is not on the forefront of this change. In 2013, the U.S. Congress was 18% female which, internationally, places us in the middle of the pack.
The Democrats can boast better numbers than the Republicans, but it wasn’t always this way. At the Scholars Strategy Network, sociologist Danielle Thomsen observes that the Democratic party (green and blue) has increased female representation much quicker than the Republicans (red and purple), but only since the ’80s or so.
Thomsen argues that part of the reason for this difference has to do with increasing polarization in politics. Both the Democratic and Republican parties have become more ideologically extreme, but this has hurt Republican recruitment of women more than Democratic ones. This is because Republican women tend to be more moderate, on average, than Republican men. Since there is less room for moderation in the party, the selection process favors more conservative politicians. Among that group, there are very few women.
This hasn’t hurt the Democrats as much, since Democratic women are not more likely than Democratic men to hold moderate views. The opposite, in fact, may be true, increasing the rate at which women may be picked up and supported by the party.
Cross-posted at Pacific Standard.Lisa Wade is a professor of sociology at Occidental College and the co-author of Gender: Ideas, Interactions, Institutions. You can follow her on Twitter and Facebook. | <urn:uuid:3cb29bcb-c980-450e-99cc-29621163febe> | {
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The Dexter Industries Thermal Infrared Sensor reads surface temperatures of objects. It is a non-contact thermometer based on the MLX90614. Detecting the infrared radiation from an object, the sensor can read object temperatures between -90°F and 700°F (-70°C and +380°C). The sensor has a high accuracy of 0.5°C and a resolution of 0.02°C.
The Thermal Infrared Sensor reads both the ambient temperature (the temperature of the air around the sensor) and the surface temperature of the object that the sensor is pointed towards.
The Thermal Infrared Sensor can be connected to any of the four sensor ports on the Mindstorms NXT. The sensor uses I2C protocol to communicate with the Mindstorms NXT.
On the frontside of the sensor:
- Sensor Opening: The infrared detector lies inside this opening. This is the actual sensor that reads the temperature. The lens is surrounded by a black protection cylinder to prevent damage to the active parts of the sensor. Care should be taken not to stick anything in the hole of the sensor or scratch the lens.
- Sensor Protection: This black metal band protects the sensor opening.
- LEGO Adapter Holes: Mount the Thermal Infrared sensor to your LEGO contrfaption using these holes.
- NXT Port: Connect to the NXT here. The TIR sensor can be placed on any of the four sensor ports of the NXT.
On the backside of the sensor:
- Microcontroller: For more advanced users, this chip converts data from the Thermal Infrared Sensor into I2C data for the NXT.
- ISP Connector: For more advanced users, you can re-write the firmware for the Thermal Infrared Sensor here with an AVR adapter such as the AVRISP mkII.
- Resistors and Capacitors: Various resistors and capacitors that help make the sensor work smoothly.
Hints and Warnings
- The sensor can be mounted to your contraption using the NXT cross-style pegs.
- When measuring temperatures greater than room temperature, be sure to hold the sensor at a sufficiently safe distance from the heat source. For example, holding the sensor within 1-2 cm of a hot source is fine, but touching the sensor with the hot source may damage the sensor.
- The microcontrollers, capacitors, and resistors are robust. It is fine to touch these items. Water and excessive moisture will damage these items.
The Thermal Infrared Sensor communicates with the LEGO Mindstorms through any sensor port on the NXT. The detector on the front of the sensor board is controlled by a microcontroller (on the back of the sensor board). The microcontroller translates signals from the detector to the Mindstorms NXT.
For most program, the Thermal Infrared Sensor NXT-G Block will be sufficient.
NXT-G blocks have been developed for the Thermal Infrared Sensor. These blocks read object temperature and the ambient temperature. They can be downloaded here:
Thermal Infrared Sensor NXT-G Block: The NXT-G Block has two outputs. One reads an object’s temperature and one reads the ambient temperature. Temperatures are output in 100XKelvin.
Thermal Infrared Emissivity NXT-G Block: Most objects and materials you will want to measure the temperature of will not need the emissivity adjusted. The sensor has a default emissivity of 1.0, representing a black body. However, some materials (especially polished metals and reflective materials) will need the emissivity adjusted to measure temperature accurately. This block can be used to changewrite the emissivity of the object being read. Emissivity is typically expressed as a fraction, were 1.0 is a perfect black body. To set the emissivity to 1.0, the number into the block should be 10,000. To set the emissivity to Aluminum aluminum foil (ε = 0.04), for example, the number into the block should be 400.
If the emissivity value is set to a new value, it will remain set to that value until the emissivity is reprogrammed.
Advanced users that want to develop firmware are able to do so. This information is provided to advanced users, but is by no means necessary to understand to fully use the thermal infrared sensor.
The firmware for the TIR sensor was written in Atmel’s AVR Studio 5.0. The firmware polls the SMBus protocol of the MLX90614 and translates it into standard I2C for the Mindstorms NXT. The I2C slave address of the sensor is 0x0E (in hex format). The TIR has two registers it updates with temperature information:
- 0x00 – This register stores the Ambient Temperature read by the sensor.
- 0x01 – This register stores the Object Temperature read by the sensor.
- 0x02 – Write the emissivity, in two bytes, to this register.
- 0x03 – This register stores the current emissivity value.
When the LEGO MINDSTORM NXT requests a register, the Infrared sensor returns two bytes: a High Byte and a Low Byte. The High and Low Bytes. When these are shifted and combined into a single floating point number and then multiplied by the Temperature Factor (0.02), this gives the temperature, in Kelvin, multiplied by 100 (divide by 100 to get an accurate floating point value). See the examples below for more information.
An example in RobotC. This example reads the object temperature, ambient temperature, and emissivity, and writes the emissivity. The RobotC example for LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT can be found here. | <urn:uuid:377510d2-7723-423c-a20f-9102a6aecc97> | {
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Antipsychotics And Other Drug Approaches In Dementia Care
Antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed for people with dementia who develop changes such as aggression and psychosis. However this is usually only after other drugs have been tried such as anti-depressant, anti-dementia and anticonvulsant drugs.
Drugs for behavioural and psychological symptoms
Dementia Drugs And Heart Problems: What Does The Latest Research Say
The effect of dementia drugs on the health of a persons heart and blood vessels appears to be generally quite positive.
A recent review of studies found that people who took cholinesterase inhibitors had a 37 per cent lower risk of having a heart attack or stroke.
The research study found that these people were also less likely to die from a heart-related problem.
However, the review also found an increased risk of a relatively rare problem called bradycardia.
What Should You Do If You Take These Drugs
Keep in mind that the research shows associations and correlationsnot causation or definitive proof.
However, if you are an older person or have Alzheimers risk factors, its a good idea to talk with your doctor about your medications. Are there non-anticholinergic medications you can take instead? Do the benefits of your medication outweigh its risks? Perhaps you can revisit beneficial lifestyle habits to help control your symptoms.
Another question to ask is if you are taking the lowest possible effective dose. The researchers at the University of California in San Diego found that the older people in the study were taking much higher doses of anticholinergic drugs than recommended for their ages. The majority were taking double the recommended dosage and 18% were taking four times the optimal dose. One first step might be to find out if you are taking too high a dose another would be to see how many anticholinergic drugs you are taking to see your total intake.
A doctor in England has created an online tool, the Anticholinergic burden calculator, where you can plug in what drugs you are taking and see how they combine. If you have a score of three or higher on this calculator, you are considered at higher risk of developing cognitive impairment.
Medicines To Treat Challenging Behaviour
In the later stages of dementia, a significant number of people will develop what’s known as behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia .
The symptoms of BPSD can include:
- increased agitation
- delusions and hallucinations
These changes in behaviour can be very distressing for both the person with Alzheimer’s disease and their carer.
If coping strategies do not work, a consultant psychiatrist can prescribe risperidone or haloperidol, antipsychotic medicines, for those showing persistent aggression or extreme distress.
These are the only medicines licensed for people with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease where there’s a risk of harm to themselves or others.
Risperidone should be used at the lowest dose and for the shortest time possible as it has serious side effects. Haloperidol should only be used if other treatments have not helped.
Antidepressants may sometimes be given if depression is suspected as an underlying cause of anxiety.
Sometimes other medications may be recommended to treat specific symptoms in BPSD, but these will be prescribed “off-label” .
It’s acceptable for a doctor to do this, but they must provide a reason for using these medications in these circumstances.
Treatment For Mild To Moderate Alzheimers
Treating the symptoms of Alzheimers can provide people with comfort, dignity, and independence for a longer period of time and can encourage and assist their caregivers as well. Galantamine, rivastigmine, and donepezil are cholinesterase inhibitors that are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimers symptoms. These drugs may help reduce or control some cognitive and behavioral symptoms.
Scientists do not yet fully understand how cholinesterase inhibitors work to treat Alzheimers disease, but research indicates that they prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical believed to be important for memory and thinking. As Alzheimers progresses, the brain produces less and less acetylcholine, so these medicines may eventually lose their effect. Because cholinesterase inhibitors work in a similar way, switching from one to another may not produce significantly different results, but a person living with Alzheimers may respond better to one drug versus another.
Before prescribing aducanumab, doctors may require PET scans or an analysis of cerebrospinal fluid to evaluate whether amyloid deposits are present in the brain. This can help doctors make an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimers before prescribing the medication. Once a person is on aducanumab, their doctor or specialist may require routine MRIs to monitor for side effects such as brain swelling or bleeding in the brain.
Recommended Reading: What Type Of Dementia Progresses Rapidly
What Are The Common Side Effects Of Dementia Drugs
While many people can take dementia drugs without any problems, some may experience unpleasant side effects. The most common side effects include:
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
- agitation or aggression
If you experience any of these symptoms while you are taking drugs for dementia, you should contact your GP as soon as possible. Your GP may be able to offer an alternative treatment that is easier for you to take.
If You Take One Of These Drugs
It’s always good to review the potential benefits and harms of these medications with your doctor. If a drug appears problematic, the two of you can explore alternatives by considering the reason it was prescribed and seeing if there is a different type of drug that can be used as a replacement.
Don’t stop taking the drugs on your own. It isn’t safe to quit most benzodiazepines and anticholinergic drugs “cold turkey.” Work with your clinician to develop a plan for tapering off them.
Why These Drugs Have A Stronger Effect In Older People
As we age, our ability to process medication changes. The kidneys and liver clear drugs more slowly, so drug levels in the blood remain higher for a longer time. People also gain fat and lose muscle mass over time. Both these changes affect the way drugs are distributed to and broken down in body tissues. And because these drugs are stored in body fat, they can continue to produce effects days after people stop taking them, especially in people with a higher proportion of body fat. In addition, older people tend to take more prescription and over-the-counter medications, each of which has the potential to suppress or enhance the effects of the others.
Fdas Accelerated Approval Program
Aducanumab was approved through the FDAs Accelerated Approval Program, which provides a path for earlier approval of drugs that treat certain serious conditions. This helps people living with the disease gain earlier access to the treatment. The approval of aducanumab was based on the ability of the drug to reduce amyloid in the brain. When using the accelerated approval pathway, drug companies are required to conduct additional studies to determine whether there is in fact clinical benefit after the drug is approved. If the follow-up trial fails to verify clinical benefit, the FDA may withdraw approval of the drug. Results of the phase 4 clinical trial for aducanumab are expected to be available by early 2030.
Read Also: Can A Lumbar Puncture Detect Alzheimer’s
What To Do If A Family Member Is Using These Medications
Many medicines mentioned above are a part of the regime for a lot of elderly or mid-aged patients.
Now that we know that anticholinergic and benzodiazepines medication use and incident dementia are related, it is important not to panic if you notice a medicine in a family members routine, which comes under the class of medications that can worsen dementia. Often, individuals abruptly stop their medications, leading to other problems that can turn into a disease in the long term. Always consult the doctor and put forward your concerns before you stop taking prescribed medicine. Ask them to review the prescription and list alternatives. Moreover, medical tests for dementia can help with diagnosis.
In the case of over-the-counter medications, usually, anticholinergics can be stopped without the consultation of a doctor. However, using alternatives is a must because therapy cannot be terminated. For example, over-the-counter sleeping pills are strongly anticholinergic, and anticholinergic medications and dementia are linked. The therapy can be concluded if the patient exhibits symptoms of dementia or the condition declines. However, other therapeutic measures must be employed.
Types Of Medication For Difficult Behaviors In Dementia
Most medications used to treat difficult behaviors fall into one of the following categories:
1.Antipsychotics. These are medications originally developed to treat schizophrenia and other illnesses featuring psychosis symptoms.
Commonly used drugs: Antipsychotics often used in older adults include:
- For a longer list of antipsychotics drugs, see this NIH page.
Usual effects: Most antipsychotics are sedating, and will calm agitation or aggression through these sedating effects. Antipsychotics may also reduce true psychosis symptoms, such as delusions, hallucinations, or paranoid beliefs, but its rare for them to completely correct these in people with dementia.
Risks of use: The risks of antipsychotics are related to how high the dose is, and include:
- Increased risk of falls
- Increased risk of stroke and of death this has been estimated as an increased absolute risk of 1-4%
- A risk of side-effects known as extrapyramidal symptoms, which include stiffness and tremor similar to Parkinsons disease, as well as a variety of other muscle coordination problems
- People with Lewy-body dementia or a history of Parkinsonism may be especially sensitive to antipsychotic side-effects in such people, quetiapine is considered the safest choice
2. Benzodiazepines. This is a category of medication that relaxes people fairly quickly. So these drugs are used for anxiety, for panic attacks, for sedation, and to treat insomnia. They can easily become habit-forming.
Recommended Reading: What Is Tau In Alzheimer’s Disease
Medications That Have Side Effects
Dr. David S. Knopman, a clinical neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, as well as a member of the Alzheimers Association Medical and Scientific Advisory Group, told Healthline that the key medications to look at are pain medications, sleep medications, anticholinergic medications, antidepressants, and other psychotropic drugs.
He said the anticholinergic class of medications is often considered the worst offender.
For all of them medication misadventures, somnolence, and increased confusion are the common concern, and the third is worsening gait and balance, he said. People who didnt have a prior diagnosis of impairment who are now acting confused, sleepy, or have more balance problems, that in somebody who doesnt have prior diagnosis should trigger a concern.
Your doctor may suggest alternatives to medications that could potentially cause side effects.
When I suggested to one of my patients that we try an alternative to Xanax like melatonin, she became very anxious, said Knopman. Its a difficult problem. Its one best treated by avoidance for starting it in the first place.
Steinman stressed the importance of investigating the side effects medications could be causing.
Unless were really active in exploring that opportunity sometimes it gets missed, and its just written off as dementia and the person sort of keeps deteriorating, he explained.
Learn About Your Medications
We all could benefit from being more informed consumers of medications and that doesnt just mean attempting to read the insert that is stapled to your prescription.
Youll drive yourself crazy because its 50 pages of tiny type that lists all of the terrible things that the medication can cause, Steinman said. So going to another trusted source that really says what are the most important side effects this medication can cause, what to do if you think you might be experiencing them, are more useful.
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Why The Drugs Affect Your Mind
Both anticholinergics and benzodiazepines affect the activity of neurotransmitterschemical messengers that work in the central nervous systembut the drugs work in slightly different ways.
Anticholinergic drugs block the action of acetylcholine. In the brain, acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory. In the rest of the body, it stimulates the autonomic nervesthose that regulate contractions of blood vessels, airways, and our cardiovascular and digestive systems. The strongest anticholinergic drugs include some antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, medications to control overactive bladder, and sleeping pills.
Benzodiazepines boost another neurotransmitter’s effectiveness. They make gamma-aminobutyric acid which slows the activity of neurons in the brain-more potent. For that reason, they are used to calm anxiety and help people sleep.
Risks Should Be Carefully Considered
To assess the strength of anticholinergic drugs and how often the participants took them, the team looked at available information about prescriptions over a period of 10 years.
However, they note that this is an observational study, so they cannot confirm whether the drugs are directly responsible for the increased risk of dementia.
The researchers add that doctors may have prescribed some of these drugs to their patients precisely for the treatment of very early dementia symptoms.
Nevertheless, Prof. Coupland argues that the study adds further evidence of the potential risks associated with strong anticholinergic drugs, particularly antidepressants, bladder antimuscarinic drugs, anti-Parkinsons drugs, and epilepsy drugs.
The risks of this type of medication should be carefully considered by healthcare professionals alongside the benefits when the drugs are prescribed and alternative treatments should be considered where possible.
Prof. Carol Coupland
These findings also highlight the importance of carrying out regular medication reviews.
We found a greater risk for people diagnosed with dementia before the age of 80, which indicates that anticholinergic drugs should be prescribed with caution in middle-aged people as well as in older people, she concludes.
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What Are Antipsychotic Drugs
Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat people who are experiencing severe agitation, aggression or distress from psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. They tend to be used only as a last resort, such as when the person, or those around them, are at immediate risk of harm.
For some people, antipsychotics can help to reduce the frequency or intensity of these changes. However, they also have serious risks and side effects, which the doctor must consider when deciding whether to prescribe them.
The first prescription of an antipsychotic should only be done by a specialist doctor. This is usually an old-age psychiatrist, geriatrician or GP with a special interest in dementia.
Why Anticholinergics Cause Dementia Symptoms
Anticholinergics block acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter thats used for learning, memory, and muscle functions.
You can think of neurotransmitters as messengers that carry instructions within the brain and from the brain to the rest of the body.
Older adults already have fewer of these messengers because our bodies produce less of this neurotransmitter as we age.
On top of that, blocking it with drugs makes it even harder for instructions to get delivered.
If instructions arent getting delivered, the brain and body wont be able to work normally.
This causes dementia symptoms to worsen or even to start showing up in seniors without dementia.
Recommended Reading: When A Dementia Patient Wants To Go Home
What Newer Medications Are Under Study
All currently approved medications target Alzheimers disease after it develops. Scientists are currently researching ways to stop or slow the progress of Alzheimers disease before it starts.
Some of the drugs in late-stage investigation are called monoclonal antibodies. These drugs target the amyloid protein that builds up in brain cells. They work by attaching to the amyloid proteins as they float in the brain and remove them, before they form into the plaques and tangles that interfere with the brains ability to properly function.
These drugs are still in clinical trials and are several years away from Food and Drug Administration approval in the United States. Early results have been mixed, with some trials showing no improvement in brain function others showing a slight improvement . Despite the mixed results, researchers are excited about this new potential method to modify the disease process.
What To Do If Your Older Adult Is Taking Anticholinergic Medications
Important: NEVER start, stop, or adjust the dosage for any medications without asking your older adults doctor for advice that can cause serious health problems.
The first step is to discuss any medication concerns with the doctor as soon as possible. Ask them to explain the risks versus the benefits and to make a recommendation.
Because many seniors have multiple health conditions, they may be taking more than one type of anticholinergic medication.
One anticholinergic drug might not be harmful, but the side effects and doses can add up across different medications.
Thats why its so important for a doctor to review all the medications that your older adult takes.
And if different drugs are being prescribed by different doctors, ask their primary physician to review the full medication list, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements.
This could also be a good opportunity for the doctor to safely discontinue drugs that are no longer needed.
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How Do I Know My Loved One Has Medication
Early diagnosis of the disease can help manage it properly and slow down the progression. A person developing medication-induced dementia will show symptoms that can be examined to confirm the diagnosis. The medical symptoms of dementia include:
- The patient struggles to concentrate for a long period
- Behavioural changes
- Struggling to remember daily life information
- State of confusion
If the symptoms are overlooked and the medication is not stopped, the condition may worsen with time. As dementia is a progressive disease, it never stops advancing and continues to aggravate. Different medicines are used to treat the symptoms such as dementia medication donepezil is used to manage the state of confusion.
It is of utmost importance to get yourself checked frequently if dementia runs in the family or you are of age. Communicate to the doctor about common medications that may cause dementia and act accordingly.
What Drugs Are Available To Treat The Cognitive Symptoms Of Dementia
The main drugs used to treat cognitive symptoms of dementia are called cholinesterase inhibitors.
Cholinesterase inhibitors include donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. There is also a drug called memantine, which works slightly differently.
These drugs dont work for everyone, and the average effect is fairly small. But, for most people, theyre still well worth trying.
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- Is discrimination still a major issue in the work place in this day and age?
According to the internet resource WiseGeek (2013), the word “Discrimination” is defined as treating a person in a less favourable manner based on specific characteristics of a person. Under the laws of the United States of America, the term “discrimination” is defined as “the act of denying rights, benefits, justice, equitable treatment, or access to facilities available to all others, to an individual or group of people because of their race, age, gender, handicap or other defining characteristic” (lawdictionary.com, 2013). While the US values and supports equality, discrimination is still an issue that is present in today’s society. Previous discriminatory issues such as gender, race, sexual orientation and age are replaced with other real issues such as economic discrimination (i.e. denied opportunities to own homes by lower economic income persons).
- In what way does the educational system lead to discrimination?
The access to education may lead to economic discrimination. In most parts of the world, access to education is still difficult which leads to poverty and suffrage. The structure of education has contributed to the discrimination simply because less educated people become less economically significant in today’s society.
- Why do women continue to consistently earn less than their male counterparts?
Studies indicate that as the compensation level rises, the discrepancy in pay due to gender also increases. In a study conducted by the Census Bureau, of about 71 million full time male employees, 8.1 percent or (5.7 million) earned US$ 100,000 or more per year. However for about 52 million full time female employees, only 2.5 percent earned US$ 100,000 and above annually during the same survey period. The Institute for Women’s Policy Research calls this “continuing occupational segregation” (Bosworth, 2013). Women are at a disadvantage due to their child rearing capabilities. When a woman gets pregnant and gives birth, regardless of her career or position in the organization, she has to take a leave, work less hours, becomes limited in terms of mobility, etc. so much so that men are preferred over women because of this possible discontinuity. Women are traditionally more home-based thus the psychology of the work place being predominantly male has remained prevalent (Analytictech, 2013). Other experts believe that the gap between men and women’s salary was tackled not due to gender differences but to preference. According to Warren Farrell who wrote the book “Why Men Earn More: The Startling Truth behind the Pay Gap – What Women can Do About It” the bias of women to work in less demanding industries affect their level of compensation. Similarly, age may be a factor. According to a study conducted in 2010 by Research Advisors, women earn as much as men if they are between the ages of 22 to 30, single and without children. In fact, these women earn 8% more than men of the same age bracket; a considerable statistic considering at that it is evident in 147 of 150 cities in the whole of the United States. With more female graduates, it is quite plausible that women will earn as much as men thereby closing the gap in compensation between genders. This is helped by the fact that the US has increasing knowledge-based industries and dwindling manufacturing industries. Race is also a factor since most African Americans, Hispanics and Asian women are more likely to acquire a college degree and join the workforce, compared to their male counterparts.
- If discrimination does still exist economically and socially in our country, then what could be some possible solutions to dealing with this problem?
The US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission prescribes that to the law prescribes that whoever is discriminated should be put in the same position he or she was in as if discrimination did not take place. There are other ways of addressing discrimination which starts with education, better job opportunities, trainings and other organizational development strategies which are broad but can be specialized to fit the type of discrimination experienced.
Analytictech (2013). Gender Diversity in the Workplace. Retrieved from http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/gender.htm Retrieved on April 27, 2013
Bosworth, K. (2013) What Is Gender Inequality in the Workplace?. Demand Media. Retrieved from http://work.chron.com/gender-inequality-workplace-9778.html Retrieved on April 27, 2013
Brice, B. (2013). Is America Winning the War on Drugs? The Washington Times. Retrieved from http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/common-sense-conservative/2013/mar/28/america-winning-war-drug-policy/ Retrieved on April 27, 2013
Laine, J. (2012). Poverty Rate in US is Soaring: 7 Ways to Reverse This Trend. PolicyMic. Retrieved from http://www.policymic.com/articles/11717/poverty-rate-in-us-is-soaring-7-ways-to-reverse-this-trend Retrieved from April 27, 2013
Law.Dictionary (2013). Discrimination: Legal Definition. Retrieved from http://law.yourdictionary.com/discrimination Retrieved on April 27, 2013
Riddix, M. (2011). Four Ways to Solve the Poverty Problem in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.benzinga.com/general/politics/11/09/1943890/4-ways-to-solve-the-poverty-problem-in-the-united-states Retrieved on April 27, 2013
WiseGeek (2013). What is Discrimination? Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-discrimination.htm Retrieved on April 27, 2013
World Hunger.Org (2013). Hunger in America: 2013 United States Hunger and Poverty Facts. Retrieved from http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/us_hunger_facts.htm Retrieved on April 27, 2013
United States Bureau of the Census. (2011). Poverty Thresholds. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/threshld/index.html Retrieved on April 27, 2013 | <urn:uuid:b86860aa-01d0-4114-b494-b7c5af4f68f1> | {
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The terms warp and weft are primarily associated with weaving but are also used when describing looped fabric, for example, as designations for the two basic forms of industrial machine knitting. A “weft knitting machine” drapes a continuous “weft thread” across a battery of parallel hooks that work it into a “course” (row) of loops from the one side of the fabric to the other. A second course is then knitted into it, releasing completed stitches into the fabric, and the process is repeated until the desired length of fabric is attained.
The action of a weft knitting machine is seen in a snippet from a tutorial video (from a suite provided by the equipment manufacturer Groz-Beckert). The fabric being produced is termed Jersey in the industrial glossary, and plain knitting, stocking stitch, or stockinette in that of hand knitting.
This post continues the series describing Tunisian crochet stitches found in the series of five booklets dedicated to that craft published by Cornelia Mee and Mary Austin beginning in 1858. The one presented here is in the second booklet, which appeared in November 1859 and is the first description of Tunisian filet mesh that has yet come to light.
In the previous posts, the stitches are designating by a shorthand based on the order of their introduction in the booklets. A generalized drawing of an unspecified TC stitch appears without instructions in several of them and is MA0. The first stitch with illustrated instructions is MA1. I’m preparing similar presentations of all of their stitches that are cited in my recent article on the history of the craft, and selected others beyond that.
However, it became clear with the present post that this scheme won’t scale well across the entire series of booklets. From here on, the booklet number will be included in the abbreviation and the stitch numbering started afresh for each. This makes the one described below MA2:6 (and the remaining ones from the first booklet, MA1:2, etc.).
The illustration of MA2:6 is the one of all those provided by Mee and Austin that comes closest to matching the prefatory drawing of MA0, although they still differ significantly. As with it, a new forward-pass loop is drawn through the preceding return chain, but the hook is inserted into the back loop (aka back bump) rather than the chain loop of the anchor stitch. Another obvious difference between the two illustrations is the greater vertical distance between the return chains in MA2:6, effected with treble crochet stitches (US, as in all following references).
Such stitches were well established in the crochet repertoire by the mid-19th century. Detailed instructions from 1848 are discussed in a previous post, repeating an illustration in it here for comparison with the one of MA2:6. As was customary in ordinary crochet flatwork at the time, the fabric was not turned at the end of a row unless explicitly called for in instructions. The illustrated structure is therefore equivalent to the Tunisian variant except for the horizontal spacing between the stitches.
Mee and Austin don’t illustrate their Tunisian treble crochet with the clarity of the preceding drawing. Nonetheless, the engravings in their second booklet are significantly more detailed than those in the first. The written instructions for MA2:6 lead directly to the swatch shown in the accompanying illustration. Continue reading “The chain at the top of the long stitch”→
Mid-19th-century instruction books for diversionary fancywork often provide general tutorial material under introductory headings. Cornelia Mee and Mary Austin follow this practice in a series of five booklets about Crochet à la Tricoter — now known as Tunisian crochet — that they published between November 1858 and October 1861. The first two are the oldest known such publications devoted to that craft. The initial booklet is prefaced with an “advertisement” signed by Mee alone that states:
“The great advantage of Crochet à la Tricoter is that it combines the firmness of crochet with the lightness of knitting, and can be done in almost any variety of shape, from the ease and neatness with which it is increased and decreased. The edges can always be taken up, so that, if done in small pieces, the work has the appearance of being all worked in one. It is never turned; and every alternate row the stitches are taken up on the needle, and remain on it for the whole row, as in knitting. The variety of useful and ornamental purposes to which it can be applied is almost endless; and in presenting these entirely new and pretty Patterns in Crochet à la Tricoter to my numerous patronesses, I feel it will meet with their entire approval. Those who work for amusement will have the pleasure of numbers of new stitches, and those who make it a source of livelihood will find many things that will meet with quick and ready sale.”
It is not clear if “presenting these entirely new and pretty Patterns in Crochet à la Tricoter” to both professional and recreational practitioners implies an established body of Tunisian stitches with which Mee expected her readers to be familiar. The name used for the craft (shortened to “tricoter” elsewhere in the text and commonly reduced further to “tricot”), with the wording of its summary description, suggest that the instructions were intended for both knitters and crocheters.
The first native English instructions for what is now called Tunisian crochet appear in a booklet by Cornelia Mee and Mary Austin, titled Crochet à la Tricoter (“Crochet in the Style of Knitting” or “Crochet on a Knitting Needle”). The publication date is not indicated but an advertisement in the 25 November 1858 issue of a weekly newspaper states that it had just appeared. It would therefore have gone into circulation at about the same time as the instructions by Matilda Pullan discussed in the post before last. However, those were taken directly from German instructions published in January of that year and, beyond calling attention to the craft, are not an original contribution to its development.
The relationship between the German instructions and the English clone is discussed in my article on the history of Tunisian crochet in the Summer 2020 issue of the The Journal of Dress History, The Princess Frederick William Stitch. This also includes illustrations of the first four stitches that accompany the Mee and Austin instructions and, as with the previous post about Pullan’s derivative work, I will be providing further details about each of them in separate posts on this blog.
The present one deals with the first of the Mee and Austin instructions. Perhaps somewhat unexpectedly, they are not for what has since been termed the Tunisian Simple Stitch (TSS). The described structure is often treated as a variant of it but has never acquired a generally recognized name. It is the first of many structurally distinct but unnamed stitches that Mee and Austin present. Continue reading “Cornelia Mee’s simpler Tunisian stitch”→
The first known German instructions for Tunisian crochet are for an ornate shawl, published in the 9 January 1858 issue of the German publication Der Bazar. They are accompanied by four illustrations, of which the third shows the front of the garment and the fourth is a thumbnail representation of its back.
The first and second illustrations are ostensibly drawn at full scale to indicate the gauges of the stitching and hook. However, the rows are not the same height in both. They appear together on the same page and the difference is not an artifact of the printing. The original objects from which the two drawings were prepared also appear to have been made by different people, one left-handed and the other right-handed, as indicated by the opposite slant of the vertical loops. Continue reading “From grey shawl to pink mantle in 10 months and 14 rows”→
The French word crochet (hook) triggers a reasonable expectation of the craft it now names having its origins in France. The core term is attested there in regard to fabric production beginning in the 17th century, as a generic name for a tool employed in a variety of crafts. Its use is commonly indicated by including au crochet or à crochet — on a hook — in the specific designation.
A good example of that not always meaning what might first be expected is seen in French instructions from 1826 for purses — bourses au crochet — which are knitted on a peg loom (discussed with illustrations of different types of hooks here). They were published three years after the first documented use of the term crochet in its current sense as the name of a specific craft.
Again counter to expectation, this is not found in a French publication, but in Dutch instructions from 1823 for a “hooked purse, in plain openwork crochet” (een gehekeld beursje, au crochet simple à jour). The first explicit mention of that craft in British publication is in instructions “for making a purse in double-stitch crochet” (pour faire une bourse à crochet à double maille), included in an anonymous compilation of knitting instructions from 1837. Those for the purse are in French but the book they appear in is otherwise entirely in English. Continue reading “What’s French about crochet and what’s Tunisian about Tunisian crochet?”→
The 15 December 1857 issue of the Swedish journal Penelope, includes instructions for a child’s upper-body garment made with a crochet stitch that had been described without a name in instructions for a window shade in the 1 January 1856 issue of that publication. In the 1857 instructions, the same anonymous author retrospectively labels it the Tunisian crochet stitch — the earliest attested use of the term that has yet come to light. The preceding post includes a translation of the instructions for the window shade. The ones for the child’s garment are translated below.
In the 1856 description, the author notes of the stitch:
“Although somewhat awkward to describe…I hope that I have expressed myself tolerably well.”
That goal was reasonably well met in the text it prefaced but the adequacy of the description of the more complex 1857 garment is not as immediately apparent. It omits key procedural details from the text and the accompanying illustration does not accurately reflect the prescribed stitches counts. The need for interpretation and interpolation makes it difficult for a translation both to be faithful to the original and provide a sufficient basis for making the object. The readers of the initial document would, of course, have been addressing the same issues. This raises the equally important matter of the familiarity with crochet techniques that the author can reasonably have expected them to bring to the task. Continue reading “Tunisian crochet in Sweden in the 1850s”→
The article has its roots in an unpublished presentation I made at the Knitting History Forum conference in London in November 2018 but is significantly expanded. In keeping with one of the primary purposes of this blog, the present post and one or two more will go into further depth on selected topics covered in the article. The material presented below discusses a biographical detail about Matilda Marian Pullan, who coined the name Princess Frederick William Stitch. Continue reading “The Princess Frederick William Stitch and Matilda Marian Pullan”→
Many of the stitches that crocheters regard as fundamental to their craft were described in non-English publications before the Victorian fancywork press had begun to roll. Naming conventions differed both across and within language boundaries, as is still witnessed by the misalignment of the UK and US glossaries. Diffuse nomenclature also attached to Tunisian crochet when it was added to the documented repertoire in the late 1850s. Stitch clusters didn’t even begin to acquire a differentiated set of labels until the end of that century, in surprising contrast to the structural intricacy of the clusters themselves.
Several aspects of this are seen with instructions for a “Crochet Afghan or Carriage Blanket” in an anonymous booklet titled Knitting and Crocheting, published in Boston in 1884 or 1885. (It is undated but includes an advertisement citing a trademark registered 17 June 1884, and the digitized copy shows the Library of Congress accession stamp, 21 Sept. 1885.)
One of the recurring topics in the discussion of Tunisian crochet is whether fabric produced with a double-ended hook should be regarded as a variant form of ordinary Tunisian crochet or as an entity of its own. The earliest instructions calling for that tool that I have been able to locate so far are in the 10 February 1896 issue of the German craft periodical Der Bazar. This is eight years before similar instructions appeared in the US publication Columbia Book of the Use of Yarns, detailed in a previous post.
“Wind the yarn into 2 balls, as 1 ball is used at each end of the work. Make a chain the desired length, take up each stitch as in afghan stitch, retaining the stitches on the needle. Turn the work (fasten the other ball of yarn to the other end of the work), take the stitches off the needle with the other hook.
Third Row—With the same hook take the stitches up again.
Fourth Row—Turn the work, taking them off with the other hook. Repeat 3d and 4th rows alternately for all the work.”
With the exception of the hook and fabric being turned at the end of each forward pass, with a resulting need for a second strand of yarn, this stitch is worked the same way the Tunisian simple stitch (TSS) is. Both strands can also be taken from the opposite ends of a single ball of yarn (as done in twined knitting), just as the two hooks are on opposite ends of the same shaft. Using separate yarn sources additionally enables colorwork but that is also true of single-hook TSS.
The appearance and texture of the ribbed double-hook fabric differ markedly from ordinary TSS. The prominent horizontal chains characteristic of the latter are concealed entirely, although again, the same applies to many single-hook variants. There are additional double-hook variants that relate similarly to other single-hook forms. If a categorical distinction is to be made between them, the double-hook qualifier first noted in the 1907 pattern provides a good basis for it.
The double hook also makes it possible to work TSS in the round. Here, the ends of a foundation chain are joined and a new loop is worked into each of the loops in that chain for as long as the straight hook comfortably permits. The work is then turned and the other end of the hook used to return a chain through all but the last few of the pending stitches, using a separate strand of yarn. The work is turned again and the forward round is resumed.
The enclosed chains are oriented in the opposite direction from those in flatwork TSS but the two forms are structurally identical. The details of the loops in a TSS chain that indicate the direction in which it was worked are often obscured by the vertical loops, with the exposed edges of the chain loops appearing as parallel horizontal lines in both cases. The difference can be seen on closer examination, but whatever significance it may have, it provides little justification for a categorical distinction between chained-toward-the-right and chained-toward-the-left TSS variants. Since Tunisian crochet stitches can only be worked in the round with a double-ended hook, the single/double hook attribute is superfluous in the labeling of such fabric.
There is an intermediate aspect to the instructions for producing the Tunisian stitch variant using two separate hooks that appeared in Der Bazar in 1862 (discussed here). Taken with the earliest mention of any form of Tunisian crochet being from 1858, it seems unlikely that references to the double hook before the final decade or two of the 19th century remain to be discovered in the fancywork literature.
This still leaves a question about when in the 20th century (assuming no surprises) the first instructions for using that tool for work in the round appeared. The Columbia Yarn Company added celluloid to the materials in their listing of hooks and needles in 1908, also offering double-ended crochet hooks under their own heading for the first time.
However, the 1904 instructions linked to above explicitly prescribe a “Wooden Double End Crochet Hook, 20 in., No. 13.” The industrial production of such tools had therefore commenced prior to their availability in celluloid. Nonetheless, as of the 19th ed. from 1918, where the Double Hook Afghan Stitch also appears, the Columbia Book still only uses the requisite hook for flatwork.
Although this suggests a later advent of TSS worked in the round, countless similar publications remain to be examined before any date can safely be placed on its first appearance in print. Present-day Tunisian crocheters are familiar with its comparatively recent proprietary manifestations but the initial use of the double hook is not part of the general craft lore.
The 10 February 1896 issue of Der Bazar includes instructions for a child’s cradle cover made in alternating bands of shell stitch (Muschenstreifen) in ordinary crochet and TSS ribbing (Rippenstreifen). Both are worked with the same double-ended hook, as is the elaborate border. The ribbing has a more complex form than that discussed above, and uses different color yarns to good effect. (Fabric worked entirely with it is also fully reversible.)
The illustration is presented in the immaculate detail that is a hallmark of Der Bazar (where the first explicit reference to the “Tunisian crochet stitch” appeared, as discussed here.) The written instructions, however, are atypically difficult to follow. Those for the ribbing are clear enough and describe a variant that remains in the current repertoire. The instructions for the shell stitching are more opaque and I haven’t quite puzzled out how they lead to the illustrated structure well enough to be able to provide a useful but objective translation. In any case, these shells are not intrinsically dependent on a long hook, much less a double-ended one, and lie outside the scope of the present post anyway. The following text therefore stops at the end of the instructions for the ribbing.
Part of a crocheted cover for a child’s cradle
“The pretty cover is made with white and blue woolen yarn singles [Dochtwolle] in a variant of the Tunisian crochet stitch, together with a shell pattern, using a heavy wooden needle that has a hook at both ends. It is worked on a white foundation row of appropriate length and an even number of stitches, as follows:
1st pattern row: forward. With a loop of the blue yarn around the hook, skip the first chain and draw one loop through each of the remaining chains. Turn the work and return using the other end of the hook with the white yarn to close the stitches one after the other.
2nd pattern row: forward. With the blue yarn (the active yarn is always led through the first loop) skip over a stitch and draw a loop through both the next vertical bar and horizontal chain together. Having worked through each stitch in this manner, return as in the first pattern row.”
The use of a long double-ended hook both for stitches that require one, and those that could as easily be worked on a conventional short crochet hook, is interesting in itself. There is a surprising amount of additional evidence of the mid-19th-century use of long hooks for ordinary crochet. Such hooks were manufactured with both cylindrical and tapered shafts, so there was more to it than a simple matter of some workers preferring Tunisian hooks where they were not a necessity.
The entire discussion here is restricted to evidence found in the context of fancywork. An earlier post considered the relationship between Tunisian crochet as an urban practice in Sweden and its rural counterpart krokning (hooking). It remains unclear whether this is just a matter of alternate nomenclature or if krokning has roots that predate the emergence of Tunisian crochet in the craft literature. For now, it is sufficient to note that the use of a double-ended hook for TSS in the round is a mainstay of the former craft as it is currently practiced. | <urn:uuid:d1f13d49-5102-45e2-9846-907daf5b41f5> | {
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A journey through the “dark early years” delivers producers to solid genetic ground
By Jaime Pullman
Genetic defects are a fact of life. We are fortunate today to have technology available that makes a defect manageable instead of potentially debilitating to business the way it was just a few decades ago. But no matter how fancy the DNA tests get, managing genetic conditions successfully takes transparency, time, and thought. Over the last several years, the American Angus Association (AAA) has updated the protocols on several genetic conditions that have been discovered, allowing their members and clients to continue to improve Angus genetics.
“All breeds of beef and dairy cattle have identified recessive genetic conditions,” explains Dr. Dan Moser, President of Angus Genetics Inc. (AGI), owned by the AAA. “Some, dwarfism for example, were identified in the 1950s, long before genetic testing was available. In order to identify carriers the suspect pedigrees had to be strategically bred and it just took too much time and too much money to test through designed matings.”
Prior to joining AGI, Dr. Moser was an animal science professor at KSU. While he wasn’t with AGI when some of the early genetic defects were identified and protocol changes were made, he saw first hand the implications with the Kansas State cattle herd.
“Since DNA testing is now available, when recessive genetic conditions are identified in Angus and other cattle breeds we can use genomics to locate the causal mutation,” he explains. “We test potential carrier animals and find those free of the condition that will transmit the positive aspects of their ancestors.”
The AAA policies evolved with time and information. The requirement of testing may also depend on if a defect is lethal or not. Testing is required for registration for recessive conditions that are lethal to the affected progeny, like Arthrogryposis Multiplex (AM, sometimes called Curly Calf). Arthrogryposis Multiplex was first recognized in 2008. After the AM discovery, rather than cancelling or suspending the registration of AM carrier females and bulls, the AAA required that their offspring born before December 31, 2009 be DNA-tested for the AM gene and results of the carrier status would then be noted on their registration and performance pedigree certificates.
Today, heifers have to be tested but can be registered no matter the outcome. Bulls, however, can only be registered if they test AM free. Steers don’t require testing, while calves from AI carrier bulls may be registered if they were conceived less than 60 days from the time the bull was identified as a carrier. The policy is less aggressive for a non-lethal condition like Oculocutaneous Hypopigmentation (OH, or White Eye). The AAA provides detailed information about each defect as well as guidance for breeding and management. The carrier status potential carrier status is clearly noted for every animal so they can be managed appropriately.
The testing and grace period allowed Angus breeders to identify the affected animals so that they could be strategically bred to have calves that test free of the AM gene—therefore keeping the quality genetics of their parents without passing on the problem genes.
“The Association offers education; we clearly identify carriers and potential carriers and promote transparency so that our members and their customers can be confident,” Dr. Moser reassures. “Our customer service representatives do a great job working with members and helping them understand how to breed the next generation of Angus with better genetics than the one before.”
Breeders are vigilant
Regardless of the breed in question, finding genetic defects attached to certain bloodlines presents a challenge for many producers, despite our ability to identify them.
“The identification of genetic recessives in the Angus breed created a major negative impact on our business,” says Brian House, Vice President, Beef Program and Product Manager at Select Sires. “During the period of time when AM, NH (Neuropathic Hydrocephalus recognized in 2009) and CA were identified, we tested and identified 41 bulls who were carriers of these recessives. This included bulls of all ages—older proven bulls and young bulls that were just getting started. Due to strict policies implemented by the AAA, these bulls became unmarketable—so we ended up getting rid of both bulls and semen and our sales dropped during this time. As we learned with subsequent genes being identified and the greater use of DNA testing, genetic recessives can be managed in a breeding program. Our dairy customers do this every day.”
“Through the process of testing for various genetic conditions, breeders became more familiar with DNA, testing procedures and how genes are passed to subsequent generations. This probably helped pave the way for genomic testing, which has gained rapid acceptance across the industry, and is moving genetic progress at a much faster pace,” says House.
According to Dr. Moser, the peak year for DNA test purchases for AGI was 2014. Currently they test about one-forth as many animals.
“The rules did a really good job of eliminating carriers from the population,” Dr. Moser says. “At the time of discovery of some of the traits, some carriers were no longer used and the pace of genetic improvement slowed. Genetic improvement has rebounded since 2010 for a wide variety of traits. There was a short-term cost in genetic improvement but we have been able to make it up while eliminating the worry and economic impact for commercial cattlemen.”
Gathering information is the first step in management of genetic conditions. The policies and protocols adopted by the AAA have helped to inform and guide producers, but the success of those rules depends on producers that identify issues and report them.
“Our breeders are vigilant,” shares Dr. Moser. “I give them a lot of credit for their willingness to report calves when things aren’t right. Abnormal calves are sometimes born as a result of the environment and are not necessarily a result of genetics. Working with Dr. David Steffen at University of Nebraska, we confirm parentage, collect DNA, sometimes are able to get pictures and x-rays and we store that information in a very detailed database should there be similar issues in Angus or other breeds. The information is gathered and tracked. We also store our own DNA. We have over 900,000 DNA samples here at the office.”
Data collection saves the day
Dr. Moser noted a situation in which an older AI sire in their archives was identified as a potential carrier of Osteopetrosis (OS).
“We were able to go to our archives and retrieve a semen sample for testing. He turned out to be free of the condition, and we were able to clear over 100,000 of his descendants in the database as well. It saved a tremendous amount of cost, not having to test every descendant,” reports Dr. Moser.
With information, education, and strategic policies in place the AAA has been able to reduce the number of cattle carrying genetic defects and continue to improve Angus genetics. But the last few years have been a DNA crash course.
“Today’s customers are very well informed, but it hasn’t been that way very long,” says House. “We, along with our customers, learned ‘on-the-fly’ about genetic conditions and their ramifications. I believe today’s level of understanding regarding DNA/genomics was kick-started in part due to genetic recessives. Are we better off today than we were before these things were identified? I would say yes.”
Strategic DNA testing and management allows Angus breeders to produce great cattle that are desirable to the commercial customer. Making intelligent rules to handle the reality of genetic defects has allowed the AAA to stay on top and serve as a model for other breeds when they confront their own genetic defect challenges.
The recessive genetic conditions recognized by the American Angus Association include the following:
Arthrogryposis Multiplex (AM), Lethal
Neuropathic Hydrocephalus (NH), Lethal
Contractural Arachnodactyly (CA), Non-lethal
PRKG2 Gene Mutation for Dwarfism (D2), Non-lethal
Developmental Duplication (DD), Non-lethal
Myostatin (M1), Non-lethal
Oculocutaneous Hypopigmentation (OH), Non-lethal
Osteopetrosis (OS), Non-lethal
Sodium Channel Neuropathy (SCN), Lethal
For more about the AAA genetic condition policies, check out their online resources at: www.angus.org/pub/GeneticConditionPolicy | <urn:uuid:dd862f67-ac1d-4735-9660-430783b7af55> | {
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Science and technology are increasingly linked and there are many areas of research where they work hand in hand, such as genomics, pharmacogenomics and bioinformatics. For biologists with an aptitude for computer science, or indeed computer scientists, programmers or mathematicians with an interest in science, there is a wealth of opportunities available and the chance to work on the cutting edge of modern medicine development.
The rapidly expanding Genomics industry has an insatiable appetite for people with computer-based skills because of the amount of data its research generates. In the early days of DNA sequencing using the methods pioneered by Frederick Sanger, the process was very slow and laborious, taking months if not years to map one genome. But more recent advances in technology have delivered faster, next generation sequencing (NGS) procedures – such as Illumina and Oxford Nanopore – which generate more data in a shorter space of time.
To help analyse all the biological data generated, the Genomics sector needs people who are skilled in both science and computers. Typical roles requiring this skillset include bioinformaticians, who structure the sequence information ready for analysis, computational biologists who create the pipelines and tools needed to analyse the data, and bioinformatic analysts, who look at the data prepared and analyse it to identify biological or genetic markers that affect disease.
Bioinformatic analysis can be completed in a variety of different ways, so candidates taking up bioinformatic analyst jobs come from a range of backgrounds, depending on the particular demands of the role – for example, one job might require a knowledge of statistical analysis, another may focus on the use of machine learning or artificial intelligence.
The genomics sector also has a big demand for candidates to fill data scientist roles, which also utilises the science and computer skillset. Every human genome creates 700MB of data, and to draw any meaningful conclusions from it, this data needs to be compared to other sources of information. Data scientists have the necessary tools and expertise to work with large volumes of genomics data to help make sense of it all.
And it’s not just research institutions where bioinformatic and data scientist roles are in demand, we are also seeing a sharp incline in computational science jobs in the pharma industry. Pharma companies are increasingly investing in genomics-based R&D, as the industry takes steps towards creating drugs which will be tailored to an individual’s genetic responses.
The ‘pharmacogenomics’ global industry is expected to be worth in the region of $11.94bn by 2024 and will have a large demand for data scientists to make the concept of personalised medicine a reality.
So for candidates looking for genomics and bioinformatic roles in the UK, USA and Europe, the opportunities are many and varied and can be based in research and academic institutions as well as commercial organisations. Most people working in the field will have degree-level education and experience in both computers and science. Some candidates will come into the sector as computer scientists and transfer their skills to biology; others will be biologists who have learned computer programming.
To get a better understanding of the salaries these kinds of jobs attract, it’s worth looking at the results of our latest salary survey, undertaken in conjunction with Front Line Genomics in the last quarter of 2018. The survey was created as both a useful tool to benchmark salaries and to identify key trends within the worldwide Genomics labour market. Nearly 1,300 Genomics professionals completed the survey and the results were published in January 2019. Read the full report by clicking on the image to the right or click here.
Paramount Recruitment searches internationally to find the best talent for the genomics, pharmacogenomics and bioinformatics sectors. We work with clients to fill ad hoc vacancies, but can also work strategically to build whole teams and manage recruitment campaigns or projects. We understand the needs of the industry, from talent spotting recruits for entry level positions, to securing the right people to drive an organisation at senior and executive level.
If you have a mind for computers and science, check out some of the roles that this growing sector offers below or see our current job vacancies here. | <urn:uuid:d393e5aa-9495-45a4-8ebf-94552881c1cc> | {
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The 1920s marked a new era of postwar economic growth in the United States,
fueled by electricity and oil but marred by controversies.
In the 1920 presidential election, Republican Senator Warren G.
Harding soundly defeated Democratic Governor James M. Cox.
President Warren Harding took office in the middle of a postwar depression and enacted
policies to encourage the nation's return to prosperity and progress.
Known as the "Ohio Gang," President Harding and his political associates
caused financial and political scandals in the 1920s.
Agriculture underwent a revolution in the 1920s as heavy
equipment enabled rapid expansion but also hurt small farmers and caused a
migration to urban areas.
A postwar decade of decline weakened unions and decreased
membership due to antiunion practices by corporations and the government.
The great industrial output of the 1920s saw the automobile, petroleum, chemical, radio, and film industries skyrocket.
During the new era, flourishing businesses moved abroad, and the
United States signed a treaty to promote peace and aid the economy.
Republican Calvin Coolidge benefited from a split within the
Democratic Party, winning the 1924 presidential election.
The "Roaring Twenties" era was memorable for huge growth in areas
from artistic expression and popular entertainment to industry and even crime.
Prohibition outlawed alcohol for 13 years, splitting the nation
morally and politically while empowering organized crime.
The Roaring Twenties represented a significant shift in American
cultural values, morals, and social roles.
The National Woman’s Party worked for women’s rights in the
1920s, while Margaret Sanger became a prominent advocate for birth control.
The Lost Generation was a group of writers and artists, including many expatriates, who helped define a larger, modernist movement after World
Jazz music exploded as popular entertainment in the 1920s and
brought African-American culture to the white middle class.
Art Deco was a dominant design style of the 1920s artistic era
that also was influenced by the Dada, Expressionist, and Surrealist movements.
The 1920s are often referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood," with "talkies" and the first all-color features replacing silent
Flappers were the personification of a new spirit in fashion,
dance, and music in the 1920s.
Eugenics, a prejudicial pseudoscience with roots in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, gained popularity and impacted American state
and federal laws in the 1920s.
The Southern Renaissance literary movement of the 1920s and
1930s broke from the romantic view of the Confederacy.
The Harlem Renaissance was an arts and literary movement in the 1920s that brought African-American culture to mainstream America.
Christian Fundamentalists believed modernist Protestants to be in violation
of the Bible's teachings and began a movement that endures today.
The Ku Klux Klan, an organization promoting white supremacy and anti-immigration, peaked in its prominence during the 1920s.
The Scopes trial of 1925 brought to national attention the debate
over teaching evolution in public schools.
Democrat Al Smith, the first Roman Catholic presidential
nominee, lost the 1928 election in a landslide to Republican Herbert Hoover.
The Great Depression was a decade-long period of poverty and
unemployment that followed the 1929 stock market crash.
The Great Depression caused widespread homelessness and illness,
fueled discrimination, and increased migrant labor.
President Hoover attempted to stem the Great Depression but was
thwarted by political influences, economic realities, and his own ideals.
Great Depression unemployment led veterans known as the "Bonus
Army" to protest for early payments of military service certificates.
The 1930s escapist culture involved inexpensive
entertainment such as music, radio, and films that diverted attention from life's hardships.
The interwar period of the 1920s and 1930s saw a number of significant changes in American
culture, largely fueled by Prohibition and the Great Depression. | <urn:uuid:8509d4ee-6e9a-4749-8292-fa3f1d386ffe> | {
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A Shepherd in Combat Boots: Chaplain Emil Kapaun of the 1st Cavalry Division
William L. Maher
Early in the Korean War Chinese forces surrounded troops of the 1st Cavalry Division. Trying to escape—the American soldiers warned Catholic Chaplain Emil Kapaun. However, he refused to leave his wounded comrades and became a POW. His decision marked a turning point in the inspiring life of this young catholic priest.
Raised on a farm in Kansas, Kapaun served as pastor in his hometown until he became an army chaplain during World War II. The book describes the beginning of the Korean conflict and how Chinese forces surrounded Kapaun and other Cavalrymen in the freezing hills of North Korea.
Kapaun’s faith and courage on the battlefield and in prison set an example for hundreds of young American captives. When they were starving he stole food for them. If the men needed encouragement he defied prison rules and prayed with them. When the communist guards mocked his faith in God, the chaplain publicly defended his beliefs.
When Kapaun became sick, the communists denied him medicine and watched him die in their vermin-infested “hospital.” However, they could not extinguish the memories of how he served other prisoners. The army awarded the chaplain the Distinguished Service Cross and the Vatican named him “Servant of God.” This book is a well-documented biography of an extraordinary person.
“In the more than 250-year history of the army's Corps of Chaplains, few chaplains have deserved a biography more than Emil Kapaun.”
“A comprehensive look into the life of this simple, yet incredible, man of God. It is a fairly quick read and well worth the time.”
“Tells the story of Emil's life with special emphasis on his cheerful, courageous, heroic service on the battlefield and in prison.”
|Author||William L. Maher|
- Publisher: Burd Street Press
- Type: Paperback
- Availability: In Stock | <urn:uuid:690fad11-20a3-407a-992e-d54afc5ddf15> | {
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Basic Life Support: CPR and First Aid
You will learn how to perform CPR, use an automated external defibrillator (AED) and become familiar with the signs and symptoms associated with heart attacks and respiratory arrest. Managing shock and controlling external bleeding are other skills covered that can help save lives
Emergency Oxygen for Scuba Diving Injuries
When a diving accident occurs, being able to recognize the problem and respond with the appropriate care can speed the diver's recovery and minimize lasting effects. Oxygen first aid provides needed oxygen to body tissues, enhances the elimination of inert gases such as nitrogen obtained from breathing gases, and helps shrink any gas bubbles that may have developed during ascent — bubbles that contribute to decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism.
First Aid for Hazardous Marine Life Injuries
Divers may experience unintentional encounters with fire coral, jellyfish and other marine creatures. Any time a person enters the marine environment there is a chance of being stung, bitten or cut. This course will teach you where you can expect to encounter potentially hazardous marine life and how to provide first aid when injuries occur. The more you know about the marine environment, the greater your chances of having safe, memorable dives.
Stroke is the third-leading cause of death and the leading cause of long-term disability according to the American Heart Association. Decompression illness (DCI) can present as a neurological injury associated with scuba diving. Rapid recognition of and response to a suspected neurological injury, regardless of cause, can help convince
the injured person of the need for emergency oxygen and help the responder monitor the injured person's condition and report findings to emergency medical services (EMS).
Diving Emergency Management Provider
When a dive accident occurs, multiple things happen. Separate small problems can compound to create a larger problem. DAN's Diving Emergency Management Provider (DEMP) program prepares you to handle the kinds of multifaceted accidents that may occur. It's an easy and fast way to take four of DAN's core first-aid courses in one program. | <urn:uuid:a98d8fcf-a67e-4b63-9029-8dfd4236e163> | {
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Students taking up Computer as an activity are taught to work on software that is beyond the school’s basic curriculum. Students work on photo editing software, learn to create beautiful presentations, work with animation software and develop programming skills in Scratch
Dance is an all-time favorite activity of the primary students. The club acts as a platform for students who are passionate about dancing. While the resource person teaches them the steps, the teacher in charge encourages and guides them.
The club introduces students to basic art and craft activities, which allows them to nature and develop their creative abilities. Some of the activities undertaken by the students are- Paper Folding (Basic Origami), Drawing and Painting, etc.
Quiz club is an interesting activity being conducted in cms. This club emphasises on increasing the student’s general knowledge in all fields. It is done through smart boards and quiz placards. Quiz competitions are held regularly. Students are encouraged to become Quiz Masters.
The club tries to develop the students' potential and interest when it comes to creativity, innovation and scientific skills, with competitive activities like construction of straw bridges and towers. The club aims at developing their interest and helping in conceptual understanding and application through activities like electroplating, making of electrochemical cells and models of circulatory systems, etc. The students learn to work together in small groups right from planning to execution of projects. | <urn:uuid:56b6a8fd-3c3b-4133-a550-58c8954f55a4> | {
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For the Love of Your Pet: Intestinal obstructions are common, serious
By Shana Bohac
Feb. 20, 2014 at midnight
Updated Feb. 19, 2014 at 8:20 p.m.
A gastrointestinal obstruction is a very common condition that occurs frequently in dogs and cats. Young dogs are generally at a higher risk because they are not picky about what they eat.
An intestinal obstruction is simply a blockage of the flow of food material in the gastrointestinal tract. The obstruction can be partial or complete, may occur in any area of the gastrointestinal tract and can be caused by many different reasons.
If the obstruction occurs in the stomach, then you will see vomiting, dehydration, lethargy and weight loss. Small intestinal obstruction will also cause these symptoms; however, damage to the intestinal lining can result in death of the bowel and potentially toxemia (toxins in the blood).
Many things can lead to gastrointestinal obstruction, including tumors, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, gastric outflow obstruction because of thickening, twisting of the gut, intussusceptions (telescoping of the intestine) and, most commonly, foreign bodies. In dogs, we commonly see obstruction because of ingestion of toys, whereas string is a very prevalent culprit in cats.
Your veterinarian will likely want to perform X-rays to look for an abnormality. If obstruction is suspected, a barium dye study may be performed to help determine the extent of the obstruction and possibly even the cause.
An endoscopy may also be performed, which is a small tube that contains a camera may also be passed down the mouth and into the stomach to look for the source of the obstruction. Ultrasonography could also be a useful tool to help visualize what is in the stomach or small intestine.
Treatment of intestinal obstruction typically consists of removing the obstruction via surgery. How quickly the obstruction is removed will determine your animal's prognosis. After surgery fluids, a bland diet and antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment.
The best way to prevent an obstruction is to take precautions, particularly around repeat offenders. You will want to limit access to any object that your pet can chew and swallow.
Cats are notorious for ingesting string, whereas dogs ingest squeaky toys, rocks, plants, table scraps or garbage. This may mean kenneling your pet during the day or when you are not there to watch them. You will also want to keep all garbage away as well as dead animals from your pet.
Intestinal obstructions can be potentially deadly. If you see any of the above listed clinical signs or know for sure that your pet ate something it shouldn't have, then it is best to contact your local veterinarian for further advice. Time is of the essence with intestinal foreign bodies, and therefore, if you wait too long, your pet's life may be in jeopardy.
If you have any questions regarding intestinal obstructions or would like to submit a topic, please feel free to contact me at [email protected].
Dr. Shana Bohac has a veterinary practice at Hill crest Animal Hospital in Victoria. She works on both small animals and equine patients. Submit questions to [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:2eab5c4c-8ed1-4eea-b9ef-74cfa6a2e944> | {
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Calvin Coolidge: Life in Brief [cite this] ↑Calvin Coolidge Home Page Calvin Coolidge Essays Life in Brief Life Before the Presidency Campaigns and Elections Domestic Affairs Foreign Affairs Life After the Presidency Family Life Impact and Legacy [ print all essays ] A quiet and somber man whose sour expression masked a dry wit, Calvin Coolidge was known as "Silent Cal." After learning of his ascendancy to the presidency following the death of Warren Harding in 1923, Coolidge was sworn in by his father, a justice of the peace, in the middle of the night and, displaying his famous "cool," promptly went back to bed. Calvin Coolidge was born on Independence Day, 1872, and raised in Plymouth Notch, Vermont. His father was a pillar of the community, holding a variety of local offices from tax collector to constable. From him, Coolidge inherited his taciturn nature, his frugality, and his commitment to public service. The early death of his mother and sister contributed to his stoical personality. Climbing the Political Ladder While practicing law in Northampton, Massachusetts, Coolidge began to climb the ladder of state politics. From a spot on the City Council in 1900, he became chairman of the Northampton Republican Committee in 1904 and joined the state legislature in 1907. His term as governor of Massachusetts placed him in the national arena just in time to benefit from the return to power of the Republicans at the end of World War I. As governor, he called in the state guard to break a strike by city police in Boston, claiming that "there is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime." This bold action won him public acclaim and swept him onto the Republican ticket as the vice presidential nominee with Warren Harding. As vice president, Coolidge kept a low profile, sitting silently during cabinet meetings and seldom speaking in his constitutional position as presiding officer of the U.S. Senate. After Harding's death in 1923, Coolidge became President. Intent on running for reelection in 1924, he dispatched his potential Republican rivals with relative ease. He had emerged unscathed from the scandals that plagued the Harding administration, earning a reputation for being honest, direct, and hardworking. The Democrats were split in 1924, finally settling on a compromise candidate, John W. Davis of West Virginia. With a rebounding economy to help him, Coolidge won handily with the slogan "Keep Cool With Coolidge." A Visible Yet Passive Presidency In contrast to his disdain for small talk, Coolidge was a highly visible leader, holding press conferences, speaking on the radio, and emerging as the leader among what one survey called "the most photographed persons on earth." Reveling in what would become known as the "photo op," he posed before the cameras dressed in farmer overalls, a cowboy hat and chaps, and an Indian headdress. But his prominent profile was not matched by a commitment to activism. He believed in small government, especially at the federal level, and practiced a passive style of leadership. He saw little need to intervene in issues that Congress or the states could handle without him. Nonetheless, Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson had changed the presidency into an activist institution, and public opinion fairly demanded a modicum of leadership from the White House. Coolidge did have an agenda. His chief concern was economics, where he favored low taxes, reduced regulation of business, and a balanced budget. Alongside his Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, the wealthy Pittsburgh industrialist who advocated "trickle-down" economics, as critics called it, Coolidge secured reductions in rates for wealthy Americans (most citizens at the time paid little federal tax). Although many observers at the time gave the President and Secretary Mellon credit for the so-called "Coolidge Prosperity" that characterized the seven years of his presidency, in retrospect he came under criticism for having failed to try to stop the feverish stock-market speculation toward the end of his term that contributed to the stock market crash of 1929. Coolidge also fought against farm-relief legislation that might have shored up the depressed farm economy. Like Harding, Coolidge allowed his cabinet a free hand in foreign affairs, delegating authority to Treasury Secretary Mellon, Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, and Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover, all holdovers from Harding's cabinet. The President believed that the United States should seek out foreign markets and refrain from entangling alliances and participation in the League of Nations. He supported the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war as a means of settling international differences, a largely symbolic pact that nonetheless became an important precedent in fostering reliance on international law. In Latin America, Coolidge's administration tended to support the interests of U.S. businesses, although the President made steps toward a less adversarial posture than his predecessors had typically maintained. Coolidge chose not to run for a second term because his republican political philosophy led him to value highly the unwritten two-term precedent (toward which he counted the balance of Harding's term that he served). Moreover, the death of his teenage son in 1924 had taken much of the joy out of his work. True to his simple tastes, he imagined he would be happier in retirement in Northampton, Massachusetts. First Lady Grace Coolidge was as sunny and sociable as her husband was taciturn and sardonic. The press photographed her at every opportunity, and she once joked that she was the "national hugger." Having been trained as an instructor for the deaf, Grace Coolidge brought national attention to the plight of the nation's hearing-impaired and became a close personal friend of the author and activist, Helen Keller, who was both deaf and blind. Although the public admired Coolidge during his time in office, the Great Depression turned public opinion against him. Many linked the nation's economic collapse to Coolidge's policy decisions. He vetoed the problematic McNary-Haugen bill to aid the depressed agricultural sector while thousands of rural banks in the Midwest and South were shutting their doors and farmers were losing their land. His tax cuts worsened the maldistribution of wealth and overproduction of goods, which destabilized the economy. Although in the 1980s, conservatives, led by Ronald Reagan--who hung Coolidge's portrait in the White House--revived something of a cult of Coolidge, most historians look upon the Coolidge presidency with skepticism, considering him to have offered little in the way of a positive vision, however strong his personal integrity. Calvin Coolidge Essays Life in Brief Life Before the Presidency Campaigns and Elections Domestic Affairs Foreign Affairs Life After the Presidency Family Life Impact and Legacy [ print all essays ] Calvin Coolidge Home Citation Information Consulting Editor David Greenberg Professor Greenberg is a professor of history and of journalism and media studies at Rutgers University. His publications include: Calvin Coolidge (Henry Holt and Company, 2006) Presidential Doodles (Basic Books, 2006) Nixon’s Shadow: The History of an Image (W.W. Norton, 2003) American President has changed! Click here to take a short survey and tell us what you think! | <urn:uuid:b4a7db6d-58c4-4ffb-8f03-3be744071a2a> | {
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A municipality in Colombia was long-known for citizens who displayed what was thought to be “foolish behavior.” Until doctors discovered they were carriers of a gene mutation called Fragile X.
For decades the rural town called Ricaurte had developed a reputation for having ‘offbeat’ citizens who exhibited strange conduct. Then they became the central focus of a scientific study that revealed they were victims of a gene mutation.
It’s called Fragile X Syndrome. And it’s a leading cause of physical, social and intellectual abnormalities.
Correspondent Michelle Begue traveled to the town of Ricaurte to bring us this report. | <urn:uuid:5cc096e3-394b-4353-be27-694c09283a91> | {
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Because of the various terms of this treaty Germany had to sacrifice much of its territories, colonies, natural resources, military power and also had to pay huge war compensation.
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If you are not finding the ncert books anywhere, IAS paper is the right place where we have arranged the latest and the revised pattern of ncert books which is 100 Free for everyone.It preached hatred for the Jews whom they thought, were responsible for the economic misery of the Germans.Structure of atom : Model and composition of atom, atomic number and mass number, isotopes, ions, valence and formula, chemical reactions and equations.They supported Hitler whole-heartedly as he got the ability to fulfill their dreams.After completing whole ncert science book read another subject in the same way.Sources of Energy : Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.Comment if you like it or want to give any suggestion.Commercial Mathematics: Ratio and proportion, percentages, unitary method, profit and loss including percentages, simple interest, arithmetic mean, time and work, time and distance including conversion of units, preparation of cash bills, measurement of temperature in degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit.
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This treaty was so harsh and humiliating for the Germans which they could not accept by heart and ultimately led to the rise of Hitlers Nazism in Germany.
All the annual exams of cbse board arrange the questions from the ncert Books and Most of the competitive exams put the questions only from ncert Books.
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The terms and conditions of this peace treaty were too harsh and humiliating.Mathematics Squares and square roots of large numbers, decimals and fractions by division method.It inspired the people throughout the world with the ideals of freedom and liberty which subsequently formed the basis of the national sovereignty.Reason behind choosing ncert Books for Competetive exams is that ncert text books are written in a very simple and lucid manner as you can quickly grasp difficult topics and concepts.The Nazi party considered Germany superior to all other nations and wanted to have her influence all over the world.Same goes with ncert books.Q4: Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective yo la tengo fakebook in creating a hatred for the Jews.Orthodox Jews were stereotyped and marked. | <urn:uuid:e2de1a72-f04f-4576-b192-1ea0b655deed> | {
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All authors write from a particular perspective. An author’s purpose can be to persuade, which gets you to think a certain way; to inform, which provides you with information and teaches you something; or to entertain, or some combination of the three. Authors accomplish this goal by using different types of perspectives. When teaching narrative perspective to third graders, incorporating activities may help them learn the different types of point of view.
Innovate a Fairy Tale
This activity involves having the third-graders read fairy tales, especially the well-known or predictable ones, and rewrite the story from a different character’s point of view. In well-known tales such as “The Three Little Pigs,” the students can write their stories from the perspectives of each pig, or in other predictable tales such as “Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?” students can change the perspective to “Children, children, what do you see?”
Practice With Stories
One of the simplest ways to learn point of view quickly is to practice. Your third-graders can read 5 to 8 stories, passing around the books once they are finished reading. On a worksheet, have them write down the title of the story on one line and the perspective from which that the story was narrated on another line. On a line below, have them write a sentence or two from the story or book that supports their answer. Teachers can use stories that are appropriate for a third-grade reading level or stories that children at that age may enjoy or stay engaged by, such as “The Elves and the Shoemaker” or the beginning of “The Indian in the Cupboard.” Having multiple copies of each story or book on hand will make it easier for each third-grader to be able to read and perform the activity at the same time.
Narrative Comic Strips
One activity that can engage the minds of third-graders toward a point-of-view lesson and use their art skills is creating narrative comic strips. Have them draw four comic strips showing four different narrative viewpoints. Each comic strip can contain the dialogues inside word bubbles and the narration inside of square narration boxes. The different comic strips should be narrated using different points of view perspectives, such as first or second person and third-person objective, limited and omniscient. If the third-graders aren’t skilled at drawing, have them use stick figures and create good storylines.
Flash cards are a way to measure your third-graders’ understanding of point of view and help them prepare for any point of view test you may give them. On one side of the flash card, have them include an example of point of view and the name and definition on the other side. Then have them underline thoughts and feelings in the examples. Your students can look through these on their own and keep them to help them learn narrative perspective.
Being the Perspective
There are two parts to this activity that both take around 50 minutes to complete. For the first part, have the students work in pairs and together read about the adventure of the ants in “Two Bad Ants.” After they’ve read the story, have them compare and contrast the different points of view in the book. For the second part, have them write their own short stories from the perspectives of the ants to help them understand the adventure in a second- or third-person point of view, rather than a first-person one.
- Brentwood Borough School District: Third Grade Reading Skills
- E Reading Worksheets: Point of View Activities
- E Reading Worksheets: Narrative Point of View Comic Strips
- Cram: How to Study your Flash Cards
- readwritethink: Teaching Point of View With Two Bad Ants
- Edutopia: Comics Make for Colorful Learning
- Scholastic: 12 Ways to Energize Lessons Grade K-5
- Scholastic: Bookshelf Bests Once Upon a Fairy Tale Grades K-5
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A useful way to think about what constitutes an assertive response is to consider these two fundamental building blocks: first, there needs to be a clear awareness of what you feel, and second, there needs to be a clear understanding of what you want. Conceptually, this could not sound easier. But, in fact, putting these two simple steps into practice can be quite difficult.
Practice this three-word sentence
We often think we’re expressing exactly what we feel, but if we look closely at what we’re saying, there may be no feeling words mentioned at all. The simplest way to express a feeling is to use the three-word sentence: “I feel (blank)” where the blank is filled in with a feeling word. We might say, “I feel sad” or afraid, alone, guilty, disappointed, ashamed or rejected.
Sharing such raw, honest statements of feelings makes us more vulnerable, so we often avoid doing so. We have a curiously strong tendency to derail the simple three-word sentence by adding the words “like” or “that” after the word “feel.” That is, we tend to say “I feel like . . . “ or “I feel that . . . “ Then, after the words “like” or “that” we tend to add the word “you,” followed by a critical statement of the other person’s behavior, which we deem to be inappropriate.
So, we may think we’re doing an excellent job of expressing feeling sad, alone and disappointed, but our actual words may be, “I feel like you don’t care about me and all you think about is yourself.” This, of course, is not a feeling statement at all, but a statement of blame, criticism and accusation. In meaningful relationships, feeling statements are more likely to invite empathy; blaming statements usually invite defensiveness.
Ask and you might receive
The second step is knowing what it is you want and asking for it directly and respectfully. Again, this may sound quite straightforward but can be challenging to implement. We might think that we’re doing a thorough job of asking for what we want when we say, “You need to learn to put the phone down, come home when you say you’re gonna be home and act as if you care for once!” Clearly, this is not a respectful request, but more of a shaming and judgmental attack of another person.
Asking for what we would like is also a vulnerable thing to do. Because we like to avoid vulnerability, sometimes we don’t directly ask for what we want but instead tell others what they’re doing wrong and hope they surmise what it is we want. It exposes more of our vulnerability if we ask, “Would you be able to come straight home tonight, for me, so that we can spend some time together?” Asking in this way is surely not a guarantee of getting the desired answer, but the odds are much better than if we launch the critical attack.
“Would you do this, for me?”
When asking for favors, it can help to make the request more personal by adding the powerful clause, “for me.” Although it increases our vulnerability even more, asking, “Would you do this, for me?” is more likely to invite compassion and generosity in the other. Sometimes we shy away from the personal touch and argue more objectively that the other person should do the thing because it is obviously the right, logical and appropriate thing to do. “You should just come straight home!” The more we explain, justify and defend our request, the more likely we are to invite an argument.
Communicating assertively does not guarantee that we’ll always get our way. But, by clearly naming what we feel and respectfully asking for what we would like, the odds are likely to go up significantly.
Art Frenz, Ph.D.
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June 27, 2016 by HCDE-Texas
One in five adults in the United States is functionally innumerate and does not possess the mathematical competencies for modern jobs, according to an article published in the Public Library of Science (PLOS), a peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal.
There seems to be a mindset that numeracy is not as important as reading during the summer months when kids are out of school. In truth, both are equally important, and there are things you can do to keep your child’s math skills sharp.
Here are some activities, depending on where you are during the day. Whether you’re on the road, on vacation or in your home, where there’s a will there’s a way.
• Count the number of items. Count on. Make sums like 1 and 3 make 4, etc.
• Estimate prices of items and keep running total of the bill with parent and sibling, closest wins.
• Count out the money in line while waiting to pay.
In the car (using your car clock):
• Calculate how many minutes until the hour. (Once that gets easy then work ahead.)
• Determine what time it will it be in 43 min (use numbers that are appropriate to your child’s age. (Adding 43 minutes to 6:00 is different than adding 43 minutes to 6:30.)
• Count the seconds it take to drive a mile (When I was young, my mom would put on the cruise control at 60 miles per hour. I used to see if I could count the 60 seconds from mile marker to the next mile marker.)
• Measure ingredients, but not just for the recipe. Give other measurements to practice and pour it back into the package
• Compare1/4 to 1/3 to 1/2 cups. It’s super important that second-grade students and up can explain that the more fractional parts to make a whole.
• Cut food in fractions like halves, fourths, eighth. To be more difficult, use thirds, sixths and fifths.
• Use the thermometer to check temperatures of different items and compare.
• Set the oven temperature.
• Practice sums of numbers with items in the kitchen.
• Estimate the total bill.
• Give children the menu with prices and ask them to make an order that is about $20.
• Calculate a 15 or 20 percent tip.
About the Blogger:
Nicole Shanahan is the math specialist at HCDE. A self-professed Julia Roberts of presenters, she vows to weave a bit of entertainment into each of her math workshops. As teacher, mentor, trainer and coach, Nicole serves up workshops ala carte within districts or at HCDE headquarters at 6300 Irvington, Houston, TX. The mother-of-three clocks in more volunteer hours than the average bear can handle. She often writes about her cubs in her posts. Follow Nicole on Pinterest at: Secondary Math | Elementary Math | <urn:uuid:80b4c6c4-43d3-47b3-890d-ad85b7d728f3> | {
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Betta fish spit-up is a common occurrence in betta ownership. It’s nothing to be alarmed about and tends to happen when your betta is feeling stressed or uncomfortable. Though it might seem as though they’re projectile vomiting in response to something, the cause stems from stressors within their environment. This article will explain what causes your betta fish to spit up betta fish food and how you can prevent this from happening again.
What is Betta Fish Spit-Up?
Betta fish spit-up is a process in which your betta fish will expel some of its stomach contents. The contents of this regurgitation vary depending on what your betta has eaten. The term “spit-up” is often used to describe this behavior because bettas don’t have a gag reflex as humans do. This means that there is nothing to prevent the stomach from being pushed up into the mouth when your betta spits out his food. To minimise the mess that this regurgitation can cause, it’s a good idea to house your betta in a tank with a “spit-cup” or a “spit trap” installed.
Understanding Stress in Bettas
Betta fish are known for their vibrant colors, their long finnage, and their “beautiful” temperament. These fish are often used in aquariums as well as being popular in freshwater fish tanks. Betta fish are also known to be highly active and energetic, which makes them a suitable fish for beginners. Bettas are tropical fish that like warm water and a lot of swimming space. These fish come from Thailand, where the water is warm and the weather is humid.
These fish are very friendly and are known for being very social. A betta will do well in a community tank but will also do just fine on its own. Betta fish can be kept in a wide range of water temperatures, but they are more active when the water is warmer. Many bettas are kept in bowls without a filter as a decorative piece, but this is not recommended at all. If you do decide to keep your betta in a bowl, make sure the water is changed daily.
Tips to Help Your Betta Deal With Stress
– Cleanliness – Keeping your betta’s tank clean is the easiest way to reduce stress and keep your betta healthy. Bettas produce ammonia as they metabolise their food, and this can be harmful to your fish if it’s not removed from their environment consistently.
– Temperature – Changing the temperature of your betta’s tank can cause stress. If you notice your betta starting to regurgitate, you should try to lower the temperature to reduce this stress.
– Tank Size – The size of your tank can also cause stress in your betta. Bettas like to swim, and a smaller tank doesn’t allow them the room to do so. Try to keep the tank size around 5 gallons for one betta.
– Other Fish – Keeping bettas with other species can cause a lot of stress. This is because bettas are very territorial and will fight any fish that enters their “territory.”
– Food – Some bettas are picky eaters, and this can cause stress. Try switching up your betta’s food to see if this helps.
– Handling – Some people like to hold their bettas while they’re cleaning the tank. This is not recommended, as your betta will be put under a lot of stress and could even die from it.
Identifying the Cause of Betta Spit-Up
One of the most common causes of betta fish spit-up is the change in water temperature. If you notice your betta has started regurgitating, it may be due to the water temperature being too hot or cold. Another common cause of betta fish spit-up is a stressful environment. If your betta is under a lot of stress, it can cause it to regurgitate its food. If you have new fish in your tank, this can also cause your betta to feel threatened and cause it to regurgitate its food. Some common stressful events for bettas include moving your tank, introducing new fish, changing the water, and even changing the temperature.
How to Prevent Betta Fish Spit-Up?
Betta fish spit-up is generally caused by stressful events in your betta’s life, so you should try to reduce the amount of stress that your fish is put under. The easiest way to reduce stress is by changing the water in your betta’s tank less frequently. If you keep your betta in a 5-gallon tank, you should change the water every 2-3 weeks. If you keep your betta in a 10-gallon tank, you should change the water every 4-5 weeks. By reducing the frequency with which you change your tank water, you will be reducing the stress in your betta’s life. You can also try to reduce stress by keeping your betta away from loud noises, making sure the tank temperature is comfortable for your fish, and keeping the tank clean. | <urn:uuid:902da93c-e99f-41c0-bbcd-d5e4af241104> | {
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Earlier this week I caught up with Tom Joyner on the Tom Joyner Morning Show to announce $35 million in grant support for high quality research, teaching and Extension activities at 1890 Historically Black Land-Grant Colleges and Universities. Tom, a graduate of Tuskegee University, and I discussed how these additional resources will help support exciting new opportunities and innovative research at 1890s institutions.
These grants are just a small piece of USDA’s nearly 125 year partnership with 1890s schools to support cutting edge research, innovation and student achievement. Since 2009 alone, USDA has awarded $647 million to 1890s schools.
In addition to highlighting the great work of these universities with Tom Joyner, I also joined Congresswoman Marcia Fudge—a champion of education and an extraordinary advocate for underserved Americans—to announce the designation of Central State University, a historically black university in Wilberforce, Ohio, as a land-grant institution. Read more »
Dr. George Washington Carver was an American scientist, educator, and inventor. Photo Courtesy National Archives and Records Administration.
This post is part of the Science Tuesday feature series on the USDA blog. Check back each week as we showcase stories and news from USDA’s rich science and research portfolio.
Steeped in African tradition, the practice of storytelling in African-American culture provides a communal sense of pride and reflection, and ensures that history is preserved from generation to generation. African-American History Month honors the work and contributions of African-Americans, including educators, inventors, and scientists—all titles which George Washington Carver possessed. And like the continuity of storytelling, the legacy of Carver’s pioneering research left an undeniable impact on the face of American agriculture.
Born a slave on a Missouri farm in 1865, Carver became the first black student and the first black faculty member at what is now Iowa State University. The well-respected botanist led the bacterial laboratory work in the Systematic Botany Department. But at the urging of Booker T. Washington, Carver moved to Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to serve as the school’s director of agriculture. He used his agricultural research to help black farmers become more self-sufficient and less reliant on cotton, the major cash crop of the South. Read more »
Fred Jones, a prolific inventor, revolutionized the transportation of food and changed the way we eat.
Although Frederick McKinley Jones changed everything from race cars to the movie industry and from boats to medical treatment, he is best known for his role in founding Thermo King. Read more » | <urn:uuid:60d1608d-2fbe-45eb-a4cf-2cb6ad7ba013> | {
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As one minister of the day wrote, as few people as possible should be aware that British authorities had treated prisoners "in a manner reminiscent of the German concentration camps".
Many other photographs known to have been taken have vanished from the archives, and even this year some government officials were arguing that none should be published.
The pictures show suspected communists who were tortured in an attempt to gather information about Soviet military intentions and intelligence methods at a time when some British officials were convinced that a third world war was only months away.
Others interrogated at the same prison, at Bad Nenndorf, near Hanover, included Nazis, prominent German industrialists of the Hitler era, and former members of the SS.
At least two men suspected of being communists were starved to death, at least one was beaten to death, others suffered serious illness or injuries, and many lost toes to frostbite.
The appalling treatment of the 372 men and 44 women who were interrogated at Bad Nenndorf between 1945 and 1947 are detailed in a report by a Scotland Yard detective, Inspector Tom Hayward. He had been called in by senior army officers to investigate the mistreatment of inmates, partly as a result of the evidence provided by these photographs.
Insp Hayward's report remained secret until last December, when the Guardian secured its release under the Freedom of Information Act. The photographs seen here were removed before the Foreign Office released the report, apparently because the Ministry of Defence did not wish them to be published. That decision was reversed last week, following an appeal by the Guardian.
One of the men photographed, Gerhard Menzel, 23, a student, was arrested by British intelligence officers in Hamburg in June 1946. He had fallen under suspicion because he was believed to have travelled to the British-controlled zone of Germany from Omsk in Siberia, where he had been a prisoner of war. His weight, measured several weeks after his arrest at 10st 3lb, had fallen to 7st 10lb by the time he was transferred from Bad Nenndorf to a British-run internment camp eight months later.
In the meantime, he told Hayward, his hands had been chained behind his back for up to 16 days at a time, periods during which he was repeatedly punched in the face. He had also been held in a bare, freezing cell for up to two weeks at a time and doused in cold water every 30 minutes from 4.30am until midnight, a practice the detective discovered to have been common.
A doctor at the internment camp reported that Mr Menzel was one of a group of 12 inmates transferred from Bad Nenndorf, all emaciated and dressed in rags. Previous arrivals had also been half-starved. Some had facial scars, apparently the result of beatings. A few had scars on their shins, said to be the result of torture with shin screws which had been retrieved from a Gestapo prison at Hamburg.
Mr Menzel "was only skin and bones," the doctor wrote. "He could neither walk nor stand up without assistance, and could only speak with difficulty because his tongue and lips were swollen and broken open.
"It was impossible to take his body temperature because it was not higher than 35 degrees Celsius and the thermometer only starts at 35."
The prisoner was also confused, anxious and suffering memory loss, his lungs were badly infected and his blood pressure was dangerously low. Only after being washed, fed and heated with lamps could his body temperature be raised to 36.3C, but the doctor feared his chances of survival were slim.
Another man pictured, Heinz Biedermann, 20, a clerk, had been arrested in October 1946 because he was in the British zone, while his father, who lived at Stendal in the Russian zone, had been identified as "an ardent communist". By the time he was transferred from Bad Nenndorf four months later his weight had fallen from 11st 3lb to 7st 12lb. He said he had been held in solitary confinement for much of the time, threatened with execution, and forced to live and sleep in sub-zero temperatures while barely clothed.
One British army guard told Inspector Hayward that Mr Biedermann had "wasted like a candle" during his imprisonment. Another, a private in the Essex Regiment, told the detective that he complained that he and his comrades were behaving as badly as Germans. "I became very unpopular after this ... the sergeant appeared to take a poor view of my remarks."
On Mr Biedermann's transfer to the internment camp, an officer at Bad Nenndorf requested he be detained "for an adequate time" to prevent him giving the Soviets "detailed information on this centre and methods of interrogation".
Foreign Office records show that the navy officer commanding the internment camp, Captain Arthur Curtis, was so shocked by the condition of the men being sent to him that he ordered these photographs be taken to support his complaints about the treatment of these "living skeletons". Photographs of several other prisoners, taken at the same time, appear to have vanished from the Foreign Office files.
On the other side of the British zone, meanwhile, a Royal Artillery officer was complaining about the state of Bad Nenndorf inmates who were being dumped from a truck at the entrance to a military hospital. Some weighed little more than six stones, and two died shortly after their arrival.
The records show that Bad Nenndorf was run by a War Office department called the Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre (CSDIC).
By late 1946, CSDIC appears to have lost interest in Nazis, and was targeting communists. It appears the prisoners were questioned about Soviet methods and intentions, rather than about the Communist party itself.
Some of Bad Nenndorf's inmates were indeed spying for the Soviets: one prisoner, who was half-Norwegian and half-Russian, told Hayward he was an officer in the NKVD, the predecessor of the KGB, and had been operating continuously in Germany since 1938. Another, a German journalist who had been freed by the Soviets from a Gestapo prison, was caught flying into Croydon aerodrome with false British papers. Both men were starved and badly tortured.
Others clearly were not spies, however. One man who was starved to death was a gay ex-soldier caught with forged papers while crossing into the British zone in search of his lover, while the other was a young German who was being interrogated because he had volunteered to spy for the British in the Russian zone, and was wrongly suspected of lying because of an official error over his medical records.
Four British officers were court martialled after Hayward's investigation. Declassified documents show that the hearings were held largely behind closed doors to prevent the Soviets from discovering that Russians were being detained.
Another consideration was admitted to be the determination to conceal the existence of several other CSDIC prisons. While it is now known that one interrogation centre was in central London, little is known about those in Germany, other than their locations.
Following the courts martial, the prison at Bad Nenndorf, which was in a converted bath-house, was replaced with a purpose-built interrogation centre near an RAF base at Gütersloh, and orders were issued for inmates to be examined by a doctor before interrogation. It is unclear when this centre closed.
The only officer at Bad Nenndorf to be convicted was the prison doctor. At the age of 49, his sentence was to be dismissed from the army. The commanding officer, Colonel Robin Stephens, was cleared of a charge of "disgraceful conduct of a cruel kind" and told he was free to apply to rejoin his former employers at MI5. | <urn:uuid:f4662f73-f407-4156-a1eb-097a8f965b7a> | {
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WHEN we think of overseas aid, we think of helping people who need it. The government says aid helps people overcome poverty. But does it?
Obviously, to overcome poverty we have to overcome the causes of poverty, and the big causes of poverty today are untouched by aid. Poor countries are still forced to pay off unpayable debts. The global poor are facing ever-higher food prices, driven by speculation. And climate change is already destroying lands and livelihoods.
The United Nations warns that these three factors are now reversing global development. To stop this we need radical change.
We need complete debt cancellation. We need to dismantle financial institutions that use debt to control poor countries, and we need to require banks to finance public goals, not derivatives.
We need to ban food speculation and protect the peasant farmers, who produce the bulk of the world's food. We need to halt ''market access'' rules and limit large-scale agribusiness.
We need real action to leave fossil fuels in the ground - to stop mining coal, oil and gas. And we need to pay our climate debts to poor countries that are facing climate change now.
Utopian? Yes, but necessary now, to overcome the wholesale reversal in development the UN is warning of.
Our global financial crisis began in 2008 - the financial crisis in poor countries began in the late 1970s, and hasn't stopped for breath.
Billions of dollars each year are still transferred from poor to rich. In 2008, $100 billion was given in overseas aid; in the same year, rich countries pocketed $600 billion in debt repayments.
The debt burden of developing countries became unpayable when the interest on development loans was suddenly hiked in the early 1980s. Just like subprime mortgages in the US, development loans turned into a debtors' prison.
After the 2008 financial crisis, rich countries spent more than $20 trillion in bank bailouts and economic stimuli (incredibly, $20 trillion is a fifth of global income). The total debt of all 128 developing countries stands at $3.7 trillion. It can be cancelled if we want it to be.
Scandalously, the food crisis in developing countries has passed us by, almost unnoticed. Yet it is the biggest threat to poverty reduction.
Farming in many developing countries has been decimated by ''free trade'' rules under the World Trade Organisation. Countries have become dependent on food imports, leaving the poor vulnerable to price hikes.
From 2006 to 2008, the global price of food doubled, forcing an additional 180 million people into destitution. Why is food suddenly so expensive? The answer came in 2008, when prices halved with the financial collapse, and then doubled again with the financial recovery.
Speculation on food prices was big business after the US lifted its ban on the practice in 2000. About $13 trillion surged into food commodities from 2006, and then out again in 2008, and then back in again by 2011. That's why we should reverse the WTO's ''market access'' agenda and support peasant agriculture - rather than global agribusiness - and reimpose the ban on food speculation.
The third threat to poverty reduction - climate change - is already having a devastating impact on the global poor. Nine of the 10 people displaced by climate change live in developing countries. Poverty is already on the increase due to floods and shortages of fresh water and sea-water inundation related to climate change. The World Bank says $100 billion is needed now, each year, to help poor countries cope with the impacts of climate change. Obviously, rich countries are most able to stop burning fossil fuels. We are most to blame for the problem and yet still we stall. And aid donors (including Australia) still refuse to accept that climate aid should be in addition to development aid.
The debt, food and climate crises are the key drivers of global poverty. Rich countries are responsible for all three crises, and can address them if they have the political will. Why don't they?
The Occupy movement told us that governments are captured by the new global rich. In 2012, the World Economic Forum calculated that 1 per cent of the world's population - just 70 million people - own half of the world's wealth. That ''1 per cent'' is the problem. They have no interest in addressing the causes of poverty because they profit from rising food prices, spiralling debt repayments from poor nations and the booming carbon economy.
The WEF - ironically, the forum for the ''1 per cent'' - says this unprecedented scale of global inequality now poses the biggest risk to its interests. It is high time that risk was made real.
James Goodman is in the IQ2 debate Foreign Aid is a Waste of Money, Melbourne Town Hall on Wednesday. He is an associate professor at the University of Technology, Sydney. | <urn:uuid:cbe2ce73-8fd2-4442-b04c-7b0f6f55bed4> | {
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Believe it or not, over 1 billion non compostable sanitary pads are making their way to urban sewerage systems, and landfills, rural fields and water bodies in India every month. Not only do these products take some 100 years to decompose completely, but, can lead to health and environmental hazards. Apart from disposal issues, the process of manufacturing these disposables also pollute our waterways, air and animal habitats. Switching to reusable menstrual products can make a difference. Today, when the market is flooded with non-biodegradable sanitary napkins, it becomes incumbent on everyone to atleast try out options that will not further deplete our environment.
Switching to reusables is a striking example of how small personal choices can have a big positive impact on our environment. There are many players in the market currently who are selling eco-friendly products, but, unfortunately their use is undermined by limited awareness and availability. It may not be feasible for everyone to dispose their sanitary waste at home effectively, but, even just by segregating the waste could help save the environment. Here are five reasons why you should make this green switch on priority:
1. A Constant Increase In Menstrual Waste But No System Of Waste Disposal in Place: India is a developing country, every month around 353 million women and adolescent girls across India are using sanitary products and generating menstrual waste, and this number is growing with each passing day. Highlighting this fact, Arundati Muralidharan, Manager-Policy from WaterAid, said, “One of the most positive aspect we are seeing now that almost 40% girls and women have access to sanitary napkins, but, alongside that, there is an issue of large amount of waste being generated. So, how is India dealing with all this? Currently, in India, we don’t have any proper waste disposal system in place when it comes to menstrual products. Now, that’s an issue.”
1 billion sanitary waste is being generated in one month and one sanitary pads takes around 100 years to decompose completely. The end result is that all this waste on a daily basis is being added into the landfills which are already way past its age limit and are overflowing breaching every limit.
2. No Disposal System Leads To Usage Of Products In An Unsafe Way: Through various studies and research reports on Menstrual Hygiene System in India, it is being observed that when girls and women don’t have facilities for proper disposal of menstrual waste then they tend to use so called safe and hygienic products in an unsafe way – they use a sanitary napkin for more than 12 hours, as opposed to recommended 4-5 hours, which should not be done.
Ms Arundati added, “If we want to deal with the problem of both mounting menstrual waste and for a girl’s own health, we should be looking at eco-friendly or reusable options that can solve these issues to large extent.”
3. Non-Disposable Sanitary Napkins Are Bad For Health And The Environment: A sanitary napkin is made up of wood pulp, chlorine bleach which is used to whiten the pulp for aesthetic reasons, and releases toxic chemicals as a by-product. The toxins produced are dioxin and furan which are cancer-causing materials and can in combination with other by-products pollute rivers and the environment. Not only that, it, also remains in human bodies for decades and can cause side effects like allergic reactions, hormone disruption, reproductive and gynecological disorders like endometriosis.
Another major problem is that menstrual blood on napkins stagnates for longer duration that accumulates a lot of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, which rapidly multiplies at an exponential rate. And, it is apparent that heaps of sanitary napkins can be a breeding ground for disease causing bacteria and are a significant threat to the hygiene of the surrounding areas.
4. Disposal Of Sanitary Napkins – A Nightmare For Ragpickers: The waste-pickers are the ones who segregate the biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste for us. Ragpickers don’t use face-masks or gloves, this means they are vulnerable to various microorganisms that thrive in sanitary napkins. They are exposed to diseases like hepatitis and tetanus which are caused by E coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus and pathogens, which are all present in that small plastic and non-disposing pad.
5. India’s Ever-growing Landfills – Sanitary Waste Adding Up To The Problem: India’s landfills are bursting like anything and overflowing with items that should have been treated in the first place. More than 70% of recyclable urban waste that is collected is dumped straight into the landfills without any treatment. As a result most of them are brimming and are way past their limit. Menstrual waste is just adding on to this problem given the fact that it is being generated at an alarming rate and is dangerously impacting the environment.
The need of the hour is to actively campaign and educate people about the ill-effects of using non-disposable sanitary napkins and voice-out against mass-produced, plastic-based napkins that are not just a matter of grievous concern for the environment but also personal health of women. | <urn:uuid:d6bee176-a915-4113-b2f2-e3c9ca940f0c> | {
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Air pollution linked to one-third of new childhood asthma cases
One-third of new childhood asthma cases in Europe are linked to air pollution, and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines do not provide sufficient protection.
That is the conclusion of a new scientific study, which found that tiny particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is attributable to 33% of incidents, or around 190,000 new cases a year.
NO2 pollution is linked to 23% of incidents, and black carbon 15%, according to the analysis of 63.4 million children across the UK, Ireland, Spain and 15 other European countries.
The researchers estimate that adhering to WHO guidelines for maximum PM2.5 levels would cut the number of cases by 66,600, or 11%, but compliance with the corresponding advice for NO2 would reduce incidents by just 2,400, or 0.4%.
“Our estimations show that the current NO2 WHO air quality guideline value seems to provide much less protection than the PM2.5 guideline,” said David Rojas-Rueda, who led the study at the Barcelona Institute for Global Health.
"We suggest that these values require update and lowering to be better suited in protecting children’s health."
The findings are in line with two previous studies conducted in the UK, which concluded that 22% of annual childhood asthma cases are linked to NO2 pollution.
This comes after WHO research found that around 93% of under 15-year-olds breathe air that is so polluted it puts their health and development at risk, including 630 million children under the age of five.
And new data from the Office for National Statistics shows that over 1,400 people died from asthma attacks last year in England and Wales, which is 33% more than the 1,071 recorded in 2008.
Haneen Khreis from the Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health at the Texas A&M Transportation Institute, said that the link between air pollution and asthma necessitates “urgent action”.
“Only in the past two years, several analyses on air pollution and onset of childhood asthma have emerged, strengthening the case from different research teams that air pollution is contributing substantially to asthma,” she continued.
“Largely, these impacts are preventable and there are numerous policy measures which can reduce the ambient levels of, and children’s exposures to, outdoor air pollution. We can and should do something about it.”
Image credit: Shutterstock
Chris Seekings is a reporter for TRANSFORM | <urn:uuid:75c0ddf1-67b0-4f33-953f-da35847771a8> | {
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A hands-on, revealing guide to a career as a climate scientist written by acclaimed Outside magazine writer Kyle Dickman and based on the experiences of a preeminent researcher studying permafrost in the Arctic—essential reading for anyone considering a path to this timely profession.
Go behind the scenes and be mentored by the best in the business to find out what it’s really like, and what it really takes, to become a climate scientist. Accurate climate science is more important than ever before. As awareness grows of our changing climate, demand is increasing for people to study it—from universities who want to have the latest, cutting-edge research, militaries who are worried about national defense, and governments who need accurate data to enact policy reform. Climate scientists use both field research and complex algorithms on super computers to predict the climate of our ever-changing world.
Acclaimed Outside magazine editor Kyle Dickman shadows climate scientist Cathy Wilson and her team, who work in the farthest reaches of Alaska’s northern tundra and in the national research labs in Los Alamos, NM, to reveal how this dream job becomes a reality. Shadow top climate scientists to see how they measure snowfall, assess the thawing of the permafrost, and determine the water content of soil down to 1 mm accuracy. Learn how the growth of one shrub can affect a whole ecosystem and how models can predict the future of our fast-changing planet. Here is how the job is performed at the highest level. | <urn:uuid:8a78271e-892e-4d5d-8153-1966e0fe7bfc> | {
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6. What do students learn from this oral history?
Most American students dealing with the Middle East have stereotypes. When I prepare them to read this, I try to get them to look for what might surprise them. And I try to get them to look at issues of reading it from the outside going in. What kind of ideas did they have about a young Muslim woman in the 1930s in a country like Palestine? How does this interview deconstruct these preconceptions? What kind of personality can they sense here?
I tell them to pay attention to language. This is a little difficult because theyre reading it in translation. I ask them to look at how it is that the person responded to questions and the way that people shape their own narratives in an interviewthe fact that they emphasize certain things, or that they stray off into another topic. And I ask them to think about what that means and how to interpret that. I prepare them for the fact that this is very different from reading, for example, a diplomatic document. It gives you a sense of everyday people. Students respond much better to these kind of sources. Theyre fascinated. They remember more about them. The things that they notice are very different often than what I notice.
Theres another section that strikes them. Its about wearing the head scarf called hijab in Arabic. I asked What did you used to do as young girls?
We used to go to the cinema at the holidays. My father did not mind us going but my mother was against it and did not like us to go. But we did anyway. There were beautiful old movies. I remember seeing Gone With The Wind three or four times. Sometimes my mother and father used to go with us and my father used to explain the movie to us. My father was more like the foreigners. They used to blame my father for letting us do as we wished. This is a favor my sisters and I will never forget from our father for as long as we live. He was honest to us. He loved us and respected us and treated us like real women. And those days, people still wore the hijab [the Islamic head scarf]. People used to look differently at me when I rode the bus to the Training College. I used to be wearing nice clothes. Men used to look at me differently because I was not wearing the hijab. Once I was riding the bus and an old woman wearing the hijab recognized me. She said to me, Saida, why are you not wearing the hijab? Do you think when you get married that your husband will allow you to go out without the hijab? I answered her in front of all the men on the bus. If Shaykh Hussam gave me the permission to go out without the hijab then there is no one in the world that can force me to wear it.
What strikes the students is how a Muslim man, her father, was more liberal than her own mother, a woman. And how an old woman on the bus was the one who criticized her. It makes them rethink their stereotypes about Muslim men as opposed to just Muslim women. It gives you a sense of gender, not just women. They recognize that, in fact, Muslim men were not oppressing women, which is how they tend to think about men in Islam.
Once I get them to recognize how this interview destroys their stereotypes, they have to understand this interview with an overall historical context. There were Muslim men who supported female education, and there were Muslim women who were educated and had opportunities. And yet they have to situate this individual within the broader historical context. This was an exceptional woman.
Students have this tendency to take a source and then generalize everything from it. So once they get into it from the inside out, then they have to go from the outside in and recognize it as a unique source. Whats very difficult is to understand these subtleties, to not overly generalize either from the perspective of stereotyping all Muslim people in the Arab world or from exceptionalizing or having this distorted version of what people are like. This shows them the complexities of this world. | <urn:uuid:7f07a0cd-e1dd-4401-a1fd-9f0ae1153bab> | {
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The World Trade Center site, formerly known as “Ground Zero” after the September 11 attacks, is a 14.6-acre (59,000 m2) area in Lower Manhattan in New York City. The previous World Trade Center complex stood on the site until it was destroyed in the September 11 attacks. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Silverstein Properties, and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation oversee the reconstruction of the site according to a master plan by Studio Daniel Libeskind. The site is bounded by Vesey Street to the north, the West Side Highway to the west, Liberty Street to the south, and Church Street to the east. The Port Authority owns the site’s land (except for 7 World Trade Center). Developer Larry Silverstein holds the lease to retail and office space in four of the site’s buildings.
A memorial called “Reflecting Absence” honors the victims of the September 11 attacks and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. The memorial, designed by Peter Walker and Israeli-American architect Michael Arad, consists of a field of trees interrupted by the footprints of the twin towers. Pools of water fill the footprints, underneath which sits a memorial space whose walls bear the names of the victims.
Soon after the September 11 attacks, Mayor Rudy Giuliani, Governor George Pataki, and President George W. Bush vowed to rebuild the World Trade Center site. On the day of the attacks, Giuliani proclaimed, “We will rebuild. We’re going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again.”
One World Trade Center (previously coined the “Freedom Tower” by Governor Pataki) is the centerpiece of Libeskind’s design. The building rises to 1,368 feet (417 m), the height of the original World Trade Center north tower, and its antenna rises to the symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m). This height refers to 1776, the year in which the United States Declaration of Independence was signed.
More info in Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:a1654759-0035-4348-a539-c4e232707dbb> | {
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Ninad Avinash Mungi presents inferences from his recent article: Role of species richness and human-impacts in resisting invasive species in tropical forests. Find out how tropical forest manifest resistance towards invasive plants, when protected from anthropogenic impacts.
As the decade of ecological restoration unfolds, we invest in strategies to restore ecosystems, uncertain about how our degrading planet will respond to these remedies. Amongst the multitude of threats to Earth’s biodiversity, biological invasions are amongst the worst. It not only threatens the survival of native ecosystems, but also escalates risk to human life and economy (e.g. invasion of COVID-19). Governments and multilateral initiatives have made huge investments across sectors to arrest invasions and reinstate native ecosystems. For example, parts of the last remaining hyper-diverse tropical forests are being protected with the hope of restoring self-maintaining forests that can resist invasions. Nevertheless, restoration remains an enigma, as long as the scientific validity of such endeavours is unaddressed.
In our paper, we tested the biotic resistance of tropical forests against plant invasions using plant inventories from 34 protected areas, paired with 34 multi-used areas, spread across tropical forest systems in India. We addressed the confounding externalities using linear mixed models, and independently established the role of native species richness in resisting invasive plants domination. The richness of invasive plants was lower in protected areas, but their abundance was ubiquitous. We did not find evidence of biotic resistance in dry-thorn forests (i.e. savannas), dry deciduous forests, and moist deciduous forests. Nonetheless, protected evergreen and semi-evergreen forests exhibited biotic resistance to invasive plant richness as well as abundance.
The resistant forests: The wet forest systems exhibited unique biotic resistance towards invasive plants by virtue of their sheer species richness. Importantly, this charismatic trait manifested only in wet forests in protected areas. In the presence of human settlements, forest clearings, frequent forest fires or other extractive human-use, these forests lost their characteristic biotic resistance and became vulnerable to invasion by plants like Mikania micrantha, Chromolaena odorata and Ageratina adenophora.
Tropical wet forests are felled and fragmented to fulfil our unsatiated demand for energy and infrastructure. Engineered mitigation measures, often advocated as ‘green-panacea’, are rarely reckoned to reverse the loss of a forest’s biotic resistance. Nor can we enforce this ability in the plantations that we pursue, in vain, to mimic the lost forests. Turns out, prevention is after all more effective than the purported cure. Merely preserving the native forests from fragmentation and degradation can help control invasions. The study has added another reason to prioritize preservation of existing forests, over any glorified alternative.
The not-so-resistant forests: The study found dry forest systems being pervasively invaded by hordes of invasive plants. Even the most protected areas in these forests were invaded by Lantana camara, Prosopis juliflora, Parthenium hysterophorus, Xanthium strumarium, etc. These forests have a legacy of human modifications, both ancient and modern. Most of the newly declared protected areas with these forest types lingers under the shadow of historic civilizations, timber-centred colonial forestry practices, and altered disturbance regimes including fire and herbivory. It is thus natural to see a bizarre medley of plants in such novel anthropogenic forests.
Once humans alter natural regimes beyond their rebound capacity, their dissociation from the system can do little to regain the lost ‘naturalness’. This contravenes our strongly held belief of protecting a forest and expecting it to bounce back with its lost functions. Unlike the protected wet forests, dry forests require continuous interventions to restore native ecosystems with their living functions and control the spread of invasive species.
A random or even planned group of plants do not constitute a rambunctious tropical forest. A forest is rather a community, exemplified by traits of each constituent species that has co-evolved on the common resources. Once these communities are replaced by monotonous stands of invasive plants, their signature resilience is lost. They not only stand vulnerable to invasive plants, but can also be converted into strong source of invasive plants. This churns a negative feedback loop; while we still lack scientific experiments on managing invasions and restoring our native forests. Only when we graduate from the ceremonial applause of increasing green-cover, would we begin to understand that we are mistaking trees for forest. In this decade, dedicated to ecosystem restoration by the United Nations, collapsing tropics call for action to confront the fierce necessity of “How?” in the fierce urgency of now!
Ninad Avinash Mungi Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India
Read the full article in Journal of Ecology: Role of species richness and human-impacts in resisting invasive species in tropical forests. | <urn:uuid:17bca4f1-b44f-4d93-856d-fe12cc372683> | {
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The library has lots of resources for people doing research in Medieval History. This guide will point out the ones that I think will be most useful in helping you do research.
If you have any ideas about how to make this guide better, please get in contact with me (my contact information is just to the right).
In order to do good historic research, you need to understand the context of your topic. To get this broad understanding of your topic you should read your textbook and have a look at an encyclopedia or dictionary (we call them reference books). Follow this link to learn about Print Reference books. Or follow this link to learn more about Electronic Reference books.
After you have done this, I would suggest you start looking for books on your topic. A book will cover more aspects of your topic, giving you a better understanding of how your specific topics fits into its historic context. Follow this link to learn more about Finding Books.
Only after you have gained this understanding should you look for journal articles. Journal articles will focus on very specific aspects of your topic. It might be difficult for you to understand them if you do not have the background knowledge to place them into context. Follow this link to learn more about Finding Journal Articles.
Lastly, some research will require you to locate primary documents. If you need to do so, click on the Primary Documents Tab for details. Follow this link to learn more about Finding Primary Sources.
Below are some links to databases for Medieval History resources | <urn:uuid:581fe486-c2fa-4187-b18e-a79531c9104f> | {
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Subsets and Splits