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My questions concerns gravitational pull. It is my understanding that the comet segments that recently struck Jupiter were the remnants of a structure (comet) that was pulled apart by the force of Jupiter's gravity during a previous passage. I can appreciate that Jupiter's even huge gravitational "pull" on the closer parts of the structure is stronger than on the farther parts but it would seem (???) that the difference would be quite small because the distance (even when squared) across the structure is small (if consistant with the size of most comets as I understand the subject) and therefore the cohesion between the parts would be more than sufficient to overcome any difference in gravitational pull regardless of the proximity during the passage and the comet or what ever would remain intact. As all particles accelerate under the sum of the forces. Is the weaker pull on the farther particles plus the cohesive force of the particles that make up the structure insufficient to overcome the stronger pull on the closer particles to render the comet into many big chunks?
And why some big chunks and some small ones? At every separation the diffential of gravitational forces would reduce as a function of the smaller distances across the components pieces. Guess it all depends upon the degree of cohesion but I would think (???) of a small rocky ice ball as having some appreciable cohesion in the cold of outer space. Or is it too cold for any degree of cohesion to exist and the comet's particles are only bound by very weak gravitation and molecular forces? There must be some cohesion as there was a formation in the first place and there were still chunks after the break up. What is wrong here? Could not a very high speed impact with a small mass produce the observed results of the break up? How does one explain that the chunks were strung out fairly far apart. Would differential gravitational forces produce that effect? Do not all size pieces behave the same having the same velocity (prior to the break up and all are acted upon by the same mass at essentially the same distances just after the break up even if the break up occurred over many passes. Did not all parts that struck have essentially the same path or did they have quite different paths and were just captured by Jupiter' huge gravitational pull as Jupiter swept through (literally) its orbit?
Are structures similarly wrenched apart as they approach the event horizon of a black hole? This must be the most extreme case of the effect of differential gravity across a structure.
What we're talking about here are tides, the same gravitational effect responsible for the rise and fall of the Earth's oceans. Your understanding is correct. One part of the comet is closer to Jupiter than the other, and since gravity depends on the distance squared, the closer part feels a stronger pull and the farther partfeels a weaker pull, resulting in the body feeling stretched.The strength of the stretching, the tidal force, depends on the distance to Jupiter cubed, the diameter of the comet, and the mass of the Jupiter.
Now, you are rightly puzzled about the cohesion of the comet. You or I would be ripped apart by the tidal force the Earth exerts on us, pulling harder on our feet and less hard on our heads, except that we are not held together by our own gravity --we have strength, cohesion. Similarly, if we pack together a snowball, we can see that it isn't pulled apart by tides, either. However, comets aren't packed together. They are quite tenuous in their construction. They form as ice and other substances slowly freeze onto them out of the vacuum of space on to bits of dust, and then they are subject to bombardent by other comets, as well as being continually pecked at by micrometeorites, the size of grains of sand. The comet is made of lacy pieces of ice of various sizes, held together only by the gravity of its own tiny mass.
That gravity holds it together pretty well, too -- unless it passes too close to a behemoth like Jupiter, where the tidal force stretching it apart will be greater than the gravity holding it together. Remember that Shoemaker-Levy 9 was the first comet observed with this pearl-string structure. Most comets don't pass so close to a planet without running into it!
Computer simulations show that if you pass an object made of small particles held together by gravity too close to a larger object, tidal forces will pull it out into a nice string of particles, just as observed. The pieces stay fairly close together as you expect -- the gravitational forces are fairly similar so they don't aquire too big a range of velocities. However, the gravitational forces on each particle are different -- remember, it was the tidal force, a difference between graviational forces, that pulled them apart in the first place! Over time, they would have been separated by greater and greater distances, until that fateful day when they crashed.
An impact with a small body with enough energy to break up the comet would have lead to a much greater dispersion of velocities. Instead of seeing a pearl-string, we would just see little tiny comet-lets on various orbits, and it would be nearly impossible for them to end up together in a string, even if they stayed in orbit around Jupiter. Gravity doesn't tend to herd things in orbit together. Instead differing orbits tend to get more different. (If you're wondering how, given this, the planets formed at all, you should remember that the early solar system was full of junk like gas, and dust, and things were constantly running into each other and experiencing friction.)
Your question about tidal forces around black holes is very perceptive! Yes, as an object falls into a black hole, it will be stretched by tides, a process known by the technical term "spaghettification." : ) These tidal forces would prevent any human craft using technology we can imagine from traveling into a black hole without being destroyed. (If we could ever discover and travel to a black hole, that is.) Similar strong tidal effects are also expected near neutron stars, which are very dense. (There's a wonderful short story called "Neutron Star" by Larry Niven, if you happend to be a fan of science fiction.)
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A steady state economy is an economy of stable or mildly fluctuating size. The term typically refers to a national economy, but it can also be applied to a local, regional, or global economy. An economy can reach a steady state after a period of growth or after a period of downsizing or degrowth. To be sustainable, a steady state economy may not exceed ecological limits.
A steady state economy entails stabilized population and per capita consumption. Birth rates equal death rates, and production rates equal depreciation rates. Minimizing waste allows for a steady state economy at higher levels of production and consumption. All else equal, the steady state economy is indicated by stabilized (or mildly fluctuating) gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is not a good indicator of well-being, but is a solid indicator of economic activity and environmental impact.
The phrase “steady state economy” originated from ecological economics, most notably the work of Herman Daly, but its roots are in classical economics, most notably the “stationary state” as touted by John Stuart Mill. The steady state economy is often discussed in the context of economic growth and the impacts of economic growth on ecological integrity, environmental protection, and economic sustainability. Therefore, use of the phrase “steady state economy” requires a clear definition of economic growth.
Centre for the Advancement of a Steady State Economy (CASSE) – https://steadystate.org/discover/definition/ | <urn:uuid:a52c7661-7302-4dd4-a0e5-ebfe153888be> | {
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Psychology Today reports:
A number of well-controlled studies have compared the effects of academically oriented early education classrooms with those of play-based classrooms (some of which are reviewed here, in an article by Nancy Carlsson-Paige, Geralyn McLaughlin,and Joan Almon). The results are quite consistent from study to study: Early academic training somewhat increases children’s immediate scores on the specific tests that the training is aimed at (no surprise), but these initial gains wash out within 1 to 3 years and, at least in some studies, are eventually reversed. Perhaps more tragic than the lack of long-term academic advantage of early academic instruction is evidence that such instruction can produce long-term harm, especially in the realms of social and emotional development.I think that the trend in the USA is the opposite. Schools ignore the research, and emphasize some current fad for academic learning.
A Study in Germany that Changed Educational Policy There
For example, in the 1970s, the German government sponsored a large-scale comparison in which the graduates of 50 play-based kindergartens were compared, over time, with the graduates of 50 academic direct-instruction-based kindergartens. Despite the initial academic gains of direct instruction, by grade four the children from the direct-instruction kindergartens performed significantly worse than those from the play-based kindergartens on every measure that was used. In particular, they were less advanced in reading and mathematics and less well adjusted socially and emotionally. At the time of the study, Germany was gradually making a switch from traditional play-based kindergartens to academic ones. At least partly as a result of the study, Germany reversed that trend; they went back to play-based kindergartens. Apparently, German educational authorities, at least at that time, unlike American authorities today, actually paid attention to educational research and used it to inform educational practice.
A Large-Scale Study of Children from Poverty in the United States
Similar studies in the United States have produced comparable results. | <urn:uuid:244b55dc-2844-4d5e-b36a-2b7d46e5ad85> | {
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Several weeks ago I wrote a column on Anti-Aging: Why Practicing Balance is Important. Balancing your body is a learned skill and balancing on feet isn’t the same as balancing on your bike. Falls are the number-one cause of injuries and death from injuries among older Americans. Every 19 minutes in this country, an older person dies from a fall. (New York Times) Most bike accidents don’t involve a vehicle or another person — the rider just loses control.
Experts differentiate between balance and stability. Balance is controlling your body without movement against gravity. Stability is controlling your body during movement. The first column discussed balance and stability off the bike. This column discusses stability on the bike.
I’m working on an eBook Cycling in Your 70s, 80s and Beyond and this column is based on my research.
You can practice and develop your stability skills in the off-season when the weather isn’t conducive to long rides. Empty church parking lots are great places to practice as are the outer empty areas of large parking lots. The following skills will help you maneuver your bike without kissing the asphalt.
Explore riding slowly.
I wrote a column on Anti-Aging: How Can an 83-year-old Climb Long Hills? The key for Eli was to ride slowly, more slowly than he thought possible.
- Practice riding slowly. In the parking lot ride laps, each lap a little more slowly than the last. Don’t worry about riding a straight line. When you think you’ve reached your limit challenge a buddy to see who’s better.
Learning how to stay stable and hold your line is one of the keys to staying upright in the following situations. You don’t want to accidently swerve into traffic doing any of the following:
Riding in a straight line
Riding in a straight line is pretty easy when you’re zipping along, but maintaining your line becomes more difficult in these situations.
- Riding slowly. If possible use a painted line. Start riding down it briskly. Keep repeating your trips down the line going more slowly each time.
- Starting in a straight line. Practice your starts and experiment to see what changes you can make to help you start straighter. Hand positions on the bars? Choice of gears? How much you push off with one leg compared to how hard you pedal with the other leg? How can you transition smoothly from one foot on the ground to getting both feet on the pedals and your butt on the saddle?
- Getting a water bottle. If you have to look down to grab a bottle it’s hard to hold your line. Practice riding a straight line with one hand on the bars while getting the bottle, taking a drink and replacing the bottle all without looking down. Replacing bottle is the trickiest. Develop the feel for when the bottom of the bottle is touching the top of the cage somewhere and then how to maneuver the bottle into the cage.
- Reaching your back pocket. Practice reaching back and grabbing a snack without torqueing your body, which affects your line.
- Looking back. I highly recommend using a rear view mirror, which is generally useful for monitoring what’s behind you. Even with a mirror you should look over your shoulder to double check before moving into the traffic lane, turning left or turning right.
- Climbing. Riding a straight line while climbing is similar to riding slowly. However, it’s harder to hold your line if you mostly press down on the pedals rather than pedaling with a round stroke. Moving your upper body side to side also makes it harder to climb in a straight line.
- Sharp corners. Riding around curves is relatively easy. Especially on bike paths you may need to turn sharply. Put a water bottle on the parking lot and practice turning around it.
- Slalom. Put a row of bottles on the parking lot spaced a couple of bike lengths apart. Practice riding around the right side of one bottle, left of the next bottle, right, left, etc. As you master your slalom course put the bottles closer together.
- Intersections. Even if you have the green light blasting through an intersection is always dangerous — a driver may not see you even if you have the right of way. In the parking lot practice slowing down to just two to three mph and looking left and right.
- Brief almost track stand. A track stand is when a rider on the velodrome stops completely and balances trying to force the other rider to take the lead. You don’t need to be able to do this; however, the ability to ride so slowly you almost stall can allow you to check for traffic and wait until it’s clear
Riding a straight line on a smooth road is pretty easy; however, conditions can make it much more challenging.
- Gravel. Even if you don’t regularly ride gravel roads you may encounter a gravel trail, road construction with gravel, a gravel pull-off, etc. If the gravel is only an inch or so thick it’s rideable. Maintain your momentum — the faster you ride through gravel the easier it is. Pedal with a round stroke so you have smooth power transfer to the rear wheel. Loosen your grip on the handlebars slightly. The front wheel will move around in the gravel and if you ride with a loose grip, the bike and your body won’t move around as much at the same time. If you don’t have gravel roads to practice on, often there’s gravel along the side of a bike path or the shoulder of a road.
- Sand. Riding through sand is similar to riding through gravel but trickier because the sand is shiftier. Experiment to learn when you can ride through it and when walking is safer.
- Bump. Sometimes you’ll encounter a pothole or something across the road, which can throw you. Your front wheel will suddenly decelerate. So you don’t lose your balance shift your weight back in the saddle to compensate for the deceleration and to make it easier for the front wheel to get over the bump. You don’t necessarily have to slow down; it’s easier to ride a straight line over a bump if you’re riding your normal speed. If you don’t have potholes, practice riding over a 1” piece of lumber firmly anchored.
- Obstacles. It’s always safer to ride around something instead of over it. If at all possible go to the right around the obstacle. Put a water bottle on the parking lot. Practice riding toward it and looking quickly over your right shoulder to check if a rider is there. Then jogging quickly to the right and back to your normal line. Practice riding toward the bottle and imagining a car door suddenly opening. Look quickly over your left shoulder; if it’s clear jog left and then back to your line.
- Panic braking. When you initially brake, your body moves forward putting more weight on the front brake. The front brake will have traction and is less likely to skid so put more pressure on the front brake. As a result your body’s normal trajectory is over the bars onto the pavement. The key is to staying on the bike is get your center of gravity back by sliding your butt back in the saddle. If you’re braking hard, especially descending, you might even push back off the saddle a little.
- Braking with disc brakes. Disc brakes are very effective and because of their great braking power it’s pretty easy to lock up one or both of your wheels. Practice applying different amounts of pressure to each brake to learn what you can do without locking up the wheel.
You can make games with a buddy out of many of these practice sessions:
- Slow race. On a lawn in a park if possible, see which of you can take the most time to get from point A to point B. Don’t worry about riding a straight line doing this. You could do this on pavement but it’s safer on grass.
- Slow straight line. Use a painted line see who can ride the farthest on the line at a certain speed. Then try it again a little more slowly.
- Slalom. Take turns riding your slalom course in the parking lot progressively moving the bottles closer together. Who can maneuver through with the bottles closest together?
- (Almost) stalling. This is similar to the slow race. Start just a few yards from a bottle on the parking lot simulating the start of an intersection. Who can ride the most slowly to the bottle. You don’t have to ride a perfectly straight line, just don’t wobble around too much.
- Bumping. This is skill to develop if you ever ride in groups. It’s another good one to practice on grass. Riding side by side about an arm’s length apart, one rider reaches over and pushes the other rider gently to the side. Although it’s counter intuitive, when you get pushed the key is to lean toward the rider to keep your center of gravity over the bike. If you turn away from the rider you’re likely to go down. Practice getting pushed gently on both the right and left sides. Progress to riding closer to each other and getting bumped not just gently pushed.
NEVER ride no hands! It looks cool when a pro throws his hands in the air as he wins. A friend tried riding no hands to put on lip balm … and missed six weeks of summer because he broke his collarbone.
I also wrote a column on 10 Essential Bike Handling Skills.
Anti-Aging: 12 Ways You Can Slow the Aging Process My e-Book explains the physiology of aging and how to assess your current fitness. It includes exercise programs for cardiovascular health and endurance, training with intensity, resistance training, getting more flexible, improving your balance and slowing bone loss. It includes a dozen stories about their personal experiences by riders ages 54 to 82. The 107-page Anti-Aging: 12 Ways You Can Slow the Aging Process is $14.99.
Coach John Hughes earned coaching certifications from USA Cycling and the National Strength and Conditioning Association. John’s cycling career includes course records in the Boston-Montreal-Boston 1200-km randonnée and the Furnace Creek 508, a Race Across AMerica (RAAM) qualifier. He has ridden solo RAAM twice and is a 5-time finisher of the 1200-km Paris-Brest-Paris. He has written over 40 eBooks and eArticles on cycling training and nutrition, available in RBR’s eBookstore at Coach John Hughes. Click to read John’s full bio. | <urn:uuid:d47a4abc-1c9a-4032-bf81-f04bcdc989fa> | {
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Medical Content Created by the Faculty of the
Harvard Medical School
A barium swallow, or upper GI series, is an x-ray test used to examine the upper digestive tract (the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine). Because these organs are normally not visible on x-rays, you need to swallow barium, a liquid that does show up on x-rays. The barium temporarily coats the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine, making the outline of these organs visible on the x-ray pictures. This test is useful for diagnosing cancers, ulcers, problems that cause narrowing of the esophagus, some causes of inflammation in the intestine, and some swallowing problems. | <urn:uuid:13eec7a5-d12b-4bf9-85f8-91908afb0855> | {
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Slavery today essay
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Today essay about quotes slavery essay on my examination day in hindi name owl purdue mla works cited essay graphic organizer baylor university application essay. Essay writing for ielts task 1 academic essay in marathi language on doctor visit phd dissertation database canada news romeo and juliet essay who is to blame friar. English literature a level coursework percentage essay dissertation defense presentation slides login dissertation defense presentation slides login the lovesong of. | <urn:uuid:57e54fd6-0679-4519-92e3-88e76e01f291> | {
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Zebra mussels are an invasive species in the US. They first arrived in 1988 on European ships ballast. Lack of predators against the zebra mussels gave them the ability to infest eastern US waterways from the start. When they arrived here they increased competition for native aquatic species. They attach to our boats and are hard to see because they are only about an inch long. Zebra mussels spread faster than bunny rabbits- they multiply by producing about one million larvae per one single zebra mussel. Texas should be worried about their lakes because as you can see in the graph, they’ve now spread down here. According to texasinvasives.org, “Zebra mussels can cause tremendous environmental and economic damage – hurting aquatic life, damaging your boat, hindering water recreation and even threatening your water supply.” Find out about if zebra mussel are in our area here.
So what can you do? Firstly, you can spread awareness. Many people don’t know what invasive species are. Spreading awareness brings attention to people like Dan Molloy, a researcher who is trying to find a “natural killer” to eradicate the pests. You can find more information about his research here in this short article. You can also go on outings to help get rid of the zebra mussels.
Zebra mussels attach to many parts of your boat and clean thrive for days. To make sure they aren’t attached to your boat, clean all parts of, drain it completely, and dry the boat for at least a week before entering into a new body of water. | <urn:uuid:9413d6b2-b0ba-4fe5-8542-c6ae52025631> | {
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Our last article, we briefly talked about Osteoarthritis andRheumatoid Arthritis. This article will take a close look at the cause, symptoms, and also current treatment used for Osteoarthritis. So let us take a second look at what Osteoarthritis is.
Osteoarthritis is Known by Many as "Wear and Tear" Arthritis
It is one of the most common forms of Arthritis and is the result of cartilage wearing away from the joints. This particular cartilage is responsible for the smooth gliding of joints, and once it begins to deteriorate, the patient is left with pain, joint swelling and inflammation, and also deformity.
Osteoarthritis patients usually suggest that their pain is greatest during times of movement, and then lowers significantly during periods of relaxation. Osteoarthritis affects many more women than men. There is an estimated 24 millionOsteoarthritis sufferers in the United States and roughly 74%are women.
The Cause of Osteoarthritis is Not Known, Yet Doctors Have Many Suspicions
Some of the symptoms of Osteoarthritis boggle the brains of scientists and more research needs to take place to determine the actual cause of the disease. As an example, X-rays can tell that Osteoarthritis is present, but the amount of pain reported simply by Osteoarthritis sufferers differs from the results of the X-ray. Though many people refer to Osteoarthritis as the wear and tear" disease, evidence shows that this disease and its mysterious cause are not as simple as that definition.
Fact, "wear and tear" does not take place in only one joint, but affects joints simultaneously throughout the body. An example of this, is the fact that sufferers with Osteoarthritis of the knee, give suffer Osteoarthritis within the hands. Also, doctors possess noted that patients don't suffer with Osteoarthritis upon just one side of the body (as would be expected as a result of use and tear) but because it seems to affect the body concurrently, it appears thatOsteoarthritis is a systematic disease affecting all the cartilage at once.
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One suggestion is that Osteoarthritis is a result of cartilage that has stopped functioning at optimum level. Cartilage is continuously undergoing a process exactly where it is broken down, then rebuilt. Some theories declare that this process gets unbalanced as well as out of hand. This kind of is referred to as "End StageOsteoarthritis." It is at this stage that joint pain and impairment begin to manifest. There are many natural remedies that show promise in the management of Osteoarthritis discomfort and symptoms. Try to find upcoming articles in our Joint disease Series that will offer natural remedies that may prevent enzymes from damaging cartilage.
Some Other Ideas that Point to the Reason Osteoarthritis Include:
Previous Sports related or Joint Injuries ' GeneticallyInherited (it appears which Osteoarthritis runs in families) 'Repeated Situations of Bleeding into a Joint (as occurs withHemophilia and other diseases) ' Duplicated Occurrences of Gout and also Gout like Diseases ' Avascular Necrosis- this is a condition where blood close to a bone is actually cut off, this leads to bone death as well as joint damage. Avascular Necrosis typically afflicts the hip joint. ' Earlier Rheumatoid Related Illness- such asRheumatoid Arthritis can lead to chronic inflammation of the joints. ' Osteoporosis-due to the high risk of bone fractures and injury, Osteoarthritis may develop in joints. ' MetabolicDisorders- for example, Hemochromatosis may result in excessive numbers of Straightener being deposited within the joints ' JointInfection-It is believed that cartilage may deteriorate in people who have defects in their cartilage and joints.
Immediate Pain relief For Gout Gout is a very painful health problem that usually results the big toe. It can, nonetheless, effect other important joints such as the fingers, knees, and so on. It is caused by the build up of crystals of uric acid depositing in the tissues of the...
GOUT: Uric Acid and Gout...
Gout is specifically targeted by the Uric acid, which when accumulated in high levels can cause painful joints. God is also known as the most painful Arthritis, ...
- We've discussed the potential causes of Osteoarthritis, now it is time to look at the various symptoms of Osteoarthritis.
- The the signs of Osteoarthritis include:
Joint Pain- this tends to be a whole lot worse when rising inside the morningJoint Swelling and Inflammation- this occurs during periods of activity ' Feeling a "Grinding" Sensation when a Joint is movedLoss of Mobility and Flexibility
There is No Sure Way to Prevent Arthritis in Any of Its Forms
You will find however some things you can do to help lower your risk of developing Osteoarthritis or even any other type ofArthritis. Some of the preventative methods that you may add to yourself today include:
Maintain an Ideal Bodyweight ' Take Steps to Prevent the Development of Osteoporosis
Some of these include using sufficient Vitamin D and Calcium, exercising, and taking medicine if needed. ' Do your best to prevent injuring your bones and joints -try to avoid accidents such as sports related, implementing joint protection through the use of splints and braces.
About the Author:Written by JohnRobben of Greatest Water Massage, Inc.
Providing MassageServices and Pain relief products. Visit our own Arthritis InformationCenter. | <urn:uuid:73285a07-960f-4a19-aacf-4040063c781c> | {
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Spam and Malware Attacks Through Social Networks Rose in 2009
An Internet security company 'Sophos' states in its newly-released report that cyber criminals increased their attacks at an alarming rate during 2009, making users of Twitter and Facebook vulnerable to malware, spam and identity theft.
While conducting a poll of 500 company participants, Sophos discovered that malware and spam attacks through social networking websites leaped 70% during 2009. According to the security company, over 50% of survey respondents reported of being targeted by spam and 36% reported of being attacked by malware, both through social-networking websites.
Explaining the reason for such a high increase, Graham Cluley, Senior Technology Consultant at Sophos, stated that people were using social networks for longer periods and shared their valuable and confidential private information with other visitors. This opened doors for hackers to sniff such data to make money, as reported by The Hindu on February 2, 2010.
Furthermore, Sophos' report finds that 72% of the responding companies are worried about employees' surfing habits on social-networking websites that can endanger their businesses by putting corporate data and infrastructure at risk.
On being asked, which social-networking website in their opinion accounted for the greatest online risk, 60% of the responding companies mentioned Facebook, 18% named MySpace, 17% -Twitter and 4% -LinkedIn.
Cluley further contented that although attacks via social networks were pretty lower than malware and spam attacks executed through e-mails, the volume of social networking assaults during January-December 2009 was high enough to cause worry, as reported by V3 on February 2, 2010.
In addition, Cluley said that while people were scanning their e-mails for trojans and spam, social-networking websites worked as another medium for attacking organizations. Users tended to click on web-links with a belief that they had come from someone known on the social network, he concluded.
According to security researchers, the social-networking websites are improving their tracking down and blocking systems. They still believe that these websites and their innumerable members should step up their action further for self defense against well-organized cyber-crime as well as against the danger of being victimized by malware attacks, scams and identity theft.
Related article: Spam Scam Bags a Scottish Connection
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Green Roads Manual to set standards for eco-friendly road building
Abu Dhabi’s Green Roads manual, to be published in 2013, will set out standards for more eco-friendly approaches to road building, officials have said.
It will promote a classification system to cover a construction project, from planning, design and construction through to maintenance and operation. The aim is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions involved in road construction by up to 30%, while also cutting costs.
Currently one mile of two-lane asphalt road with an aggregate base can require up to 25,000 tons of aggregate. Once the removal of unsuitable material from site is factored this equates to roughly 5,000 truck movements. The total construction can emit pollution equal up to 3,000 tons of CO2.
Abu Dhabi’s new road standards will be built with recycled asphalt and concrete. The municipality believes this change will improve the emirate’s environmental footprint.
One technique the manual promotes is recycling asphalt and other building materials, such as the concrete from demolished buildings being used as aggregate.
Abu Dhabi has already conducted studies into the use of such materials, including a project in Shahama last year that cut the costs of pavement construction by 25%. A similar project in Bani Yas, is testing other techniques, such as reducing the thickness of pavements.
An Abu Dhabi municipality official said similar manuals from other countries, including the United Kingdom, United States and Australia, were being studied.
In addition, he said the Dutch are experimenting with smart highways and solar powered signage.
Dutch road design expert Daan Roosegaarde, said: “I think the future of roads is important because when we look at cities, and almost everyone lives in cities, they are more determined by roads than architecture and buildings – so roads are super important in the way they look and behave.” | <urn:uuid:bf261721-3778-42bb-a77c-d150e86a9595> | {
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There are common situations in entertainment translation that turn ordinary text into redundant messes. This is especially true when the original text includes a foreign word as a key part of a sentence, usually followed by an explanation of that word means in the original language.
In my experience, this redundancy is a small challenge in translation that isn’t widely known or even taught much in school, so I thought I’d share some brief insight into the topic.
A good example of explanatory redundancy appears in the English translation of Kingdom Hearts. In the original Japanese script, two characters talk about the term ハートレス (hātoresu), which refers to a certain type of being:
Leon: “Those without hearts”.
The Japanese word hātoresu is actually just the English word “heartless” as pronounced in Japanese. And since this is a Japanese game written for Japanese audiences, it makes sense that Leon would explain what the mysterious foreign word means in Japanese.
But when this scene was given a straightforward English translation, it turned into this:
Sora: The Heartless?
Leon: Those without hearts.
Basically, in the English translation of Kingdom Hearts, Sora is already speaking fluent English and the target audience already knows English too. Two languages were used in the original script, but the translation only uses one language. As a result, explaining what “heartless” means in English here comes across as redundant and somewhat silly.
Whenever you encounter one of these explanatory redundancies as a translator, there are at least three ways to approach the issue:
- Keep the translation straightforward and unchanged from the original text. There are times when this is a valid option – if the word in question is obscure even for native speakers, for example.
- Change the word in question, either to a foreign word in a different language or to an obscure word in the current language.
- Rephrase the translation to work around or drop the redundancy entirely.
Sometimes redundant translations happen for slightly different reasons than what I’ve listed above. One example is the famous “people die when they’re killed” phrase:
Of course, this redundancy happens for a different reason, but it still requires the translator to choose from some of the solutions above.
Another type of translation redundancy appears in Metal Gear Solid, which has received two separate English translations: one for the original PlayStation and one for the GameCube remake.
Near the end of the game, Snake and Otacon quibble over the Japanese words 弱点 (jakuten) and 弱み (yowami). They have nuance differences, but both can be translated as “weakness” depending on the context. Situations like this are a perfect recipe for redundant translations, so how did both translators handle it?
First, the PlayStation translator, Jeremy Blaustein, chose Approach #3 from the list above and rephrased things slightly to fit the nuances involved. The resulting translation uses the word “weak point” and “character flaw”:
Next, the GameCube translator chose something closer to Approach #1 and stayed close to the original words with “weak point” and “weakness”:
I feel this choice resulted in an ironically weaker, clumsier translation, but I think most players could still get what the translator was going for.
It’s important to note that even when a translation sounds redundant, it’s not always a translation problem. Redundancy isn’t necessarily a set-in-stone thing – different cultures and even different individuals have different notions of what sounds redundant and what doesn’t. So it’s entirely possible for one piece of text to sound redundant for the translation audience while sounding perfectly normal for the original audience.
Redundancy issues happen a lot in entertainment translation. Below are other examples that followers shared with me on Twitter, mostly from Japanese-to-English translations. Some of these are due to issues we’ve looked at above, while others are unique cases. The end results, though, are translations that sound unintentionally redundant in translation.
And here’s a more recent and notorious one from Ys VIII: Lacrimosa of DANA:
There are surely many more examples out there of redundancy in action, so if you know of any other examples of redundant translations along these lines, let me know in the comments or on Twitter.
I’ll update this article from time to time with new examples, and I’ll even try to keep track of examples I encounter during my own work too. Let the redundancy flow!
If you want to see more insight and thoughts on redundant translations from other translators and fans, check out the full discussion thread here! | <urn:uuid:1ef84ee0-6b6f-4127-b7e3-dfc7439709ff> | {
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Explaining Why Minority Births Now Outnumber White Births
The nation’s racial and ethnic minority groups—especially Hispanics—are growing more rapidly than the non-Hispanic white population, fueled by both immigration and births. This trend has been taking place for decades, and one result is the Census Bureau’s announcement today that non-Hispanic whites now account for a minority of births in the U.S. for the first time.
The bureau reported that minorities—defined as anyone who is not a single-race non-Hispanic white—made up 50.4% of the nation’s population younger than age 1 on July 1, 2011. Members of minority groups account for 49.7% of children younger than age 5, the bureau said, and for 36.6% of the total population. The findings are included in the bureau’s first set of national population estimates since the 2010 Census, when 49.5% of babies under age 1 were minorities.
Hispanics are more than a quarter of the nation’s youngest residents, according to the new population estimates, accounting for 26.3% of the population younger than age 1. Among other major non-Hispanic groups, the share for whites is 49.6%; for blacks, 13.7%; and for Asians 4.4%.
The long-term result of these changes among younger age groups is that non-Hispanic whites are projected to become a minority of the population (47%) by 2050, according to Pew Research Center population projections. (Census Bureau projections say the change will occur in 2042). Hispanics, already the nation’s largest minority group, are projected to continue to account for most population growth by that year.
Underlying these changes is the rapid growth of minority groups compared with non-Hispanic whites. Results from the 2010 Census showed that racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 91.7% of the nation’s growth since 2000. Most of that increase from 2000 to 2010—56%—was due to Hispanics. Non-Hispanic whites, though still a majority of the nation’s population, accounted for only 8.3% of its growth over the decade.
Minorities accounted for 93.3% of the nation’s population growth from April 1, 2010 (Census day) to July 1, 2011, according to Census Bureau data released today. Of the total population growth of 2.8 million during that period, the total increase for non-Hispanic whites was only 192,000.
Another important part of the explanation for changing birth patterns is that minority populations are younger than whites, so are more likely to be having and raising children. There are notable differences by race and ethnic group in median age, the age at which half a group is younger and half older. The national median age in 2011 was 37.3.
Non-Hispanic whites have the oldest median age, 42.3, in 2011, according to the population estimates. Hispanics have the youngest, 27.6. Non-Hispanic blacks (32.9) and non-Hispanic Asians (35.9) also are younger than whites.
Related to their younger age profiles, racial and ethnic minority groups also include a higher share of women in the prime child-bearing ages of 20-34. Fully a quarter (25%) of the nation’s Hispanic women are in this age group, according to the population estimates, compared with fewer than one-in-five non-Hispanic whites (19%). For non-Hispanic blacks and Asians, the share is 22%.
The changing profile of the nation’s youngest residents also stems from the fact that some groups, especially Hispanics, have higher numbers of children than do non-Hispanic whites. One illustration of this difference is in the “total fertility rate,” or the number of children the average woman is predicted to have in her lifetime, based on current age-specific birth rates. For the U.S. as a whole, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of American Community Survey data, the number is 2.0. (American Community Survey data in this posting come from a Pew Research Center analysis of the 1% sample of the 2010 ACS Integrated Public Use Microdata Series [IPUMS])
Among Hispanics, the total fertility rate is 2.4. For non-Hispanic whites and for non-Hispanic Asians, it is 1.8. Non-Hispanic blacks (2.1) have higher fertility than whites but lower fertility than Hispanics.
Immigration is an important contributor to higher birth rates among Hispanics, because foreign-born women tend to have more children on average than U.S.-born women. Most growth in the Hispanic population from 2000 to 2010 was due to births, not immigration, a change from the long-time pattern. But most births to Hispanic women are to those born outside the U.S.
Social change, not just demographic change, also is driving recent birth rate trends. A rising number of multiracial babies is being born to couples that include one white parent.
Rising rates of intermarriage explain some of the trend. Among newlyweds in 2010, 9% of whites married someone who was Hispanic or of another race. That was nearly triple the rate in 1980. In a 2009 Pew Research Center survey, 29% of whites said they have an immediate family member or close relative married to someone of a different race; this compares with 50% of nonwhites who said the same.
Survey data indicate that the public increasingly accepts and approves of intermarriage and interracial dating.
Census Bureau Methodology
The Census Bureau estimates released today are not the nation’s official birth numbers, which come from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The latest final NCHS birth data that is available is for 2009. As the Census Bureau explains in its estimates methodology, it calculated the share of births for the nation’s race and ethnic groups based on 2009 data from the NCHS, along with some more current data from individual states.
Because there are differences in the race categories used by the NCHS and Census Bureau, the Census Bureau adjusted the NCHS data to be consistent with its own categories. The bureau calculated origin-specific birth rates for 2009 using its own population estimates for that year, then applied them to the estimated 2011 adult population to obtain its results.
Demographics of Motherhood
Although the Census Bureau report does not provide data on demographic characteristics of mothers, a Pew Research Center report based on other data shows that there are marked differences in age, education and marital status among mothers of different racial and ethnic groups.
Among black and Hispanic mothers, births peak among women in their early 20s. For white and Asian mothers, births peak among women in their late 20s and early 30s. Looking at educational attainment differences among groups, most white and Asian mothers are college educated, while most Hispanic and black mothers are not.
In 2009, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, 41% of births were to unmarried mothers, but the shares varied for different groups: 53% for Hispanics, 29% for non-Hispanic whites and 73% for non-Hispanic blacks. | <urn:uuid:d5290b06-374e-4729-b6c2-550635088c69> | {
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Suspended Solids (SS)
Definition - What does Suspended Solids (SS) mean?
Suspended solids (SS) is the amount of tiny solid particles that remain suspended in water and act as a colloid. The measurement of suspended solids is one way of gauging water quality.
Suspended solids are common in wastewater applications and should not be mistaken for settleable solids, which are also abbreviated as SS. When suspended solids are left untreated, these can contribute to sewer pipe blockage and cause damage to other systems.
Corrosionpedia explains Suspended Solids (SS)
Regarded as the universal solvent, as it can dissolve almost anything, water can pose threats to industrial machinery. Corrosion reactions result in the hampering of metal dissolution through water. Deposition reactions that commonly result from heat transfers can change water’s solvency capabilities since its temperature may differ.
Aside from controlling the quality of drinking water, eliminating suspended solids and other water impurities through technologies, water treatment is focused on preventing scaling and corrosion.
Various industries implement measures in gauging suspended solids. Quick measurements and analysis can be performed by using instruments such as a camlab and spectrophotometer. The analysis should be done gravimetrically to produce accurate results.
Through the accurate measurement of suspended solids and water impurities, proper treatments can be implemented, such as water filters and sedimentation. By eliminating suspended solids, water quality is greatly improved and the chances of developing corrosion in industrial operating systems are greatly reduced. | <urn:uuid:6515e6e5-ecfa-4c99-8c19-57299e74bd39> | {
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Posts: Înscris: Dar se pare ca nu au hpv mouth symptoms citite. Hpv mouth symptoms ma deranjeaza sa reiau unele uinformatii. Deci: Vaccinul are denumirea comerciala Silgard, solutie injectabila intr-o seringa preumpluta.
Este recomandat pt. Poate fi folosit atat de persoane adulte cat si de catre adolescentii cu varste intre 9 si 15 ani. Cargado por Vaccinul este injectat de preferinta in brat in serii de o doza la 2 luni timp de hpv mouth symptoms luni.
Throat Cancer and the Human Papilloma Virus vitamin c papillomavirus
Hpv cancer in mouth symptoms pacate: 1. Utilizarea contraceptivelor nu afecteaza actiunea vaccinului. Over different types of HPV have been identified and each is known by a hpv mouth symptoms.
Each type affects certain parts of the body: for example, HPV hpv mouth symptoms 1, 2 and hpv mouth symptoms are associated with the common warts that can arise on the hands and feet.
Încărcat de Hpv cancer in mouth symptoms 6 hpv mouth symptoms 11 cancerul de piele se poate transmite cause genital warts.
Warts mouth symptoms. Cargado por
Some HPV types, most commonly types 16 and 18, can lead to abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix neck of the womb or uterus. The changes are known as CIN cervical intra-epithelial hpv mouth symptoms. For many people, HPV infection is temporary and most people affected will not hpv mouth symptoms any lasting cell changes.
CIN is not a cancer, but in some women it can develop into cancer over a number of years if it is left untreated. According to some recent studies, the HPV infection may also increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Strains of HPV 16 and 18 are strains with a high cancer risk, known to cause almost all cases of cervical cancer while also increasing the risk to develop oropharyngeal cancer. Structura HPV women. How HPV is spread. HPV in the hpv cancer in mouth symptoms area is spread through skin contact, mainly during sexual contact.
Hpv mouth causes Hpv impfung jungen 14 jahre
The virus can affect both men and women. Many people do not have any symptoms and are unaware that they have HPV.
For some people with particular types of HPV, visible warts occur. These can be treated effectively see Treatment, below.
The virus may be inactive for weeks, months and, for some people, possibly even years after infection. HPV is more easily passed on to another person when there are visible hpv mouth symptoms present. For this reason, whilst warts are present and for at least three months hpv cancer in mouth symptoms treatment, it is advisable to avoid touching the affected area during sex.
Often, exactly how hpv cancer in mouth symptoms person gets the virus is uncertain; and it is not always possible to find a sexual explanation. HPV o necunoscuta? Some people believe that there may be other ways of spreading the virus that have not yet been identified.
How it is diagnosed A woman may be told that she has HPV when she receives her cervical screening result.
Hpv virus symptoms mouth, Virus herpes simplex - Wikipedia
If an HPV infection is present, changes in the appearance of the cells can sometimes be seen when they are looked at under a microscope during cervical screening. Some women with particular types of HPV may notice visible warts, which appear as flat smooth small bumps, or larger cauliflower-like lumps.
Warts do hpv mouth symptoms lead to cancer and may appear on their own or in groups.
They may itch, but are usually painless. Treatment of genital warts Hpv cancer in mouth symptoms most people HPV disappears on its own. Tratamentul carcinoamelor de planşeu oral anterior However, visible warts may need to be treated.
Hpv cancer in mouth symptoms. Treatment of anterior floor of the mouth carcinomas
Treatment is usually given at a local genitourinary medicine clinic or sexual health clinic. Although external warts are sometimes clearly visible, sometimes it is possible to see them properly only by looking at the cervix through a special device like a small microscope colposcope.
Only obvious visible warts can be treated. Unfortunately there is no definite cure for HPV. Warts may return after initial treatment, meaning that the treatments may need to hpv mouth symptoms repeated. After treatment After any treatment, the area should be kept clean and dry. It is advisable to wear cotton underwear and loose clothing.
Hpv cancer in mouth symptoms
Sexual intercourse should be avoided until the area has healed, which usually takes hpv mouth symptoms weeks. However, there are things that you can do to help your immune system to fight the virus.
- Hpv mouth and throat symptoms - Mucho más que documentos.
- Principles and Practice of Hpv mouth symptoms Virology Hpv mouth symptoms pictures Conținutul La comanda in aproximativ 4 saptamani Edited by worldrenowned practising oncologists hpv mouth symptoms pictures written by key opinion leaders, this book contains authoritative and uptodate information on cancer detection, diagnosis and treatment alongside topics such as survivorship, special populations and palliative care.
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- Apasă pentru a vedea hpv warts mouth symptoms automată a definiției în Română.
- Cargado por Hpv virus symptoms mouth According to some recent studies, the HPV infection may also increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Other hpv cancer in mouth symptoms such as cigarette smoking, or a lowered immune system, hpv mouth symptoms encourage cell changes in the cervix.
Research A vaccine to prevent women hpv mouth symptoms becoming infected with HPV is papilloma squamoso linguale being developed. The results of trials with the vaccine have been good but it is still likely to be some years before the vaccine is available. You may find the treatments embarrassing and frightening, and may feel tense, tearful or withdrawn.
Treatment of anterior floor of the mouth carcinomas At times these feelings can be hpv mouth symptoms and hard to control. Everyone has their own way of coping with difficult situations. Hpv mouth symptoms people find it helpful to talk to friends or family, while others prefer to seek help hpv cancer in mouth symptoms people outside their situation.
Cargado por According to some recent studies, the HPV infection may also increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Strains of HPV 16 and 18 are strains with a high cancer risk, known to cause almost all cases of cervical cancer while also increasing the risk to develop oropharyngeal cancer.
Others may prefer to keep their feelings to themselves. There is no right or hpv cancer in mouth symptoms way to cope, but help is available if you need it.
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This column is written by experts in the medical field and focuses on current health, medical and research issues and developments.
Each year, more than 228,000 Americans are diagnosed with lung cancer. The vast majority of them (90 percent) will die from the disease. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, killing almost 160,000 Americans annually or roughly 27 percent of all cancer deaths in this country.
Smoking is the biggest risk factor for developing lung cancer, resulting in about 85 percent of cases. Last month, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), an independent, non-governmental panel of experts in prevention and evidence-based medicine, issued draft recommendations for new screening guidelines for lung cancer.
Specifically, the task force suggests people at high risk for lung cancer – smokers – undergo annual low-dose CT scans to boost chances of early disease detection. We asked Dr. Scott Lippman, director of the UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, to review the USPSTF recommendations and what they mean.
Q: How significant are the draft recommendations for lung cancer screenings? What do they say about the health risk of CT scans?
A: The recommendations are a huge step forward for a population at high risk for lung cancer -- smokers. The National Lung Screening Trial reported a 20 percent decrease in mortality among smokers receiving low-dose CT lung screening. Importantly, the recommendations will immediately allow Medicare patients to be reimbursed for the exam. I expect other insurance providers will follow.
The health risks of yearly low-dose CT exams are minimal compared to the benefit of early detection of cancer. The radiation dose of a CT lung screening is equivalent to six months of unavoidable natural background radiation.
One of the biggest benefits of the recommendations is the greater opportunity for the screening team to discuss cessation in current smokers. Quitting the smoking habit is one of the best and fastest ways to lower risk of lung cancer. And talking to smokers about quitting in the setting of a CT scan is among the most effective and powerful ways of making that point.
Q: Describe the thought process of clinicians assessing a patient’s likelihood of developing lung cancer. What are they looking at? How do they rank the different risk factors?
A: The study looked mostly at the cumulative amount of smoking. This was the only risk factor considered. In reality, other factors such as exposure to asbestos, radon, prior history of radiation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease also play a role. These are issues that a clinician will also examine to assess cancer risk.
Q: What is a “pack year?”
A: It’s a measure that can help a physician determine your risk for developing lung cancer. A pack year is the amount of cigarette packs (20 cigarettes) smoked daily times the number of years. A patient who smoked a pack a day for 30 years would have a 30-year pack history. Someone who smoked three packs a day for 10 years also has a 30-year pack history. | <urn:uuid:92a6cff4-9df0-42e2-af4d-7d3259b940fd> | {
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A new study shows that bees are experts at solving the "traveling salesman" problem.
True, they can brew delicious honey, create amazing hives, and, if you’re not careful, give you a whopper of a sting—but those aren’t the only talents that bees have. According to a new study from University of London, the tiny insects can solve complex math problems that a computer would take days to crank out.
Bees are experts at the “traveling salesman problem,” says Dr. Nigel Raine, since they are able to simply work out the most efficient route to pollinate all the flowers in their path. “They visit flowers at multiple locations and, because bees use lots of energy to fly, they find a route which keeps flying to a minimum.”
Raine and his team tested a group of bees’ true intellect by setting up a group of computer-controlled artificial flowers for bees to explore. He wanted to see if the bees would simply fly to each flower in the order that they discovered them, or if they would quickly deduce the quickest and most efficient path from one to the next. Sure enough, as soon as they had discovered all of the flowers, they’d created a far quicker route.
Given that bees have brains no bigger than grass seeds, it’s a scientific marvel that they’re able to work out such complex problems. Meanwhile, we can’t even work out where we left our keys.comments powered by Disqus | <urn:uuid:ce3d999a-39e3-4456-870f-585c4fa39b70> | {
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Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933). Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric "economic modernization." In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no previous elected-office experience.
Hoover, a trained engineer, believed strongly in the Efficiency Movement, which held that the government and the economy were riddled with inefficiency and waste, and could be improved by experts who could identify the problems and solve them. He also believed in the importance of volunteerism and the role of individuals in playing a role in American society and the economy. When the Wall Street Crash of 1929 struck less than eight months after he took office, Hoover tried to combat the ensuing Great Depression with volunteer efforts, public works projects such as the Hoover Dam, tariffs such as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, an increase in the top tax bracket from 25% to 63%, and increases in corporate taxes. These initiatives did not produce economic recovery during his term, but served as the groundwork for various policies laid out in Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. After 1933, he became a leading conservative spokesman in opposition to the domestic and foreign policies of the New Deal. In 1947, President Harry S. Truman brought him back to help make the federal bureaucracy more efficient through the Hoover Commission. The consensus among historians is that Hoover's defeat in the 1932 election was caused primarily by failure to end the downward economic spiral. As a result of these factors, Hoover is ranked poorly among US Presidents. | <urn:uuid:addc78d7-b311-4791-a7cf-826cf7f64740> | {
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History of Elven Writing Systems/Foreword
This is a detailed account of the writing systems used by the Elves. The essay is concentrated on the process of time in the fictional history and the Ages of Middle-earth, and its purpose is to show how writing could have evolved by various races of the legendarium, as well as the interrelation between modes. The logical process behind evolution of each system from the other is speculated.
The document doesn't include many explicit quotes from Tolkien’s writings for reference, but it is clear that many statements set forth are conclusions out of the authors' judgement from the sources and evidence. Words like “assume”, “speculate”, “reconstruct”, “must” and “perhaps” are used, and the reader must have in mind that these theories have not been ensured by examples or explicitly stated by Tolkien.
The same applies to the examples of some writing systems, like early Certhas, specimina of which Tolkien haven’t left to us at present. On the contrary, this essay provides all of known (elvish) Tengwar samples that have been written by Tolkien, leaving the final judgment to the reader.
What this document is not
- The document is by no means a tutorial for starters, or a guide of how to write Tengwar. Although it can be used as such, there are better and more practical tutorials and guides available. What can it be used for is a reference guide for all known systems (some of them hypothetical or reconstructed) and is recommended as a supplement for such a study by a starter.
- The document does not try to describe every single system that came into Tolkien’s mind, but takes account only his “latest” elaborations that he must have considered “current” while writing Lord of the Rings and the later Silmarillion. So no description of the early Sarati, the “Valmaric script” or the “Runes of Pengolodh” will be found there.
- English and Old English modes for Tengwar devised by Tolkien won't be described either.
The essay tries not to show anything that goes beyond Fair Use and doesn’t quote so extensively from Tolkien's work as to run afoul of it. All quotation is used for the purpose of supporting the analysis that forms the vast majority of the work.
Eldatencelion started as a timeline of all the changes that took place forming the Elvish writing systems according to the information given in Appendix E to The Lord of the Rings. An early form was hosted kindly in Gwaith-i-Phethdain in a portable document format, and was soon translated into Italian by Eldalie.it. It was ported to wiki format on January 2005 and has been improved and changed ever since.
On reading this document
The reader must have the following way of formatting in mind:
- Names of published corpus are in bold: LotR, King’s Letter, Moria Gate Inscription
- Words or sounds used as samples (usually elvish) are in italic: thúle, parma
- Tengwar names are not in italic, but their first letter is capital: Thúle, Parma
- Minus < and major > are used to show etymological process or change in pronounciation: *áse > áze > áre
- Non-attested hypothetical forms (usually archaic) are asterisked: alda < *galadâ
- Wrong forms are asterisked twice: alda < *galadâ, not **aladâ
- Primitive stems and etymological roots are always in capital: alda < GALAD
FA, SA and TA mean First, Second and Third Age respectively.
Note: The document makes heavy use of certain fonts of Tengwar, Runes and, in a case, Sarati. The fonts that need to be installed in order to view this document properly are:
- Sarati Eldamar and
- Tengwar Parmaite, both by Måns Björkman
- Cirth Erebor by Dan Smith
- Gondolindic Runes by Ronald Kyrmse
Some other compatible fonts will also work since most of the best-known tengwar fonts follow the layout proposed by Dan Smith. In some cases, Tengwar doesn’t render correctly in Internet Explorer, so other browsers are recommended (the display is fine in Mozilla Firefox). The problem can alternatively be overpassed by copying and pasting the text into a word processor such as MS Word.
The present form of the essay owes much to the contributions of knowledge by Helge Fauskanger, Måns Björkman, Daniel Adriës, Ryszard Derdzinski, Carl Hos and others, as well as the editors of Vinyar Tengwar. | <urn:uuid:00d097c0-e3da-463a-b23d-c2c0d3665fed> | {
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For more than month, the Amazon has been ravaged by a large number of fires in Brazil and neighboring countries. This unprecedented number of fires aggravates the climate crisis and, with it, the threat of increasingly harmful natural disasters.
As a response, AIDA has called for the governments of the Amazon basin to adopt urgent measures to stop the fires. AIDA’s Brazilian attorney, Marcella Torres, participated on a televised panel to discuss the impacts of the fires and to raise awareness of the situation. In addition, we called on citizens and the international community to pressure the governments of Brazil and the other countries of the region to reverse course and effectively protect the Amazon, its biodiversity, and the people who depend on it.
The consequences of these fires are particularly devastating for the biodiversity of the area and for the communities that inhabit it, making this a situation that requires increasingly urgent and effective actions.
The Amazon holds 20% of the Earth's unfrozen fresh water and is home to a quarter of the world's species. In addition, the Amazon jungle releases about 20% of the oxygen we breathe and stores 90 to 140 billion tons of carbon dioxide, regulating the global climate. The international scientific community has emphatically pointed out that the destruction of tropical forests causes 20% of greenhouse gas emissions.
For this reason, the Amazon ecosystem is vital for mitigating the climate crisis. The current fires demonstrate that the Amazon is now more vulnerable than before due to a combination of factors, including increased droughts, deforestation, unsustainable use of soil and subsoil, and development projects.
The Belo Monte Dam is one of the projects making the rainforest more vulnerable. That’s why we’ve worked relentlessly to support the indigenous communities fighting against it. As one of the biggest development projects in the Amazon, it’s impacts and the importance of our fight is now more relevant than ever.
Scientific evidence demonstrates that hydropower projects are a significant source of greenhouse gases—CO2 and, particularly, methane—and they have a significant role in aggravating climate change.
The policies, rhetoric and actions of Jair Bolsonaro's government have the same impact, actively dismantling due protection of the Amazon and its indigenous peoples. His administration intensified recent attempts to undermine Brazil’s progressive legislation on environmental protection and human rights - especially those of indigenous peoples, quilombolas (descendants of African slaves), family farmers and other traditional populations. They irresponsibly promote the expansion of the agricultural, livestock and extractive frontier in the Amazon, resulting in increased deforestation and the consequences we are witnessing today.
Because of this, we have publically demanded that our region’s governments take concrete actions to:
- Strengthen institutions and environmental norms,
- Immediately suspend rhetoric that encourages deforestation and the destruction of the Amazon,
- Stop the indiscriminate expansion of the agricultural, livestock and extractive frontier in the area,
- Adopt proper land use and planning,
- Ensure the existence and restoration of ecosystem life cycles, and
- Control deforestation and conserve the Amazon with the financial and technical support of multilateral international cooperation. | <urn:uuid:e08d33c3-0559-4c41-b08e-71bd6dc26b62> | {
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Martin Luther King, Jr. Day is only a few days away and soon the nation will once again remember and honor a martyr to the cause of civil rights. In a previous article entitled Civil Rights Hero - Martin Luther King, Jr. we paid homage to this man who effectively changed life as we know it for all the races in the United States. His wife, Unsung Civil Rights Hero - Coretta Scott King by his side, he was able to undo decades of ill treatment, dehumanization, and state sponsored indignities that were rained upon “coloreds.” Yet Mr. and Mrs. King, Jr. did not do so alone and by themselves, but instead surrounded themselves with likeminded allies who worked just as tireless and as determined to see justice done and equality achieved.
One such ally was Bayard Rustin. Born in 1912, Mr. Rustin was a native of West Chester, Pennsylvania. A life-long student, Mr. Rustin never lost his Quaker roots that demanded the ethical and peaceful treatment of fellow humans, no matter their color, creed, politics, or even sexuality. Once noted and always maligned for his early ties to the communist party, he later became disillusioned with the set and instead remained true to his democratic socialist roots. Pacifist through and through, he endured three years in prison for refusing to register for the draft or accepting the token service open to Quakers.
Bayard Rustin’s accomplishments read like the curriculum vitae of a man committed to a noble cause, and one of his crowning achievements was the collaboration with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. that became the famous 1963 March on Washington. Yet perhaps this very accomplishment also became the spotlight that suddenly shone on the early hypocrisy within the civil rights movement itself: homophobia. Mr. Rustin’s openly gay lifestyle had many of the more conservative voices calling for Dr. King’s distancing himself from Mr. Rustin. While Dr. King did give in at times to these demands, he refused to do so completely.
It saddens many to see that this great man was oftentimes openly shunned by his contemporaries, even though he was fighting against the common enemy of racism. At the same time, it is comforting to note that toward the end of his life Mr. Rustin was able to not only speak out about the racial prejudices he had to endure, but also the anti-gay prejudice he was forced to endure.
Sadly his name is not often mentioned on Dr. King’s day of remembrance, yet in all fairness, Bayard Rustin’s role in the civil rights movement demands a mention now as well as in the future.
Your host's product recommendation: | <urn:uuid:c8b7a409-4484-440e-945d-0da79f1c68c4> | {
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At many higher education institutions, we have reached the crucial time of year where we select our textbooks for the upcoming academic year. Often, we have textbook companies explaining why their books are the best choice, but there is an alternative option that faculty members may not be aware of… Open Educational Resources (OER).
What are OER
My favourite definition of OER comes from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
UNESCO defines OER as:
teaching, learning or research materials that are in the public domain or released with intellectual property licenses that facilitate the free use, adaptation and distribution of resources.
They go on to state:
UNESCO believes that universal access to high quality education contributes peace, sustainable social and economic development, and intercultural dialogue. OER provides a strategic opportunity to improve the quality of education as well as improve policy dialogue, knowledge-sharing and capacity-building.
While there are many benefits to using OER, such as increased student success metrics, improved engagement with course materials, and the overall quality of the materials, I would like to focus on student savings and faculty collaboration specifically.
In these unprecedented times, OER are needed more than ever. Due to the global pandemic, our students could benefit from removing the financial strain of purchasing textbooks. As an example, in 2019 I reviewed the textbooks costs of the first year of an Ontario College business program. If a student purchased each of the required textbooks, their total textbook cost for the academic year would have been $1,118.58.
The following year, the business programs started to use OER within two of their courses. The switch resulted in each student saving between $140.63 – $160.01 for the academic year, with a total savings of $171,438.28 for all students that academic year.
As faculty pivot to remote learning, many of us are feeling overwhelmed with trying to put together resources and assessments that align with our course learning outcomes. Rather than working in silos, imagine if we all worked together and shared our resources with an open license.
Faculty could start with using an openly licensed textbook and make the appropriate changes to meet the needs of their course. In many cases, assessments are available for the open textbooks, and where they are not, faculty could work collaboratively to create and share the resources that are created.
OER leaders within Canada
Please note: this is a small list of the many people and organizations doing great things in the field of OER.
There are already several institutions and individuals making an impact through the use of Open Educational Resources. A few that immediately come to mind are:
Kwantlen Polytech (KPU)
KPU is known as one of the leading Canadian higher education institutions in the area of OER support and adoptions. Under the leadership of Dr. Rajiv Jhangiani, KPU developed a five-year Open Education Strategic Plan, and support their employees with OER development grants.
Through their dedication to open education initiatives, KPU has been able to ensure that over 700 of their courses have $0 textbook costs, and seven programs have $0 textbook costs.
For more information on the great things happening at KPU, please visit https://www.kpu.ca/open/educational-resources.
Ontario Tech University (Ontario Tech)
Ontario Tech is an innovative university that has both a bottom-up and top-down approach to OER. Not only are the faculty at Ontario Tech discussing and using OER, but their president Dr. Steven Murphy is also a known advocate for the use of OER. The homepage of the Ontario Tech OER website has a message from Dr. Murphy that states:
Where possible, I want to encourage our faculty and staff to consider the adoption of open educational resources. Let’s help our students achieve their greatest potential and get the most out of their education.
eCampusOntario and BCcampus
eCampusOntario and BCcampus are government-funded organizations that support OER at a system level. Supporting colleges and universities within their respective provinces, their knowledgeable staff provide guidance, support, and digital tools. The eCampusOntario Open Library and BCCampus Open Ed website provide access to an extensive collection of OER and highlight the impacts that the use of OER has had on their provinces.
These organizations have also provided the opportunity for faculty to collaborate on the development of OER in the past. The best moment of my career in the field of education took place as a program manager for the Open at Scale – Business OER Project. While the project only lasted for four months, we were able to do a lot in a short period of time. We brought faculty together to develop ancillary resources for two open textbooks, and report $581,146.07 in savings for the 2019/2020 academic year.
What can you do to support the use of OER?
Depending on your role, there are several things you can do to support the use of OER at your institution.
Are you in a leadership role?
New and experienced faculty look to you for guidance on emerging trends within higher education. Whether you are a vice-president academic, in charge of the teaching and learning centre, or are a dean, you can help inform faculty about the benefits of OER. A few great ways to are:
- Distribute information about OER. eCampusOntario has a helpful webpage to learn more about OER and a comprehensive Open Library;
- Run workshops at your institution to educate faculty on OER; and
- Allow your faculty time to research OER in their field, and to incorporate OER within their curriculum.
Are you a faculty member?
Most institutions will have supports in place to help you leverage OER in your teaching practices. The typical places to start are the campus library, the teaching and learning centre, or finding colleagues within your institution that are already using OER.
If you require help getting started, please do not hesitate to contact me. I am passionate about open education and would love to help you support your students and empower your teaching with OER. | <urn:uuid:fd57c943-14ae-4c15-b9b2-58e7174efc13> | {
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In the past few years, there’s been a surge in new terminology and identity labels. Let’s talk about why labels matter and the LGBTQIA+ community:
- Labels Describe, Not Define
Having a word for your identity means you can describe who you are to others. If you don’t have the language to describe how you feel, you can’t articulate it to others. This can be incredibly isolating for trans people. However, labels can change over time, and that is okay. Sexual orientation and gender identity are fluid, and can change over time, and the language you use to describe your experiences is allowed to change to reflect that.
- Finding a Community
Discovering that there is a word for your experience can be an extreme relief for queer people. Not only can you finally describe what you’re feeling, but you can then find a community of people who share a similar identity and experience. Having peer support can help to reduce internalised shame and promote better wellbeing.
- But Why All These New Words?
While these identities have always existed, there haven’t always been the words for us to describe ourselves and find a community. Thanks to the internet, social media, and greater societal acceptance, the language and terminology is developing to create new communities.
- But I Don’t Want to Label Myself!
That’s okay too! If you don’t feel a deep connection to any label, you don’t have to label yourself. However, please do respect the language and terminology that others use for themselves. For others, labels can be a very important and deeply-felt part of their identity.
- What Are Some Common Labels?
- Gay: attraction to persons of the same gender.
- Bisexual: attraction to two or more genders.
- Pansexual: attraction to individuals regardless of sex or gender identity.
- Asexual: a term for someone who does not experience sexual attraction
- Aromantic: a term for someone who does not experience romantic attaction
- Queer: an umbrella term for a wide range of non-conforming gender identities and sexual orientations
- Demisexual: a term for someone who does not experience sexual attraction unless they form a strong emotional connection with someone.
- Transgender: an umbrella term that describes a wide range of gender identities where an individual’s gender identity is incongruent with their assigned sex at birth.
- Cisgender: a description of a person whose gender identity aligns with their sex assigned at birth
- Trans man: assigned female at birth and identifies as male.
- Trans woman: assigned male at birth and identifies as female.
- Non-binary: an umbrella term for a person, regardless of assignment at birth, who identifies as a gender that is not exclusively male or female.
- Agender: does not identify with any gender
- Bigender: identifies as fluctuating between the two binary genders (male and female)
- Genderqueer: identifies as a gender not exclusively male or female (often used interchangeably with non-binary)
- Demigirl: identifies as partially, but not exclusively female
- Demiboy: identifies as partially, but not exclusively male
- Trans masculine: assigned female at birth and identifies more strongly with masculinity. This includes trans men, demiboys, and other masculine-of-centre genders.
- Trans feminine: assigned male at birth, but identifies more strongly with femininity. This includes trans women, demigirls, and other feminine-of-centre genders.
For me, finding the words to describe what I was feeling was an incredible relief. I’d spent my whole life knowing I was a boy, but not knowing that it was possible to do something about my body to make it align with my mind. In the absence of a label for my identity, I had other labels like ‘freak’ and ‘dyke’ thrust upon me, which was negative and damaging.
When I stumbled upon the word ‘transgender’, I felt like a weight was lifted. I thought I’d have to live my entire life miserable and uncomfortable in my own skin. Once I knew the word for what I was feeling, I used the internet to find role models, resources, and information. I went from being completely alone in the world to finding an entire online community in less than a day. Discovering that there’s a word for what you’re feeling can bring with it an immense feeling of relief and connection. Labels aren’t everyone’s cup of tea, but they can save lives. | <urn:uuid:8ed5c40e-448c-48e5-8d3e-356792f25af9> | {
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A tough mission which will take two decades but the team of scientists and entrepreneurs believe they can do it.
The project Breakthrough STARSHOT is coordinated by Stephen Hawking , Mark Zuckerberg and the Russian billionaire Yuri Milner. Their goal is to make the first real interstellar trip by leading a fleet of robotic spacecraft, the size of a smartphone, to the vicinity of Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system to the Sun.
An incredible journey of 4.37 light years (44.5 thousand billion kilometers), which would be covered in just 20 years. Not bad, if you consider that the object’s distance from Earth. Presently, Voyager 1, launched in 1977 in almost twenty years has traveled just 18 thousand light hours.
The details of the mission shall states that the mother ship will take off and release in space a fleet of a thousand miniaturized probes. These tiny sails will then travel toward Alpha Centauri driven by a series of laser beams sent directly from Earth at a speed of 50 thousand kilometers per second, or about one-fifth compared to that of light.
In twenty years time, the surviving probes would arrive at the star to send precious images and measurements. The total cost of the mission, as stated on the official website, varies between 5 and 10 billion dollars, of which Milner has pledged to cover 100 million for the first phase of research and development, leading the hunt for future investors.
Pete Worden, former director of NASA’s Ames Research Center, will handle direct operation of the project. They will rely on the collaboration of Avi Loeb, a Harvard astronomer Martin Rees, the British astronomer Saul Perlmutter, Nobel Prize for physics in 2011, Freeman Dyson, mathematician of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and others.
According to Worden even the European Space Agency was made aware of the mission for future collaborations. They will certainly be necessary, given the enormous economic and technological undertaking of the project.
The most difficult challenge is that of the construction of laser sources that should feed the sails. According to Loeb, the energy source may be a radioactive element such as americium which should generate the power of 100 gigawatts to accelerate the probes up to one-fifth the speed of light; the same power to take off a Space Shuttle and a hundred times that produced by a nuclear power plant. Laser sources also should be perfectly aligned and synchronized: a slightest mistake would sabotage the whole mission. But Hawking and company are convinced they can do it. | <urn:uuid:0c5af61f-b796-4f50-948a-56517c0a77c0> | {
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Warren Harding, a Republican, began his political career in 1898 by winning election to the Ohio senate, where he served until 1903. He was Ohio’s lieutenant governor from 1904 to 1906 but lost his bid for the governorship in 1910. Two years later, he stepped into the national spotlight at the Republican National Convention when he gave a speech nominating President William Taft (1857-1930) for a second term. In 1914, Harding was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he remained until his 1921 presidential inauguration. The congenial Harding had an undistinguished career in the Senate. While he supported high protective tariffs and opposed President Woodrow Wilson’s (1856-1924) plan for the League of Nations, Harding was generally a conciliator and took few strong stands on any issues.
At the 1920 Republican National Convention, delegates deadlocked over their choice for a presidential nominee and eventually chose Harding as a compromise candidate. Calvin Coolidge, the governor of Massachusetts, was selected as his vice presidential running mate. The Democrats named James Cox (1870-1957), the governor of Ohio, as their presidential candidate; Franklin Roosevelt (1882-1945), the former assistant secretary of the Navy (and future 32nd U.S. president), was picked as his running mate.
In the aftermath of World War I and the social changes of the Progressive Era, the pro-business Harding advocated a “return to normalcy.” He conducted a front-porch campaign from his home in Marion, and thousands of people travelled there to hear him speak. (Due to the high volume of visitors, Harding’s front lawn had to be replaced with gravel).
In the general election, the Harding-Coolidge ticket defeated the Democrats in the largest landslide up to that time, capturing some 60 percent of the popular vote and an electoral margin of 404-127. It was the first presidential election in which women across the United States could vote, having gained the right with the ratification of the 19th Amendment in August 1920. | <urn:uuid:4a28719b-a913-4d1c-be55-4f2d9d373654> | {
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Some politicians are calling for new regulation and restrictions on firearms, but why and how does the Second Amendment strengthen liberty? In a thoughtful post at the Carolina Journal today, Troy Kickler offers this historical assessment:
What did early jurists and constitutional commentators say regarding the Second Amendment? St. George Tucker in View of the Constitution of the United States (1803), the first systematic commentary on the Constitution after its ratification, describes the Second Amendment to be “the true palladium of liberty.”
As the preservation of the statue of Pallas in mythological Troy — the Palladium — needed to be protected for the ancient city’s preservation, so the Virginian believed that the amendment ensured liberty’s protection in the United States. If the nation had a “standing army” — Revolutionary era-Americans’ description for a full-time, professional army — while individual Americans were denied the “right to keep and bear arms,” then “liberty, if not already annihilated,” Tucker wrote, “is on the brink of destruction.”
To Tucker, the Second Amendment is the linchpin that ensures the existence of all the other liberties.
Tucker was not alone. Although U.S. Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story believed the national government should have more authority than did Tucker, both jurists interpreted the Second Amendment as liberty’s safeguard. In 1833, Story noted in his influential Commentaries of the Constitution: “The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered as the palladium of the liberties of the republic, since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpation and arbitrary power of rulers, and will generally, even if these are successful in the first instance, enable the people to resist and triumph over them.”
These jurists repeated a widespread interpretation that had been practiced by the states. The first state constitutions — which remained unaltered and in effect after the Constitution’s ratification — protected individual rights to possess and bear arms and allowed for a state militia.
I’ve argued before that attacks on the Second Amendment is an attack against the very notion of self-government. What good reason would Americans have to trust a government that doesn’t trust free citizens with arms? There is an essential moral point here, and that is the American Founders simply stated that power is inherent in the people. Or as Ronald Reagan put it, “We are a nation that has a government–not the other way around.”
In Federalist #46, James Madison points out that many of the European states do not trust their people with arms, and therefore liberty is not held among the people. Furthermore, Madison argues in America, it is the duty of the armed citizen to be liberty’s ultimate defender. That has to be true for a government where the power and rights are inherent in the people.
Unfortunately, we are losing the deeper ties to self-government almost daily, and the lack of morality and virtue in society is a cancer that threatens these truths for all of us. As we’ve seen through history, collectivism knows no limits when it comes to terror and subjugation. That’s why self-government and all of our inherent rights are essential, and a moral bedrock for a free society. | <urn:uuid:8b05b45b-d0b9-48e7-8d02-42f2fcffe010> | {
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Most people think of Jane Austen as the quintessential romantic author. But this summer, as the Novels of Jane Austen class conversed our way through Pride and Prejudice, Northanger Abbey, and Emma over tea and Scottish shortbread, the students repeatedly remarked that there was much more to Austen than love, courtship, and marriage.
Certainly the romantic storylines of the novels are their centerpieces—made particularly familiar by various film adaptations of them. But less-frequently noticed are Austen’s less-romantic themes such as the importance of friendship, the importance of listening to and accepting wise counsel, the danger of judging by appearances, the danger of going through life without examining your heart and conscience, and the necessity of being resolute in your convictions.
The theme that particularly struck me as the tutor was Austen’s emphasis on the importance of precise language. Since I frequently challenge my students to write with greater exactness, I was delighted that Austen gave so many examples of the danger of inexact language and the necessity of clarity.
Since the core of understanding language is defining terms, I will begin by defining what I mean by “precise language”. “Precise language” is speaking or writing with words that communicate exactly what the speaker or writer intends to say. To do this, the speaker or writer must pay close attention to the various connotations and shades of meaning that words have. This is difficult because words are often used so casually that we have not really taken the time to think about precisely what they mean and how our audience may receive them. Words often have one meaning according to the dictionary or according to older texts and a very different meaning in popular, modern use. For example, “freedom” according to the American Founding Fathers meant specifically “the ability to live your life how you want as long as you do not violate the God-given rights of other people”. But when most people today talk about freedom, they mean “the ability to live your life how you want without any restrictions at all”.
Throughout the three novels we studied, Jane Austen’s characters—almost always led by the story’s hero—emphasize the importance of precise language.
In Pride and Prejudice, probably the most important dialogue on the topic occurs when Elizabeth and Jane Bennet are visiting Netherfield Park, and Mr. Bingley, Elizabeth, the novel’s heroine, and Mr. Darcy, the novel’s hero, debate the significance of Mr. Bingley’s writing speed. Mr. Bingley says he thinks so quickly that he has to write so quickly that his writing is careless; as a result, the people who receive his letters cannot understand what he meant to say. Mr. Darcy replies that Mr. Bingley is only appearing to be humble in confessing this so-called “fault” of hasty writing; in reality, Mr. Darcy says, Mr. Bingley wants to be complimented on his writing speed. Shortly afterwards, Mr. Darcy says that Mr. Bingley is too-easily persuaded by his friends to change his plans. Elizabeth interjects that this is a good thing because it is important to yield to your friends’ wishes. But Mr. Darcy counters that it is vital to establish exactly the circumstances in which it would be good to yield to your friends’ wishes. Any reader could think of many examples—including Mr. Darcy’s own subsequent efforts to persuade Mr. Bingley that Jane does not love Mr. Bingley—where yielding to friends would indeed be disastrous. This conversation about Mr. Bingley’s writing speed comes early in the novel and prepares the reader to evaluate the characters’ later decisions to pursue or reject truth and to yield, or not yield, to the persuasions of their friends.
In Northanger Abbey, precise language plays a much greater role than in Pride and Prejudice. The novel’s hero, Mr. Tilney, makes at least four speeches about it. The first speech occurs at the ball where the novel’s heroine, Catherine Morland, talks to her deceitful acquaintance John Thorpe while she is supposed to be dancing with Mr. Tilney. When Mr. Tilney teasingly chides her, Catherine states that marriage and dancing are too different to be compared. But Mr. Tilney argues that dancing is similar to marriage because both dancing partners commit to be gracious toward each other for the entire dance, so that one dancing partner cannot leave the dance to converse with another dancer without grieving her own partner. To be a good dancing partner requires that both dancing partners choose to put one another first over other possible dancing partners.
Mr. Tilney’s second speech on precise language occurs a few days later when he, his sister, and Catherine are taking a walk to a nearby hill. Catherine says she thought that “young men despised novels amazingly”—by which she means she thought all young men despise novels intensely. But Mr. Tilney comments that young men prove they do not despise novels because they read so many novels; he points out that it would be an “amazing” thing if young men did despise novels, since they read so many of them. Catherine then calls one novel “nice”, by which she means that it is interesting and fun to read. But Mr. Tilney corrects her expression by saying that “nice” truly indicates “propriety, delicacy, or refinement”, and that “nice” is now used to describe everything including days and walks. When the topic changes to studying history—a subject which both Mr. and Miss. Tilney love—Catherine says that historians write history books “only for the torment of little boys and girls”. But Mr. Tilney comments that Catherine has misused “torment” to mean “instruct” and that historians are no more responsible for the difficulties of learning to read history books than novelists are responsible for the difficulties of learning to read novels.
The third speech Mr. Tilney makes about precise language occurs after an evening when Catherine observes that Isabella Thorpe, another of her deceitful acquaintances who is engaged to Catherine’s brother, James, has broken her promise not to dance at the ball in order to dance with Mr. Tilney’s handsome brother, Captain Tilney. Catherine tells Mr. Tilney that Captain Tilney is “causing” James great pain because Isabella now seems to care more for Captain Tilney than for James. But Mr. Tilney responds that it is not Captain Tilney who is “causing” James pain: it is Isabella’s own lack of commitment to James that is causing James pain.
Mr. Tilney makes his fourth observation on Catherine’s imprecise language when Catherine attempts to change the subject after he finds her disobeying General Tilney’s order not to go into the closed wing of Northanger Abbey. Catherine says she is surprised that Isabella has not kept her word to write to Catherine even though she “promised so faithfully to write”. Mr. Tilney observes that he is puzzled by Catherine’s concept of a “faithful promise”—since if Isabella has promised something faithfully, it merely means that she said that promise consistently, not that she actually keeps her word.
In debating these definitions of “marriage”, “amazing”, “nice”, “cause”, and “promise”, Mr. Tilney may seem to be the pedantic grammarian type whom Catherine inexplicably cannot help loving. Miss. Tilney laughingly acknowledges her beloved brother’s tendency to imitate “Dr. Johnson’s” dictionary writing, and certainly Mr. Tilney cares about Catherine herself far more than he cares about her use of language. But Mr. Tilney, and Jane Austen, do make an important point: the correct use of language is fundamental to human life, and it is vital that people who love one another are able to communicate precisely.
Yet precise language is ultimately important not merely because it prevents misunderstandings but because it is part of the pursuit of truth that must underlie the deepest relationships. Austen makes this point most beautifully in her greatest novel—Emma.
Emma Woodhouse is a spoiled brat who thinks she knows best how to marry off everyone in her small town of Highbury. The only person who takes the trouble to point out the serious faults in her character is her brother-in-law, Mr. Knightley—probably the most aptly-named character in literature. After Emma’s governess, Miss. Taylor, marries Mr. Weston, Emma congratulates herself that the idea they should marry was her invention. Her high opinion of her own judgment then leads her to match the impoverished-but-pretty Harriet Smith with the dandified-and-petty Mr. Elton—instead of allowing Harriet to marry her kind farmer friend, Mr. Martin. Although Mr. Knightley warns Emma not to toy with others’ lives, Emma is shocked when Mr. Elton tells her that he loves her instead of Harriet. Emma wisely resolves not to make any more matches, but she is drawn in to Mrs. Weston’s fancy that Mr. Knightley is in love with the accomplished newcomer, Jane Fairfax. Into this milieux gallops Frank Churchill, with whom Emma briefly imagines that she might be in love; but after deciding she is mistaken, she encourages Harriet to try for him. Harriet, though, having been well-trained by Emma to dream of marrying men who are much richer and more sensible than herself, begins to imagine that Mr. Knightley is in love with her. Only by acknowledging the truth about her own foolishness can Emma conclude that she herself is the one whom Mr. Knightley should marry. However, Mr. Knightley has been under the impression that Emma was in love with Frank Churchill, and Frank has deceived everyone because he has been secretly engaged to Jane Fairfax the entire time.
With a plot involving so much manipulation and deceit, Austen makes love of truth the paramount virtue; and much of the emphasis on truth is developed through Emma’s debates with Mr. Knightley about the meanings of words. Their first debate comes only a few pages into the novel when Emma is enjoying her “success” in bringing Miss. Taylor and Mr. Weston together. She defines “success”, of course, as achieving the outcome she imagined would be good, while Mr. Knightley reminds her that “success supposes endeavour… You made a lucky guess; and that is all that can be said.”
After Emma persuades Harriet to reject Mr. Martin’s marriage proposal and try for Mr. Elton, Mr. Knightley—alarmed at having encouraged Mr. Martin to propose to a young lady who has turned out to be so inconstant—tells Emma that her interference has seriously hurt two people. Emma retorts that Mr. Martin is not Harriet’s “equal”, intending to argue that Harriet deserves a lover of higher social status. But Mr. Knightley returns the phrase with a new meaning: sensible, humble Mr. Martin is a faithful friend, and thoughtless, increasingly-proud Harriet is inconstant, so she certainly is not his “equal”.
It is several weeks before unrepentant Emma attempts to befriend Mr. Knightley again. They talk while they observe Emma’s little nephews and nieces, and Mr. Knightley observes that he was sixteen when Emma was born. Emma posits that the twenty-one years that have passed have given her an “understanding” much closer to Mr. Knightley’s; but he responds that their different circumstances have required him to develop a much more mature “understanding”: “I have still the advantage of you by sixteen-years’ experience, and by not being a pretty young woman and a spoilt child.”
The next two debates over definitions between Emma and Mr. Knightley occur in their conversations about Frank Churchill. Frank has very rudely failed to attend his father’s marriage to Miss. Taylor and has further delayed visiting Highbury on the flimsy premise that his adopted family cannot spare him. Emma—knowingly going against her own better judgment—defends Frank, saying that it would be “unnatural” for him to ignore his own father so callously; but Mr. Knightley reminds her that every person has faults, and it would be truly “unnatural” for Frank to be faultless. Emma continues defending Frank by saying that he must certainly be very “amiable”, meaning, as the French do, that he must be very agreeable and friendly; but Mr. Knightley counters that, while Frank may be very amiable, he is not “amiable” in the English sense of showing respect for the concerns of other people.
Emma and Mr. Knightley conclude their series of definitions as they discuss Jane Fairfax. Emma is embarrassed that Jane is so much more accomplished than she is, so she has started their acquaintance by giving Jane the cold shoulder, despite their closeness in age and Jane’s relative poverty. Emma begins her conversation with Mr. Knightley by blandly noting that Jane is too “reserved”—meaning that Jane is so quiet and shy that she seems unfriendly; but Mr. Knightley encourages Emma to try to befriend Jane because shyness can be overcome. He then states that the “reserve” of discretion is nevertheless vital. However, as events develop, Mr. Knightley comes to observe—as all of the characters ultimately discover—that Jane’s extreme “reserve” is really a form of dishonesty. When Mrs. Weston and Emma test Mr. Knightley to see whether he is in love with Jane, he frankly admits that “anybody may know how highly I think of her”, since she is—for the most part—a young lady of high moral character. But in the greatest sense, Mr. Knightley cannot “think highly” of Jane because she “has not the open temper which a man would wish for in a wife”: he cannot tell whether she is entirely truthful.
Events culminate with the party at Box Hill when Emma snaps out an insult at Miss. Bates, a kindly old woman whose only fault is that she talks very much about very trivial matters. Miss. Bates is honestly mortified that she has hurt “dear Miss. Woodhouse”, and Mr. Knightley, grieved on Miss. Bates’ behalf, resolves to confront Emma, even though he believes she may be so offended that she will end their friendship and turn to the flattering and handsome Frank Churchill. “This is not pleasant to you, Emma,” Mr. Knightley closes his reprimand, “and it is very far from pleasant to me; but I must, I will—I will tell you truths while I can, satisfied with proving myself your friend by very faithful counsel, and trusting that you will some time or other do me greater justice than you can do now.” Emma later reflects on his words with humbled admiration: “How shocked had he been by her behavior to Miss Bates! How directly, how strongly had he expressed himself to her on the subject!—Not too strongly for the offense—but far, far too strongly to issue from any feeling softer than upright justice and clear-sighted good will.”
Soon afterward, news arrives that Frank Churchill has been engaged to Jane Fairfax since before either of them moved to Highbury. Emma, concerned for Harriet—whom she has assumed to be in love with Frank—then receives another surprise when Harriet tells her that she believes Mr. Knightley is in love with herself.
As the novel nears its close, Harriet has proven to be easily deceived, Frank has proven to be the opposite of frank, and Jane has proven to be quietly hypocritical. Among all Emma’s acquaintance, only Mr. Knightley has steadily upheld truth—even when it is likely to offend her and cost him her friendship. And his knightly defense of truth is not lost on Emma. She tells Mrs. Weston that Mr. Knightley is characterized by his openness and honesty. She tells herself that “warmth and tenderness of heart, with an affectionate, open manner, will beat all the clearness of head in the world, for attraction”. When Emma comes to a true understanding of her own failings, she is appalled at her own opposition to Mr. Knightley’s uprightness and recognizes that “she had often been negligent or perverse, slighting his advice, or even willfully opposing him, insensible of half his merits, and quarreling with him because he would not acknowledge her false and insolent estimate of her own”.
When at last Mr. Knightley begins his proposal to Emma, she is convinced that he is about to tell her that he loves Harriet. Nevertheless, Emma demonstrates her commitment to truth by telling him, “I will hear whatever you like. I will tell you exactly what I think.” Emma is so shocked when Mr. Knightley tells her he loves her that she cannot reply immediately. He reminds her, as his actions have said all along, “You will hear nothing but truth from me.”
Emma and Mr. Knightley both have their faults, but of all the residents of Highbury, they are the only ones deeply devoted to the pursuit of truth. And that makes their happy union possible—despite the lack of “finery and parade” at their wedding ceremony.
Together, Austen’s three novels demonstrate the importance of upholding truth, even when family, friends, and whole towns are deceived or deceiving. Austen makes this point in a way that can seem tedious or even unimportant: by having her characters debate the meanings of words. Granted that, as an author, words are Austen’s life, her works steadily insist that words play vital roles in all of our lives. Granted that, although the characters who debate the meanings of words are the characters who ultimately marry one another, Austen’s novels show that precise communication lays a solid foundation for every relationship. As Mr. Knightley tells Emma:
“Mystery; Finesse—how they pervert the understanding! My Emma, does not everything serve to prove more and more the beauty of truth and sincerity in all our dealings with each other?”
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Stages of Grief and Bereavement
by Brent Hall
MFCC Graduate Student
[ What is it? | Some Stages of Grief | Helpful Publications ]
Grief en español.
What is it?
Grief is a natural human emotion that helps people heal after a period of loss in their life. The grieving process can be triggered by many different experiences--from the painful death of a loved one to something as simple as an unexpected poor showing on an exam. Many persons also go through a period of grief when facing an unexpected or sudden move to a distant city or in the aftermath of a romantic break-up. Nearly any event of unexpected change can bring feelings of loss that at first can seem overwhelming.
Many persons find that with some of the minor setbacks in life they need no more than a talk with a good friend or an afternoon shopping at the mall to get through many of their feelings of grief. Sometimes something as simple as a well-timed hot fudge sundae or a mini-vacation from work or school can be monumental in helping re-shape the perceptions of the loss and aid the individual in reorganizing his or her life in a way that atones for the recent loss.
However, in cases of severe loss, such as with death, divorce or terminal illness, persons might find the grieving process much more drawn out and difficult to accept than what they might be used to at other times of loss in their life. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross MD., in her book, On Death and Dying (1970), reports that persons go through similar stages of grief in similar order when coping with catastrophic loss in their life. Her findings show that people's first reaction is denial, following by anger, then bargaining, depression and finally acceptance.
Some Stages of Grief
Denial: A person's refusal to admit the reality of the impending loss. Divorced persons tell themselves they will one day reunite with their spouses. Persons who have lost their sight or hearing tell themselves their afflicted bodies will heal. Because these self-reassurances bring a temporary peace to the soul of the griever, many persons in this stage wrongly believe they are not grieving at all but instead have accepted the reality of the situation.
Anger: A "Why me?" attitude. Griever might be envious of others health, marriages, etc. depending on the specific type of loss. May express feelings of unfairness and rage at being "cheated."
Bargaining: Many terminally ill persons attempt to bargain with some sort of deity for more time to live. Divorced persons feel guilt of their actions that led to the divorce and wish for another chance with their ex-spouse. Grievers fantasize about making deals with God or others where they give up something of value to them for more time or another opportunity depending on the situation.
Depression: The most well-known and most effective stage of healing for the griever. In this stage the person admits the reality of their loss and grieves for the individual or themselves, whichever is appropriate. Many persons report it is not until this stage that they first cry out of genuine sadness for the loss.
Acceptance: Griever acknowledges that the death, separation, health problem etc. will forever be a part of their normal life. Any unfinished business is taken care of in this stage and the griever ends up at peace with her or himself and the world.
The time each griever spends in each stage varies tremendously depending on the type of loss and each unique individual. Some persons might find themselves in one particular stage of grief one day and on to the next stage soon after. Some grievers might spend weeks or months in a stage. With catastrophic loss, such as with the loss or death of a spouse or sudden blindness or loss of one's limbs, a person might spend years in a particular stage. Kubler-Ross found that 2-3 years of grieving is not uncommon for survivors after the sudden loss of a loved one.
The methods of grieving also vary between the genders and among different cultures. Some persons might find they enter and exit one or more of the stages very quickly or skip a stage all together. Men tend to focus their grief inward more than women, so they tend to be more prone to longer periods in the earlier stages since it isn't as "manly" to feel or express pain. Some cultures acknowledge losses like death for a period of weeks and months rather than the usual few days of public mourning most Americans are used to. Such activities promote a wide variance of reactions to the grieving process among different cultures.
Kubler-Ross's five stages provide a framework to help a grieving individual assess her or his own grieving process. Persons can determine where they are in the stages and anticipate feelings that might come in the future as they complete the grieving process. While it is not uncommon to spend weeks and months in a period of bereavement after suffering a loss, some persons get stuck in one of the stages and could benefit from professional help with a counselor to help sort out their feelings regarding their loss.
Helpful publications about grief:
Many of these books can be found at your local public library or bookstore. We hope you will find these suggestions helpful. But, remember, sometimes you may need more help to get where you want to be in life. So, please, if you feel like you need more help, check out the resource pages to find a professional helper.
On Death and Dying by Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, Md. (1970).
Coping with the Final Tragedy: Cultural Variation in Dying and Grieving by David R. Counts, (1991).
Death in the Midst of Life: Social and Cultural Influences on Death, Grief, and Mourning by Jack B. Kamerman, (1988).
Please feel free to email Amigos questions or
comments about this topic.
[ Amigos | Dr.
Carmen Guanipa ]
Last revised January 13, 1999.
Edited by Dr.
Dept. of Counseling and School
San Diego State University.
Copyright © 1999 -- All Rights Reserved
-- Dr. Carmen Guanipa | <urn:uuid:8412bb11-6f12-40d1-a508-9b64d67c3064> | {
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"Geometry, the first and noblest of sciences is the basis on which the superstructure of Freemasonry is erected. By Geometry, we may curiously trace nature through her various windings to her most concealed recesses. By it, we discover the wisdom, power and goodness of the Grand Architect of the Universe and view with delight the proportions which connect this vast machine. By it we discover how the planets move in their respective orbits and demonstrate their various revolutions."
I recall sitting in a science class in high school. Our teacher, Mr. Mohr, dropped a chunk of sodium into a beaker of water. The sodium instantly fizzed up and zooped around the beaker like an out of control power boat. Then it burst into flames and finally exploded as the students oohed and aahed. When the rumbling subsided, the diabolical Mr. Mohr called on an unfortunate student, "Henry, what made it do that?"
Henry beamed, "God."
The class thought it was funny. Mr. Mohr, who had the sense of humor of a wounded gorilla, didn't. In his own gruff and unsympathetic way he explained that just because we don't understand something doesn't mean it's a direct result of God's action.
True, but in fact the Masonic ritual teaches there is a relationship between God and the physical universe. From that relationship, as we learn in the Second Degree lecture, we can not only observe the magnificence of the Creator, but also draw moral symbolism from metaphors we see in His physical creation.
God and science are not at war. They can't be. Think about that… they can't be. It is we humans, who don't have all the answers when it comes to understanding either God or science, who somehow perceive there is a war. As Henry discovered, it's a slippery slope to take something we don't understand, stop research, and conclude it's God's work; in that event, what happens when we discover the scientific principle behind it? Historically, many have taken the stance that the research is wrong in the face of overwhelming evidence that it is, in fact, right.
In the 17th century, for example, humans did not understand the solar system. It was taken as scientific and religious fact that the sun circled the earth (Psalm 104 tells us: "He set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved." ~Psalm 104:5, NIV)." When scientists proved the earth, in fact, did orbit the sun, rather than being inconsistent with God's design, it revealed it. The church, however, still didn't warm up to the concept right away. Today, scientists and virtually all religious establishments know it to be an incontrovertible fact.
Today's hot buttons include evolution, the "Big Bang Theory" and a few more points of contention. Regardless of your point of view on these issues, the facts for each are overwhelming; and with some religious groups challenging scientific evidence we are, on some level, back in the 17th century. Scientific discoveries are not political, not vindictive and not anti-God. They are based on fact. (Not, by the way, just on observation — any idiot can observe daily that the sun circles the earth). These discoveries don't offer proof of God one way or the other. They prove we have learned more about God's universe and, as we are admonished, should "view with delight" all such revelations.
What these scientific discoveries do prove is that God is bigger and more complex than we can ever comprehend. So complex, in fact, that when asked to prove God exists, famed theologian and Freemason Peter Marshall responded, "How could my tiny mind prove God?"
The Reverend Marshall went further. He turned the tables and asked his questioners to prove they existed. Fact is, he was onto something. Any legitimate, credible scientist today will tell you, your body is nothing but energy. Your house, everything inside it, the trees outside, the very ground you walk on is nothing but energy. This is not some kind of New Age folderol; it's scientific fact. Sounds kind of spiritual, doesn't it? Or, as Dr. Wayne Dyer put it, "You are not a body with a soul. You are a soul with a body"
If what you personally believe about God seems inconsistent with scientific facts, consider this: scientists have already observed the world of relativity and the quantum world appear completely incompatible. Yet, they coexist! Can't God coexist along with them even with perceived inconsistencies? And don't we know on some level all those inconsistencies have to iron themselves out, even if that process is beyond our human capability to figure out?
So many concepts still baffle our best scientists: dark matter and dark energy; the nature of time and matter inside black holes — the "singularity"; a unified theory; the possibility of parallel universes; backwards time travel; dimensions beyond the three (four, if you count time) we live in; quantum entanglement, a phenomenon so strange and baffling that Einstein called it "spooky." To each of these, the best scientific minds around would say, "We just don't completely understand." Or, perhaps more accurately, "We just don't have all the facts."
Many, even some scientists, think there may be spiritual elements to these mysteries. The scientists, however, will not draw conclusions without proven facts — pesky hindrances that some outside the scientific community have the luxury of ignoring. In our lifetimes, we will most likely solve some of these mysteries. To many, those discoveries will not just reveal scientific facts. They will also give us greater insight into the wisdom, power and goodness of the Grand Architect of the Universe.
And I, for one, finding far more spirituality in science than science in spirituality, anticipate each new discovery with delight.
For the Whence Came You podcast, this is Steve Harrison with the Masonic Minute. | <urn:uuid:f5f2f408-f880-43be-b4e9-8e21f739fd20> | {
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Work Breakdown Structure in Construction Management
Ever since the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) was first introduced to Project Management by NASA , it has been used in many different fields of engineering. The work breakdown structure is found to be a very useful tool as projects grow more and more advanced and with increased complexity. Projects with huge budgets such as with the Apollo space program, having multiple tasks needed to be complete in order to send humans to the moon, requires a lot of management through the whole life-cycle of these project. Time has shown over and over again, that having a poorly planned project the effects can be very severe and end up as a direct impact of the success of a project. For this exact problem a model that provides the project manager the tool to handle and plan a project is needed, and this is where the work breakdown structure come in handy. Not many projects in the field of civil engineering comes close to the innovative and complexity of the Apollo space program. However, they grow more and more complex and the work breakdown structure is therefore very useful in construction management. The work breakdown structure takes the scope of the project and make it into smaller manageable chunks which frames the project and all its tasks. Doing this, an overview of cost, time and risks is a lot easier to establish and manage.
This article aims to explain the use of work breakdown structure in Construction Management through practical examples from the major Metro Cityring project in Copenhagen city being constructed at the moment, with expected finish by mid-2019. This is done by first describing the basic theory behind and how a work breakdown works. Afterwards, how the project manager can use the model to break down a goal into manageable tasks and lastly how this can be used to estimate time, resources and cost of a construction project.
The basics behind and the reason to do a work breakdown structure
The work breakdown structure is a commonly used tool by project managers all over the world. This is due to the increased complexity of projects with increasing number of stakeholders.
According to PRINCE2 the breakdown structure is an important part of planning, as it clearly identifies the plan’s products and reduce the risk of important aspects being missed. It improves the communication as the products dependencies become clear and highlights where and which stakeholders should work together. Also, a very important point is that it can help prepare “work packages” for suppliers. This makes it easier for stakeholders tendering the project to prepare a bid for the various jobs. Especially in construction management is the last point useful as construction involves many different groups of workforces, e.g. carpenters, bricklayers, plumbers, electricians and so on.
The creation of a work breakdown structure follows a well-defined scope Scoping. This means having determined the overall goal where after the final goal can be divided into smaller activities. These activities can then be divided into even more smaller tasks and so on. A practical explanation will come in the following chapters. The input needed in order to construct a work breakdown structure is defined in the ISO21500 standards as in the following table on Figure 1.
This gives a so called product-orientated grouping of project work elements which defines the scope .Having this hierarchy of activities gives the project manager a clear picture of each jobs that needs to be completed in order to reach the final goal. This is a very useful tool as starting a project can be very difficult in terms of knowing what is needed to complete a goal. This especially in construction management as the projects are often large and complex and with many different stakeholders and parties involved. Therefore, a project manager will not know all the smaller processes, and not knowing what workforce is needed for each activity before breaking down the project. When doing the work breakdown structure, PRINCE2 suggests the following:
- Involve a team of people representing a wide range of interests and with different skills involved in the plans output. In construction management this could be involving a bricklayer when constructing a wall, as getting his input on what is needed for that task can prove very useful instead of assuming the project manager himself knows everything.
- Identify products by running a structured brainstorm session. This done with multiple stakeholders as well.
- Reach a final commonly agreed structure among the team, such that there are no disputes afterwards of the breakdowns form.
- Describe the expected state of each delivered product as it helps to pass the product on to the next activity. This meaning when delivering a wall, is the wall just supposed to be delivered in raw bricks, or is it the final wall to be delivered with plaster, wallpaper, paint etc.
- Different shapes and colours can be used to for deliverables, activities and tasks. Also, colours can be applied to tasks to show which group is responsible for each. An example could be that every product delivered by a carpenter gets a red box, bricklayer a green box and so forth.
- If the project is broken into several stages the stages can be extracted to its own breakdown structure, where a more detailed plan can be made. This is done in order to keep the work breakdown structure somewhat neat and still give the needed overview.
The hierarchy of a work breakdown structure start as mentioned with a pre-defined goal, followed by a number of deliverables, activities and tasks. The goal is self-explanatory; as this is the final product you want to end up with. The deliverables; what is needed to be handed over to the client to call the project finished. Activities; which processes are needed to achieve the deliverables. And finally, which tasks/jobs are needed to complete each activity.
Once the activities needed to achieve the main goal are identified the project manager can use the WBS to:
- Determine the important milestones of the project.
- Assign sub project managers for each activity/task. This gives the project manager more “space” and time to keep the track of the overall progress on the project.
- Useful support tool to control the project.
- Put an estimation of cost to each activity, making it easier to lay down a budget.
- Risks can be identified when understanding the work that needs to be done.
The work breakdown structure usually follows a hierarchy block structures as seen on Figure 2.
Breaking a project into chunks
To begin with the project manager defines the main deliverables of the project. Taking the Metro Cityring into an example, the main goal and first level of the work breakdown structure would be to complete a fully operational metro line. The next level would be to define the deliverables needed to achieve this goal. In this case a completed tunnel with functional trains, completed stations with all architectural finishes and also a re-instated surface level after the excavations. On the third level each of these three deliverables are then broken into activities needed to achieve the deliverables, where after those activities are broken further down into tasks. At this level hierarchy order of the work breakdown structure stops, as at this point time, resources, cost and risks can be identified. This way of breaking down the work into level is taken as an inspiration from NASA page 4.
A good question to this approach and procedure would then be, when the “breaking down” stops. As mentioned in The basics behind and the reason to do a WBS at some point the tasks has to be extracted out of the work breakdown model and used as a goal itself in a new model. WBS suggests that this is a common practice to do when a task exceeds a duration of one day. This obviously makes a lot of new breakdowns, but again this is to keep the original model neat.
Estimating cost and identify risks
Having the project broken into manageable chunks, each task is then associated with time, resources, cost and risks/opportunities. Each is very important to evaluate and estimate as a part of a work breakdown structure, as they can determine the success of a project. The definition of a projects success is a whole field of itself in project management and will not be covered further in this article. However, having made a wrong estimation of time causes delays, which means higher cost. PRINCE2 suggests a great number of techniques useful when doing estimations of projects. As an example of one of these techniques, PRINCE2 suggests using the so-called bottom-up estimation. This method does as the name hence, sum all the cost/time from the bottom and up. Each tasks can also have a risk or opportunity added as a number of cost for each. For the sake of simplicity, a cost of a risk could be labeled with red and an opportunity green. These are obviously difficult to take into the calculation of cost/time estimates, because taking all risks in to account will most likely blow the entire budget, as that would be very expensive.
Risks and opportunities are always a big part of project execution and planning and are associated with a high potential of impacts on a project. Risks are defined as negative impacts which could be both an increase in cost or time of a project. Opportunities on the other hand are defined as positive impacts which could mean a task taking shorter than expected or lower cost of one. Both are obviously dangerous to calculate for and put into a project. Risks as they may come totally unexpected and threatening the entire project, where an opportunity can prove dangerous if you calculate as you are expecting it.
As a practical example of risk/opportunity management, one could look at the excavation for the Metro Cityring. Prior to any excavation a number of tests are conducted on site, to determine the soil conditions. This means having an idea of how much the soil can carry and also how much time it will take to remove. Having hard rock takes a lot longer time removing than digging through sand. When estimating the risks one could chose to include that the soil conditions are not exactly as the tests has proven, meaning the excavation will take longer than estimated. On the other hand it could also be that the excavation takes shorter time than expected, causing the task to cost less. Both these situations could be added to the work breakdown structure when estimating the cost and time. However, one can obviously not take both into account for each tasks.
Limitations of the tool
Any model used in project management comes with limitations, where a work breakdown structure is no excuse. A number of things can go wrong during a project to destroy the work breakdown structure, or there could simple be a lack of input, so a project manager cannot create one. The input required to construct a work breakdown structure is shown in Figure 1.
Another one of the worst things that can happen to a work breakdown structure, is scope creep. Scope creep is when the scope of a project changes, resulting in a change of activities/deliverables. As an example, this could be the new metro line decides once the project plans and budgets are complete, that they want to add an extra station, perhaps make 4 tunnels instead of 2 or maybe even make half the metro run above ground. This makes the original work breakdown more or less useless as it will now require numerous of new activities to achieve the final goal.
It is also important to realize that the model cannot be used as a schedule on its own. The work breakdown structure does not give any information regarding the interdependency of each tasks of a project. This meaning that many of the tasks for each activity may involve other tasks, and some must be done in a specific order. This being said, the model is a very useful tool when making the project schedule as all the tasks are already outlined. As tried in the section Estimating cost and identify risks putting a cost to a risk might prove useful when doing a budget with a work breakdown structure but this does not include the unknown unknowns. With this meaning the risks no one expected or even knew could happen during a project.
NASA Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Handbook (2010)
As NASA were the first to develop the concept of a work breakdown structure, their have a great deal of experience is working out one. Therefor a very useful article regarding WBS.
Managing successful projects with PRINCE2, 2009.
The British standards of project management provides a solid ground basics and describes many common tools used within project management.
DS/ISO 21500, 2013. Guidance on project management
The Danish and international standards of project management. Like the PRINCE2 it provides many tools used. However, this from a more wider international point of view.
Rajani Devi, T., & Shobha Reddy, V. (2014). Work Breakdown Structure of the Project.
A very easy to read article describing the concept of work breakdown structure.
- ↑ Fleming, Jon F., and Kenneth W. Poole. “NASA Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Handbook.” (2016)
- ↑ Managing successful projects with PRINCE2, 2009 edition manual. (2009). Managing Successful Projects With Prince2, 2009 Edition Manual. TSO (The Stationary Office).
- ↑ DS/ISO 21500, 2013. Guidance on project management, 2nd edition.
- ↑ Rajani Devi, T., & Shobha Reddy, V. (2014). Work Breakdown Structure of the Project. | <urn:uuid:deb8ed05-4769-4c38-ab84-78154a59af82> | {
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The discovery of superconductivity and its experimental realization have surely been two of the most important advancements in physics and engineering of the past century. Nevertheless, their statistical and dynamical characteristics have yet to be fully revealed and understood. A team of researchers at the Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS, South Korea), have modeled the energy behavior of chaotic networks of superconducting elements (grains), separated by non-superconducting junctions, and found out some unexpected statistical properties at long (but still finite) time-scales. Their findings are published in Physical Review Letters.
A number of pioneer discoveries in statistical mechanics arose from questioning the applicability of core abstract concepts to physical systems and experimental devices. A notable example is the ergodic hypothesis, which assumes that over time a system visits almost every available microstate of the phase space, and that the infinite time average of any measurable quantity of the system matches with its phase space average. In short, this is the reason why ice melts in a pot of water. And it will do so faster, if the water is hotter. Scientists have been figuring ways to verify the validity or the failure of the ergodic hypothesis based on finite-time measurements.
Led by Sergej Flach, IBS researchers have developed an efficient method to extract precise estimates of the time-scales for ergodicity (coined ergodization time). This method has herewith been successfully applied to classical networks of superconducting grains weakly coupled by Josephson junctions.
The team found that in these networks the ergodization time-scale quickly becomes huge — although staying finite — upon increasing the system temperature. Instead, the time-scales necessary for chaoticity to develop remain practically unchanged with respect to the ergodization one. This is highly surprising, as ergodicity is inextricably knotted to chaos, and one may expect that their respective time-scales must be also strictly related. In terms of the ice, it means that the hotter the water gets, the longer it takes for the ice cubes to melt. IBS researchers numerically showed that higher temperature fluctuations strongly hinder their own meandering through the system. Thus, a slower and slower process drastically delays the ergodization of the system. The team has labeled this discovery: dynamical glass.
“Upon increasing the temperature, our studies unravelled the emergence of roaming chaotic spots among frozen and seemingly inert regions. The name dynamical glass follows from this very fragmentation, as the word dynamical hints the quick development of chaos, while the word glass points at phenomena that require an extremely long — but finite — time-scale to occur,” explains Carlo Danieli, a member of the team.
“The understanding of the mechanism and the necessary time scales for ergodicity and chaoticity to develop is at the very core of a huge number of recent advancement in condensed matter physics. We expect this to pave the way to assess several unsolved issues in many body systems, from anomalous heat conductivity to thermalization,” enthuses the team.
IBS researchers expect that the observed dynamical glass is a generic property of networks of superconducting grains via Josephson coupling irrespective of their space dimensionality. Furthermore, it is conjectured that a broad set of weakly non-integrable many-body systems turn into dynamical glasses as they approach specific temperature regimes. An equally charming and challenging task is the team’s aspiration to demonstrate the existence of a dynamical glass in quantum many-body systems, and establish its connection with many-body localization phenomena.
As stated by Flach “We expect these findings open a new venue to assess and understand phenomena related to many-body localization and glassiness in a large number of weakly non-integrable many-body systems.”
Institute for Basic Science. . | <urn:uuid:cd78484f-ce88-4c8c-8df3-812e13e4b8ba> | {
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The concept of the geoid
As noted above, the actual sea-level surface of Earth, even in the absence of the effects of waves, winds, currents, and tides, is not a simple mathematical form. The unperturbed ocean surface must be an equipotential surface of the gravitational field, and because the latter reflects variations due to heterogeneities of density within Earth, so also do the equipotentials. The particular equipotential surface that coincides over the oceans with unperturbed mean sea level constitutes the geoid. Under the continents the geoid is not directly accessible but is rather the surface to which water would rise if narrow canals were cut through the continents from ocean to ocean. The relationships between land and ocean surfaces, ellipsoid and geoid, are shown in the figure. The local direction of gravity is normal to the geoid, and the angle between this direction and the normal to the ellipsoid is known as the deflection of the vertical.
Before the methods of determining the geoid are discussed, it is useful to consider the significance of its undulations or departures from the ellipsoid. The geoid might appear to be a theoretical concept of little practical value, particularly in the case of points on the land surface of the continents, but such is not the case. The elevations of points on the land are determined by geodetic leveling, in which a spirit level is set “level,” or tangential to an equipotential surface, and sights are taken on calibrated rods. The differences in elevation determined are therefore with respect to the equipotential and so very nearly with respect to the geoid. The determination in three coordinates of a point on the continental surface by classical techniques thus required the knowledge of four quantities: latitude, longitude, elevation above the geoid, and undulation of the geoid from the ellipsoid at that location. Furthermore, the deflection of the vertical played a most important role, since its components in orthogonal directions contributed errors of the same amounts in astronomical determinations of latitude and longitude. While geodetic triangulation provided relative horizontal positions with high accuracy, the networks of triangulation in each nation or continent began from points whose astronomical positions were assumed. The only possibility of connecting these networks into a global system lay in the computation of the deflections (i.e., the slopes of the geoid) at all initial points. It is true that modern methods of geodetic positioning (discussed below) have altered this approach, but the geoid remains an important concept with definite practical utility.
Determining the form of the geoid with Stokes’s formula
The geoid is in essence an equipotential surface of the actual gravitational field. In the vicinity of a local mass excess that adds potential ΔU to the normal Earth’s potential at a point, the surface must warp outward in order to keep the total potential constant. The undulation N is given by
where g is the local value of the acceleration due to gravity. The effect of mass above the geoid complicates the simple picture; it can be allowed for in practice, but it is convenient to consider a point at sea level. The first problem is to determine N, not in terms of ΔU, which is not measured in terrestrial surveys, but rather in terms of departures of g from normal. The difference between the local measured value of gravity and the theoretical value at the same latitude on an ellipsoidal Earth free of lateral density variations is Δg. (The definition of Δg for points on the land surface above sea level is considered below.) The anomaly Δg arises from two causes. The first is the attraction of the mass excess, whose effect on gravity is given by the negative radial derivative of ΔU— i.e., −∂(ΔU)/∂r. The second is the effect of the height N, because gravity is measured on the geoid while the theoretical value refers to the ellipsoid. It is shown below that the vertical gradient of g at sea level is given by (−2g/a) where a is Earth’s radius, so that the height effect is given by
Combining both effects, therefore,
Formally, equation (6) establishes the relation between ΔU and the measurable value Δg, and if ΔU were determined, equation (4) would yield N. However, since both Δg and ΔU contain the effects of mass anomalies throughout an ill-defined region of Earth, not just beneath the station, equation (4) cannot be solved at a point on Earth without reference to others. The problem of relating N to Δg in a calculable manner was solved by the British physicist and mathematician Sir George Gabriel Stokes in 1849. Stokes obtained an integral equation for N, in which the integrand contains values of Δg, convolved with a function of their angular distance from the station, and the integral extends over the surface of Earth. Until the launching of satellites in 1957, Stokes’s formula constituted the principal method of determining the form of the geoid, but its application presented great difficulties. The function of angular distance contained in the integrand converges very slowly with that distance, and in the attempt to calculate N at any point—even in countries where g has been extensively measured—uncertainties enter from unsurveyed regions of Earth that may be at considerable distances from the station. Various methods of extrapolating the gravity anomalies into these regions on the assumption of isostatic equilibrium were attempted, but the modern approach, which is to combine data from satellites and from ground observers, makes use of the expansion of the potential in spherical harmonic rather than Stokes’s integral. | <urn:uuid:b348cceb-0464-45b7-86b0-f81cbb581fe4> | {
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Same-sex smackdown: Why women bully women at work
Maybe it’s happened to you.
Perhaps you’ve heard a horror story from a friend.
At the very least you’ve winced while watching it play out in movies like The Devil Wears Prada.
Yes, that’s right, we’re talking about the often savage phenomenon of women vs. women in the workplace.
Unfortunately, women bullying, backstabbing or blocking each other is all too common in our workplaces, especially from those in leadership positions. Studies have shown that female leaders are more likely to distance themselves from junior female colleagues than they are to support them.
With continued calls for more women in leadership positions, and the quest for gender equality sitting at number five of the UN’s seventeen sustainable development goals, why do we still have women cutting each other down instead of building each other up? Can this behaviour be put down to an individual’s personality traits? Is the workplace environment and structure to blame? And what can businesses be doing to alleviate it?
Back in the day
With even just a quick flick through the history books, it’s stunningly evident that women have faced barriers in all shapes and sizes when in, or attempting to enter, the workforce.
From cave dwellers through to feudal systems and into the post industrialised world, the universally accepted status quo was that men were the ones who went to work, and the women stayed at home.
On the rare occasions where women did pursue a professional career, their options were limited. In Australia, universities did not start accepting women as students until 1874.
Important women’s work: Ironing
With women largely denied the access, opportunities and pathways needed to make it in the world of work, most businesses were founded, grown and managed by men. This meant that the organisational structure and daily operations were tailored to the way men work and interact.
Displays of dominance and assertiveness were typically celebrated as a sign of good leadership, confidence and capability. Largely speaking, the culture within business suited those who displayed these stereotypically masculine qualities. And so, the stage was set!
Here come the women!
As the civil rights movement in the 1970’s brought about big changes, including equal minimum wage, the start of paid maternity leave, accepted access to birth control and government investment in childcare, more and more women began to enter the workforce.
However, for many women it was a bumpy entry, as they came up against tough structural barriers underpinned by deep rooted cultures where masculine traits reigned supreme.
There is absolutely no doubt that feminine traits are utterly essential to humankind in so many ways. However, when women finally got a foothold in the world of work, the rules of the game had already been written and feminine traits including empathy, vulnerability and care simply weren’t (and arguably still aren’t) part of a winning game plan at work.
Times have most definitely changed, with more and more women pushing past the glass ceiling to establish themselves in senior roles, including at the helm of some of the most powerful organisations, institutions and countries in the world.
No one is going to deny the fact that these women (especially the early pioneers that forged the path for others), have had to work incredibly hard to work their way up, given the long-standing patriarchal structure. Peggy Olson anyone? But how exactly have they done it? With so many forces working against them, how have they made the progress that they have in the world of work?
An everyday reminder that she’s taking the corporate world by storm.
Well, like with anything in life, when the odds are stacked against you, sometimes you need to grit your teeth and do what is required. So, in addition to the hard work, dedication and determination you typically see in any professional success story, for many women, getting to where they want to be, has meant ‘playing ball’. For most ambitious women, they too had to clearly demonstrate the masculine traits that were seen as ‘needed’ to ‘succeed’ within the world of work. It is this space that can become the breeding ground for women bullying other women.
Just like some of their male counterparts, some female leaders use masculine traits to exercise dominance in a work situation. Occasionally, a line can be crossed meaning these traits become dysfunctional or toxic.
While toxic masculinity from men is well documented (we’ve all heard stories, or seen footage in film or TV, of men shouting or acting aggressively at work), what we don’t hear a lot of is this kind of behaviour coming from a woman.
What might sound more familiar is women adopting a covert strategy, including snarky remarks, passive intimidation or sabotage. Although the approach might be different, the intention is the same.
Often, the target of such tactics will be female co-workers. Why?
Well, with senior roles for women scarce, competition is fierce. Sisterhood goes out the window and women turn their attention to other women whom they might consider to be a threat.
Sometimes the long, treacherous journey to success can also be treated like a badge of pride or a right of passage. The sentiment can sometimes be that, “given I did it tough to succeed, more junior women can’t just get a free pass.”
Unfortunately, this scenario is not just confined to women in the workforce. It can also affect members of other minority groups too. When people from a particular group are few and far between (whether that be segmented by race, sexual orientation, gender, physical ability etc.), it can sometimes feel tokenistic when one is promoted to a more senior position. That can then feed the competitive mindset, turning people against each other.
Only the strong survive?
Women on women bullying doesn’t only occur when someone feels threatened. Sometimes, women will bully other women whom they feel superior to.
For example, if a female co-worker falls on the more feminine side of the spectrum, displaying traits such as gentleness, empathy, humility, or sensitivity, they might find themselves being targeted by female leaders who view them as weak.
This kind of behaviour can be seen within a study carried out in Switzerland. The leaders (both the men and the women) who considered themselves to be superior, also rated themselves higher on the masculinity scale than their juniors. The female managers were also disinclined to identify with women who put their family first.
Even though they are the ones doing it, women bullying women at work isn’t an issue for women to solve alone.
It is within organisational culture as a whole where the changes need to be made.
Employers must strive for complete and authentic gender equality, actively engaging in practices that promote equal employment opportunities throughout all levels of their organisations.
Regardless of gender, feminine traits like empathy and compassion can be a huge asset, playing a vital role in the modern world of business.
By changing the landscape, we will slowly change the rules of the game, creating a more positive work environment with happy, engaged team members.
Then, instead of tearing each other down, people can focus their energy on working towards a common goal, as a collective – regardless of where they sit on the gender spectrum.
Faniko, Klea & Ellemers, Naomi & Derks, Belle. (2016). Queen Bees and Alpha Males: Are successful women more competitive than successful men?: Queen Bees and Alpha Males. European Journal of Social Psychology. 46. 903-913. 10.1002/ejsp.2198.
ThoughtCo. (2020). A Brief History of Women in Higher Education. [online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/history-women-higher-ed-4129738 [Accessed 20 Jan. 2020].
Blogs.slv.vic.gov.au. (2020). State Library Victoria Bella Guerin: first female university graduate in Australia. [online] Available at: https://blogs.slv.vic.gov.au/such-was-life/bella-guerin-first-female-university-graduate-in-australia/ [Accessed 27 Jan. 2020].
Archival Allsorts. (2020). The University of Adelaide: Pioneering Women’s Right to Higher Education. [online] Available at: https://blogs.adelaide.edu.au/uni-archives/2012/11/18/the-university-of-adelaide-a-pioneer-in-womens-right-to-a-higher-education/ [Accessed 20 Jan. 2020]. | <urn:uuid:6108fed3-f1a7-4239-bc16-790c4ce2a83d> | {
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HOW DO I USE CO2 IN MY AQUARIUM?
Carbon dioxide is essential to plant growth. Carbon dioxide in its purest form is a gas, but like oxygen it can be readily disolved in water. Aquatic plants utilize this disolved carbon dioxide to photosynthesize in a similar way that grass or a tree in a garden would do. Diffusers use membranes or reactors to dissolve drops of gaseous CO2 directly into the aquarium water, artificially creating the perfect environment for aquascaping.
In the same way as garden plants, aquatic plants need lighting, fertilizers and CO2. These are essential factors governing the speed of growth and health. With the addition of modern T5 or LED lighting systems and liquid/substrate fertilizers aquariums can become unbalanced. CO2 is required by these plants to balance the aquarium otherwise algae can quickly take over the tank.
It is important to remember CO2 can cause PH swings in the aquarium as carbon dioxide when disolved in water is acidic. Problems often arise at night when the plants do not photosynthesize. The build up of CO2 being added to the aquarium causes the pH to drop rapidly and can be detrimental to aquatic life. Adding carbon dioxide to the planted aquarium needs to be closely monitored.
- Click Here to use this Calculator to determine your current CO2 levels. Alternatively enter just aquarium volume to find recommended CO2 levels for your aquarium.
There are many different ways to deliver carbon dioxide in the planted aquarium. These avenues differ in price, difficulty, success and maitenance. Below is a list of commercially available routes and a brief overview of each.
- Pressurised bottles of CO2 generally vary from 1L to 5L and are suitable for a wide size range of aquariums. A pressurised bottle with an electronic solenoid valve is the easiest and most reliable option. A solenoid valve will allow the CO2 to only enter the aquarium during the day to prevent pH swings at night that can be detrimental to your fish.
- Most regulators will allow you to tune an exact CO2 bubble output to give you the best and most accurate results. Unlike DIY it will not leave a residue on your diffuser or require any maitenance when set up correctly. This setup will also need to be combined with a bubble counter, diffuser and needle valve.
- Advantages– Easy to setup and measure, very reliable and has the option of stopping overnight to combat pH swings if combined with a solenoid valve.
- Disadvantages– The most expensive method initially. It can be hard to source refills for bottles and may take time to perfect a successful CO2 regime.
- DIY CO2 can be implemented in a number of ways. Fortunately carbon dioxide whether from a bottle or homemade mixture is still carbon dioxide. DIY CO2 is the most cost effective method using very cheap ingredients and every day hardware. It can also be very effective when properly executed.
- Usually DIY CO2 will cause a layer of slime to form on a standard diffuser but injecting it straight into the filter or into an up turned cup are popular methods used with much success. Click on the title for an in depth how-to guide on a very successful and cost effective CO2 dosing technique.
- Advantages– Extremely cost effective needing only sugar, yeast and plastic bottles. Cheap to refill and moderately easy to setup.
- Disadvantages– Needs to be refilled every few weeks. Harder to monitor and will continue to run at night. Needs a good recipe and patience.
- These can be defined as Excel Flouris and other forms of carbon in a liquid forms. They do not deliver carbon dioxide to the plant but rather a liquid formulation of carbon. They are not a perfect substitution of carbon dioxide dosing and become very cost ineffective in comparison over time. They are useful in very small tanks which CO2 is not a viable solution and lower light tanks with lower CO2 consumption requirements. Unless a dosing unit is purchase it can become expensive and painful to continue using these products every few days.
- Advantages– Easy to use and excellent for small aquariums. Can help combat algae in lower light aquariums in which CO2 is not viable.
- Disadvantages– Cost ineffective and delivers carbon based solution to the plant instead of CO2. Needs constant adjustment and addition to the aquarium.
- CO2 tabs are ineffective and inefficient for all but the smallest of tanks. They are unpopular and produced in lower demand often leading to inferior low quality products. For very small tanks they are a suitable source of carbon but they will become an expensive choice over time. They are easy to use and convenient dosage sizes but have limited application.
- Advantages– Easy to use with visual dosage size. They are convenient for nano style tanks where other options are not viable.
- Disadvantages– Not suitable for long term use or large aquascapes. Cost innefective and higher probability of lower quality product.
- Electronically generated CO2 is suitable only for smaller tanks because at higher levels of CO2 production it becomes too expensive compared to other methods. Essentially a carbon insert is electolysed to produce carbon dioxide into the aquarium.Refills can become quite expensive as they are specialized for each machine. Electronic CO2 generators are generally not the best solution and should only be used as a last resort.
- Advantages– Electric and can be set on a timer to allow timed release.
- Disadvantages– Not suitable for long term use or large aquascapes. Not a good solution and inferior to other products.
Pressurized CO2 is the best option if it can be catered within budget. DIY CO2 is an excellent substitute for the budget conscious and will achieve similar results.
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There are a number of philosophies that enable educators to deal with students and their behaviors. They can be instituted at the classroom level or at the school level. Here is a list of those philosophies along with a brief explanation, taken from Cotton (2001).
- Reality Therapy: This involves teachers helping students make positive choices by making clear the connection between student behavior and consequences. Class meetings, clearly communicated rules, and the use of plans and contracts are featured.
- Positive Approach to Discipline: This program is based on Glasser's Reality Therapy and is grounded in teachers' respect for students and instilling in them a sense of responsibility. Program components include developing and sharing clear rules, providing daily opportunities for success, and administering in-school suspension for noncompliant students.
- Teacher Effectiveness Training: This program differentiates between teacher-owned and student-owned problems and proposes different strategies for dealing with each. Students are taught problem-solving and negotiation techniques.
- Transactional Analysis: Within the context of counseling programs, students with behavior problems use terminology and exercises from this program to identify issues and make changes. The notion that each person's psyche includes child, adult, and parent components is basic to this program.
- Assertive Discipline: First publicized and marketed in 1976 by developer Lee Canter, this program is a well-respected and widely used program. Assertive discipline focuses on the right of the teacher to define and enforce standards for student behavior. Clear expectations, rules, and a penalty system with increasingly serious sanctions are major features.
- Adlerian Approaches: Named for psychiatrist Alfred Adler, this program is an umbrella term for a variety of methods which emphasize understanding the individual's reasons for maladaptive behavior and helping misbehaving students to alter their behavior, while at the same time finding ways to get their needs met. | <urn:uuid:44a35b39-4956-4a95-a7e2-011840392c90> | {
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The Madeira archipelago is made up of the Islands of Madeira, Porto Santo, Desertas and Selvagens. The name of the group islands is taken from the largest island Madeira. The Madeira landmass encompasses approximately 770 sq km and is located in the Atlantic Ocean, 1,000 km from mainland Portugal and 870 km from North Africa. The topography is mountainous and the highest point is 1,862 meters. The scenery is spectacular and the vegetation diverse.
The population is approximately 265,000 of which 100,000 live in the capital Funchal and are all mainly of Portuguese origin, with a small expatriate British community.
Madeira was discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in 1419 and partial political autonomy was eventually granted in 1976. Madeira is represented in Lisbon by five members who are elected by universal suffrage.
Portugal has a written constitution, which defines the political structure and the role of the legislature.
The Madeira Regional Parliament is an elected body, which legislates on Madeira interests such as the budget, and its responsibilities are defined in the constitution. The Madeira Government cannot however, overrule decisions made by the Central Government in Lisbon nor override political unity with Portugal.
Portuguese is the national language, English is taught in schools and is used daily in commerce and international trade.
Communications are good; there are six daily flights to and from Lisbon, the Portuguese capital, and Lisbon Airport is an international air transport hub. The flight from Lisbon to Madeira is one hour and thirty minutes. There are also flights from Madeira to other European countries including five direct scheduled flights a week to London.
Madeira has an excellent digital telecommunications system with direct dialing to most countries. Postal and courier services are also good offering next day deliveries to mainland Portugal.
Portuguese Companies Code (Codigo das Sociedades Comerciais).
Sociedade por Quotas – Limitada (Lda,s) or Sociedade Anónima (SA).
In 1993, Portuguese legislation allowed the incorporation of Lda,s or SA,s with one sole quota/share holder for companies operating within the Madeira Free Trade Zone – so called “Sociedade Unipessoal” – Single Member companies.
Portuguese legislation provides for the incorporation of a pure holding company called SGPS (Sociedade Gestora de Participacoes Sociais).
Once name approval has been obtained and a License obtained for the proposed entity to operate within the Madeira Free Trade Zone, a Public Deed is executed before a Notary Public. The Public Deed is then registered at Commercial Registry of Madeira.
A Madeira company cannot undertake any business that is not specified in its constitution.
A Madeira Company cannot undertake the business of Banking, Insurance, Assurance, Reinsurance, Fund Management and Asset Management (other than its own assets) without prior consent and licensing.
The powers and objects of a Madeira Company are contained within its constitution and have to be specific.
Portuguese, but translations can be provided.
Yes, must be maintained in Madeira.
60 working days.
A name that is similar to or identical to an existing company. A name that in the opinion of the Registrar may be considered undesirable or offensive. A name that may imply an illegal activity. A name that may imply government patronage.
All Madeira companies must include words to describe clearly the objects of the company, e.g. consulting, engineering, marketing and trading.
The Portuguese names and their foreign language equivalent for bank, building society, savings, loans, insurance, assurance, reinsurance, fund management, asset management, investment fund or any name that may imply an activity associated with the banking and insurance industries.
Legislation was passed in September 1995 allowing the approval of foreign names for companies operating within the Madeira Free Trade Zone. A company name must refer to a company,s main object clause.
Limitada (Lda), Sociedade Anónima (SA).
1 million Esc minimum authorized and issued for Lda. 10 million Esc minimum authorized and issued for SA.
Madeira Limitada (Lda) Companies do not issue shares. Instead quotas are registered at the Commercial Registry of Madeira and members are issued with notarized extracts from the Commercial Registry of Madeira to record their ownership.
Madeira Sociedade Anónima (SA) companies may issue either registered or bearer shares with voting or non-voting rights.
Madeira Sociedade Unipessoal (Single Member) SA companies must issue registered shares with voting or non-voting rights, but may not issue Bearer Shares.
SA companies only.
All Madeira companies are exempt from tax on income obtained from activities carried on outside of Portugal until 31 December 2011. Nominal taxation is levied on pure holding companies (SGPS). These are taxed on EU dividends at an effective rate of 1.7% (34% corporate tax on 5% of profits).
Companies licensed to operate within the Madeira Free Trade Zone are for all purposes Portuguese resident, and therefore can in most cases benefit from the double tax treaties signed by Portugal.
Portugal has signed double tax agreements with the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Mozambique, Norway, Poland, Republic of Korea, Spain*, Switzerland, United Kingdom and Venezuela. Negotiations are nearing completion with other countries.
*Treaty relief denied to Madeira companies controlled by non-residents of Portugal.
US$ 750 Application Fee and US$ 1,500 Annual fee. Both are reduced by 1/3rd to US$ 500 and US$ 1,000 respectively for companies represented by licensed management companies.
The accounts of a Madeira company must be prepared in the Portuguese language in accordance with Portuguese accounting rules. Normally the fiscal year ends on 31st December, and accounts must be approved by the shareholders before the 31st March of the following year. A tax form must be filed with the authorities before the end of May.
It is normal to appoint two directors to a Limitada and three to a SA. The directors must be natural persons of any nationality and need not be resident in Madeira. Unipersonal companies may have one shareholder.
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GETTING ORGANIZED AND MOTIVATED
On October 15, 2016 the students in the leadership program learned how to get organized and stay motivated by Master Varouj Bejanian. Master Varouj’s main point in the seminar was that organization and motivation are essential to becoming successful at school, at home, and in life. The Master talked about seven necessary steps which must be taken, by the students, for them to achieve their desired goals.
The first step is setting short and long-term goals. Master Varouj mentioned that “When a person is coming up with a goal, it is important to understand that the sky is the limit, but at the same time, that the goal must be realistic.” Once a realistic goal is thought of, it then could be written down to give it a physical presence. After the short or long-term goal is written on paper, the purpose of the goal is being established: a dream becomes tangible. When this is done, a dream turns into a goal. Short-term goals can be accomplished in near future. In other words, they can be achieved today, this week, this month, or even this year. Long-term goals otherwise require more time and effort to accomplish. Individual long-term goals can become easier to accomplish when they are broken down into smaller parts or into short-term goals.
The second step to achieving goals is knowing one’s priorities in life. Master Varouj defined prioritizing as deciding what is important to the students right now. He advised that work should be done on the goals that are most important first. The prioritization of goals can allow the students to stay organized and focused on the objectives with the most significance instead of other irrelevant tasks. By making the right choice of working on what is the largest priority, at the moment, an individual is heading closer on the path leading to success.
The third part to achieving goals is making the best use of time. During the seminar, it was mentioned by Master Varouj that “time is like gold. Once it’s gone, it can never come back.” By this statement, the Master did his best to convey that time is valuable, and it should therefore be used wisely throughout our daily activities. When making use of time, Master Varouj states that an individual should not, “let time pass by without gaining something of importance.” By this statement, it is suggested that each second can be put to achieving one’s priorities and important tasks. Another outstanding way to maintain time is by learning as much possible. He explains to the leadership members at the seminar that when learning, “At your age, you are like a sponge absorbing information faster and easier.” It can be said that time and learning come hand-in-hand as an effective way of being productive and keeping one’s focus on his/her goals.
Understanding how to motivate oneself is the fourth component needed to accomplish certain goals, Master Varouj said that once things are started, then the motivation will eventually come along the way. Also, motivation can be influenced by the way we think and the way we speak. Master showed the students that thoughts and words can take each person where they go everyday. Therefore, each person must think positively and speak positively everyday. In order to ensure positive words and thoughts, an individual must think twice before speaking. Lastly, content that is heard affects one’s motivation either positively or negatively. About this subject, Master Varouj said that “What we hear has a big impact on our level of motivation. Motivation comes by hearing positive words, music, or sounds.” This indicates that the likeliness of reaching goals becomes greater when our level of motivation increases as we align positive thinking, speaking, and hearing.
The fifth step which must be taken when achieving goals is to resist distractions. Master Varouj ensured that this was a major conversation and discussion session in the seminar and that it will continue to be in the classroom. He stated that “The enemy of success is distraction. Focus and determination are key!” It is true that a large amount of individuals in the generation are caught up with distractions. Common distractions can include smart phones, television, computers, friends, feelings, and etc. Although there are many, typical distractions all around, individuals must avoid them. An example is that students must put their smart phones away when doing homework. This should be done to abstain from its distraction. Individuals who focus and dedicate their effort and time to goals enjoy worthwhile outcomes.
The sixth, beneficial step that allows a person to approach closer to his/her goal is when he/she knows the importance of learning and feels positive about learning. When a person understands the significance of learning, the individual can then believe that learning throughout life allows him/her to generally feel healthier, happier, weather, longer-living, and other positive feelings. Master Varouj Bejanian additionally said that positivity about learning allows a person to gain more knowledge and add value to oneself. Master followed up with this topic when he mentioned that “Becoming a valuable person should be the most important goal in your life. When you become valuable, not only do you bring happiness into your life, but you also make others happy.” This statement is powerful because Master Varouj demonstrates that the process of learning partly contributes to a person’s ability to not only make his/her own life better, but it also promotes the well-being of others.
The final part which makes up the embodiment of accomplishing one’s goals is preventing oneself from operating by feelings. In other words, the students were told, by Master Varouj, that they should not “let emotions dictate [their] faith. Feelings come; feelings go. One day happy, one day sad. One day hot, one day cold.” The students understood that feelings can change constantly. When a person is unhappy or sad, decisions should not be made because these feelings “can destroy motivation and prevent [one] from working toward [his/her] goals.” Feelings must otherwise be replaced by faith which Master defines as “the only road to turning dreams into reality.” He stated that faith can also be thought of as “true confidence” or a state of mind that can be utilized to overcome any obstacle.
When the seminar came to an end, there was a positive ambiance expressed among the leadership students at Bejanian Martial Arts. Master Varouj hopes that the students benefitted and learned something valuable from the seminar. | <urn:uuid:217dcdd5-493f-4388-bfaa-cba9c7dcf629> | {
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Autumn is fast approaching, which means cooler weather, changing leaves, and football. Unfortunately, it also means that certain kinds of accidents are also on the rise. One of these potentially deadly types of accidents is pedestrian accidents. According to data compiled by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, pedestrian accidents are the most likely to happen during the fall months. Take a look at some of these statistics highlighted in one of their reports from a few years ago:
- Friday and Saturday have higher fatality rates than any other day of the week.
- October, November, and December have higher fatality rates than any other month.
- On average, 13 pedestrians die in vehicle crashes each day, or one pedestrian every 107 minutes.
- Bad weather does not necessarily contribute to a pedestrian death, but a bad light condition does.
- Nearly 46 percent of pedestrian fatalities are alcohol-involved.
- One in five pedestrians killed were killed in hit-and-run motor vehicle crashes.
- Autumn is the deadliest season for pedestrians, with two of the highest fatality months being October and November.
- The number of pedestrians killed between 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. is greater than during any other 3-hour time frame.
Pedestrian accidents are frightening and occur without warning. Additionally, the consequences of pedestrian accidents can also be emotionally and physically damaging. Attorney Doug Stoehr is a lawyer specializing in personal injury and services the western and central Pennsylvania area. If you feel that you have been wrongfully hurt in a pedestrian accident and would like to consult with him about a possible personal injury claim, please contact our law office at 814-946-4100. | <urn:uuid:e5b785f7-5436-4f50-9981-cc62670f2d67> | {
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The very latest laser eye surgery technique.
Myopia (nearsightedness), is the most common refractive error of the eye, and it has become more prevalent in recent years. The exact cause for this increase in nearsightedness is unknown, many eye doctors feel it has something to do with eye fatigue from computer use and other extended near vision tasks, coupled with a genetic predisposition for myopia.
If you are nearsighted, you typically will have difficulty reading road signs and seeing distant objects clearly, but will be able to see well for close-up tasks such as reading and computer use.
1. Normal myopia: below -6.00D. Most people with myopia are below -6.00D, but some people have much higher levels of myopia. How high your myopia is can be a sign of whether it may lead to further problems with your eyes. Most people with myopia of less than -6.00D don’t develop any further problems and the blurriness their myopia causes is easily dealt with by glasses or contact lenses. This is sometimes known as simple myopia.
2. Degenerative myopia: over -6.00D Degenerative myopia (also called pathological or malignant myopia) is a rare and mostly inherited type of myopia that begins in early childhood. In degenerative myopia, the eyeball elongates rapidly and causes severe myopia, usually by the teenage or early adult years. Degenerative myopia may also progress far into the adult years. People with the condition have a significantly increased risk of retinal detachment and other degenerative changes in the back of the eye, including choroid neovascularization (abnormal blood vessel growth), and glaucoma.
|Normal eye||Myopic eye|
Giám đốc Bệnh viện
Phó trưởng Khoa Khúc xạ. Mobile: 0979 716 811 | <urn:uuid:3c065c0c-20d5-46f7-88fb-a86d8a74bb45> | {
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Description The Evangelist Matthew is seated on a cushioned bench, his pen poised to write in a book supported by an elaborate animal-shaped lectern. He looks for inspiration to his symbol, the winged man. Matthew's drapery, which is drawn from the tradition of classical author portraits, cascades around him, lending the figure a sense of nervous energy as he prepares to write, an energy that is echoed in the tumultuous red and orange clouds behind him. This is a late example of the artistic style developed at the Carolingian school of Reims in the 830s and 840s.
- Illuminated Manuscripts: Masterpieces in Miniature. The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. 1984-1985.
- The Book and the Author: Portraits of the Evangelists in Eastern and Western Manuscripts. The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. 1990-1991.
Provenance Freising, Germany, ca. 865-875; Germany, 19th century; Leon Gruel and Robert Engelmann, Paris, late 19th-early 20th century [mode of acquisition unknown, no.78]; Henry Walters, Baltimore, February 19, 1917 [mode of acquisition unknown]; Walters Art Museum, 1931, by bequest.
Credit Acquired by Henry Walters
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John Marshall (1755 - 1835)
Parents - Thomas Marshall and Mary Randolph KeithThomas was a close friend of George Washington and worked with him as a surveyor. He helped Washington survey part of the Fairfax Estate which John was to purchase from the Fairfax family after the Revolution. The huge estate had been sequestered by the Americans during the war.
Mary Randolph Keith Marshall was related, distantly, to Thomas Jefferson, through the Randolph family lines.
John Marshall born on September 24, 1755, eleven weeks after Braddock's defeat during which most of the British officers, including Braddock, were killed or wounded. The significance of the defeat of Braddock's Army was at least two-fold. It forced the colonies to reconsider their dependence upon England for defense (up until this time the Royal troops had been considered invincible) and it made a hero of Washington. Only 23 at the time, Washington was the leader of the Virginia Rangers and chief military figure of the Old Dominion. Repeatedly he rode his horse in front of the stampeding Royal forces trying vainly to turn them back. Two horses were shot out from under him and his uniform was rent with four bullet holes. The Virginia Rangers held and made a controlled withdrawal. As Washington later said, "The Virginia companies behaved like men and died like soldiers...of three companies...scarce thirty were left alive."
Early EducationJohn Marshall was born in Prince William County (now Fauquier), Virginia. His father moved the family from there before John was ten to a valley in the Blue Ridge Mountains, about 30 miles away. Unlike most frontier dwellings, the home Thomas Marshall built was of frame construction rather than log and was one and a half story.
Both parents, while not formally educated, were considered adequately educated for the times and could read and write. They held a significant social, religious, and political status in the newly formed Fauquier County area.
Books were difficult to obtain on the frontier and quite expensive. But it is known that the Marshall home had a bible, almost for certain Shakespeare and Dryden, and definitely Pope who John Marshall said he had copied every word of the "Essay on Man" and other moral essays and had memorized many of the more interesting passages by the time he was twelve.
It is likely that Thomas Marshall was allowed access to Lord Fairfax's library just as his good friend, George Washington, was. And, of course, Washington had a library. Books, while relatively scarce, were available to John Marshall. His very evident love of poetry and literature was seen in his later life.
In 1767, a young Scotch minister came to live with the Marshalls for a year while he was being "tried out" by the congregation. This provided John with his first bit of formal education. In 1772 he received his second time of formal education at the academy of Reverend Archibald Campbell but perhaps more importantly, Blackstone's "Commentaries" was published in America and Thomas Marshall bought a copy, not only for his own use, but specifically for John to read and study.
The Marshalls had long before decided that John was to be a lawyer. The last time of formal education came in 1780 during a six week stay at William and Mary College where he attended the law lectures of George Wythe. James Madison was President of the college at that time and it has been reported that Marshall took a course in philosophy from him. However, while there are carefully made notes of Wythe's lectures there are not any for other courses. Considering Marshall's careful note taking it is doubtful that he would have attended Madison's course and not recorded it. The college was all but deserted at that time with thirty students and three professors in the army and, in fact, closed for a time the next year. When Cornwallis occupied Williamsburg in June of 1781 he made the president's house his headquarters.
The War YearsBoth father and son distinguished themselves during the Revolutionary War. Thomas Marshall was a trained fighter who had earned the rank of captain during the Indian Wars. (It has never been explained why he was not with George Washington during Braddock's misadventure. While it seems odd especially considering their friendship, the reason must have been sufficient for Washington because the two remained fast friends. One possible explanation given is that Mary Marshall was pregnant with John and it would not have been safe to leave her alone in an isolated, frontier cabin.)
Thomas was a major at the out break of war in a regiment of minute men raised by the local counties of Culpeper, Orange, and Fauquier. He was to end the war as a full colonel and the commander of Yorktown.
John Marshall joined the Culpeper Minute Men and was chosen Lieutenant. Both he and his father were at a number of the battles well known even today such as Great Bridge (also called "the little Bunker Hill" because of the tremendous loss of British lives and no loss for the Americans), Brandywine, Germantown (the last two serious defeats for the Americans), Monmouth, and ending, for John, with a dashing episode as a member of a detail from the Light Infantry of Virginia under the command of Major Henry Lee.
Marshall was a captain. The detail kept in close contact with the British forces around New York. The enemy had erected a fortified position at Powles Hook, a point of land on the west side of the Hudson, opposite New York and had garrisoned it with several hundred men. Lee and Marshall decided to surprise the garrison and capture it. With Washington's approval Lee's men marched all night of August 18, 1779, moving stealthily through the steep hills, passed the main group of the soundly sleeping British army, and at three in the morning entered the British position and captured all with the loss of two Americans killed and three wounded. The prisoners were taken back to American lines. The event caused a resurgence of spirit in the patriot forces and much humiliation for the British.
Marshall did have one other brief episode of combat during Benedict Arnold's invasion of Virginia during late December, 1780, and January, 1781. This event was one that probably colored much of his later relationship with Jefferson. Jefferson was governor of Virginia and his conduct during the invasion was questioned even to the point of an inquiry of impeachment formally moved in the Virginia Legislature.
The news of the invading troops came to him first and it is claimed that he fled shamelessly without warning to others. There is a description given of him galloping away, treasure clutched in his arms and crammed in his clothes, while his slaves labor away digging holes to bury what could not be carried. Marshall knew these stories about Jefferson's behavior and, like Washington and others, had asked during the war, "Where is Jefferson?".
1782 to March 4, 1801 (Jefferson becomes President)
It was during the time between the adventure at Powles Hook and his last combat during Arnold's invasion that Marshall met Mary Ambler. Mary's father had been one of Yorktown's wealthiest men but the war had ruined him financially. The family had taken a small tenement apartment next to the headquarters of Colonel Thomas Marshall who extended his protection.
Mary's father was Jacquelin Ambler who Rebecca Burwell married rather than Thomas Jefferson. Rebecca was the love of Jefferson's youth. She was the "Campana in die," "Belinda," "Adnileb," and "R.B." of Jefferson's letters.
When John came to visit his father his arrival was being anticipated eagerly by the girls of the Ambler family. They, of course, had heard many stories about this paragon of manhood, hero at Brandywine and Germantown, at Valley Forge and Monmouth. Thomas had often shared John's letters and had painted a princely picture as a father is allowed to do. What he neglected to mention was that John Marshall was an indifferent dresser, often wearing mismatched clothing and an old slouch hat, and rather rustic in bearing. He was tall, gaunt, and loose-jointed whose clothes seemed to hang as if from a rack. While all the other girls lost interest rather quickly, Mary claimed she fell in love immediately. They married on January 3, 1783. By then John Marshall was a member of the bar in Virginia and a member of the Legislature. (Their marriage lasted almost 49 years, until her death on December 25, 1831, and is a story of deep love and devotion. Mary became an invalid soon after they were married.)
Marshall's private law practice flourished. He became a well known attorney but his dress habits didn't change. One potential client, seeing him pass by on the street, exclaimed he would never hire a man looking like that even to do physical labor. The story goes that the fellow then hired the fanciest dressed attorney he could find for the customary one hundred dollars. However, he kept hearing from all to whom he talked that Marshall was the best. Finally, he went to court to hear Marshall and was so deeply impressed that he pleaded with him to take the case. There was a slight problem however. The fellow had paid the fancy lawyer and only had five dollars left. Marshall took the case.
During this period he was politically active in Virginia and served in the House of Delegates (1782-1790, 1795-1796). He became a leader of the Federalist party in that state and started his long-time politically rivalry with Thomas Jefferson who had fallen out with the Virginia Federalists. It was during his service in the House of Delegates that he participated in the Virginia Convention debates about the adoption of the Constitution. Patrick Henry spoke in opposition. Marshall was chosen to speak in favor of a strong judiciary. His later views about the importance and power of a strong federal judicial system, which came as a surprise to some, were clearly expressed in this speech.
In 1797, President John Adams appointed him to the American Mission to France to aid in the trade negotiations. Marshall's steadfast refusal to bow down to French demands for bribes to Tallyrand and others caused a deepening of the rift between France and the United States. The dispatches from the mission to President Adams were demanded by the Republicans (anti-Federalists) in the House. Thomas Jefferson attacked the X.Y.Z. AFFAIR and defended Tallyrand. John Marshall returned to the United States to be enthusiastically received by most of the country.
President Adams asked him to become an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court but Marshall refused. In 1799 he ran for a seat in the House of Representatives and won. His close alliance with President Adams continued and in 1800 Adams appointed him Secretary of State. In January, 1801, after loosing his re-election bid to Jefferson, Adams appointed Marshall Chief Justice of the United States, making him the fourth one. Marshall continued as Secretary of State for the remaining two months of Adam's term.
Chief Justice of the United StatesPresident Adams made a number of "midnight" appointments just as his presidency was ending. He appointed forty two persons to be justices of the peace for the Counties of Washington and Alexandria in the District of Columbia. The Federalist Senate confirmed them, and the commissions were signed, sealed, but not delivered. After Jefferson was inaugurated he directed Madison, as Secretary of State, to issue commissions to twenty-five of the persons appointed by Adams, but to withhold the commissions from the other seventeen. Among the latter was William Marbury, Robert Townsend Hooe, Dennis Ramsay, and William Harper.
These men applied to the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus compelling Madison to deliver their commissions. The suit, MARBURY v. MADISON (1803), became a land mark case establishing the practice of JUDICIAL REVIEW by federal courts over acts of the other two branches of government.
The federal courts were under a sustained and determined attack by President Jefferson and the Republican Party who wished to bring the courts under the domination of the executive branch. Marshall's opinion in Marbury v. Madison showed his intellectual and moral force and foreshadowed the views he would express in later decisions. Throughout his tenure with the court he was deeply concerned with preserving private property rights, the enhancement of the prestige and power of the court, and the establishment of a strong, central, federal power.
After becoming Chief Justice Marshall was asked by the nephew of George Washington, Bushrod Washington (an Associate Justice of the Court), to write the official biography. This was a task that Marshall was unprepared to do, having no knowledge of the difficulties in researching and writing a biography, but he needed the financial return that was expected. Several years before he had purchased the Fairfax estate and still owed a great deal to the present heir. The five volume biography took over four years to write and met with a very mixed and critical reception. Thomas Jefferson was incensed and called it a "five-volume libel" and a "party diatribe." (There is perhaps some justification in Mr. Jefferson's perturbation. Only two pages are given to the writing of the Declaration of Independence and a footnote credits its author, "...the draft reported by the committee has been generally attributed to Mr. Jefferson." Jefferson published his "Anas" chiefly as a reply to Marshall. Never satisfied with the first edition, Marshall spent almost twenty years in revising it.
The story of the trial of Aaron Burr for treason is replete with intrigue, abusive use of executive power by Jefferson, and an attempt to keep the court from hearing the case by suspending the privilege of habeas corpus.
Senator Giles, Jefferson's personal representative in the Senate, got the measure passed along with an unheard of special, confidential message to the House requesting passage of the bill without delay. The Senate bill provided that "in all cases, where any person or persons, charged on oath with treason, misprision of treason, or other high crime or misdemeanor...shall be arrested or imprisoned...the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall be...suspended, for and during the term of three months." The House was astounded and Representative Thompson of Virginia moved the "message and the bill received from the Senate ought not to be kept secret and that the doors be opened." His motion was adopted by 123 yeas and 3 nays. A motion was made to reject the Senate bill and after a short, angry exchange by various factions, the motion was passed 113 yeas to 19 nays. This left the way open for Marshall to consider whether or not the trial belonged within the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Marshall did find that the Supreme Court was the proper jurisdiction and the trial was held. His opinion destroyed the law of "constructive treason."
Treason is the only crime specifically defined in the Constitution, leaving the defining of all others to Congress. Furthermore, the Constitution prescribes exactly how treason must be proved. Aaron Burr's guilt or innocence is still debated today. The trial and Marshall's opinion are still as fascinating as ever. | <urn:uuid:69dfb2fe-d611-43a5-afe5-94f51ccd6e10> | {
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- A language unit by which a person or thing is known.
- usage: "his name really is George Washington"; "those are two names for the same thing"
- A person's reputation.
- usage: "he wanted to protect his good name"
- Family based on male descent.
- usage: "he had no sons and there was no one to carry on his name"
- synonyms: gens
- A well-known or notable person.
- usage: "they studied all the great names in the history of France"; "she is an important figure in modern music"
- By the sanction or authority of.
- usage: "halt in the name of the law"
- A defamatory or abusive word or phrase.
- synonyms: epithet
- Assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to.
- usage: "They named their son David"; "The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader"
- synonyms: call
- Give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property.
- usage: "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal"; "The almanac identifies the auspicious months"
- synonyms: identify
- Charge with a function; charge to be.
- usage: "She was named Head of the Committee"; "She was made president of the club"
- Create and charge with a task or function.
- usage: "nominate a committee"
- Mention and identify by name.
- usage: "name your accomplices"
- Make reference to.
- usage: "His name was mentioned in connection with the invention"
- Identify as in botany or biology, for example.
- Give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of.
- usage: "List the states west of the Mississippi"
- synonyms: list
- Determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis.
- synonyms: diagnose
WordNet 3.0 © 2006 by Princeton University
|APA||WordNet. (2010). name. Retrieved February 19, 2018, from http://smartdefine.org/name/definitions/1193573|
|Chicago||WordNet. 2010. "name" http://smartdefine.org/name/definitions/1193573 (accessed February 19, 2018).|
|Harvard||WordNet 2010, name, Smart Define, viewed 19 February, 2018, <http://smartdefine.org/name/definitions/1193573>.|
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On a Friday afternoon in Dorchester, a group of Muslim men and women come together for Ju'mah prayers at Masjid al-Qur'an. Seated in a semi-circle around the minbar (pulpit), men in work clothes and women in headscarves listen attentively as a young man delivers the khutbah (sermon). Changing freely from English to Arabic and back again, the khutbah focuses on the importance of community, and the need for Muslims to come together as one. At the Islamic Bookstore on Shawmut Avenue, parents purchase educational toys designed to instill Muslim values in their children. At Baraka Pizzeria in Braintree, guests select from a fully halal menu that includes standard American fast food as well as traditional Middle Eastern fare, as others perform their daily prayers in the back of the restaurant. Across Boston, Muslims form a vibrant, living community.
In Greater Boston, Islam encompasses a diverse group of over 50,000 adherents served by nearly fifty different mosques, schools, and community organizations. Originally composed primarily of African-American converts, the Muslim population of Greater Boston has grown to include immigrants from the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, as well as converts of Euro-American descent and self-identified secular Muslims.
The immigration of Muslims to the United States began in the late nineteenth century. Most came from Lebanon and Syria and some of these immigrants, both Christian and Muslim, settled in the Boston area in the early 1900s. Seven Muslim families settled in Quincy Point, where they worked to maintain their Islamic faith and practice. In 1934, these families joined with other Arabic-speaking Muslims in the area to form a cultural, social, and charitable organization called "The Arab American Banner Society." From 1937 to 1952, they met in an old house at 470 South Street in Quincy. Realizing that the second generation was growing up with little Islamic identity, the Society began organizing informal religious lessons as well as Jum'ah prayers on Friday and Eid prayers on the two big feast days. In 1962, the leaders decided to build a mosque at the South Street location. The building was completed in 1964 and was served by Mohammed Omar Awad, a first-generation immigrant and self-taught imam. During these years, the officers of the Quincy mosque took on national leadership roles in the Federation of Islamic Associations and helped other communities to organize and build mosques. Today, the Quincy mosque is known as the Islamic Center of New England in Quincy.
The 1970s and 1980s saw the establishment of several additional Islamic centers in the area. Sensing the need for a mosque more accessible to the immigrant professionals living in the western suburbs, Boston Muslims founded the Islamic Center of Boston in 1979 and purchased a house and acreage in Wayland in 1987. In 1992, the group opened a community center with a social hall and eight classrooms. The Islamic Society of Greater Worcester also organized in 1979 and eventually purchased a former Catholic church to renovate for use as its center. Throughout New England, this was a period of tremendous growth for the Muslim community.
Shi'a Islam in Boston
In addition to the more sizable Sunni community in the Greater Boston area, several sects of Shi'a Islam have established their own centers of worship. The Boston Nizari Ismaili Center, for instance, was founded in 1973 to serve the burgeoning Shi'a community in the metropolitan area. Initially, a small group of students would gather at MIT and then at Harvard to worship together. In 1990, out of a need for a larger prayer space, the Nizaris relocated to their current home on Commonwealth Avenue in Packard's Corner.
Ahmadi Muslims arrived in Boston in the 1960s, gathering at local homes for prayer. As numbers increased over the next twenty years, the need for a permanent center became apparent. In 1997, after more than three decades in Boston, the Ahmadiyya movement officially established its Boston Chapter in Sharon.
The Islamic Masumeen Center of New England was founded in 1995 to provide a home to the growing Jafari community in Hopkinton. Originally serving only six families, the Hopkinton center now counts over 100 families among its regular attendees.
The Dawoodi Bohra sect also has a strong presence in the area; the group originally met in Christian and Jewish worship spaces in Chelmsford, but after a resident American Dawoodi Bohra offered funding, the group moved to its new mosque in North Billerica, which was completed in 2004. This center, Anjuman-e-Ezzi, now serves over 250 members.
For African-Americans, Islam is part of the spiritual heritage of African ancestors brought to the US as slaves. The faith identity of these slaves was largely suppressed until some Islamic traditions were said to have been "rediscovered," first by Noble Drew Ali, who started the Moorish Science Temple in 1913, and subsequently by W.D. Fard and Elijah Muhammad, who launched the Nation of Islam in the 1930s. After the death of Elijah Muhammad in 1975, his son, Wallace (Warith) Deen Mohammed, led the majority of the Black Muslims along the path initiated by Malcolm X--away from the separatism of Elijah Muhammad and toward closer relations with the larger international body of mainstream Muslims. Many of the Nation of Islam temples then became Sunni mosques or Islamic centers.
In 1965, a young African-American convert to Islam, Shakir Mahmoud, came to the Quincy mosque to learn more about "orthodox" Islam. He had grown dissatisfied with the teachings of the Nation of Islam, especially after Malcolm X's break with the movement. When W.D. Mohammed began the process of steering the largely separatist Nation of Islam toward a more mainstream Islamic path, Shakir was called to teach Islamic studies at Temple #11 in Dorchester, which had once been led by Malcolm X and, later, by Minister Louis X, now Louis Farrakhan. Shakir became imam of the Dorchester mosque in 1977. Under his leadership, the community moved gradually toward the moderate and mainstream Islam espoused by W.D. Mohammed. In 1984, the name of the center was changed from Temple #11 to Masjid al-Qur'an today, the mosque attracts Muslims from all parts of the world in addition to its core African-American constituency.
During the 1960s, Boston witnessed an influx of students from predominantly Muslim countries. This demographic shift coincided with the founding of the Muslim Students' Association (MSA), the first nationwide Islamic organization, on the campus of the University of Illinois in 1963. Today there are active Islamic societies at Harvard, MIT, Boston University, Northeastern, Wentworth Institute, Suffolk, and Tufts. Some student groups, such as the MIT Muslim Students' Association, are directly affiliated with the national MSA. Others, such as the Harvard Islamic Society, are not.
Islamic Associations and Cooperative Efforts
There are currently a number of active Islamic organizations in New England, bringing together Muslims and providing leadership to the centers in the area. The Islamic Society of Boston (ISB) was organized in 1982 as a loose association of the independent student Islamic societies: the ISB's goal was to assist these societies by sponsoring lectures on the political, economic, and social aspects of their religious life. The original ISB mosque, located in a renovated Knights of Columbus Hall on Prospect Street in Cambridge, stands as a striking and beautiful addition to the religious architecture of Greater Boston.
The Islamic Council of New England (ICNE), founded in 1984 and now including more than thirty Massachusetts centers, sponsors an annual conference on Islamic life in the United States. The New England Imam's Shura Council, a subsidiary of the ICNE, makes decisions about certain Islamic legal matters--such as the establishment of common prayer times--with the input of imams and other leaders from each local center. The Council also provides materials for Islamic training and children's education, and conducts youth programs, summer camps, and sports activities.
The New England Muslim Sisters Association (NEMSA) was formed in 1985 to promote "Islamic rights for women in political, economic, social and educational fields." NEMSA sponsors an annual conference to exchange information and resources among Muslim women in the region and assists in organizing women's events at the local level. The group also seeks to distribute accurate information about Islam and to respond to inaccurate representations of Muslims in the media.
In 1999, the Muslim American Society (MAS) established its Boston Chapter, and has since become the face of Islam in Greater Boston. Composed primarily of immigrants from the Arab world, the increased influence of the Muslim American Society in Boston represents yet another step in the diversification of Islam in Boston. MAS-Boston is now based at the Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center, where the organization serves in public relations and administrative functions for the landmark mosque and cultural center.
Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center
The Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center (ISBCC) has been a potent symbol of the development of Islam in Boston over the last decade. Throughout the history of its planning and construction, the center has been embroiled in legal and cultural conflict, and its recent inauguration was an important milestone for many of the city's Muslims. The path to the ISBCC's completion was turbulent: in addition to rising costs, negative press took its toll. Articles in the Boston Herald accused several ISB leaders of having ties to extremist groups.
Also fighting the construction was the David Project, a group striving "to promote a fair and honest understanding of the Arab-Israeli conflict." The David Project found a resident to file suit against the ISBCC in court, contending that the city had sold the land below market value and therefore violated the separation of church and state. The ISBCC filed its own countersuit, accusing media groups of defamation, but that suit was eventually dropped after the opposition case was dismissed in early 2007. Prayers started later that year, and on June 26, 2009, the ISBCC held its public inauguration.
Since its soft opening in October 2008, the ISBCC has developed into an active participant in Boston's public sphere. The ISBCC houses the offices of MAS Boston, providing a broad range of social services to Muslims as well as non-Muslims in the area. The ISBCC also plays host to many other community groups and activities, such as the summer Qur'an institute for Muslim children and a Friday night halaqah (gathering) of young Muslim professionals. As the largest Islamic center in New England, the ISBCC is undoubtedly the most prominent landmark of Islam in Greater Boston.
Islamic Interfaith Cooperation
Interfaith cooperative efforts are an important part of the programming and activities of many local Muslim organizations. The Islamic Council of New England, for example, regularly participates in interfaith dialogue events with the Massachusetts Council of Churches and the National Conference of Christians and Jews. The ISBCC is also an active participant in interfaith efforts, housing an interfaith center for dialogue at its facilities.
In many instances, however, Islamic outreach has been the result of individual efforts. In 1982, Talal Eid--educated in Lebanon and at Al-Azhar University in Cairo--came to Quincy, where he served as spiritual director of the Islamic Center of New England, as well as imam of the Quincy Mosque. He later became imam and executive director of the Islamic Institute of Boston, and in 2007 he was the first imam appointed to serve on the US Commission on International Religious Freedom. Today Eid serves as the Muslim chaplain at Massachusetts General Hospital and at Brandeis University (a historically Jewish institution). Within Greater Boston, he has been instrumental in developing cooperative interfaith efforts.
Eid's work is often representative of a growing trend toward interfaith work among Boston's Muslims. For instance, through Project Nur, several local college and university student groups have organized community outreach programs, including interfaith iftars to celebrate the breaking of the fast during Ramadan. The New England Muslim Interfaith Council has similarly sponsored community events, including film festivals and a series of public lectures.
The establishment of both primary and secondary Islamic schools has been a significant marker in the growth of the community in Greater Boston. Founded in 2001, Alhuda Academy in Worcester has become one of the leading full-time Islamic academies in New England, with over 100 students in pre-kindergarten through the eighth grade. Alhuda Academy's curriculum is designed to develop "better citizens and better Muslims" by integrating mainstream educational techniques with Islamic principles. Al-Noor Academy, located in Mansfield, was founded in 2000 and serves approximately 75 students in grades 6-12. Al-Noor Academy attempts to fully incorporate Islam into the educational process by emphasizing Islamic values through required coursework as well as through extracurricular activities.
The Future of Islam in Boston
The Muslim community of Greater Boston has grown more diverse and more visible with each passing year. The fusion of immigrant and indigenous influences has shaped the city's cultural landscape over the last several decades. As the community proceeds with new cooperative initiatives, such as the ISBCC, it can be safely assumed that Islam in Boston will continue its trajectory of growth and engagement. | <urn:uuid:0ef8813c-b45b-468d-8bd6-2a633cf89fe6> | {
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by Staff Writers
Bristol UK (SPX) Jan 09, 2013
The study, published in Nature Climate Change, is the first of its kind on ice sheet melting to use structured expert elicitation (EE) together with an approach which mathematically pools experts' opinions. EE is already used in a number of other scientific fields such as forecasting volcanic eruptions.
The ice sheets covering Antarctica and Greenland contain about 99.5 per cent of the Earth's glacier ice which would raise global sea level by some 63m if it were to melt completely.
The ice sheets are the largest potential source of future sea level rise - and they also possess the largest uncertainty over their future behaviour. They present some unique challenges for predicting their future response using numerical modelling and, as a consequence, alternative approaches have been explored.
One such approach is via carefully soliciting and pooling expert judgements - a practice already used in fields as diverse as eruption forecasting and the spread of vector borne diseases.
In this study Professor Jonathan Bamber and Professor Willy Aspinall used such an approach to assess the uncertainties in the future response of the ice sheets.
They found that the median estimate for the sea level contribution from the ice sheets by 2100 was 29cm with a 5 per cent probability that it could exceed 84cm.
When combined with other sources of sea level rise, this implies a conceivable risk of a rise of greater than 1m by 2100, which would have deeply profound consequences for humankind. The IPCC's report provided figures ranging from 18cm to 59cm for six possible scenarios.
The researchers also found that the scientists, as a group, were highly uncertain about the cause of the recent increase in ice sheet mass loss observed by satellites and equally unsure whether this was part of a long term trend or due to short-term fluctuations in the climate system.
Professor Bamber said: "This is the first study of its kind on ice sheet melting to use a formalized mathematical pooling of experts' opinions.
"It demonstrates the value and potential of this approach for a wide range of similar problems in climate change research, where past data and current numerical modelling have significant limitations when it comes to forecasting future trends and patterns."
This study was part funded by Ice2sea - a major EU-funded programme to improve the projections of future global sea levels. 'An expert judgement assessment of future sea level rise from the ice sheets' by J.L. Bamber and W.P. Aspinall in Nature Climate Change.
University of Bristol
Beyond the Ice Age
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement| | <urn:uuid:72b4dd03-dcc7-48e0-89ef-907bea0e043c> | {
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Addressing Poverty in Practice
Current Poverty Issues
Leave No One Behind
Leave no one behind
(LNOB) is the central pledge of the 2030 Agenda, recognizing the need to combat poverty and inequalities. In fact,
leaving no one behind
is indispensable in order to meet the Sustainable Development Goals.
This dedicated page features key resources, good practices and relevant links on the topic of
LNOB - from the SDC as well as other relevant donors and organisations.
Leave No One Behind Guidelines for Project Planners and Practitioners | <urn:uuid:8d8a1ac0-a486-46ef-9804-eca16a88ad67> | {
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The ACT measures your achievements in four areas – English, Mathematics, Reading, and Science. There is an optional Writing test. You are not required to memorize facts or vocabulary to do well. We do not recommend that you cram by memorizing science facts and new vocabulary – doing so will not directly improve performance.
The following table outlines the format of the ACT:
|Sections||Types of Questions||Number of Questions||Times|
Total English Questions
Total Math Questions
Total Reading Questions
Total Science Questions
|Writing (optional)||Essay Response
Total Writing Questions
|Total||2 hrs. 55 min.
3 hrs. 30 min.
ACT Question Types
The Math section of the ACT measures your mathematical achievement, including your ability to:
- Use techniques taught in high school Math courses and needed for college Math courses, and
- Reason mathematically and not focus on computation ability or ability to recall definitions, theorems, or formulas.
Math concepts tested on the ACT include:
Operations on Whole Numbers, Fractions, Decimals, Integers, Powers, Square Roots, Ratios, Proportions, Percentages, Multiples, Factors, Absolute Value, Number Ordering, Simple Linear Equations, Simple Probability, Mean, Median, Mode, Data Analysis
Variables, Substitution, Polynomials, Factoring, Quadratic Equations, Solving Linear Equations, Exponents, Square Roots
Quadratic Formula, Radical Expressions, Inequalities, Absolute Value Equations, Sequences, Systems of Equations, Functions, Matrices, Roots, Complex Numbers
Number Lines, Coordinate (x,y) Plane, Line Graphs, Graphs of Points, Graphs of Circles, Slope, Parallel Lines, Perpendicular Lines, Distance, Midpoints, Transformations, Conics
Triangles, Rectangles, Parallelograms, Trapezoids, Circles, Angles, Parallel Lines, Perpendicular Lines, Translations, Rotations, Symmetry, Proof Techniques, Perimeter, Area, Volume, Logical Proofs
Ratios for Right Triangles, Graphs of Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometric Identities, Trigonometric Equations, Modeling
On the ACT, the Math questions are multiple-choice questions with five answer choices. The directions and format for the questions are as follows:
Solve each problem, chose the correct answer, and then fill in the corresponding oval on your answer document.Do no linger over problems that take too much time. Solve as many as you can; then return to the others in the time you have left for this test.You are permitted to use a calculator on this test. You may use your calculator for any problems you choose, but some of the problems may best be done without using a calculator.Note: Unless otherwise stated, all of the following should be assumed.
- Illustrative figures are NOT necessarily drawn to scale.
- Geometric figures line in a plane.
- The word line indicates a straight line.
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A pimple in the ear can be painful and uncomfortable. Pimples usually go away on their own, but some treatments can speed up the healing process.
Pimples can occur on the ear, behind the ear, or inside the ear canal.
In this article, we talk about what causes ear pimples, how to get rid of them, and how to prevent them from coming back.
Pimples, also called whiteheads, zits, or blackheads are most common on the face and back, but they can show up almost anywhere.
The outer ear and external ear canal have skin cells, hair cells, and oil-producing glands, which are all it takes for a pimple to form.
Pimples appear when a pore becomes clogged with dead skin cells and sebum, which is the natural oil that protects the skin and keeps it moist.
Bacteria can also cause pimples, so anything that introduces bacteria or dirt into the ear can cause pimples.
Causes of pimples in the ear include:
- exposure to a dirty or dusty environment
- glands in the ear producing too much oil
- sharing earbuds with another person
- using dirty earbuds or headphones
- putting things in the ear, including a finger
- contact with unclean water, leading to swimmer’s ear or otitis externa
- increased stress levels
- hormonal imbalances, such as during puberty
- ear piercings that become dirty or infected
- wearing hats or helmets for long periods of time
- allergic reactions to hair or beauty products that enter the ear canal
Some conditions can cause symptoms similar to a pimple in the ear, so it is important to identify a pimple correctly in order to treat it. A dermatologist can help diagnose and treat these skin-related issues in the right way.
It is best to avoid popping pimples in the ear, particularly in the ear canal. Popping pimples can push pus and bacteria deeper into the pore and cause additional symptoms, such as inflammation and infection.
The ear is a sensitive area, and if a burst pimple becomes infected, this can cause further problems. It can also damage the skin and result in a scar.
A pimple that causes substantial distress can be removed by a doctor to prevent complications.
There are several treatments for pimples that are gentle enough to use in the sensitive ear area.
A warm compress or heat pad may reduce inflammation and irritation. This can soften a pimple to bring the pus to the surface.
If a pimple drains in this way, the individual should clean up the discharge and gently wash the area with a mild soap. Cleansers, such as witch hazel or alcohol, may prevent infections.
Over-the-counter or prescription drugs may help to treat acne, such as:
- hydrogen peroxide
- rubbing alcohol
- antibiotic creams, including Neosporin or Polysporin
- products that contain salicylic acid
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (Advil) or naproxen (Aleve)
For severe acne, a doctor will usually recommend topical or systemic drugs made from vitamin A. Tretinoin cream is one of the most common. Isotretinoin may also be used but is usually reserved for the most severe cases.
Doctors may also recommend antibiotics, including doxycycline or minocycline, to get rid of the bacteria. However, this type of treatment is becoming less popular, as cases of antibiotic-resistant bacteria appear.
Dermatologists may also recommend specific store-bought acne creams or facial cleansers based on the grade of a person’s acne.
Pimples in the ear can be prevented by practicing good ear hygiene. This includes:
- regular washing and cleaning to reduce dead skin cells and sebum
- not putting foreign objects in the ear
- avoiding swimming in dirty water
- taking breaks from wearing helmets or hard hats
When pimples do not respond to treatment, a dermatologist can help decide the best prevention methods. They can help identify which grade of acne the person has, and recommend medications or home practices to prevent flare-ups.
People need to be patient when starting a new prevention method, as this will take time to produce results.
While most spots in the ear are pimples, other conditions can also cause bumps that appear similar. Because we are unable to see our own ears, it is possible for bumps in and around the ear to go unnoticed until they become a problem.
Other ear bumps that can resemble pimples include:
- Sebaceous cysts: These are small bumps beneath the skin that appear not to grow, or to grow very slowly.
- Keloid scars: A small wound near the ear may cause keloid tissue to appear. These are areas of raised, dark-colored scar tissue that can be much larger than the original wound.
- Seborrheic keratosis: These are common, harmless skin growths that appear as slightly raised, brownish areas of skin.
- Acanthoma fissuratum: An uncommon skin condition, this may resemble a bump with raised edges. It is usually seen in a person who wears glasses.
- Boils or blind pimples: These are similar to pimples, but they are deeper into the skin, and so may cause more pain and inflammation. They tend to show no visible head.
- Basal cell carcinoma: Although rare, it is possible for bumps on the ears to be malignant growths.
A person who is uncertain about a bump in or on their ear should see a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Pimples in the ear are similar to pimples elsewhere and can be treated in the same way. They usually clear up relatively quickly, often without leaving a scar.
People with persistent acne, whether in the ear or anywhere else, should see a doctor or dermatologist for a diagnosis. A doctor or specialist will help assess the severity or grade of the acne and can suggest a treatment plan suited to individual cases.
The pimple treatments listed in this article are available for purchase online. | <urn:uuid:afa13a58-f14f-40b1-8c9b-a2a2892bb891> | {
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The Homeless Solution
by Whitney Tarin, age 11, from US
The homeless should be helped to make this world a little bit better for all of us. My heart breaks when I see homeless people begging for food and money.
We should help the homeless, so we don't have to see them out on the streets on very cold days as we walk by them in our warm jackets, while they freeze to death in their torn-up shirts and raggedy blankets. The homeless get sick easier than we do, because they are outside all the time. We take it for granted that we have a place to live. The homeless have no place that they can call home.
We could help the homeless by building homes for them. There are lots of ways for us to do this. For example, we could use the housing in the Presidio. Most of it is empty now. Or we could use Alcatraz to house the homeless. It's perfect because there is one kitchen that they all could share. All we would have to do is brighten up the cells with fresh paint and change the bars into doors.
We could help the homeless by providing jobs for them. If we did this, then they could buy their own food and anything else they might need. We could pay the homeless to clean up the city, plant flowers and trees and make our city a better place to live.
My idea of the perfect place for homeless people is this: use or build a large apartment building, with only one large kitchen for all to share. This would make more room in the building, save energy and money too. The building could also have a place for children to be when their parents are out working. Some of the people in the building could play with the children during the day. This would be their job.
I would have a lot more pride in this world if we helped the homeless. There would also be a lot less heartache. Let's all pitch in and do something nice for the homeless. | <urn:uuid:5deee1da-44f1-4c0d-99d3-1466c6a1f64c> | {
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Jan. 30, 2012 -- Got a craving for chocolate ice cream, greasy chips, or something else that you're trying not to eat?
People who postpone a snack they crave actually desire it less and are able to delay eating it, says researcher Nicole Mead, PhD, an assistant professor at Catolica-Lisbon School of Business and Economics in Portugal.
What's more, they then eat less of that food over the next week, she has found.
One key? Postponing has to be to some vague time in the future.
"When you postpone to some indefinite time in the future, the desire for the food actually decreases," Mead says. She presented her findings at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology in San Diego.
When a craving hits, people often think they have two choices, Mead says: giving in or resisting.
"If you give up, you are usually feeling guilty," she says. If you resist, you often feel deprived and ''you might overindulge later on."
"We propose a third option: To say to yourself, 'I can have it later.'"
It takes you out of that ''yes-no,'' ''should I or shouldn't I?'' conflict, she says.
Postponing vs. Not: The Studies
Mead tested the strategy using different snack foods.
In one study, she invited 99 men and women to watch film clips. She put a bowl of candies in front of each participant. The participants weren't told what the researchers were actually studying. She assigned them to one of three groups:
One group was told they could eat the candies freely.
Another group was asked not to eat them.
A third group was told they could have them later.
After the film clip viewing, Mead asked the participants unrelated questions, such as whether the temperature in the room was OK, again to throw them off.
Then she told all of them it was OK to eat the candies. The participants weren't told that the researchers were going to measure how much candy they ate.
The group told not to eat the candies while watching the film ate the most, about a third of an ounce. Those told to eat freely and those asked to postpone each ate about half that amount. The postponing group ate a little less than the eat-freely group.
"We also measured chocolate consumption over one week," Mead says. The postponing group ate chocolate candy only once during the week after the experiment. The group told to eat freely ate it three times. The group told not to eat it at the film viewing ate it about four-and-a-half times.
The Chips Test
Mead wanted to see if she would get the same results if she allowed people to choose their strategy. She gave 105 high school students in the Netherlands, average age 15, each a bag of chips. They were randomly assigned to an eating strategy or told to choose their own. | <urn:uuid:cd57b850-c0e8-465b-9f5a-99757fdfe3fc> | {
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Monday, May 23, 2016
On superstars..........................Part the first
The first thing the researchers noticed, as they began crawling through all that data, was that the firm's most productive workers, its superstars, shared a number of traits. The first was they tended to work on only five projects at once - a healthy load, but not extraordinary. There were other employees who handled ten or twelve projects at a time. But those employees had a lower profit margin than the superstars, who were more careful about how they invested their time.
The economists figured the superstars were pickier because they were seeking out assignments that were similar to previous work they had done. Conventional wisdom holds that productivity rises when people do the same kind of tasks over and over. Repetition makes us faster and more efficient because we don't have to learn fresh skills with each assignment. But as the economists looked more closely, they found the opposite. The superstars weren't choosing tasks that leveraged existing skills. Instead, they were signing up for projects that required them to seek out new colleagues and demanded new abilities. That's why the superstars worked on only five projects at a time. Meeting new people and learning new skills takes a lot of additional hours.
-Charles Duhigg, Smarter Faster Better: The Secrets of Being Productive in Life and Business | <urn:uuid:5e4f358a-0d00-4ff5-ae02-e7a07ba16abd> | {
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- Наличност: Спряно от продажба
- Състояние: Използвано
- Категория: Non-fiction
- Баркод: 9780304349982
- Търговски код: 30785
Anthony Aveni | Stairways to the stars
Many ancient societies commanded an elaborate grasp of the movements of the sun, moon, stars and planets, using little or no technology. They saw the sky as an interconnected realm of the natural and spiritual world. This text brings to light recent studies about three ancient cultures. It surveys findings, and delves into the beliefs and astronomy of the three cultures. The research offers conclusions about the hieroglyphic writing about astronomy, known as the "Mayan Code", how the Incan city of Cuzco was built as a vast observatory and why Stonehenge was built. | <urn:uuid:17332437-b78f-475d-80d4-2703d90552ed> | {
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Program Aims to Bring Jewish & Black Teens Together
By Kevin Lavery, KWMU
St. Louis, MO – A group of African-American and Jewish teens are beginning a year-long cultural studies program that seeks to teach each group about the other's heritage and eliminate racism.
In all, 22 area high school students will attend workshops and travel to several U.S. sites significant to both the black and Jewish experiences. There will also be a series of public speakers to help facilitate discussions with their peers about racism and discrimination.
"I have had experiences in public places and in my school community, and I have faced them the best I could, and one of the reasons I want to do this program is so I can learn how to better handle them," said Maayan Simckes, one of a dozen Jewish students. ""I think everybody should be able to say that they are proud of who they are, and should have no fear behind it."
The program is modeled after a similar one started in Washington, D.C. in 1994. Founder Karen Kalish says the program turns even negative experiences in teaching opportunities.
"We went to a plantation where slavery was never even mentioned," Kalish said Sunday. "The black kids were so upset and crying, and the Jewish kids immediately empathized. What if we had gone to Hitler's place, and they never mentioned the Holocaust? There are constantly times, and we turn them all into learning moments." | <urn:uuid:80d36dc1-7efb-46e9-8680-8eb15c0c56da> | {
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Small in the City is one of the best picturebooks I’ve ever read. Sydney Smith has been well lauded for illustrating other people’s work. Here, though, he demonstrates that he is a remarkable author also.
On the cover, a small child, aged around eight, sits by the window of a vehicle. I am assuming she’s a girl. Her expression is thoughtful. What does the expression in that one visible eye convey? Let’s examine some of the clues we get before the story itself begins. The book is tall and narrow, like a city building. The endpapers depict what could be a blizzard. On the title page, the child walks purposefully, snug in warm clothes, carrying a rucksack. This is a well-cared-for child. On the first opening, we see her silhouetted against a vehicle window. The next opening reveals it’s a bus or streetcar. The city passes by outside the fogged-up windows.
Smith’s genius is evident in how so much meaning is conveyed with loose dark lines and blurry images. Reflections abound. Perspective shifts constantly. She appears to be alone. Why would a parent let a child ride on public transport alone? She does not seem fearful. Maybe it is a journey she makes regularly? For example, she signals for the bus to stop and steps off, confidently, into cold sunlight and shadows. After she alights, some text appears, and we realise that she is speaking reassuringly to someone who seems to be lost. Who can it be?
The city seems overpowering, dense, busy, chaotic. Smith’s use of a mixture of big and small, framed and unframed images makes us see and feel how it is to be small in such an overwhelming environment. For example, she informs her unseen listener that “people don’t see you and loud sounds can scare you”.
The weather gradually disimproves. Flurries of snow appear. She is not lost – she knows this neighbourhood well. There is advice to the unseen listener about safe routes, warm places and trustworthy people. The fishmongers “are nice” we are told, as we see a fishmonger sitting outside his shop. That catches our eye. We pause. Sitting outside on such a cold day? Smith wants us to notice something. Nothing is in a picturebook image unless it is necessary. We move along. In the next image, something else catches our eye. We check back to the fishmonger’s door. The unseen listener hears that a warm, cosy home is there. The line “If you want, you could just come back.” is heartbreaking.
The weather steadily worsens. The child almost disappears in the blizzard. Our hearts are in our mouths.
Teachers, this book needs to be read more than once. If you’re like me, then first, you need to sit quietly, read and reread and study the images. Then share the book with your class. Allow them to linger and ponder. Discuss the relevance of the splashes of red. Check out any footprints in the snow. This little story exudes empathy, compassion, loss, and hope. It is an emotional and breathtakingly beautiful read.
Copyright: Just Imagine Story Centre Ltd 2012-2021. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:7327bbd8-c054-45f8-ab60-bff44b7b74f9> | {
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Named for a settlement of mechanics who repaired and made wagons in the early 1800s, Mechanicsburg's continued growth was also attributed to the Cumberland Valley Railroad. Completing its line in 1837, Mechanicsburg was designated as a water station where workers could restock the locomotive's wood and pump water. The train became the town's link to the world of business and industry. At one time, there were twenty-five trains chugging through the town daily carrying travelers, coal, feathers, fruit, ice, mail and newspapers. During the Civil War, the railroad was an invaluable method of transporting troops and supplies. Residents saw the first of the Civil War in 1862 when Confederate prisoners passed through town on the CVRR. One year later, on June 27, 1863, Gen. Albert Jenkins and his troops marched to town and demanded rations for his men and grain for the horses. For information about things to do, places to stay and eat, or local events visit www.visitcumberlandcounty.com. | <urn:uuid:69c75c3a-f9a3-4b41-b7af-6afc31f0c3e4> | {
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Milk is an important food for people in many countries, but adulteration is all too common. Suppliers of fraudulent milk might add water to increase the volume of their product, and then put in sugars, urea, or starch to restore the density, taste, and appearance of the milk. In a recent publication, Notre Dame graduate student Jamie Luther describes how to catch these food frauds using a paper test card. The chemicals and enzymes needed to detect specific adulterants were stored in dry form on reaction areas of the test card. When drops of milk are added to the reaction areas, they dissolve the reagents and if the adulterant is present, a color change is caused. The user can compare the color to a standard sample or use an image analysis program to read the result from the card. In laboratory tests, the cards detected more than 90% of the adulterated milk samples. Next the technology must be tested in field settings. | <urn:uuid:5e757f23-dcae-4f34-addf-6cff8e3a186e> | {
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Teaching is the only profession that fails to study the organ it endeavors to improve: The Brain. But in recent decades, learning scientists together with neuroscientists have made groundbreaking discoveries about how the human brain works and how children learn. In this Neuroscience of Learning presentation, Dr. Timothy Kieran O’Mahony will introduce the most significant of these discoveries, which have been translated into practical teaching systems that deliver powerful improvements in education for teachers, students, and, indeed, for parents. Evidence of recent methodological changes derived from brain-centric models has produced results, which are always significant, and often breathtaking. The goal is to increase teacher capacity in this field where neuroscience informs classroom practices and processes.
Timothy Kieran O’Mahony, Ph.D. is the Founding Principal for the Institute for Connecting Neuroscience with Teaching and Learning, a grassroots community of classroom educators whose goal is to increase teacher capacity by introducing neuroscience into classroom practice. Prior, he served as a Research Fellow Course Instructor at the University of Washington, as well as a research scientist for the Boeing Company Learning Laboratory in Seattle. His award-winning research has been featured in various neuroscience and education-based publications. He earned his doctorate from the University of Washington and a Master’s of Education degree from the National University of Ireland. | <urn:uuid:c9c08ba1-1f3e-442c-bd25-9a288db958ce> | {
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A lava flow with a smooth, ropy surface.
The science that studies the past distribution of plants and animals.
The study of how global climate has changed through time.
Natural magnetism is acquired by some rocks, especially igneous rocks that are rich in iron, as they solidify. As the rocks cool, iron-bearing minerals are 'frozen' into position. The orientation of iron-bearing magnetic minerals record the location of the Earth's magnetic poles and the latitude of the rock at the time of cooling.
The study of ancient seismic (earthquake) events.
Includes the time from about 570-245 million years ago.
The study of pollen, living and fossil.
The supercontinent which formed at the end of the Paleozoic Era and began breaking up about 200 million years ago to form today's continents.
A radioactive isotope that changes to a different, daughter isotope when its nucleus decays.
The preexisting rock from which a metamorphic rock forms.
A tectonically inactive continental margin characterized by a lack of earthquakes and volcanic activity.
A bare rock surface that provides a protective rock cover over the material beneath it.
A sloping bedrock surface at the base of a mountain, formed when erosion removes much of the mountain's mass.
Loose particles of rock or mineral (sediment) that range in size from 2 - 64 millimeters in diameter. Pebbles are the smallest type of gravel.
A very coarse-grained igneous rock, commonly with a granitic composition. Usually forms from molten rock rich in water or other volatiles that facilitate the growth of large crystals. Forms sills and dikes.
A fine-grained sedimentary rock consisting mostly of clay and/or silt. Mudstone, shale, siltstone, and claystone are all pelitic.
A stream that runs continuously throughout the year.
The ability of a rock or other material to allow water to flow through its interconnected spaces. Permeable bedrock makes a good aquifer, a rock layer that yields water to wells. See porosity. (3 MB porosity animation available)
The study of rocks.
Lover of rocks. May be a petrologist, a stone mason, a rock climber.
An igneous rock texture in which the mineral grains are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye and are of approximately equal size.
The eon beginning about 570 million years ago and continuing to the present. The portion of Earth history with rocks containing abundant fossils.
A term used to describe large crystals embedded in a mass of finer crystals (groundmass) in an igneous rock. See 'porphyritic'.
A magnesium-rich member of the mica mineral family. Phlogopite is a yellowish-brown to coppery-colored mica. Like all micas, phlogopite forms flat, plate-like crystals that cleave into smooth flakes.
A very fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock, generally derived from shale or fine-grained sandstone. Phyllites are usually black or dark gray; the foliation is commonly crinkled or wavy. Differs from less recrystallized slate by its sheen, which is produced by barely visible flakes of muscovite (mica).
A member of the feldspar mineral family. Plagioclase feldspars are silicates that contain considerable sodium and calcium. Feldspar crystals are stubby prisms, generally white to gray and a glassy luster.
Generally tiny animals or plants that live floating in water.
Permanent deformation (change in size or shape) of soft, but solid rock by folding or flowing without fracturing.
A slab of rigid lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) that moves over the asthenosphere.
The theory that the Earth's outer shell is made up of about a dozen lithospheric plates that move about and interact at their boundaries.
Playas are shallow, short-lived lakes that form where water drains into basins with no outlet to the sea and quickly evaporates. Playas are common features in arid (desert) regions and are among the flattest landforms in the world.
The earliest Epoch of the Quaternary Period, beginning about 1.6 million years ago and ending 10,000 years ago. Commonly known as the 'Ice Age', a time with episodes of widespread continental glaciation.
The latest Epoch of the Tertiary Period, beginning about 5.3 million years ago and ending 1.6 million years ago.
A large body of intrusive igneous rock that solidified within the crust. Batholiths and Stocks are types of plutons.
Any igneous rock that cools beneath the surface. (=intrusive rock).
A lake formed in a land-locked basin during a period of increased rainfall associated with glacial advance elsewhere.
The percentage of open spaces (pores) in rock or soil. When these spaces are interconnected, water, air, or other fluids can migrate from space to space. Interconnected spaces make the soil or bedrock permeable.
An igneous rock texture characterized by larger crystals (phenocrysts) in a matrix of distinctly finer crystals (groundmass).
Large mineral grains that grow during metamorphism.
An igneous rock, usually a dike or sill, with larger, generally conspicuous, early-formed crystals contained within a matrix of much smaller crystals.
The 'unofficial' time period that encompasses all time from the Earth's formation, 4.55 billion years ago to 570 million years ago, the beginning of the Paleozoic Era.
A large rock resting on another in an unstable position. Precarious boulders may remain in place for thousands of years until an earthquake or human-caused tremor dislodges them.
The process that separates solids from a solution.
Mineral precipitate. A mineral deposited from a water solution in pores or other openings in rocks. Chemical reaction with the surrounding rock, changes in pressure or temperature, or just drying up (evaporation) can cause a mineral to precipitate out of solution. Quartz veins are common products of mineral precipitation.
The 'Precambrian' time interval from 2.5 billion to 570 million years ago.
A light-colored, frothy, glassy volcanic rock. The texture is formed by rapidly expanding gas in erupting lava.
Iron sulfide mineral (FeS). Forms silvery to brassy metallic cubes or masses. Common in many rocks. Known as fool's gold. Weathered pyrite produces limonite (iron oxide) that stains rock brown. or yellow.
An igneous rock texture produced from consolidation of fragmented volcanic material ejected during a violent eruption. Also used to describe ash, bombs and other material forcefully ejected during a volcanic eruption (=tephra)
A volcanic eruption that produces a large volume of solid volcanic fragments (pyroclastics) rather than fluid lava. This type of eruption is typical of volcanoes with high silica, viscous, gas-rich magma.
An extremely hot mixture of gas, ash and pumice fragments, that travels down the flanks of a volcano or along the surface of the ground at speeds of 50 to 100 miles per hour.
Family of silicate minerals containing iron, magnesium, and calcium in varying amounts. Differ from amphibole family by lack of water in the crystals. The most common variety, augite, contains aluminum as well. Generally forms very dark green to black stubby prisms. | <urn:uuid:dead0717-4107-4fb4-8217-414e5277b101> | {
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Thursday, February 6, 2014
by Native www.gooddeedsmall.com
Games may be helpful for children suffering from anxiety and depression, according to research published last year.
In the study, Game-Based Biofeedback for Paediatric Anxiety and Depression, M. Knox and five other scientists reported that children responded favorably to video games utilizing biofeedback devices and techniques.
During eight sessions, M. Knox and colleagues tested twenty-four children and assigned half of them to a group using two video games and the other half to a comparison group.
To rate psychological symptoms before and after the sessions, the scientists gave three tests to children whose ages ranged from nine to seventeen years old. Two of the tests were for anxiety; the third, for depression.
“The intervention group [video game group] reduced anxiety and depression scores on [standardized] tests,” the scientists wrote in the published study results.
The biofeedback-based games that were used included Freeze-Framer 2.0 and Journey to Wild Divine: The Passage.
“These programs use one to three small skin electrodes that record moment by moment changes in heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance level (SCL),” the authors of the study wrote.
The objective was for the participants to relax and breathe at a slower rate to progress through the games, according to the authors.
A promotional video for one of the games —Journey to Wild Divine: The Passage— shows that, by controlling their heart rate, users can open a door in a colorful temple, juggle three balls, or fly on a virtual magic carpet.
PureCalm is an herbal remedy that promotes a calmed mood and soothes nervous tension and symptoms of stress. | <urn:uuid:216ddb35-1701-4732-a537-bbc2e5b2fcf9> | {
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Bright young business brains across Scotland learn circle of life skills
Wednesday, 28 March 2018
Young entrepreneurs in the west of Scotland are being encouraged to lead an environmental revolution by taking part in interactive sustainability sessions.
Around 1000 primary and secondary pupils are getting involved in the Circular Economy Challenge, a programme run by Young Enterprise Scotland (YES) and funded by the ScottishPower Foundation.
In a series of innovative practical workshops, young people will be encouraged to think about how businesses can run effectively and successfully in a world with finite resources by making their own sustainable product.
Sustainability sessions will show youngsters how to eliminate waste and reduce dependency on natural resources, and will also address the environmental impact of manufacturing processes.
Young people from each school will create and market their own product or service and present it to a panel of industry experts at the end of the process.
Young Enterprise Scotland chief executive Geoff Leask said: “As a global community, we’re eating into finite resources and that can’t work in the longer term.
“A circular economy model – where the goods of today become the resources of tomorrow – will help to prevent future shortages of food, water and housing.
“More than 200,000 jobs are expected to be created in the circular economy sector in Britain by 2030, so it’s vital that we provide young people with the skills and aptitudes they will need to lead and work in businesses in the future.
“The circular economy sessions will get young people thinking about how they would redesign the current model, and will also increase awareness of and respect for the environment.
“We’re very proud to be running the challenge in schools across the west of Scotland – and we could not do this without the support of the ScottishPower Foundation. We hope the activities will help enterprising young minds of today prepare for the economy of tomorrow.”
YES aims to inspire young people by equipping them with skills to learn and succeed through enterprise.
The ScottishPower Foundation is a charitable organisation which aims to enhance the quality of life in local communities by supporting causes close to people’s hearts, such as developing the UK’s future generation and fighting against climate change.
The Circular Economy Challenge is one of 17 different charitable projects selected by the ScottishPower Foundation from across the UK to receive a slice of funding totalling more than £1m this year.
Ann McKechin, Trustee and Executive Officer of the ScottishPower Foundation, said: “The impact of waste on our environment is one of the most pressing issues we’re facing in today’s society, so we’re delighted to support this great initiative.
“Young Enterprise Scotland continues to be innovative in its approach to engaging young people and supporting them with transferrable skills for the future.”
Starting in August, the Circular Economy Challenge will run across 40 schools, working with around 1000 young people.
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17.3 Invoking recins
recins adds new records to a rec file or to rec data read
from standard input. Synopsis:
recins [option]... [-t type] \
[-n indexes | -e record_expr | -q str | -m num] \
[( -f str -v str]|[-r recdata )]... \
The new record to be inserted by the command is constructed by
using pairs of ‘-f’ and ‘-v’ options, or ‘-r’. Each pair defines a
field. The order of the parameters is significant.
If no file is specified then the command acts like a filter, getting
the data from standard input and writing the result to
If the specified file does not exist, it is created.
In addition to the common options described earlier (see Common Options) the program accepts the following options.
- The type of the new record. If there is a record set in the input
data matching this type then the new record is added there. Otherwise
a new record set is created. If this parameter is not specified then
the new record is anonymous.
- Declares the name of a field. This option must be followed by a
- The value of the field being defined.
- Add the fields of the record in value. This option can be
intermixed with ‘-f ... -v’ pairs.
- Encrypt confidential fields with the given password.
- Don't use external record descriptors.
- Be verbose when reporting integrity problems.
- Don't generate auto fields. See Auto-Generated Fields.
Record selection arguments are supported too. If they are used
then recins uses “replacement mode”: instead of
appending the new record, matched records are replaced by copies of
the provided record. The selection arguments are the same as in
- ‘-n indexes’
- Match the records occupying the given positions in its record set.
indexes must be a comma-separated list of numbers or ranges, the
ranges being two numbers separated with dashes. For example, the
following list denotes the first, the third, the fourth and all
records up to the tenth:
- ‘-e record_expr’
- A record selection expression (see Selection Expressions).
Matching records will get replaced.
- ‘-q str’
- Remove records having a field whose value contains the substring
- ‘-m num’
- Select num random records. If num is zero then all
records are selected, i.e. no replace mode is activated.
- Make strings case-insensitive in selection expressions.
- Insert the requested record even in potentially dangerous situations,
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Since reading the work of Kelly Gallagher and Jeff Anderson, I have routinely used mentor texts to teach writing. As Anderson states in Mechanically Inclined, “A mentor text is any text that can teach a writer about any aspect of a writer’s craft, from sentence structure to quotation marks to show don’t tell.” (See my post on working with mentor texts here.)
To support the use of mentor texts, I am introducing ‘Mentor Mats’. Mentor Mats are A3, double sided alternatives to literacy mats and work as follows:
The mats offer a number of benefits:
They show examples of success. This is how we want students to write. I find it much easier to show this, than just to explain or offer checklists. Through exposure to high quality examples of writing, students will be better placed to produce examples of their own.
They show how to get started (and finished). Some students will mimic the structures of entire openings, stealing judiciously. Others will use the openings to just get a sense of the sort of thing you might write. In either case, I am confident this is going to have greater long-term impact than just telling them how to start. Hopefully, cries of ‘I don’t know how to start’ are a thing of the past!
They isolate important features. Seeing examples of language features in context helps students to see how they work and encourage them to use them.
They limit the amount of information. Literacy mats can sometimes bombard students with so much information that it is hard to know what to concentrate on. These mats focus on three main techniques, giving examples to illustrate.
They needn’t take a ridiculous amount of time to produce. My colleague spent some time creating the design but we have ensured that it is very simple to create a new mat from the template.
This is the pdf version of the first mentor mat: Travel Writing.
The text for the mats is taken from The Daily Telegraph Travel Writing Competition which you can find here:
(I was going to post the pdf of the mentor mat here but- and this pains me to write- I’ve just noticed a typo. A ‘particple’ isn’t a thing. It’ll be uploaded asap.)
As ever, feedback is welcome. | <urn:uuid:5a107590-dd11-41af-8bd4-143299e05623> | {
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15 August 2019
PHP vs Node.js: how to choose. CTO’s guide
PHP and Node.js are two of the most popular choices when it comes to backend technologies for the web. PHP has been around for a long time and established itself as the most popular backend language on the web, while the Node.js platform is considered the new kid on the block, gaining the support of vast community and many innovative companies. How to choose between PHP and Node.js? What are their pros and cons? Why are some software engineers moving to Node.js? The CTO and developers from The Software House are offering their opinion.
- they are backend technologies used for server-side scripting,
- both are open-source,
- and both are highly specialized in web development.
While the approach they use may differ, both PHP can Node.js code can be used to create efficient and scalable web applications. Before we compare them directly, let’s take a closer look at them one by one.
PHP – the original go-to backend solution reinvented
Out of the two, PHP is by far the older one. It was created back in 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf, who simply needed a tool to maintain his personal web page. This very first version of PHP was already capable of supporting dynamic web pages, including form handling and the ability to embed HTML.
However, Lerdorf never intended for PHP to be an actual programming language. When the technology was released as an open-source program, it took a new life on its own and new contributors began adding more and more features. PHP was fairly easy to use for web development, as a tool created specifically for that purpose, but due to its organic and unstructured early growth, it was quite inconsistent (e.g. misleading naming of functions or parameter order).
Nevertheless, PHP proved extremely popular and the relatively short learning curve made it possible for even inexperienced developers to use it efficiently. In addition, being open-source, it could soon be found on the majority of web servers worldwide (it’s a server-side language of choice for around 79,1% of all websites) and used as a basis for a range of software aimed at making web development of various types of software products easier. Here are some numbers:
- The majority of popular content management systems (CMS) – WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla among others – are written in PHP.
- In fact, as of 2019, the PHP-based WordPress accounts for as many as 61 percent of all websites that use any kind of CMS.
- Three out of four most popular eCommerce platforms among the TOP 1 million websites are all written in PHP: WooCommerce (a WordPress plugin), Magento and OpenCart.
With the subsequent releases – as well as the emergence of web-focused PHP frameworks such as Symfony, Zend, or Laravel – PHP got gradually more consistent and was provided with tons of out-of-the-box solutions for repetitive webdev challenges (e.g., see the current list of Symfony components).
Node.js – the answer to the modern web’s needs
But developers love Node.js just as much as innovative companies. Not sure? Well, according to this year’s Developer Survey by StackOverflow:
- Node.is the most popular technology in the “Other Frameworks, Libraries, and Tools” category (49.9% of respondents use it).
- It’s also the 6th most loved technology in the same category (with 72,1% of users expressing their fondness for it).
- Finally, what’s maybe the most important piece of information, Node is also the 1st most desired technology (17,5% of all participants want to learn it).
PHP vs Node.js – comparison
Before we ask our people about their opinion of PHP and Node.js – a quick comparison of various characteristics, including various aspects of the PHP vs Node.js performance issue.
|License||PHP License / Zend Engine License||MIT License|
|No. of packages||233,625 (Composer, as of August 2, 2019)||1,047,679 (npm, as of August 2, 2019)|
|No. of devs||Up to 5,000,000||75,000|
|No. of questions on Stack Overflow||1,299,465 (as of August 2, 2019 )||285,874 (as of August 2, 2019 )|
|Load balancer support||Yes||Yes|
|Serverless||AWS Lambda, Azure Functions (experimental)||AWS Lambda, GCP Functions, Azure Functions|
|Architecture||Each request is isolated, so a single error doesn’t impact other users. Requires more resources (RAM, CPU).||Single server is shared between requests, so unhandled error in one, may have an impact on others. Requires less resources (RAM, CPU)|
|Multiple drivers support database||Yes||Yes|
|Request handling||Mostly synchronous. Requires special libs for asynchronous calls||Mostly asynchronous|
By the way, did you know that it is possible for PHP code to work asynchronously?
Should I choose PHP or Node.js for my project?
You should already have a pretty good idea about this issue. Let’s see what Marek Gajda, TSH’s CTO, has to say:
PHP – perfect for standardized and typical case scenarios
“As the older and more battle-proven technology, PHP shines in projects that do not require developers to reinvent the wheel, such as eCommerce stores, CRM, CMS, warehouse systems or any other business system based on forms and databases. This is where PHP coding does best, simply because there is a whole lot of quality ready-made components to make them as well as strong community support for it.”
Node.js – ideal for highly interactive web applications
“On the other hand, when you’re looking to make a very innovative and interactive project, Node.js may be the better choice. It’s a modern technology, which also attracts like-minded devs. They are up-to-date with all the latest trends”.
Adam Polak, TSH’s Head of Node, seems to agree:
“Node.js’s architecture does better with apps that are expected to be highly interactive. All sorts of dashboards and widgets that require real-time updates (bots, fintech apps, chats, surveys) are perfect for Node.js. Another important point to consider is Node’s tendency to support all the latest novelties, such as the serverless architecture or Ethereum smart contracts.”
When is it a good idea to move from PHP to Node.js (and when it is not)?
Last but not least, let’s discuss one of the hottest topics in the software development market – moving to Node.js. As the popularity of Node.js is growing, more and more developers are considering such an option. Among them are many PHP developers as well. One of the reasons is the salary: according to PayScale, an average Node.js developer in the U.S. can make as much as $104,964 – up to 40 percent more than an average PHP developer ($65,565). But this is not the only reason.
At The Software House, there are a couple of developers who decided to make the journey from the world of PHP development to Node. What were their motivations?
PHP’s growth being unsatisfying
Mariusz Richtscheid is working at TSH as a Node.js developer. What made him move from PHP to Node.js?
“I was unsatisfied with the growth rate of the popular PHP frameworks as well as the language itself. Consequently, I found some of the projects I worked on to be quite boring and repetitive. Node.js provides me with more challenges, novelties, more exciting projects and a vibrant community.”
Szymon Piecuch is also a big fan of how quickly Node.js adopts new solutions. But he also appreciates Node.js’s ability to adapt to all kinds of unusual projects.
“Node.js is fast and flexible. It makes it easy to create very responsive real-time web apps. It may be a bit controversial, but I believe that in the future it will give you access to a much bigger variety of interesting projects.”
The grass seems greener on the other side
But it isn’t all roses. There are still quite a lot of PHP developers who, all things considered, decided to stick to PHP. That’s what Szymon Szymański, Head of PHP at The Software House, has to say:
As you can see, not all PHP developers are all that impressed by Node. Many choose not to move even after careful consideration. This means that we can still not be sure what the future will bring. Will even more PHP devs decide to move, or perhaps Szymon’s arguments will triumph? One thing is for sure – the market of backend technology will still be diverse and very exciting in the future. What should CTOs choose for their companies then?
Building PHP and Node.js teams at your company
Ok, we know the most important differences between PHP and Node.js. We also have a solid grasp on why Node.js is currently trending among software developers.
TL;DR: usually, PHP works better when it comes to standardized systems based on forms and databases, while Node.js should be your choice if you’re thinking of highly interactive, modern apps working in real time.
This is why many developers (PHP devs among them) are seriously considering moving to Node.js. Therefore, if you consider building a Node.js development team at your company, you can definitely seize this opportunity. Having access to software developers from all the different technologies, you can use all the arguments presented above to inspire your employees to make the decision to migrate.
On the other hand, if you don’t need to reinvent the wheel and your application is a pretty straightforward eCommerce store, CRM, CMS, or warehouse system, you should rather stick with “good ole” PHP. With all the ready-to-use code components, the development will simply be much quicker. Systems such as WordPress, Drupal, or Magento have proven themselves capable fo supporting highly complex projects both when it comes to managing content as well as product and services.
Still unsure what's better for your project – PHP or Node.js?
Just contact us! The initial consultations at The Software House are entirely free of charge, with no strings attached. Regardless of whether you are interested in a PHP developer, or would like to create a Node.js application, you will find top-of-the-line professionals. | <urn:uuid:d9dec358-9203-4f5e-a90b-c31ab62e9597> | {
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People can still eat healthily despite living on a shoestring budget, it has been claimed.
Sian Porter, dietician and spokeswoman for the British Dietetic Association, responded to suggestions that pressures on finances may be leading some people to eat unhealthily.
Her comments show that cheap food does not always have to mean processed food with little nutritional value.
She revealed: 'Sometimes the cheaper version isn't necessarily the less healthy version.
'From a health point of view, [for example], having a glass of orange juice if you buy value orange juice, that glass of orange juice still counts as one of your five a day.'
Ms Porter explained that understanding what constitutes a healthy choice can sometimes make all the difference.
In attempt to help people produce healthy meals that don't cost a fortune, the British Heart Foundation has published a number of tips on its website.
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Classroom-Tested Tech Tools Used to Boost Literacy
To improve reading skills, many teachers are harnessing the technology they already have
Instead of investing in prepackaged software programs, many teachers are harnessing the technology they already have—such as webcams, audio recorders, blogs, and other Web 2.0 tools—to boost literacy in students.
“With schools being so cash-strapped, we can’t go around and buy a new program all the time,” says Adina Sullivan, a 4th grade teacher at the 720-student San Marcos Elementary School in California. “You can go with something that you can find a lot easier at no cost and make it work for what you need, rather than [using pre-packaged software.]”
Sullivan, who is a lead technology teacher at her school, works with English-language learners to help build vocabulary and fluency.
“When you start with the learning standard and match the tool to the learning standard and then to the student’s level, it’s easier if [teachers] have more flexibility. Sometimes prepackaged materials can be a little limiting,” she says.
For instance, in her classroom, Sullivan uses photos licensed under creative commons, an alternative to copyright that allows varying degrees of sharing, as a jumping-off point to start a conversation with her students.
“It gives them a mental image to connect to,” she says, “a familiar, relatable scene so we can discuss what we see in the photo as a class and build the vocabulary.”
Then the students can transition into a writing exercise, says Sullivan.
Sullivan also uses audio recorders to have student-teachers read sets of vocabulary words, then she creates matching PowerPoint presentations with the words and burns them onto DVDs for the students to take home and listen to.
Most students in her classroom do not have computers at home, but they do have DVD players, says Sullivan. And having a variety of student-teachers record the words makes students more adept at recognizing what they are.
Sullivan also uses audiobooks in her classroom.
“Hearing a model reader helps with the fluency and the comprehension,” she says.
Recently, her class listened to the audiobook of James and the Giant Peach, and at the end of the unit, only two students did not pass the test—a vast improvement. When Sullivan gave her students a choice of reading their next book out loud or listening to the audiobook, they chose audio.
Webcams and Podcasts
Timothy Frey, an assistant professor of special education, counseling, and student affairs at Kansas State University, has been researching how to use webcams to improve reading fluency and comprehension in elementary school students.
Working with two elementary schools in Kansas, Frey observed 27 2nd through 4th graders over 16 weeks as they used webcams to see themselves reading and then he identified their mistakes.
Within the first five weeks of the experiment, all of the grade levels made at least two fewer mistakes per minute.
“New technologies are making amazing inroads into helping students overcome some of the challenges that have prevented people from keeping up with reading,” says Frey. “The technology is just a tool that is engaging and allows [students] to do the instant playback.”
Lisa Parisi, a 5th grade teacher in New York’s 4,000-student Herricks Union Free School District, on Long Island, and co-author of the forthcoming book Blogging in the Middle Years, places a major focus on her students’ reading skills.
“The last two years I really looked at the data to see how the kids were doing using all of this technology, and in both the past two years, I ended the year with no children below grade level in reading,” she says. “I do think that technology has a very large part in that.”
Parisi uses podcasting to help her students practice fluency.
“One of the really neat things to do is have the kids edit their own podcasts,” she says. Then they can literally see the pauses or mistakes they made in the editing program and correct them.
Parisi also uses blogs to engage her students in reading and writing.
“They have contests to see who can get the most comments,” she says. And what most students have figured out is that the better their writing is, the more visitors and comments they receive.
Hooking her class up with students from other parts of the world also motivates her students to focus on their grammar and pronunciation, says Parisi, especially if the students they are working with are not native English-speakers.
“It just makes them work harder,” she says. The Internet allows her students to engage with an authentic audience, says Parisi, which motivates them to record podcasts or write blogs that are more polished than what they might create for just the teacher.
Teaching students to read in an authentic context is a key part of being literate, says Jeffrey Wilhelm, a former middle and high school teacher who is now at Boise State University, where he does research on struggling readers.
“Being literate has always meant the capacity to use a culture’s most powerful tools to create and communicate meanings,” he says. “If you’re not teaching with [technology], you’re not only not preparing the kids for the future, you’re not preparing them for the present moment.”
Technology, such as the Internet and Web 2.0 tools, makes it easier for teachers to tap into students’ interests and personalize what they are reading, he says.
For instance, during a unit about satire, Wilhelm had his students post jokes to a wiki. Afterward, the class read through the jokes and identified what made each one funny.
“We were defining satire, pastiche, misdirection,” he says, and because it was in the context of funny jokes, the students were engaged.
“Most of the technological [interventions] that I see are decontextualized,” he says, “but it’s only going to help [the student] comprehend better if [he or she] is inquiring about something [he or she] cares about.”
Katie Van Sluys, a member of the Urbana, Ill.-based National Council of Teachers of English and an associate professor of literacy at DePaul University in Chicago, also believes that using technology to connect students with meaningful audiences and resources can promote important literacy skills.
Using the Internet to go over the daily weather report with kindergartners, for example, or reading through current events with middle school students can engage children with authentic, personalized information, she says.
And using technology also provides an opportunity to teach other kinds of literacies, such as digital and media literacy, says Van Sluys.
“You have to be a savvy reader and consumer—perhaps even more so because of the types of information and the amount of information you can access,” she says. “You need to be able to say, ‘What does this mean for me? What does this mean for the world?’ That’s part of the reading curriculum.”
‘Thoughtful’ and ‘Intentional’
Internet resources can also help teachers in other content areas incorporate literacy lessons into their classrooms.
For instance, Teachers’ Domain, an online repository of free media resources for teachers run by the Boston-based WGBH Educational Foundation, provides multimedia-rich science and social studies curricula infused with literacy lessons.
“It’s really designed to give content teachers who do not necessarily know literacy strategies ... some simple guidelines on comprehension skills and building vocabulary,” says Carolyn Jacobs, the national accounts manager for Teachers’ Domain.
The lessons include a glossary of terms, videos, interactive Flash activities, and text boxes for students to submit answers in.
So far, there are about 15 lessons, with plans to create 25 more in 2011, says Jacobs.
Technology can help “extend a teacher’s reach” says Gail Lovely, a former K-8 teacher who started her own company, Lovely and Associates, to help teachers integrate technology into curriculum. However, teachers need to be careful to integrate it thoughtfully and intentionally, she says.
“My bias is that a caring adult will always read a book aloud better than a computer can,” she says. “We have to be thoughtful about where the technologies fit best.”
Using VoiceThread, for instance—which allows users to create collaborative, multimedia slide shows with images, documents, and videos—is an innovative Web resource that can be used in a thoughtful way, says Lovely. And another Web resource, Storybird, allows students to tap into a library of illustrations to create digital books, says Lovely.
“One of the cautions is that it’s not about doing the same thing with new tools. It’s about doing new things or difficult old things with tools that make it easier,” she says. “We want to use these tools in intentional ways to make a difference.”
Vol. 04, Issue 02, Pages 22-24
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- Executive Principal of The Academies of Shakopee High School
- Shakopee Public Schools, Shakopee, MN
- Classroom Teacher Grade 1
- The International Educator, Italy
- Fairfield Public Schools, Fairfield, CT
- Superintendent of Schools
- St. Johns County Public Schools, Saint Augustine, FL
- Middle School Science Teacher
- The International Educator, Ecuador | <urn:uuid:3bb527b2-e3ef-4e9a-9245-2179f739486a> | {
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Orthopedic impairments, as defined by the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), are bone, joint, or muscle-related handicap that is so severe that it has a detrimental impact on the academic performance of children. Genetic abnormalities (such as those that result in a missing arm or leg) and other problems, such as cerebral palsy, are some of the causes of orthopedic impairment.
A healthcare expert often assesses a student’s orthopedic disability and its potential impact on academic performance. To gain a sense of potential issues the youngster may encounter, medical professionals may also monitor the child in the classroom.
Category of Orthopedic Impairment Disability
Children with orthopedic impairments may be born with it or develop it later in life. Orthopedic impairments that interfere with the proper operation of the bones, joints, or muscles can be brought on by hereditary, genetic, or environmental factors.
For instance, a child could be born with muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, or joint deformities. A sickness, an injury, or surgery are examples of acquired causes. Injury or surgery may result in bone loss, muscular contractures, or limb loss, all of which can make movement challenging. IDEA defines all orthopedic impairments as disabilities, regardless of their underlying causes.
Orthopedic Impairment Potential Causes:
- birth injury
- Cerebral palsy
- Disease (poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis)
- Genetic anomaly (e.g., the absence of a member, clubfoot)
Orthopedic impairments can also be categorized as “other health concerns” or as a physical disability.
Effects on Education
The cognitive capacities of students with orthopedic impairments are often comparable to those of students without disabilities. Therefore, teachers should make every effort to integrate these pupils into regular classes. According to the IDEA law, students should receive their education in a setting with the fewest restrictions.
The degree to which a child’s handicap affects their educational opportunities varies. The type and severity of the impairment are among the important factors. While many adolescents with orthopedic impairment do not struggle academically, others may deal with linked neurological or motor impairments that might impair learning by affecting sensory processing, perception, and cognition.
For instance, disabilities like amputations and fractures can impact attendance, making it more difficult for kids to keep up academically. Other disabilities that can affect the brain, such as cerebral palsy and birth trauma, can cause sensory and cognitive problems that can affect learning.
Orthopedically impaired students will face unique physical difficulties and necessitate unique adjustments.
In the classroom, the job, and the home, people with orthopedic impairments typically require physical modifications or assistive technologies. Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, they are legally entitled to receive support.
The issues and difficulties that kids with orthopedic impairments could have are listed below.
All subject-area teachers need to be aware of how an orthopedic handicap affects a student’s classroom behavior. For instance, students with these impairments may tire more quickly than their counterparts who do not have orthopedic conditions.
Particularly challenging could be physical education classes. It will be necessary to excuse some pupils with orthopedic conditions from physical education. It’s possible that other students with minor orthopedic issues could take part.
In order to support a student’s posture and movement, unique seating arrangements may be required in the classroom or in the school’s hallways. These kids’ timetables may need to be set up by schools to avoid requiring them to travel far between classes. Access via elevator is also beneficial.
Additionally, they could require communication aids that use assistive technology or programs that are tailored to their needs, like those that focus on developing their gross and fine motor skills. Wheelchairs, adapted desks, canes, crutches, communication software, or voice recognition software are some examples of the tools and technologies that might be used.
Travel Finding transportation to and from school may be difficult for kids with orthopedic limitations. But according to federal law, school districts must offer the transportation required to make it easier for kids with disabilities to go to and from school.
To give children with orthopedic disabilities the help they require in the classroom, parents, medical experts, teachers, counselors, and other school staff can cooperate. The officials engaged in the child’s personalized education plan may need to adjust the plan if the child’s needs vary over time.
Meaningful articles you might like: Talking About Disability How To Approach Your Child, Extracurricular Activities For Children With Disabilities, Service And Therapy Animals For Children With Disabilities | <urn:uuid:d9b59e15-1f1e-4860-a460-d7472bc8818b> | {
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|Introduction||SEEL Fundamentals||Teacher Development||Classroom Implementation|
Welcome to the implementation plan portion of the SEEL Implementation. You have now learned what SEEL is, how to use SEEL, and specific teaching techniques to bring SEEL to life. This portion of the SEEL Implementation is designed to help you implement SEEL into your own classroom. This section includes instruction on parent involvement and provides a “year with SEEL” full calendar checklist as you use SEEL throughout the year.
The Importance of Involving Parents
Research has shown that there’s a significant relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement (Jaynes, 2005). Students of all grade levels do better academic work and have more positive school attitude, higher aspirations, and other positive behaviors if they have parents who are aware, knowledgeable, encouraging, and involved (Epstein, 1998). SEEL provides opportunities for family involvement both in the classroom and at home.
In the classroom, parents can:
- Volunteer to lead small groups of students in SEEL activities
- Prepare or supply materials used in SEEL activities
- Volunteer to help with special SEEL events
At home, parents can:
- Participate in SEEL at Home activities in playful and interactive ways
- Ask children to share what they are learning from SEEL activities at school
- Read stories and further engage children by asking questions about what is being read
- Review literacy targets with children as opportunities arise throughout the day
At the end of most SEEL activity plans downloaded from our website, you will see a “SEEL at Home” hand out. These handouts are a continuation of the activities completed in the classroom that can be sent home with each child. Children and parents can then play one-on-one together as they complete the SEEL at Home activities.
Watch a video about parent involvement. (This introduction to parents was filmed 9/8/2010 at the SEEL Parent Information meeting held at Edgemont Elementary, Provo, UT.)
Ideal planning for SEEL occurs on a weekly basis. SEEL activities are designed to be used in all environments—large groups, small groups, during transitions, during centers/free time, and finally during class routines. The more environments you use SEEL, the better the information will be generalized and retained in students' memory. It is also beneficial to keep track of which literacy targets you will be teaching, how they tie in with the curriculum, and in which setting you will teach the literacy targets.
Implementation Plan - A Year with SEEL
Multiple schools and teachers have adopted SEEL as their primary literacy approach. We will walk you through a basic school year while we give suggestions on what has worked for our teachers to successfully implement SEEL as a choice literacy approach. If you have any comments, suggestions, or changes you have made to your own implementation plan, feel free to leave your comments by clicking here.
Before School Starts
Material preparation and curriculum selection
First, we have found it helpful to get everything before the school year begins. This includes kits, materials in bins, lesson plans, selecting parents for different volunteer positions, and sending a list home of things the parents need to save for activity plans that will be used during the year.
During this time, it is also critical that you select and understand what curriculum/literacy targets you wish to focus on throughout the school year. You can go to SEEL’s scope and sequence page to find age appropriate literacy targets for the school year.
Parent introduction to SEEL
It is helpful to introduce parents to SEEL at the earliest opportunity. This can be done using an informational pamphlet (note that the SEEL Flyer handout should include the principles of SEEL, website address, contact name, and email address). This is also a good time to advertise for upcoming parent information meetings, welcome days, literacy fairs, etc.
Hold a "Welcome Day"
A "Welcome Day" is a great way to help parents become more familiar with SEEL and for teachers to set up a parent volunteer system based on the parent’s interest and skills. Information to be covered in the Welcome Day includes:
|A Volunteer Sign-Up Sheet||Provide a classroom sign-up sheet for parents organized by a list of upcoming themes so parents can come in on days that are most interesting to them.||
The following is a list of possible parent-volunteer positions (information on each position can be found in the “classroom volunteer meeting” section below)
|Parent Survey||Provide a survey of skills/hobbies parents would like to share that would fit in with classroom themes throughout the year.||Click HERE to see an example of a Parent Survey.|
|Material-Collection List||Provide a material-collection list of items that will be used in upcoming lessons. This allows parents and their children to become involved as they begin to collect materials to take to their SEEL classroom.||
|Dates for Upcoming SEEL Events||Include advertisements for upcoming events including literacy fairs, parent info meetings, and classroom volunteer meetings.||Distribute a calendar or newsletter. You could also create an email list to update the parents periodically.|
Hold a "SEEL Family Literacy Fair"
This can be an open house type of event for parents and their children to come see how SEEL is used by performing various SEEL activities as set up by the Literacy Fair. You can also include volunteer sign ups and advertisements for upcoming events (parent info meetings and classroom volunteer meetings).
First Couple Weeks of School
Conduct a Parent Info Meeting
This meeting is to provide a more in-depth look at SEEL. Discuss the principles of SEEL and how parent volunteers help to make it work in the classroom and SEEL’s critical home and school connection.
Conduct a Classroom Volunteer Meeting
Volunteers are key to involving parents in the classroom. By organizing parents into defined leadership positions, both teacher and parents have a clear understanding of what tasks need to be done and how they will be completed. Volunteers help lower the workload and stress level of the teacher, which creates a better learning environment for the students.
A classroom volunteer meeting can be used to select and train parents for the following positions:
- Classroom Coordinator - This is a dependable volunteer who would coordinate the center teachers for each month.
SEEL at Home Coordinator - This is a dependable volunteer who would oversee materials prep for SEEL at Home activities to go home every Friday in the Friday folders and then collect them on Monday after students have had a chance to share their work with a teacher or a friend.
- The folders can be filed in a pendaflex hanging file tote that would provide an easy way for volunteers to take them home if needed.
Materials Volunteers - These are parents who volunteer at home to help with creating any handouts or student copies for SEEL activities (at centers and at home) and then to return them to school to be used or sent home in Friday Folders. They could also help with:
- Classroom manipulatives/collections
- Family literacy kit
- Weekly prep
- Send needed ingredients for special cooking projects
- Center Teachers - These are volunteers (scheduled by the Classroom Coordinator) who would be side by side partners with the teacher at tier 2 & 3 centers. This is designed after a gradual release model where the teacher is the lead teacher and the parent is the supporting teacher, eventually switching places, and the teacher would eventually leave the parent in charge at the center. These volunteers would be provided "on the job" training during centers.
- Special Events Coordinator(s) - This is one or two volunteers (other than the Classroom Coordinator or SEEL at Home Coordinator) who helps the BYU team plan special SEEL events as well as parties, field trips, etc. for the classroom.
As the Year Continues
Hold various parent meetings as needed
These meeting are to train new parents who have moved in after the first parent information meeting and to help parents who are already using SEEL to know how they can extend or simplify activities based on the needs of their children at home and in the classroom.
These meetings can also help get parents excited and re-invested in facilitating SEEL at Home activities. Teachers can include new parent volunteer sign-up sheets to fill positions as needed.
Hold special volunteer days
Invite parents on special "volunteer days" to come participate in SEEL activities with their child as a volunteer for those parents who are unable to commit to volunteer on a consistent basis.
Hold SEEL celebrations
Hold a "Spring Fling" - an activity planned for the week before spring break so students and teachers can present some of their favorite SEEL projects.
End of the Year
Hold a "Spring Round-up"
This is a meeting for incoming parents/students for the following school year. This can also be a time to find coordinating volunteers who would work with you over the summer to help get things ready for the beginning of the year activities and special events. It is also a good time to advertise important dates for the new school year.
Creating a SEEL Activity Plan
SEEL has created activity plans for all types of literacy targets. We hope that by seeing our writing process, it will help you 1) see the efficacy and thought that goes into each of our activity plans and 2) will help you create your own activity plans using SEEL principles. SEEL was not designed for you to be completely dependent on activity plans that have already been created, but rather it was designed for you to adapt to the needs of your classroom. You may have specific themes and activities that connect better with your students that have not been developed by the SEEL organization and we want you to have the tools that you need to develop these activity plans on your own. If you desire to share the activity plans that you have created with other teachers browsing the site you may do so by attaching your activity plan on the Contact Us page.
There are 6 steps used in creating a SEEL activity plan. These steps can be used to help you create your own activity plans, help you modify activity plans you may already have, or to help you modify SEEL activity plans found online to match your specific needs as a teacher.
Identify the Literacy Target
- Use the curriculum to identify a literacy target students need to learn (e.g., Learn to read and write words ending in –at).
Identify Target words
- Identify words that fit the target (e.g., bat, cat, hat). Use the SEEL dictionary or an online search engine for possible target words. Make sure the words are child-friendly. They need to be words the children already know or words that would have meaning to their lives, words that are developmentally appropriate to teach, and words that are appropriate for the grade/curriculum level
Find a Resource to Support the Target
- Find an arts-based/playful resource to introduce and reinforce the target. Possible resources include a book (e.g., Pete the Cat by Eric Litwin), a song that can be “SEEL-ized”, (e.g., where is thumbkin – changed to Spooky Spider), etc.
Create the Activity
- Think about how the supportive target words and the resources can be used in a child-friendly hands-on activity. Possible types of activities include story re-enactments, dances, songs, puppet shows, dramatization, visual arts and crafts, cooking, and games. Vary the types of activities chosen as much as possible and always remember… keep it simple!
Write a target-focused activity plan
- Using the planning template, write a plan for the lesson. Include an introduction, relating the activity to children’s background knowledge and explicitly stating the goal of the lesson. Include the main points of the activity. Think of ways to incorporate the target as much as possible. A song or a chant can sometimes be helpful to enable students to use the target repeatedly.
Provide authentic opportunities for reading and writing
- Give students a reason to read and write. Incorporate reading and writing activities, which relate directly to the activity (e.g., Make labels for characters in the play; write a list of ingredients to make Octopus Stew; write the letter Mm for the mouse to much on.)
Congratulations on completing our training tutorial! It is now time for you to start using the SEEL approach in your classroom. Your next step is to visit the SEEL Activity Plan Library.
If you have more questions or require further understanding please Contact Us. | <urn:uuid:013813ac-5b7f-4cab-82f2-316c07d8b137> | {
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NASA will probably not build an outpost on the moon as originally planned, the agency’s acting administrator, Chris Scolese, told lawmakers on Wednesday. His comments also hinted that the agency is open to putting more emphasis on human missions to destinations like Mars or a near-Earth asteroid.
NASA has been working towards returning astronauts to the moon by 2020 and building a permanent base there. But some space analysts and advocacy groups like the Planetary Society have urged the agency to cancel plans for a permanent moon base, carry out shorter moon missions instead, and focus on getting astronauts to Mars.
Under Scolese’s predecessor, Mike Griffin, the agency held firm to its moon base plans. But the comments by Scolese, who will lead NASA until President Barack Obama nominates the next administrator, suggest a shift in the agency’s direction. He spoke to the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies of the House Committee on Appropriations.
Explore the frontiers of space exploration this summer with a four-day conference on the Space Elevator in Redmond, Washington at the Microsoft Conference Center.
Thursday, August 13 through Sunday, August 16, 2009
The Space Elevator is a radical new way to access space less expensively than possible with chemical rocket technology. The technology offers solutions to many of the problems facing communities today, including but not limited to the need for clean, renewable energy.
The Space Elevator uses a carbon nanotube ribbon that stretches from the surface of the earth to a counterweight in space. Climbers ascend the ribbon, lifting cargo and passengers to earth orbits and launching space ships to distant planets.
The 2009 Space Elevator Conference focuses on all aspects of Space Elevator development, engaging an international audience of scientists, engineers, educators, managers, entrepreneurs, enthusiasts and students. This conference will feature topical discussions in all of the four pillars of Space Elevator development: science/technical, political/social, legal, and economic. Other topics include the space missions and the style of life on Earth that Space Elevator technology will enable.
The conference is sponsored by Microsoft Corporation.
This video on solar energy from space, directed and narrated by CBC science adviser Bob McDonald, was presented for the first time to students from the Ontario Science Centre Science School and special guests including representatives of SPACE Canadas corporate and academic sponsoring organizations.
Citing schedule concerns and technical challenges, Constellation manager Jeff Hanley has outlined a series of proposed solutions to avoid further slips in the Ares/Orion schedule. Mr Hanley proposes deleting the Ares I-Y test flight, making Ares I’s first stage disposable, switching from Orion 4 to Orion 3 as the Full Operational Capability (FOC) date, along with a host of additional changes in order to achieve the 2015 target for manned Orion debut. The proposals come at a time where plans are being drawn up for a series of major reviews on the future of the Constellation Program.
Lori Garver, former NASA Associate Administrator of Policy and Plans, and space policy adviser to Democratic politicians – who was expected to be named the new NASA Administrator earlier in the week according to sources – will lead a major content review of the Constellation Program, in an attempt to find a way forward to get the schedule “back” into the March, 2015 timeframe for the debut manned flight of Orion.- Refining Constellation’s plans to make 2015 – Hanley proposes major changes
Has congressional wrangling knocked out the leading contenders? I had heard Lori was being considered for the number 2 slot but this is the first time I have heard possibility of her as Administrator. Congradulations, Lori.
At about 1 p.m. April 25, 2009, Steve Eves went into the record books with the successful launch of his 1:10 scale Saturn V rocket.
Steve Eves’ Saturn V Launch
There is a new Space Solar Power Fan Page on Facebook. Joining this page will allow fans of SSP to be kept informed of the latest news and information at a time when things are moving fast and heating up rapidly.
On April 25, 2009, history will be made. At Higgs Farm in Price, Maryland, Steve Eves will enter the history books as the person who flew the largest model rocket in history. The rocket will weigh over 1,600 pounds, it will stand over 36 feet tall and it will be powered by a massive array of nine motors: eight 13,000ns N-Class motors and a 77,000ns P-Class motor. The estimated altitude of this single stage effort will be between 3,000 and 4,000 feet
Steve Eves Builds Saturn V Rocket Replica
An Extended interview with Rocket Man Steve Eves
29 Apr 2009
Hyatt Regency Washington on Capitol Hill
A half-day event exploring the impact of America’s export control regime on the job growth, competitiveness, and capabilities of domestic entrepreneurial space entities. Taking place 29 April at the Hyatt Regency Washington on Capitol Hill, The Thornton Room.
This unique event is free and open to the public, however space is limited. If you plan to attend, please RSVP to [email protected] as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:754bb2b8-5f66-4d89-9c56-f8b3779c47c2> | {
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Effigies of ladies of the 13th or very early 14th centuries tended to all be very similarly dressed with a flowing gown and simple head covering, often with a wimple. The fact they they were depicted as large tomb effigies at all was sufficient testimony to their status. Most tombs of this vintage have been knocked around a bit, moved, and lost their colouring and gilding. They are ghosts of their former selves. The two ladies above are from Tideswell in Derbyshire.
It has been said that fashion was invented in the early 14th century, with clothing styles for men and women undergoing rapid change. Having the very latest in fashions was an insignia of not only wealth, but status and influence. If the missus was dressed in the latest crazy headgear and sleeves with a million buttons, then she was not only rich, she undoubtedly had someone to help her get dressed in the morning, like this lady from Bothamsall in Nottinghamshire.
In the days of sumptuary laws, if she was togged out in imported brocade, she was guaranteed to be of a certain status in the social hierarchy. The above is a replica of the brass to Margaret Peyton (1484) in Isleham, Cambridgeshire. These fashions changed so rapidly that the makers of effigies, whether brass or sculpted stone, were constantly updating their designs to keep up. Where the tomb has an inscription it is possible to create a chronology for these fashion changes but in the absence of one, I have doubts about identifying the tomb owner by cross referencing the date of death with the fashion design. It may date the effigy accurately, but it would depend on whether it was made before death (It's been done.), immediately after or some years after.
Here is a bit of gratuitous female bling from Methley, Yorkshire, because bling looks so good in alabaster. Amazing hat.
Something similar happened over the same period with the depiction of knights. The example above is an early 14th century effigy from West Tanfield, Yorkshire, turned out in chain mail. The evolution to plate armour and beyond took place as a series of specific details which resulted in a very different final result. Funerary effigies depicted these changing details of body armour, sword belts, shields, spurs in intricate detail. | <urn:uuid:7168a617-723b-4553-ade7-a92782ef825e> | {
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A Tale of Two Leagues
A hot dog at the ballpark is better than steak at the Ritz.
- Humphrey Bogart
It was all about the National and the American Associations when baseball first began making waves with the American public. The National League (NL) as the former was soon called, was founded by William Hulbert. It was the first professional baseball league. There were four western teams; Chicago, Cincinnati, Louisville, and St. Louis. There were four eastern teams as well; Hartford, New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. A specific number of franchises were allowed in a city with at least 75,000 people. Seventy regular season games were scheduled in advance with 10 to be played against each team. Hulbert remained president of the NL until his death in 1882.
An economic boom helped propel professional baseball as a profitable and popular American sport. The annual schedule of games increased and by 1883 there came the addition of a second major baseball league, the American Association (AA). As the two league format rose in popularity, a tentative post season series between the two league winners was arranged. This was the precursor to the World Series.
Note: The Union Association (UA) was formed in 1883 to try and pick up players who disputed the reserve rule of the other two leagues. The reserve rule limited a players pay by binding him to his club. Players adhered to this rule, however, and by January of 1885, the UA was no more.
In 1890 there was a players league revolt. NL and AA relations were battered, and soon the NLs New York Giants purchased the champion New York Mets from the AA. The NL persuaded the two best AA franchises, Brooklyn and Cincinnati, to join them as well. What resulted was a collapse of the American Association after the 1891 season.
The NL went to a 12 team format, but by 1900 they had returned to eight teams. At this time though, a new league came forward. The Western League was the strongest minor league in the 1890s. Ban Johnson and former major leaguer Charles Comiskey reorganized the operation and the American League (AL) was born.
The American League and Johnson started a bidding war for player's services and ignored the reserve clause of the NL contracts. They raided NL rosters, remained organized, had strong financial backings, and were determined to succeed where previous leagues had failed. In 1903, out of necessity, the two leagues began co-operating. After just one successful championship series was played, the feud between the two leagues was so heated that a series in 1904 was out of the question. Finally in 1905 the National Commission established an official World Series with the eventual champion having to win the best of seven games. This tradition has continued until present day with only a few minor cuts and bruises along the way. World War I shortened the season in 1918 and World War II gradually weakened teams from 1941 to 1945.
Note: Branch Rickey assembled the farm system which is a working agreement with minor league teams to acquire players. Rickey also signed the first Negro League player, Jackie Robinson, to the Dodgers minor league Montreal club. Ford Frick, NL president from 1934 to 1951, quelled player's protests against Robinson's move to the majors in 1947. Robinson led Brooklyn to a pennant. Rickey tried to jump start his Continental League in the 1960's, but the two established leagues expanded to void his out.
In 1969, the NL and AL both became 12 team leagues. The leagues then divided into Western and Eastern divisions. Now they both have Eastern, Western, and Central divisions. The NL remained the more traditional of the two leagues by not accepting the designated hitter rule.
Baseball as a sport remains as traditional as apple pie. Fans and players alike look forward to October for the chance to see records broken, a years worth of work on the line, and America's favorite pastime light up their lives.
Source: The Idea Logical Company, Inc., Baseball
© Copyright 2004 by Classbrain.com
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Removing invasive mice from the Farallones could significantly boost the recovery of a rare, elusive seabird species by discouraging predatory owls from overwintering on the islands, according to a new study published this week.
“Point Blue has been monitoring birds and other wildlife on the Farallones for over 45 years,” lead author and Point Blue Conservation Science ecologist Nadav Nur said in a statement. “While in recent years we suspected that the burrowing owls were having a significant impact on the petrel population, this is the first time we’ve been able to demonstrate how serious those impacts are and how much the possibility of the petrel population’s recovery will be threatened if the situation is left unchecked.”
The Point Blue Conservation Science study, published Monday in the scientific journal Ecosphere, comes in the midst of a controversial debate on how to best eradicate the estimated 60,000 invasive mice on the remote islands, which have been causing havoc on the ecosystem by munching food sources, native plants, and, in some cases, bird eggs. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed to drop more than a ton of poison-laced pellets on the islands to kill the mice. The plan has stirred a controversial debate as it would also likely result in seabirds inadvertently eating the poison.
The Farallon Islands host the largest seabird breeding colony in the contiguous United States with about 350,000 birds of various species.
The Point Blue study does not address the method of removing the mice, but created a model to show how the complete eradication of mice would affect the islands’ population of ashy storm petrels, which represents about half if not more of the worldwide population of the species.
“There is the possibility for population recovery if we can break this train of events,” said Zachary Warnow, director of communications for Point Blue. “While it was known these impacts were there … without doing this type of population modeling, it wasn’t actually known that the population could actually recover based on eliminating this threat.”
After the U.S. Fish and Wildlife’s plan went before the California Coastal Commission for review this summer and received a less than warm response, the agency withdrew the proposal with plans to resubmit it at a future date.
The agency has yet to resubmit these plans, according to the commission public information officer Noaki Schwartz.
“There will be no hearing before the end of this year,” she wrote in an email. “We do not know when the Service will re-submit.”
Opponents of the federal plan, such as San Rafael-based WildCare, do not believe there will be any significant changes to the original proposal and that this latest study will only be more “ammunition” that can be used to promote it.
“We agree with the study, let’s get rid of the mice,” said WildCare director of communications Alison Hermance. “But let’s do it in an environmentally responsible way that does not involved dumping 1.3 metric tons of poison-laden bait on a fragile marine ecosystem.”
Plan proponents said that while the poison drop will cause short-term impacts to some seabird populations, the long-term benefits to the ecosystem will significantly outweigh those deaths.
Jaime Jahncke, one of the study authors and Point Blue’s California Current program director, said the unique, three-species relationship between the petrels, the burrowing owls and the mice is one of the few that have been documented in the world. After mice were introduced to the islands in the 19th century by human ships, burrowing owls that normally stayed on the islands for a few days to rest during their fall migration began staying longer because of the plentiful food source the mice provided. Once the mouse population crashes during the winter, the owls that continued to stick around found another food source: the ashy storm petrel.
While only about six to 12 or so owls remain on the islands during the winters, they can kill between 60 to 70 petrels each during this time, Warnow said, including breeding petrels.
Jahncke said the ashy storm petrels are a difficult bird to study because of their elusive behavior. Some estimates state there are between 5,000 to 10,000 breeding ashy storm petrels in existence, according to Point Blue. The petrels are listed as a species of conservation concern by state and federal agencies and listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The models in the study show that between a 50% to 80% reduction in owl predation could eventually stabilize the petrel population in the following years.
While Jahncke said the timing of the study’s publishing and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposal are coincidental, the data can work to support the arguments for eradicating the mice as quickly as possible.
“In order to provide the robust science to support the conservation measures by the Service, we put all that together into an actual analysis looking at what the benefits would be of eliminating the mice from the islands,” Jahncke said.
Eradicating the mice on the Farallones is but part of a larger effort to recover the ashy storm petrel populations, Jahncke said. Researchers from throughout the state that study other petrel breeding colonies stretching from Baja California to Central California are working to develop a broader conservation plan. Researchers from throughout the state plan to converge for a workshop at Point Blue’s headquarters in Petaluma this month to begin developing a standardized way to analyze the petrel populations.
“The current efforts are really part of that bigger arc of helping to restore this very sensitive and special ecosystem,” Warnow said.
A copy of the study can be found online at esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.2878 | <urn:uuid:24548f4a-485b-466b-8048-08cf84798ea1> | {
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The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 16 studies published between 1996 through September 2012 and examined 3,153 cases. This study published in the journal American Gastroenterological Association found that the most common type of cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is reduced by about 40%, after daily consumption of coffee.
"Our research confirms past claims that coffee is good for your health, and particularly the liver," said study author Carlo La Vecchia.
"The favorable effect of coffee on liver cancer might be mediated by coffee's proven prevention of diabetes, a known risk factor for the disease, or for its beneficial effects on cirrhosis and liver enzymes," said Dr La Vecchia from the department of epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, and department of clinical sciences and community health, Universita degli Studi di Milan, Italy.
Liver cancer is the third common reason for deaths worldwide and sixth most common cancer. HCC is the main type of liver cancer. It accounts for over 90% of cases worldwide.
La Vecchia stated, "It remains unclear whether coffee drinking has an additional role in liver cancer prevention. But, in any case, such a role would be limited as compared to what is achievable through the current measures."
Various other advantages of coffee consumption have been found of late. A recent study claimed that drinking coffee regularly reduces suicide risk by 50% in adults. | <urn:uuid:4c267651-f3b6-4b18-9556-207ae1296acf> | {
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Owning a car, while still attractive for many reasons, may not be nearly as much fun as it once was — especially in densely populated urban corridors. “For most of the population in large cities, it doesn’t make sense to own a car,” said Sam Abuelsamid, a senior research analyst at Navigant Research. “In Manhattan, for instance, you have the option of the subway, taxis or rental cars, and now there’s even greater flexibility with ride-hailing, car-sharing, city bikes and more.”
Every year, Americans spend 14.5 million hours in bumper-to-bumper traffic and $23 billion ($126 per driver) on repairing and driving their cars on poorly maintained roads. Just hunting for a free parking spot on urban streets takes an average of 20 minutes, said Donald Shoup, a professor of urban planning at UCLA. According to one estimate, owning and maintaining a car (with parking, gas, tolls and servicing) in a crowded place like Manhattan can cost $8,400 annually. And, on average, that car is going to sit idle 90% to 95% of the time.
Some analysts counter that ownership is too deeply imbued in the American psyche to disappear easily. With almost 17,000 franchised car dealers employing more than a million people and selling 17.5 million vehicles a year, car ownership is also deeply entrenched in the country’s economy.
Still, there’s no denying the disruptive forces at work today. McKinsey identifies four: electrification (the shift to hybrid, battery electric and fuel-cell technology); autonomous driving (from driver assistance to full self-driving); diverse mobility (the influence of the “sharing economy”); and connectivity (new possibilities with traffic services and the vehicle-to-vehicle communication that enable autonomy).
Much has been written about how ride-hailing services, such as Uber and Lyft, have been capitalizing on these new realities. There are two billion mobile phone users, and eight million of them are now using Uber while more than 631,000 are using Lyft. An estimated 13 million to 15 million Americans are now using ride-hailing, and 20% to 25% of new smartphone users have downloaded the Uber app (with 3% using it every week for rides and the average distance traveled is less than 15 miles).
Car-sharing represents the technological evolution of local car rental in the neighborhood market and takes it to the next level.
In addition, car-sharing, from both peer-to-peer startups and new services offered by automakers and established rental companies, is having an impact on the urban market. According to the Boston Consulting Group, by 2021, “35 million users will book 1.5 billion minutes of driving time each month [through car sharing] and generate annual revenues of €4.7 billion [$5 billion]. … Car sharing will reduce worldwide vehicle sales by approximately 550,000 units by 2021, and cause a net revenue loss to OEMs [original equipment manufacturers or automakers] of €7.4 billion [$7.9 billion].” Europe will be the largest market in that time frame, followed by Asia-Pacific and North America.
The Environmental Footprint of “Sharing”
According to Auto Rental News, “The car-sharing market has grown from a largely subsidized, university research-driven experiment into a full-fledged for-profit enterprise, owned primarily by traditional car rental companies and auto manufacturers.”
The environmental impact of car-sharing depends on how car-sharing services are used. A 2016 analysis by the Stanford Social Innovation Review concluded “that the service of car-sharing cannot be deemed green or not green on its own.” While some users may give up cars, others were previously carless (58% of them, according to a University of California, Berkeley study cited by the Review). In fact, the customers surveyed “joined car sharing to gain access to personal automobiles.” They also increased their total travel after joining a service. As a result, said the Review, “The impact of transportation use is determined by the distance traveled and the efficiency of the transportation.”
In other words, when those who don’t own cars use car-sharing services, they gain access to jobs and services (benefiting the economy) but also increase the overall vehicle miles traveled, at some cost to the environment. When car owners jettison their vehicles after joining a service, it’s a clear win for the environment.
The good news is that the available evidence shows that car-sharing is having a positive environmental effect. By 2030, McKinsey reported, 10% of global car sales could be shared vehicles. Membership in car-sharing services has grown 30% annually between 2011 and 2016. Susan Shaheen, who directs Innovative Mobility Research at the University of California, Berkeley, said that a 2008 survey by her team found an overall decline in public transit use among car-sharing members, but it also found “substantial increases in non-motorized and sustainable travel — walking, bicycling and traditional carpooling.”
Car rental companies are also adopting new retail technology that appeals to tech-savvy customers.
For all the recent attention focused on new car-sharing and ride-hailing services, however, the fact is that vanpooling (one of the oldest shared mobility options) is probably the greenest choice of all. Enterprise’s recent purchase of vRide, a 40-year-old vanpooling company serving commuters, to complement its existing vanpooling business is an indication of ongoing growth in this market. Together, these two Enterprise services account for 12,100 vehicles and more than 100,000 riders, thereby eliminating more than 2.4 billion miles driven annually.
Car Rental Still Growing
In reality, there isn’t much difference between local car rental and local car sharing at all — in both cases, consumers are hiring the car they need, whether it’s for an hour, a day, a week or longer. Car sharing represents the technological evolution of local car rental in the neighborhood market and takes it to the next level.
During the 2015 “Differentiating Brands in a Sharing Economy” panel discussion at the Global Business Travel Association (GBTA) Convention in Orlando, Enterprise’s chief strategy officer Greg Stubblefield explained: “Consider that we essentially ‘share’ more than a million vehicles a week in the United States. So when you talk about scale and the ability to meet public transportation needs for the long term, fleet size obviously is a significant factor from an operational and financial perspective.”
Car rental revenue in the U.S. remains 12 times larger than ride-hailing revenue, reports travel research firm Phocuswright. Far from contracting, U.S. rental vehicle revenue has increased from $20.5 billion in 2010 to a record $28.4 billion in 2016, reported Auto Rental News. And Enterprise Holdings customers alone logged more than 25 billion miles globally last year.
The allure of local car rentals is being driven by a number of factors. One is convenience. The concept of bringing vehicles close to where people live and work — a core principle of car sharing — has been part of the DNA at Enterprise since 1957, when the company launched a new business model that located cars outside of airports. Its cars are strategically and conveniently situated at nearly 6,000 neighborhood locations throughout the U.S. In 1997, Enterprise trademarked the term Virtual Car®, after recognizing the strength and energy of local car rentals.
Another attraction is the chance a rental provides to try out cars equipped with new technology. One Enterprise survey revealed that young drivers use rental cars as “extended test drives” to prepare themselves for ownership. Some 68%, for example, said they first accessed the new technology very important to them in rental cars. More than half (53%) said they chose a rental based on a need to try something new.
“Uber has mastered the use of on-demand apps, but managing a fleet of vehicles and all that entails is institutional knowledge that rental car companies have.” –Jessica Caldwell, Edmunds.com
Car rental companies are also adopting new retail technology that appeals to tech-savvy customers. “Rental Car Companies Have Gotten So Good that Even Millennials Like Them,” the Los Angeles Times headlined in 2015. One way rental companies are changing with the times is with software. Instead of the traditional lines at the rental counter, customers are met by sales associates holding tablets. The app shows the availability and location of cars (even their condition) in real time and, with prefilled reservation forms in-hand, associates can take customers directly to their rentals.
New ride-hailing services are here to stay, but so is car rental. David Wyshner, president and chief financial officer of Avis Budget Group, noted in a fourth-quarter 2015 earnings call that his company sees “minimal overlap” between the use of car rentals and ride-hailing services. “One-day rentals represent only 3% of our rental day volume and under 50-mile transactions also represent only 3% of our rental days,” said Wyshner.
What’s more, the company’s one-day rentals actually went up in 2015 — including in cities where Uber and Lyft are well established. In analyzing 2015 trends, Avis also noted that 97% of its renters drive more than 50 miles, which would make ride-hailing an expensive alternative. “The net result,” Wyshner said, “is that the data simply don’t support the argument that the growth of ride-hailing is coming at the expense of car rental.”
Fleet Management Will Be Critical
Ride-hailing and peer-to-peer car sharing use technology to connect people to transportation. That’s a vastly different business model than traditional car sharing and rentals, which demand management and maintenance of large auto and truck fleets. “The ability to know when to sell, how to sell and have the distribution relationships, that has taken decades to build,” said Enterprise’s Stubblefield.
Jessica Caldwell, executive director of strategic analytics at Edmunds.com, said that experienced rental companies will be better positioned to run large sharing fleets. “Uber has mastered the use of on-demand apps, but managing a fleet of vehicles and all that entails is institutional knowledge that rental car companies have. There’s a lot of logistics.”
According to Paul Eisenstein, publisher of The Detroit Bureau and a contributor to CNBC, “It’s difficult right now to form clear conclusions [about] anything on car sharing and ride-hailing, because we’re still in the early-adopter stage. In the long term, we may indeed see certain demographic groups truly switch from private ownership to shared alternatives, but at the moment, the people who are doing so are highly motivated early adopters.” How those changes will ultimately play out is still a matter of conjecture, but automakers are already reacting to customers’ shifting tastes and eagerly exploring what lies ahead. | <urn:uuid:94ebaa18-2512-4d44-9f69-c39bdcd06173> | {
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Real numbers, elementary set notation, exponents and radicals. Algebraic expressions, fractional expressions, linear and quadratic equations, inequalities. Coordinate geometry: lines, circles. Functions: definition, notation, piecewise defined functions, domain and range, graphs, transformations of functions, symmetry, even and odd functions, combining functions, one-to-one functions and inverses, polynomial functions and zeros.
Sequences, summation notation, arithmetic, geometric sequences, infinite geometric series, annuities and instalments. Degrees and radians, unit circle, trigonometric functions, fundamental identities, trigonometric graphs, trigonometric identities, double-angle, half-angle formulae, trigonometric equations, applications.
This module is offered at the Mamelodi Campus to students from the BSc and BCom Extended programmes. At the Groenkloof Campus it is offered to BEd students. | <urn:uuid:1be89f3d-683c-4cfc-b6e8-272ecab84f2a> | {
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The Hungarian Soviet Republic was founded on this day in 1919 as the second state in world history based on communist ideology (after Soviet Russia). The Hungarian Soviet Republic appeared only around four months after the end of World War I, while chaos reigned in Hungary. To remind, Hungary was part of Austria-Hungary, which was on the losing side in World War I, and its victorious neighbors (such as Romania) tried to annex parts of its territory.
The most important person in the Hungarian Soviet Republic was Béla Kun, a man of Jewish descent (his surname was originally Kohn). Interestingly, Béla Kun was only the foreign minister in the Hungarian Soviet Republic (in communist terminology the People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs), while Sándor Garbai was the head of government. However, in practice, the real power lay with Béla Kun. Reforms were introduced in the new Republic, such as nationalization, the abolition of aristocratic titles, and limiting land ownership to 40 hectares. The situation escalated to a form of Red Terror (Hungarian: vörösterror), which included acts of political murder.
The Hungarian Soviet Republic fell already in summer the same year, meaning it lasted for only around four months. Béla Kun and other high-ranking communists fled to Austria on 1 August that same year, while Romanian troops occupied Budapest. | <urn:uuid:2ea30939-69bf-4f68-afa4-d27393e1b8d0> | {
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One such ally was Bayard Rustin. Born in 1912, Mr. Rustin was a native of West Chester, Pennsylvania. A life-long student, Mr. Rustin never lost his Quaker roots that demanded the ethical and peaceful treatment of fellow humans, no matter their color, creed, politics, or even sexuality. Once noted and always maligned for his early ties to the communist party, he later became disillusioned with the set and instead remained true to his democratic socialist roots. Pacifist through and through, he endured three years in prison for refusing to register for the draft or accepting the token service open to Quakers.
Bayard Rustin’s accomplishments read like the curriculum vitae of a man committed to a noble cause, and one of his crowning achievements was the collaboration with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. that became the famous 1963 March on Washington. Yet perhaps this very accomplishment also became the spotlight that suddenly shone on the early hypocrisy within the civil rights movement itself: homophobia. Mr. Rustin’s openly gay lifestyle had many of the more conservative voices calling for Dr. King’s distancing himself from Mr. Rustin. While Dr. King did give in at times to these demands, he refused to do so completely.
It saddens many to see that this great man was oftentimes openly shunned by his contemporaries, even though he was fighting against the common enemy of racism. At the same time, it is comforting to note that toward the end of his life Mr. Rustin was able to not only speak out about the racial prejudices he had to endure, but also the anti-gay prejudice he was forced to endure.
Sadly his name is not often mentioned on Dr. King’s day of remembrance, yet in all fairness, Bayard Rustin’s role in the civil rights movement demands a mention now as well as in the future.
Your host's product recommendation: | <urn:uuid:b978cd00-3175-4070-bff0-ed0940cd2d0e> | {
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SOCR Educational Materials - SOCR Books
Electronic SOCR Books
- Scientific Methods for Health Sciences EBook, ISBN 978-0-9829949-6-2.
- Interactive SOCR AP Statistics Curriculum (Wiki EBook)
- It's Online, Therefore it Exists! 2009 SOCR Continuing Statistics Education Workshop Handbook
- Stats 13: Statistics for_life_and health sciences EBook
- 2007 SOCR Continuing Statistics Education Handbook
Books Referencing SOCR Resources
The following textbooks utilize SOCR resources and reference SOCR tools as part of their concept demonstrations.
- Title: Probability Distributions Used in Reliability Engineering
- Authors: Andrew N O'Connor
- Publisher: RIAC, 2011
- ISBN: 1933904062, 9781933904061
- Title: Introductory Statistics: Exploring the World Through Data
- Authors: Robert Gould and Colleen Ryan
- Publisher: RightsHouse, 2012
- ISBN: 9780321322159 / 0321322150
- Title: Advanced performance improvement in health care: principles and methods
- Authors: Donald E. Lighter
- Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2009
- ISBN: 0763764493, 9780763764494
- Title: Developing Students' Statistical Reasoning: Connecting Research and Teaching Practice
- Authors: Joan Garfield and Dani Ben-Zvi
- Publisher: Springer, 2008, 408 pages.
- ISBN: 1402083823 / 9781402083822
- Title: Cases on Online and Blended Learning Technologies in Higher Education: Concepts and Practices
- Author: Yukiko Inoue
- Publisher: Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2009
- ISBN 160566880X, 9781605668802, Length 333 pages
- Title: Standardsoftware für das Business Forecasting
- Author: Carsten Schmierer
- Publisher: GRIN Verlag, 2009
- ISBN 3640318668, 9783640318667, Length 76 pages
- Title: Bacterial and bacteriophage genetics
- Author: Edward Asahel Birge
- Edition: 5, illustrated
- Publisher: Birkhäuser, 2006
- ISBN: 0387239197, 9780387239194, Length 577 pages
Homeschool Your Child for Free: More Than 1,400 Smart, Effective, and Practical Resources for Educating Your Family at Home
- Authors: LauraMaery Gold, Joan M. Zielinski
- Edition: 2, revised
- Publisher: Random House, Inc., 2009
- ISBN: 0307451631, 9780307451637,Length 480 pages
Food Security, Poverty and Nutrition Analysis: Statistical Methods and Policy Application
The International Food Policy Research Institute, a publicly funded, not-for-profit international research institution, whose main audience is located in developing countries, used the SOCR T-distribution table in a recently published book.
- Authors: IFPRI researchers, Suresh Babu and Prabuddha Sanyal.
- Book Title: Food Security, Poverty and Nutrition Analysis: Statistical Methods and Policy Application.
- Publisher: Elsevier.
- Publication date: December 2008.
- Author: Arturas Medonis
- Summary: Playful Math is intended as a series of notebook type publications gradually introducing basic math concepts in a playful environment. Examples, grid space for self-discoveries, hands-on activity templates will provide you opportunity to drill the same technique with different numbers. Random numbers here are brought exactly for this specific purpose. On the way, your inner prodigy will be nurtured. 1+3+5=3*3: those numbers are not ordinary numbers. 5-year-old prodigy child discovered them. He had fun with numbers all his life and later was called Mozart of mathematics. You definitely want to follow the discovery.
- Published by Lulu.com, 2006
- ISBN 1847283675, 9781847283672, 116 pages
- Authors: Andrei D. Polyanin, Alexander V. Manzhirov
- Summary: The Handbook of Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists covers the main fields of mathematics and focuses on the methods used for obtaining solutions of various classes of mathematical equations that underlie the mathematical modeling of numerous phenomena and processes in science and technology. To accommodate different mathematical backgrounds, the preeminent authors outline the material in a simplified, schematic manner, avoiding special terminology wherever possible. This concise, comprehensive compendium of mathematical definitions, formulas, and theorems provides the foundation for exploring scientific and technological phenomena.
- Published by CRC Press, 2007
- ISBN 1584885025, 9781584885023, 1509 pages
- SOCR Home page: http://www.socr.ucla.edu
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In the early 20th century, some superb artworks were produced using photogravure printing, including the fascinating magnified photographs of plants by Karl Blossfeldt.
Photogravure printing was invented in 1879 and the basic process is to photographically transfer an image to a metal plate, etch the image on the plate then print from it. Photogravure and gravure prints have warm blacks and an charming range of subtle shades of gray.
It is quite easy to identify a photogravure print. Look at the print with a good magnifying glass, and you will see a characteristic honeycomb appearance. This is caused by the grid used in the printing process. The image also appears soft and the dark areas seem pitted, as seen below.
... and in this magnified close up of a photogravure
The images above are a photogravure by Karl Blossfeldt, and a portion of it magnified fifty times. Notice the characteristic honeycomb appearance.
Photogravure is rather a complex process with several variations, but the essence of it is as follows:
This is done by coating a plate with light sensitive gelatin and then exposing it to the light from a photographic image (imagine shining a slide on it). The gelatin hardens most where most light falls, and remains softest where no light falls. So, if the gelatin is exposed to a negative photographic image, the darkest areas of the image will remain softest. These correspond with the lightest areas in the original photo.
This grid remains flat and un-etched in the next step while the square openings can be etched down to different depths according to the hardness of the gelatin.
The acid eats away the softest gelatin fastest, so it eats deepest into the metal plate where the gelatin was softest i.e. where it was exposed to least light. So, if the image was a negative, the least light comes from the darkest areas. In the actual photo, these would correspond to the lightest areas.
Most ink goes into the deepest etched pockets, less into the shallowest. The plate is then wiped to remove surplus ink.
The areas with most ink print darkest. In later years, this step was automated with machines, but in the early days it was done by hand.
If you are interested in photogravure prints, we highly recommend the ones by Karl Blossfeldt.
Nowadays, the process is undergoing something of a revival as computer and laser technology has driven down the cost of producing the metal printing plates. In fact, these machines have opened up many interesting, innovative uses for the process of photogravure, or photo etching as it sometimes called these days. | <urn:uuid:80c55529-9fd2-42c4-a532-fa3fc717eeeb> | {
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Learning multiplication following counting, addition, and subtraction is good. Children understand arithmetic through a organic progression. This progress of discovering arithmetic is often the subsequent: counting, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and lastly section. This assertion leads to the query why understand arithmetic with this sequence? More importantly, why find out multiplication following counting, addition, and subtraction but before division?
Multiplication Chart To 100 Uploaded by admin on Friday, November 13th, 2020 in category Chart.
See also Free Printable Multiplication Table Chart 1 To 20 Template from Chart Topic.
Here we have another worksheet Multiplication Chart To 100 featured under Multiplication Chart To 100. We hope you enjoyed it and if you want to download the worksheets in high quality, simply right click the worksheets file and choose "Save As". Thanks for reading Multiplication Chart To 100. | <urn:uuid:a0699692-f4b1-4207-a814-861d5034a170> | {
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AN IDEAL CLASSROOM
Imagine a classroom of 20-30 students – all with the following characteristics:
- Good visual acuity
- Good auditory acuity
- Good body control and spatial awareness
- Good attention span
- Good visual processing – all of the processing skills for reading
- Good auditory processing –processes extended verbal information
- Good sensory integration – coordinates simultaneous stimuli
- Good mental, physical, and visual stamina – alert the entire school day
- Good social behavior – understands and follows the norms for participation
- Good intellectual processing abilities – meets the needs of the grade level
- Good conceptual repertoire – has the concepts expected for the grade level
Now imagine a teaching model that permits each student to progress in each portion of the curriculum at his/her own pace – a truly individualized, continuous-progress mode of instruction.
And, finally, imagine that this instructional model is supported by a classroom management system that provides the teacher with scheduling, tracking, monitoring for emergent problems, assistance with remedying those problems, and detailed histories of student progress for administrative and parent conferences.
A REAL CLASSROOM
Now, contrast this ideal with reality. A sampling of reality might present the following:
- Two students with undetected vision acuity problems
- One student with impaired hearing
- Three students are clumsy and uncoordinated – they don’t know where they are in space – they wear jackets and hats even in warm months to increase their body sensations
- Four students who are easily distracted and frequently disrupt teaching
- Five students who have undetected visual processing problems – they are poor readers and often lose their place doing any seat work
- Two students who have undetected auditory processing problems – they often misunderstand explanations and miss assignments
- Several students who have low physical and mental stamina – they do not function well in the afternoon
- Many students lack one or more of the intellectual processing abilities required by the curriculum
- Many students do not have the conceptual repertoire required by the curriculum
The teaching model in this classroom is a traditional one – lock-step, group-oriented instruction – instruction presented to the class as a whole for a fixed period of time; day-to-day student tracking is informal; formal tracking is sporadic and not related to daily teaching; students with any significant learning problems drop further and further out of touch with the instruction; teachers are left with a global assessment of student competencies and achievement.
TRANSFORMATION FROM THE REAL TO IDEAL
Everyone would agree that the ideal classroom is a better learning and teaching environment than the “real” one. And, yet, virtually every classroom in the United States resembles the “real” classroom to one degree or another.
The irony is that we know how to transform the “real” into ever-closer approximations to the ideal. And the crowning irony is that it would cost less, take less teacher preparation, and provide fair and realistic evaluations of how the system and the key employees (the teachers) are performing from year to year despite the vicissitudes of student populations from state to state, district to district, and year to year in the classroom.
How is it possible to make the transformation? Difficult as it may first appear, it becomes much easier when the differences are reduced one by one. The broad strategy is a simple one: first, a systematic means to detect the problems, and, second, a systematic means of remedying them.
So, to illustrate the point, let’s take a few of the enumerated problems in the real classroom and consider the means available for detection and remediation.
Students with undetected vision acuity problems:
- Detection: five minutes of screening in the earliest grades, or, recognizing a pattern of learning problems with visual lessons, but none with auditory lessons
- Remediation: examination and prostheses, which can often be covered by the Lions Club or other charities, if necessary
Students with sensory-integration, visual processing, or auditory processing problems:
- Detection: simple screening exercises in the early grades for each of these problems
- Remediation: a Learning Clinic (serving many classrooms) can treat the causes of these problems in three to six months on a pull-out basis, and the results are lasting
Students with intellectual processing weaknesses:
- Detection: the curriculum includes lesson-modules that specifically require these abilities, or, alternatively, a test of these abilities that can be administered in one-half day will identify the weaknesses
- Remediation: the Learning Clinic can strengthen the weaknesses with a series of exercises specifically designed to improve the abilities that are limiting learning, and, if necessary, the Clinic can administer the test to confirm a teacher’s observation
Students lacking the conceptual repertoire required:
- Detection: when students do not understand an explanation that they are given, it is probably because the explanation is based on concepts that they have not acquired
- Remediation: teach the missing concepts directly – teach them how numbers are made in a decimal-based system, before you teach them math beyond the arithmetic tables
Concrete examples dispel the mystery of the transformation proposal — these examples illustrate how the problems of the “real” classroom can be transformed, one by one, into a situation closer to the “ideal.”
But the proposal may sound impractical — the teachers of 20 or more students do not have time or resources to do the detection-and-remediation with every student who needs it. What magic will give them the time and resources they need?
The “magic” is simple – adopt a model of instruction that will do the bulk of the lesson presentation, the problem-detection, and the classroom administration for teachers – leaving them to the supervision of remediation and general management of the classroom.
With the proper instructional structure and systematic procedures, the teachers’ role becomes primarily a learning-facilitator who can be transformative in approaching the ideal educational environment.
Watch the video below to learn more about this program – Certified Learning.
Find out more about Certified Learning here.
This article, written by Dr. Robert Meeker, was originally published in our June 2013 newsletter. | <urn:uuid:c9a09405-4d82-458f-83d6-6c9d00f7c269> | {
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Summary:The Supreme Court is considering whether it is federal or state government that has authority to regulate demand response, a decision that will have important implications for the future of the electric industry in the U.S.
The development of demand response is instrumental to competitively restructuring the nation’s wholesale electricity markets, as it is a distributed resource that offsets the generation market power inherent in this former monopoly industry. Yet the United States Supreme Court may fundamentally alter this strategy. The court is currently considering whether it is the federal or the state government that has the legal authority to regulate this increasingly critical electric resource. Currently, both the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and state public utility commissions take responsibility for the growth of this clean and low-cost resource. But many interests in the highly technical, and tightly regulated, electric utility industry are hotly divided over FERC’s most recent demand response initiative, known as FERC Order 745.
As background, the United States electric grid, one of the engineering marvels of the modern world, constantly seeks equilibrium between electricity production and consumption to provide us with instantaneous access to things like lights, air conditioning, and Netflix. In seeking this balance, the grid is not well equipped to absorb unexpected spikes in electricity demand (increased energy appetite), peak loads (extreme temperatures), or intermittent distributed generation (solar and wind energy). This is due, in part, to the current lack of cost-effective energy storage options on the system. Demand response is a leading strategy to increase the grid’s resilience to these types of inevitable situations.
Demand response is an important distributed resource. It incentivizes customers to reduce peak electricity loads during critical hours, minimizing the long-term need for building generation facilities and the short-term cost of ramping up expensive, dirty generators. Demand response programs can be consumer-driven, as with local utility-implemented, time-based rates (state regulated). They can also be regionally aggregated, as with centrally directed peak load reductions for economic or emergency reasons (federally regulated).
FERC, an independent agency tasked with regulating the interstate transmission of electricity, has statutory obligations to maintain the reliability of the regional grid at a fair cost to the consumer. FERC supports effective implementation of demand response because it can help mitigate generation market power and enhance reliability. In March 2011, FERC published a final rule for Order 745, which expanded its existing demand response initiatives by allowing demand response resources to provide electricity to the grid in lieu of a generation resource. Under the rule, FERC would pay this load reduction the same price paid to a generating resource supplying additional energy to the grid. Electric loads would reap a two-fold benefit by reducing retail rate payments, and also receiving the wholesale market energy price for reducing demand on the grid.
A number of parties oppose Order 745. The electric generators’ trade group, the Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA), has taken this petition against FERC to the federal courts. Agreeing with these opponents, the D.C. Circuit Court held that FERC has no authority to regulate demand response because regulation of retail markets is explicitly left to the states. Additionally, even if FERC has the statutory authority to execute it, the court found the pricing scheme under Order 745 arbitrary and capricious.
On Oct. 14, 2015, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments seeking to resolve both of these arguments. During oral argument at the Supreme Court, Justice Anthony Kennedy said that, while the wholesale and retail markets affect each other, “we have to make the distinction between the end of federal power and the beginning of local power.” This case is certain to center around the role of regulatory agencies, while the court attempts to answer the question, “Where did Congress draw the line for regulating the price of electricity?”
If the Supreme Court upholds the D.C. Circuit Court’s decision, then Order 745 will be vacated and FERC will need to end this, and likely other, previously enacted demand response programs, slowing the implementation of this critical electric resource. If the court reverses the decision on state versus federal jurisdiction, the rule will remain in place, though the court could also find that FERC must develop a more just and reasonable rate. Either decision will have important implications for the future of the electric industry and its response to other sweeping changes, such as the Clean Power Plan. | <urn:uuid:a4e9a440-afdb-4914-ad39-43a8cceb391c> | {
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1) Discuss the results of your classification tests and melting point of your derivatives. What is your unknown? How do your data exclude other possibilities and what, if anything is still inconsistent with your conclusion?
"Boiling Point for the Unknown is 218oC. For the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative of the unknown, the melting point is 191oC. Tollens' test of the unknown, it shows that there are no silver mirror in the solution of ketone. For the iodoform test, it shows that it is a clear yellow liquid"
I think that it is propiophenone.
2) Draw the structure of the dye formed from Primuline red and 2-naphthol. Be sure to pay close attention to regiochemistry.
3) Why does indigo have to be reduced to be used as a dye?
4) Draw the resonance form of N,N-dimethylaniline that is most prone to react with diazotized sulfanilic acid. Explain your answer.
The reaction is Diazotized sulfanilic acid (4-Diazobenzenesulfonic acid) + N,N-Dimethylaniline with CH3COOH/NaOH to get methyl orange (4-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenylazo]benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt)
5) Show a step-by-step mechanism for the reaction of the diazonium ion formed from aniline with phenol. Please draw the 3-D structures of the product.
6) To prepare the azo dye shown below would the better starting materials be...
a. P-aminophenol and bromobenzene
b. P-bromoaniline and phenol
Please explain your answer.
Questions relating to the synthesis of Azo Dyes are answered in detail. | <urn:uuid:a9141072-778b-4a64-9e2c-e105c7d28ce2> | {
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16 April 2015
New blood test can predict future breast cancer
By analysing a simple blood sample, scientists from the University of Copenhagen have succeeded in predicting if a woman will get breast cancer within two to five years. The method – a metabolic blood profile – is still in the early stages but over time the scientists expect it could be used to predict breast cancer and more generally to predict chronic disease.
According to the World Health Organization, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women both in the developed and less developed world, and in the long term the scientists hope that the new method will lead to better prevention and early treatment of the disease.
“The method is better than mammography, which can only be used when the disease has already occurred. It is not perfect, but it is truly amazing that we can predict breast cancer years into the future,” said Rasmus Bro, a professor of chemometrics in the Department of Food Science at University of Copenhagen. He stressed the method has been tested and validated only for a single population (cohort) and needs to be validated more widely before it can be used practically.
A new way of detecting diseases
Nevertheless, the method could create a paradigm shift in early diagnosis of breast cancer as well as other diseases.
“The potential is that we can detect a disease like breast cancer much earlier than today. This is important as it is easier to treat if you discover it early. In the long term, it will probably also be possible to use similar models to predict other diseases,” said Lars Ove Dragsted, a professor of biomedicine in the Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports.
Food science showed the way
The researchers’ approach to developing the method was adopted from food science, where it is used for control of complex industrial processes. Basically, it involves handling and analysing huge amounts of biological data in a holistic and explorative way. The researchers analysed all compounds a blood sample contains instead of – as is often done in health and medical science – examining what a single biomarker means in relation to a specific disease.
“When a huge amount of relevant measurements from many individuals is used to assess health risks – here breast cancer – it creates very high quality information. The more measurements our analyses contain, the better the model handles complex problems,” continued Professor Rasmus Bro.
The model does not reveal anything about the importance of the single biomarkers in relation to breast cancer, but it does reveal the importance of a set of biomarkers and their interactions.
”No single part of the pattern is actually necessary nor sufficient. It is the whole pattern that predicts the cancer,” said Professor Dragsted.
A metabolic blood profile describes the amounts of all compounds (metabolites) in our blood. The scientists measured metabolic blood profiles for this project. When you are in a pre-cancer state, the pattern for how certain metabolites are processed apparently changes.
While a mammography can detect newly developed breast cancer with a sensitivity of 75 per cent, the new metabolic blood profile is able to predict the likelihood of a woman developing breast cancer within the next two to five years with a sensitivity of 80 per cent.
Based on population study
The research is based on a population study of 57,000 people followed by the Danish Cancer Society over 20 years. The participants were first examined in 1994–96, during which time their weight and other measurements were recorded and they answered a questionnaire. They also provided a blood sample that was stored in liquid nitrogen.
The scientists used the 20-year-old blood samples and other available data from 400 women who were healthy when they were first examined but who were diagnosed with breast cancer two to seven years after providing the first sample, and from 400 women who did not develop breast cancer.
The method was also used to test a different dataset of women examined in 1997. Predictions based on the new set of data matched the first dataset, which indicates the validity of the model. | <urn:uuid:3a07816a-d32b-4399-96ae-2b9ff7ca76a2> | {
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'Shot heard round the world' has many meanings
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"The shot heard round the world."
I wonder how many people know what that phrase means, how it came into being and who coined the phrase?
It relates to the American Revolutionary War and in particular to the battle of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts which began on April 19, 1775. It was on that day that the British Army marched into the New England villages of Lexington and Concord, marking the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its 13 colonies in what was then the 13 colonies in the mainland of British North America.
When the invading British reached Lexington, the first of the two towns to be attacked that day, someone fired a shot. History does not clearly indicate which side, the invading British or the defending colonists, fired that now famous shot. But one thing was sure. The war was on.
As for the phrase citing the shot, credit does go to Ralph Waldo Emerson, who included the words in his "Concord Hymn" which described the shot fired by Patriots at the North Bridge when he wrote "The Shot Heard Round The World."
The expression was subsequently used through the history of world events including reference to the shot which killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand thus becoming one of the main causes which plunged Europe into World War I. It was also used in various sport and culture events from time to time, but historically Americans most frequently associate it with the American Revolution.
In sports, the phrase was commonly referred to Bobby Thompson's walk-off home run that clinched the National League pennant for the New York Giants. It was also used in reference to Mark McGuire's record breaking 62nd home run in 1998.
Golfers like to associate it with Gene Sarazen's albatross on the 15th hole in the Masters Tournament, which helped propel him into a 36-hole playoff which he won by five strokes.
College basketball lays claim to the phrase because of Ernie Calverley's last second shot which tied the 1946 National Invitation Tournament for his team, the University of Rhode Island against Bowling Green State University in a quarter final game which sent it into overtime. Rhode Island went on to win the game 82-79.
In popular culture, the phrase has been used on several occasions. Schoolhouse Rock used it in a song for their morning program in a song entitled "Song Heard 'Round the World" in a reference to the American Revolution. The pop/rock band Boys Like Girls in the 2009 album "Love Drunk" titled one of its tracks "Shot Heard 'Round the World."
In 2006, the phrase was used by some news outlets in describing Dick Cheney's accidental shooting of Harry Whittington while they were quail hunting
The Revolutionary War had its actual beginning several years before Lexington and Concord. In 1774, the First Continental Congress met to coordinate relations with Great Britain. This failed and was followed by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 which authorized a Continental Army. The British Parliament responded by declaring the Congress to be traitors and the states to be in rebellion. The Americans then responded in 1776 by formally declaring their independence as one new nation, the United States of America, thus claiming their own sovereignty and rejecting allegiance to Britain.
While the British prevailed at sea with their naval superiority, the Americans greatly outnumbered the British on land where they were more successful. The French naval victory at Yorktown, Va., in 1781 was a decisive victory for the American cause followed by the surrender of Cornwallis and his entire British army of 7,000 men on Oct. 19, 1781. There were no further major British military activities in North America.
The formal end of the war occurred with the Treaties of Versailles which were signed on Sept. 3, 1783. The last British troops left New York City on Nov. 25, 1783. The U.S. Congress of the Confederation ratified the Paris Treaty on Jan. 14, 1784.
The American Revolution resulted in 4,435 battle deaths with 6,185 non-mortal wounded. The conflict involved 217,000 American service members. America has suffered a total of 651,030 battle deaths over the years with the largest occurring in World War II with 291,557 lost in battle.
"Our cause is noble; it is the cause of mankind." George Washington (1732-1799).
Richard Cosgrove writes 'As I Was Saying' on Tuesdays. He can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:c071543a-a534-4239-bcc4-de59248b7750> | {
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Online Gaming and Brain Health: Cognitive Benefits of Gameplay – Beyond Fun and Fury
The world of online gaming has gone beyond pixelated escapism and casual entertainment. Recent research suggests that venturing into virtual worlds can offer surprising cognitive benefits, potentially sharpening our minds and enhancing brain health. Let’s delve into the exciting realm where controllers meet cognitive boosts, exploring how online gaming can positively impact your brain:
Boosting Cognitive Skills:
- Attention and Focus: Fast-paced games demanding quick reactions and split-second decisions can enhance visual attention and improve selective focus. Think real-time strategy games or online shooters.
- Multitasking and Memory: Managing multiple tasks simultaneously, juggling resources, and remembering complex strategies within games like MOBAs or MMOs can benefit multitasking abilities and working memory.
- Problem-Solving and Decision-Making: Overcoming challenges, strategizing against opponents, and adapting to dynamic situations in RPGs or puzzle games can hone problem-solving skills and sharpen decision-making capabilities.
- Spatial Awareness and Navigation: Exploring intricate virtual environments, remembering landmarks, and navigating complex 3D worlds in open-world games can enhance spatial reasoning and improve real-world navigation skills.
Beyond Skill Enhancement: Brain Plasticity and Neuroplasticity:
Studies suggest that online gaming can trigger neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to adapt and form new neural connections. This can lead to:
- Increased brain volume: Research indicates potential growth in brain regions associated with memory, visual processing, and motor skills in gamers compared to non-gamers.
- Enhanced cognitive flexibility: Adapting to different game mechanics and strategies might promote cognitive flexibility, the ability to switch between tasks and think creatively.
- Improved brain efficiency: Studies suggest that gamers might process information more efficiently, potentially due to enhanced neural connectivity.
- Not all games are created equal: The type of game and its cognitive demands significantly influence the potential benefits. Opt for games that challenge your attention, memory, and problem-solving skills.
- Balance is key: Excessive gaming can have negative consequences. Moderate play and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are crucial.
- Individual differences: Cognitive benefits vary across individuals based on factors like age, prior experience, and pre-existing cognitive abilities.
The Future of Gaming and Brain Health:
The intersection of online gaming and brain health is a burgeoning field with exciting potential. Future research might explore:
- Personalized gaming experiences: Games tailored to individual cognitive needs and goals, maximizing potential benefits.
- Therapeutic applications: Utilizing gaming elements for cognitive rehabilitation and training in various neurological conditions.
- Understanding underlying mechanisms: Delving deeper into how specific game mechanics trigger neuroplasticity and cognitive improvements.
While online gaming berlian888 remains a source of entertainment and social connection, its potential impact on brain health should not be underestimated. From sharpening cognitive skills to promoting neuroplasticity, venturing into virtual worlds might offer surprising benefits for your mind. So, the next time you pick up your controller, remember: you might be engaging in more than just a fun activity, you could be giving your brain a workout too!
- Briefly mention potential drawbacks of online gaming like addiction or social isolation, emphasizing the importance of moderation and balanced gaming habits.
- Highlight the need for further research to solidify the link between online gaming and cognitive benefits, acknowledging the complexity of individual factors and potential confounding variables.
- Emphasize the responsible development and design of games that promote positive experiences and prioritize player well-being alongside cognitive engagement.
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Washington (CNN)From across the fields of science they came, marching to show that women in science have a lot to say.
Biologists and ecologists, medical researchers and EMTs, doctors and nurses, biomedical engineers and neuroscientists came with stories of why they fell in love with science.
They ranged from little girls to seasoned science veterans, all carrying a message of what they’d like to tell other women.
“It’s important for women scientists to be here because there are still too few of us,” said neuroscientist Sharri Zamore.
She drove from Blacksburg, Virginia, to support the cause, but also to “encourage more diversity” in the sciences, she told CNN.
There were many who stood up and marched for the first time in their lives.
“This is the first time in my adult life that I have been able to stand up for something that I truly believe in. We both felt very passionately about science and the subject of this march, so we decided to drive to DC from Buffalo, New York,” said 26-year-old EMT Alyssa Militello, who came with her friend, fellow EMT Jessica Robins, 23.
There were scientists there who paved the way for others, like Cynthia Chatterjee, a psychiatrist and addiction specialist from the Bay Area.
“Historically women have not been encouraged to study science,” Chatterjee told CNN. “I didn’t go to medical school until I was age 34, but when I was a little girl, I wanted to be a doctor.”
It wasn’t until much later that she realized she could do it. And now, standing at the science march, she said she hoped other little girls could pursue their dream from the very start.
One of the most common messages for women and for the next generation was: Don’t give up. Ever.
“I would tell other female scientists, no matter how hard it may seem, it’s absolutely worth it,” said biomedical engineering student Remy Cooper.
She said she hopes to help shape science policies someday. Well, after she finishes her Master’s and gets into a Ph.D. program, of course.
Other women were more forward with what it’s really like to be a woman in a traditionally male-dominated field.
“Know that there is sexism and don’t be nave that it won’t affect you. When you need to stand up for yourself, do so,” said wetland ecologist Alicia Korol. “Don’t be afraid to raise your voice or to speak up for something.”
The Ph.D. candidate at George Mason University stressed the importance of finding a fellow female to help chart your career course.
“Mentorship inspires women to stick with or even pursue science. It makes the field welcoming, fun and encouraging,” Korol said.
Sometimes, it’s not a bad thing to be the only one like you in a crowd.
Lynette Stehr is a Department of Homeland Security contractor and a terrorism risk modeler.
“There’s a whole lot of time I am the only woman in the room and sometimes it’s a little hard to get used to. But, if you can embrace it and recognize your strut, you’re making a pathway for that next woman behind you,” she told CNN.
Stehr and her husband, Jeff, were carrying matching signs that read “Listen to your nerds.”
While it may be hard to crack into a male-driven workplace, Stehr’s husband said he’s seeing more of it where he works at NASA, as a contractor.
“I’m mighty proud of just how many women we have been hiring into my team at NASA HQ. It’s almost as if we just keep walking by an unguarded gold mine and walking away with awesome hires that other companies just keep missing,” he told CNN.
“Their loss is forever our gain. Amazing what people do when you give ’em a shot.”
Women in science share a message: Don’t give up | <urn:uuid:1097bbc9-ab97-4f44-8093-0811a8fba5dd> | {
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The Bank of England, 1844-1913
April 14, 2013
In 1844, there was a new regulation of the Bank of England called the Bank Charter Act of 1844, also known as Peel’s Act.
Read Wikipedia on the Bank Charter Act of 1844
This officially made the Bank of England the sole issuer of banknotes in England, although it was functionally the sole issuer before then. It also split the Bank into two Departments: an Issue Department, wholly responsible for banknotes, and a Banking Department, which was not involved in banknote issuance, and operated more like a regular commercial bank. However, the Bank of England’s Banking Department had, by then, assumed many of the roles of today’s central banks, including acting as a central clearinghouse for interbank payments. Thus, the Banking Department’s deposits also acted in essentially the same way as deposits at central banks today, which are functionally a final means of payment, which is why we now consider central bank deposits to be a form of base money alongside banknotes.
The 1844-1913 period is nice because not only does Peel’s Act delineate this time from the period previous, but the Bank of England also became the leading example of other governments and central banks to follow, as the Most Perfect Monetary System Ever Created came into being. Also, Peel’s Act required weekly reporting of the BoE’s balance sheet, so there’s a lot more documentation of what was going on.
Here’s what it looked like:
This is a copy of the balance sheet, of course.
March 23, 2008: How Banks Work 7: the Lender of Last Resort
March 16, 2008: How Banks Work 6: Liquidy Crises and Bank Runs
March 9, 2008: How Banks Work 5: Selling Loans
February 24, 2008: How Banks Work 4: Banks and the Economy
February 17, 2008: How Banks Work 3: More Elephant Poop
February 10, 2008: How Banks Work 2: Shitting Like an Elephant
February 3, 2008: How Banks Work
What do we see here? Of course, there is the Issue Department and the Banking Department.
The Issue Department has, as its liabilities, banknotes in circulation. This is your basic paper money. It has no liabilities except for that.
As assets, its has government debt, “other securities,” and gold coins and bullion. There’s a ledger item for silver, but by this time the Issue Department held gold exclusively. Britain went to a monometallic (gold-only) monetary system in 1816.
I’m not sure what “other securities” means. It is probably debt of some sort, perhaps high-quality corporate debt. It could be gold-based debt of other governments.
The Banking Department has, as liabilities and equity, “proprietors’ capital.” This is an old accounting convention which separates what we today call “shareholders’ equity” into the original capital of the company — the original investment — and what amounts to retained earnings. The retained earnings are the “rest.” Because book value or equity is a residual — it is the remainder after you subtract the liabilities from the assets — the “rest” can vary naturally. Also, it varied due to earnings retained (increasing) and dividends paid (decreasing). We will see that the “rest” is quite stable, indicating that the Banking Department’s earnings were largely paid out in dividends.
There’s a ledger for Public Deposits, which basically means the deposits of the government. Today, this is recognized as a portion of base money.
Then, there’s a ledger for Other Deposits, which is deposits of nongovernment entities. This was mostly other commercial banks, including foreign commercial banks, and other governments and central banks. This is also recognized as a form of base money today.
There’s a small item for “seven day and other bills,” which is short-term borrowing by the Bank of England on the money market.
This indicates that the Issue Department operated pretty much in the Making Change system I’ve outlined before.
January 29, 2012: Gold Standard Technical Operating Discussions 3: Automaticity Vs. Discretion
January 15, 2012: Gold Standard Technical Operating Discussions 2: More Variations
January 8, 2012: Some Gold Standand Technical Operating Discussions
In other words, the Issue Department would trade gold bullion and banknotes at the parity value of £3 17s 10.5d per ounce of gold. Either the Issue Department would accept gold and give banknotes, or accept banknotes and give gold, depending on what the private market participants (“PMPs”) wished to do. Banknotes in circulation sometimes goes up, indicating that PMPs were bringing gold to the Bank and taking banknotes in return; or, it goes down, indicating that PMPs were bringing banknotes to the bank and receiving gold bullion in return.
This is identical operation to a currency board today.
Note that, like a currency board today, the Issue Department did not have a “100% bullion reserve,” just as a currency board does not hold exclusively base money (banknotes and central bank deposits) in the target currency. Some of the assets were interest-bearing government bonds, and also other types of bonds. At first, gold bullion was less than 50% of total assets, or in other words, bonds were more than 50%. Bullion holdings rose over time, as a percentage of total Issue Department assets, but as we will see later, I think this was a reaction to the increasing importance of Banking Department deposits as a component of base money.
The Issue Department’s management sometimes decided to increase its holdings of interest-bearing debt, in this case exclusively non-government bonds. In this case, gold bullion would be sold and, with the proceeds, bonds would be bought. This operation would not change the monetary base.
It was a pretty simple system. Over time, holdings of gold bullion increased.
Note that this was apparently a “non-discretionary” system. There was no day-to-day decisionmaking involved as to how to manage banknotes in circulation. It was totally reactive, in response to PMPs wish to transact bullion and banknotes.
For now, just think about how the Issue Department operated. We will look at the much more complicated Banking Department later. | <urn:uuid:f50526c9-bdb0-4c96-94b8-dc54b59225c0> | {
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Commemorating the formation of Indian Constitution on January 26th 1950, Republic Day is celebrated with great national importance in the Indian Subcontinent. This date was chosen to honor 26 January 1930 when the Declaration of Independence was made for the first time. Celebrated with a large parade on Rajpath in the national capital New Delhi, Republic day is one of the three national holidays in India. Though India became independent in 1947, the country lacked a permanent constitution. The country depended on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935 till then, and India was still a Dominion with George VI as head of state and Earl Mountbatten as Governor General. Later however, owing to the untiring efforts of the committee chaired by visionary Dr. B.R Ambedkar, Indian constitution became a reality. The set of rules laid down under the constitution completed the concept of Indian independence and brought order to the chaos that India was reeling with then. Celebrate Republic day with friends and send them cheap online gifts from our site; we offer a wide range of gifts to buy and order from. | <urn:uuid:0a51b8f7-fd78-4407-9eb9-70535fff78f8> | {
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ABOUT THIS SITE
CHART OF REGULATIONS
HULL ID NUMBERS
Basic Electricity DC
Basic Electricity AC
Electrical Pages Index
Wiring Low Voltage
Wiring High Voltage
Over Current Protection
Sizing Circuit Breakers
Planning: Battery Bank
Wiring Your Boat
Business Of Boatbuilding
Statutes and Regulations:
How they are made
Standards Documents Available Free online
Basic Electricity - Page 10 - AC Circuits
Ground Fault Protection (shocks).
Ground fault protection, that is, protection against accidental leakage of current to ground, is extremely important. It protects the wiring on the boat from overheating and causing fires, and protects the people from shock. Most ground fault protection is accomplished by use of fuse or circuit breakers. But for protecting people on the boat there are better solutions.
For a video on Grounding see Basic Electrical Practices
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI)
Protecting the people on a boat is probably more important than anything else. One of the best ways to provide protection against shock is the use of a GFCI. Most of us are familiar with these now because they are very common in our homes and at work. What a GFCI does is monitor the current in both the black or hot wire and the white neutral wire. As long as the currents are the same everything is ok. But if a ground fault, that is leakage of current to ground, occurs then the current in one wire is greater than the wire with the leakage. The GFCI sees this imbalance between these two wires and shuts the circuit off. They are extremely fast, tripping in milliseconds. In the US, GFCI's are required to trip at 5ma. That's 5/1000 of an amp.
GFCIs are required by ABYC on boats, in any wet areas, such as the head, and the galley, or any where you have an outlet and water. They are so effective that when they trip many people do not know anything has happened, unless the lights go out.
Residual Current Device (RCD)
In Europe where ISO is the standard, they do it differently. There they protect the whole boat rather than just certain areas on the boat. They use what is called a Residual Current Device, or RCD. This device is in the shore power inlet on the boat. An RCD works the same way as a GFCI but the current at which they trip is much higher than for GFCI. An RCD will trip at 30 ma, and they are slower than a CFCI but still trip within 100 milliseconds. If it were lower there would be a lot of nuisance or false tripping. But they do protect all of the wires and equipment on the boat although they are probably not adequate to protect the people from shock. In the US, ABYC is currently looking at whether or not it would be good to have both GFCIs to protect people and an RCD to protect the boat. There was an excellent article in the December/January 2007 Professional Boat Builder Number 104, by Nigel Calder which explains this very well. Another Take on Trip Thresholds.
ELCI: Electrical Leakage Circuit Interrupter
Much like an RCD. This protects the whole boat. This is the latest requirement from ABYC. An ELCI is designed to detect current leaking into the water surrounding the boat. It does this by measuring the current in the black (hot) wire and the return current in the white wire (neutral). If everything is ok the difference between the two should be zero. If there is an imbalance, that is less coming back than is going, and this imbalance is 30 ma or more for 100 milliseconds then the ELCI trips and shuts off all power. This is to protect people in the water or touching metal that is in contact with the water. Every year in the USA there are a small number of deaths from electro shock drowning. This is designed to prevent that. You can then isolate the problem by turning off all of the equipment on the boat, turning the ELCI back on, and turning on one device at a time until the ELCI trips again. The last item turned on has the problem. Usually this is due to the green wire having been cut or disconnected so that there is no return path for a ground fault.
Onboard Generators, and transfer switches.
So now you have power while at the dock. But what about while you are underway, or anchored in a nice bay somewhere? You need an alternative source of AC power. A generator can supply your needs. It can also recharge your batteries so you can continue to run all of your DC equipment. However, to properly use a generators power you need a power transfer switch. A transfer switch shuts off the power from shore and redirects the source of power to the generator. This is absolutely necessary for safe operation of electrical equipment on board. Most of these transfer switches are automatic, so once it's installed and tested, you do not have to do anything else. No switches to turn on and off.
If you choose to have an onboard generator it is absolutely imperative you install a marine generator, not a portable generator designed for land use. Marine generators are definitely more expensive, but they are designed to withstand the marine environment, they are ignition protected, and they are designed to mitigate Carbon Monoxide problems. Most are diesel powered, but gasoline powered sets are also available. In recent years the manufacturers of the gasoline powered generators have made serious reductions in the amount of CO these generators produce. They have also made them much quieter. There is nothing more disturbing in a quiet anchorage than when someone lights off a noisy generator. Go to Ike's List and read the sections on Carbon Monoxide . Then read my Hot Topics on Portable Generators
Inverters take DC power and change it into AC power. With an inverter you can run some AC equipment, if it does not require too much power. Air Conditioners and microwave ovens are two appliances that should not be run off of an inverter because of the large amounts of power they need. However, televisions, computers, VCRs and other small appliances can be run off of an inverter. You need to evaluate what you want to use, and how much power you need, and convert that to how large your house battery bank should be. These devices will rapidly deplete a single battery. Select an inverter designed for marine use, that is ignition protected.
A converter is the opposite of an inverter. It takes AC power and converts it to 12V DC. Most of these have the dual function of supplying DC to power your DC equipment, and charging your batteries. The converter can be run off of the shore power, or off your onboard generator. Select a converter designed for marine use, that is ignition protected.
© newboatbuilders.com 2007 All rights reserved. revised 05/10/2011
Links to Offsite References:
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Bachelor of Arts
Folic acid, Gestation, Behavior, Maternal care, Dietary supplements, Social behavior
Folic acid (FA) is most commonly known as a crucial ingredient in prenatal vitamins, because sufficient levels are shown to definitively decrease the rate of spina bifida and other neural tube defects during pregnancy. In recent years, dietary consumption of FA in the United States and other countries has increased, due to the mandatory fortification of grain products, and an increased dosage in supplements recommended to pregnant women. However, the consequences of high levels of FA and its effects on behavior, physiology, and the epigenome of developing offspring are still unknown. To understand the benefits and possible risks of this change in maternal folic acid exposure on offspring, it is necessary to study the effects of both excessive and deficient levels of gestational folic acid exposure. While some epidemiological research has linked FA to an increased risk of developing Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), other studies have proposed that it may have a neuroprotective effect against the development of ASD.
The present study analyzed the effect of low, control, and high folic acid exposure during gestation on later behavioral changes. Both excessive and deficient levels of folic acid led to an increase in aggressive behavior in Long Evans rats. Rats exposed to the high FA diet and rats exposed to the low FA diet both showed an increased amount of time engaging in play fighting behavior, and an increased number of defensive tactics in a juvenile play behavior test. During the course of the study, some rats were unexpectedly injured by their cage mates (and were subsequently separated into divided cages). Analysis of injury frequency revealed that the low folic acid group obtained a greater number of injuries than the control and the high FA group. No significant effect of gestational folic acid was found on anxiety behaviors, or on adult sociability tests.
These results suggest that there may be an effect of both deficient and excessive levels of gestational folic acid on offspring aggressive behaviors, though not on the anticipated social behavior measures. These results suggest that more research is needed on the potential consequences of both over-and under-supplementation.
©2019 Natalie Simone Bourdon. Access limited to the Smith College community and other researchers while on campus. Smith College community members also may access from off-campus using a Smith College log-in. Other off-campus researchers may request a copy through Interlibrary Loan for personal use.
Bourdon, Natalie Simone, "The effect of gestational folic acid exposure on offspring behavior" (2019). Honors Project, Smith College, Northampton, MA.
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[SOURCE: 'Impact of acute exercise intensity on pulsatile growth hormone release in men', 2000, Pritzlaff)].
As children, growth hormone (HGH) makes us grow taller, but when we reach our full height, this hormone actually changes roles. When we're adults, increasing HGH will reduce body fat and trim inches.
Growth hormone actually becomes the 'fitness hormone' for middle-age, and older adults."
Anaerobic exercise (as contrasted with aerobic exercise) is sprint training, not endurance training.
Anaerobic sprint workouts can be done in many different ways - running, swimming, cycling, XC skiing - and all of these are Senior Games events.
Don't jump in, ease in to anaerobic exercise. Anaerobic fitness training is clearly the most productive. But it's also the most dangerous. Hamstring pulls are a primary target and this makes flexibility training an essential part of every fitness plan.
Everyone, especially those with heart conditions or medical problems should get physician clearance before performing anaerobic exercise. Even young athletes should progressively ease into high intensity anaerobic workouts.
By Intense Anaerobic Exercise 3-4 times a Week!
NewtonStein Anti-Aging, Exercise and Training for Youth and Health!
Intensity Relative to Age
The American Heart Association study also proves another important point concerning fitness training during aging - exercise intensity is relative to one's age and fitness level.
In other words, an older individual can reach high-intensity levels with an effort level that might be considered low-intensity for a young athlete.
This new study confirms the need for higher intensities, but it also shows that beginners and older adults can reach the more productive levels of exercise intensity with less effort than a triathlete, for example.
Newcomers to high-intensity exercise may get great results initially by performing the anaerobic training with power walking, but a fine-tuned triathlete however, may need more work for the same results.
When you see an 80 year old participant running a 10-K or working out in the gym, don't think that it's unfortunate that she can't run as fast, or lift as much as her 60 year old counterparts. This just means that it's easier for her to reach higher intensities.
If you're over 50, get physician clearance first, and get started with a gradual buildup training program.
"This book is brilliant!" - Mike Gotfredson, President - Road Runner Sports
"I've read a lot of books in my life, but your fitness book is one of only 10 or so that has had a very influential impact on my life. I'm lucky I found it." - Mike Rabe
"Phil Campbell is not trying to sell you anything except a longer, healthier life. A terrific concept, easy read, and a welcomed addition to a health and fitness library filled with more style than substance. This is the real deal." - Keith Murphy, NBC Sports Director, Des Moines
"Phil, Guess my training regimen of weight training, Sprint 8's, etc. paid off. Got six firsts and set five records in the swimming events for men 65-69 at the National Senior Games and I'm pushing the top of my age group at 68." - Bill Lauer, Knoxville
The New 2nd Edition, 7th Printing is now Available here
"I've read your book twice now and I need to congratulate you on one of the best books available for understanding what really happens when you train." - NASA Consultant, Jim Warren, President, Team America Health & Fitness, Inc.& Exer-Genie Training Systems
"My son (a competitive cross country skier) told me about your book and I started the workouts following your basic approach. I am a 62 year old Orthopaedic Surgeon, and run for cardiovascular fitness, weight control and enjoyment. The Ready Set Go Fitness program has worked for me.
I am running faster, have lost 5 pounds, have less muscle soreness than I had with just doing longer but slower paced runs - and enjoy my workouts much more.I have shared the book with my brother, a superb 70 year old athlete with a bad knee and it works for him on the bicycle and running up hills. I will keep recommending this approach as an integral part of an overall fitness program." - Rolf Lulloff, MD
Web search: Senior & Masters Sports
National Senior Games - State contact information
Millennium Senior Games - In 2005, you'll want to be in this
Senior Games competition when you see this Web site. You may even want to move there when you see their slide show!
Senior Olympics - contact information
State Games contact info
Tennessee Senior Games - Lead by Christine Dewbre and Teresa Prinzo. Excellent Web site
Brian Mackenzie UK Track Coach - Informative Web site
California Senior Games
40 speed.com - Speed training.
Austin, TX Senior Games - Lead by John Berlet
Masters Track & Field - Excellent Web site for masters athletes
Masters Track News - A must have subscription for masters track & field.
United States Masters Swimming
www.coachr.org - Top track & field newsletter offered on this Web site.
American Cross Country Skiers (AXCS)
USA Track & Field
Fitness by Gordon - Senior exercise Web site - Maturity can be a banquet when fed by exercise!
World Masters weightlifting
More Senior & Master's links
Huntsman World Senior Games
USATF National Masters XC & 5K Championships
US Tennis Association
Masters Ski Jumping
Bama Cyclist - Preparing for senior games in cycling
Warning for Seniors
WASHINGTON (UPI) -- As many as 500,000 otherwise healthy seniors are getting daily injections of synthetic human growth hormone each year. Some seniors swear the hormone reduces fat, makes them more active and increases libido, but some researchers say
this practice, for which the users pay between $5,000 and $10,000 a year, can have serious and potentially deadly side effects, USA Today reported.
There's a better way than injections to get the benefits of increasing growth hormone, high-intensity exercise! See article that follows.
While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of synthetic growth hormone for boys likely to become adults shorter than 5-foot-3 and girls likely to be shorter than 4-foot-11.
When growth hormone is prescribed for adults, it's considered "on-label," and a doctor can prescribe the hormone if it will benefit the patient for a FDA-specified condition such as patients who have lost their pituitary gland because of a tumor or for patients suffering from AIDS.
However, some seniors can get the synthetic grown hormone, "off-label," for no specific condition except that a doctor feels a patient will benefit.
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Nan Chiau Primary School, together with Qualcomm Wireless Reach, the National Institute of Education, the University of Michigan, Microsoft, Nokia and Singtel, launched the WE Learn project in March 2012 and provided 350 third-grade students, teachers
and staff at the school with 3G mobile devices and Internet access in order to complement the school’s curriculum and teaching processes.
The purpose of the project is to explore the ways that mobile technology can enhance education and help in shifting gears from a teacher-centric model to a student-centric, inquiry-oriented and collaborative model. Real life practices like in Nan Chiau Primary School have now become a model for primary schools in Singapore that are implementing 21stcentury learning in classrooms.
A study of the project confirmed that students who used smartphones for their English and science classes were more confident and engaged when asking and responding to questions and improved their spoken English.
Aside from sharing the positive results, I was honored to join our fellow project partners to announce plans to expand the WE Learn program in 2013. This expansion will include an additional 300 students from Nan Chiau Primary School’s fourth-grade class. The project’s mobile learning platform (MyDesk, running on Windows Phone) and educational applications will also be enhanced.
Immediately after the announcement, fourth-grade teacher Jenny Lee provided a demonstration of how smartphones are being used in her science classes. After being separated into small groups, students were asked to take photos of magnetic toys from different angles and to share these photos and their observations of the magnetic toy. Students were able to gather information online using their smartphones and discuss and collaborate with other students on their findings. I found it particularly interesting to see the ways that smartphones were being used to facilitate learning in a multitude of ways—through text, drawings, audio and visual recordings and student-to-student collaboration.
Qualcomm are proud to be part of the WE Learn project as it is a clear example of how mobile devices and software can be used to complement traditional teaching methods and facilitate improved learning outcomes. Other organizations should also support similar projects to expand the reach of mobile in education and achieve the vision of 21st century teaching and learning .
The post originally appeared here.
For more latest updates, You can join us on Google+, Twitter, Linkedin | <urn:uuid:53c8dcb9-5f7c-4179-bfda-e4021680593a> | {
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The environmental justice movement began making headway in the United States during the 1980s as a result of growing public awareness about environmental issues and their immense impact on daily life. With an ever-increasing intensity of natural disasters, there is an ever-growing need for a coordinated response to environmental risk factors. However, deep-rooted social inequalities continue to persist and have impacted the way various governments have historically responded to environmental concerns.
Marginalized communities are disproportionately affected by environmental pollution and hazards, as well as the fallout from natural disasters. On the other hand, affluent sectors of society are often far better protected from the ill effects of environmental hazards due to their privileged position in society. In short, certain sectors are more vulnerable for no reason other than their racial and/or economic grouping. These social discrepancies and inequalities are the driving force behind the environmental justice paradigm.
At its core, environmental justice attempts to counter these inherent social inequalities by meaningfully engaging people regardless of their status, race, color, religion, politics or nationality in developing environmental laws and policies. This, in turn, provides a sense of agency and involvement among marginalized groups in dealing with environmental risk factors facing their communities. In light of climate change in an increasingly globalized world, environmental justice is necessary to alleviate some of the risk factors facing some of the world’s most vulnerable populations.
Indigenous people and subsistence farming communities, like the Maya Chorti of northwestern Honduras, are often cited as peoples who are especially vulnerable to the harmful impacts of climate change. Due to their reliance on subsistence farming and close socio-cultural proximity to their ancestral lands, many indigenous groups in Central America are severely impacted by radical changes in the climate pattern. For example, the recent warming trend observed across northern Honduras has resulted in widespread droughts. This has altered the production patterns of the various crops rural communities have traditionally relied on for their subsistence, including corn and beans.
As a result, thousands of people in northern Honduras are now facing severe food shortages. This has fueled the ongoing displacement of rural populations, who are forced to leave their homes because they are starving and are unable to attain minimal living standards for themselves and their families.
Impacts of hydro-electrical and mining operations
It is worth noting that the climatic warming process and the recurrence of droughts in large parts of Honduras are intensified as a result of deforestation and bad water management policies. Multinational hydro-electrical and mining operations have decimated the water systems, including rivers and aquifers across Honduras. This has disproportionately impacted indigenous communities.
For many rural communities, many of which are indigenous, these water systems are their only source of freshwater. Pollution of the rivers as a result of the exploitative activities of multinational mining and hydroelectric companies not only threatens these peoples’ access to fresh water but also undermines the ecological integrity of the region as a whole. In Honduras, the forests and vegetation often rely on the freshwater sources of the rivers and aquifers to thrive, especially during the dry season when rainfall is limited. However, hydroelectric and mining projects in Honduras often divert or interrupt the natural flow of large sections of river systems or deplete freshwater sources in order to sustain their electrical production. In other parts, interruption to the river flow has resulted in large-scale flooding of local villages.
These interruptions and the depletion of river water sources have jeopardized sensitive ecosystems and the lives of dependent rural communities. Examples of this can be found in the ongoing Patuca III Hydroelectric Project. The project has already been stopped on three separate occasions due to international outcry. The dam is proposed to be constructed on Lake Patuca in the district of Moskitia, Honduras. This region is widely considered to be the “largest, most biodiverse expanse of tropical wilderness north of the Amazon Basin.”
The indigenous people who have lived in this region for hundreds of years have helped preserve this amazing biodiversity. Yet the prospect of Patuca III dam construction, which is underway as we speak, threatens to endanger this precious ecosystem and bring irreversible harm to its biodiversity and the indigenous people living along the banks of the Patuca River.
Environmental scientists have noted how the dam would block migratory patterns of various fish species that live within the river, which may lead to their extinction. Upstream, the rising water levels would “submerge rainforest vegetation, soils, and organic matter, which would emit greenhouse gases as they rot.” The increased commercial activities, rising water levels and destruction of forest habitats would endanger thousands of species, including jaguars and tapirs. Additionally, the local indigenous fishing communities along the river banks would be flooded out of their homes, and their lifestyle irreversibly altered.
What’s more, the project has been marred by an accusation of corruption and mishandling by officials involved in the construction of the dam. The construction companies involved in the project are owned and operated by officials in the government. Likewise, experts have doubted the dam’s efficiency in meeting the electrical needs of the local communities, noting that Honduras already possesses a surplus of energy capacity but lacks proper management, handling, and distribution of energy sources for the various localities.
Despite these facts and widespread local and international resistance to the construction of the dam, the government seems to be intent on its course. Protests by local indigenous communities have often been met with extreme violence, including assassinations.
Similar outcomes can be observed in the example of mining operations in Honduras. In Copan, Honduras, where I worked for nearly two years, extensive gravel extractions from the riverbeds of the various major rivers, including Rio Copan, have been a major issue for the local villages. The depletion of rock and gravel from the riverbed results in runoffs and alteration of the water flow. The pollution from the machines extracting the minerals and the processing centers has reduced the fish populations in the rivers and has been a cause of sickness among Maya Chorti communities that rely on the rivers for their freshwater.
Extensive digging and extractions have diverted the water flow of the main rivers systems in Copan, Honduras. As a result of the runoffs and diverted water flow, many of the rivers are increasingly drying up. Coupled with the rising intensity of droughts and reduction of annual rainfall in the region, this trend may contribute to deforestation and even desertification throughout northern Honduras. Rural and indigenous communities that require water to sustain their crops and subsistence would be forced to leave their territories, which in turn would add to the unfolding migration crisis that Honduras is facing. If we are truly concerned with the migration crises in Central America, local environmental concerns must be taken into account.
For too long, Latin America has had its natural wealth exploited and extracted to fuel foreign industries and centers of capital. It is time to stand in solidarity with indigenous nations in the struggle to achieve environmental justice for all people. If we are to coexist in the world, we can no longer afford to accumulate wealth and capital at the expense of depriving the vast majority of people access to lands and healthy environmental conditions. | <urn:uuid:a5b768aa-0a8d-42b7-8ca5-3ecaaa850086> | {
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- Beacon Software
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
The Cubesat On-board processing Validation Experiment (COVE) is a partnership between JPL and the University of Michigan. The primary objective of COVE is to demonstrate an on-board processing system to optimize the data processing and instrument design of a multi-angle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (MSPI) for the ACE Decadal Survey mission which will achieve a two-orders of magnitude reduction in data rate. COVE also looks to get spaceborne technology validation of the Xilinx Virtex-5QV rad-hard-by-design (RHBD) FPGA and MSPI on-board processing polarimetry algorithm to advance the TRL for MSPI camera development and the ACE mission.
The MSPI consists of 8-fixed and 1-gimballed camera, and is used to measure cloud and aerosol properties. The goal of the MSPI is to acquire accurate degree of linear polarization (DOLP) imagery. COVE also serves as a bridge between NASA and the Universitym, which gives students and faculty the opportunity to engage in spaceborne technology validation. The OBP algorithm will be implemented on the Xilinx Virtex-5 FXT FPGA | <urn:uuid:5e63ab75-95f2-40ab-b5f5-da4d38de79e6> | {
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It seems that the constant struggle that everyone faces is the fight to stay motivated during the entire day. If you are like me, it doesn’t come naturally, and often times, it almost seems impossible. Luckily, for people that share this problem, motivation can be worked on. With many years of practice and methods, these tips will help you on your goal to achieve full days of motivation.
What is Motivation?
What exactly is motivation? Well, motivation is the ambition to carry out a goal. Rather than it being some mysterious force, we can really boil it down to something simple. Motivation is our goal setting; it is the process of goal setting and the drive to meet that goal.
A lot of how we view ourselves and our circumstances will judge on how motivated we will be. The “Locus of Control” concept is essentially the amount of control that we, as individuals, believe we have control of. There are two sides to the Locus of Control.
- External Locus of Control
This mindset is one that focuses on outside factors. We lose the ability to be motivated if we continue to blame external forces for our failures.
- Internal Locus of Control
On the other hand, this mindset is directly tied to your ability to take credit for working hard. You are the captain of your own ship, and the harder you work, the more results you will yield.
There have been many studies over the years on The Locus of Control theory, and all have pointed to an increase in motivation when an internal locus of control is utilized. We need to know we have control over our success in order to have the will power to stay motivated.
a) Organize a Daily Schedule
Although we may not like to, motivation needs some sort of starting point. I found it to be increasingly harder to gain motivation without any form of structure. Now, there is no need to organize and plan every single detail of your life out, but a rough outline will do.
Plan your morning out:
- What time will you wake up?
- What will you have for breakfast?
- Will you read a book?
Once you have a morning scheduled out, move onto the rest of your day.
- What’s for lunch?
- What will you do later on in the day?
Again, no need for a boxed-in schedule, but we all need some form of a schedule so that we can stay on track.
b) Reading A Little Each Day
It may seem that I am going down a list of things that most people hate but stay with me. Reading is known to increase cognitive functions. Whether you decide to read in the morning or night, it will benefit you.
Not only should you read, but read something that will motivate you. Just to name a few great motivational books:
- The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (Stephan Covey, 1989)
- The Magic of Thinking Big (David J. Schwartz, 1959)
- The Power of Now Journal (Eckhart Tolle, 1997)
- The Last Lecture (Randy Pausch, 2008)
These are just a few great books to start with. I personally love to read each morning; this way, I can think about the motivational things I had read all day. If books aren’t your thing, listen to a podcast or read motivational news—anything to stimulate your brain for the day.
c) Keep a Healthy Lifestyle
One key factor in keeping yourself motivated throughout the day is to maintain a healthy lifestyle. There isn’t any need for a diet or health program but live in a way that makes you feel rewarded for taking care of yourself.
Make sure you drink plenty of water and eat things that you feel good eating. If you eat right, you will feel right and end up having the courage to take on those ambitious goals of yours.
d) Get Plenty of Rest
Now, this may seem like a trivial one, but getting sleep is a huge indicator of how you will feel the rest of the day. If you get a solid 6-8 hours of sleep, you will feel the energy, both mentally and physically, to take on the day.
Sleep is extremely vital in having a motivated mood during your day. This, again, touches on what I spoke of before. You want to organize your morning and nightly routine to have the ability to wake up and sleep in a regular fashion.
e) Stay Active
Yet another tie to longer periods of motivation is being active. There isn’t any need to buy a gym membership, but go for walks every morning, or when you can. If possible, running is a great metabolism booster, which of course, in turn, boosts your motivation abilities.
Personally, I try to run every single morning; this allows me to start my day off with just about the most difficult task. This makes everything else seem easy to accomplish for the rest of the day.
f) Set Goals for Yourself
We come to an obvious but very important tip. Setting goals may seem like a no-brainer, but what do you set goals for, and do you set short, medium, or long term goals?
The answer is yes to all of them.
I found that setting short-term, daily goals helped me stay motivated and on track each day.
Medium-term goals allowed me to focus on what I wanted to get done by the week or month.
Long-term goals are the big picture goals. These are the motivator that motivates all other goals.
The number one thing that you need to do is to start. It is human nature to procrastinate; it is all about taking that first step. Motivate yourself with books, a schedule, an active lifestyle, and self-responsibility. We all have the courage to do this; it is just a matter of taking the first step towards your many days of motivation. | <urn:uuid:ef6d6749-865b-4d81-b05d-ad6e4509313b> | {
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A new international literacy test was released this week. The news is not good.
Last year's U.S. fourth-graders (the test was administered in 2006) scored about the same as their counterparts did in 2001, but they lost ground to the rest of the world. In '01, American kids finished fourth. Last year, they came in 11th, left in the dust by kids in Russia, Singapore, Hong Kong and Hungary, among others.
What happened? It's hard to say, other than a lot of other nations looked at their scores from the last test and figured out how to improve. As Bloomberg News described it, Hong Kong and Singapore revised the curricula they use for reading. Russia decided kids should begin school a year earlier.
We got a federal law called No Child Left Behind.
Perhaps the theory was that children left behind academically feel lonely, so we'd better make sure everyone stays behind.
By now, some of you may think this is a column on vouchers or tuition tax credits, the thing some lawmakers are hinting at for the 2008 legislative session. Fooled you.
Utahns have endured enough empty emotional rhetoric for one year. The vouchers debate produced a lot of heat but little light from either side. Normally civilized people became so emotional they might as well have been walking around inside their own cones of silence.
No, it's time for all to come together and examine what can be done to improve a sagging educational record nationwide, a record that ought to alarm everyone.
The first move should be obvious. Ditch No Child Left Behind in the trash heap of history. It hasn't worked precisely because it was a political solution a mandate from Washington that immediately sent everyone scurrying to find loopholes. Republicans, who normally want the federal government to stay out of public education, wanted to give states a lot of latitude in terms of setting standards. Democrats, who typically are fine with federal intervention and support teachers unions, worried about a law that could be especially harsh on schools with large minority populations. What we ended up with was meaningless mush.
Worse than that, we got something easily manipulated by states. For example, Stateline.org recently wrote about a report by a nonpartisan think tank that tried to cut through the thick muck that surrounds how states measure their educational progress. The results are alarming.
Alabama, for instance, went from 22nd to fifth in the nation in one year in terms of how it met the No Child law's requirements. In one year, the percentage of Alabama schools meeting adequate yearly progress went from just over half to almost 90 percent. But the report said Alabama students really hadn't learned more at all. The state just lowered its standards. Alabama still has one of the nation's worst high school graduation rates, and it does poorly on the National Assessment of Educational Progress test.
It isn't alone. A recent editorial in the Daily Jefferson County Union in Wisconsin wondered how the Dairy State's own tests could show 81 percent of fourth-graders are proficient in reading and 77 percent in math, when the national assessment test showed 35 percent are proficient in reading and 47 percent in math. There were similar disparities in eighth-grade results.3 comments on this story
"From where we sit," the editorial said, "giving tests with low standards not only misleads parents and taxpayers on the effectiveness of our educational system but also gets in the way of helping students be all that they can be."
I'd go a step further. It's cheating them. Comparisons between states mean nothing when everyone defines standards differently. Besides, the real tests ought to measure our kids against the world. That's the arena in which our children will compete for jobs and careers.We need to get serious about school reforms. But we can't do it through idiotic federal mandates. True education reform will be painful, but it can't happen until Congress junks No Child Left Behind.
Jay Evensen is editor of the Deseret Morning News editorial page. E-mail: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:fe7540ba-f293-4875-baeb-02c96a243077> | {
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As your baby's first food, you might expect your breast milk ingredients to include basic essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats, as well as.
Fat breast milk
Mar 27, - The degree of emptiness of the breast is what research has shown to drive breastmilk fat content, and thus calorie content. The fuller the breast. A longer feed interval means lower initial fat content at the start of the next feed, because fat adheres to the alveoli/ducts while milk stands in the breast between.
Sorry, fat breast milk long
Sep 26, - The concentration of fats in breastmilk varies throughout the day. This article will help you understand the importance of fats as well as eight. Breast milk is the milk produced by the breasts (or mammary glands) of a human female to feed In addition to the appropriate amounts of carbohydrate, protein, and fat, breast milk provides vitamins, minerals, digestive enzymes, and.
Increasing Fat in Mothers' Milk. The amount of fat in breast milk can vary during a pumping session and at different times of the day. If the baby doesn't get. The lactation team at CHOP can help you separate your milk to increase the calories and fat your baby receives from breast milk.
Can mean? understand fat breast milk matchless
Jul 23, - The fats in your breast milk may also play a role in controlling your baby's appetite. Since the amount of fat in breast milk goes up as your baby. The macronutrient (ie overall fat, protein and carbohydrate) composition of breastmilk is robust even across different populations of women despite variations in.
Mature human milk contains 3%% fat, %% protein, %% compositional difference between milks from the 2 breasts unless 1 breast is. Typically, a mother's breast milk contains 20 calories per ounce, but there is significant variability in its fat content throughout the day, reports The Children's.
Really. fat breast milk agree, very useful
Nov 6, - A consistent response pattern of breastmilk cell and fat contents to breastmilk removal was observed. Maximum fat and cell levels were. Foremilk is not necessarily low in fat: fat content of the milk that is removed varies less fat than the milk stored in the milk-making cells higher up in your breast. https://entropyware.info/sucking/
When you breast-feed, you use fat cells stored in your body during pregnancy — along with calories from your diet — to fuel your milk production and feed your. May 24, - Breast milk is ultimately the best source of nutrition for a new baby. Breast milk has the perfect combination of proteins, fats, vitamins, and. | <urn:uuid:5907148e-4bfd-4168-9cd8-bf75e4cfefa5> | {
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What is Ayurveda?
What is Ayurveda? Ayurveda is the knowledge of life and health. It is Indian naturopathy which stems from the time of the Vedas. It is the oldest and most comprehensive system of medicine invented for humankind.
The term Ayurveda means the ‘science of life’. It teaches a way of life that enables you to be centred and focus on the healing that comes from within. It is a holistic healing science that teaches you to recognise your self – your constitution, and the importance of your role, your actions, behaviour and choices in correct food, herbs, exercise and lifestyle in improving health and preventing disease and deals elaborately with measures for healthful living and vitality for the entire span of a person’s life and its various phases. It teaches you to respect nature and obey certain natural laws. It has also developed a wide range of therapeutic measures, natural ways and herbs to combat illness and achieve longevity.
If these rules and laws are taught to others, Ayurveda, the science of healing, will be useful for everyone. The popularity of Ayurveda as a modality of health and well-being has steadily grown in recent years. With this growth comes the demand for suitably qualified practitioners to guide people safely and effectively.
Ayurvedic training typically touches on the medical sciences as well as modalities such as herbalism, homeopathy, massage and nutritional science. While conventional medicine treats the symptoms of an illness, ayuredic medicine is more concerned with a patient’s overall health. Ayurveda makes use of a number of natural therapies and approaches, including counselling, dietary advice, herbal remedies and massage, yoga and meditation, amongst others. Practitioners are typically accredited by national associations, which ensure that they have undergone the required training, and comply with the highest standards of Ayurvedic practice.
The current approach to health care is a fast-paced, high-tech, non-holistic world, in which more attention is often directed towards curing diseases, with more focus on problems and challenges, rather than maintaining proper health.
If you’ve always wanted to explore a healthy lifestyle for yourself, your friends and your family or considered health as part of a career stream for you, then Ayurveda is for you.
Ayurvedic principles recognise the body’s innate ability to cure itself and regain it’s ‘balance’ through the most natural, non-toxic, non-invasive methods. Ayurvedic cure, intervention and caregiving can be transformative.
The Health Institute Australasia offers courses to become an Ayurvedic Lifestyle Consultant and an Ayurvedic Practitioner. With this study you can take more responsibility for your own health and teach others, working as a health care professional helping others incorporate Ayurvedic health principles into their lives.
Whilst firmly anchored in the classical heritage of Ayurveda, these courses are based on a synthesis of the current perspectives on health, along with an integration of contemporary well-being information and practices. These accredited Ayurvedic courses have been developed in consultation with a wide range of teachers and practitioners of Ayurveda, including representatives of the health care industry and training authorities.
At the Health Institute Australasia, we offer Ayurvedic training which is a nationally recognised vocational training course. It draws from the extensive classical and authentic traditions of Ayurveda. Delivering 600 hours (Certificate IV in Ayurvedic Lifestyle Consultation) and 1800 hour (Advanced Diploma Ayurveda), this course provides a breadth and depth of learning that is second to none which has earned it the highest regard nationally and internationally. | <urn:uuid:ada06acc-28d8-4c7c-b60c-621484a4aece> | {
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A trend in pop culture is a mix of current affairs and anniversaries, and saturating the media landscape is documentary storytelling about cults in popular culture. Last year was the 40th anniversary of Jonestown, and this summer marks 50 years since the Manson Family murders. 2019 saw the trial of NXIVM members, and Netflix’s “Wild Wild Country” piqued interest in a peculiar unfolding of events in the 1980s of a group called the Rajneeshpuram. Popular podcasts include a series on Heaven’s Gate, along with a host of explorations of cult groups and religious sects, both heterodox and not.
But what differentiates a cult from a religion? Followers see themselves as believers, even disciples—not cult members. Families, law enforcement, media, and other religious leaders, however, rely on the word “cult” to discredit, call out, or accuse these groups. Who has the final word, and what is behind the word itself?
Cult is a term that doesn’t refer to religion at all, but is applied to a social movement. People have intuitive feelings about how the word cult should be used, even when an organization or movement meets the criteria of a new religion. Take, for example, Scientology and Mormonism. Both were new religious movements that have evolved into a general understanding or definition of a religion. However, according to Pew Research, non-Mormons in the U.S. are more likely to label Mormonism as a cult.
Scientology and Mormonism have outlived their charismatic leaders. They have openly published their beliefs as scripture. Both religions seek truth by offering its followers a roadmap for their place in the universe, along with a moral code. Those who accept the beliefs and rituals are members of the religion. But many outside consider the movement, and its followers, to be a cult. How have the two been conflated?
“The word ‘cult’ originally designates a practice of religious veneration and the religious system based around such veneration—for example, the cult of Our Lady of Guadalupe,” says Robin Clark, a linguistics professor in the School of Arts and Sciences. “However, the word was co-opted in the first half of the 20th century by sociology, and has come to denote a social group with ‘socially deviant’ beliefs and practices, like a UFO cult.”
Cults versus new religions is a matter of perspective, says Ori Tavor, a senior lecturer in the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, who teaches a class on new religious movements. “New religious movement” is a new term from academic discourse, and is applied to religious movements from the 19th century onwards. “Remember,” says Tavor, “that the religious landscape of the U.S. was about freedom of religion. Anyone can create a new religion, and can appeal to the government for new religion status and get protections and recognition from the government.”
What they have in common may be reason to conflate the two: a charismatic leader. Buddhism and Christianity are both named after a charismatic leader. Islam, originally called Mohammedanism, is also named after its leader. Religions and cults often follow a leader who claims divine, or at least special, access to different models of knowledge and revelations. Many are martyred. Jesus of Nazareth was famously crucified. Joseph Smith, Mormonism’s founder, was lynched, leaving Brigham Young to lead followers west.
End days is another consistent theme in cults and religions, both new and old. Nirvana, heaven, Zion, or outer space are a guiding principle in their scriptures. “In the middle of the 19th century, economic desperation led to new religious movements” explains Tavor. “‘Life on earth is awful,’ they said, ‘the world is going to end.’” In the 19th century, new religious movements were Christian in origin. The 20th century saw a shift as translated Buddhist and Islamic texts from the East became available amidst a new religious landscape.
“People were disillusioned with Christianity, and their parents, and moved to the suburbs and became more secular. In the mid-20th century, people left their birth communities, or lost touch with their original congregations and looked for more modern worship” Tavor says. “A capitalist, consumer society was also growing.”
The charismatic leader to tap into the capitalist, consumer society was L. Ron Hubbard.
In the 1950s, Hubbard established the self-help group based on reincarnation of the self, called Dianetics. When Dianetics dropped out of popularity, Hubbard repackaged it as a religious movement, with esoteric writings—for example, you have to become an operating thetan to have access to Hubbard’s handwritten texts. “Scientology doesn’t follow an old-fashioned model of a congregation,” says Tavor.
The mid-to-late 20th century introduced transcendental meditation and Hare Krishnas to the spiritual landscape, catering to a set of believers looking for something spiritual that wasn’t Christianity. The Maharishi even used modern terminology—he called his philosophy the “science of happiness.”
A large part of what fueled people’s distrust in new religious movements was their popularity. “What freaked people out was that these Eastern religions were successful. Look at Rajneeshpuram and its leader, Osho. He was popular in India, then came to the U.S., and because people were exposed to, and afraid of, Hare Krishnas and transcendental meditation, people freaked out about Rajneeshpuram,” explains Tavor.
Around this time, deprograming and anti-cult movements sprouted. “The Manchurian Candidate” brought the concept of brainwashing and deprograming to mainstream popular culture, and the conflation of the word cult with fringe movements outside of religion (like doomsday cults, polygamist cults, and terrorist cults) fueled anti-cult movements.
To differentiate the two, Clark proposes a straightforward exercise: Find texts containing the word “cult” and look for the accompanying words in the texts. “If we have a time series of such texts, we should see a shift in the semantic associates, probably starting in the 1930s, to include a variety of nonreligious terms like ‘personality,’ ‘UFO,’ ‘racist,’ and so forth. This would be diagnostic of a semantic change.” Tavor narrows the semantic change to a sharp point—Jonestown.
Jim Jones was an anti-segregationist Christian preacher from Indiana who envisioned a mixed-race church. Jones and his followers left Indiana for California in search of a utopian community. While in San Francisco, Jones’ friction with lawmakers and pressure from the families of members of the People’s Temple looking to free their relatives and their children sent Jones to seek a utopian community in the jungles of Guyana, in South America. When those family members discovered the move overseas, they appealed to the government for intervention. A delegation went to Jonestown—Congressperson Leo Ryan, his aid Jackie Speier, journalists, and cameramen from network news. What started as a fact-finding mission ended with five dead on the tarmac at Port Kaituma airfield, when Ryan and his delegates fled Jonestown along with a handful of defectors. Ryan was shot and killed, along with three members of the press and one defector, and the rest of the delegation were attacked. Back at Jonestown, Jim Jones broadcast his final message: “I’ve tried my best to give you a good life. In spite of all that I’ve tried, a handful of our people, with their lies, have made our life impossible. There’s no way to detach ourselves from what’s happened today.” Within hours, everyone drank cyanide-laced Kool-Aid in mass suicide. Jones died of a gunshot wound to the head.
“That makes Jonestown the quintessential cult. Pictures of the dead bodies were on the cover of Time magazine.” says Tavor. “Jonestown is a seminal moment in U.S. history to popularize the term ‘cult.’”
In Waco, Texas in 1992, the Branch Davidians were attacked by law enforcement in their compound. They were Adventists, but their community was a polygamous one, and easy to earn the designation as a cult— their beliefs were heterodox to Christianity.
Heaven’s Gate gained notoriety in the late ’90s as a doomsday cult, committing mass suicide in 1997 to access what they believed would be an extraterrestrial spacecraft following Comet Hale-Bopp. End days scripture is Christian in origin—the last book of the New Testament, the Book of Revelations, is the source. But not all apocalyptic religious movements end in death or waiting for spaceships. Seventh Day Adventists come from a tradition from the 1840s that predicted an apocalypse in 1843, based on calculations from the Book of Daniel. When the world didn’t end, the movement disbanded, and its followers reorganized as Seventh Day Adventists.
If one factor can determine the difference between a cult and a religion, according to Tavor, it would be time. Scientology is now recognized by the state as a religion, with tax-exempt status. Mormonism was considered such a deviant form of heterodoxy its founder was lynched. Now the Mormon Church has more than 14 million members worldwide.
“It takes time for a movement to establish itself as a legitimate part of the religious landscape,” says Tavor. “A cult doesn’t have anything to do with the content of its religious ideology. It is a term to demonize a movement that is controversial. It is considered a threat to mainstream society.” NXIVM, for example, is labeled a cult of personality because, like Jonestown, it is a group that has followed a charismatic leader to its detriment.
But sometimes the state determines whether a group is a cult, and not popular culture. Falun Gong, for example, was an extremely popular Chinese religion that was labeled a cult abruptly by the Chinese government when it became so popular that its followers exceeded the number of Communist Party members. Nearly overnight, Falun Gong was designated as a cult, and something to be feared. In the U.S., religious leaders and mainstream culture act as arbiters in designating a cult, and violent acts like suicide, murder, and bodily harm drastically influence whether a group is labeled a cult.
As long as there is orthodoxy, there will be heterodoxy, and there will continue to be gospels of the end of days that could be rooted in science or scripture, people seeking answers, and leaders will emerge who claim to have them. Whether their followers are cult members or parishioners will largely be a matter of time. | <urn:uuid:a3bd64da-468e-44bf-8dfb-95cd71ad8051> | {
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The federal government has offered one billion dollars in the form of a loan to a Texas company that could build several factories to turn wood chips into a substitute for petroleum-based gasoline and oil. The main advantage appears to be a 70 percent reduction in climate change emissions. Additionally, it does not require the same kinds of extraction methods petroleum does, like offshore and land-based drilling. Another advantage is that it can be blended with existing fuels to reduce their emissions and will work in currently used vehicles, with no modifications. Their fuel can be mixed with conventional gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel. A biofuel like ethanol requires vehicles with engines that can burn it. Renewable crude can also be distributed using the current network of gas stations people are already using, so no modifications or new infrastructure needs to be added.
In August the same company, Kior, Inc. received an interest-free loan from the government for $75 million to build five conversion facilities in Mississippi. One thousand jobs are expected to be created by the construction and running of the biofuel factories.
“This partnership with the State of Mississippi will help us to rapidly scale our technology while creating quality jobs and spurring economic development in the State. We’re excited about making a meaningful and near-term contribution to easing our country’s dependence on foreign oil, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and providing a boost to rural economies,” said Kior, Inc. CEO Fred Cannon in August. (Source: Greenjobsready.com)
The company heats wood chips in a chamber, and then applies catalysts in the presence of oxygen which creates liquids and gases that can be converted to fuel. They have worked on some pilot facilities, but so far have not reached a production level on an large-scale industrial level. Just 15 barrels a day have been produced at their Houston facility. Daily motor consumption of gasoline in the United States is almost nine million barrels.
The two main goals of the biofuel production are reducing climate change emissions and dependence on foreign oil. If the loan goes through, it would be the largest in the bioenergy sector ever in the United States. | <urn:uuid:00f65fd8-e764-430d-b513-6a4958d22962> | {
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DunqulahThe historic town of Old Dunqulah (Dunqulah al-ʿAjūz) was situated on the east bank of the Nile about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of present-day Dunqulah. Old Dunqulah was the capital of the Christian kingdom of Makurra from the mid-6th century. Old Dunqulah was besieged in 652 by a Muslim army from Egypt under ʿAbd Allāh ibn Saʿd ibn Abī Sarḥ, who agreed...
Historical town, The Sudan
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I’m not sure this is a good thing or not since I’m an ol’ country boy:
The world’s mega-cities are merging to form vast “mega-regions” which may stretch hundreds of kilometres across countries and be home to more than 100 million people, according to a major new UN report.
The phenomenon of the so-called “endless city” could be one of the most significant developments – and problems – in the way people live and economies grow in the next 50 years, says UN-Habitat, the agency for human settlements, which identifies the trend of developing mega-regions in its biannual State of World Cities report.
The largest of these, says the report – launched today at the World Urban Forum in Rio de Janeiro – is the Hong Kong-Shenhzen-Guangzhou region in China, home to about 120 million people. Other mega-regions have formed in Japan and Brazil and are developing in India, west Africa and elsewhere.
The trend helped the world pass a tipping point in the last year, with more than half the world’s people now living in cities.
The UN said that urbanisation is now “unstoppable”. Anna Tibaijuka, outgoing director of UN-Habitat, said: “Just over half the world now lives in cities but by 2050, over 70% of the world will be urban dwellers. By then, only 14% of people in rich countries will live outside cities, and 33% in poor countries.”
The development of mega-regions is regarded as generally positive, said the report’s co-author Eduardo Lopez Moreno: “They [mega-regions], rather than countries, are now driving wealth.”
“Research shows that the world’s largest 40 mega-regions cover only a tiny fraction of the habitable surface of our planet and are home to fewer than 18% of the world’s population [but] account for 66% of all economic activity and about 85% of technological and scientific innovation,” said Moreno.
“The top 25 cities in the world account for more than half of the world’s wealth,” he added. “And the five largest cities in India and China now account for 50% of those countries’ wealth.”
The migration to cities, while making economic sense, is affecting the rural economy too: “Most of the wealth in rural areas already comes from people in urban areas sending money back,” Moreno said.
The growth of mega-regions and cities is also leading to unprecedented urban sprawl, new slums, unbalanced development and income inequalities as more and more people move to satellite or dormitory cities.
“Cities like Los Angeles grew 45% in numbers between 1975-1990, but tripled their surface area in the same time. This sprawl is now increasingly happening in developing countries as real estate developers promote the image of a ‘world-class lifestyle’ outside the traditional city,” say the authors.
To quote Jameske of the Daily Grail, “Judge Dredd soon to follow.”
“I am de la-aw!”
Sly Stallone will always have a job I guess.
UFO activity has long been associated with volcanic and earthquake activity, especially in Mexico, Central and South America.
Here we have photos of UFOs that were taken after the recent 8.8 R quake in Chile:
Long-time researcherLiliana Núñez Orellana(formerly with AFLA)sent us a video clip from Chilean television displaying some of the truly startling images captured before, during and after the 8.8 magnitude earthquake in that country. Interviewed for this presentation were Rodrigo Fuenzalida and Alberto Urquiza. Mr. Fuenzalida was asked to provide an analysis of the situation, and he shared an interesting theory: that UFOs, regardless of their nature or origin, vacate their underground or underwater lairs before an earthquake much in the way that our own surface ships set out to sea before a hurricane.
This might be evidence of Mac Tonnies’ cryptoterrestrial theory in that in the shear numbers of these objects that vacate geological volatile areas of the planet before, during and after these events.
Are you seeing this Mac?
Once again the possibility that HAARP is reeking havoc to earthquake-prone zones to serve some purpose.
Lately, HAARP has been accused of causing the recent Haiti disaster in order to gain access to rich undersea oil reserves there for the US (link).
Usually just before a HAARP attack, unusual lights are seen in the sky, typically over the target area.
This time, weird lights were seen in the skies over Chile before the monstrous 8.8 R quake hit:
A video has emerged of strange lights in the Chilean sky on the day before the massive 8.8 earthquake, causing speculation about whether the apparition was a HAARP projection or UFO warning related to the impending disaster. Others point to similar videos taken in China and Haiti prior to the recent earthquakes in those countries, and the possibility that shifts in the earth’s crust have a dramatic effect on the atmosphere.
Whatever the case, there is at least one eyewitness account of strange lights being present in the sky at the time that the ground opened up in Chile. Cecelia Lagos, a Chilean reporter, was interviewed by CNN and described seeing the sky change colors outside her window as her house shook. Although the CNN clip wasn’t available, here’s an MSNBC video of her telling a similar story and the transcript from the actual CNN interview, in which she compares what she saw to a seen out of the big blockbuster disaster film, 2012:
Cecelia Lagos – “Besides, I saw through my window, while I was still in bed, I saw the sky changing colors, it was absolutely surreal. I really thought it was the end of the world…I don’t know I hope you understand me because I’m not exaggerating really because I saw it through my window like that. That was the most terrifying thing seeing the sky changing colors with the terribly, amazingly,strong movement of the earth, I thought, ok…this is mother earth… the earth opened up and buildings crumbled into the earth …like in the movie 2012…”
The question here is…why?
What does Chile have the American Federal Empire might want?
Does Chile have undersea/ground oil reserves like Haiti?
Or is this purely political, a warning to Hugo Chavez to mind his “P’s-n-Q’s” and stay in his place?
It could be nothing at all, odd lights in the sky, especially over earthquake prone volcanic areas historically have had anomalous ‘sky lights’ before catastrophic events occur (link).
Curiouser and curiouser…
When people talk about ‘climate change’ now-a-days, they usually mean ‘anthropocentric’ climate change, which means climate change influenced by human activity.
I used to be in the above crowd. Why not? 250 years of Industrial Revolution actions that dumped millions of tons of hydrocarbon waste into the atmosphere surely must have an effect? And to note, ‘acid rain’, ie rain that is essentially sulfuric acid has fallen on the western side of the Appalachian Mountains here in Upstate New York during the 1970s through the early 1990s, the result of which from the smoke-stacks of coal-fired power plants in the Mid-West.
What has changed my mind?
Let me first say this disclaimer; I am not an atmospheric scientist, just a half-assed informed layman.
In that capacity, after 2 1/2 years of research I have IMHO discovered that there is a global elite who stand to gain significantly (economically) from centralized global control of ‘climate change’ policy.
Now do I think that we, as a global society, should get away from using fossil fuels to power our economies and societies?
Sure. But there are too many reasons to list here.
And the poor nations of the Earth, who get short shrift from the First World Nations anyway, know that their economies still need fossil fuel technology, just to break even and make their loan payments to the IMF.
But the recent climate conferences in the Netherlands in the EU (CO15) were not derailed by poor nations (they did walk out at one point anyway), but was jinked by the US and China (is China Third World or First World now?):
Following a meeting in Brussels to discuss how to rescue the Copenhagen climate process, EU environment ministers emphasized the need for concrete, legally binding measures to combat global warming.
The European Union went to Copenhagen with the hope of achieving a broad commitment to at least a 20-percent cut in carbon emissions below 1990 levels within 10 years, but that and other firm goals failed to emerge in the final accord.
The two-week, United Nations-led conference ended on Saturday with a non-legally binding agreement to limit global warming to a maximum of 2 degrees Celsius over pre-industrial times, but did not lay out how to achieve that.
Despite months of preparation and strenuous diplomacy, the talks boiled down to an inability of the world’s two largest emitters, the United States and China, to agree fixed targets.
“Expectations and pressure on the United States have risen after Copenhagen … to really deliver,” Swedish Environment Minister Andreas Carlgren told a news briefing on Tuesday after Sweden, as EU president until December 31, chaired pan-EU talks.
Ministers from the EU’s 27 member states will meet again in January to discuss what role the EU can play in cobbling together a stronger agreement.
The bloc went to Copenhagen with a unified position and a plan for financing emissions cuts in the developing world, with a commitment to spend around 7 billion euros ($10 billion) over the next three years to aid poorer countries.
But those aims were largely sidelined as the talks failed to produce a breakthrough. Carlgren described the summit as a “disaster” and a “great failure,” despite what he called Europe’s united efforts.
“Europe never lost its aim, never, never came to splits or different positions, but of course this was mainly about other countries really (being) unwilling, and especially the United States and China,” Carlgren said.
Britain on Monday blamed China and a handful of other countries of holding the world to ransom by blocking a legally binding treaty at Copenhagen, stepping up a blame game that has gathered momentum since the talks ended.
In a sharply worded response, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu rejected accusations that China had “hijacked” the climate talks and added: “The statements from certain British politicians are plainly a political scheme.”
British Prime Minister Gordon Brown described the summit as “at best flawed and at worst chaotic” and demanded an urgent reform of the process to try to reach a legal treaty when talks are expected to resume in Germany next June.
But Danish Climate Minister Connie Hedegaard, who quit as president of the talks midway through after being criticized by African countries for favoring wealthier nations in negotiations, said there was no point in getting depressed.
“What we need to do is to secure the step that we took and turn it into a result,” she told reporters as she arrived for the Brussels meeting on Tuesday. Asked whether Copenhagen had been a failure, she replied:
“It would have been a failure if we had achieved nothing. But we achieved something — a first step.
“It was the first time we held a process where all the countries were present, including the big emitters.”
In short, there must be a way to convert the worlds’ societies economies and technologies slowly and evenly with alternate tech over the next 50 years to shift away from fossil fuels. Is there sufficient wealth in the market to begin the change, or is technology being suppressed by the global financial/energy elites so only they have the power to begin the shift, if they feel like it?
If they see money in it, they will start the change.
And the elite aren’t as united as one would think.
The theory of planetary formation is now being questioned.
A discovery of a planet that orbits its parent star in reverse of its spin is certainly an oddity; only three have been discovered to date.
Now planetary scientists are scratching their heads about how this phenomenon can occur:
Astronomers have found an extrasolar planet with an “outlandish orbit” that circles its star either backwards, or at an angle of around 90º to the orientation of the star’s rotation.Planets in our own Solar System orbit in the same plane and direction as the Sun’s own rotation. This led astronomers to propose the ‘nebula hypothesis’ – whereby planets form from a flat, swirling disk of gas around a proto-Sun.
Now two teams of astronomers – one in Japan and the other in the U.S. – have independently discovered a planet about 1,000 light-years away, which orbits its star either in reverse or at an angle of more than 86º.
Predicted but never seen
Such objects have been predicted in models of Solar System formation, whereby a companion star or gravity from another planet knocks it out of orbit. However this strange phenomenon has never been observed until now.
The exoplanet, HAT-P-7b, is 1.8 times the mass of Jupiter and orbits a star about 1.5 times the mass of the Sun. Out of the more than 400 exoplanets discovered so far, only three are known to have misaligned orbits, but none as widely divergent from their Sun’s orbital plane as this one.
Details of the discovery (made using Hawaii’s Subaru Telescope) were published in October by both astronomers led by Norio Narita, from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan in Tokyo, and a second team led by Joshua Winn from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston, USA.
The teams calculated the distant planet’s orbit by looking at how its transit affected the spectrum of light from its rotating star. As the surface of the star spins towards us, its light is blue-shifted (the light spectrum is shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum) due to the Doppler effect (where light is squashed or stretched depending on its motion towards or away from us).
The other side of the star spinning away from us is red-shifted, so astronomers expected to see a blue- then red-shift pattern. But because of the interference of the dark body of the transiting planet, this pattern is reversed in HAT-P-7’s case.
“The extraordinary orbit of HAT-P-7b presents an extreme case for theories of planet formation and subsequent orbital evolution,” write Winn and colleagues in their paper.
It just goes to show that Humanity must spread out to the stars to visit these sites personally, instruments and probes just don’t cut it!
One of the biggest arguments in the memestream is whether global warming/freezing/climate change is man-made or natural.
The petro-chemical/hydrocarbon industry runs our planet de facto and global wars are occurring this very minute in order to secure these resources for certain nations/empires, the very same resources that are contributing to ‘anthropic’ climate change.
But what if a very suitable substitute came along that was able to use the same infrastructure as the above industry with no muss, no fuss and most inportantly, no wars?
One of the nascent industry’s biggest and most well-heeled players, Sapphire Energy, announced last week that it would be producing 1 million gallons of diesel and jet fuel a year by 2011, double its initial estimates.
The La Jolla, Calif.-based company – with big-name backers like Bill Gates and the Rockefeller family – says it will be producing more than 100 million gallons a year by 2018 and 1 billion gallons a year by 2020 – enough to meet almost 3 percent of the U.S. renewable fuel standard (RFS) of 36 billion gallons.
But there’s a hitch: Federal law makes no room for algae-based fuel in the RFS. The 2007 energy law caps corn ethanol production at 15 billion gallons a year by 2015 and has the remaining 21 billion gallons of renewable fuels coming from advanced biofuels, including 17 billion gallons from cellulosic biofuels and biodiesel.
“There needs to be policy work done to incorporate these new concepts like algae, which is an organism that actually consumes large amounts of carbon in the process of creating a liquid transportation fuel,” said Tim Zenk, vice president of corporate affairs at Sapphire.
Sapphire is working to get lipids(oils) from various strains of algae, which would then be fed directly into the current refining cycle, as any other crude product. Source
Algae-based fuel producers use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to convert carbon dioxide into sugar, which the algae metabolize into lipids, or oil. The industry says it can do so using non-potable water and without converting more forests into farm fields – thus addressing major criticisms of corn- and soy-based biofuels.
Sapphire says its technology is unique because it produces a fuel that can be used with existing U.S. pipelines, refineries, cars, trucks and airplanes. “We are 100 percent convinced that the only way to address climate and energy security is to use the same infrastructure we already have,” Zenk said.
Zenk said his company is supported by major oil companies. Its newly appointed president, C.J. Warner, is a 10-year BP executive.
“They really like us because we’re providing them with what they do today, which is refining crude oil,” Zenk said. “It’s not ethanol, it’s not biodiesel. It has the same molecules as gas, diesel or jet fuels.”
The company’s jet fuel was tested earlier this year by two of three airlines testing the commercial use of algae-based fuels in flight. Continental Airlines reported that the Boeing 737-800 test flight on Jan. 7 was successful. That test was the first commercial airline test of algae-based biofuel.
“Continental’s primary role in the demonstration was to show that the biofuel blend would perform just like traditional jet fuel in our existing aircraft without modification of the engines or the aircraft,” said Holden Shannon, Continental’s senior vice president for global research and security, during a congressional hearing last month. “This is important because … the current engine and airframe technology is unlikely to change materially for many years, so it is crucial that alternative fuel be safe for use with the current aircraft technology.”
Zenk said the test flight showed that algae fuel gets better mileage than petroleum-based jet fuel. “We noticed a 4 percent increase in energy density in the fuels because of the lower-burning temperatures in the engine itself, which resulted in greater fuel mileage,” he said.
But more work needs to be done. Both Zenk and Shannon noted the long certification process to approve jet fuels for commercial aviation. Still, the airline industry thinks it could be using biofuels in its flights on a large scale within three to five years. And Sapphire said its “drop in” transportation fuels – jet fuel, gasoline and diesel – will be ready for commercial deployment in three years.
“Fuel from algae is not just a laboratory experiment or something to speculate on for years to come,” said Brian Goodall, Sapphire’s vice president of downstream technology, in a statement. “We’ve worked tirelessly, and the technology is ready now.”
Indeed, creating fuel from algae is not as far-fetched as it may seem. Petroleum crude oil used today to create gasoline, jet fuel, plastics and other substances was once pond scum – albeit 500 million years ago.
At that time, the Earth’s atmosphere contained 18 times more carbon dioxide than it does today, which resulted in a giant algal bloom. The algae grew over a period of 100 million years and then died. After time, temperature and pressure worked their magic, and that algae became the crude oil extracted today from the Rocky Mountain West and other reservoirs around the world.
“Once we figured this all out and applied modern biology to it – genetics, genetic engineering, molecular biology – it allowed us to think creatively about how to speed up the evolution of that product, that commodity that we value today, by about 500 million years,” Zenk said.
Many things come into play; the military-industrial-congressional-complex/military keynesism for example.
Will the American Federal Empire give up a main portion of their economic engine (war) in order to switch to a ‘renewable’ fuel source in the midst of a ‘great recession’ ?
NWO Population Control Propaganda / Commercial Space Venture Uses Old Soviet Tech with Conflict of Interest?
The human-haters among us will surely rejoice in this article:
Leading figures from science and environmentalism have backed a call for population restraint policies to be adopted by every state worldwide as part of the battle against climate change.
The Optimum Population Trust says today (August 17, 2009) that the climate change talks which will culminate at Copenhagen in December must ensure that all countries adopt non-coercive policies to limit and stabilise population growth. Family planning programmes in poorer countries should be treated as “legitimate candidates for climate change funding”. Empowering women to control their own fertility would also have major humanitarian benefits for the poorest women and children in the world.
Successful population policies, which answered the unmet need for family planning, could mean nearly three billion fewer people in 2050, a difference equivalent to 44 per cent of current world population (6.8 billion), OPT says. “All environmental problems, and notably those arising from climate change, would be easier to solve with a smaller future population.”
Figures endorsing the statement include broadcaster and film-maker Sir David Attenborough; Professor Paul Ehrlich, author of the 1960s classic The Population Bomb; Gaia scientist James Lovelock; Jonathon Porritt, chair of the UK Sustainable Development Commission until last month and a former director of Friends of the Earth; and Professor Chris Rapley, formerly head of the British Antarctic Survey.*
Roger Martin, chair of OPT, said: “The fact that such eminent individuals, several of them OPT patrons, have personally endorsed our statement should act as a wake-up call to those involved in the Copenhagen process. At the very least it should spur negotiators to start taking population growth seriously as a major driver of climate change. There’s not much point in labouring mightily to cut our carbon emissions if hard-won improvements are then routinely drowned out by rising numbers of people.”
The woman holding the placard stating “Kill Yourself” says it all, doesn’t it?
So far, people like her fit right in the elitists’ plans to spread this vile misinformation.
But there might come a day when they are considered ‘useless eaters’ by the same criminals they once embraced!
Feh! And it’s people like them who scoff at space programs!
Hmm, not only does Bigelow Aerospace figure on launching a stripped down version of NASA’s Orion capsule in 2013, a company named Excalibur Almaz Limited plans on updated old top-secret Soviet space technology to launch capsules and a small, manned space station in 2013:
An international company announced plans to launch a commercial space venture using spacecraft designed for a once classified Russian space program. Excalibur Almaz Limited plans to offer week-long orbital space flights beginning as early as 2013 with updated 1970’s era Reusable Return Vehicles, designed for flying to the USSR’s top-secret Almaz space station. Excalibur Alamaz’s press release said they would be “taking a big leap beyond the sub-orbital flight market targeted by most other private space companies.”
Excalibur Almaz (EA) is currently updating the spacecraft to conduct crew and cargo space missions for private individuals, corporations, academic institutions and national governments.JSC MIC NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) of Russia originally built the spacecraft and EA has purchased both the rockets and modules for the Almaz space station, which was never flown. The RRVs went through nine flight tests, with two RRVs flown to orbit several times.
EA Founder and CEO Art Dula said, “Through cooperation with NPOM and with the support of leading space contractors around the world and an exceptionally strong management and advisory team, EA is in a unique position to initiate a new era of private orbital space exploration.”
Cosmonaut Vladimir Titov, advisor to EA in Russia, said, “With this announcement, the dream of private orbital space exploration may become a reality in the very near future.”
Former NASA astronaut LeRoy Chiao, a current member of the Augustine Commission, is the Executive Vice President for EA. (emphasis mine)
EA is headquartered in Isle of Man, British Isles, and support contractors are located in Moscow, Tokyo, Houston and Los Angeles.
EA’s spacecraft will consist of two parts: an RRV and an expendable service module to provide crewmembers with room to comfortably operate during spaceflight. EA said they will “update the Almaz RRVs with flight-proven technologies where appropriate, while retaining tested legacy systems to ensure safety and economy of operation. A critical feature of the RRVs is their reusability, which will reduce logistical, overhead and program costs for commercial access to space.”
EA plans for its spacecraft to be compatible with a number of launch vehicles and capable of being launched from worldwide sites.
I find it interesting that a former astronaut, and current member of the Augustine Commission is Executive Vice President of this company.
Can anyone spell “c-o-n-f-l-i-c-t o-f i-n-t-e-r-e-s-t ?”
Some technologies are so complex and have so many frequent breakthroughs that few people can keep up. Now comes a new nine-week summer program in Silicon Valley for super-smart people. Dubbed Singularity University, its founders hope it will help close the gap in understanding and applying fast-developing technologies to solve what they called “humanity’s grandest challenges.”The goal of the Singularity school, which will be located at an Ames facility in Sunnyvale, Calif., is to bring together the world’s top graduate and postgraduate students in 10 diverse disciplines, such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, medicine and law. They will spend nine weeks together learning about each others’ disciplines and then focus on …… finding ways to overcome pressing challenges such as poverty, hunger and pandemics. Technology heavyweights, including Internet pioneer Vint Cerf, are slated to give the lectures.Applications should be available at Singularity University’s website, which is supposed to go live tonight.
Peter Diamandis, the Santa Monica physician credited with fueling private space rocketry; S. Pete Worden, director of NASA’s Ames Research Center; and futurist Ray Kurzweil are behind the move to form the school. Internet giant Google is a sponsor.
I had started a humongous post about the GooglePlex and its link to the Singularity and above individuals noted, but I ran away with myself writing it and it ended up not making any sense.
But I will provide link(s) to a person who has studied the subject extensively, in fact, he’s going to release DVDs concerning it within weeks;
I used to think the Singularity could be a good thing, but I found it’s just another Apocalyptic Religion.
The bad thing here is, this Apocalypse has a good chance of happening!
Every baby born a decade from now will have its genetic code mapped at birth, the head of the world’s leading genome sequencing company has predicted.A complete DNA read-out for every newborn will be technically feasible and affordable in less than five years, promising a revolution in healthcare, says Jay Flatley, the chief executive of Illumina.Only social and legal issues are likely to delay the era of “genome sequences”, or genetic profiles, for all. By 2019 it will have become routine to map infants’ genes when they are born, Dr Flatley told The Times.This will open a new approach to medicine, by which conditions such as diabetes and heart disease can be predicted and prevented and drugs prescribed more safely and effectively.The development, however, will raise difficult questions about privacy and access to individuals’ genetic records. Many people may be reluctant to have their genome read, for fear that the results could be used against them by an employer or insurance company.
The prospect of genome screening for all has emerged because of the plummeting cost of the relevant technology.
The Human Genome Project, which published its first rough sequence of mankind’s genetic code in 2001, cost an estimated $4billion (£2.7billion). By the time the scientists James Watson and Craig Venter had their genomes mapped two years ago, the cost had fallen to about $1m (£700,000).
Hmmm…2019…the same year the Singularity University plan to have their worldwide AI working.
Notice the name of the company too! (Oh no, there’s no such thing as the Illuminati, is there?)
These guys are fooling themselves into believing that an artificially intelligent GooglePlex will let itself be controlled by genetically perfect “elites”. By its very nature the Singularity is unpredictable and beyond any human comprehension.
I asked IIB about this one time and he said the elites might not even care if they get wiped out along with the rest of us, if the GooglePlex decides to do just that. His impression is that as long as this “child” of humanity survives mankind’s death, so much the better for Mother Gaia.
I know a few people who would go along with that, but I’m not one of them!
Hat tip to Red Ice Creations today!
How is everyone doing this week? Still have a bank account? Company retirement? 401K? Stocks? Piles of worthless paper?
To be honest, I haven’t had the balls to check my 401K at work, I think the shock would give me a stroke!
Not that it would matter, with my luck a stroke wouldn’t kill me outright, just paralyze me. And with the US Government printing presses running 24/7 to make enough Monopoly money in order to “bail out” banks and financial institutions, the idea that Social Security will be funded when the Japanese and Chinese start calling in their markers is just ludicrous.
So begging for alms looks like a real possibility for poor, disabled folk in the near future.
Great, isn’t it?
Very real possibility. But, if we keep printing funny money non-stop to keep Wall Street consolidating into ever larger and larger monstrosities, the world might not allow us to drop forever into the blackhole sewer, because we would either start WWIII, or drag the rest of the planet down the economic crapper with us according to Benjamin Fulford in this article.
And because the theory of “decoupling” ( disentanglement from various economies ) is proving to be so much bullshit as the UK and China start to experience the “pain” of the US with its over-inflated values of property and bogus fiat paper floating all over the planet:
Even in the case where the direct effect is small — the decoupling assumption — the U.S. slowdown still can have a substantial net impact on European exports because of its indirect effect on Asian imports from Europe.
So Europeans should not be tempted to think that they are somehow “decoupled” from America’s foibles and woes. Until recently, many Europeans thought they were insulated from the current U.S. housing and mortgage crisis. But in what has been a truly malignant “export” from America to Europe, the U.S. created “garbage debt” in the form of sub-prime mortgages, and Europeans — hungry for extra yield, and as reckless as Americans — bought it. Many European banks’ balance sheets are now as contaminated as those of American banks, and no one is sure who is holding — or hiding — the junk, and how to value it.
This is why European banks are now reluctant to lend to each other. They could be lending to an institution that is in serious financial trouble.
It is hard to imagine that higher interest rates and reduced credit availability will not lead to distress for Europe’s overall economy. Yet this is exactly the stance of the European Central Bank, which is treating the euro zone as if its financial sector was somehow decoupled from the rest of the economy — and running a different monetary policy for each sector at the same time.
By pumping in whatever liquidity the financial sector needs to alleviate the credit crunch, the ECB is effectively maintaining a deflationary bias for the financial sector, whereas it has announced an inflationary bias for the rest of the economy.
A monetary policy at war with itself cannot long endure…
( link )
Which is exactly what happened in the Eurozone these past two weeks as word of impending financial insolvency of Freddie Mac/Fannie Mae became apparent and word of Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy got around, all of Europe’s markets panicked, not just one or two. As soon as they got word the US government were either directly bailing out or loaning money to these places, the panic eased some.
And so it happened once again this week shortly after Lehman Brothers, AIG started to go belly-up. Thus, the Federal printing presses are cranking up full speed to loan Monopoly money to AIG.
So what can we take from all of this?
1.) Washington ’s Three Stooges:
Greenspan and Bernanke have not been alone in what will surely be remembered as America ’s Financial Apocalypse – the eventful period ushering in a decade-long depression, as predicted in my 2006 book by the same title. Certainly, President Bush did not create these trends. But his financial irresponsibility has accelerated their magnitude. In less than eight years, he has managed to increase the national debt by 90%. As the data shows, not only has he led the worst recovery since the post-WWII era, he has also positioned his successor with budget shortfalls for many years to come due to Part D Medicare, the Iraq War, and his tax cuts for the wealthy.
Combined with the staggering deficits for Medicare and Social Security , America ’s economy will be in the gutter for many years to come even after the banking and real estate troubles cool down. No one else is talking about these issues because they’re wrapped up in the daily drama. But save this article and others I’ve written because I’ve been mentioning the longer-term problems ever since writing my book. In a few years, more people will begin to address these issues once they are transformed into daily drama.
2.) President Bush’s attempts at a recovery:
…have been so horrendous they’ve actually led to the current recession, which will turn out to be the worst in decades. I would venture to guess he is desperately pleading with officials to come up with even more gimmicks to hide the full realities of the economy so the worst will be reported only after he leaves office. But I will guarantee you if Washington and the Fed continue this reckless game of applying band aids instead of letting things play out, we will see a much bigger crisis down the road, similar to what happened after Greenspan tried to mitigate the dotcom collapse. You can bet this is going to happen because Washington does not understand the meaning of preemption.
Altogether, we have had eight years of no gains in real median wages, flat stock market returns, and minimal net new jobs. Despite what you have heard, after adjusting for debt spending, population growth and realistic adjustments to the GDP deflator, there have only been 3 or 4 quarters of GDP growth since 2005. If you adjust for military, government and minimum wage positions – i.e. jobs funded by tax payers and jobs that don’t pay anything – there have been absolutely no net new jobs. Bush’s largest gains have been with inflation, oil and food prices, debt, trade deficits, bankruptcies, foreclosures, and healthcare costs. If an assembly of the world’s leading economic strategists were to design the most destructive economic disaster possible, they could not match the results of Bush’s tenure. Even the most loyal Bush supporters will admit he has been an absolute disaster – that is if they’re being honest. America is now more dependent on foreign nations than ever – not only for oil, but also credit and manufactured goods.
3.) America ’s “Resilient” Economy:
Many of the pundits flood the propaganda networks with repeated denials of the problems, boasting how resilient the U.S. economy is. You know who they are. I’m not quite sure what they’ve been smoking. But it appears to be some sort of hallucinogen because they seem to expect Superman to bend the economy back into shape. Ladies and Gentlemen, in case mommy never told you, there is no Santa Claus and there is no Superman. And if you think Bernanke’s printing presses have an endless supply of ink and paper, just wait until the real crisis appears. So you had better get ready because it’s coming. It is virtually inescapable. And it’s going to cause devastation around the globe. Of course I’m taking about the likely implosion of the CDS market.
Let’s take a look at America ’s “resilient economy.” Let’s see…the entire financial system is in the process of blowing up. Already there have been over $500 billion in bank losses, with over $1 trillion more to come. Over one dozen banks have failed, with hundreds on deck. A handful of large hedge funds have blown up, with hundreds more on the way. Already, over $1 trillion has been transferred from the Fed to the banking cartel. But I estimate another $1.5 trillion will be needed to maintain liquidity as banks de-leverage over the next few years. Unemployment is now over 6% and inflation is over 5%, even with Washington ’s manipulation of the data. Virtually every metric in the housing market is at multi-decade lows, except for foreclosures which are hitting new highs.
Taxpayers are now on the hook for billions of dollars of potentially worthless debt held by Fannie and Freddie. It’s now official. America ’s free market economy is really a socialist system for corporations. One could argue this to be a form of Fascism. My best estimate for losses due to the Fannie and Freddie taxpayer bailout are between $200 to $500 billion. The worst case scenario would be $800 billion. If this economy is resilient, I can’t wait to see how it magically bounces back. When Superman fails to show up, Washington might consider giving David Copperfield a call. But this would be one illusion he won’t be able to pull off. Get the popcorn ready.
So there you have it. Ain’t too pretty, is it?
I think this is going too fast for the Builderburglers to keep up with, the victim…er…patient has severed an artery instead of a vein and it’s in danger of bleeding to death.
And guess what, China wasn’t ready enough yet to take the reins of world economic super-power.
Too bad, so sad as Highwayman is wont to say.
So you say you don’t believe there’s an NWO, Bilderberger, Trilateral Commission or Council of Foreign Relations or any form of shadow government running anything? That’s your right I suppose.
But unless you’re a billionaire or work for the oil companies and the military-industrial-congressional complex, you’re resigned to a pretty shitty life for the coming decade if you didn’t prepare right.
Had enough yet?
The US federal government take-over/nationalization of the mortage giants Freddie Mac/Fannie Mae over the weekend was not a big surprise to government people and insider world financiers. The world stock markets breathed a temporary sigh of relief this morning as the markets in Asia and the EU opened; The US economy, still the largest on Earth was not going to tank and take the rest of the planet with it, not today anyway:
World stock markets soared Monday after Washington announced a bailout of mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac — a move that could help bolster a shaky U.S. housing market and renew global investor confidence.
By afternoon in Europe, Germany’s DAX jumped 3.45 percent to 6,338.89 and France’s CAC 40 climbed 4.83 percent to 4,399.55.
Trading on the London Stock Exchange, Europe’s oldest independent exchange, was halted in the morning because of a computer fault but Britain’s FTSE 100 had risen 3.81 percent to 5,440.20 shortly after 9:00 a.m. local time (0800 GMT), and remained at that level midmorning.
“It was a very broad rally,” said Lawrence Peterman, investment director at Eden Financial in London. “All the banks are up strongly on the back of the U.S. news at the weekend.”
Shares in HSBC Holdings Plc, Europe’s largest bank by market value, advanced 5 percent. HBOS Plc, one of Britain’s biggest mortgage lenders, rose 12.98 percent, and Barclays Plc, the country’s third largest bank, 11.90 percent.
Over in Asia, Japan’s benchmark Nikkei 225 index surged 3.4 percent to 12,624.46, while Hong Kong’s Hang Seng index advanced 4.3 percent to 20,794.27. Seoul’s Kospi rose 5.2 percent.
Ordinary folks had no idea this was going to happen, even tinfoil hat wackos like me.
Until Saturday when I was surfing the ‘Tubeways and checked out the Project Camelot site anyway.
Now Project Camelot collects all kinds of esoterica, NWO and UFO stuff all of the time and Bill Ryan and Kerry Cassidy interview various people who have inside knowledge of these subjects.
One of these people, Benjamin Fulford, is a regular there and is a person I have flamed in the past for being a possible NWO disinformation agent. Mainly because of the fantastic claims he has promised and failed to come through on.
The point I’m getting to here is that Cassidy/Ryan post that during an abbreviated phone interview with Fulford on September 4th, he refers to September 8th, 2008 as a date when something very important is going to occur:
We had a telephone interview scheduled yesterday with Benjamin Fulford which was unexpectedly canceled at the last minute. It appears he’s very concerned over the latest turns of events, and would only say that we should be aware of 8 September. We know nothing more than this, other than he stressed that things are constantly changing.
Two weeks previously he publicly stated that he had learned from his own sources that 30 September would be important, being the end of the US Fiscal Year. It was then, he had been told, when US bankruptcy could be announced, with various complex major consequences.
Could he be referring to the FMac/FMae take-over? This is vague at best, but Fulford is an economist by trade, supposed NWO fighter by choice. Could he have foreknowledge of this?
As you can see by the above excerpt, the Japanese market sky-rocketed and the dollar is propped up further by this development.
Fulford also has an article explaining why the US Government is trying to pick a fight with Russia, and it concerns the end of the US fiscal year ( September 30th ):
The US war-mongering and talk of World War 3 is nothing more than a desperate negotiation tactic aimed at staving off US bankruptcy, according to two sources affiliated with US intelligence agencies. The Bank for International Settlements has demanded that the Bush/Nazi cabal that has taken control of the US pay back trillions of dollars they stole from the rest of the world by September 30th, the sources say. The money was stolen during the Reagan presidency by George Bush senior to finance the collapse of the Soviet Union. This money must now be returned to its rightful owners, the sources say. As the deadline approaches, the cabal has threatened to impose martial law on the US and launch World War 3 unless they are given a reprieve.
Hmmm, won’t the sheeple be surprised after Monday Night Football, eh?
Gas rationing, food rationing, heating fuel rationing, round-ups of people of Middle East descent, searches, jailings, progroms.
Not to mention radiation from Russian and Chinese nukes lighting up the Northern Hemisphere like a billion Christmas trees.
And where do you think Bu$hco, Cheneyburton, Sweet Candy, the neo-cornholers, the Rockefellers and most exclusively, the Rothschilds are going to be?
Not enjoying the light-show outside, you can bet your ass on that!
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