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621f14b7-4bdc-40cc-821f-2199f0b56134 | ANS. AThis is an isolated fracture scaphoid. The main differential was the option of scaphoid and perilunate dislocation.In the X-ray provided, the alignment of radius, lunate and capitate is maintained. Hence, the answer is isolated fracture scaphoid.Important tables to revise for AIIMS1. Test for muscles around shoulder jointTestMuscle testedLift off testSubscapularisJobe testSupraspinatusSpeed testBicepsYergason testBicepsBelly press testSubscapularis2. Test for nerve injurySigns of nerve injuryFroment's signUlnar nerve injuryEgawa testUlnar nerve injuryCard testUlnar nerve injuryApe thumb deformityMedian nerve injuryWrist dropRadial nerve injuryPointing index signMedian nerve injuryClaw handCombined ulnar and median nerve injury3. Splints used in orthopedicsSplintIndicationAeroplane splintAxillary nerve injuryKnuckle Bender splintUlnar nerve injuryCock-up splintRadial nerve injuryFunctional humeral braceHumerus shaft fracturesVolkmann's splint/turn buckle splintVolksmann's ischemic contracture (VIC)4. Tractions in orthopedicsSmith and DunlopSupracondylar fractureBryant, Russell, Gallows, Fisk, 90-90Fracture shaft of femurAgnes HuntFixed flexion deformity hipWell Leg tractionAbduction/adduction deformity hipMilwaukee, Boston, LyonScoliosisSOMI Brace (Sternal Occipital Mandibular Immubilizer)For cervical spineMinervaC spineVon Rosen splintDevelopmental dysplasia of hipDennis BrownCongenital talipes equinovarus5. Avascular necrosis of bonesNameBoneKienbock's diseaseLunatePerthes diseaseFemoral headPanner's diseaseCapitulumPreiser's diseaseScaphoidJohansson-Larsen diseaseOsteochondritis of lower pole of patellaFreiberg diseaseOsteochondritis of 5th metatarsal headScheuermann's diseaseRing apophysis of vertebraKohler diseaseNavicularSever's diseaseCalcaneal tuberosityOsgood-Schlatter diseaseTibial tubercle | Orthopaedics | Injuries Around the Fore Arm & Wrist | X-ray shows:
A. Fracture scaphoid
B. Fracture scaphoid and perilunate dislocation
C. Perilunate dislocation
D. Colies fracture
| Fracture scaphoid |
96f38b3a-5738-43d0-a705-7df015bcde3f | Ref. Gray’s anatomy. 41st edition. Page. 520
NASMYTH’S MEMBRANE
Covers newly erupted tooth.
Membrane replaced by pellicle.
Microbes invade pellicle to form plaque.
ENAMEL PEARLS
Occasionally found on root surface towards cervical margin.
Importance: Predisposed to plaque accumulation following gingival recession.
Perikymata
Transverse wave like grooves appear to be the external manifestations of external manifestations of striae of retziusstriae of retzius.
Seen in freshly erupted teeth or in tooth which is not subjected to abrasive forces.not subjected to abrasive force
Average of 30 perikymata/mm in cervical regionin cervical region and 10/mm in occlusal region
These may contribute to adherance of plaque material which results in caries. | Unknown | null | Newly erupted teeth is covered by:
A. Perikymata
B. Nasmyth’s membrane
C. Enamel Pearls
D. Dentin
| Nasmyth’s membrane |
dcecfa6d-3ed2-42fe-abc6-8ca85a95e440 | . Previously insignificant value becomes significant | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | When the confidence level of a test is increased which of the following will happen
A. No effect on significance
B. Previously insignificant value becomes significant
C. Previously significant value becomes insignificant
D. No change in hypothesis
| Previously insignificant value becomes significant |
2ef8aa6f-88a6-4ea1-a468-b0fee2bcd4eb | Nysten's rule states that Rigor mois does not sta in all muscles simultaneously, it appears first in involuntary muscles. Ref: K.S.Narayan Reddy's Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 29th edition, Chapter 7, Page 88. | Forensic Medicine | Death and postmortem changes | Nysten's rule peains to -
A. Rigor mois
B. Identification
C. Bullet injuries
D. Putrefaction
| Rigor mois |
942be592-fea2-47e8-8112-2ecc99d27583 | Baggy Paint appearamce--refer to loose skin of buttock hanging downSeen in MarasmusFlaky paint appearance:- Refer to hyperpigmentation depigmentation, desquamation which may be confluently seen in kwashiorkorApathy, increase liver enzyme is also seen in kwashiorkor(Refer: OP Ghai's Textbook of Pediatrics, 8th edition, pg no. 66, 67) | Pediatrics | All India exam | Which of the following is not seen in kwashiorkor?
A. Apathy
B. Flaky paint dermatosis
C. Baggy paint appearance
D. Increased transaminases
| Baggy paint appearance |
396b6f93-ae19-4ec6-8f40-6d17f6f1d941 | a. Fentanyl group of opioids are most potent opioids. Among these most potent is Sufentanil (approx 1000 times more potent than morphine) . The sequence of potency from high to low in this group is Sufentanil > Fentanyl > Alfentanil. b. Pethidine is 10 times less potent than morphine | Pharmacology | Opioids and Alcohols | Arrange the following opioids according to their potency (most potent first) a. Fentanyl b. Sufentanil c. Morphine d. Pethidine
A. a,d,c,b
B. b,a,c,d
C. a,d,b,c
D. b,c,d,a
| b,a,c,d |
8b3947c7-3f3c-46aa-af66-4f8d76086d46 | Ans. (a) Early diagnosis and treatmentRef : K. Park 23rd ed. / 41, 370* Pap smear is a screening test for cervical cancer. It is an example of secondary level of prevention. The mode of secondary level of prevention is by early diagnosis and treatment. | Social & Preventive Medicine | Concept of Health and Disease | PAP smear is an example of
A. Early diagnosis and treatment
B. Health promotion
C. Specific protection
D. Disability limitation
| Early diagnosis and treatment |
bc220a42-f422-4356-9b51-eb6f0f93e77b | Ans: B (Acetaldehyde) Ref: Harper, 25th p.279Some Asian populations and native Americans following alcohol consumption are prone to increased adverse reactions to acetaldehyde owing to a genetic defect of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase.This was a direct pick from Harper. | Biochemistry | Carbohydrates | Which of the following alcoholic metabolite, after metabolizing in liver causes flushing in Asian population and native Americans
A. Acetone
B. Acetaldehyde
C. Methanol
D. Formaldehyde
| Acetaldehyde |
a2b343c6-1722-4210-90b8-060238316706 | cold nodule is nonfunctioning nodule,it is not take up isotope, under active 20% cold nodule are malignant ref ;(page no;463) 5th edition of SRB&;S Manual of SURGERY | Surgery | Endocrinology and breast | % of cold thyroid nodule which are malignant are
A. 5
B. 15
C. 20
D. 50
| 20 |
c06333e9-a428-462a-bf86-4d282e25b73f | An insulin tolerance test (ITT) is a medical diagnostic procedure during which insulin is injected into a patient's vein, after which blood glucose is measured at regular intervals. Normally, both coisol and GH serve as counterregulatory hormones, opposing the action of insulin, i.e. acting against the hypoglycemia . When used to assess insulin sensitivity, a standard dose of insulin is administered, and blood glucose is monitored with frequent sampling; the plasma glucose disappearance rate (KITT) indicates the degree of whole-body insulin sensitivity . Ref - pubmed.com | Medicine | Endocrinology | Insulin stress test assay estimates -
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Growth hormone
C. Glucagon assay
D. Catecholaines
| Growth hormone |
5b2fda27-1f32-407f-b507-70a3c1a3aaf5 | Ans is 'd' i.e. Malonyl CoA "Malonyl-CoA, the initial intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis formed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the fed state, is a potent inhibitor of CPT-I"Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-I) is the rate limiting enzyme in the process of beta-oxidation of fatty acids.Beta-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids, in the form of Acyl-CoA molecules, are broken down in mitochondria to generate Acetyl-CoA.Under normal conditions, acetyl-CoA is further oxidized in the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) to produce energy. However, if the amounts of acetyl-CoA generated in fatty-acid b-oxidation challenge the processing capacity of the TCA cycle or if activity in the TCA cycle is low due to low amounts of intermediates such as oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA is then used instead in biosynthesis of ketone bodies via acetoacyl-CoA and b-hydroxy-b-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG- CoA).Beta-oxidation of fatty acids is caused when there is low blood glucose levels in the blood, after exhaustion of cellular carbohydrate stores, such as glycogen. In well fed state fatty acids are esterified.The entry of fatty acids into the oxidative pathway is regulated by carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I).In a well fed state the CPT-I activity is low, leading to depression of fatty acid oxidation. In state of starvation, CPT-I activity is high, leading to fatty acid oxidation.CPT-I is inhibited by Malonyl-CoA.Malonyl-CoA is the initial intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis formed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the fed state.In well fed state, free fatty acids are nearly all esterified to acylglycerols.In starvation Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is inhibited directly by acyl-CoA, and malonyl-CoA decreases, releasing the inhibition of CPT-I and allowing more acyl-CoA to be beta-oxidized.Thus, beta-oxidation from free fatty acids is controlled by the CPT-I gateway into the mitochondria, and the balance of the free fatty acid uptake not oxidized is esterified.Role of Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I in fatty acid oxidation: The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to fatty acids. CPT-I helps in the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria. | Biochemistry | Chemistry of Carbohydrates, Amino sugars, and Mucopolysaccharides | In a well fed state, the activity of CPT-I in outer mitochondrial membrane is inhibited by:
A. Glucose
B. Pyruvate
C. Acetyl CoA
D. Malonyl CoA
| Malonyl CoA |
53349ed4-5938-4459-ad25-b6f3ebec53d0 | Prevention and control of air pollution The control of air pollution is ultimately an engineering problem. The WHO has recommended the following procedures for the prevention and control of air pollution : (a) Containment : That is, prevention of escape of toxic substances into the ambient air. Containment can be achieved by a variety of engineering methods such as enclosure, ventilation and air deaning. A major contribution in this field is the development of "arresters" for the removal of contaminants. (b) Replacement : That is, replacing a technological process causing air pollution, by a new process that does not. Increased use of electricity, solar power generation, natural gas, and central heating in place of coal have greatly helped in smoke reduction. There is a move now to reduce lead in petrol which is a cumulative poison. In India also deleaded petrol is being used. (c) Dilution : Dilution is valid so long as it is within the self- cleaning capacity of the environment. For example, some air pollutants are readily removed by vegetation. The establishment of "green belts" between industrial and residential areas is an attempt at dilution. The capacity for dilution is, however, limited and trouble occurs when the atmosphere is overburdened with pollutants. (d) Legislation: Air pollution is controlled in many countries by suitable legislation, e.g., Clean Air Acts. Legislation covers such matters as height of chimneys, powers to local authorities to carry out investigations, research and education concerning air pollution, creation of smokeless zones and enforcement of standard for ambient air quality. To prevent or reduce the usage of double engine. To decrease the nuisance of air pollution, the Government of India have enacted "The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act" in 1981. (e) International action : To deal with air pollution on a world-wide scale, the WHO has established an international network of laboratories for the monitoring and study of air pollution. The network consists of two international centres at London and Washington, three centres at Moscow, Nagpur and Tokyo and 20 laboratories in various pas of the world. These centres will issue warnings of air pollution where and when necessary. Ref: Park 25th edition Pgno : 774 | Social & Preventive Medicine | Environment and health | Which of the following will be useful control strategies to check outdoor pollution with the "fine" paiculate matter?
A. Restriction on the use of two engines
B. Restriction on burning of biomass
C. Restriction of use of coal as fuel at homes
D. Active measures to control forest fires
| Restriction on the use of two engines |
0c8f35c9-0dd5-418d-a19e-268f7072bf03 | Ans. is 'a' i.e., GouldThe sentinel lymph node is the hypothetical first lymph node or group of nodes draining a cancer.The term sentinel lymph node was first used by Gould. | Pathology | null | The term sentinel lymph node was first used by?
A. Gould
B. Norman
C. Giuliano
D. Cabanas
| Gould |
096c9f13-6623-4601-951f-a721197b5c6d | ALI/ARDS is initiated by injury of pneumocytes and pulmonary endothelium. Setting in motion a vicious cycle of increasing inflammation and pulmonary damage | Anatomy | Respiratory system | ARDS is due to defect in
A. A. Hypoxemia
B. B. Hypotention
C. C. Clara cells
D. D. Endothelial cells
| D. Endothelial cells |
309a82e0-bc1c-413c-bad8-941730820594 | In Obturator hernia compression of the obturator nerve, which causes pain in the anteromedial aspect of the thigh- Howship-Romberg sign | Anatomy | All India exam | Howship-Romberg sign seen in
A. Inguinal hernia
B. Femoral hernia
C. Spigelian hernia
D. Obturator hernia
| Obturator hernia |
1536865f-c082-46f5-a727-077bff1009a3 | Sucrose on hydrolysis yields D glucose and D-fructose. But the optical rotation changes from dextrorotatory to leavorotatory. Hence the hydrolytic products of sucrose are called as inve sugar. | Biochemistry | All India exam | Inve sugar is
A. Lactose
B. Sucrose
C. Hydrolytic products of sucrose
D. Fructose
| Hydrolytic products of sucrose |
8cc23ff9-5695-42c6-9f58-283305353e84 | IgG is the predominant antibody in the secondary response and constitutes an impoant defense against bacteria and viruses. It is the only maternal immunoglobulin that is normally transpoed across the placenta and provides natural passive immunity in the newborn. Only its Fc poion binds to receptors on the surface of placental cells. It is not synthesized by the fetus in any significant amount. It is therefore the most abundant immunoglobulin in newborns. IgG is one of the two immunoglobulins that can activate complement; IgM is the other. IgG is the immunoglobulin that opsonizes. Ref: Levinson W. (2012). Chapter 59. Antibodies. In W. Levinson (Ed), Review of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, 12e. | Microbiology | null | Which of the following immunoglobulin crosses placenta readily and can activate complements?
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgM
D. IgD
| IgG |
cfd6ba9b-212b-4964-a0cd-02e7a0a14b08 | Open surgical biopsy is contraindicated in parotid tumors because it can cause tumor seeding of the track and increased risk of parotid fistula formation. The initial imaging modality of choice is ultrasound as it demonstrates if the lump is intrinsic to the parotid or not. It also facilitates accurate sampling of the lesion by FNAC or True-Cut biopsy. Subsequently, CT and MRI are the most useful imaging techniques. Open surgical biopsy is contraindicated unless evidence of gross malignancy is present, and preoperative histological diagnosis is required as a prelude to radical parotidectomy. | Surgery | Salivary Glands | Open biopsy is done for salivary gland tumor unless they are arising from:-
A. Palate
B. Buccal
C. Sublingual
D. Parotid
| Parotid |
a500c9a4-4bcd-4ae1-ab7d-0911cd88d088 | Laron syndromeDwarfDevelopment of end-organ resistance to growth hormone(Refer: Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics, SAE, 1st edition, pg no. 2640-2641) | Pediatrics | All India exam | Laron dwarfism is caused by
A. Deficiency of GH
B. GH receptor defect
C. Deficiency of thyroxin
D. Thyroxin receptor defect
| GH receptor defect |
276e3def-29b0-4434-bd52-e1a144def4bd | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Vincristine Drugs used for Rheumatoid arthritisDisease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)Biologic response modifier (BRMs)Adjuvant drugs1. Immunosuppresants - Methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclosporineo TNF a - inhibitors Etanercept, Infliximab,o Corticosteroids2. SulfasalazineAdalimumab 3. Choloroquine or hydroxychloroquineo IL-1 antagonist 4. LeflunomideAnakinra 5. Gold sod. thiomalate, Auranofin 6. d - Penicillamine Important DM ARDsMechanism of actiono MethotrexateDihydrofolate reductase inhibitoro SulfasalazineSulfapyridine moiety suppresses the generation of superoxide radicals and cytokine production o LeflunomideIs rapidly converted in the body to an active metabolite which inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase .o Hydroxychloroquineo Reduce monocyte 1L-1. consequently inhibiting B-celIso Interferes with antigen processingo Stabilizes lysosome and free radical scavenging. | Pharmacology | C.N.S | Which drug doesn't include DMARD:
A. Chloroquine
B. Vincristine
C. Azathioprine
D. Leflunomide
| Vincristine |
b7964543-7d30-4b7c-9f64-0285fcba78ba | EB virus infection leads to Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in persons of Chinese origin Lymphoma in immunodeficient persons such as AIDS. REF:ANATHANARAYAN AND PANIKER'S TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 8TH EDITION PAGE NO:475 | Microbiology | Virology | Ebstein Barr virus is associated with -
A. Carcinoma larynx
B. Carcinoma bladder
C. Carcinoma nasopharynx
D. Carcinoma maxilla
| Carcinoma nasopharynx |
51f92841-b0be-46b7-99f9-7522c2031876 | Panton-valentine leukocidin Produced by S. aureus. Has 2 components F (fast) and S (slow) based on their migration on carboxymethyl cellulose column. Both the fragments act synergistically with gamma hemolysin -damage leukocytes, RBCs and macrophages. Synergohymenotropic toxins: Gamma-hemolysin and PV toxin . Capable of producing haemolytic and leukocidal activity. | Microbiology | JIPMER 2019 | Panton-valentine leukocidin is produced by:
A. Staphylococcus epidermidis
B. Pseudomonas
C. Vibrio cholerae
D. Staphylococcus aureus
| Staphylococcus aureus |
71c3bf8b-88dd-4264-b2f3-c3dce82194ec | Ans. B: Hyperophy of sebaceous glands Rhinophyma is a slowly progressive condition due to hyperophy of the sebaceous glands of the tip of nose often seen in cases of long-standing acne rosacea; it is not a neoplasm. It presents as a pink, lobulated mass over the nose with superficial vascular dilation; it mostly affects men past middle age. | ENT | null | What is rhinophyma: September 2010
A. Hyperophy of sweat glands
B. Hyperophy of sebaceous glands
C. Hyperophy of meibomian glands
D. Hyperophy of lacrimal gland
| Hyperophy of sebaceous glands |
0f2353d1-055d-46fa-b986-bea345f81219 | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Type IType of collagenDistributionType IType IIType IIIType IVType VSkin, tendon, bone, corneaArticular cartilage, intervertebral disc. Vitreous humorFetal skin, cardiovascular systam, lung, reticular fiberBasement membranePlacenta, skin. | Physiology | General | Type of collagen present in cornea -
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
| Type I |
9b06fc3e-dbf6-436b-a923-34c18d55f3f7 | ED50 : dose at which 50% of subject will responds to drug. Potency :- Measure of amount of drug necessary to produce an effect of a given magnitude. Efficacy: Magnitude of response a drug can cause when it interacts with a receptor. Depends on of drug receptor complex formed. * In this Quantal DRC, x-axis represents the log dose and y-axis represents the percentage of population responding.* It is used when responses are like all or none. The middle point of curve when projected to x-axis gives effective dose and lethal dose in 50% of population. | Pharmacology | NEET 2019 | Variation in drug responsiveness to a paicular dose of the drug in different individuals can be obtained from:-
A. Graded Dose Response Curve
B. Efficacy
C. Potency
D. Quantal Dose response Curve
| Quantal Dose response Curve |
b84499fd-5439-475e-af2d-113ac9db7c0b | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Red colour o The most common triage classification system used international is four colour code system.1. Red- High priority treatment or transfer2. Yellow- Medium priority3. Green- Ambulatory patients4. Black- Dead or moribund patients | Social & Preventive Medicine | Hospital waste, disaster management and occupational health | High priority in triage is for -
A. Red color
B. Yellow color
C. Green color
D. Black color
| Red color |
82a1f305-6d6c-42dc-89ca-9e61ba738dc2 | Ans. 'a' i.e., Length of long bones Hep Burn Osteometric board is used to accurately measure length of long bones. | Forensic Medicine | null | Hep Burn Osteometric board is used to measure?
A. Length of long bones
B. Length of flat bones
C. Breadth of long bones
D. Breadth of flat bones
| Length of long bones |
bb0b1754-d92a-460a-b46d-8850ef40d55e | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Extraperitoneal Bladder rupture be divided into three broad types:1. Extra-peritoneal2. Intra-peritoneal3. CombinedA. Extraperitoneal bladder ruptureo Extraperitoneal rupture is the most common type of bladder injury, accounting for ~85% (range 80-90%) of cases. It is usually the result of pelvic fractures or penetrating trauma. Cystography reveals a variable path of extravasated contrast material. Treatment is with an indwelling catheter (IDC/Foley).B. Intraperitoneal bladder ruptureo Occurs in approximately ~15% (range 10-20%) of major bladder injuries, and typically is the result of a direct blow to the already distended bladder. Cystography demonstrates intraperitoneal contrast material around bowel loops, between mesenteric folds and in the paracolic gutters. Treatment is surgical repair.C. Combined bladder ruptureo Simultaneous intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal injury. Cystography usually demonstrates extravasation patterns that are typical for both types of injury. | Surgery | Bladder Injuries | Most common type of bladder rupture is -
A. Extraperitoneal
B. Intraperitoneal
C. At the trigone
D. Equal incidence of extraperitoneal and intrtaperitoneal
| Extraperitoneal |
7c9d110c-103f-46ea-90c2-e6c41207eec0 | Propofol has replaced the barbiturates for induction of anesthesia in the ambulatory setting because of its orable recovery profile. Recovery after induction of anesthesia with propofol is faster than with the barbiturate compounds and it is associated with low incidence of post operative nausea and vomiting. Ref: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology By K D Tripathi, 5th Edition, Page 344 ; Miller's Anesthesia, 6th Edition, Pages 2602-3 | Anaesthesia | null | A 38 year old man is posted for extraction of last molar tooth under general anaesthesia as a day care case. He wishes to resume his work after 6 hours. Which one of the following induction agents is preferred?
A. Propofol
B. Ketamine
C. Diazepam
D. Thiopentone sodium
| Propofol |
87aa74c5-e8e0-4801-ba84-67a7affd1af4 | Eg for normal anion gap : diarrhea, pancreatic fistula, antacid drugs, Renal tubular acidosis, Renal failure, Ref: Harrison&;s 19thE | Medicine | Fluid and electrolytes | Normal anionic gap is seen in one of thefollowing-
A. Diarrhoea
B. Uremia
C. Lactic acidosis
D. Ketosis
| Diarrhoea |
e67beafc-19c5-4dc8-adf4-003eb52067f2 | Tadalafil & Sildenafil inhibits Phosphodiesterase - 5 (PDE -5) and increase cGMP, They are used in pulmonary hypertension & erectile dysfunction. | Pharmacology | null | Tadalafil inhibits
A. PDE - 3
B. PDE - 4
C. PDE - 5
D. PDE - 6
| PDE - 5 |
dc644e18-7d1d-4cde-8f0f-fef9c0b96ece | Starvation biochemistryWhen food intake ceases, the body enters the starvation response.Initially, the body's glycogen stores are used up in about 24 hours.The level of insulin in circulation is low and the level of glucagon is very high.The main means of energy production is lipolysis.Gluconeogenesis conves glycerol into glucose and the Cori cycle conves lactate into usable glucose.Two systems of energy enter the gluconeogenesis: proteolysis provides alanine and lactate produced from pyruvate, while acetyl CoA produces dissolved nutrients (Ketone bodies), which can be detected in urine and are used by the brain as a source of energy.In terms of insulin resistance, starvation conditions make more glucose available to the brain. | Biochemistry | null | In starvation, which is seen:
A. Increased supply of glucose
B. Decreased rate of lipolysis
C. Ketone bodies formation
D. Low glucagon levels
| Ketone bodies formation |
49c15148-0cc6-45f1-ad87-933a9caa0181 | Optic disc.The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye. The ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve after they leave the eye. It is a pink coloured, well defined veically oval area with average dimension of 1.76 mm horizontally and 1.88 mm veically. It is placed 3.4 mm nasal to the fovea. Reference: A.K.Khurana; 6th edition; Page no:263 | Ophthalmology | Anatomy, Development and clinical examination | Size of optic disc is
A. 0.5mm
B. 1mm
C. 1.5mm
D. 2mm
| 1.5mm |
8333ce21-d870-42e8-94cb-68047306f55e | PELVIC CONGESTION SYNDROME There is congestion or dilatation of uterine or ovarian plexuses. Symptoms: Patient has a congestive type of dysmenorrhea without any demonstrable pelvic pathology. other symptoms include: bilateral lower abdominal pain, dyspareunia, abnormal uterine bleeding, chronic fatigue and irritable bowel symptoms Diagnosis: clinical, Tranuterine venography, MRI are for primary diagnosis. Pelvic USG and laparoscopy may disclose varicosities Management: Pain relief: Oral Contraceptive Pills (containing low estrogen and high Progesterone), GnRH analogues Hormonal suppression: medroxyprogesterone acetate (30 mg daily), Goserelin (GnRH analogue) Non responsive: Percutaneous transcatheter embolisation | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Normal Menstruation, Abnormal Menstruation, Menopausal Physiology and forsight of conception | Pain due to pelvic congestion syndrome is relieved by:
A. OC pills.
B. Tamoxifen
C. Mefenamic Acid.
D. Mifepristone.
| OC pills. |
0efb8d67-1766-4ea1-8082-3d63ef069704 | A gastrinoma is a tumor in the pancreas or duodenum that secretes excess of gastrin leading to ulceration in the duodenum, stomach and the small intestine. There is hypersecretion of HCl acid into the duodenum, which causes the ulcers | Pathology | Endocrinology | Which neuroendocrine tumour causes biliary obstruction
A. Somatostatinoma
B. Gastrinoma
C. Insulinoma
D. VIPoma
| Gastrinoma |
83fc2e10-f8ed-4274-bef7-aa57a86072e1 | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Kaposi sarcoma Ophthalmological diseases The most common abnormal findings on fundoscopic examination are cotton wool spots. CMV retinitis is the most severe ocular complication and occurs when CD4 T-cells count is less than 50/ml. It typical presents as perivascular hemorrhage and exudae with Cottage-Cheese appearance. Acute retinal necrosis syndrome, also called progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) is caused by HSV and VZV Other manifestations are chorioretinitis by toxoplasma and P carinii, kaposi sarcoma of eyelid, and lymphoma. | Medicine | null | Most common cause of pleural effusion in AIDS patients
A. Kaposi sarcoma
B. TB
C. Pneumocystis Jiroveci
D. Mycoplasma
| Kaposi sarcoma |
2ee6f45d-9773-48ce-b0a1-2d1ca3faa99f | Refer 9/e 1020 Leiomyomas are sharply circumscribed, discrete, round, firm, gray-white tumors varying in size from small, barely visible nodules to massive tumors that fill the pelvis. Except in rare instances, they are found within the myometrium of the corpus. Only infrequently do they involve the uterine ligaments, lower uterine segment, or cervix. They can occur within the myome- trium (intramural), just beneath the endometrium (submucosal) or beneath the serosa (subserosal) (Fig. 22-28A). Whatever their size, the characteristic whorled pattern of smooth muscle bundles on cut section usually makes these lesions readily identifiable. Large tumors may develop areas of yellow-brown to red softening. Leiomyomas are typically composed of bundles of smooth muscle cells that resemble the uninvolved myometrium | Pathology | Urinary tract | Uterine leiomyoma is least likely to undergoe
A. Malignant change
B. Hyaline change
C. Calcification
D. Red degeneration
| Malignant change |
75de0a4a-23d1-443a-958d-815573a6b917 | GUNSHOT WOUNDS ON SKULL:- Skull has outer table & inner table. When the bullet enters the skull, bevelling occurs in the second layer. In entry wound the beveling is present in inner table of skull. In exit wound the beveling is present in the outer table of skull . Entry wound:- shows a punched out hole (clean cut) on the outer table and bevelled (crater) appearance on the inner table.Exit wound:-the inner table shows clean cut hole and the outer table shows beveling since the bullet is leaving so the outer table is raised. | Forensic Medicine | Ballistics | Punched out inner table and crater like outer table in the skull means --------------
A. Chop wound
B. Pond fracture
C. Entrance wound
D. Exit wound
| Exit wound |
e4b3b717-220d-413b-b801-b4d62bd53fb4 | Treatment of Choice for prophylaxis of healthy eye when follow eye has primary open angle glaucoma is laser trabeculoplasty. | Ophthalmology | null | Treatment of Choice for prophylaxis of Right eye in case of primary open angle glaucoma of Left eye
A. Goniotony
B. Trabeculectomy
C. Laser trabeculoplasty
D. Seton Surgery
| Laser trabeculoplasty |
b4116a1e-4194-4591-8c5b-718568801913 | Sphingolipids: They comprise another group of lipids found in biological membranes especially in the tissues of nervous system. There are three types of sphingolipids sphingomyelin, cerebrosides and gangliosides. About 6 percent of the membrane lipids of grey matter cells in the brain are gangliosides.Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Eighth Edition Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, page no:11 | Biochemistry | Metabolism of lipid | Cerebrosides contain which of the following?
A. Phytol
B. Glycerol
C. Galactitol
D. Sphinogosine
| Sphinogosine |
0722268e-0b65-4e4b-9920-3fce99773d1d | Vagotomy and antrectomy is the surgical treatment of peptic ulcer associated with extremely low ulcer recurrence rate. It is also indicated in many patients with complicated peptic ulcer disease such as bleeding duodenal and gastric ulcer, obstructing peptic ulcer, non-healing gastric ulcer, and recurrent ulcer. Ref: Schwaz's Principles of Surgery, 9th Edition, Chapter 26 ; Essentials of Family Medicine By Philip D. Sloane, 5th Edition, Page 360 | Surgery | null | Which of the treatment modalities is associated with the lowest recurrence of peptic ulcer?
A. Gastric resection
B. Vagotomy + drainage
C. Vagotomy + Antrectomy
D. Highly selective vagotomy
| Vagotomy + Antrectomy |
3454a604-c506-460e-b152-9d8801ae5835 | Single umbilical aery: - It is seen in 5-10/1,000 bihs & its frequency increases in twin bihs - 30% of these infants are associated with more than one congenital abnormalities; among which Trisomy 18 is most commonest - Though it is associated with increased risk for occult renal anomaly, if no other anomalies are present, need for renal USG is controversial | Pediatrics | Fetal circulation | What is the commonest aneuploidy seen in neonates born with single umbilical aery?
A. Trisomy 18
B. Trisomy 13
C. Trisomy 21
D. Trisomy 15
| Trisomy 18 |
e2e755d6-3d7d-4290-b767-036e250d6e03 | According to IPHS, one ophthalmologist is being envisaged for every 5 lakh population i.e. one ophthalmologist will center to 5 CHCs in India. ALSO REMEMBER: According to WHO, one ophthalmologist is being envisaged for every 50,000 population in every Asian country by 2020. 1 U-ANM, 1 Pharmacist, 1 Lab technician for 10,000 population. 1 USHA for 1000-2500 population. | Social & Preventive Medicine | Rural & Urban Health Centres, Workers, Norms | One Eye surgeon is recommended for:
A. 1 CHC
B. 2 CHC
C. 3 CHC
D. 5 CHC
| 5 CHC |
2f963f37-91ad-4a34-a090-0bc13debb1dd | Ans. is 'a' i.e., 1-2 days Incubation periods of imoortant GIT infectionsDiseaseCausative organismIncubation periodPoliomyelitisPoliovirus7-14 daysHepatitis AEnterovirus 72 (Picomavirus)15-45 daysHepatitis BHepadnavirus45-180 daysHepatitis CHepacivirus30-120 daysHepatitis DDeltavims30-90 daysHepatitis ECalcivirus21-45 daysCholeraVibrio cholerae1-2 daysTyphoid feverSalmonella typhi10-14 daysStaphylococcal food poisoningStaphylococcus aureusl -6 hoursAscariasisAscaris lumbricoids2 monthsAncylostomiasis (Hookworm)A. duodena le5 weeks-9 monthsGuinae worm (Dracuncutiasis)Dracunculus medinensis1 year | Microbiology | Vibrio | Incubation period of cholera is -
A. l-2 days
B. 7-10 day
C. 10-14 days
D. 3-5 weeks
| l-2 days |
933b5875-9598-4fc4-874c-b931682df05e | In low degrees of refractive errors the shadow (red reflex) seen in the pupillary area is faint and moves rapidly with the movement of the mirror; while in high degrees of ametropia it is very dark and moves slowly. Reference : A K KHURANA OPHTALMOLOGY, Edition 4,Page-550 | Ophthalmology | Optics and refraction | No movement of Red reflex in retinoscopy -
A. No refractive error
B. Myopia of 3D
C. Myopia of 1D
D. Hypermetropia
| Myopia of 1D |
b462bcae-ec36-48e5-95bf-728afda0be2d | Ans. (d) Anthrax of skin Cutaneous anthrax is also known as Hide Poer's disease or malignant pustule. | Microbiology | null | A malignant pustule is a term used for:
A. An infected malignant melanoma
B. A carbuncle
C. A rapidly spreading rodent ulcer
D. Anthrax of skin
| Anthrax of skin |
930abe84-d590-4817-9ea7-0e79605eaa90 | Ans. (b) Recognition of objects by their form(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.291)Left hemisphere#Previously called Dominant hemisphere#New name - categorical hemisphere#Mainly concerned with language and speech#Also involved in mathematical and scientific skillsRight hemisphere#Previously called nondominant hemisphere#New name - Representational hemisphere#Mainly concerned with visuospatial relations#Also involved in Identification of objects form and music | Physiology | Nervous System | The representation hemisphere (cerebral) is better than the categorical hemisphere at?
A. Language functions
B. Recognition of objects by their form
C. Understanding of printed words
D. Mathematical calculation
| Recognition of objects by their form |
e9831eb2-7b8d-45ec-9103-841150149497 | The first number is the width of the blade or primary cutting edge in tenths of a millimeter (0.1 mm). The second number of a four-number code indicates the primary cutting edge angle, measured from a line parallel to the long axis of the instrument handle in clockwise centigrades. The angle is expressed as a percent of 360 degrees. The instrument is positioned so that this number always exceeds 50. If the edge is locally perpendicular to the blade, then this number is normally omitted, resulting in a three-number code. The third number (second number of a three-number code) indicates the blade length in millimeters. The fourth number (third number of a three-number code) indicates the blade angle, relative to the long axis of the handle in clockwise centigrades | Dental | null | For a dental hand instrument with a formula of 10-8.5-8-14, the number 10 refers to
A. The width of the blade in tenths of a millimeter.
B. The primary cutting edge angle in centigrades.
C. The blade length in millimeters.
D. The blade angle in centigrades.
| The width of the blade in tenths of a millimeter. |
64e59cb4-900a-4c56-a2ac-562bee908e6b | - Given clinical features suggests the diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma - Pheochromocytoma Arising from chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla that secretes catecholamines. Can originate in extra-adrenal sites - Paragangliomas. Clinical features are caused d/t release of catecholamines. - The other choices do not include tumors that lead to episodic hypeension. | Pathology | Systemic Pathology | A 34-year-old man complains of sudden attacks of dizziness, blurred vision, and excruciating headaches of 4 months in duration. During one of these attacks, his blood pressure was 180/120 mm Hg. The patient's father had been treated for thyroid cancer about 15 years ago. Laboratory studies show normal serum levels of aldosterone, renin, and angiotensin. A 24-hour urinalysis reveals increased metanephrines. Episodic hypeension in this patient is most likely caused by a tumor in which of the following endocrine organs?
A. Adrenal
B. Kidney
C. Parathyroid
D. Pituitary
| Adrenal |
ba8cd74a-b598-445b-a1b7-01d02511e2c0 | ASPIRIN can cause hyperuricemia depending on dose used. At low doses :1-2g/day -decrease uricacid excretion and hence cause hyperuricemia. It also blocks the effects of probencid and other uricosuric drugs. Intermediate doses:2-3g/day-No effect Large doses:>5g/day-uricosuric 1st most commonly used NSAID in hyperurecemia ahritis (gout) is NAPROXONE 2nd most commonly used is IBUPROFEN ref : maheswari th ed | Anatomy | Joint disorders | Which NSAID can cause hyperuricemia?
A. Tolmetin
B. Ibuprofen
C. Aspirin
D. Naproxen
| Ibuprofen |
d904465e-5a95-4575-82d0-d6a82e1174ad | C i.e. Volkman's paralysis Gullian Barre syndrome, erb's paralysis & neurotmesis primarilly involve nerve Whereas Volkman's paralysis is primarilly ischemic paralysis of muscles due to raised intra compamental pressure (vascular phenomenon)Q. It may secondarily lead to nerve ischemia and damage. | Surgery | null | Which of the following does not involve nerve damage
A. Guillian Barre syndrome
B. Erb's paralysis
C. Volkmann's paralysis
D. Neurotmesis
| Volkmann's paralysis |
22d179dc-bd0c-4d9c-9bc3-dbb2f1eb874a | Ans. (a) Anterior surface of corneaRef: Cornea by Mannis p. 145On average anterior cornea has refractive power of +48D of convergence and posterior cornea -5D of divergence. | Ophthalmology | Elementary Optics | Maximum contribution to the refractive power of the eye is by:
A. Anterior surface of cornea
B. Anterior surface of lens
C. Posterior surface of cornea
D. Posterior surface of lens
| Anterior surface of cornea |
70577f2c-3a49-41ae-8c31-3bef27324e9b | Lateral border of foot touching the bed, that means there is extreme external rotation.
This occurs in extracapsular neck fracture (basal / basicervical) and IT fractures. | Orthopaedics | null | A 60- years old man fell in the bathroom and was unable to stand, on right buttock region ecchymosis with external rotation of the leg and lateral border of foot touching the bed. The most probable diagnosis is -
A. Extracapsular fracture neck of femur
B. Anterior dislocation of hip
C. Intracapsular fracture neck of femur
D. Posterior dislocation of hip
| Extracapsular fracture neck of femur |
483c0199-2df2-48f9-a116-34bd716ef98a | “Unlike other malignant lesion, the treatment of choriocarcinoma is mainly chemotherapy, both for local and distant metastasis.”
Shaw 14/e, p 235 | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | The ideal treatment for metastatic choriocarcinoma in the lungs in a young women is:
A. Chemotherapy
B. Surgery with radiation
C. Surgery
D. Wait and watch
| Chemotherapy |
83e1a4b0-2b9f-456f-9832-debf8f89e4e9 | Ans: a (C7) Ref:Snells, 6th ed, p. 821/822; BDC, 4th ed, vol 3, p. 40, vol 2, p. 182, vol 1, p. 198Characteristics of vertebrae:CharacteristicsCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebral foramenTriangularCircularTriangularVertebral bodySmall and broad from side to sideHeart shapedLarge kidney shapedSup. articular facetBackwards and upwardsBackwards and laterallyFace mediallyInf articular facetDownwards and forwardsForwards and mediallyFace laterallySpinous processSmall bifidLong and inclined downwardsShort, flat quadrangular | Orthopaedics | Bone | Longest spinous process is for which vertebra:
A. C7
B. T2
C. C2
D. L3
| C7 |
d162aa0f-73fb-4b2f-b534-f342049c862a | Ans. b (Ultrasonography) (Ref. Bailey and Love 25th/pg. 79)CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS (CHPS/IHPS)# Increased incidence in firstborn male child with M:F ratio 4:1. Incidence of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is approximately 2-5 per 1,000 births per year.# Most commonly affects boys aged 2-8 weeks# Characterised by projectile vomiting after feeds# Gastric peristalsis can be seen and a lump felt# Inherited as dominant polygenic trait.# Ultrasound (investigation of choice)The diagnosis can be confirmed by an ultrasound scan, which shows the thickened pyloric muscle.# Pyloric muscle wall thickness 2.5-3 mm# Pyloric volume > 1.4 cm3# Pyloric length > 1.2 cm# Pyloric transverse diameter 13-16 mm with pyloric channel closed.- Target Sign: Hypoechoic ring and hypertrophied pyloric muscle around echogenic mucosa centrally (transverse scan).- Cervix sign and antral-nipple sign: indentation of muscle mass on fluid-filled antrum (longitudinal scan).Normal values:# Pyloric canal length: < 15 mm# Muscle wall thickness: < 3 mm# Pyloric width: < 7 mm# Contrast radiology (*Barium study) is now not necessary.# Upper Gl Imaging (barium study) -features- Elongation and narrowing of pyloric canal (2-4 cm length) with string sign, double/triple track sign, diamond sign/twining recess, pyloric teat/teat sign, beak sign/antral beaking, umbrella/kirklin/mushroom sign and caterpillar sign may be seen.# Treatment:- Ramsted's Pyloromyotomy (splits the hypertrophied muscle leaving the mucosa intact).Additional Educational points:ULTRASOUND is investigation of choice for diagnosing:# Initial test of choice (Screening) for blunt trauma abdomen (Focused Assessment by Sonography for Trauma), focal liver lesions, obstructive jaundice or acute abdomen.# Hydrocephalus in infants, Neonatal cerebral hemorrhage# To differentiate cystic and solid nodule in thyroid# Screening of rotator cuff injury# Pleural effusion# Gallstones, CHPS, ascitis (Minimal), Pelvic abscess# Developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH)/ CDH# Scrotal lesions | Radiology | G.I.T. | In a child of one month age with history of nonbilious vomiting and no weight gain with palpable epigastric lump, first investigation to be done is
A. Barium study
B. Ultrasonography
C. Endoscopy
D. CT scan
| Ultrasonography |
cabfef07-a296-4062-bdf9-cd30bdf90703 | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Adenovirus Inclusion bodies are aggregates of stainable substances in the nucleus or cytoplasm.Cowdry inclusion bodies are classified into two groups called type A and B.Type A included those (a) which were granular and (b) which produced a severe reaction in the cell leading to death.Type B were those (a) which were amorphous irregular masses or hyaline spheres and (b) which produced only mild reactions in the cell.Viral inclusion bodies:Intracytoplasmic:1. Henderson - Peterson bodies in Molluscum Contagiosum.2. Negri bodies in Rabies.3. Guarnieri bodies (B type inclusion bodies) in Smallpox.Intranuclear:1. AcidophilicCowdry Type A.- Varicella Zoster Virus.- Herpes Simplex Virus.- Yellow Fever Virus (Torres bodies).Cowdry Type B- Polio.2. BasophilicCowdry Type B - Adenovirus.Cytomegalovirus - Owl eye.Intranuclear and Intracytoplasmic: Measles virus.Inclusion Bodies in Red Blood Cells:1. DevelopmentalHowell Jolly Bodies.Basophilic Stipplings.Pappenheimer Bodies.Cabot Rings.Polychromatophilic Red Cells.2. Hemoglobin PrecipitatesHeinz bodies.Hemoglobin H inclusions.3. ProtozoalMalaria.Babesia.Inclusion Bodies in Skin Conditions:1. Asteroid bodies - Sporotrichosis.2. Cowdry A - Herpes Simplex.3. Donovan bodies - Granuloma Inguinale.4. Dutcher bodies - Multiple Myeloma, Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma.5. Pustulo-ovoid bodies - Granular cell tumor.6. Medlar bodies - Chromoblastomycosis.7. Michaelis - Gutmann bodies - Malakoplakia.8. Rocha Lima bodies - Verruga peruana.9. Russell bodies - Multiple myeloma.10.Rhinoscleroma bodies.11.Verocay bodies - Schwannoma.12.Virchow bodies - Leprosy.Councilman Bodies:Eosinophilic bodies found in the liver in the following cases:1. Yellow Fever.2. Acute Viral Hepatitis.3. Viral Hemorrhagic Fever.Dohle Bodies:Dohle bodies are basophilic inclusions found in cytoplasm of neutrophils and are thought to be remnants of rough endoplasmic reticulum.Dohle bodies are seen in:1. Burns.2. Infections.3. Physical trauma.4. Neoplastic diseases.5. Wissler's disease.6. May-Hegglin anomaly.7. Chediak-Steinbrinck - Higashi's syndrome. | Microbiology | Virology | Basophilic inclusion bodies are seen in:
A. Adenovirus
B. Polio virus
C. Measles virus
D. Herpesvirus
| Adenovirus |
504ead3e-b960-4b7c-bb31-f10fca67c36b | Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), also known as Persistent Fetal Vasculature (PFV), is a rare congenital developmental anomaly of the eye that results following failure of the embryological, primary vitreous and hyaloid vasculature to regress seen in Trisomy 13 -patau syndrome,Norrie disease,Walker-warburg syndrome. | Ophthalmology | Vitreous and retina | Persistent primary hyperplastic vitreous is associated with -
A. Patau syndrome
B. Edward syndrome
C. Trisomy 14
D. Downs syndrome
| Patau syndrome |
42d4b5ac-4d66-4d2a-acab-46eaaf4f6ffe | ACE inhibitors are mixed dilators. They inhibit the generation of angiotensin II resulting in dilatation of aerioles which decreases peripheral vascular resistance and thereby after load. Nitrates are primarily venodilators- decrease Cardiac output mainly calcium channel blockers are mainly aeriolar dilators -decreases peripheral vascular resistance by causing vasodilatation (Ref- ESSENTIAL OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY-K.D TRIPATHI) | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system | The drug mainly causing afterload reduction is:
A. Digoxin
B. Captopril
C. Dobutamine
D. Frusemide
| Captopril |
27c34477-bdb9-4b4f-b965-80c81d622f6a | Ans. is 'a' (Border line personality disorder) The symptomatic profile of the pt. is in accordance with Borderline personality disorder.Characteristics of Borderline personality disorder is -Unstable mood & behaviourSuicide attemptsBoredomFeeling of emptiness & lonelinessImpulsivenessThe diagnosis can be confused with Histrionic personality disorder - Characteristic of Histrionic personality disorderDramatic, extrovert & emotionalExhibit sexually provocative behaviourThey are unable to maintain intimate relationships (although they often overstate the closeness of their friendship) Fundamentally insecure and their theatrics are generally efforts to obtain love support and reassurance, *can be better explained with an example"A 27 year old, charming, scantily clad women complains of suicidal feelings. She explains that she is annoyed by a co-worker who has become centre of attraction at the office. She has a history of multiple suicide attempts after which she claims to have received sympathy from a multitude of close friends" * While a Histrionic personality disorder attempts suicide to gain sympathy and attraction, a border line personality disorder pt. impulsively attempts suicide without any secondary motive to gain sympathy.Example of Borderline personality disorder"During a routine physical exam, a young female patient tells her physician that she has fallen in love with him; when he recommends that she see another physician, She threatens to commit suicide."Well, I think that I have now made the difference b/w these two personality disorders clear, but now I am confused about the answer. The question gives incomplete information to make a demote diagnosis.Still Fm in favour of Borderline disorder. | Psychiatry | Personality Disorders | A female presents with the history of slashed wrists and attempted suicide, now present with similar history. The diagnosis is:
A. Borderline personality disorder
B. OCD
C. Conversion Reaction
D. Histrionic personality
| Borderline personality disorder |
845318ea-8ac0-4d88-ab21-5793d9da6942 | Ans. a (Lignocaine). (Ref. KD Tripathi, Pharmacology, 6th /513)# Most anti-arrhythmic can themselves precipitate serious arrhythmias i.e., they have arrhythmogenic potential, hence called proarrhythmic.- Encainide, flecainide, moricizine have higher incidence of sudden death.# Terfenadine, astemizole, cisapride and halofantrine prolong QT interval; co-admin of class la drugs (Quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide, moricizine) or sotalol carries high risk of Torsade de Pointes.Lignocaine has minimal effect on normal ECG and it has no significant autonomic action. | Pharmacology | C.V.S | An anti-arrhythmic drug that is not proarrhythmic?
A. Lignocaine
B. Disopyramide
C. Amiodarone
D. Moricizine
| Lignocaine |
5cd72f99-eee7-4279-9c8a-6c01ada31304 | Hyponatremia is commonly defined as a serum sodium <135 mmol/L (<135 mEq/L). In patient with hyponatremia that develops over hours, life-threatening seizures and cerebral edema may occur at values as high as 125 mmol/L. In contrast some patients with more chronic hyponatremia that has slowly developed over months to years may be asymptomatic even with serum levels <110 mmol | Medicine | Fluids and Electrolyte Imbalance | Acute hyponatremia become symptomatic at:
A. <135 mEq
B. <125 mEq
C. <120 mEq
D. <110 meq
| <125 mEq |
d85b2727-c18c-4ec4-b76f-701dbc39d6f9 | Almost all pheochromocytomas (about 90%) occur in the abdomen, and most of these (85%) are in the adrenal medulla. Extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas (including sympathetic and parasympathetic paragangliomas) are found in the perirenal area, the organ of Zuckerkandl, the urinary bladder, the hea, the neck, and the posterior mediastinum. Extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas account for 10% of all pheochromocytomas in adults and 30-40% of pheochromocytomas in children. They are usually larger than adrenal pheochromocytomas. Ref: Else T., Hammer G.D., McPhee S.J. (2010). Chapter 12. Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla. In S.J. McPhee, G.D. Hammer (Eds), Pathophysiology of Disease, 6e. | Pathology | null | Which among the following is the most common site of ectopic phaeochromocytoma?
A. Organ of Zuckerkandl
B. Bladder
C. Filum terminale
D. Celiac plexus
| Organ of Zuckerkandl |
ead4cdd8-5a8c-443d-8f39-2586c9200f28 | Variable decelerations are attributed to umbilical cord compression A supine position will have a mechanical compression from the fetus on the umbilical cord resulting in fetoplacental insufficiency and is hence avoided. Patient is therefore made to lie in left lateral position till surgery Catheerisation is done and IV fluids are given routinely prior to surgery Oxygen inhalation is given for maintaining adequate oxygen supply to the already compromised fetus. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Labour - II | A pregnant lady with persistent variable decelerations with cervical dilatation of 6 cm is planned for emergency LSCS. Which of the following is NOT done in management while preparing patient for surgery
A. Supine position
B. O2 inhalation
C. I.V. fluid
D. Foleys catheterisation
| Supine position |
4adc2b68-447f-4114-b5c0-cc4af2d9d3f7 | Refer kDT 6/e p547 Isopreterenol is a beta adrenergic agonists and is contraindicated in ishchemic hea disease. As it can increase myocardial oxygen demand by causing tachycardia | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system | Drug not to be given in ishchemic hea disease
A. Atenolol
B. ACE inhibitor
C. Isopreterenol
D. Streptokinase
| Isopreterenol |
fb9dc737-2040-4482-bdaa-92d3df9ef0c0 | Ans. is `d i.e., Type IVTypes of collagen There are at least 28 distinct types of collagen made up of over 30 distinct polypeptide chains Type I is the most abundant collagen. The impoant ones are :?Type of collagen DistributionType] Skin, tendon, bone, corneaType 11 Aicular cailage, interveebral disc, Vitreous humorType III Fetal skin, cardiovascular systam, lung, reticular fiberType IV Basement membraneTypeV Placenta, skin | Biochemistry | null | Type of collagen found in basement membrane is ?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
| Type IV |
a1420a4a-3dd0-45f2-b6e7-af2d4a1e674c | This information has been added in 22nd /e of Park
Child sex ratio (9-6 years) has reached an all time low of 914 since 1961. The fall has been 13 points from 927 (in 2001) to 914 (in 2011) for the country. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | Sex ratio of children population in the age group of 0-6 years according to the 2011 census is -
A. 940
B. 914
C. 944
D. 933
| 914 |
09203b63-5755-4ed0-b572-ee929b4a723d | The major components of innate immunity are epithelial barriers that block entry of microbes, phagocytic cells (mainly neutrophils and macrophages), dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and several plasma proteins, including the proteins of the complement system.The adaptive immune system consists of lymphocytes and their products, including antibodies.Ref: Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease; 9th edition; Chapter 6; Diseases of the Immune System; Page no: 186 | Pathology | General pathology | Which of the following is not a component of Innate immunity?
A. Epithelial barriers
B. NK cells
C. Dendritic cells
D. Helper T lymphocyte
| Helper T lymphocyte |
d40c02bc-912d-4ec5-91da-14642beac420 | Ans. is 4b' i.e.. Depressed fracture of skull o Fracture -ala-signature / signature fracture is also known as depressed fracture of skull vault.o Depressed fracture (signature fracture or fracture-ala signature) :1c caused by a heavy w eapon with a small striking surface, e.g. hammer which causes a piece of skull bone to get depressed into the cravial cavity. | Forensic Medicine | Misc. | Fracture ala signature is a type of -
A. Gutter fracture
B. Depressed fracture of skull
C. Ring fracture at foramen magnum
D. Sutural separation
| Depressed fracture of skull |
11dca1fa-4fd8-42c0-a254-d7bbcd03d61a | Treatment of exercise-induced asthma
Exercise-induced bronchospasm should be anticipated in all asthma patients.
Treatment immediately prior to vigorous activity or exercise is usually effective.
Treatment is -
Short-acting inhaled β-agonist plus cromolyn. or
Short-acting inhaled β-agonist plus nedocromil. | Pediatrics | null | In a child with exercise-induced asthma, which is done –
A. Prophylaxis with steroids
B. Prophylaxis with Beta, agonist
C. Prophylaxis with theophyline
D. Breathing excercise
| Prophylaxis with Beta, agonist |
fbfbf0ef-e69d-4b46-ab61-4813a252706c | There have been reports of external cervical root resorption following intracoronal bleaching procedures.
This is probably caused due to the diffusion of hydrogen peroxide through unprotected dentinal tubules leading to resorptive changes in the periodontium.
The caustic nature of hydrogen peroxide can cause the necrosis of the cementum and the periodontium, which in turn results in initiation of inflammation and subsequent resorption.
Resorptive process may be worsened with the application of heat for bleaching agent activation. Hence, application of an appropriate intracoronal barrier is mandatory for intracoronal bleaching procedures. | Dental | null | The most common consequence of bleaching nonvital teeth is:
A. Discolouration
B. Cervical resorption
C. Apical periodontitis
D. Root resorption
| Cervical resorption |
eeb97fb0-89b6-437a-913c-9e4ffb282ea7 | Patients with pernicious anemia have achlorhydria and an increased risk (about 5%) of developing gastric carcinoma. There is a deficiency in vitamin B12 that leads to megaloblastic anemia and neurologic involvement (subacute degeneration of the dorsal and lateral spinal columns). | Surgery | Stomach & Duodenum | A 67-year-old woman complains of paresthesia's in the limbs. Examination shows loss of vibratory sense, positional sense, and sense of light touch in the lower limbs. She is found to have pernicious anemia. Endoscopy reveals an ulcer in the body of the stomach. What does she most likely have?
A. Excess of vitamin B12
B. Deficiency of vitamin K
C. Cancer of the stomach
D. Gastric sarcoma
| Cancer of the stomach |
49aaf468-5ec6-41e8-8f72-ecced0f4183c | Ans. is 'a' i.e., 4 hours o Blood transfusion should be completed in less than 4 hours because of the dangers of bacterial proliferation. which may occur as blood warms to room temperature."One unit of red cells is often given in 1 to 4 hours. Infusion of a unit for longer than 4 hours in not recommended, as there is a risk of bacterial proliferation because the opened unit is at room temperature".Whole blood (stored at 4degC)|||Packed RBCPlatelet Rich Plasmao Stored at 4degCo Use within 20 dayso Stored at room tempo Use within 8-12 hours | ||Platelet concentrateFresh frozen plasmao Stored at room tempo Use within 4 hourso Can be used till one year o Stored at -20degC | ||CryoprecipitateCryosupernetanto Rich in vWF, fibrinogen, factor VIII and fibronectino Can be used till one yearo Has all coagulation and plasma proteins except vWF, fibrinogen, factor VIII and | Medicine | Transfusion | Blood transfusion should be completed within how many hours of initiation-
A. 4 hours
B. 6 hours
C. 8 hours
D. 12 hours
| 4 hours |
5f22def4-dabc-4f8a-9ef3-8eb36db3b85c | Ans. is 'c' i.e. Inhibin Inhibin is a peptide hormone produced by ovarian granulosa cells that are made up of an alpha sub unit and Beta subunit.Inhibin are of two types - inhibin A and inhibin B.Both inhibin A and B can be elevated in granulosa cell tumours but inhibin B levels are usually elevated more.Typical cutoffs for normal inhibin levels in post- menopausal or oophorectomize women are :* Inhibin A -<= 5 ng/L * Inhibin B -<=15 ng/LInhibin may have an important role in the control of fertility both in the males and females.In females inhibin secretion suppresses FSH but stimulates LH secretion. Administration of inhibit mutationIt can also cause agglutination of sperm prevent cervical mucus penetration and interface with egg interaction | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Tumor Markers | Marker for granulosa cell tumor:
A. CA 19-9
B. CA 50
C. Inhibin
D. Teratoma
| Inhibin |
52de65be-fb41-4cef-9bc8-80cacfde86db | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Dorsolumbar spine Osteoporosis is an asymptomatic disorder unless complications (predominantly fractures) occur. Most common symptom of osteoporosis is back pain secondary to veebral compression fracture. Dorso-lumbar spine is the most frequent site. Other common sites of fracture are lower end radius (Colle's fracture) and fracture neck femur. Osteoporotic fracture (fragile fractures) are : (i) Fracture veebrae (most common), (ii) Colle's fracture, (iii) Fracture neck femur. Serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase are normal in osteoporosis. | Surgery | null | Most common site for the osteoporotic veebral fracture is ?
A. Dorsolumbar spine
B. Cervical spine
C. Lumbosacral spine
D. Dorsal spine
| Dorsolumbar spine |
4be31a0c-1f42-4c83-bb8a-36c3bc5bccdd | Imatinib,dasatinib, and nilotinib specifically inhibit BCR ABL tyrosine kinase activity and reduce the uncontrolled proliferation of white cells They are recommended as first line therapy in chronic phase CML,producing complete cytogenic response(disappearance of the Ph chromosome) Reference :Davidson&;s principles & practice of medicine 22nd edition pg no 1039 | Medicine | Haematology | 1930. The first-line drug therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia is -
A. Hydroxycarbamide
B. Alpha-interferon
C. Busulphan
D. Imatinib
| Imatinib |
8ed03fe7-2d0b-47e7-a762-46897bfae3dd | Ans. is 'c' i.e., 5 years Surveillance after treatment o Clinical surveillance of cases after completion of treatment is an impoant pa of the current recommendations for multidrug therapy. o It is essential for the assurance of long term success of treatment and for the early detection of any relapses. o The recommendations are - i) Paucibacillary leprosy clinical examination at least once a year for a minimum period of 2 years after completion of treatment. ii) Multibacillary leprosy clinical examination at least once a year for a minimum period of 5 years after completion of treatment. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | In multibacillary leprosy the follow up examination after adequate treatment should'be done yearly for -
A. 3 years
B. 2 years
C. 5 years
D. 10 years
| 5 years |
e57239d7-e24e-4e41-909b-a225067e3608 | Species Disease/Most affected Form/Transmission Diagnosis Treatment Trichuris trichiura WhipwormCecum, appendicitis, andrectal prolapse EggsIngested Barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs in stools Albendazole Ref: Ananthanarayana textbook of Microbiology 9th edition Pgno : 172-175 | Microbiology | parasitology | Whipworm among the following is
A. Enterobius vermicularis
B. Trichuris trichiura
C. Necator americanus
D. Strongyloides stercoralis
| Trichuris trichiura |
0dc8f9c5-c3e6-44cf-9c53-31671a03c3d6 | This patient is having MEN syndrome more specifically MEN type 2, which includes.
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid and
Pheochromocytoma
Headache and flushing are manifestation of pheochromocytonia which can be diagnosed by measuring catecholamine level in urine or blood | Surgery | null | A patient presented with headache and flushing He has a family history of his relative having died of a thyroid tumour. The investigation that would be required for this patient would be -
A. Chest X-ray
B. Measurement of 5 HIAA.
C. Measurement of catecholamine
D. Intravenous pyelography
| Measurement of catecholamine |
7b8db8a8-647a-4941-b002-597eca5ed0e7 | Cri du chat (named after cry of infant like that of a cat) syndrome occurs due to deletion of short arm of chromosome 5.
Mohan H. Textbook of pathology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2015. Edition 7. Page 254 | Pathology | null | Cri du chat syndrome involve:
A. Chromosome 13
B. Chromosome 18
C. Chromosome 22
D. Chromosome 5
| Chromosome 5 |
5858fe87-567f-4464-a2c0-89a382392256 | The empty sella syndrome is frequently encountered as the result of x-ray examination of the head for reasons other than suspected pituitary disease. It occurs commonly in obese multiparous women with hypeension. An incomplete diaphragm sella is thought to allow an arachnoid diveiculum containing cerebrospinal fluid to protrude into the sella, which in turn displaces and compresses the pituitary gland. Pituitary function remains intact, and no fuher workup is indicated unless there is clinical evidence of endocrine abnormalities. Occasionally hyperprolactinemia may occur as the result of stretching of the pituitary stalk or of a coincidental microprolactinoma | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | A 32-year-old woman is found to have an empty sella.Which is the most common endocrine evaluation you would expect to find in this patient?
A. Hyperprolactinemia
B. ACTH deficiency
C. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and hyposmia
D. No abnormalities
| No abnormalities |
5deba79b-45dc-4db2-930f-b97a4afc7c42 | Ans is 'b' i.e. Bullet not released on first fire but comes out with second bullet on second shot Tandem bullet (Piggey tail bullet)o It is called one-behind-other bullet because two bullets are ejected one after the other, when first bullet failed to leave the burrel and is ejected by subsequently fired bullet.o Therefore, both enter body through same entrance wound (sometimes, they may enter through different entries), but the wounds of exit are always two.About other optionso Bullet which left for long in the body - Souvenir bulleto Bullet that leaves a visible mark in path that a person can see - Tracer bulleto Bullet deviated from its path - Ricocheting of bullet | Forensic Medicine | Death and Investigations | Tandem bullet is?
A. Bullet which left for long in the body
B. Bullet not released on first fire but comes out with second bullet on second shot
C. Bullet that leaves a visible mark in path that a person can see
D. Bullet deviated from its path
| Bullet not released on first fire but comes out with second bullet on second shot |
97487b0a-ceeb-4aad-b893-5d8bf76407ff | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Levator palpebrae superioris Nerve supply of face Each half of the face is supplied by foueen nerves, one is motor and the rest are sensory. Motor supply is derived from facial (7") nerve which supplies all facial muscles except levator palpeprae sperioris, which is supplied by sympathetic fibers and 3rd cranial nerve. Eleven sensosry nerves are derived from branches of trigeminal (5th) nerve and only two sensory are derived from great auricular nerve and transverse (anterior) cutaneous nerve of neck. | Anatomy | null | Muscle of fascial expression, which is not supplied by facial nerve ?
A. Orbicularis oris
B. Orbicularis oculi
C. Frontalis
D. Levator palpebrae superioris
| Levator palpebrae superioris |
5ad32aae-7577-44de-a22c-cce41da422d4 | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Race Race determination of skeletonCephalic Index (Cl)Cephalic index is defined as the index of breadth of skull.Max. breadth of skull ,Cephalic index = ------------------------------------------------------100Max. AP length of skullBased of cephalic index races are clasified into following threeDolichocephalic (long headed) : Cephalic index is 70-75 and is a feature of Caucasions, Pure Aryan (Indians), Aborigines, and Negroes.Mesaticephalic (medium headed) : Cephalic index is 75-80 and is a feature of Europeans, and Chinese.Brachycephalic (short headed) : Cephalic index is more than 80 and is a feature of Mongolian.Brachial IndexBrachial index is defined asLength of radiusBrachial index = --------------------------------------- x 100Length of humerusBrachial index is 74.5 in Europeans and 78.5 in Negroes.C) Crural indexIt is defined asLength of tibiaCrural index = ------------------------------------ x 100Length of femurCrural index is 83.3 in Europeans and 86.2 in Negroes.Humero-femoral index (HF index)It is defined asLength of humerusHumero-femoral index = ------------------------------------------------- x 100Length of femurIt is 69 in Europeans and 72.4 in Negroes.Intermembrai indexIt isLength of radius + humerusIntermembrai index = ---------------------------------------------------------- 100Length of tibia + femurIt is almost same (70) in Europeans and Negroes.OrbitIt is square in Pure Aryans (Indians), Negroes, and Arborigines. It is triangular in Chinese and Europeans. It is 'rounded' in Mongols.Nasal openingIt is broad in Pure Aryans (Indians), Negroes, and Arborigines. it is narrow and elongated in Chinese and Europeans. It is 'rounded' in Mongols.PalatePalate is rectangular in Pure Aryans (Indians), Negroes, and Arborigines. It is triangular in Chinese and Europeans. It is rounded (or horse shoe shaped) in Mongols. | Forensic Medicine | Identification - Medicolegal aspects | Cephalic index is for determination of -
A. Sex
B. Race
C. Height
D. Weight
| Race |
9e67461a-6ce1-43c8-a87d-1cf5ace2b76a | A i.e. Ante-cubital vein In Fluorscein angiography for diagnosis of ophthalmological diseases dye is injected through Cubital VeinQ | Ophthalmology | null | Fluorescent dye for ophthalmological diagnosis is injected in:
A. Antecubital vein
B. Popliteal vein
C. Femoral vein
D. Subclan vein
| Antecubital vein |
4d4a763e-0d72-4a35-9df8-e6fb4a2d674f | Salt and pepper retinopathy: Fundoscopic examination reveals granular, pigmentary mottling in the macula and periphery, with punctuate hypopigmentation & hyperpigmentation Causes of Salt & Pepper retinopathy * Congenital Syphilllis * Rubella * Thioridazine *Birdshot chorioretinopathy * Stargardt (rarely) | Ophthalmology | Retina | Not a Cause of Salt & Pepper retinopathy
A. Congenital Syphilllis
B. Rubella
C. Thioridazine
D. Healed macular edema
| Healed macular edema |
e576c41b-5be8-4ba8-8bd8-54795c9bd970 | Treatment of Choice -Cricopharyngeal Myotomy + Diveiculoplexy (most common among elderly, diabetics for which Diveiculoplexy is a safer procedure) Other alternative procedures: - -Diveiculectomy (for larger diveicula's > 4cm) - Diveiculo-esophagostomy (aka Dohlman procedure) -performed endoscopically. | Surgery | Esophagus | Successful treatment of a Zenker diveiculum involves?
A. Diveiculopexy
B. Resection of the diveiculum
C. Either diveiculopexy or resection with cricopharyngeal myotomy
D. Observation
| Either diveiculopexy or resection with cricopharyngeal myotomy |
d2f21271-ac09-4379-96d2-47b52c9e7829 | POST MASTECTOMY PAIN
The breast, axilla and upper are innervated by a variety of nerves; the lateral cutaneous branch of T2 (intercostobrachial nerve), T3 and T4 provide innervation to the anterior chest wall and upper back, the torso and nipple.
Sympathetic innervation of the cutaneous structures of the breast is provided by the medial and lateral branches of the ventral ramus of 3rd to 6th intercostal nerves.
While both nociceptive pain (due to damage of muscles and ligaments) and neuropathic pain can occur after surgery for breast cancer, neuropathic pain is more likely to persist after wound healing has occurred.
Four pain syndromes have been distinguished
1. Phantom breast pain is a painful (often knife-like or shooting) sensation that the removed breast is still present.
2. Intercostobrachial neuralgia: usually known as post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMP). Consists of pain in the axilla, medial upper arm and anterior chest wall and is often caused by nerve damage during axillary node dissection
3. Neuroma pain: can occur from scars from either mastectomy or lumpectomy but is more common if surgery is followed by radiotherapy.
4. Other nerve injury pain: can occur even if the intercostobrachial nerve is spared and is more common in breast reconstruction and implants.
In Jung et also review, there were 21 studies with follow-up periods from 1-96 months (one study of 210 months), which revealed the following widely varying ranges of prevalence estimates:
Phantom breast pain 3-44 per cent
Intercostobrachial neuralgia (ICN) 16-39 per cent for all breast cancer surgery;
ICN in breast-conserving surgery 14-61 per cent
Neuroma pain 23-49 per cent. | Surgery | null | Pain along the medial aspect of the arm in a post-mastectomy patient is due to?
A. Phantom breast pain
B. Intercostobrachial neuralgia
C. Neuroma pain
D. Other nerve injury pain
| Intercostobrachial neuralgia |
f3306c88-eca4-4fc3-ae94-8d536d2464df | Hepatitis D virus is a defective virus with an RNA genome and a hepatitis B surface antigen envelope. Two types of HDV infection occur: simultaneous HDV and HBV infection, or HDV superinfection with chronic HBV infection. Diagnosis is made by demonstrating IgM or IgG antibodies, or both. | Microbiology | Virology | Hepatitis D virus (delta agent) is a defective virus that can replicate only in cells already infected with which of the following viruses?
A. Hepatitis A virus
B. Epstein-Barr virus
C. Hepatitis G virus
D. Hepatitis B virus
| Hepatitis B virus |
73642435-022f-4008-867c-22e392c5f126 | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Candidiasis Oral thrush Also called: oral candidiasis It is the fungal infection of the oral cavity. It is caused by candida albicans. It manifests as greyish white patches on the oral mucosa and tongue.\\When wiped off it leaves an erythematous mucosa. This is more common in infants and children. Adults suffering fro diabetes, malignancy, taking broad spectrum oral antibiotics, radiation, cytotoxic drugs or steroids can also be affected. It is treated by topical application of nystatin or clotrimazole. Chronic Hyperophic Candidiasis (Candidial Leukoplakia) Appears as a white patch in the oral cavity which cannot be wiped off. It mostly affects the anterior buccal mucosa just behind the angle of mouth. It is treated by excision of the lesion. | ENT | null | Another name for oral thrush is ?
A. Candidiasis
B. Herpangina
C. Vincent's infection
D. Hand foot and mouth disease
| Candidiasis |
1ca94792-d759-419e-9f12-a34bccab6fa1 | Answer is A (Imatinib) The drug of choice for drug treatment of CML is Imatinib mesylate. | Medicine | null | Drug of choice for treatment of CML is:
A. Imatinib
B. Hydroxyurea
C. IFN-Alfa
D. Infliximab
| Imatinib |
0205f07e-c9ea-41cf-840e-65b2e2ab8348 | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Streptomycin o Streptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic contraindicated in pregnancy due to risk of fetal ototoxicity. o Recommended treatment in pregnancy is (2HRZ + 4HR) for 6 months by WHO and British Thoracic Society. o Ethambutol can be added during late but not early pregnancy. o In India, treatment for pregnant women is 2HRE + 7 HR (Total 9 months). | Pharmacology | null | A 30 year old pregnant woman devolopes tuberculosis. Which of the following antitubercular drugs should not be used -
A. INH
B. Rifampicin
C. Streptomycin
D. Ethambutol
| Streptomycin |
e1c222cb-50f7-43d6-ad43-05a7013fa9d4 | c. Ostium primum atrial septal defect(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2189, Ghai 8/e p 413)Wide fixed splitting of S2 in association with ejection systolic murmur suggests the diagnosis of atrial septal defectThe presence of left axis deviation in A.S.D., suggests ostium primum type of defect. | Pediatrics | C.V.S. | A young female presents with history of dyspnea on exertion. On examination, she has wide, fixed split S2 with ejection systolic murmur (III/VI) in left second intercostal space. Her ECG shows left axis deviation. The most probable diagnosis is:
A. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage
B. Tricuspid atresia
C. Ostium primum atrial septal defect
D. Ventricular septal defect with pulmonary arterial hypertension
| Ostium primum atrial septal defect |
f766aafa-d46f-43e3-ae9d-eaf148f3b045 | Ans. is 'b' i.e., T12 L1 "The last of the dentate ligament lies between the exiting twelfth thoracic and first lumbar spinal nerves " -- Gray s Ligamentum denticulatumo Running longitudinally along each lateral margin of the spinal cord there is a thickening of piamater that projects laterally.o This thickening is the ligamentum denticulatum.o it lies midway between the lines along which ventral and dorsal nerve roots of spinal nerve emerge from the spinal cord.o A number of pointed projections extend laterally form this ligament: that is why it is called the ligamentum denticulatum. o In the vertical plane each projection lies in the interval between two spinal nerves.o it's pointed end passes through arachnoid mater to fuse with the dura matero In all the ligamentum denticulatum bears 21 projections.o The highest of these lies at the level of the foramen magnum (i.e., above the emergence of the first cervical nerve), o The lowest projection lies between spinal nerves T12 and L1.o The ligamentum denticulatum, helps to keep the spinal cord at the centre of the vertebral canal. | Anatomy | Misc. | Lowest projection of ligamentum denticulatum lies at which level -
A. T9 T10
B. T12 L1
C. S2 S3
D. S4 S4
| T12 L1 |
c8611e7e-3b34-41f4-8828-d1d6152d6cb1 | c. Strabismus and spastic diplegias(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2669-2773, Ghai 8/e p 516-521)The term endemic cretinism includes two different overlapping syndromes: Neurologic and Myxedematous.In Neurological Cretinism, there is goiter, but the child is euthyroid; Deaf mutism, squint and cerebral diplegia are usually present | Pediatrics | Endocrinology | Manifestations of endemic cretinism include:
A. Deafness and facial nerve involvement
B. Blindness and hypothyroidism
C. Strabismus and spastic diplegias
D. Multinodular goitre and mental retardation
| Strabismus and spastic diplegias |
10685f1c-caed-4641-85c4-8b3030df9185 | B: A spinal tap can determine if leukemia has infiltrated to the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).
A: A spinal tap can be done to rule out bacterial meningitis but this is not the reason for the test on a client with leukemia.
C&D: Spinal tap is not done to identify the classification of leukemia and to decrease intracranial pressure. | Pathology | null | Which of the following is the rationale to perform a spinal tap on a newly diagnosed client with leukemia?
A. To rule out bacterial meningitis
B. To check if leukemia has spread to the cerebral spinal fluid
C. To classify the type of leukemia
D. To lower the pressure in the brain
| To check if leukemia has spread to the cerebral spinal fluid |
a589dde8-a0de-4027-8e99-021821c4ecdf | Runt disease is graft versus host disease produced experimentally in Laboratory animals. | Microbiology | null | Runt disease is due to
A. Hypogammaglobulinemia
B. GVHD
C. Autoimmunity
D. Immunosuppression
| GVHD |
14770f5e-a613-41c0-b7f5-4f6aeb92a11e | Ans. is a i.e. Intracranial hemorrhage Intracraniai hemorrhage is the most common cause of fetal loss. occurs due to tear of tentorium cere.belli and falx cerebri. It is caused by traumatic delivery of the after coming head of breech or too rapid delivery of the soft head of a premature baby. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | Cause of death in breech delivery
A. lntracranial hemorrhage
B. Aspiration
C. Atlanto axial dislocation
D. Asphyxia
| lntracranial hemorrhage |
e4beebe4-4dc9-4e66-baa3-eaa106ff9b1d | harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. *all types of amyloid have affinity for Congo red stain and amyloid stains pink red in color. If the stained section is viewed in polarised light the amyloid shows apple green birefringence due to cross beta pleated sheet configuration of amyloid fibre | Pathology | General pathology | Which one of the following stains is specific for Amyloid?-
A. Periodic Acid schif (PAS)
B. Alzerian red
C. Congo red
D. Von - Kossa
| Congo red |
dad94696-9b1a-4c16-bda5-365747744bc4 | Parotid enlargement is seen in Heerfordt's syndrome or uveoparotid fever. | Medicine | null | Which one of the following is not a component of Lofgren's syndrome
A. Erythema nodosum
B. Uveitis
C. Peripheral arthropathy
D. Parotid enlargement
| Parotid enlargement |
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