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▁was ▁ordin arily ▁used ▁for ▁an ▁en list ed ▁soldier ▁of ▁Private ▁rank . ▁ ▁Gren ad ier / Sch üt ze / S old at / M atro se / F lie ger / San it äter ▁– ▁Private ▁( en list ed ▁personnel ) ▁ ▁For ▁additional ▁compar isons , ▁see ▁Compar ative ▁military ▁ranks ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁military ▁operations ▁The ▁German ▁term ▁for ▁" Operation " ▁is ▁Unternehmen , ▁literally ▁" undert aking ". ▁ ▁Ad ler ang rif fe ▁( E agle ▁Att ack ) ▁series ▁of ▁ra ids ▁against ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁( RA F ). ▁ ▁Ad l ert ag ▁– ▁E agle ▁Day ; ▁day ▁one ▁of ▁inten se ▁ra iding ▁against ▁R AF ▁ 1 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁known ▁as ▁Operation ▁E agle ▁Att ack ▁( post pon ed ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁August ). ▁ ▁Anton ▁– ▁occupation ▁of ▁V ich y ▁France , ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 2 ; ▁later ▁known ▁as ▁A til la . ▁ ▁A til la ▁– ▁occupation ▁of ▁V ich y ▁France , ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁( pre viously , ▁Anton ). ▁ ▁Auf bau ▁Ost ▁– ▁Eastern ▁Bu il dup ; ▁build - up ▁of ▁arms ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁ ▁Bar bar ossa ▁– ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁Bar bar ossa , ▁or ▁" Red ▁Be ard " ▁was |
▁the ▁nick name ▁for ▁Emperor ▁Frederick ▁I , ▁who ▁attempted ▁to ▁un ify ▁German ic ▁states ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Bern hard ▁– ▁scheme ▁to ▁counter fe it ▁British ▁bank ▁notes ▁and ▁put ▁them ▁into ▁circul ation ; ▁begun ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁B oden pl atte ▁– ▁Base ▁Pl ate ; ▁air ▁off ensive ▁against ▁Al lied ▁air fields ▁in ▁north - western ▁Europe , ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Day ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁E iche ▁– ▁Oak ; ▁mission ▁to ▁rescue ▁Ben ito ▁M uss ol ini ▁by ▁Fall sch irm j äger ▁led ▁by ▁Sk or zen y . ▁ ▁Eisen ham mer ▁– ▁Iron ▁Ham mer , ▁planned ▁strateg ic ▁bomb ing ▁ra id ▁on ▁Soviet ▁electric ▁power ▁generation ▁water ▁tur b ines , ▁potentially ▁knock ing ▁out ▁three - quarters ▁of ▁all ▁western ▁Soviet ▁elect rical ▁generation ▁capacity , ▁never ▁carried ▁out ▁ ▁Fall ▁Bla u ▁– ▁Case ▁Blue ; ▁summer ▁off ensive ▁in ▁Southern ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Fall ▁Gel b ▁– ▁Case ▁Y ellow ; ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁Belg ium ▁and ▁France . ▁ ▁Fall ▁Gr ün ▁– ▁Case ▁Green ; ▁intended ▁invasion ▁of ▁Czech oslov ak ia . ▁ ▁Fall ▁Rot ▁– ▁Case ▁Red ; ▁counter st rike ▁against ▁France ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁an ▁attack ▁from ▁the ▁West . ▁ ▁Fall ▁We iß ▁– ▁Case ▁White ; ▁invasion ▁of ▁Poland . ▁ ▁Felix ▁– ▁plan ▁to ▁capture ▁Gib ral tar ▁in |
▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁It ▁never ▁took ▁place . ▁ ▁F isch fang ▁– ▁Fish ▁T rap ; ▁counter att ack ▁on ▁the ▁Al lied ▁beach head ▁at ▁An z io ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁Gre if ▁– ▁Griff in ; ▁dro pping ▁of ▁English - spe aking ▁troops ▁we aring ▁American ▁uniform s ▁behind ▁the ▁Al lied ▁lines ▁in ▁the ▁Ar den nes , ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Bul ge . ▁ ▁Her bst ne bel ▁– ▁Aut umn ▁M ist ; ▁off ensive ▁in ▁the ▁Ar den nes , ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁Better ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Ar den nes . ▁ ▁Her k ules ▁– ▁project ed ▁invasion ▁of ▁Mal ta ▁by ▁Fall sch irm j äger ▁and ▁the ▁n avy . ▁Never ▁executed . ▁ ▁Kath rin ▁– ▁plan ▁to ▁help ▁the ▁Irish ▁Republican ▁Army ▁to ▁commit ▁terror ism ▁and ▁dis rupt ▁British ▁internal ▁security . ▁ ▁Mer kur ▁– ▁Mercur y ▁( the ▁planet ▁or ▁the ▁Roman ▁god , ▁not ▁the ▁metal ); ▁air bor ne ▁invasion ▁of ▁Cre te ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁Nord licht ▁– ▁Northern ▁L ights ; ▁attack ▁on ▁L ening rad ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁Nord wind ▁– ▁North ▁Wind ; ▁counter off ensive ▁in ▁Als ace ▁and ▁Lor raine ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Pan zer fa ust ▁– ▁Arm ored ▁F ist ; ▁the ▁October |
▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁mission ▁to ▁kid nap ▁Mik l ós ▁H orth y ▁Jr , ▁son ▁of ▁Hung arian ▁Reg ent ▁Admir al ▁Mik l ós ▁H orth y . ▁ ▁P au k ensch lag ▁– ▁Dr um roll ▁or ▁Dr um be at ; ▁off ensive ▁against ▁Al lied ▁sh ipping ▁in ▁US ▁and ▁Car ib bean ▁waters ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁Past or ius ▁– ▁U - bo at ▁operation ▁involving ▁U - 2 0 2 ▁and ▁U - 5 4 8 ▁setting ▁ 8 ▁agents ▁ash ore ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁Rein hard ▁– ▁cover name ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁process ▁of ▁building ▁ex termin ation ▁cam ps , ▁deport ation ▁of ▁Jews ▁first ▁to ▁gh ett os , ▁then ▁to ▁the ▁concentration ▁cam ps ▁for ▁ex termin ation ▁and ▁inc iner ation . ▁N amed ▁for ▁SD ▁chief ▁Rein hard ▁He yd rich . ▁ ▁Se el ö we ▁– ▁Sea ▁Lion ; ▁project ed ▁am ph ib ious ▁assault ▁on ▁Great ▁Britain ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 / 4 1 . ▁It ▁never ▁took ▁place . ▁ ▁Stein bo ck ▁– ▁the ▁German ▁Luft wa ffe ▁bom ber ▁off ensive ▁against ▁England ▁from ▁late ▁January ▁through ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁ ▁St ös ser ▁– ▁par ach ute ▁drop ▁on ▁evening ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 ; ▁purpose ▁was |
▁to ▁se ize ▁a ▁cross ro ads ▁for ▁K ampf gruppe ▁Pe i per ▁during ▁the ▁Germ ans ' ▁Ar den nes ▁Off ensive . ▁ ▁St raf gericht ▁– ▁" p un ishment " ▁air ▁attacks ▁on ▁Bel grade , ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁Ta if un ▁– ▁Ty ph oon ; ▁push ▁towards ▁Moscow ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁T ann en baum ▁– ▁" fir - tree "; ▁project ed ▁invasion ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁Never ▁carried ▁out . ▁ ▁T iger ▁– ▁advance ▁through ▁the ▁Mag in ot ▁Line ▁on ▁the ▁French ▁border ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁W acht ▁am ▁Rhein ▁– ▁" Gu ard ▁on ▁the ▁Rh ine "; ▁the ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁Ar den nes ▁off ensive , ▁known ▁by ▁Americans ▁as ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Bul ge . ▁ ▁Walk ü re ▁– ▁V alk y rie ▁Official ly ▁a ▁Reserve ▁Army ▁cont ing ency ▁plan ▁to ▁restore ▁law ▁and ▁order ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁a ▁dis ruption ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁Al lied ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁German ▁cities ▁caused ▁a ▁break down ▁in ▁law ▁and ▁order , ▁or ▁a ▁rising ▁by ▁the ▁millions ▁of ▁forced ▁labor ers ▁German ▁fact ories . ▁Was , ▁in ▁fact , ▁a ▁major ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁failed ▁July ▁ 2 0 ▁Plot ▁to ▁arrest ▁SS ▁and ▁other ▁Naz i ▁officials ▁and ▁se ize ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁government . ▁ ▁Wes |
er üb ung ▁– ▁Wes er ▁Ex erc ise ▁( comm only , ▁Water ▁Ex erc ise ); ▁invasion ▁of ▁Den mark ▁and ▁Norway , ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁ ▁Winter gew itter ▁– ▁Winter ▁G ale ; ▁un success ful ▁attempt ▁to ▁rel ieve ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Army ▁at ▁St aling rad ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁Z it ad elle ▁– ▁Cit adel ; ▁attack ▁on ▁Soviet ▁sal ient ▁at ▁Kur sk , ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁G loss ary ▁of ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁ ▁We imar ▁par amil it ary ▁groups ▁ ▁R anks ▁and ▁In sign ia ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Army ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁R anks ▁and ▁ins ign ia ▁of ▁the ▁Schutz st aff el ▁ ▁Compar ative ▁military ▁ranks ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁SS ▁personnel ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁General ▁references ▁ ▁Andrew , ▁Stephen ; ▁Thomas , ▁N ig el ; ▁The ▁German ▁Army ▁ 1 9 3 9 - 4 5 : ▁Bl itz krie g . ▁O sp rey ▁Publishing ▁L t ., ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁B id ermann , ▁Gott lob ▁Herbert . ▁In ▁Dead ly ▁Com bat : ▁A ▁German ▁Sold ier ' s ▁Mem oir ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Front . ▁Kansas , ▁University ▁Press ▁of ▁Kansas . ▁( 2 0 0 1 ): ▁. ▁▁▁ ▁R ott man , ▁Gordon ▁L . ▁" F UB AR : |
▁Sold ier ▁S lang ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ". ▁London , ▁O sp rey ▁Publishing . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ): ▁. ▁( Contains ▁German ▁sl ang ▁chapter .) ▁ ▁Sh ir er , ▁William ; ▁The ▁R ise ▁and ▁Fall ▁of ▁the ▁Third ▁Reich . ▁Simon ▁& ▁Sch uster . ▁( 1 9 9 0 ): ▁. ▁ ▁S ny der , ▁Louis ▁L . ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁the ▁Third ▁Reich . ▁London : ▁Robert ▁H ale , ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁▁ ▁Zent ner , ▁Christian ▁and ▁Fried emann ▁Bed ür ft ig ▁( 1 9 9 1 ). ▁The ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁the ▁Third ▁Reich . ▁Mac mill an , ▁New ▁York . ▁▁ ▁Germany ▁German ▁military ▁terms ▁Military ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁history ▁of ▁Germany ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : G erman ▁military - related ▁lists ▁German <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁( WD s ) ▁is ▁central ▁London ’ s ▁only ▁Army ▁Reserve ▁caval ry ▁sub unit . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ye oman ry ' s ▁six ▁squad rons , ▁the ▁squad ron ' s ▁current ▁role ▁is ▁light ▁caval ry : ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁rapidly ▁deploy able ▁force ▁with ▁fast ▁mob ility ▁and ▁substantial ▁fire power ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁operations . ▁Form ed ▁in ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁Ye oman ry , ▁the ▁W D s ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gal lip oli ▁and ▁led ▁British ▁forces |
▁onto ▁the ▁be aches ▁during ▁the ▁Norm andy ▁In vas ion ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁The ▁squad ron ▁most ▁recently ▁saw ▁action ▁on ▁Operation ▁Tel ic , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁mobil ised ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁war ▁in ▁Ira q ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁for ▁peace ▁support ▁operations ▁there . ▁Sold iers ▁and ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁squad ron ▁have ▁also ▁deployed ▁as ▁individual ▁rep lac ements ▁on ▁Operation ▁Her rick ▁in ▁Afghan istan ▁and ▁on ▁Operation ▁Cab rit ▁in ▁Poland . ▁ ▁P rec urs ors ▁ ▁The ▁regiment ▁was ▁first ▁rec ru ited ▁from ▁wealth y ▁mer ch ants ▁and ▁bank ers ▁as ▁the ▁London ▁and ▁West min ster ▁Light ▁Hor se ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁dis band ed ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 3 ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister , ▁William ▁Pitt ▁the ▁Young er , ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁English ▁Count ies ▁form ▁a ▁force ▁of ▁Vol unte er ▁Ye oman ▁Caval ry ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁called ▁on ▁by ▁the ▁King ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁country ▁against ▁invasion ▁or ▁by ▁the ▁Lord ▁Lieutenant ▁to ▁sub due ▁any ▁civil ▁dis order ▁within ▁the ▁country . ▁So ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁reform ed ▁again ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁The ▁regiment ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁West min ster ▁Vol unte er ▁Caval ry ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 7 . ▁and ▁bar ra cks ▁were ▁built ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁the ▁regiment ▁in ▁Gray ' s ▁Inn ▁Road |
▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 . ▁The ▁regiment ▁was ▁dis band ed ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 ▁and ▁the ▁bar ra cks ▁were ▁de comm ission ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 . ▁ ▁Imperial ▁Ye oman ry ▁Following ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁defe ats ▁during ▁Black ▁Week ▁in ▁early ▁December ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁the ▁British ▁government ▁real ised ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁need ▁more ▁troops ▁than ▁just ▁the ▁Reg ular ▁Army ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁December , ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁allow ▁volunte er ▁forces ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁was ▁made , ▁and ▁a ▁Royal ▁W arr ant ▁was ▁issued ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁December . ▁This ▁officially ▁created ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Ye oman ry ▁( I Y ). ▁The ▁force ▁was ▁organ ised ▁as ▁county ▁service ▁companies ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 1 1 5 ▁men ▁signed ▁up ▁for ▁one ▁year , ▁and ▁volunte ers ▁from ▁the ▁Ye oman ry ▁Caval ry ▁and ▁civ ili ans ▁( us ually ▁middle ▁and ▁upper ▁class ) ▁quickly ▁filled ▁the ▁new ▁force , ▁which ▁was ▁equ ipped ▁to ▁operate ▁as ▁Mount ed ▁inf antry ▁( see ▁drag oon ). ▁Second ▁and ▁third ▁cont ing ents ▁were ▁sent ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁years . ▁ ▁One ▁such ▁unit ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁( Met ropol itan ▁Mount ed ▁R if les ) ▁Battalion , ▁consisting ▁of ▁▁ 9 4 th , ▁ 9 5 th , ▁ 9 6 th ▁and ▁ 9 |
7 th ▁( Met ropol itan ▁Mount ed ▁R if les ) ▁Comp an ies ▁raised ▁in ▁London ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁cont ing ent ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁ 1 6 ▁new ▁I Y ▁reg iments ▁raised ▁from ▁veter ans ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁I Y ▁cont ing ent ▁returning ▁from ▁South ▁Africa ▁were ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁existing ▁Ye oman ry ▁Caval ry . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁Imperial ▁Ye oman ry ▁was ▁formed ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁with ▁four ▁squad rons ▁and ▁a ▁machine ▁gun ▁section , ▁perpet u ating ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁( Met ropol itan ▁Mount ed ▁R if les ) ▁Battalion . ▁Over ▁ 8 0 0 ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ▁served ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁and ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Battle ▁Hon our ▁South ▁Africa ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁On ▁ 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁West min ster ▁Council ▁granted ▁permission ▁for ▁the ▁regiment ▁to ▁adopt ▁the ▁sub title ▁' ( West min ster ▁Drag o ons )' ▁( to ▁perpet uate ▁the ▁ 1 7 7 9 - 1 8 2 9 ▁units ) ▁and ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁city ' s ▁coat - of - ar ms ▁as ▁its ▁cap ▁bad ge . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁start ▁it ▁was ▁smart ▁regiment ▁filled ▁with ▁wealth y ▁gentlemen ▁from ▁the ▁City ▁and ▁the ▁West ▁End . ▁Their ▁attitude |
▁and ▁att ire ▁was ▁such ▁that , ▁as ▁they ▁strutt ed ▁across ▁West ▁London , ▁members ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁' P ic c ad illy ▁Pe ac ock s '. ▁Several ▁of ▁the ▁unit ' s ▁first ▁officers ▁were ▁former ▁officers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁The ▁Royal ▁Drag o ons , ▁for er unn ers ▁of ▁the ▁Blues ▁and ▁Roy als ; ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁tro op ▁leaders ▁was ▁Raj ▁Raj endra ▁Nar ay an , ▁Mah ar aj ▁K umar ▁( Pr ince ) ▁of ▁Co och ▁Be har . ▁They ▁brought ▁with ▁them ▁the ▁Roy als ' ▁pre - W ater lo o ▁cap ▁bad ge , ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁adopted ▁by ▁Col on els ▁and ▁Brig ad iers ▁of ▁the ▁staff , ▁which ▁is ▁why , ▁until ▁a ▁common ▁Royal ▁Ye oman ry ▁cap bad ge ▁was ▁adopted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁young ▁W D ▁officers ▁often ▁found ▁themselves ▁am used ▁at ▁being ▁sal uted ▁by ▁officers ▁of ▁higher ▁rank . ▁The ▁W D ▁stable ▁bel t ▁( w orn ▁in ▁bar ra cks ) ▁be ars ▁the ▁Royal ▁racing ▁colours ▁– ▁the ▁imperial ▁h ues ▁of ▁pur ple , ▁gold ▁and ▁scar let ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁personal ▁friendship ▁of ▁its ▁first ▁command ing ▁officer , ▁Colonel ▁Charles ▁R osed ew ▁Burn , ▁with ▁King ▁Edward ▁VII , ▁whose ▁A ide - de - camp ▁Burn ▁had ▁been ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales . ▁▁ ▁As ▁an ▁urban ▁regiment , ▁the |
▁ye omen ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁supply ▁their ▁own ▁horses , ▁so ▁the ▁senior ▁West min ster ▁officers ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁their ▁links ▁to ▁the ▁highest ▁ranks ▁of ▁Society ▁to ▁borrow ▁mount s ▁from ▁the ▁House hold ▁Caval ry ▁for ▁summer ▁training ▁cam ps . ▁Later ▁horses ▁were ▁h ired . ▁Even ▁at ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁W D s ▁were ▁at ▁the ▁fore front ▁of ▁using ▁new ▁equipment , ▁being ▁the ▁second ▁unit ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁army ▁after ▁the ▁West mor land ▁and ▁C umber land ▁Ye oman ry ▁to ▁be ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁mobile ▁wireless . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁Lord ▁Howard ▁de ▁Wal den ▁presented ▁two ▁Mar con i ▁pack ▁sets ▁to ▁the ▁regiment . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁the ▁regiment al ▁headquarters ▁( R H Q ) ▁was ▁at ▁ 1 0 2 ▁Victoria ▁Street , ▁but ▁by ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁it ▁had ▁moved ▁to ▁ 1 ▁El ver ton ▁Street , ▁West min ster . ▁ ▁Territ orial ▁Force ▁When ▁the ▁I Y ▁were ▁sub sum ed ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁Territ orial ▁Force ▁( TF ) ▁under ▁the ▁H ald ane ▁Re forms ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁the ▁regiment ▁simply ▁dropped ▁' Im per ial ' ▁from ▁its ▁title . ▁It ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁London ▁Mount ed ▁Brigade ▁for ▁training , ▁but ▁was ▁otherwise ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁London ▁District . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁ ▁M obil isation ▁The ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ' |
▁summer ▁camp ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁was ▁at ▁G oring - on - Th ames . ▁It ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁July , ▁but ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁re called ▁to ▁West min ster ▁when ▁mobil isation ▁orders ▁arrived ▁on ▁ 5 ▁August . ▁The ▁regiment ▁re organ ised ▁on ▁the ▁three - s quad ron ▁basis ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Reg ular ▁caval ry ▁and ▁purchased ▁horses . ▁ ▁In ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁Territ orial ▁and ▁Reserve ▁Forces ▁Act ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁( 7 ▁Ed w . ▁ 7 , ▁c . 9 ), ▁which ▁brought ▁the ▁Territ orial ▁Force ▁into ▁being , ▁the ▁T F ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁home ▁defence ▁force ▁for ▁service ▁during ▁w art ime ▁and ▁members ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁comp elled ▁to ▁serve ▁outside ▁the ▁country . ▁However , ▁on ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁war ▁on ▁ 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁many ▁members ▁volunte ered ▁for ▁Imperial ▁Service . ▁Therefore , ▁T F ▁units ▁were ▁split ▁in ▁August ▁and ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁into ▁ 1 st ▁Line ▁( li able ▁for ▁over se as ▁service ) ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁Line ▁( home ▁service ▁for ▁those ▁unable ▁or ▁unw illing ▁to ▁serve ▁over se as ) ▁units . ▁Later , ▁a ▁ 3 rd ▁Line ▁was ▁formed ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁reserve , ▁providing ▁trained ▁rep lac ements ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁Line ▁reg iments . ▁▁ 1 / 2 |
nd ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁Ye oman ry ▁ ▁Egypt ▁The ▁regiment ▁sa iled ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁for ▁Egypt , ▁thereby ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Ye oman ry ▁reg iments ▁to ▁go ▁over se as ▁on ▁active ▁service . ▁It ▁arrived ▁at ▁Alexand ria ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁rel ieve ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Drag oon ▁Gu ards ▁as ▁the ▁C airo ▁G arrison ▁caval ry ▁regiment . ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁it ▁joined ▁the ▁ 1 / 1 st ▁H ert ford shire ▁Ye oman ry ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁Ye oman ry ▁Mount ed ▁Brigade . ▁The ▁regiment ▁carried ▁out ▁security ▁and ▁esc ort ▁duties ▁in ▁C airo ▁and ▁pat rol s ▁on ▁the ▁fr inge ▁of ▁the ▁S ina i ▁Des ert ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁S uez ▁Canal . ▁ ▁The ▁brig ade ▁joined ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Mount ed ▁Division ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁August ▁and ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁( Y e oman ry ) ▁Mount ed ▁Brigade . ▁It ▁was ▁dis mount ed ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Gal lip oli ▁Camp aign , ▁leaving ▁a ▁squad ron ▁H Q ▁and ▁two ▁troops ▁( about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁officers ▁and ▁men ) ▁in ▁Egypt ▁to ▁look ▁after ▁the ▁horses . ▁ ▁Gal lip oli ▁ ▁The ▁regiment ▁sa iled ▁from ▁Alexand ria ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁August , ▁arriv ing ▁at ▁M ud ros ▁on ▁ 1 7 |
▁August . ▁It ▁land ed ▁at ▁" A " ▁Beach , ▁Su v la ▁Bay ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁and ▁moved ▁into ▁reserve ▁positions ▁at ▁L ala ▁B aba ▁on ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁August . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁August , ▁it ▁advanced ▁to ▁Ch oc olate ▁Hill ▁and ▁was ▁in ▁reserve ▁for ▁the ▁attacks ▁on ▁Sc im itar ▁Hill ▁and ▁Hill ▁ 1 1 2 . ▁Due ▁to ▁losses ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Sc im itar ▁Hill ▁and ▁was t age ▁during ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Mount ed ▁Division ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁re organ ised . ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Compos ite ▁Mount ed ▁Brigade ▁was ▁formed ▁from ▁ 1 st ▁( 1 st ▁South ▁Mid land ), ▁ 2 nd ▁( 2 nd ▁South ▁Mid land ) ▁and ▁ 5 th ▁( Y e oman ry ) ▁Mount ed ▁Brig ades . ▁ ▁Each ▁dis mount ed ▁brig ade ▁formed ▁a ▁batt alion ▁s ized ▁unit , ▁hence ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁am alg am ated ▁with ▁the ▁H ert ford shire ▁Ye oman ry ▁to ▁form ▁ 5 th ▁Ye oman ry ▁Regiment . ▁ ▁Western ▁Front ier ▁ 5 th ▁Ye oman ry ▁Regiment ▁left ▁Su v la ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁for ▁M ud ros . ▁It ▁left ▁M ud ros ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November , ▁arrived ▁at ▁Alexand ria ▁on ▁ |
1 ▁December ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁M ena ▁Camp , ▁C airo . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁left ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Mount ed ▁Division ▁on ▁ 7 ▁December , ▁was ▁reform ed ▁and ▁rem ount ed , ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ier ▁Force . ▁The ▁Ye oman ry ▁Mount ed ▁Brigade ▁was ▁broken ▁up ▁by ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁and ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Mount ed ▁Brigade , ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ier ▁Force . ▁▁ ▁The ▁regiment ▁was ▁split ▁up ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 : ▁ ▁R H Q , ▁C ▁Squadron ▁and ▁the ▁Machine ▁Gun ▁Section ▁were ▁on ▁the ▁Northern ▁Section ▁of ▁the ▁S uez ▁Canal ▁Def ences ▁ ▁A ▁Squadron ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁ 5 3 rd ▁( Wel sh ) ▁Division ▁from ▁ 1 4 ▁January ▁to ▁ 1 4 ▁February ▁then ▁with ▁ 7 4 th ▁( Y e oman ry ) ▁Division ▁from ▁ 5 ▁April ▁to ▁ 2 3 ▁August ▁ ▁B ▁Squadron ▁acted ▁as ▁the ▁dep ot ▁squad ron ▁at ▁Zeit oun , ▁C airo ▁from ▁ 1 7 ▁January ▁to ▁ 2 3 ▁August ▁ ▁Palest ine ▁The ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁now ▁joined ▁the ▁Egypt ian ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Force ▁( EE F ) ▁for ▁the ▁S ina i ▁and ▁Palest ine ▁campaign . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁concentr ated ▁and ▁formed ▁XX ▁Corps ▁Caval ry ▁Regiment . |
▁The ▁W D s ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁fier ce ▁fighting , ▁both ▁mounted ▁and ▁dis mount ed . ▁Early ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁the ▁regiment ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁Be ers he ba . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁phase ▁it ▁held ▁a ▁position ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁fl ank ▁of ▁XX ▁Corps ▁under ▁sh rap nel ▁and ▁machine ▁gun ▁fire . ▁A ▁and ▁B ▁Squad rons ▁fired ▁inter mitt ent ▁burst s ▁of ▁rif le ▁and ▁Hot chk iss ▁machine ▁gun ▁fire , ▁but ▁expected ▁a ▁counter - att ack . ▁The ▁inf antry ▁attacked ▁at ▁ 1 2 . 1 5 ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁phase , ▁and ▁the ▁Tur ks ▁began ▁ret iring ▁from ▁their ▁central ▁position . ▁At ▁ 1 4 . 0 0 ▁the ▁W D ▁moved ▁out ▁in ▁mounted ▁purs uit ▁but ▁were ▁held ▁up ▁after ▁about ▁a ▁mile ▁by ▁heavy ▁sh rap nel ▁and ▁machine ▁gun ▁fire . ▁At ▁ 1 6 . 3 0 ▁the ▁enemy ▁retired . ▁The ▁W D ' s ▁cas ual ties ▁amount ed ▁to ▁one ▁other ▁rank ▁( OR ) ▁and ▁two ▁horses ▁killed , ▁one ▁officer , ▁ 1 6 ▁OR s ▁and ▁several ▁horses ▁wounded ; ▁the ▁eng agement ▁resulted ▁in ▁awards ▁of ▁one ▁Military ▁Cross ▁( MC ) ▁and ▁three ▁Military ▁Medal ▁( MM ) ▁to ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁regiment . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Be ers he ba , ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁briefly ▁split ▁with ▁C ▁S q n ▁covering ▁the ▁advance ▁of ▁ 5 3 |
rd ▁( Wel sh ) ▁Division ▁and ▁A ▁& ▁B ▁S q ns ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁Australian ▁Mount ed ▁Division ▁operating ▁between ▁Be ers he ba ▁and ▁Gaz a . ▁It ▁came ▁back ▁under ▁XX ▁Corps ▁in ▁November . ▁A ▁Squadron ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁formed ▁body ▁of ▁troops ▁to ▁enter ▁Jerusalem ▁after ▁the ▁city ▁had ▁been ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁two ▁ser ge ants ▁of ▁ 2 / 1 9 th ▁Battalion , ▁London ▁Regiment , ▁and ▁the ▁regiment ▁be ars ▁the ▁liber ation ▁of ▁that ▁city ▁as ▁a ▁battle ▁honour . ▁ ▁All ▁squad rons ▁were ▁then ▁with dra wn ▁for ▁security ▁duties ▁at ▁Beth le hem , ▁then ▁operated ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁fl ank ▁of ▁the ▁army , ▁where ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁December ▁C ▁S q n ▁rep uls ed ▁a ▁serious ▁attempt ▁by ▁the ▁Tur ks ▁from ▁De ir ▁I bn ▁O be id ▁to ▁re capt ure ▁Jerusalem . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁E EF ▁res umed ▁its ▁advance ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁the ▁W D ▁advanced ▁ 1 0 ▁miles ▁beyond ▁Jerusalem , ▁but ▁the ▁German ▁Spring ▁Off ensive ▁led ▁to ▁an ▁ur gent ▁call ▁for ▁troops ▁to ▁be ▁sent ▁from ▁the ▁E EF ▁to ▁rein force ▁the ▁British ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Force ▁( BE F ), ▁and ▁nine ▁Ye oman ry ▁reg iments ▁were ▁hurried ly ▁converted ▁to ▁the ▁machine ▁gun ▁role . ▁ ▁Western ▁Front ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁the ▁regiment ▁left ▁XX ▁Corps ▁and ▁was ▁reform ed |
▁as ▁F ▁Battalion , ▁Machine ▁Gun ▁Corps . ▁F ▁Battalion , ▁M GC ▁was ▁posted ▁to ▁France , ▁arriv ing ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁it ▁was ▁ren umber ed ▁as ▁ 1 0 4 th ▁( West min ster ▁Drag o ons ) ▁Battalion , ▁Machine ▁Gun ▁Corps . ▁It ▁remained ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁At ▁the ▁Arm ist ice , ▁it ▁was ▁serving ▁as ▁Army ▁Tro ops ▁with ▁the ▁Second ▁Army . ▁▁ 2 / 2 nd ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁Ye oman ry ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Line ▁regiment ▁was ▁formed ▁at ▁West min ster ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁Early ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁it ▁went ▁to ▁Fel th am ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁to ▁Har low . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁three ▁versions ▁of ▁its ▁subsequent ▁history : ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁Battle ▁of ▁Div isions ▁Part ▁ 2 A . ▁The ▁Territ orial ▁Force ▁Mount ed ▁Div isions ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st - Line ▁Territ orial ▁Force ▁Div isions ▁( 4 2 - 5 6 ) ▁says ▁that ▁the ▁regiment ▁joined ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁( 2 / 2 nd ▁London ) ▁Division ▁at ▁Har low ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁transferred ▁to ▁ 6 1 st ▁( 2 nd ▁South ▁Mid land ) ▁Division ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 |
1 6 ▁until ▁February ▁when ▁the ▁division ▁moved ▁to ▁W ilt shire . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁February , ▁it ▁joined ▁ 5 9 th ▁( 2 nd ▁North ▁Mid land ) ▁Division ▁and ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁division ▁until ▁April . ▁ ▁the ▁official ▁Command ers ▁Home ▁Forces ▁shows ▁the ▁regiment ▁with ▁the ▁ 5 8 th ▁Division ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁then ▁listed ▁as ▁over se as ▁up ▁to ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁as ▁with ▁the ▁T ank ▁Corps . ▁ ▁the ▁regiment al ▁history , ▁ 2 nd ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁( West min ster ▁Drag o ons ) ▁Ye oman ry : ▁The ▁First ▁Tw enty ▁Years ▁says ▁that ▁the ▁regiment ▁went ▁to ▁France , ▁dis mount ed , ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁for ▁guard ▁duties . ▁It ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁W ool ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁ranks ▁were ▁posted ▁to ▁the ▁inf antry ▁and ▁the ▁officers ▁and ▁senior ▁N CO s ▁joined ▁the ▁T ank ▁Corps . ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁battle ▁hon ours ▁to ▁support ▁over se as ▁service ▁in ▁France . ▁It ▁appears ▁that ▁the ▁unit ▁was ▁absor bed ▁into ▁the ▁T ank ▁Corps . ▁▁ 3 / 2 nd ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁Ye oman ry ▁The ▁ 3 rd ▁Line ▁regiment ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁was ▁affili |
ated ▁to ▁a ▁Reserve ▁Caval ry ▁Regiment ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Command . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁it ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁Reserve ▁Caval ry ▁Regiment ▁at ▁The ▁Cur rag h ▁and ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁it ▁was ▁absor bed ▁into ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Reserve ▁Caval ry ▁Regiment ▁at ▁Ald ers hot . ▁ ▁Inter war ▁After ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁the ▁W D s ▁once ▁again ▁emb rac ed ▁new ▁technology , ▁making ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁arm oured ▁car ▁unit ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁many ▁ye oman ry ▁units ▁were ▁determined ▁to ▁remain ▁mounted . ▁The ▁decision ▁to ▁accept ▁immediate ▁conversion ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁its ▁then ▁command ing ▁officer , ▁Lord ▁Howard ▁de ▁Wal den . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁the ▁regiment ▁reform ed ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁ 4 th ▁Arm oured ▁Car ▁Company ▁( West min ster ▁Drag o ons ), ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁quickly ▁changed ▁to ▁ 2 2 nd ▁( Lond on ) ▁Arm oured ▁Car ▁Company ▁( West min ster ▁Drag o ons ), ▁T ank ▁Corps ▁in ▁the ▁ret itled ▁Territ orial ▁Army ▁( TA ), ▁thus ▁forming ▁its ▁link ▁with ▁the ▁T ank ▁Corps ▁( Ro yal ▁T ank ▁Corps ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁and ▁ ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁( R TR ) ▁from ▁ 1 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 9 ). ▁ ▁The ▁arm oured ▁car ▁company ▁was ▁expanded ▁to |
▁a ▁full ▁batt alion ▁( 2 2 nd ▁( West min ster ▁Drag o ons ) ▁Battalion , ▁R TR ) ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁Officer ▁Training ▁On ▁mobil isation ▁at ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁the ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁became ▁an ▁Officer ▁Cad et ▁Training ▁Unit , ▁with ▁over ▁ 9 0 ▁per ▁cent ▁of ▁pre - war ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁gain ing ▁their ▁comm issions ▁and ▁transfer ring ▁into ▁units ▁throughout ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁before ▁the ▁Regiment ▁revert ed ▁to ▁an ▁arm oured ▁role ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁Among ▁them ▁was ▁Captain ▁Philip ▁John ▁Gard ner ▁V C ▁MC , ▁who ▁had ▁joined ▁as ▁a ▁tro oper ▁before ▁the ▁war , ▁commission ed ▁and ▁then ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁R TR , ▁going ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁for ▁saving ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁a ▁badly ▁wounded ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Drag oon ▁Gu ards ▁whose ▁arm oured ▁car ▁was ▁out ▁of ▁action ▁and ▁under ▁heavy ▁fire . ▁ ▁Special ist ▁arm our ▁ ▁The ▁regiment ▁reg ained ▁its ▁combat ▁status ▁in ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁ 2 nd ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁Ye oman ry ▁( West min ster ▁Drag o ons ) ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Arm oured ▁Corps ▁( R AC ) ▁– ▁always ▁known ▁as ▁simply ▁the ▁West min ster ▁Drag |
o ons . ▁The ▁regiment ▁joined ▁the ▁newly - formed ▁ 3 0 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁in ▁ 1 1 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁on ▁ 8 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁the ▁brig ade ▁transferred ▁to ▁ 4 2 nd ▁Arm oured ▁Division , ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁to ▁ 7 9 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁under ▁Major - General ▁Per cy ▁Hob art . ▁This ▁division ▁was ▁equ ipping ▁with ▁special ist ▁arm our ▁(' H ob art ' s ▁F unn ies ') ▁for ▁the ▁planned ▁Al lied ▁invasion ▁of ▁Norm andy ▁( Operation ▁Over l ord ), ▁and ▁ 3 0 th ▁Arm oured ▁became ▁the ▁F la il ▁tank ▁brig ade ▁of ▁the ▁division . ▁ ▁The ▁Germ ans ▁plant ed ▁over ▁four ▁million ▁mines ▁along ▁the ▁French ▁coast ▁to ▁h inder ▁the ▁Al lied ▁land ings ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁To ▁break ▁through ▁these ▁def ences ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Norm andy ▁In vas ion , ▁the ▁British ▁produced ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁novel ▁arm oured ▁fighting ▁vehicles ▁under ▁Hob art ' s ▁ingen ious ▁direction , ▁including ▁the ▁Sh erman ▁C rab . ▁The ▁C rab ▁bore ▁a ▁rot ating ▁drum ▁with ▁do z ens ▁of ▁ch ains ▁attached ; ▁these ▁det on ated ▁mines ▁in ▁its ▁path ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁be aten ▁passage ▁through ▁the ▁thick est ▁of ▁mine fields . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ |
1 9 4 4 , ▁then ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁L t - Col ▁W . Y . K . ▁Bla ir - O li ph ant , ▁ ▁the ▁regiment ▁moved ▁to ▁Thor pen ess ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁to ▁begin ▁fla il ▁training , ▁though ▁no ▁fla il ▁t anks ▁had ▁yet ▁arrived . ▁In ▁the ▁meant ime ▁it ▁received ▁a ▁draft ▁of ▁men ▁who ▁had ▁experience ▁with ▁the ▁Sc orp ion ▁fla il , ▁and ▁some ▁t anks ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁anti - mine ▁roll ers . ▁By ▁February ▁the ▁regiment ▁had ▁a ▁mixed ▁ro ster ▁of ▁t anks ▁for ▁training : ▁ 1 9 ▁Sh erman ▁V , ▁ 1 7 ▁Cent aur ▁ 1 , ▁ 4 ▁C rom well , ▁ 6 ▁Valent ine ▁II ▁Sc orp ions , ▁but ▁only ▁ 3 ▁of ▁the ▁Sh erman ▁C rab s ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁take ▁into ▁action . ▁The ▁slow , ▁unsafe ▁Sc orp ions ▁were ▁too ▁unlike ▁the ▁C rab ▁to ▁be ▁much ▁use ▁for ▁training . ▁The ▁regiment ▁pract ised ▁driving ▁on ▁and ▁off ▁a ▁concrete ▁mock - up ▁of ▁a ▁tank ▁landing ▁craft ▁( L CT ), ▁the ▁entrance ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁ ▁only ▁ ▁wider ▁than ▁the ▁rot or ▁of ▁the ▁C rab . ▁It ▁also ▁pract ised ▁indirect ▁gun fire ▁techniques ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁For ward ▁Observ ation ▁Officer ▁( FO O ). ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁the ▁regiment ▁received ▁its ▁orders ▁to ▁mobil ise , ▁and ▁training ▁intens ified . ▁The ▁last ▁major |
▁exercise ▁(' F ab ius ') ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁early ▁May , ▁but ▁there ▁were ▁still ▁too ▁few ▁C rab s : ▁the ▁regiment ▁collected ▁more ▁Sh erman ▁V ▁' Qu ick ▁Fix ' ▁gun ▁t anks ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁fitted ▁as ▁' p il ot ' ▁roll er ▁t anks , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁these ▁were ▁used ▁as ▁command ▁t anks . ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁month ▁the ▁regiment ▁concentr ated ▁in ▁camp ▁at ▁St ans wood ▁in ▁Ham pshire , ▁ready ▁to ▁emb ark ▁for ▁Norm andy ▁with ▁ 5 6 ▁C rab s , ▁ 2 6 ▁Sh erm ans , ▁ 3 ▁Arm oured ▁recovery ▁vehicles ▁( AR V s ) ▁and ▁ 1 3 ▁Sc out ▁cars ; ▁it ▁still ▁had ▁ 6 ▁Sc orp ions ▁on ▁charge , ▁but ▁these ▁were ▁left ▁behind , ▁as ▁were ▁the ▁' R oll ers '. ▁ ▁D ▁Day ▁For ▁the ▁assault ▁land ings ▁the ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁ 5 0 th ▁( N orth umb rian ) ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁on ▁Gold ▁Beach , ▁with ▁A ▁Squadron ▁det ached ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁ 2 2 nd ▁Drag o ons ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁ 3 rd ▁Canadian ▁Division ▁on ▁Jun o ▁Beach ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁British ▁Division ▁on ▁S word ▁Beach . ▁The ▁C rab s ▁were ▁to ▁form ▁composite ▁bre aching ▁teams ▁with ▁Arm oured ▁Ve h icle ▁Royal ▁Engine ers ▁( AV RE s ) ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁variety ▁of |
▁devices ▁to ▁make ▁lan es ▁through ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁beach ▁def ences . ▁These ▁teams ▁had ▁trained ▁together ▁at ▁St ans wood ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 6 ▁June , ▁D ▁Day , ▁they ▁were ▁deployed ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁Part ▁of ▁A ▁S q n , ▁W D , ▁and ▁ 8 0 ▁S q n , ▁ 5 ▁Ass ault ▁Regiment , ▁Royal ▁Engine ers ▁( RE )) ▁with ▁ 8 ▁Canadian ▁Brigade ▁( N an ▁Beach ) ▁ ▁W ▁and ▁Y ▁Bre aching ▁S q ns ▁( 1 3 ▁C rab s ▁of ▁B ▁S q n , ▁W D , ▁and ▁ 8 2 ▁S q n , ▁ 6 ▁Ass ault ▁Regiment , ▁RE ) ▁with ▁ 2 3 1 ▁B de ▁( J ig ▁Beach ) ▁ ▁X ▁and ▁Z ▁Bre aching ▁S q ns ▁( 1 3 ▁C rab s ▁of ▁C ▁S q n , ▁W D , ▁and ▁ 8 1 ▁S q n , ▁ 6 ▁Ass ault ▁Regiment , ▁RE ) ▁with ▁ 6 9 ▁B de ▁( K ing ▁Beach ) ▁ ▁The ▁L CT s ▁were ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁preced ed ▁by ▁Sh erman ▁D D ▁' sw imming ' ▁t anks , ▁but ▁in ▁Gold ▁sector ▁the ▁sur f ▁was ▁too ▁bad ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁launched , ▁so ▁the ▁bre aching ▁teams ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁vehicles ▁ash ore ▁at ▁H - H our ▁( 0 7 . 2 5 ). ▁They ▁then ▁got ▁to ▁work . |
▁For ▁example , ▁L t ▁Pear ▁leading ▁two ▁C rab s ▁with ▁No ▁ 1 ▁Bre aching ▁Team ▁of ▁X ▁Bre aching ▁S q n ▁drove ▁off ▁the ▁L CT ▁and ▁w aded ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁beach , ▁where ▁his ▁rear ▁tank ▁got ▁bog ged ▁in ▁cl ay . ▁Pear ▁fla iled ▁a ▁l ane ▁across ▁the ▁beach ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁later al ▁road ▁and ▁turned ▁left ▁as ▁planned . ▁His ▁role ▁now ▁was ▁to ▁remain ▁in ▁reserve , ▁giving ▁covering ▁fire . ▁However , ▁the ▁team ▁at ▁No ▁ 3 ▁Lane ▁had ▁failed , ▁and ▁Pear ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁carry ▁on ▁in land . ▁He ▁crossed ▁a ▁stream ▁and ▁an ▁anti - t ank ▁d itch , ▁finding ▁to ▁his ▁surprise ▁that ▁the ▁brid ges ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁blow n ▁by ▁the ▁enemy . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁stopped ▁by ▁a ▁large ▁cr ater ▁( pro bably ▁from ▁a ▁British ▁shell ▁or ▁bomb ), ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁quickly ▁brid ged ▁by ▁an ▁AV RE ▁and ▁Pear ▁continued ▁to ▁fla il ▁a ▁l ane ▁up ▁the ▁hill ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁D D ▁t anks ▁go ▁move ▁in land . ▁No ▁ 2 ▁Team ▁was ▁held ▁up ▁beyond ▁the ▁later al ▁road ▁by ▁bog gy ▁ground ▁and ▁cr aters , ▁despite ▁making ▁a ▁' s port ing ▁effort ▁to ▁get ▁past '. ▁Both ▁C rab s ▁of ▁No ▁ 3 ▁Team ▁got ▁to ▁the ▁beach ▁but ▁were ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁rot or ▁by ▁a ▁German ▁ 8 8 ▁mm ▁gun ▁on ▁the ▁sea ▁wall ▁at |
▁La ▁Riv ière . ▁The ▁squad ron ▁commander ▁ordered ▁the ▁AV RE ▁brid gel ayer ▁to ▁reverse ▁and ▁go ▁to ▁help ▁No ▁ 2 ▁Team . ▁ ▁In ▁Z ▁Br id ging ▁S q n , ▁Captain ▁Roger ▁Bell , ▁leading ▁No ▁ 6 ▁Bre aching ▁Team , ▁suffered ▁a ▁bur nt - out ▁st arter ▁motor , ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁to wed ▁off ▁the ▁L CT ▁by ▁an ▁AV RE ▁and ▁was ▁late ▁on ▁the ▁beach . ▁He ▁saw ▁an ▁AV RE ▁hit ▁by ▁the ▁troubles ome ▁' 8 8 ' ▁at ▁La ▁Riv ière , ▁so ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁position ▁where ▁he ▁could ▁eng age ▁it , ▁and ▁destroyed ▁the ▁gun . ▁Bell ▁then ▁began ▁fla iling ▁a ▁l ane ▁across ▁the ▁beach , ▁but ▁got ▁bog ged ▁just ▁as ▁he ▁crossed ▁the ▁later al ▁road . ▁Corpor al ▁Thor pe ▁took ▁over , ▁but ▁had ▁a ▁track ▁blow n ▁off ▁by ▁a ▁mine . ▁Bell ' s ▁C rab ▁was ▁then ▁to wed ▁out ▁by ▁an ▁AV RE ▁that ▁dropped ▁its ▁F asc ine ▁into ▁the ▁bog ▁by ▁the ▁road , ▁and ▁Bell ▁proceeded ▁up ▁the ▁road . ▁The ▁C rab s ▁of ▁N os ▁ 4 ▁and ▁ 5 ▁Bre aching ▁Teams ▁got ▁bog ged ▁before ▁they ▁reached ▁the ▁road , ▁but ▁No ▁ 5 ▁Team ▁gave ▁covering ▁fire ▁with ▁High ▁explos ive ▁shell ▁and ▁smoke ▁shell ▁to ▁No ▁ 6 ▁Team ▁and ▁the ▁inf antry ▁attack ing ▁La ▁Riv ière . ▁ ▁B ▁Squadron ▁West min ster |
▁Drag o ons ▁had ▁similar ▁experiences . ▁The ▁bre aching ▁team ▁for ▁Lane ▁ 1 ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁land ed ▁because ▁the ▁L CT ▁was ▁hit ▁on ▁the ▁run ▁in , ▁and ▁the ▁team ▁for ▁Lane ▁ 2 ▁was ▁land ed ▁at ▁Lane ▁ 3 . ▁Lieutenant ▁Town send - Green ' s ▁C rab ▁fla iled ▁for ▁ ▁before ▁it ▁got ▁bog ged , ▁so ▁he ▁took ▁over ▁C pl ▁Bart on ' s ▁C rab ▁and ▁took ▁a ▁different ▁route ▁towards ▁the ▁vital ▁r amp ▁near ▁La ▁Ham el . ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁then ▁bog ged ▁and ▁the ▁C rab ▁hit ▁three ▁times ▁by ▁a ▁German ▁field ▁gun ▁at ▁La ▁Ham el . ▁The ▁Lane ▁ 3 ▁team ▁was ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁place ▁and ▁Ser je ant ▁L inds ay ▁fla iled ▁a ▁path ▁onto ▁the ▁main land . ▁He ▁then ▁turned ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁attack ▁by ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion ▁Ham pshire ▁Regiment ▁on ▁La ▁Ham el ▁but ▁the ▁C rab ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁anti - t ank ▁fire ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁Although ▁wounded , ▁L inds ay ▁ev acu ated ▁his ▁crew . ▁Captain ▁Taylor ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁fla il ▁cleared ▁a ▁l ane ▁before ▁his ▁C rab ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁a ▁double ▁mine , ▁but ▁the ▁l ane ▁provided ▁a ▁clear ▁exit . ▁The ▁team ▁in ▁Lane ▁ 4 ▁was ▁completely ▁bog ged , ▁but ▁L anes ▁ 5 ▁and ▁ 6 ▁were ▁successfully ▁cleared ▁within ▁ 1 5 – 2 2 ▁minutes |
▁of ▁landing , ▁despite ▁the ▁bre ach ▁commander ' s ▁C rab ▁being ▁hit ▁by ▁shell fire ▁on ▁the ▁landing ▁craft ▁r amp ▁and ▁burning ▁out . ▁Major ▁St any on ▁therefore ▁took ▁to ▁his ▁feet ▁to ▁direct ▁the ▁mass ▁of ▁C rab s , ▁AV RE s ▁and ▁D D ▁t anks , ▁despite ▁heavy ▁machine ▁gun ▁fire : ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁Military ▁Cross ▁( MC ). ▁The ▁Lane ▁ 5 ▁team ▁then ▁fla iled ▁paths ▁through ▁the ▁in land ▁mine field ▁for ▁the ▁inf antry , ▁self - prop elled ▁( SP ) ▁art illery ▁and ▁anti - air craft ▁g unn ers . ▁ ▁The ▁land ings ▁on ▁Jun o ▁beach ▁began ▁at ▁ 0 7 . 5 0 , ▁those ▁at ▁S word ▁at ▁ 0 7 . 2 5 . ▁Both ▁were ▁successful , ▁and ▁the ▁C rab s ▁fla iled ▁routes ▁through ▁the ▁mine fields . ▁Once ▁S word ▁was ▁secure , ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁Tr ps ▁of ▁A ▁S q n ▁were ▁land ed ▁there ▁at ▁H ▁+ ▁ 3 ▁hours ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁A ▁S q n ▁ 2 2 nd ▁Drag o ons ▁and ▁ 6 2 9 ▁Ass ault ▁S q n , ▁RE , ▁to ▁help ▁in ▁a ▁thrust ▁towards ▁Ca en ▁( they ▁were ▁a ▁late ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁plan , ▁and ▁had ▁not ▁pract ised ▁landing ▁from ▁L CT s ). ▁The ▁mobile ▁battle group ▁was ▁to ▁consist ▁of ▁the ▁t anks ▁of ▁the ▁Staff |
ord shire ▁Ye oman ry ▁carrying ▁inf antry ▁of ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion ▁King ' s ▁Sh ro pshire ▁Light ▁Infantry , ▁supported ▁by ▁SP ▁guns ▁of ▁ 7 th ▁Field ▁Regiment , ▁Royal ▁Art illery . ▁Cong estion ▁on ▁the ▁beach ▁was ▁so ▁bad ▁that ▁the ▁Staff ord shire ▁Ye oman ry ▁only ▁linked ▁up ▁at ▁ 1 3 . 0 0 ; ▁the ▁RE ▁squad ron ▁was ▁in effect ive ▁after ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties ▁in ▁the ▁landing ▁and ▁B ▁Tr p ▁ 2 2 nd ▁Drag o ons ▁had ▁just ▁two ▁fla ils ▁left ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁W D s ▁in ▁prepar ing ▁the ▁route . ▁The ▁inf antry ▁had ▁been ▁ready ▁since ▁ 1 1 . 0 0 ▁and ▁set ▁off ▁on ▁foot ▁at ▁ 1 2 . 3 0 , ▁leaving ▁the ▁arm our ▁and ▁their ▁heavy ▁weapons ▁to ▁catch ▁up . ▁The ▁arm oured ▁column ▁made ▁slow ▁progress , ▁restricted ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁road ▁by ▁bad ▁going ▁on ▁one ▁side ▁and ▁a ▁deep ▁mine field ▁on ▁the ▁other . ▁It ▁over to ok ▁the ▁inf antry ▁at ▁the ▁P éri ers - sur - le - Dan ▁r idge ▁and ▁reached ▁Be uv ille ▁by ▁ 1 4 . 3 0 , ▁but ▁the ▁fla ils ▁had ▁to ▁wait ▁while ▁the ▁mobile ▁column ▁fought ▁off ▁a ▁large - scale ▁counter - att ack ▁by ▁ 2 1 st ▁Pan zer ▁Division ▁from ▁Ca en . ▁Four ▁W D ▁C rab s ▁were ▁knock ed ▁out ▁in ▁this |
▁eng agement , ▁which ▁stopped ▁ 3 rd ▁British ▁Division ▁from ▁ach ieving ▁its ▁am bit ious ▁objective ▁of ▁taking ▁Ca en ▁that ▁day . ▁ ▁L t - Col ▁Bla ir - O li ph ant ▁had ▁land ed ▁an ▁hour ▁after ▁H - H our ▁( ab o ard ▁C ▁S q n ' s ▁AR V , ▁because ▁his ▁command ▁tank ▁was ▁not ▁due ▁to ▁arrive ▁until ▁later ). ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁regiment ▁' har b oured ' ▁that ▁night , ▁B ▁S q n ' s ▁AR V ▁and ▁C ▁S q n ' s ▁M 1 4 ▁half - track ▁had ▁land ed ▁with ▁four ▁am mun ition ▁and ▁pet rol ▁l or ries . ▁C ▁Squadron ▁har b oured ▁at ▁C ré pon ▁with ▁ 1 1 ▁C rab s ▁( se ven ▁of ▁them ▁recovered ▁from ▁the ▁beach ). ▁At ▁ 0 5 . 4 5 ▁next ▁morning ▁( D + 1 , ▁ 7 ▁June ) ▁they ▁moved ▁c aut iously ▁forward ▁to ▁a ▁h ed ger ow ▁but ▁came ▁under ▁heavy ▁fire , ▁suffering ▁several ▁cas ual ties ▁among ▁the ▁dis mount ed ▁cre ws . ▁The ▁squad ron ▁leader ▁sp otted ▁an ▁enemy ▁field ▁gun ▁at ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁just ▁ ▁and ▁jump ed ▁onto ▁L t ▁Hob an ' s ▁tank ▁to ▁direct ▁fire : ▁one ▁shot ▁was ▁enough ▁to ▁knock ▁out ▁the ▁German ▁gun . ▁The ▁squad ron ▁moved ▁back ▁ ▁and ▁attended ▁to ▁its ▁cas ual ties . ▁A |
▁composite ▁force ▁was ▁then ▁formed ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁Germ ans , ▁consisting ▁of ▁Hob an ' s ▁I ▁Tr p , ▁two ▁Church ill ▁Cro cod iles ▁of ▁ 1 4 1 st ▁Regiment , ▁R AC , ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Art illery ▁and ▁Royal ▁Sign als ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁inf antry . ▁The ▁Cro cod iles ▁' fl amed ' ▁a ▁pill box , ▁the ▁C rab s ▁engaged ▁d ug outs ▁with ▁HE ▁and ▁machine ▁gun ▁fire , ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Germ ans ▁surrender ed ▁with ▁five ▁guns . ▁The ▁C rab s ▁were ▁used ▁later ▁that ▁day ▁to ▁round ▁up ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁round ▁C ré pon . ▁By ▁D + 2 ▁( 8 ▁June ), ▁B ▁and ▁C ▁S q ns ▁were ▁at ▁Saint - G ab riel - B ré cy , ▁with ▁nine ▁fit ▁C rab s : ▁seven ▁were ▁dam aged ▁beyond ▁repair ▁and ▁ 1 0 ▁were ▁rep ai rable . ▁ ▁On ▁D + 2 ▁four ▁of ▁A ▁S q n ' s ▁C rab s ▁assist ed ▁ 3 rd ▁British ▁Division ▁at ▁Lion - sur - Mer , ▁clear ing ▁lan es ▁through ▁mines ▁and ▁bar bed ▁wire ▁and ▁eng aging ▁strong points ▁with ▁their ▁main ▁guns ▁and ▁machine ▁guns . ▁The ▁following ▁day ▁A ▁S q n ▁and ▁a ▁tro op ▁of ▁AV RE s ▁helped ▁ 1 st ▁East ▁R iding ▁Ye oman ry ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁B n ▁Royal ▁Ul ster |
▁R if les ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁advance ▁beyond ▁P éri ers . ▁They ▁had ▁ ▁of ▁open ▁country ▁to ▁cross ▁under ▁shell , ▁mort ar ▁and ▁machine ▁gun ▁fire , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁B n ▁R UR ▁losing ▁almost ▁ 2 0 0 ▁men ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁E Y R ▁four ▁t anks . ▁The ▁C rab s ▁performed ▁well ▁in ▁the ▁un acc ustom ed ▁role ▁of ▁inf antry ▁t anks , ▁but ▁all ▁the ▁AV RE s ▁were ▁knock ed ▁out . ▁ ▁The ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁continued ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁ 7 9 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁throughout ▁the ▁campaign ▁in ▁Norm andy ▁and ▁North ▁West ▁Europe , ▁usually ▁det ached ▁to ▁assist ▁other ▁form ations ▁of ▁ 2 1 st ▁Army ▁Group ▁as ▁required . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Const ell ation ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁during ▁Operation ▁Const ell ation ▁to ▁capture ▁Over lo on ▁and ▁Ven ray , ▁the ▁C rab s ▁of ▁A ▁and ▁C ▁S q ns ▁deployed ▁with ▁the ▁AV RE s ▁ 6 1 7 ▁Ass ault ▁S q n , ▁RE , ▁to ▁support ▁ 3 rd ▁British ▁Division ▁and ▁ 6 th ▁Gu ards ▁T ank ▁Brigade . ▁At ▁no on ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁October ▁ 4 th ▁( T ank ) ▁B n ▁Cold stream ▁Gu ards ▁advanced ▁to ▁Over lo on , ▁where ▁it ▁encountered ▁a ▁mine field ▁and ▁A ▁S q n ▁was ▁ordered ▁up ▁to ▁fla il ▁a ▁path |
. ▁One ▁C rab ▁( L t ▁S utton ) ▁was ▁disabled ▁by ▁a ▁mine , ▁and ▁S jt ▁Harm ston ▁fla iled ▁a ▁di version ▁round ▁the ▁w reck ; ▁other ▁C rab s ▁fla iled ▁two ▁other ▁lan es , ▁and ▁the ▁Gu ards ' ▁Church ills ▁advanced ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁town . ▁Next ▁day ▁the ▁C rab s ▁continued ▁fla iling ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁Cold stream ers , ▁without ▁finding ▁any ▁mines , ▁but ▁L t ▁Hall ' s ▁tank ▁engaged ▁an ▁enemy ▁Pan ther ▁tank . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁October ▁the ▁C rab s ▁fla iled ▁a ▁path ▁where ▁RE ▁mine - l ifting ▁parties ▁had ▁previously ▁come ▁under ▁fire , ▁but ▁the ▁advance ▁was ▁halt ed ▁by ▁a ▁T iger ▁I ▁that ▁' bre wed ▁up ' ▁seven ▁Cold stream ▁Church ills ▁before ▁starting ▁on ▁L t ▁Cooper ' s ▁partly ▁H ull - down ▁C rab , ▁which ▁was ▁subject ed ▁to ▁a ▁ha il ▁of ▁fire . ▁I nex p lic ably , ▁the ▁T iger ▁with d rew ▁before ▁destroy ing ▁the ▁C rab . ▁ 1 5 ▁October ▁was ▁spent ▁on ▁maintenance , ▁then ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁October ▁the ▁squad ron ▁advanced ▁again , ▁in ▁pour ing ▁rain , ▁mud ▁and ▁a ▁flo oded ▁bro ok ▁( the ▁Mol en ▁Be ek ). ▁Although ▁four ▁cross ings ▁were ▁attempted ▁on ▁ 3 rd ▁Division ' s ▁front , ▁only ▁L ance - S jt ▁Carter ▁was ▁successful , ▁his ▁C rab |
▁covered ▁by ▁smoke ▁fired ▁by ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁tro op . ▁The ▁Church ills ▁followed ▁over ▁what ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁crossing . ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁October ▁the ▁C rab s ▁were ▁at ▁work ▁again , ▁losing ▁two ▁to ▁mines , ▁and ▁rapidly ▁we aring ▁out ▁their ▁fla il ▁ch ains ▁when ▁repeatedly ▁requested ▁to ▁fla il ▁along ▁roads . ▁( 6 th ▁Gu ards ▁T ank ▁B de ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁mine fields ▁in ▁Operation ▁Const ell ation ▁were ▁the ▁heav iest ▁they ▁had ▁yet ▁encountered , ▁including ▁a ▁new ▁mine ▁powerful ▁enough ▁to ▁disable ▁their ▁heavy ▁Church ill ▁t anks .) ▁By ▁ 1 8 ▁October ▁the ▁squad ron ▁was ▁down ▁to ▁five ▁service able ▁t anks , ▁but ▁Cooper ▁and ▁Carter ▁pushed ▁on ▁into ▁Ven ray , ▁fla iling ▁the ▁town ' s ▁main ▁street ▁and ▁p iles ▁of ▁rub ble ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ' ▁Church ills . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁C ▁S q n ▁had ▁been ▁operating ▁with ▁ 4 th ▁( T ank ) ▁B n ▁Gren ad ier ▁Gu ards ▁since ▁ 1 2 ▁October . ▁Fif teen ▁minutes ▁before ▁H - hour ▁a ▁mine field ▁was ▁discovered ▁just ▁short ▁of ▁the ▁start ▁line , ▁and ▁the ▁C rab s ▁had ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁this ▁despite ▁badly ▁broken ▁ground . ▁That ▁attack ▁went ▁in ▁successfully . ▁Next ▁day ▁L t ▁Pear ' s ▁ 3 ▁Tr p ▁ ▁had ▁to ▁fla il ▁a ▁ |
▁path ▁followed ▁by ▁another ▁of ▁ ▁so ▁the ▁Gren ad iers ▁could ▁reach ▁their ▁objective , ▁followed ▁by ▁another ▁of ▁almost ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon . ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁October ▁the ▁squad ron ▁got ▁badly ▁bog ged ▁in ▁full ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ▁while ▁trying ▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁Mol en ▁Be ek ▁and ▁the ▁attempt ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁abandoned . ▁Next ▁day ▁a ▁composite ▁tro op , ▁compr ising ▁the ▁f ittest ▁t anks ▁and ▁least ▁tired ▁cre ws ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁help ▁ 2 9 th ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade , ▁losing ▁some ▁t anks ▁but ▁carrying ▁on ▁and ▁eng aging ▁anti - t ank ▁guns ▁and ▁capt uring ▁prisoners . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁C ▁S q n ▁( three ▁C rab s ▁under ▁Capt ▁Bell , ▁L t ▁Pear ▁and ▁S jt ▁Bir ch ) ▁helped ▁ 1 st ▁B n ▁Here ford shire ▁Regiment ▁in ▁an ▁attack ▁north - east ▁of ▁De ur ne ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁October , ▁under ▁heavy ▁fire . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁A ▁and ▁C ▁S q ns ▁were ▁pulled ▁out ▁to ▁re join ▁the ▁regiment , ▁receiving ▁many ▁compl iments ▁for ▁their ▁work . ▁ ▁B ▁Squadron ▁had ▁been ▁operating ▁miles ▁away ▁with ▁ 7 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁and ▁ 5 3 rd ▁( Wel sh ) ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁against ▁' s - H ert ogen bos ch . ▁ 1 ▁Tro op ▁operated ▁so ▁closely ▁with ▁A ▁S q n ▁ 1 st ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁that ▁it ▁was |
▁dub bed ▁' 5 th ▁Tr p , ▁A ▁S q n '. ▁Small ▁actions ▁continued ▁through ▁early ▁November . ▁Lieutenant ▁Michael ▁S utton ▁won ▁an ▁MC ▁on ▁ 2 ▁November ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁supporting ▁ 2 3 rd ▁H uss ars ▁with ▁two ▁fla ils . ▁A ▁H uss ars ▁t anks ▁was ▁blow n ▁up ▁on ▁a ▁mine , ▁but ▁the ▁heavy ▁fire ▁prevent ed ▁the ▁crew ▁from ▁b ail ing ▁out ▁or ▁sa ppers ▁from ▁clear ing ▁a ▁path ▁to ▁it . ▁S utton ▁fla iled ▁a ▁path ▁up ▁to ▁and ▁round ▁the ▁disabled ▁tank , ▁then ▁carried ▁on ▁fla iling ▁the ▁road ▁until ▁an ▁anti - t ank ▁gun ▁disabled ▁two ▁H uss ars ' ▁t anks ▁and ▁shot ▁off ▁his ▁fla il ▁g ear . ▁Order ed ▁to ▁withdraw ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁slowly ▁in ▁reverse . ▁While ▁doing ▁so ▁he ▁sp otted ▁a ▁wounded ▁man ▁in ▁a ▁d itch : ▁calling ▁for ▁smoke ▁he ▁got ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁tank ▁and ▁ran ▁ ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁wounded ▁man ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁tank , ▁where ▁another ▁crew ▁member ▁dis mount ed ▁to ▁help ▁get ▁him ▁ab o ard , ▁all ▁under ▁heavy ▁machine ▁gun ▁fire . ▁Lieutenant ▁Brian ▁Pear ▁was ▁killed ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁while ▁supporting ▁ 1 5 th ▁( Sc ott ish ) ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁in ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁Me ij el : ▁when ▁S jt ▁Bir ch ' s ▁C rab ▁was ▁hit ▁and ▁the ▁crew ▁unable ▁to ▁b ale ▁out ▁he ▁placed ▁his ▁tank |
▁between ▁them ▁and ▁the ▁enemy . ▁Both ▁C rab s ▁were ▁destroyed ▁by ▁anti - t ank ▁fire ▁and ▁only ▁one ▁man ▁surv ived ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁prisoner . ▁The ▁volume ▁of ▁fire ▁was ▁so ▁great ▁that ▁ 1 5 th ▁( Sc ott ish ) ▁post pon ed ▁all ▁operations ▁for ▁ 4 8 ▁hours . ▁C ▁Squadron ▁then ▁fla iled ▁a ▁path ▁for ▁ 6 th ▁Gu ards ▁T ank ▁B de , ▁though ▁ 2 3 ▁Church ills ▁and ▁one ▁C rab ▁were ▁lost ▁in ▁an ▁hour . ▁ ▁Germany ▁The ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁were ▁once ▁more ▁with ▁ 1 5 th ▁( Sc ott ish ) ▁Division ▁for ▁the ▁assault ▁crossing ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁( Operation ▁Pl under ) ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁but ▁were ▁not ▁called ▁forward ▁until ▁brid ges ▁had ▁been ▁built . ▁The ▁regiment ▁was ▁surprised ▁to ▁learn ▁from ▁BBC ▁radio ▁reports ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁crossed ▁a ▁day ▁before ▁they ▁actually ▁did ▁so . ▁Once ▁across ▁the ▁river ▁bar rier ▁the ▁campaign ▁moved ▁swift ly , ▁with ▁fewer ▁prepared ▁def ensive ▁positions ▁to ▁overcome , ▁so ▁there ▁was ▁little ▁call ▁for ▁fla il ▁t anks . ▁In ▁early ▁April ▁R H Q ▁and ▁A ▁S q n ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁VIII ▁Corps ' ▁Reserve , ▁B ▁S q n ▁to ▁ 1 st ▁Ass ault ▁B de ▁in ▁ 2 1 st ▁Army ▁Group ▁Reserve , ▁and ▁C ▁S q n ▁to ▁ 5 2 nd ▁( L |
ow land ) ▁Infantry ▁Division . ▁By ▁now ▁the ▁C rab s ▁were ▁being ▁used ▁as ▁normal ▁gun ▁t anks : ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁C ▁S q n ▁provided ▁arm oured ▁support ▁to ▁ 3 rd ▁Division ▁at ▁Wild es hausen , ▁where ▁they ▁rep elled ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁enemy ▁counter - att acks ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁carrying ▁out ▁a ▁minor ▁off ensive ▁operation ▁of ▁their ▁own . ▁ ▁The ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ' ▁war ▁ended ▁with ▁the ▁German ▁surrender ▁at ▁Lü ne burg ▁He ath ▁on ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Post war ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁reconst it uted ▁in ▁the ▁T A ▁as ▁three ▁squad rons ▁with ▁R H Q ▁at ▁West min ster . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁it ▁revers ed ▁its ▁title ▁to ▁become ▁The ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁( 2 nd ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁Ye oman ry ). ▁When ▁the ▁T A ▁was ▁reduced ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁the ▁regiment ▁merged ▁with ▁R ▁( B erk shire ▁Ye oman ry ) ▁B atter y , ▁ 2 9 9 ▁( Ro yal ▁Buck ingham shire ▁Ye oman ry , ▁Ber k shire ▁Ye oman ry ▁and ▁The ▁Queen ' s ▁O wn ▁Oxford shire ▁H uss ars ) ▁Field ▁Regiment , ▁Royal ▁Art illery , ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁Ber k shire ▁and ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons |
, ▁R AC , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Ber k shire ▁Ye oman ry ▁component ▁formed ▁C ▁Squadron . ▁ ▁The ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁were ▁dis band ed ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁dis band ment ▁of ▁the ▁Territ orial ▁Army ▁under ▁the ▁Reserve ▁Forces ▁Act ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁its ▁replacement ▁by ▁a ▁newly - const it uted ▁organisation , ▁the ▁T AV R ▁( T er rit orial ▁and ▁Army ▁Vol unte er ▁Reserve ). ▁The ▁legal ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁Act ▁and ▁the ▁orders ▁implementing ▁it ▁( Ar my ▁Order ▁ 2 ▁dated ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁the ▁Army ▁Res erves ▁Su cc ession ▁W arr ant ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁was ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁succession ▁of ▁line age ▁from ▁the ▁dis band ed ▁units ▁to ▁those ▁that ▁were ▁being ▁raised . ▁However , ▁the ▁war rant ▁also ▁stated ▁‘ the ▁wish ▁to ▁provide ▁for ▁succession ▁of ▁units ▁raised ' ▁and ▁then ▁listed ▁those ▁new ▁units ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁de emed ▁to ▁be ▁success ors ▁to ▁previous ▁Territ orial ▁Army ▁Units . ▁The ▁Royal ▁Ye oman ry ▁Regiment ▁( Vol unte ers ) ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁successor ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁W ilt shire ▁Ye oman ry , ▁the ▁Sher wood ▁R angers ▁Ye oman ry , ▁the ▁Kent ▁and ▁Sh ar ps ho ot ers ▁Ye oman ry , ▁the ▁North ▁Irish ▁Hor se , ▁and |
▁the ▁Ber k shire ▁and ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons . ▁The ▁squad ron ▁based ▁at ▁Ch else a , ▁London ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁title ▁' B erk shire ▁and ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ', ▁somewhat ▁anom al ously ▁given ▁that ▁the ▁Ber k shire ▁Ye oman ry ▁element ▁was ▁separated ▁to ▁form ▁ 9 4 ▁( B erk shire ▁Ye oman ry ) ▁S q n ▁in ▁ 7 1 ▁( Y e oman ry ) ▁Sign al ▁Regiment , ▁Royal ▁Corps ▁of ▁Sign als ; ▁the ▁situation ▁was ▁bel ated ly ▁recogn ised ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁when ▁the ▁' B erk shire ' ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁H Q ▁squad ron ' s ▁title ▁was ▁dropped ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁re bad ged ▁accordingly ▁as ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons . ▁ ▁A ▁bomb ▁which ▁det on ated ▁at ▁the ▁regiment ' s ▁dr ill ▁hall ▁in ▁El ver ton ▁Street ▁caused ▁minor ▁damage ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁The ▁squad ron ▁operated ▁as ▁a ▁medium ▁reconna issance ▁unit ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁arm oured ▁cars . ▁It ▁continued ▁in ▁this ▁role ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ' s ▁nuclear , ▁bi ological ▁and ▁chemical ▁defence ▁regiment . ▁It ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁N BC ▁role ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁In ▁that ▁year , ▁the ▁J oint ▁N BC ▁Regiment ▁was ▁formed ▁as ▁a ▁joint ▁regular ▁Army ▁and ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁unit |
▁composed ▁of ▁four ▁squad rons ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Regiment ▁and ▁ 2 7 ▁Squadron ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁Regiment . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁and ▁A ▁( Ro yal ▁W ilt shire ▁Ye oman ry ) ▁Squadron ▁were ▁mobil ised ▁( al ong ▁with ▁aug mente es ▁from ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ye oman ry ' s ▁three ▁other ▁squad rons ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Royal ▁Log istic ▁Corps ) ▁for ▁the ▁imp ending ▁war ▁in ▁Ira q . ▁T ogether , ▁these ▁mobil ised ▁elements ▁became ▁a ▁much - en larg ed ▁squad ron ▁of ▁the ▁J oint ▁N BC ▁Regiment . ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁found ▁themselves ▁serving ▁with ▁ 1 6 ▁Air ▁Ass ault ▁Brigade , ▁ 7 ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade ▁( the ▁Des ert ▁R ats ) ▁and ▁ 3 ▁Comm ando ▁Brigade ▁as ▁N BC ▁special ists , ▁before ▁switching ▁roles ▁to ▁inf antry ▁" pe ace ▁support " ▁operations ▁once ▁S add am ▁Hus sein ' s ▁regime ▁had ▁col lapsed . ▁The ▁squad ron ▁also ▁provided ▁individual ▁rep lac ements ▁for ▁Operation ▁Her rick ▁in ▁Afghan istan . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁Army ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁review , ▁the ▁squad ron ' s ▁role ▁became ▁that ▁of ▁light ▁caval ry : ▁providing ▁a ▁rapidly ▁deploy able ▁force ▁with ▁fast ▁mob ility ▁and ▁substantial ▁fire power ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ' s ▁combat ▁arm . ▁Its ▁soldiers ▁provide ▁reconna |
issance , ▁re ass urance , ▁security ▁and , ▁if ▁the ▁situation ▁dem ands ▁it , ▁decis ive ▁tact ical ▁effects ▁by ▁ra iding ▁and ▁attack ing ▁the ▁enemy . ▁ ▁Un iform s ▁and ▁ins ign ia ▁The ▁Imperial ▁Ye oman ry ' s ▁service ▁dress ▁was ▁Kh aki ▁with ▁a ▁Sl ouch ▁hat , ▁officially ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁Service ▁cap ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁Thanks ▁to ▁Col ▁Burn s ' ▁links ▁to ▁King ▁Edward ▁VII , ▁the ▁regiment al ▁flash ▁worn ▁on ▁the ▁pag ri ▁of ▁the ▁Sl ouch ▁hat ▁and ▁later ▁Wol se ley ▁hel met ▁consisted , ▁with ▁Royal ▁permission , ▁of ▁the ▁King ' s ▁hor ser acing ▁colours ▁of ▁pur ple , ▁gold ▁and ▁red ▁( st ill ▁used ▁today ▁for ▁the ▁W D ' s ▁stable ▁bel t , ▁see ▁above ). ▁However , ▁when ▁the ▁regiment ▁march ed ▁into ▁Palest ine ▁with ▁XX ▁Corps ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁the ▁flash ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁changed ▁to ▁red , ▁white ▁and ▁blue . ▁ ▁The ▁regiment ' s ▁full ▁dress ▁uniform ▁was ▁a ▁scar let ▁Drag oon ▁t unic ▁with ▁pur ple ▁fac ings , ▁blue ▁over alls ▁( t ight ▁fitting ▁caval ry ▁tr ous ers ) ▁or ▁p ant alo ons ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁yellow ▁stri pe , ▁and ▁a ▁white ▁metal ▁Drag oon ▁hel met ▁with ▁pur ple ▁pl ume . ▁The ▁unique ▁pl ume ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁white ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁shortly ▁after ▁King |
▁Edward ' s ▁fun eral , ▁when ▁a ▁det achment ▁of ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁l ined ▁the ▁street ▁at ▁Mar ble ▁Arch : ▁it ▁is ▁thought ▁that ▁the ▁pur ple ▁d ye ▁had ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁rain . ▁ ▁The ▁other ▁ranks ' ▁cap ▁and ▁col lar ▁bad ge ▁was ▁the ▁pre - 1 9 6 5 ▁Co at ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁West min ster , ▁with ▁port c ull is ▁and ▁T ud or ▁rose , ▁but ▁the ▁officers ▁– ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁had ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Drag o ons ▁– ▁wore ▁a ▁gold - emb roid ered ▁staff ▁bad ge ▁used ▁by ▁that ▁regiment ▁before ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Water lo o ▁( see ▁above ). ▁The ▁plate ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁drag oon ▁hel met ▁bore ▁the ▁figure ▁ 2 ▁( for ▁ 2 nd ▁Co L ▁Ye oman ry ) ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the ▁G arter , ▁with ▁the ▁letters ▁I Y ▁beneath . ▁ ▁At ▁Gal lip oli ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁the ▁dis mount ed ▁ 1 / 2 nd ▁Co LY ▁wore ▁k h aki ▁ser ge ▁inf antry ▁uniform s ▁and ▁we bb ing ▁equipment ▁with ▁a ▁Wol se ley ▁hel met ▁carrying ▁the ▁regiment al ▁flash ; ▁the ▁only ▁con cess ion ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁put te e ▁t apes ▁were ▁fast ened ▁at ▁the ▁bottom , ▁caval ry ▁style . ▁When ▁the ▁regiment ▁rode ▁into ▁Palest ine ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁the ▁ser ge ▁t |
unic ▁was ▁replaced ▁in ▁hot ▁weather ▁with ▁a ▁blue - gre y ▁sh irt , ▁and ▁brown ▁le ather ▁caval ry ▁equipment ▁was ▁worn . ▁ ▁The ▁black ▁ber et ▁became ▁the ▁official ▁head ge ar ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁T ank ▁Corps ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁and ▁was ▁there after ▁also ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons . ▁ ▁Honor ary ▁Col on els ▁The ▁following ▁officers ▁have ▁served ▁as ▁Honor ary ▁Colonel ▁of ▁the ▁unit : ▁ ▁Col ▁C uth bert ▁L ark ing , ▁appointed ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁ ▁Col ▁Sir ▁Charles ▁Burn , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et , ▁former ▁CO , ▁appointed ▁ 1 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁ ▁Col ▁Thomas ▁Scott - E ll is , ▁ 8 th ▁Baron ▁Howard ▁de ▁Wal den , ▁T D , ▁former ▁CO , ▁appointed ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁ ▁Col ▁Sir ▁Ed s all ▁M unt , ▁MC , ▁former ▁CO , ▁appointed ▁ 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁ ▁Gen ▁Sir ▁Harold ▁P yman , ▁G BE , ▁K CB , ▁D SO , ▁appointed ▁ 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁ ▁Col ▁Hon ▁Sir ▁Gordon ▁Pal mer , ▁O BE , ▁T D , ▁appointed ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁ ▁Col ▁Edward ▁George ▁Ald red ▁K ynast on , ▁O BE , ▁T D , ▁former ▁CO , ▁appointed ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 |
4 ▁ ▁Maj - Gen ▁John ▁My les ▁Bro ck bank , ▁C BE , ▁MC , ▁appointed ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁ ▁Maj - Gen ▁John ▁Geoff rey ▁Rob yn ▁Allen , ▁C B , ▁appointed ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁ ▁Maj - Gen ▁Sir ▁Simon ▁Cooper , ▁K CV O , ▁appointed ▁ 2 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁ ▁Gen ▁Sir ▁Jer emy ▁Black er , ▁K CB , ▁C BE , ▁appointed ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁ ▁Paul ▁Kn ap man , ▁Deput y ▁Lieutenant ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁London , ▁current ▁ ▁Other ▁prominent ▁members ▁ ▁Tro oper , ▁later ▁Capt , ▁Cec il ▁C . P . ▁Law son , ▁military ▁illustr ator ▁and ▁regiment al ▁historian ▁Raj ▁Raj endra ▁Nar ay an , ▁later ▁Mah ar aja ▁of ▁Co och ▁Be har , ▁Lieutenant ▁attached , ▁ 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁ ▁Capt ▁John ▁Nor wood , ▁V C , ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Sir ▁S ime on ▁Stuart , ▁ 7 th ▁Baron et , ▁Major , ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁ ▁Hon ▁Os bert ▁E ust ace ▁V ese y , ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Vis count ▁de ▁V es ci , ▁Captain ▁ 1 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁ ▁Hon ▁John ▁Os ma el ▁Scott - E ll is , ▁later ▁ 9 th ▁Baron ▁Howard ▁de ▁Wal den |
, ▁Lieutenant ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁ ▁Battle ▁hon ours ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁Ye oman ry ▁( West min ster ▁Drag o ons ) ▁have ▁been ▁awarded ▁the ▁following ▁battle ▁hon ours : ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁South ▁Africa ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁Cour tra i , ▁France ▁and ▁Fland ers ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁Su v la , ▁Sc im itar ▁Hill , ▁Gal lip oli ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁S uez ▁Canal , ▁Egypt ▁ 1 9 1 5 – 1 7 , ▁Gaz a , ▁El ▁M ugh ar , ▁Jerusalem , ▁Palest ine ▁ 1 9 1 7 – 1 8 ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁Norm andy ▁Land ing , ▁Vill ers ▁B oc age , ▁Ven ra ij , ▁Me ij el , ▁Ven lo ▁P ocket , ▁Ro er , ▁North - West ▁Europe ▁ 1 9 4 4 – 4 5 ▁Ira q ▁War ▁Ira q ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁( as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ye oman ry ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁County ▁of ▁London ▁Ye oman ry ▁ ▁Imperial ▁Ye oman ry ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Ye oman ry ▁Reg iments ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁ ▁Ye oman ry ▁ ▁Ye oman ry ▁order ▁of ▁preced ence ▁ ▁British ▁ye oman ry ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁ ▁Second ▁line ▁ye oman ry ▁reg iments ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography |
▁▁ ▁B . S . ▁Bar nes , ▁The ▁Sign ▁of ▁the ▁Double ▁' T ' ▁( The ▁ 5 0 th ▁North umb rian ▁Division ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁to ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 ), ▁Market ▁We ight on : ▁S entin el ▁Press , ▁ 2 nd ▁Ed n ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁. ▁ ▁Maj ▁A . F . ▁Be cke , History ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁War : ▁Order ▁of ▁Battle ▁of ▁Div isions , ▁Part ▁ 2 a : ▁The ▁Territ orial ▁Force ▁Mount ed ▁Div isions ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st - Line ▁Territ orial ▁Force ▁Div isions ▁( 4 2 – 5 6 ), ▁London : ▁H M ▁Station ery ▁Office , ▁ 1 9 3 5 / U ck field : ▁Naval ▁& ▁Military ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁. ▁ ▁Maj ▁A . F . ▁Be cke , History ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁War : ▁Order ▁of ▁Battle ▁of ▁Div isions , ▁Part ▁ 2 b : ▁The ▁ 2 nd - Line ▁Territ orial ▁Force ▁Div isions ▁( 5 7 th – 6 9 th ), ▁with ▁the ▁Home - Service ▁Div isions ▁( 7 1 st – 7 3 rd ) ▁and ▁ 7 4 th ▁and ▁ 7 5 th ▁Div isions , ▁London : ▁H M ▁Station ery ▁Office , ▁ 1 9 3 7 / U ck field : ▁Naval ▁& ▁Military ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁. |
▁ ▁I . F . W . ▁Beck ett , ▁Territ orial s ▁- ▁A ▁Century ▁of ▁Service , ▁St ap le h urst , ▁ 3 rd ▁Ed n ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁. ▁ ▁John ▁Buck ley , ▁Mont y ' s ▁Men : ▁The ▁British ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁Liber ation ▁of ▁Europe , ▁London : ▁Y ale ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁. ▁ ▁René ▁Chart rand , ▁' The ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ', ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Army ▁Historical ▁Research , ▁Aut umn ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Vol ▁ 9 7 , ▁pp . 2 1 3 – 2 1 . ▁ ▁Richard ▁D oh ert y , ▁Hob art ' s ▁ 7 9 th ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁at ▁War : ▁In vention , ▁In nov ation ▁and ▁In sp iration , ▁Bar ns ley : ▁Pen ▁& ▁S word , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁. ▁ ▁Col ▁John ▁K . ▁Dun lop , ▁The ▁Development ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁ 1 8 9 9 – 1 9 1 4 , ▁London : ▁M eth uen , ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁Major ▁L . F . ▁Ell is , ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Military ▁Series : ▁Vict ory ▁in ▁the ▁West , ▁Vol ▁I : ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Norm andy , ▁London : ▁H M ▁Station ery ▁Office , ▁ |
1 9 6 2 / U ck field : ▁Naval ▁& ▁Military , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁. ▁ ▁George ▁Fort y , ▁British ▁Army ▁Hand book ▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 9 4 5 , ▁Str oud : ▁S utton , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁. ▁ ▁R . G . ▁Harris , ▁" 5 0 ▁Years ▁of ▁Ye oman ry ▁Un iform s ", ▁Frederick ▁M ull er ▁Ltd ., ▁London ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁S B N ▁ 5 8 4 ▁ 1 0 9 3 7 ▁ 7 . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁L t - Col ▁H . F . ▁Jos len , ▁Or ders ▁of ▁Battle , ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁Col onial ▁Form ations ▁and ▁Units ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 9 4 5 , ▁London : ▁H M ▁Station ery ▁Office , ▁ 1 9 6 0 / U ck field : ▁Naval ▁& ▁Military ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁. ▁▁▁ ▁Norman ▁E . H . ▁L itch field , ▁The ▁Territ orial ▁Art illery ▁ 1 9 0 8 – 1 9 8 8 ▁( The ir ▁Line age , ▁Un iform s ▁and ▁Bad ges ), ▁Not ting ham : ▁Sher wood ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁. ▁ ▁Cl iff ▁Lord ▁& ▁Graham ▁Watson , ▁Royal ▁Corps ▁of ▁Sign als : ▁Unit ▁Histor ies ▁of ▁the ▁Corps ▁( 1 9 2 0 – |
2 0 0 1 ) ▁and ▁its ▁An te ced ents , ▁Sol ih ull : ▁Hel ion , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁. ▁ ▁L t - Gen ▁H . G . ▁Martin , ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Fif teenth ▁Scottish ▁Division ▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 9 4 5 , ▁Edinburgh : ▁Black wood , ▁ 1 9 4 8 / U ck field : ▁Naval ▁& ▁Military ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁. ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Col ▁H . C . B . ▁Rog ers , ▁The ▁Mount ed ▁Tro ops ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁ 1 0 6 6 – 1 9 4 5 , ▁London : ▁See ley ▁Service , ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁L t - Col ▁Ernest ▁Ryan , ▁' The ▁Post - S outh ▁African ▁War ▁Ye oman ry ', ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Army ▁Historical ▁Research , ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁Vol ▁ 3 8 , ▁pp . ▁ 5 7 – 6 2 . ▁ ▁R . J . ▁Smith , ▁The ▁Ye oman ry ▁Force ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Cor on ation , ▁. ▁ ▁Edward ▁M . ▁S pi ers , ▁The ▁Army ▁and ▁Society ▁ 1 8 1 5 – 1 9 1 4 , ▁London : ▁Long mans , ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁. ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ang lo - Bo er ▁War ▁ ▁Army ▁Rum our ▁Service ▁( AR R |
SE ) ▁Military ▁History ▁and ▁Mil itar ia ▁Forum ▁ ▁The ▁Long , ▁Long ▁Tra il ▁ ▁Land ▁Forces ▁of ▁Britain , ▁the ▁Empire ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁– ▁Reg iments . org ▁( archive ▁site ) ▁ ▁Roll ▁of ▁Hon our ▁▁▁ ▁H Q ▁( West min ster ▁Drag o ons ) ▁Squadron ▁Royal ▁Ye oman ry ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁The ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ' ▁uno fficial ▁website ▁ ▁A ▁West min ster ▁Drag oon ' s ▁di ary ▁of ▁Operation ▁Tel ic ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁Th ames ▁to ▁the ▁Tig ris ▁– ▁the ▁West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁in ▁Ira q ▁▁▁ ▁Category : West min ster ▁Drag o ons ▁London ▁Ye oman ry , ▁County ▁of ▁Category : Y e oman ry ▁reg iments ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Reg iments ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Ye oman ry ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁in ▁London ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁in ▁West min ster ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁in ▁Ful ham <0x0A> </s> ▁Stanisław ▁Pot ock i ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Stanisław ▁" Re wer a " ▁Pot ock i , ▁ 1 5 7 9 – 1 6 6 7 , ▁het man , ▁vo iv ode |
, ▁pod kom or zy , ▁Stanisław ▁Pot ock i ▁( 1 6 5 9 - 1 6 8 3 ), ▁son ▁of ▁And r zej ▁Pot ock i ▁Stanisław ▁Pot ock i ▁( d ied ▁ 1 7 6 0 ), ▁vo iv ode ▁Stanisław ▁Pot ock i ▁( 1 7 3 4 – 1 8 0 2 ), ▁kraj czy ▁Stanisław ▁Sz cz ę s ny ▁Pot ock i ▁( 1 7 5 3 – 1 8 0 5 ), ▁vo iv ode , ▁Art illery ▁General ▁Stanisław ▁Pot ock i ▁( 1 7 8 2 - 1 8 3 1 ), ▁Russian ▁commander ▁in ▁the ▁Patri otic ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁son ▁of ▁Stanisław ▁Sz cz ę s ny ▁Stanisław ▁Kost ka ▁Pot ock i ▁( 1 7 5 5 – 1 8 2 1 ), ▁pod st oli , ▁Art illery ▁General ▁Stanisław ▁Anton i ▁Pot ock i ▁( 1 8 3 7 – 1 8 8 4 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Aleks ander ▁Stanisław ▁Pot ock i ▁( 1 7 7 8 – 1 8 4 5 ) ▁cast ellan ▁ ▁Pot ock i ▁family <0x0A> </s> ▁Philip ▁Ed gar ▁Russell ▁( born ▁ 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁who ▁played ▁first - class ▁cr icket ▁for ▁Derby shire ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Russell ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Il k eston , ▁Derby shire |
. ▁He ▁began ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁Derby shire ▁Second ▁XI ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁first - class ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁season , ▁in ▁a ▁victory ▁against ▁ ▁Not ting ham shire . ▁Russell ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁season ▁but ▁saw ▁less ▁action ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁season ▁when ▁Derby shire ▁were ▁in ▁sixth ▁place . ▁ ▁Russell ▁played ▁for ▁Derby shire ▁solid ly ▁for ▁another ▁de cade , ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁season , ▁though ▁he ▁came ▁out ▁of ▁ret irement ▁six ▁years ▁later ▁to ▁play ▁briefly ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁season , ▁as ▁a ▁ 4 1 - year - old . ▁He ▁continued ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁one - day ▁game ▁for ▁Derby shire . ▁Less ▁ag ile , ▁and ▁supp lement ed ▁by ▁Derby shire ' s ▁Dan ish ▁wonder , ▁Ole ▁Mort ensen , ▁Russell ▁brought ▁no ▁shame ▁upon ▁himself ▁in ▁his ▁later ▁years . ▁ ▁Russell ▁was ▁a ▁right - arm ▁medium ▁pace ▁bow ler ▁and ▁took ▁ 3 3 9 ▁first - class ▁w ick ets ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 3 0 . 5 3 ▁and ▁a ▁best ▁performance ▁of ▁ 7 - 4 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁right - hand ed ▁b ats man , ▁and ▁played ▁ 1 7 0 ▁first - class ▁matches ▁with |
▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 1 2 . 3 1 ▁and ▁a ▁top ▁score ▁of ▁ 7 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁occas ional ▁w icket - keeper . ▁ ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁distinguished ▁career ▁as ▁Head ▁Gr ounds man ▁at ▁Kings me ad ▁Stadium , ▁Dur ban , ▁South ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Russell ' s ▁son , ▁Mil es , ▁played ▁cr icket ▁for ▁the ▁Derby shire ▁Second ▁XI ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : English ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Der by shire ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Intern ational ▁Cav ali ers ▁cr ick eters <0x0A> </s> ▁Mah inda ▁IV ▁was ▁King ▁of ▁An ur ad h ap ura ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁century , ▁whose ▁reign ▁last ed ▁from ▁ 9 7 5 ▁to ▁ 9 9 1 . ▁He ▁succeeded ▁his ▁brother ▁S ena ▁IV ▁as ▁King ▁of ▁An ur ad h ap ura ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁S ena ▁V . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁monarch s ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Kings ▁& ▁R ul ers ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁C od r ington ' s ▁Short ▁History ▁of ▁C ey lon ▁ ▁Category : Mon arch s ▁of ▁An ur ad h ap ura ▁M ▁M ▁M <0x0A> </s> ▁Johan ▁J ør gen ▁L ange ▁Hans |
sen ▁( 1 8 ▁November ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁- ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁politician . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁in ▁Christian ia ▁as ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁jur ist ▁and ▁politician ▁Even ▁Hans sen ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Barbara ▁Ab ig ael ▁L ange . ▁He ▁had ▁a ▁younger ▁brother ▁Peter ▁Nicol ai ▁Fre berg ▁Hans en ▁who ▁became ▁a ▁jur ist ▁like ▁his ▁father . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 8 5 3 ▁he ▁married ▁Lov ise ▁Jacob ine ▁L ange . ▁She ▁ha iled ▁from ▁Ar end al , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁government ▁minister ▁Otto ▁Vincent ▁L ange ▁and ▁Anne ▁Nicol ine ▁A all . ▁Anne ▁Nicol ine ▁A all ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Jacob ▁A all ▁and ▁nie ce ▁of ▁J ør gen ▁and ▁N iels ▁A all . ▁All ▁these ▁people ▁were ▁influ ential ▁polit icians . ▁Furthermore , ▁Otto ▁Vincent ▁L ange ▁was ▁a ▁mat ernal ▁uncle ▁of ▁Johan ▁J ør gen ▁L ange ▁Hans sen , ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁Johan ▁J ør gen ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁his ▁first ▁cousin . ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁mat ernal ▁un cles ▁Hans ▁Nicol ai ▁and ▁Ul rik ▁Freder ik ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁politics ; ▁so ▁was ▁priest ▁N ils ▁Land mark ▁who ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁a ▁Johan ▁J ør gen ' s ▁mat ernal ▁a unt ▁Christian e ▁Wilhelm ine . ▁ ▁Career ▁Johan ▁J ør gen ▁L ange ▁Hans sen ▁moved |
▁to ▁Ar end al ▁and ▁became ▁director ▁of ▁an ▁ins urance ▁company , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁sav ings ▁bank . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Parliament ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁representing ▁the ▁urban ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁Ar end al ▁og ▁Gr im stad . ▁He ▁served ▁only ▁one ▁term . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁census ▁his ▁household ▁were ▁registered ▁as ▁having ▁at ▁least ▁three ▁servants . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 2 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 9 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁St ort ing ▁Category : A ust - Ag der ▁polit icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ar end al ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁business people ▁in ▁ins urance <0x0A> </s> ▁R ik ava ▁Man or ▁is ▁a ▁man or ▁in ▁R ik ava ▁Par ish , ▁R ē zek ne ▁Municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁historical ▁region ▁of ▁Lat g ale , ▁in ▁Lat via . ▁The ▁complex ▁includes ▁a ▁castle , ▁park ▁and ▁three ▁other ▁ ▁buildings . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁R ik ava ▁estate ▁was ▁property ▁of ▁Jan ov ski ▁noble ▁family . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁Mih als ▁von ▁Rick ▁bought ▁estate . ▁The ▁red ▁brick ▁man or ▁house ▁in ▁Ne o ▁Goth ic ▁style ▁was ▁built ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁After ▁Lat v ian ▁agr arian ▁reform ▁of |
▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁man or ▁was ▁ ▁property ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁since ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁man or ▁house ▁hosted ▁R ik ava ▁Element ary ▁School , ▁which ▁still ▁oper ates ▁today . ▁Beautiful ▁building ▁interior ▁and ▁wooden ▁st airs ▁are ▁well ▁preserved . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁pal aces ▁and ▁man or ▁houses ▁in ▁Lat via ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Man or ▁houses ▁in ▁Lat via <0x0A> </s> ▁Hugo ▁Philipp ▁Jacob ▁Wolf ▁( 1 3 ▁March ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁– ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁composer ▁of ▁Sloven e ▁origin , ▁particularly ▁noted ▁for ▁his ▁art ▁songs , ▁or ▁L ieder . ▁He ▁brought ▁to ▁this ▁form ▁a ▁concentr ated ▁express ive ▁intensity ▁which ▁was ▁unique ▁in ▁late ▁Rom antic ▁music , ▁somewhat ▁related ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁V ienn ese ▁School ▁in ▁conc ision ▁but ▁diver ging ▁greatly ▁in ▁technique . ▁ ▁Though ▁he ▁had ▁several ▁burst s ▁of ▁extraordinary ▁product ivity , ▁particularly ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁de pression ▁frequently ▁interrupted ▁his ▁cre ative ▁periods , ▁and ▁his ▁last ▁composition ▁was ▁written ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 , ▁before ▁he ▁suffered ▁a ▁mental ▁collapse ▁caused ▁by ▁sy ph ilis . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁( 1 8 6 0 – 1 8 8 7 ) ▁ ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Wind isch gr ätz ▁in ▁the ▁Duch y ▁of ▁St y |
ria ▁( now ▁Sloven j ▁Gra dec , ▁Sloven ia ), ▁then ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Empire . ▁From ▁his ▁mat ernal ▁side , ▁he ▁was ▁related ▁to ▁Herbert ▁von ▁Kar aj an . ▁He ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁becoming ▁a ▁representative ▁of ▁" New ▁German " ▁tr end ▁in ▁L ieder , ▁a ▁tr end ▁which ▁followed ▁from ▁the ▁express ive , ▁chrom atic ▁and ▁dram atic ▁musical ▁innov ations ▁of ▁Richard ▁Wagner . ▁ ▁A ▁child ▁pro dig y , ▁Wolf ▁was ▁taught ▁piano ▁and ▁viol in ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁beginning ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁four , ▁and ▁once ▁in ▁primary ▁school ▁studied ▁piano ▁and ▁music ▁theory ▁with ▁Sebastian ▁We ix ler . ▁Sub ject s ▁other ▁than ▁music ▁failed ▁to ▁hold ▁his ▁interest ; ▁he ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁secondary ▁school ▁he ▁attended ▁as ▁being ▁" wh olly ▁in ade qu ate ," ▁left ▁another ▁over ▁his ▁difficulties ▁in ▁the ▁comp uls ory ▁Latin ▁studies , ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁falling - out ▁with ▁a ▁professor ▁who ▁commented ▁on ▁his ▁" dam ned ▁music ," ▁quit ▁the ▁last . ▁From ▁there , ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁Vienna ▁Conserv atory ▁much ▁to ▁the ▁disappoint ment ▁of ▁his ▁father , ▁who ▁had ▁hoped ▁his ▁son ▁would ▁not ▁try ▁to ▁make ▁his ▁living ▁from ▁music . ▁Once ▁again , ▁however , ▁he ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁for ▁" bre ach ▁of ▁discipline ," ▁although ▁the ▁oft - reb elli ous ▁Wolf ▁would ▁claim ▁he ▁quit ▁in ▁fr |
ustration ▁over ▁the ▁school ' s ▁conserv at ism . ▁ ▁After ▁eight ▁months ▁with ▁his ▁family , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Vienna ▁to ▁teach ▁music . ▁Though ▁his ▁fier y ▁temper ament ▁was ▁not ▁ide ally ▁su ited ▁to ▁teaching , ▁Wolf ' s ▁musical ▁g ifts , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁personal ▁charm , ▁earned ▁him ▁attention ▁and ▁patron age . ▁Support ▁of ▁benef act ors ▁allowed ▁him ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁living ▁as ▁a ▁composer , ▁and ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁greatest ▁benef act ors ▁inspired ▁him ▁to ▁write ▁to ▁V ally ▁(" Val ent ine ") ▁Fran ck , ▁his ▁first ▁love , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁was ▁involved ▁for ▁three ▁years . ▁During ▁their ▁relationship , ▁hints ▁of ▁his ▁m ature ▁style ▁would ▁become ▁evident ▁in ▁his ▁L ieder . ▁Wolf ▁was ▁pr one ▁to ▁de pression ▁and ▁wide ▁m ood ▁sw ings , ▁which ▁would ▁affect ▁him ▁all ▁through ▁his ▁life . ▁When ▁Fran ck ▁left ▁him ▁just ▁before ▁his ▁ 2 1 st ▁birth day , ▁he ▁was ▁des pond ent . ▁He ▁returned ▁home , ▁although ▁his ▁family ▁relationships ▁were ▁also ▁stra ined ; ▁his ▁father ▁was ▁still ▁convinced ▁his ▁son ▁was ▁a ▁ne ' er - do - well . ▁His ▁brief ▁and ▁und ist ingu ished ▁ten ure ▁as ▁second ▁Kap ell meister ▁at ▁Sal zburg ▁only ▁rein for ced ▁this ▁opinion : ▁Wolf ▁had ▁neither ▁the ▁temper ament , ▁the ▁conduct ing ▁technique ▁nor ▁the ▁aff inity ▁for ▁the ▁decided ly ▁non - |
W agner ian ▁re per toire ▁to ▁be ▁successful , ▁and ▁within ▁a ▁year ▁had ▁again ▁returned ▁to ▁Vienna ▁to ▁teach ▁in ▁much ▁the ▁same ▁circumstances ▁as ▁before . ▁ ▁Wagner ' s ▁death ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁was ▁another ▁deeply ▁moving ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁young ▁composer . ▁The ▁song ▁" Z ur ▁Ru h , ▁zur ▁Ru h " ▁was ▁composed ▁shortly ▁after ward ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁his ▁early ▁works ; ▁it ▁is ▁spec ulated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁intended ▁as ▁an ▁eleg y ▁for ▁Wagner . ▁Wolf ▁often ▁des pa ired ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁future ▁in ▁the ▁en su ing ▁years , ▁in ▁a ▁world ▁from ▁which ▁his ▁id ol ▁had ▁depart ed , ▁leaving ▁trem end ous ▁foot steps ▁to ▁follow ▁and ▁no ▁guidance ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁This ▁left ▁him ▁often ▁extremely ▁temper amental , ▁al ien ating ▁friends ▁and ▁pat rons , ▁although ▁his ▁charm ▁helped ▁him ▁retain ▁them ▁more ▁than ▁his ▁actions ▁mer ited . ▁His ▁songs ▁had ▁mean while ▁caught ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁Franz ▁Lis zt , ▁whom ▁he ▁respect ed ▁greatly , ▁and ▁who ▁like ▁Wolf ' s ▁previous ▁ment ors ▁ad vised ▁him ▁to ▁purs ue ▁larger ▁forms ; ▁advice ▁he ▁this ▁time ▁followed ▁with ▁the ▁sym ph onic ▁tone ▁poem ▁P enth es ile a . ▁His ▁activities ▁as ▁a ▁critic ▁began ▁to ▁pick ▁up . ▁He ▁was ▁mer cil ess ▁in ▁his ▁criticism ▁of ▁the ▁inferior ▁works ▁he ▁saw ▁taking |
▁over ▁the ▁musical ▁atmosphere ▁of ▁the ▁time ; ▁those ▁of ▁Anton ▁Rub in stein ▁he ▁considered ▁particularly ▁od ious . ▁But ▁he ▁was ▁as ▁fer vent ▁in ▁his ▁support ▁of ▁Lis zt , ▁Sch ub ert ▁and ▁Ch op in , ▁whose ▁genius ▁he ▁recognized . ▁Kn own ▁as ▁" W ild ▁Wolf " ▁for ▁the ▁intensity ▁and ▁express ive ▁strength ▁of ▁his ▁conv ict ions , ▁his ▁vit ri ol ▁made ▁him ▁some ▁enemies . ▁He ▁composed ▁little ▁during ▁this ▁time , ▁and ▁what ▁he ▁did ▁write ▁he ▁couldn ' t ▁get ▁performed ; ▁the ▁Ros é ▁Quart et ▁( led ▁by ▁Vienna ▁Phil harm onic ▁concert master ▁Arnold ▁Ros é ) ▁would ▁not ▁even ▁look ▁at ▁his ▁D ▁minor ▁Quart et ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁picked ▁apart ▁in ▁a ▁column , ▁and ▁the ▁premi ere ▁of ▁P enth es ile a ▁was ▁met ▁by ▁the ▁Vienna ▁Phil harm onic , ▁when ▁they ▁tried ▁it ▁out ▁under ▁their ▁celebrated ▁conserv ative ▁conduct or ▁Hans ▁Rich ter , ▁with ▁nothing ▁but ▁der ision ▁for ▁' the ▁man ▁who ▁had ▁d ared ▁to ▁critic ize ▁" Me ister ▁Bra h ms ,' " ▁as ▁Rich ter ▁himself ▁ca ust ically ▁put ▁it . ▁ ▁He ▁abandoned ▁his ▁activities ▁as ▁a ▁critic ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁and ▁began ▁compos ing ▁once ▁more ; ▁perhaps ▁not ▁unexpected ly , ▁the ▁first ▁songs ▁he ▁wrote ▁after ▁his ▁compos itional ▁hi atus ▁( to ▁po ems ▁by ▁Go ethe , ▁Joseph ▁von ▁E ich endor ff ▁and |
▁Joseph ▁Vik tor ▁von ▁Sch eff el ) ▁emphas ized ▁them es ▁of ▁strength ▁and ▁resolution ▁under ▁advers ity . ▁Short ly ▁there after , ▁he ▁completed ▁the ▁ter se , ▁w itt y ▁one - mov ement ▁Italian ▁Ser en ade ▁for ▁string ▁quart et ▁which ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fin est ▁examples ▁of ▁his ▁m ature ▁instrument al ▁compos itional ▁style . ▁Only ▁a ▁week ▁later ▁his ▁father ▁died , ▁leaving ▁him ▁dev ast ated , ▁and ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁compose ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁M atur ity ▁( 1 8 8 8 – 1 8 9 6 ) ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁amaz ingly ▁product ive ▁years ▁for ▁Wolf , ▁and ▁a ▁turning ▁point ▁in ▁his ▁career . ▁After ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁a ▁dozen ▁of ▁his ▁songs ▁late ▁the ▁preceding ▁year , ▁Wolf ▁once ▁again ▁desired ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁compos ing , ▁and ▁travel led ▁to ▁the ▁vac ation ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁W ern ers — family ▁friends ▁whom ▁Wolf ▁had ▁known ▁since ▁child hood — in ▁Per cht olds dorf ▁( a ▁short ▁train ▁ride ▁from ▁Vienna ), ▁to ▁escape ▁and ▁compose ▁in ▁sol itude . ▁Here ▁he ▁composed ▁the ▁M ö rike - L ieder ▁at ▁a ▁f ren z ied ▁pace . ▁A ▁short ▁break , ▁and ▁a ▁change ▁of ▁house , ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁the ▁vac ation ▁home ▁of ▁more ▁long time ▁friends , ▁the ▁E ck ste ins , |
▁and ▁the ▁E ich endor ff - L ieder ▁followed , ▁then ▁the ▁ 5 1 ▁Go ethe - L ieder , ▁sp illing ▁into ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁After ▁a ▁summer ▁hol iday , ▁the ▁Span isches ▁L ieder buch ▁was ▁begun ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 8 8 9 ; ▁though ▁Spanish - f lav oured ▁compos itions ▁were ▁in ▁fashion ▁in ▁the ▁day , ▁Wolf ▁sought ▁out ▁po ems ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁neglect ed ▁by ▁other ▁compos ers . ▁ ▁Wolf ▁himself ▁saw ▁the ▁mer it ▁of ▁these ▁compos itions ▁immediately , ▁ra ving ▁to ▁friends ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁best ▁things ▁he ▁had ▁yet ▁composed ▁( it ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁aid ▁and ▁ur ging ▁of ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁influ ential ▁of ▁them ▁that ▁the ▁works ▁were ▁initially ▁published ). ▁It ▁was ▁now ▁that ▁the ▁world ▁outside ▁Vienna ▁would ▁recognize ▁Wolf ▁as ▁well . ▁Ten or ▁Ferdinand ▁J äger , ▁whom ▁Wolf ▁had ▁heard ▁in ▁Par s if al ▁during ▁his ▁brief ▁summer ▁break ▁from ▁compos ing , ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁concert s ▁of ▁the ▁M ö rike ▁works ▁and ▁quickly ▁became ▁a ▁champion ▁of ▁his ▁music , ▁performing ▁a ▁rec ital ▁of ▁only ▁Wolf ▁and ▁Be eth oven ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁His ▁works ▁were ▁pra ised ▁in ▁reviews , ▁including ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁Mün ch ener ▁All geme ine ▁Zeitung , ▁a ▁widely ▁read ▁German ▁newspaper . ▁( The ▁recognition ▁was ▁not ▁always ▁positive ; ▁Bra h ms |
' s ▁ad her ents , ▁still ▁smart ing ▁from ▁Wolf ' s ▁mer cil ess ▁reviews , ▁returned ▁the ▁favor — when ▁they ▁would ▁have ▁anything ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁him ▁at ▁all . ▁Bra h ms ' s ▁bi ograph er ▁Max ▁Kal beck ▁rid ic u led ▁Wolf ▁for ▁his ▁imm ature ▁writing ▁and ▁odd ▁t onal ities ; ▁another ▁composer ▁refused ▁to ▁share ▁a ▁program ▁with ▁him , ▁while ▁Am al ie ▁Mat erna , ▁a ▁Wagner ian ▁singer , ▁had ▁to ▁cancel ▁her ▁Wolf ▁rec ital ▁when ▁alleg edly ▁faced ▁with ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁being ▁on ▁the ▁critics ' ▁black list ▁if ▁she ▁went ▁on .) ▁ ▁Only ▁a ▁few ▁more ▁settings , ▁comple ting ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁Italien isches ▁L ieder buch , ▁were ▁composed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁before ▁Wolf ' s ▁mental ▁and ▁physical ▁health ▁once ▁again ▁took ▁a ▁dow nt urn ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year ; ▁exhaust ion ▁from ▁his ▁pro l ific ▁past ▁few ▁years ▁combined ▁with ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁sy ph ilis ▁and ▁his ▁de press ive ▁temper ament ▁caused ▁him ▁to ▁stop ▁compos ing ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁several ▁years . ▁Cont inu ing ▁concert s ▁of ▁his ▁works ▁in ▁Austria ▁and ▁Germany ▁spread ▁his ▁growing ▁fame ; ▁even ▁Bra h ms ▁and ▁the ▁critics ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁rev iled ▁Wolf ▁gave ▁favor able ▁reviews . ▁However , ▁Wolf ▁was ▁consum ed ▁with ▁de pression , ▁which ▁stopped ▁him ▁from ▁writing — which ▁only ▁left ▁him ▁more |
▁de pressed . ▁He ▁completed ▁orch estr ations ▁of ▁previous ▁works , ▁but ▁new ▁compos itions ▁were ▁not ▁forth coming , ▁and ▁certainly ▁not ▁the ▁opera ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁now ▁fix ated ▁on ▁compos ing , ▁still ▁convinced ▁that ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁larger ▁forms ▁was ▁the ▁mark ▁of ▁compos itional ▁great ness . ▁ ▁Wolf ▁had ▁sc orn fully ▁rejected ▁the ▁libre tto ▁to ▁Der ▁Cor reg idor ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁presented ▁to ▁him ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁but ▁his ▁determ ination ▁to ▁compose ▁an ▁opera ▁blind ed ▁him ▁to ▁its ▁fault s ▁upon ▁second ▁glance . ▁Based ▁on ▁The ▁Three - Cor ner ed ▁Hat , ▁by ▁Pedro ▁Antonio ▁de ▁Al arc ón , ▁the ▁dark ly ▁hum orous ▁story ▁about ▁an ▁ad ul ter ous ▁love ▁triangle ▁is ▁one ▁that ▁Wolf ▁could ▁identify ▁with : ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁Mel anie ▁Kö ch ert , ▁married ▁to ▁his ▁friend ▁Heinrich ▁Kö ch ert , ▁for ▁several ▁years . ▁( It ▁is ▁spec ulated ▁that ▁their ▁rom ance ▁began ▁in ▁earnest ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁when ▁Wolf ▁accompanied ▁the ▁Kö ch ert s ▁on ▁hol iday ; ▁though ▁Heinrich ▁discovered ▁the ▁affair ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁he ▁remained ▁Wolf ' s ▁patron ▁and ▁Mel anie ' s ▁husband .) ▁The ▁opera ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁nine ▁months ▁and ▁was ▁initially ▁met ▁with ▁success , ▁but ▁Wolf ' s ▁musical ▁setting ▁could ▁not ▁compens ate ▁for ▁the ▁weak ness ▁of ▁the ▁text , |
▁and ▁it ▁was ▁do omed ▁to ▁failure ; ▁it ▁has ▁not ▁yet ▁been ▁successfully ▁rev ived . ▁ ▁A ▁renew al ▁of ▁cre ative ▁activity ▁resulted ▁in ▁Wolf ' s ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁Italien isches ▁L ieder buch ▁with ▁two ▁dozen ▁songs ▁written ▁in ▁March ▁and ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁three ▁Michel ang elo ▁L ieder ▁in ▁March , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁( a ▁group ▁of ▁six ▁had ▁been ▁project ed ) ▁and ▁pre lim inary ▁work ▁during ▁that ▁year ▁on ▁an ▁opera , ▁Manuel ▁Ven eg as . ▁ ▁Final ▁years ▁( 1 8 9 7 – 1 9 0 3 ) ▁Wolf ' s ▁last ▁concert ▁appearance , ▁which ▁included ▁his ▁early ▁champion ▁J äger , ▁was ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁Short ly ▁there after ▁Wolf ▁sli pped ▁into ▁sy ph il it ic ▁ins an ity , ▁with ▁only ▁occas ional ▁sp ells ▁of ▁well be ing . ▁He ▁left ▁si xty ▁pages ▁of ▁an ▁un fin ished ▁opera , ▁Manuel ▁Ven eg as , ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁in ▁a ▁des perate ▁attempt ▁to ▁finish ▁before ▁he ▁lost ▁his ▁mind ▁completely ; ▁after ▁mid - 1 8 9 9 ▁he ▁could ▁make ▁no ▁music ▁at ▁all ▁and ▁once ▁even ▁tried ▁to ▁d rown ▁himself , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁a ▁Vienna ▁as yl um ▁at ▁his ▁own ▁ins istence . ▁Mel anie ▁visited ▁him ▁faith fully ▁during ▁his ▁decl ine ▁until ▁his |
▁death ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 3 , ▁but ▁her ▁un fa ith ful ness ▁to ▁her ▁husband ▁tort ured ▁her ▁and ▁she ▁killed ▁herself ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁ ▁Wolf ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁Zent ral fried hof ▁( Cent ral ▁C emetery ) ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁along ▁with ▁many ▁other ▁notable ▁compos ers . ▁ ▁Music ▁Wolf ' s ▁greatest ▁musical ▁influence ▁was ▁Richard ▁Wagner , ▁who , ▁in ▁an ▁encounter ▁after ▁Wolf ▁first ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁Vienna ▁Conserv atory , ▁encourag ed ▁the ▁young ▁composer ▁to ▁persist ▁in ▁compos ing ▁and ▁to ▁attempt ▁larger - scale ▁works , ▁c ement ing ▁Wolf ' s ▁desire ▁to ▁em ulate ▁his ▁musical ▁id ol . ▁His ▁ant ip ath y ▁to ▁Johannes ▁Bra h ms ▁was ▁fue led ▁equally ▁by ▁his ▁dev otion ▁to ▁Wagner ' s ▁musical ▁radical ism ▁and ▁his ▁lo ath ing ▁of ▁Bra h ms ' ▁musical ▁" con serv at ism ". ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁by ▁his ▁li eder , ▁his ▁temper ament ▁and ▁incl ination ▁leading ▁him ▁to ▁more ▁int imate , ▁subject ive ▁and ▁ter se ▁musical ▁utter ances . ▁Although ▁he ▁initially ▁believed ▁that ▁master ing ▁the ▁larger ▁forms ▁was ▁the ▁hall mark ▁of ▁a ▁great ▁composer ▁( a ▁belief ▁his ▁early ▁ment ors ▁rein for ced ), ▁the ▁smaller ▁scale ▁of ▁the ▁art ▁song ▁proved ▁to ▁provide ▁an ▁ideal ▁cre ative ▁out let ▁for ▁his ▁musical ▁expression ▁and ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁the |
▁genre ▁best ▁su ited ▁to ▁his ▁peculiar ▁genius . ▁Wolf ' s ▁li eder ▁are ▁noted ▁for ▁compress ing ▁exp ans ive ▁musical ▁ideas ▁and ▁depth ▁of ▁feeling , ▁fed ▁by ▁his ▁skill ▁at ▁finding ▁the ▁just ▁right ▁musical ▁setting ▁for ▁the ▁poetry ▁that ▁inspired ▁him . ▁Though ▁Wolf ▁himself ▁was ▁obs essed ▁with ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁to ▁compose ▁only ▁short ▁forms ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁second - rate , ▁his ▁organization ▁of ▁lyr ics ▁of ▁particular ▁po ets ▁( Go ethe ; ▁M ö rike ; ▁E ich endor ff ; ▁Hey se ▁& ▁Ge ib el ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁and ▁Italian ▁Song books ) ▁into ▁sem icy clic al ▁anth ologies , ▁finding ▁connections ▁between ▁texts ▁not ▁explicitly ▁intended ▁by ▁the ▁po ets ▁he ▁set ▁and ▁his ▁conception s ▁of ▁individual ▁songs ▁as ▁dram atic ▁works ▁in ▁mini ature , ▁mark ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁tal ented ▁dram at ist ▁despite ▁having ▁written ▁only ▁one ▁not ▁particularly ▁successful ▁opera , ▁Der ▁Cor reg idor . ▁ ▁Early ▁in ▁his ▁career ▁Wolf ▁model led ▁his ▁li eder ▁after ▁those ▁of ▁Franz ▁Sch ub ert ▁and ▁Robert ▁Sch umann , ▁particularly ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁around ▁his ▁relationship ▁with ▁V ally ▁Fran ck ; ▁in ▁fact , ▁they ▁were ▁good ▁enough ▁im itations ▁to ▁pass ▁off ▁as ▁the ▁real ▁thing , ▁which ▁he ▁once ▁attempted , ▁though ▁his ▁cover ▁was ▁blow n ▁too ▁soon . ▁It ▁is ▁spec ulated ▁that ▁his ▁choice ▁of ▁li eder ▁texts ▁in ▁the ▁earlier ▁years , ▁largely ▁dealing ▁with ▁sin ▁and |
▁an gu ish , ▁were ▁partly ▁influenced ▁by ▁his ▁contra ction ▁of ▁sy ph ilis . ▁His ▁love ▁for ▁V ally , ▁not ▁fully ▁requ ited , ▁inspired ▁highly ▁chrom atic ▁and ▁philosoph ical ▁li eder ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁success ors ▁to ▁Wagner ' s ▁Wes end on ck ▁L ieder ▁cycle . ▁O thers ▁were ▁as ▁distant ▁from ▁those ▁in ▁m ood ▁as ▁possible ; ▁light heart ed ▁and ▁hum orous . ▁The ▁rarely ▁heard ▁sym ph onic ▁poem ▁P enth es ile a ▁is ▁temp est uous ▁and ▁highly ▁colored ▁as ▁well . ▁Although ▁Wolf ▁adm ired ▁Lis zt , ▁who ▁had ▁encourag ed ▁him ▁to ▁complete ▁the ▁work , ▁he ▁felt ▁Lis zt ' s ▁own ▁music ▁too ▁dry ▁and ▁academic ▁and ▁stro ve ▁for ▁color ▁and ▁passion . ▁▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁marked ▁a ▁turning ▁point ▁in ▁his ▁style ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁career , ▁with ▁the ▁M ö rike , ▁E ich endor ff ▁and ▁Go ethe ▁sets ▁drawing ▁him ▁away ▁from ▁Sch ub ert ' s ▁simpler , ▁more ▁di at onic ▁ly ric ism ▁and ▁into ▁" W öl fer l ' s ▁own ▁how l ". ▁M ö rike ▁in ▁particular ▁drew ▁out ▁and ▁complement ed ▁Wolf ' s ▁musical ▁g ifts , ▁the ▁variety ▁of ▁subjects ▁su iting ▁Wolf ' s ▁tail oring ▁of ▁music ▁to ▁text , ▁his ▁dark ▁sense ▁of ▁humor ▁matching ▁Wolf ' s ▁own , ▁his ▁insight ▁and ▁imag ery ▁demand ing ▁a ▁wider ▁variety ▁of ▁compos |
itional ▁techniques ▁and ▁command ▁of ▁text ▁painting ▁to ▁port ray . ▁In ▁his ▁later ▁works ▁he ▁re lied ▁less ▁on ▁the ▁text ▁to ▁give ▁him ▁his ▁musical ▁framework ▁and ▁more ▁on ▁his ▁pure ▁musical ▁ideas ▁themselves ; ▁the ▁later ▁Spanish ▁and ▁Italian ▁songs ▁reflect ▁this ▁move ▁toward ▁" absolute ▁music ". ▁ ▁Wolf ▁wrote ▁hundreds ▁of ▁li eder , ▁three ▁oper as , ▁incident al ▁music , ▁ch oral ▁music , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁some ▁rarely ▁heard ▁orch est ral , ▁chamber ▁and ▁piano ▁music . ▁His ▁most ▁famous ▁instrument al ▁piece ▁is ▁the ▁Italian ▁Ser en ade ▁( 1 8 8 7 ), ▁originally ▁for ▁string ▁quart et ▁and ▁later ▁trans cribed ▁for ▁or chestra , ▁which ▁marked ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁his ▁m ature ▁style . ▁ ▁Wolf ▁was ▁famous ▁for ▁his ▁use ▁of ▁ton ality ▁to ▁rein force ▁meaning . ▁Con cent rating ▁on ▁two ▁t onal ▁areas ▁to ▁mus ically ▁dep ict ▁ambigu ity ▁and ▁conflict ▁in ▁the ▁text ▁became ▁a ▁hall mark ▁of ▁his ▁style , ▁resol ving ▁only ▁when ▁appropriate ▁to ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁song . ▁His ▁chosen ▁texts ▁were ▁often ▁full ▁of ▁an gu ish ▁and ▁in ability ▁to ▁find ▁resolution , ▁and ▁thus ▁so ▁too ▁was ▁the ▁ton ality ▁wand ering , ▁unable ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁home ▁key . ▁Use ▁of ▁de cept ive ▁cad ences , ▁chrom atic ism , ▁dis son ance , ▁and ▁chrom atic ▁medi ants ▁obsc ure ▁the ▁harm onic ▁destination ▁for ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁psych ological ▁t |
ension ▁is ▁sust ained . ▁His ▁formal ▁structure ▁as ▁well ▁reflected ▁the ▁texts ▁being ▁set , ▁and ▁he ▁wrote ▁almost ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁straightforward ▁st roph ic ▁songs ▁fav oured ▁by ▁his ▁contempor aries , ▁instead ▁building ▁the ▁form ▁around ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁work . ▁ ▁Notable ▁works ▁ ▁Opera ▁ ▁Der ▁Cor reg idor ▁( 1 8 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Manuel ▁Ven eg as ▁( un fin ished , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ) ▁ ▁L ieder ▁L ieder stra uß ▁( 1 8 7 8 ), ▁to ▁seven ▁texts ▁by ▁He ine ▁M ö rike - L ieder ▁( 1 8 8 8 ), ▁to ▁texts ▁by ▁Edu ard ▁M ö rike ▁E ich endor ff - L ieder ▁( 1 8 8 9 ), ▁to ▁texts ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Frei herr ▁von ▁E ich endor ff ▁Go ethe - L ieder ▁( 1 8 9 0 ), ▁to ▁texts ▁by ▁Johann ▁Wolfgang ▁von ▁Go ethe ▁Dem ▁Vater land ▁( 1 8 9 0 ), ▁to ▁a ▁text ▁by ▁Robert ▁Rein ick ▁Span isches ▁L ieder buch , ▁to ▁texts ▁by ▁Paul ▁Hey se ▁and ▁E manuel ▁Ge ib el ▁( 1 8 9 1 ) ▁Italien isches ▁L ieder buch , ▁to ▁texts ▁by ▁Paul ▁Hey se ▁( 1 8 9 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 ) ▁Michel ang elo ▁L ieder ▁( 1 8 9 7 ), ▁to ▁texts ▁by ▁Michel ang elo ▁ ▁Inst rument al ▁String ▁Quart et ▁in ▁D ▁minor ▁( 1 |
8 7 8 – 8 4 ) ▁P enth es ile a ▁( sym ph onic ▁poem , ▁ 1 8 8 3 – 8 5 ) ▁Italian ▁Ser en ade ▁( 1 8 8 7 , ▁string ▁quart et ; ▁orch estr ated ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ) ▁ ▁Rec ording ▁projects ▁Ind ividual ▁songs ▁have ▁been ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁recorded ▁re per toire ▁of ▁many ▁sing ers . ▁Sign ific ant ▁early ▁Wolf ▁recording ▁artists ▁included ▁Elisabeth ▁Sch umann , ▁Heinrich ▁Re h kem per , ▁Heinrich ▁Sch lus n us , ▁Josef ▁von ▁Man ow arda , ▁L otte ▁Le h mann , ▁Karl ▁Er b ▁and ▁others . ▁Early ▁post - W ar ▁collections ▁were ▁recorded ▁by ▁Su z anne ▁Dan co , ▁Anton ▁D erm ota ▁and ▁G ér ard ▁Sou z ay ▁( all ▁before ▁ 1 9 5 3 ), ▁Diet rich ▁Fischer - D ies k au ▁( 1 9 5 4 ), ▁Hans ▁Hot ter ▁( 1 9 5 4 ), ▁Er na ▁Ber ger ▁( 1 9 5 6 ), ▁Heinrich ▁Re h f uss ▁( 1 9 5 5 ) ▁and ▁Elisabeth ▁Sch umann ▁( 1 9 5 8 ), ▁and ▁important ▁individual ▁songs ▁by ▁Elisabeth ▁Schwar zk opf , ▁Nicola ▁Ros si - L em eni , ▁and ▁Elisabeth ▁Hö ng en . ▁Ger ald ▁Moore ▁was ▁a ▁distinguished ▁accompan ist ▁in ▁Wolf ▁song ▁record ings . ▁Fischer - D ies k au ▁recorded ▁a ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁M |
ö rike ▁songs ▁with ▁Moore ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁Some ▁major ▁projects ▁have ▁attempted ▁more ▁compreh ensive ▁coverage . ▁ ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ▁Society ▁edition ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁the ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ▁Society ▁was ▁formed ▁under ▁the ▁a eg is ▁of ▁English ▁His ▁Master ' s ▁Vo ice ▁records ▁super vised ▁by ▁Walter ▁Leg ge ▁for ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁a ▁substantial ▁proportion ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁re per toire . ▁These ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁issued ▁to ▁subscri bers ▁in ▁limited ▁ed itions . ▁The ▁artists ▁particip ating ▁were ▁restricted ▁to ▁those ▁under ▁contract ▁to ▁this ▁company . ▁Each ▁volume ▁consisted ▁of ▁six ▁H M V ▁red - label ▁disc s ▁( un ob tain able ▁separately ) ▁and ▁re ta iled ▁new ▁at ▁$ 1 5 . 0 0 ▁Am . ▁The ▁Wolf ▁Society ▁record ings ▁were ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁▁ ▁Volume ▁I , ▁entirely ▁performed ▁by ▁El ena ▁Ger hardt ▁accompanied ▁by ▁Co en ra ad ▁V . ▁Bos , ▁presented ▁a ▁selection ▁mainly ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish ▁and ▁Italian ▁song books ▁and ▁the ▁M ö rike ▁songs . ▁For ▁many ▁years ▁this ▁scar ce ▁set ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁collect or ' s ▁prize , ▁and ▁forms ▁a ▁distinct ▁cor pus ▁within ▁her ▁recorded ▁art . ▁Later ▁volumes ▁always ▁included ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁singer . ▁▁ ▁Volume ▁II : ▁ 1 6 ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 1 ▁Go ethe ▁songs , ▁all ▁( ap art ▁from ▁McC orm ack |
' s ▁Gan ym ed ) ▁accompanied ▁by ▁Co en ra ad ▁V . ▁Bos , ▁but ▁with ▁Friedrich ▁Sch orr ' s ▁Prom ethe us ▁with ▁the ▁orch est ral ▁accompan iment . ▁▁ ▁Volume ▁III : ▁A ▁selection ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁items , ▁including ▁three ▁Michel ang elo ▁songs , ▁three ▁M ö rike ▁songs , ▁four ▁from ▁the ▁Span isches ▁L ieder buch ▁and ▁six ▁from ▁the ▁Italien isches ▁L ieder buch . ▁All ▁accompanied ▁by ▁Co en ra ad ▁V . ▁Bos . ▁▁ ▁Volume ▁IV : ▁ 3 0 ▁items ▁from ▁Italien isches ▁L ieder buch . ▁Ac comp an iments ▁by ▁Co en ra ad ▁V . ▁Bos , ▁Michael ▁R au che isen ▁and ▁Hann s ▁U do ▁Müller . ▁▁ ▁Volume ▁V : ▁A ▁selection ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁songs ▁( main ly ▁M ö rike ▁and ▁Span isches ▁L ieder buch ). ▁▁ ▁Volume ▁VI : ▁Settings ▁of ▁M ö rike , ▁Robert ▁Rein ick , ▁Go ethe , ▁Hey se ▁and ▁Ge ib el , ▁Just ▁and ▁K erner . ▁▁ ▁Art ists ▁included ▁Alexander ▁K ip nis ▁( III , ▁IV , ▁V ); ▁Herbert ▁J ans sen ▁( II , ▁V , ▁VI ); ▁Ger hard ▁H ü sch ▁( II , ▁III , ▁IV , ▁V ); ▁John ▁McC orm ack ▁( ac comp an ied ▁by ▁Ed win ▁Schne ider ) ▁( II ); ▁Alexandre ▁Tri anti ▁( II , ▁III ); ▁R ia ▁G in ster ▁( |
IV , ▁V ); ▁Friedrich ▁Sch orr ▁( II ); ▁Elisabeth ▁R eth berg ▁( IV , ▁V ); ▁T iana ▁Lem nitz ▁( VI ); ▁Hel ge ▁Ros wa en ge ▁( VI ); ▁Mart a ▁F uchs ▁( VI ) ▁and ▁Karl ▁Er b ▁( VI ). ▁Each ▁volume ▁was ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁book let ▁containing ▁a ▁short ▁ess ay ▁by ▁Ernest ▁New man ▁( I : ▁W ords ▁and ▁Music ▁in ▁Hugo ▁Wolf , ▁II : ▁Wolf ' s ▁Go ethe ▁Songs , ▁III : ▁A ▁Note ▁of ▁Wolf ▁as ▁C raft s man , ▁IV : ▁The ▁Italien isches ▁L ieder buch ) ▁together ▁with ▁German ▁texts , ▁English ▁transl ations ▁( by ▁Win if red ▁Rad ford ) ▁and ▁notes ▁on ▁each ▁song ▁( by ▁New man ). ▁ ▁D GG ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ▁L ieder ▁Edition ▁A ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ▁L ieder ▁Edition ▁was ▁recorded ▁by ▁Diet rich ▁Fischer - D ies k au ▁and ▁Daniel ▁Bar en bo im ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁for ▁D GG , ▁each ▁volume ▁containing ▁three ▁records . ▁Volume ▁I ▁( 1 9 7 4 ): ▁M ö rike ▁L ieder ▁( Par is ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁du ▁Dis que ). ▁Volume ▁II ▁( 1 9 7 6 ): ▁L ieder ▁on ▁po ems ▁by ▁Go ethe , ▁He ine ▁and ▁Len au . ▁Volume ▁III ▁( 1 9 7 7 ): ▁L ieder ▁on ▁po ems ▁by ▁E ich endor ff , ▁Michel ang elo , ▁Robert ▁Rein ick |
, ▁Shakespeare , ▁By ron , ▁Hoff mann ▁von ▁Fall ers leben , ▁Joseph ▁Vik tor ▁von ▁Sch eff el , ▁etc . ▁The ▁accomp any ing ▁volumes ▁include ▁ess ays ▁by ▁Hans ▁Jan ci k , ▁texts ▁of ▁the ▁po ems , ▁and ▁transl ations ▁by ▁Lion el ▁Sal ter ▁( English ) ▁and ▁Jacques ▁F ourn ier ▁and ▁others ▁( F rench ). ▁ ▁Oxford ▁L ieder ▁Festival ▁edition ▁The ▁first ▁project ▁to ▁record ▁every ▁song ▁by ▁Wolf ▁was ▁comm enced ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁ 1 5 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁composer ' s ▁birth , ▁by ▁Stone ▁Records ▁and ▁the ▁Oxford ▁L ieder ▁Festival . ▁This ▁series ▁of ▁live ▁record ings , ▁featuring ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁sing ers ▁and ▁Oxford ▁L ieder ▁Festival ' s ▁art istic ▁director ▁Sh ol to ▁K yn och ▁at ▁the ▁piano , ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁run ▁to ▁ 1 1 ▁or ▁ 1 2 ▁disc s : ▁ ▁to ▁date , ▁ 9 ▁disc s ▁have ▁been ▁issued . ▁ ▁Aust rian ▁Radio ▁An ni versary ▁edition ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Aust rian ▁Radio ▁and ▁the ▁Depart ure ▁Centre ▁for ▁Creative ▁Design ▁in ▁Vienna ▁marked ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ’ s ▁anni versary ▁with ▁a ▁rec ital ▁series ▁in ▁which ▁ 1 8 8 ▁of ▁the ▁songs ▁were ▁performed ▁against ▁visual s ▁created ▁by ▁leading ▁design ers . ▁The ▁series ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁bring ▁L ieder ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁audience ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁initi |
ative ▁of ▁bar it one ▁Wolfgang ▁Holz ma ir , ▁who ▁was ▁joined ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁Aust rian ▁sing ers ▁and ▁pian ists . ▁The ▁concert s ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁DVD s ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Bridge ▁Records ▁released ▁the ▁Spanish ▁and ▁Italian ▁song books ▁on ▁CD s . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Andreas ▁Dor sch el , ▁Hugo ▁Wolf . ▁In ▁Selbst zeug n issen ▁und ▁Bild d ok ument en , ▁ 2 nd ▁ed . ▁( Row oh lt , ▁Rein bek , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁( row ohl ts ▁bild mon ograph ien ▁ 3 4 4 ). ▁In ▁German . ▁ ▁New man , ▁Ernest , ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ▁( M eth uen , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ). ▁ ▁S ams , ▁Eric ▁and ▁Susan ▁You ens , ▁' H ugo ▁Wolf ', ▁Gro ve ▁Music ▁Online ▁ed . ▁L . ▁M acy , ▁( sub scription ▁access ) ▁ ▁Thompson , ▁Douglas ▁S . ▁" Mus ical ▁Str ucture ▁and ▁Ev ocation ▁of ▁Time ▁in ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ' s ▁' E in ▁St undle in ▁wohl ▁vor ▁Tag '" ▁The ▁National ▁Association ▁of ▁Te ach ers ▁of ▁Sing ing ▁Journal ▁ 6 5 , ▁No . ▁ 0 1 , ▁September / Oct ober ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Walker , ▁Frank , ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ▁- ▁A ▁Biography ▁( J ▁M ▁D ent ▁& ▁S ons , ▁London ▁ 1 |
9 5 1 ). ▁In cludes ▁extensive ▁Bibli ography ▁( main ly ▁bi ographical ), ▁pp . 4 4 8 – 4 6 1 , ▁and ▁list ▁of ▁compos itions , ▁pp . 4 6 2 – 4 9 2 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁L ieder Net ▁Archive ▁▁▁▁ ▁Free ▁digital ▁scores ▁by ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ▁in ▁the ▁Open Score ▁L ieder ▁Cor pus ▁ ▁Sloven j _ G ra dec ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ' s ▁B irth place ▁ ▁Hugo ▁Wolf ▁Quart ett ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 0 3 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : A ust rian ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : A ust rian ▁classical ▁mus icians ▁Category : A ust rian ▁male ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : A ust rian ▁opera ▁compos ers ▁Category : A ust rian ▁people ▁of ▁Sloven ian ▁descent ▁Category : A ust rian ▁Rom antic ▁compos ers ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁the ▁Vienna ▁Central ▁C emetery ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁sy ph ilis ▁Category : M ale ▁opera ▁compos ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sloven j ▁Gra dec ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁the ▁Duch y ▁of ▁St y ria ▁Category : String ▁quart et ▁compos ers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁male ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Lake ▁Let as ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁lake ▁in ▁Van u |
atu , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁vol can ic ▁island ▁of ▁G au a ▁of ▁the ▁B anks ▁Islands ▁in ▁northern ▁Van u atu . ▁The ▁place ▁submitted ▁an ▁application ▁to ▁be ▁considered ▁an ▁UN ES CO ▁World ▁Heritage ▁Site ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁vol can ic ▁Cr ater ▁lake ▁is ▁U - sh aped , ▁surrounding ▁Mount ▁G har at ▁on ▁all ▁sides ▁except ▁south west . ▁It ▁is ▁about ▁ 9 km ▁long ▁( n orth ▁to ▁south ) ▁and ▁about ▁ 6 km ▁wide , ▁with ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 9 km ². ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 km ▁diameter ▁island ; ▁the ▁lake ▁rest s ▁ 4 1 8 ▁meters ▁above ▁sea ▁level ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁ 1 1 9 ▁meters ▁deep . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁fresh ▁water ▁lake ▁with ▁a ▁temperature ▁of ▁ 3 2 ° ▁Cel si us , ▁where ▁only ▁e els ▁and ▁sh rim ps ▁can ▁surv ive . ▁The ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁lake ▁is ▁not ▁very ▁clear , ▁but ▁has ▁a ▁green ish ▁color . ▁ ▁Water ▁constantly ▁flows ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁lake ▁at ▁a ▁natural ▁overflow ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁lake . ▁ ▁The ▁water ▁flows ▁about ▁ 3 km ▁east ▁to ▁Si ri ▁Water fall ▁and ▁then ▁another ▁ 3 km ▁through ▁rivers ▁Nam ang ▁or ▁Be ▁Sol om ul ▁before ▁it ▁reaches ▁the ▁sea . ▁ ▁Local ▁people |
▁say ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁can oe ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁lake ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁lake ▁from ▁the ▁eastern ▁side ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁Mount ▁G har at . ▁ ▁The ▁can oe ▁is ▁sometimes ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁lake ▁( near ▁the ▁water ▁overflow ), ▁or ▁sometimes ▁on ▁the ▁north - e astern ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁lake ▁( near est ▁G au a ▁Airport ). ▁ ▁A ▁rough ▁estimate ▁of ▁the ▁water ▁flow ▁rate ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁lake ▁( d uring ▁the ▁dry ▁season ▁month ▁of ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁was ▁approximately ▁ 3 ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁per ▁second . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁it ▁was ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁lake ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁resource ▁for ▁power ▁generation ▁to ▁supply ▁industrial ▁develop ments ▁but ▁later ▁the ▁Tour ism ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁Pacific ▁has ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁lake ▁should ▁be ▁included ▁in ▁Van u atu ' s ▁protected ▁area ▁system . ▁The ▁Department ▁of ▁Phys ical ▁Pl anning ▁and ▁Environment ▁is ▁currently ▁considering ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁protected ▁area ▁to ▁the ▁lake . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁UN ES CO ▁World ▁Heritage ▁Site ▁Application ▁ ▁The ▁Vol cano es ▁Serial ▁Site ▁World ▁Heritage ▁Project . ▁ ▁Category : Vol can ic ▁cr ater ▁la kes ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁Van u atu <0x0A> </s> ▁Pam ela ▁K . ▁Brown ▁( Se ptember ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁– ▁June ▁ |
1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Neb r ask an ▁business w oman ▁and ▁legisl ator . ▁She ▁served ▁as ▁state ▁sen ator ▁from ▁O ma ha . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Born ▁in ▁San ▁Antonio , ▁Texas , ▁she ▁graduated ▁from ▁Bro ken ▁Bow ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁Neb r aska - Lin coln . ▁She ▁was ▁married ▁and ▁had ▁one ▁child . ▁▁ ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Conference ▁of ▁State ▁Legisl atures ▁Task ▁Force ▁on ▁Gen etic ▁Techn ologies ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁board ▁director ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁Way ▁of ▁the ▁Mid lands , ▁the ▁Saf ety ▁and ▁Health ▁Council ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁O ma ha , ▁and ▁the ▁West side ▁School s ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁State ▁legisl ature ▁Brown ▁was ▁elected ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Neb r aska ▁legisl ative ▁district ▁and ▁re elect ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁She ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁Government , ▁Military , ▁and ▁V eter ans ▁Affairs ; ▁Transport ation ▁and ▁Tele communic ations ; ▁and ▁Inter g overn ment al ▁Co operation ▁comm itte es . ▁ ▁Death ▁Brown ▁died ▁from ▁o var ian ▁cancer , ▁aged ▁ 5 8 , ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁death s ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁cancer ▁in |
▁Neb r aska ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁o var ian ▁cancer ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Neb r aska – Lin coln ▁al umn i ▁Category : N eb r aska ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : N eb r aska ▁Democr ats ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bro ken ▁Bow , ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : W omen ▁state ▁legisl ators ▁in ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁O ma ha , ▁Neb r aska <0x0A> </s> ▁R ex ▁William ▁Cow d ry ▁( born ▁February ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁in ▁Des ▁Mo ines , ▁Iowa ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁psych iat rist . ▁ ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁Y ale ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Sk ull ▁and ▁B ones , ▁and ▁earned ▁an ▁MD ▁and ▁Master ▁of ▁Public ▁Health ▁from ▁Harvard ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁Act ing ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Institute ▁of ▁M ental ▁Health ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Maryland ▁Health ▁Care ▁Commission ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Har vard ▁Medical |
▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁psych iat rist s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Har vard ▁School ▁of ▁Public ▁Health ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁An il obe ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁commune ▁in ▁Mad agas car . ▁It ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁V ang ain d rano , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁A ts imo - A ts in an ana ▁Region . ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁commune ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁approximately ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁commune ▁census . ▁ ▁Only ▁primary ▁school ing ▁is ▁available . ▁The ▁majority ▁ 9 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁commune ▁are ▁far mers . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁c rop ▁is ▁coffee , ▁while ▁other ▁important ▁products ▁are ▁sugar c ane , ▁pe pper ▁and ▁rice . ▁Services ▁provide ▁employ ment ▁for ▁ 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁References ▁and ▁notes ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁A ts imo - A ts in an ana <0x0A> </s> ▁Bald ock ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Alex ▁Bald ock ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 0 ), ▁British ▁business man ▁ ▁Bob ▁Bald ock ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 7 ), ▁American ▁artist ▁ ▁Bobby ▁Ray ▁Bald ock ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 6 ), ▁United ▁States ▁federal ▁judge ▁C ora ▁Bald ock ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 5 ), ▁Australian - D utch ▁soci ologist |
▁ ▁Dar rel ▁Bald ock ▁( 1 9 3 8 – 2 0 1 1 ), ▁Australian ▁footballer ▁ ▁Edward ▁Hol mes ▁Bald ock ▁( 1 8 1 2 – 1 8 7 5 ), ▁MP ▁for ▁Sh rew s bury ▁ 1 8 4 7 – 1 8 5 7 ▁ ▁George ▁Bald ock ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 3 ), ▁English ▁footballer ▁ ▁Jer em iah ▁Wal lace ▁Bald ock ▁( 1 8 4 2 – 1 9 1 9 ), ▁American ▁politician ▁ ▁John ▁Bald ock ▁( 1 9 1 5 – 2 0 0 3 ), ▁British ▁politician ▁▁ ▁K atherine ▁C . ▁R . ▁Bald ock , ▁British ▁ent om ologist ▁ ▁Larry ▁Bald ock ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 4 ), ▁New ▁Zealand ▁politician ▁ ▁Ralph ▁Bald ock ▁( d ied ▁ 1 3 1 3 ), ▁Bishop ▁of ▁London ▁from ▁ 1 3 0 4 ▁ ▁Robert ▁Bald ock , ▁Lord ▁Priv y ▁Se al ▁and ▁Lord ▁Chan cell or ▁of ▁England ▁ 1 3 2 0 – 1 3 2 6 ▁ ▁Robert ▁Bald ock ▁( jud ge ) ▁( 1 6 2 4 / 5 – 1 6 9 1 ), ▁English ▁judge ▁ ▁Robert ▁N . ▁Bald ock , ▁ph y colog ist ▁ ▁Sam ▁Bald ock ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 9 ), ▁English ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Sarah ▁Bald ock ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁English ▁organ ist ▁and ▁ch oral ▁conduct or ▁ ▁Ted dy |
▁Bald ock ▁( 1 9 0 7 – 1 9 7 1 ), ▁English ▁box er ▁ ▁William ▁Bald ock ▁( 1 9 0 0 – 1 9 4 1 ), ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁William ▁Bald ock ▁( H amps hire ▁cr ick eter ) ▁( 1 8 4 7 – 1 9 2 3 ), ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Bald ock ' s ▁Mill , ▁her itage ▁site ▁in ▁Bour ne , ▁Lincoln shire ▁ ▁Bal doc ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Chris ▁Land man ▁( born ▁January ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dutch ▁d arts ▁player , ▁currently ▁playing ▁in ▁British ▁D arts ▁Organisation ▁events . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Land man ▁won ▁the ▁Catal onian ▁Open , ▁reached ▁the ▁quarter - final ▁of ▁the ▁W DF ▁World ▁Cup ▁Singles , ▁and ▁reached ▁the ▁Last ▁ 1 6 ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Masters . ▁He ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁B DO ▁World ▁D arts ▁Championship ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Regional ▁Table ▁Qual ifiers , ▁losing ▁to ▁Der k ▁Tel nek es ▁ 0 - 3 ▁in ▁the ▁Pre lim inary ▁Round . ▁ ▁World ▁Championship ▁results ▁ ▁B DO ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 8 : ▁Pre lim inary ▁round ▁( lost ▁to ▁Der k ▁Tel nek es ▁ 0 – 3 ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 : ▁First ▁round ▁( lost ▁to ▁K yle ▁McK in str y |
▁ 2 – 3 ) ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 : ▁Qu arter - final s ▁( lost ▁to ▁Wayne ▁Warren ▁ 3 – 5 ) ▁ ▁Performance ▁tim eline ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Chris ▁Land man ' s ▁profile ▁and ▁stats ▁on ▁D arts ▁Database ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : D utch ▁d arts ▁players ▁Category : B rit ish ▁D arts ▁Organisation ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁C ock ▁or ▁co cks ▁often ▁refers ▁to : ▁ ▁Ro oster ▁or ▁co ck , ▁a ▁male ▁of ▁any ▁bird ▁species ▁ ▁C ock , ▁a ▁vul gar ▁nick name ▁for ▁the ▁pen is ▁ ▁C ock ▁or ▁co cks ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Human ▁names ▁ ▁C ock ▁( s urname ) ▁ ▁C ock s ▁( s urname ) ▁ ▁Places ▁ ▁The ▁C ock , ▁Bro om , ▁a ▁Gra de ▁II ▁listed ▁public ▁house ▁in ▁Bro om , ▁Bed ford shire ▁ ▁The ▁C ock , ▁Ful ham , ▁a ▁historic ▁public ▁house ▁in ▁London ▁ ▁The ▁C ock , ▁St ▁Alb ans , ▁a ▁public ▁house ▁in ▁St ▁Alb ans , ▁H ert ford shire , ▁England ▁ ▁C ock ▁Beck , ▁a ▁stream ▁in ▁York shire , ▁England ▁ ▁C ock ▁Bridge ▁( A ber de ens hire ), ▁settlement ▁in ▁Aber de ens hire , ▁Scotland ▁ ▁C ock ▁Bridge ▁( L jub lj ana ), ▁foot bridge ▁in ▁L jub lj ana |
, ▁Sloven ia ▁ ▁C ock ▁Lane , ▁a ▁street ▁in ▁London ▁ ▁C ock ▁Marsh , ▁Ber k shire , ▁England ▁ ▁C ock ▁Ta vern ▁Theatre , ▁a ▁pub ▁theatre ▁located ▁in ▁Kil burn ▁in ▁the ▁north - west ▁of ▁London ▁ ▁C ock s ▁Gla cier , ▁Ross ▁Dep endency , ▁Ant arct ica ▁ ▁C ock s , ▁Corn wall , ▁England , ▁a ▁ham let ▁ ▁Mount ▁C ock s , ▁Victoria ▁Land , ▁Ant arct ica ▁ ▁Ve h icles ▁ ▁Anton ov ▁An - 2 2 ▁or ▁C ock , ▁a ▁heavy ▁military ▁transport ▁aircraft ▁ ▁Cold itz ▁C ock , ▁a ▁gl ider ▁built ▁by ▁British ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁in ▁Cold itz ▁Castle ▁for ▁an ▁escape ▁attempt ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁ ▁C ock ▁( play ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁play ▁by ▁Mike ▁Bart lett ▁ ▁. co . ck , ▁a ▁second - level ▁domain ▁of ▁the ▁Cook ▁Islands ▁ ▁C ock ▁ale , ▁an ▁ale ▁popular ▁in ▁ 1 7 th ▁and ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁England ▁ ▁C ock s ▁baron ets , ▁two ▁baron et cies , ▁one ▁ext inct ▁and ▁one ▁ext ant ▁ ▁R ii him ä ki ▁C ock s , ▁a ▁hand ball ▁team ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ca ul king , ▁or ▁ca ulk ▁ ▁C ock ▁and ▁Bull ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁C ock ▁ring ▁ ▁C ock pit ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁C ock tail ▁ ▁Co |
q , ▁an ▁application ▁used ▁in ▁computer ▁science ▁ ▁Co que ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁C ox ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Game cock ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Ko C ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Ko ç , ▁a ▁surname <0x0A> </s> ▁Future ▁Film ▁Ltd ▁( Future ▁Film ▁O y ) ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish - based ▁home - video ▁distribution ▁company ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Va asa . ▁From ▁early ▁to ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁they ▁were ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁distrib utors ▁of ▁children ' s ▁animation . ▁Future ▁Film ' s ▁releases ▁were ▁dub bed ▁occasionally ▁by ▁Golden ▁Vo ice ▁O Y ▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁wild ly ▁popular ▁G ing a : ▁Nag are b oshi ▁G in ) ▁but ▁most ▁frequently ▁they ▁util ized ▁the ▁services ▁of ▁the ▁inf am ous ▁Ag ap io ▁Racing ▁Team . ▁ ▁In ▁recent ▁years ▁they ▁have ▁become ▁pro l ific ▁distrib utors ▁of ▁an ime . ▁Their ▁releases ▁include ▁titles ▁such ▁as ▁Love ▁H ina ▁and ▁School ▁R umble , ▁F ruits ▁B asket , ▁B ers erk , ▁G ing a ▁D ens ets u ▁We ed ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁This ▁move ▁was ▁possibly ▁motiv ated ▁by ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁the ▁un cut ▁DVD ▁version ▁of ▁Nag are b oshi ▁G in . ▁Also ▁possibly ▁due ▁to ▁this ▁move , ▁their ▁current ▁an ime ▁releases ▁feature ▁subt it les ▁rather ▁than ▁dub bing , ▁which ▁is ▁actually ▁the ▁preferred ▁standard ▁for ▁most ▁television ▁programs ▁and ▁the |
atr ical ▁films ▁in ▁Finland . ▁ ▁Additionally ▁Future ▁Film ▁has ▁been ▁doing ▁motion - picture ▁home ▁video ▁releases ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁: ▁A ▁Per fect ▁Man ▁of ▁ ▁Corpor ate ▁affairs ▁The ▁corpor ate ▁headquarters ▁and ▁w are house ▁of ▁Future ▁Film ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁Va asa . ▁The ▁firm ▁has ▁an ▁office ▁in ▁Hels ink i ▁and ▁a ▁premi ere ▁mov ies ▁w are house ▁in ▁V anta a . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Future ▁Film ▁website ▁▁ ▁English ▁pages : ▁Company ▁information ▁Contact ▁information ▁TV ▁Rights ▁Press ▁ ▁Category : C in ema ▁of ▁Finland ▁Category : Enter tain ment ▁companies ▁of ▁Finland ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Finland ▁Category : M ass ▁media ▁in ▁Va asa <0x0A> </s> ▁D oh a ▁Port ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁port ▁in ▁K uw ait ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁western ▁extrem ity ▁of ▁the ▁Capital ▁Governor ate . ▁The ▁port ▁contains ▁nine ▁pi ers ▁which ▁run ▁for ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁. ▁Among ▁its ▁facilities ▁are ▁ 1 1 ▁w are h ouses , ▁a ▁cattle ▁pen ▁and ▁four ▁storage ▁sh eds . ▁The ▁port ' s ▁waters ▁are ▁at ▁a ▁depth ▁of ▁. ▁To ▁the ▁immediate ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁are ▁resid ences ▁which ▁accommod ate ▁ 5 7 3 ▁people ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁See ▁also |
▁D oh a ▁( K uw ait ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Port s ▁and ▁har b ours ▁of ▁K uw ait ▁Category : Sub ur bs ▁of ▁K uw ait ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Japanese ▁an ime ▁film ▁by ▁Sun r ise . ▁It ▁premier ed ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁February ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁and ▁ran ▁in ▁over ▁ 1 2 0 ▁the at res . ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Code ▁Ge ass ▁an ime ▁series , ▁with ▁the ▁plot ▁taking ▁place ▁after ▁the ▁Zero ▁Re qu iem ▁arc ▁of ▁the ▁rec ap ▁films ' ▁universe . ▁It ▁is ▁directed ▁by ▁Gor ō ▁Tan ig uch i , ▁written ▁by ▁Ich ir ō ▁ Ō k ouch i ▁with ▁music ▁by ▁K ō tar ō ▁Nak ag awa ▁and ▁Hit omi ▁K uro ishi , ▁all ▁of ▁whom ▁previously ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁TV ▁series ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁respective ▁roles . ▁The ▁film ▁has ▁been ▁lic ensed ▁by ▁Fun imation ▁and ▁it ▁had ▁a ▁limited ▁the atr ical ▁release ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada ▁on ▁May ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Plot ▁A ▁year ▁has ▁passed ▁since ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁Zero ▁Re qu iem , ▁a ▁scheme ▁Emperor ▁L el ouch ▁vi ▁Britann ia ▁form ulated ▁to ▁end ▁conflict ▁with ▁his ▁death , ▁and ▁N unn ally ▁vi ▁Britann ia ▁rules ▁Britann ia ▁while ▁a ided ▁by ▁her ▁body guard ▁Su z aku ▁Kur |
ur ug i , ▁who ▁has ▁taken ▁the ▁identity ▁of ▁Zero . ▁N unn ally ▁and ▁Su z aku ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁a ▁good will ▁visit ▁to ▁a ▁desert ▁nation ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁amb ushed ▁by ▁a ▁Knight m are ▁squad ; ▁Su z aku ▁is ▁easily ▁defeated ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁ab duct ed . ▁The ▁two ▁find ▁themselves ▁in ▁the ▁cust ody ▁of ▁Sh al io ▁and ▁Sh am na , ▁the ▁sib ling ▁r ul ers ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Z il kh istan ▁which ▁has ▁suffered ▁from ▁the ▁world ▁peace ▁cri pp ling ▁their ▁primary ▁export : ▁mer cen ary ▁soldiers . ▁Sh am na ▁explains ▁their ▁plan ▁to ▁use ▁N unn ally ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁collect ive ▁un cons cious ness ▁within ▁C ' s ▁World ▁to ▁restore ▁Z il kh istan ' s ▁political ▁might . ▁ ▁Sus pect ing ▁Z il kh istan ' s ▁invol vement , ▁K allen ▁Stadt feld , ▁Say oko ▁Sh ino z aki , ▁and ▁Lloyd ▁As pl und ▁in fil tr ate ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁run ▁into ▁C . C . ▁and ▁a ▁surv iving ▁but ▁tim id ▁and ▁non ver bal ▁L el ouch . ▁C . C . ▁explains ▁that , ▁after ▁the ▁Zero ▁Re qu iem , ▁their ▁school ▁friend ▁Sh ir ley ▁Fen ette ▁sm ugg led ▁L el ouch ' s ▁cor pse ▁to ▁her ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁res ur rect ed ▁L el ouch ▁from ▁the ▁dead ▁by ▁re construct ing ▁his |
▁cor pse , ▁but ▁ ▁his ▁mem ories ▁and ▁person ality ▁are ▁tra pped ▁in ▁the ▁collect ive ▁un cons cious ness . ▁The ▁group ▁launch es ▁an ▁assault ▁on ▁a ▁Z il kh istan ▁prison , ▁where ▁they ▁rescue ▁Su z aku ▁and ▁discover ▁an ▁Ar am u ▁Gate , ▁a ▁portal ▁to ▁C ' s ▁World . ▁C . C . ▁uses ▁the ▁portal ▁to ▁fully ▁res ur rect ▁L el ouch . ▁L el ouch ▁once ▁again ▁d ons ▁the ▁mant le ▁of ▁Zero ▁and ▁meets ▁up ▁with ▁Britann ian ▁forces ▁led ▁by ▁his ▁half - s ister ▁Corn elia ▁li ▁Britann ia ▁and ▁his ▁former ▁lieutenant ▁Kan ame ▁Oh gi . ▁ ▁L el ouch ' s ▁forces ▁track ▁N unn ally ▁down ▁and ▁find ▁her ▁in ▁a ▁Z il kh istan ▁temple . ▁L el ouch ▁in fil tr ates ▁the ▁temple ▁and ▁k ills ▁Sh am na , ▁but ▁she ▁activ ates ▁her ▁Ge ass ▁and ▁travel s ▁back ▁six ▁hours ▁in ▁the ▁past , ▁allowing ▁her ▁to ▁perfectly ▁predict ▁L el ouch ' s ▁actions . ▁L el ouch ▁uses ▁his ▁tact ical ▁pro w ess ▁to ▁dedu ce ▁the ▁mechan ics ▁of ▁Sh am na ' s ▁Ge ass ▁and ▁knock s ▁her ▁out . ▁He ▁fre es ▁N unn ally , ▁but ▁lear ns ▁that ▁her ▁mind ▁has ▁been ▁transport ed ▁into ▁C ' s ▁World . ▁C . C . ▁gu ides ▁him ▁into ▁the ▁collect ive ▁un cons cious ness , ▁and |
▁he ▁successfully ▁res c ues ▁N unn ally . ▁Su z aku ▁k ills ▁Sh al io ▁in ▁combat , ▁destroy ing ▁Sh am na ▁perman ently . ▁In ▁the ▁after math , ▁L el ouch ▁once ▁again ▁be que ath s ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Zero ▁to ▁Su z aku ▁and ▁dep arts ▁on ▁a ▁journey ▁with ▁C . C ., ▁taking ▁the ▁alias ▁L . L . ▁as ▁his ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁marriage ▁proposal . ▁ ▁Vo ice ▁Cast ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁film ▁deb uted ▁at ▁number ▁five ▁with ▁an ▁opening ▁week end ▁gross ▁of ▁ ▁in ▁Japan . ▁It ▁was ▁number ▁six ▁in ▁its ▁second ▁week end , ▁with ▁a ▁cum ulative ▁gross ▁of ▁ ▁up ▁until ▁then . ▁As ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁gross ed ▁more ▁than ▁ ▁() ▁in ▁Japan . ▁Collect ively , ▁the ▁Code ▁Ge ass ▁film ▁franch ise ▁has ▁gross ed ▁ ▁() ▁at ▁the ▁Japanese ▁box ▁office . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁at ▁Fun imation ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁an ime ▁films ▁Category : Anim ated ▁films ▁about ▁time ▁travel ▁Category : F iction ▁about ▁curs es ▁Category : Code ▁Ge ass ▁Category : Cy borg s ▁in ▁an ime ▁and ▁m anga ▁Category : Dis c rim ination ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁proph ets ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁security ▁and ▁surve ill ance ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁terror ism ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁the |
▁ 2 1 1 0 s ▁Category : Fun imation ▁Category : G overn ment ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : J apan ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : J apan ese ▁alternate ▁history ▁films ▁Category : J apan ese ▁films ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁in ▁an ime ▁and ▁m anga ▁Category : Mon archy ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen plays ▁by ▁Ich ir ō ▁ Ō k ouch i ▁Category : S un r ise ▁( company ) ▁Category : T error ism ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : W ars ▁in ▁fiction <0x0A> </s> ▁Lee ▁Sh ub ert ▁( born ▁Le vi ▁Sch ub art ; ▁March ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 8 7 1 – ▁December ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Lith uan ian - born ▁American ▁theatre ▁owner / operator ▁and ▁producer ▁and ▁the ▁el dest ▁of ▁seven ▁sib lings ▁of ▁the ▁the atr ical ▁Sh ub ert ▁family . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁to ▁a ▁Jewish ▁family , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁D uv vid ▁Sch ub art ▁and ▁K atr ina ▁Hel witz , ▁in ▁Vlad is lav ov , ▁in ▁the ▁Su w ał ki ▁Governor ate ▁of ▁Congress ▁Poland , ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁( present - day ▁K ud irk os ▁Na um iest is , ▁Lith u ania ), ▁Sh ub ert ▁was ▁ 1 1 ▁years ▁old ▁when ▁the ▁family ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁settled ▁in ▁Sy rac use , ▁New ▁York |
, ▁where ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Jewish ▁families ▁from ▁their ▁h omet own ▁already ▁were ▁living . ▁His ▁father ' s ▁alco hol ism ▁kept ▁the ▁family ▁in ▁difficult ▁financial ▁circumstances , ▁and ▁Lee ▁Sh ub ert ▁went ▁to ▁work ▁s elling ▁newsp apers ▁on ▁a ▁street ▁corner . ▁With ▁borrow ed ▁money , ▁he ▁and ▁younger ▁brothers ▁Sam ▁and ▁Jacob ▁eventually ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁a ▁business ▁vent ure ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁them ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁successful ▁operators ▁of ▁several ▁the aters ▁in ▁up state ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁The ▁Sh ub ert ▁brothers ▁decided ▁to ▁expand ▁to ▁the ▁huge ▁market ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁they ▁le ased ▁the ▁Her ald ▁Square ▁Theatre ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Broadway ▁and ▁ 3 5 th ▁Street ▁in ▁Manh attan . ▁Le aving ▁younger ▁brother ▁Jacob ▁at ▁home ▁to ▁manage ▁their ▁existing ▁the at res , ▁Lee ▁and ▁Sam ▁Sh ub ert ▁moved ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁where ▁they ▁laid ▁the ▁found ations ▁for ▁what ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁largest ▁theatre ▁emp ire ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁including ▁the ▁Winter ▁Garden ▁and ▁Sh ub ert ▁The at res . ▁ ▁The ▁all - power ful ▁The atr ical ▁Sy nd icate ▁essentially ▁ex cluded ▁competition . ▁Since ▁the ▁Sh ub ert s ▁were ▁not ▁permitted ▁to ▁use ▁Sy nd icate - control led ▁the aters , ▁they ▁put ▁on ▁shows ▁in ▁r ented ▁circ us ▁t ents , ▁holding |
▁" three ▁times ▁as ▁many ▁customers ▁as ▁the ▁typical ▁the ater ." ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁they ▁formed ▁the ▁" Ind ep endent ▁National ▁Theatre ▁O wner ' s ▁Association ", ▁which ▁brought ▁about ▁the ▁defe ction ▁of ▁many ▁the aters ▁from ▁all ▁around ▁the ▁country ▁that ▁previously ▁had ▁been ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁Sy nd icate . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁" Le e ▁Sh ub ert ▁and ▁A . ▁L . ▁Er lang er ▁... ▁riv als ▁for ▁twenty ▁years " ▁had ▁reached ▁a ▁working ▁understanding . ▁ ▁Lee ▁Sh ub ert ▁was ▁a ▁hard ▁n osed ▁business man ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized ▁for ▁being ▁money ▁and ▁power ▁orient ed ▁with ▁little ▁interest ▁in ▁culture . ▁Non eth eless , ▁he ▁recognized ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁attract ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁stage ▁actors ▁from ▁the ▁long - est ab lished ▁European ▁the at res ▁( as ▁Gab y ▁Des ly s ) ▁to ▁perform ▁at ▁the ▁new ▁Broadway ▁houses . ▁After ▁a ▁dis astr ous ▁production ▁of ▁Ham let ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁at ▁a ▁compet itor ' s ▁theatre , ▁French ▁meg ast ar ▁Sarah ▁Bern hardt ▁v owed ▁never ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁America ▁ ▁until ▁Lee ▁Sh ub ert ▁convinced ▁her ▁to ▁perform ▁for ▁his ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁ ▁At ▁his ▁death ▁Lee ▁Sh ub ert ' s ▁estate ▁was ▁worth ▁$ 1 6 ▁million . ▁ ▁He ▁bo asted ▁in ▁ |
1 9 2 4 ▁of ▁his ▁family ▁success : ▁We ▁began ▁building ▁the aters , ▁and ▁introduced ▁practical ▁commercial ▁methods ▁into ▁a ▁flag r antly ▁imp ract ical ▁and ▁prec ari ous ▁profession .... This ▁s ord id ▁commercial ism ▁has ▁helped ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁American ▁stage ▁a ▁legit imate , ▁financial ▁risk , ▁stabil ized ▁its ▁re venue , ▁attract ed ▁real ▁money ▁to ▁it , ▁reduced ▁the ▁margin ▁of ▁chance , ▁increased ▁its ▁facilities , ▁and ▁w iden ed ▁its ▁opportun ities . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Marcel la ▁Sw anson . ▁They ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁secret ly ▁married ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁in ▁Germany ▁and ▁divor ced ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁in ▁Ren o , ▁Nev ada . ▁They ▁rem ar ried ▁in ▁Miami ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁( Time ▁Magazine ▁reports ▁the ▁rem ar riage ▁was ▁in ▁February ). ▁ ▁Lee ▁Sh ub ert ▁died ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 8 2 ▁and ▁was ▁inter red ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁plot ▁at ▁S alem ▁Field s ▁C emetery ▁in ▁Brook lyn . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁" Le e ▁Sh ub ert ." ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁American ▁Biography ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁online ▁Hir sch , ▁F oster . ▁The ▁Boys ▁from ▁Sy rac use ▁( 1 9 9 8 ). ▁SI U ▁Press . ▁▁ |
▁Jon as ▁West over ▁( 2 0 1 7 ). ▁ ▁The ▁Sh ub ert s ▁and ▁Their ▁Pass ing ▁Sh ows : ▁The ▁U nt old ▁T ale ▁of ▁Z ieg feld ' s ▁Riv als , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁St agg , ▁Jerry . ▁The ▁Brothers ▁Sch ub ert ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Lee ▁Sh ub ert ▁at ▁Musical s 1 0 1 . com ▁▁ ▁Sh ub ert ▁Foundation ▁bi ography ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁K ud irk os ▁Na um iest is ▁Category : L ith uan ian ▁Jews ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Lith uan ian - J ew ish ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁theatre ▁man agers ▁and ▁produ cers ▁Category : American ▁entertain ment ▁industry ▁business people ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁Sy rac use , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Sh ub ert ▁Organ ization ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁S alem ▁Field s ▁C emetery , ▁Brook lyn <0x0A> </s> ▁Mark ▁Anthony ▁" Bo " ▁Pel ini ▁( born ▁December ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁is ▁the ▁American ▁football ▁def ensive ▁coordin ator ▁for ▁the ▁Louisiana ▁State ▁University ▁Tig ers ▁football ▁team ▁at ▁Louisiana ▁State ▁University . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁former ▁Florida ▁Atlantic ▁head ▁coach ▁Carl ▁Pel |
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