text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
▁State ▁Park . ▁ ▁Si phon ▁Draw ▁and ▁Super st ition ▁R id g eline ▁Tra il ▁ ▁Si phon ▁Draw ▁to ▁Fl at ir on ▁Si phon ▁Draw ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁trail , ▁and ▁leads ▁to ▁the ▁icon ic ▁" F lat ir on " ▁which ▁looks ▁like ▁a ▁ship ' s ▁bow ▁j ut ting ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁mountain ▁range . ▁The ▁last ▁mile ▁of ▁h ik ing ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Fl at ir on ▁is ▁a ▁ste ep ▁b ould er ▁sc ram ble . ▁The ▁land ▁is ▁class ed ▁as ▁in ▁maintained ▁w ilder ness ▁area ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁offer ▁trail ▁signs ▁or ▁markers . ▁The ▁last ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁trail ▁to ▁the ▁Fl at ir on ▁are ▁a ▁class ▁four ▁sc ram ble ▁called ▁' The ▁Wall '. ▁Park ▁R angers ▁recommend ▁glo ves . ▁The ▁last ▁mile ▁is ▁not ▁suitable ▁for ▁h ik ing ▁with ▁dogs . ▁ ▁Super st ition ▁R id g eline ▁Fl at ir on ▁to ▁Per al ta ▁Tra il head ▁The ▁trail ▁continues ▁along ▁the ▁r idge ▁to ▁Per al ta ▁Tra il head ▁about ▁ ▁away . ▁The ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁trail ▁from ▁Lost ▁Dutch man ▁State ▁Park ▁to ▁the ▁Bas in , ▁half ▁way ▁up , ▁is ▁well ▁marked ▁and ▁popular , ▁and ▁required ▁route ▁finding ▁skills ▁are ▁minimal . ▁The ▁last ▁mile ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Fl at ir on ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁r idge ▁is ▁un mark ed ▁w ilder ness ▁area . |
▁From ▁the ▁Fl at ir on ▁along ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁r idge ▁to ▁Per al ta ▁Tra il head , ▁the ▁trail ▁is ▁much ▁less ▁obvious ▁as ▁it ▁gets ▁much ▁less ▁traffic , ▁marked ▁only ▁by ▁c air ns . ▁This ▁area ▁is ▁extremely ▁remote ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁accessed ▁only ▁the ▁trail head s ▁at ▁each ▁end . ▁Hog ▁C any on ▁or ▁Hier og lyph ics ▁C any on ▁provide ▁possible ▁escape ▁routes ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁emer gency , ▁but ▁these ▁tra ils ▁are ▁more ▁rug ged ▁and ▁require ▁more ▁advanced ▁route ▁finding ▁skill ▁than ▁the ▁rid g eline ▁itself . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁remote ▁and ▁difficult ▁nature ▁of ▁these ▁can y ons , ▁h ik ers ▁should ▁prepare ▁to ▁finish ▁the ▁entire ▁hi ke ▁and ▁bring ▁emer gency ▁g ear ▁with ▁them . ▁ ▁This ▁hi ke ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁attempted ▁in ▁summer . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁water ▁along ▁the ▁route , ▁and ▁ ▁little ▁sh ade , ▁and ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁water ▁that ▁must ▁be ▁consum ed ▁may ▁exceed ▁the ▁carrying ▁capacity ▁of ▁even ▁the ▁strong est ▁h ik ers . ▁Even ▁in ▁winter ▁or ▁shoulder ▁season , ▁each ▁h iker ▁should ▁carry ▁between ▁one ▁and ▁two ▁gall ons ▁of ▁pure ▁water . ▁ ▁The ▁rid g eline ▁has ▁a ▁net ▁elev ation ▁gain ▁of ▁about ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁lowest ▁point ▁at ▁Si phon ▁Draw ▁Tra il ▁head ▁at ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁highest ▁point ▁as ▁it ▁sk ir ts ▁Super st ition ▁Pe ak ▁at ▁about ▁. ▁However , |
▁the ▁accum ulated ▁elev ation ▁gain ▁is ▁about ▁ ▁more ▁than ▁Bright ▁Angel ▁Tra il ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁C any on . ▁Furthermore , ▁Bright ▁Angel ▁Tra il ▁has ▁water ▁available ▁from ▁pot able ▁water ▁stations , ▁and ▁from ▁proxim ity ▁to ▁Bright ▁Angel ▁Creek ▁and ▁the ▁Colorado ▁River , ▁while ▁the ▁Super st ition ▁R id g eline ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁water . ▁ ▁Pro posed ▁closure ▁a vert ed ▁ ▁The ▁park ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁close ▁on ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁A ▁man ▁from ▁K aty , ▁Texas ▁don ated ▁$ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁so ▁the ▁park ▁could ▁stay ▁open . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Lost ▁Dutch man ▁State ▁Park ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Arizona ▁Category : P arks ▁in ▁P inal ▁County , ▁Arizona ▁Category : Pro te cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁Category : State ▁par ks ▁of ▁Arizona <0x0A> </s> ▁N anz hou ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁of ▁Zh uz hou ▁County , ▁Hun an , ▁China . ▁Am alg am ating ▁the ▁former ▁N any ang q iao ▁and ▁Zh oup ing ▁two ▁town ships , ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁end , ▁its ▁population ▁is ▁ 5 0 , 8 0 0 . ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 1 9 ▁villages |
▁and ▁a ▁community , ▁its ▁administrative ▁centre ▁is ▁N anz hou ▁Village ▁( 南 洲 村 ). ▁ ▁Sub div isions ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Div isions ▁of ▁Zh uz hou ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Du P ont ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁planned ▁Sound er ▁comm uter ▁rail ▁station ▁in ▁Du P ont , ▁Washington , ▁US . ▁It ▁is ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁intersection ▁of ▁Inter state ▁ 5 ▁and ▁Center ▁Drive , ▁along ▁the ▁Point ▁Def iance ▁B yp ass . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 3 6 , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁extension ▁from ▁Lake wood ▁station ▁approved ▁by ▁Sound ▁Trans it ▁ 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁would ▁be ▁built ▁adjacent ▁to ▁a ▁bus ▁station ▁and ▁park ▁and ▁ride ▁that ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Pier ce ▁County , ▁Washington ▁Category : Future ▁Sound er ▁comm uter ▁rail ▁stations <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁tele communic ation , ▁a ▁demand ▁assignment ▁is ▁a ▁method ▁which ▁several ▁users ▁share ▁access ▁to ▁a ▁communication ▁channel ▁on ▁a ▁real - time ▁basis , ▁i . e ., ▁a ▁user ▁need ing ▁to ▁communicate ▁with ▁another ▁user ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁network ▁requests ▁the ▁required ▁circuit , ▁uses ▁it , ▁and ▁when ▁the ▁call ▁is ▁finished , ▁the ▁circuit ▁is ▁released , ▁making ▁the ▁circuit ▁available ▁to ▁other ▁users . ▁▁ ▁Dem and ▁assignment ▁is ▁similar ▁to |
▁conventional ▁tele phone ▁switching , ▁in ▁which ▁common ▁tr unks ▁are ▁provided ▁for ▁many ▁users , ▁on ▁a ▁demand ▁basis , ▁through ▁a ▁limited - size ▁tr unk ▁group . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Time - ass ignment ▁speech ▁interpolation ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Te let ra ffic <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁rail ▁transport ▁began ▁in ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁BC ▁in ▁An cient ▁Greece . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁divided ▁up ▁into ▁several ▁discrete ▁periods ▁defined ▁by ▁the ▁principal ▁means ▁of ▁track ▁material ▁and ▁mot ive ▁power ▁used . ▁ ▁An cient ▁systems ▁ ▁Ev idence ▁indicates ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁ 6 ▁to ▁ 8 . 5 km ▁long ▁Di olk os ▁p aved ▁track way , ▁which ▁transport ed ▁boats ▁across ▁the ▁Ist hm us ▁of ▁Cor inth ▁in ▁Greece ▁from ▁around ▁ 6 0 0 ▁BC . ▁Whe e led ▁vehicles ▁pulled ▁by ▁men ▁and ▁animals ▁ran ▁in ▁gro ov es ▁in ▁lim estone , ▁which ▁provided ▁the ▁track ▁element , ▁prevent ing ▁the ▁w ag ons ▁from ▁leaving ▁the ▁intended ▁route . ▁The ▁Di olk os ▁was ▁in ▁use ▁for ▁over ▁ 6 5 0 ▁years , ▁until ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁century ▁AD . ▁P aved ▁track ways ▁were ▁also ▁later ▁built ▁in ▁Roman ▁Egypt . ▁ ▁Pre - ste am ▁ ▁Wood en ▁rails ▁introduced ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 1 5 , ▁Card inal ▁Matth ä us ▁Lang ▁wrote ▁a ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁Re iss zug , ▁a ▁fun icular ▁railway ▁at ▁the |
▁H oh ens al zburg ▁Fort ress ▁in ▁Austria . ▁The ▁line ▁originally ▁used ▁wooden ▁rails ▁and ▁a ▁h emp ▁ha ul age ▁ro pe ▁and ▁was ▁operated ▁by ▁human ▁or ▁animal ▁power , ▁through ▁a ▁t read w heel . ▁The ▁line ▁still ▁exists ▁and ▁remains ▁oper ational , ▁although ▁in ▁updated ▁form . ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁the ▁oldest ▁oper ational ▁railway . ▁ ▁W agon ways ▁( or ▁tram ways ), ▁with ▁wooden ▁rails ▁and ▁horse - dra wn ▁traffic , ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 5 0 s ▁to ▁facil itate ▁transport ation ▁of ▁ore ▁tub s ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁mines . ▁They ▁soon ▁became ▁popular ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁their ▁operation ▁was ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Georg ius ▁Agr icola ▁( image ▁left ) ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 5 5 6 ▁work ▁De ▁re ▁met all ica . ▁This ▁line ▁used ▁" H und " ▁c arts ▁with ▁un fl anged ▁whe els ▁running ▁on ▁wooden ▁pl anks ▁and ▁a ▁vertical ▁pin ▁on ▁the ▁tr uck ▁fitting ▁into ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁pl anks ▁to ▁keep ▁it ▁going ▁the ▁right ▁way . ▁The ▁min ers ▁called ▁the ▁w ag ons ▁H unde ▁(" d ogs ") ▁from ▁the ▁noise ▁they ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁tracks . ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁references ▁to ▁w agon ways ▁in ▁central ▁Europe ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁ ▁A ▁w agon way ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁England ▁by ▁German ▁min ers ▁at ▁C ald beck , ▁C |
umb ria , ▁possibly ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 6 0 s . ▁A ▁w agon way ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁Pres cot , ▁near ▁Liverpool , ▁som etime ▁around ▁ 1 6 0 0 , ▁possibly ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 5 9 4 . ▁O wn ed ▁by ▁Philip ▁L ay ton , ▁the ▁line ▁carried ▁coal ▁from ▁a ▁pit ▁near ▁Pres cot ▁Hall ▁to ▁a ▁termin us ▁about ▁half ▁a ▁mile ▁away . ▁A ▁fun icular ▁railway ▁was ▁made ▁at ▁Bro se ley ▁in ▁Sh ro pshire ▁some ▁time ▁before ▁ 1 6 0 4 . ▁This ▁carried ▁coal ▁for ▁James ▁Cl iff ord ▁from ▁his ▁mines ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁river ▁Se vern ▁to ▁be ▁loaded ▁onto ▁b arg es ▁and ▁carried ▁to ▁rivers ide ▁towns . ▁The ▁W oll aton ▁W agon way , ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 4 ▁by ▁Hun ting don ▁Be aum ont , ▁has ▁sometimes ▁err one ously ▁been ▁c ited ▁as ▁the ▁earliest ▁British ▁railway . ▁It ▁ran ▁from ▁St rel ley ▁to ▁W oll aton ▁near ▁Not ting ham . ▁ ▁The ▁Middle ton ▁Railway ▁in ▁Le eds , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 8 , ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁world ' s ▁oldest ▁oper ational ▁railway ▁( other ▁than ▁fun icular s ), ▁al beit ▁now ▁in ▁an ▁upgrad ed ▁form . ▁In ▁ 1 7 6 4 , ▁the ▁first ▁railway ▁in ▁America ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Lew ist on , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Metal ▁rails ▁introduced ▁ |
▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁steam ▁engines ▁for ▁power ing ▁bl ast ▁air ▁to ▁bl ast ▁furn aces ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁increase ▁in ▁British ▁iron ▁production ▁after ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 7 5 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 7 6 0 s , ▁the ▁Co al bro ok dale ▁Company ▁began ▁to ▁fix ▁pl ates ▁of ▁cast ▁iron ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁surface ▁of ▁wooden ▁rails , ▁which ▁increased ▁their ▁dur ability ▁and ▁load - b ear ing ▁ability . ▁At ▁first ▁only ▁bal lo on ▁loops ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁turning ▁w ag ons , ▁but ▁later , ▁mov able ▁points ▁were ▁introduced ▁that ▁allowed ▁passing ▁loops ▁to ▁be ▁created . ▁ ▁A ▁system ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁which ▁un fl anged ▁whe els ▁ran ▁on ▁L - sh aped ▁metal ▁pl ates ▁these ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁plate ways . ▁John ▁C urr , ▁a ▁She ff ield ▁col li ery ▁manager , ▁invent ed ▁this ▁fl anged ▁rail ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 7 , ▁though ▁the ▁exact ▁date ▁of ▁this ▁is ▁disput ed . ▁The ▁plate ▁rail ▁was ▁taken ▁up ▁by ▁Benjamin ▁Out ram ▁for ▁w agon ways ▁serving ▁his ▁can als , ▁manufact uring ▁them ▁at ▁his ▁But ter ley ▁iron works . ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 3 , ▁William ▁Jess op ▁opened ▁the ▁Sur rey ▁Iron ▁Railway , ▁a ▁double ▁track ▁plate way , ▁sometimes ▁err one ously ▁c ited ▁as ▁world ' s ▁first ▁public ▁railway , ▁in ▁south ▁London . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 |
7 8 9 , ▁William ▁Jess op ▁had ▁introduced ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁all - ir on ▁edge ▁rail ▁and ▁fl anged ▁whe els ▁for ▁an ▁extension ▁to ▁the ▁Ch arn wood ▁Forest ▁Canal ▁at ▁Nan p ant an , ▁L ough borough , ▁Le ic esters hire . ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 0 , ▁Jess op ▁and ▁his ▁partner ▁Out ram ▁began ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁edge - rails . ▁Jess op ▁became ▁a ▁partner ▁in ▁the ▁But ter ley ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 0 . ▁The ▁first ▁public ▁edge way ▁( th us ▁also ▁first ▁public ▁railway ) ▁built ▁was ▁the ▁Lake ▁Lock ▁Rail ▁Road ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 6 . ▁Although ▁the ▁primary ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁to ▁carry ▁coal , ▁it ▁also ▁carried ▁passengers . ▁ ▁These ▁two ▁systems ▁of ▁construct ing ▁iron ▁rail ways , ▁the ▁" L " ▁plate - ra il ▁and ▁the ▁smooth ▁edge - ra il , ▁continued ▁to ▁exist ▁side ▁by ▁side ▁into ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁fl anged ▁wheel ▁and ▁edge - ra il ▁eventually ▁proved ▁its ▁superior ity ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁standard ▁for ▁rail ways . ▁ ▁Cast ▁iron ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁satisf actory ▁material ▁for ▁rails ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁brit t le ▁and ▁broke ▁under ▁heavy ▁loads . ▁The ▁wr ought ▁iron ▁invent ed ▁by ▁John ▁B irk in sh aw ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁replaced ▁cast ▁iron . ▁W r ought ▁iron ▁( us ually ▁simply ▁referred ▁to ▁as |
▁" ir on ") ▁was ▁a ▁du ct ile ▁material ▁that ▁could ▁under go ▁considerable ▁de formation ▁before ▁breaking , ▁making ▁it ▁more ▁suitable ▁for ▁iron ▁rails . ▁But ▁wr ought ▁iron ▁was ▁expensive ▁to ▁produce ▁until ▁Henry ▁Cort ▁pat ented ▁the ▁p ud d ling ▁process ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 3 , ▁Cort ▁also ▁pat ented ▁the ▁rolling ▁process , ▁which ▁was ▁ 1 5 ▁times ▁faster ▁at ▁cons olid ating ▁and ▁sh aping ▁iron ▁than ▁ham mer ing . ▁These ▁processes ▁greatly ▁lower ed ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁producing ▁iron ▁and ▁iron ▁rails . ▁The ▁next ▁important ▁development ▁in ▁iron ▁production ▁was ▁hot ▁bl ast ▁developed ▁by ▁James ▁Be aum ont ▁Neil son ▁( pat ented ▁ 1 8 2 8 ), ▁which ▁consider ably ▁reduced ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁co ke ▁( f uel ) ▁or ▁char co al ▁needed ▁to ▁produce ▁p ig ▁iron . ▁W r ought ▁iron ▁was ▁a ▁soft ▁material ▁that ▁contained ▁sl ag ▁or ▁d ross . ▁The ▁soft ness ▁and ▁d ross ▁t ended ▁to ▁make ▁iron ▁rails ▁dist ort ▁and ▁del amin ate ▁and ▁they ▁typically ▁last ed ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁in ▁use , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁as ▁little ▁as ▁one ▁year ▁under ▁high ▁traffic . ▁All ▁these ▁develop ments ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁iron ▁eventually ▁led ▁to ▁replacement ▁of ▁composite ▁wood / ir on ▁rails ▁with ▁superior ▁all - ir on ▁rails . ▁ ▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁B ess emer ▁process , ▁en |
abling ▁steel ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁in exp ens ively , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁era ▁of ▁great ▁expansion ▁of ▁rail ways ▁that ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 6 0 s . ▁Ste el ▁rails ▁last ed ▁several ▁times ▁longer ▁than ▁iron . ▁Ste el ▁rails ▁made ▁heav ier ▁locomot ives ▁possible , ▁allowing ▁for ▁longer ▁trains ▁and ▁impro ving ▁the ▁product ivity ▁of ▁rail ro ads . ▁The ▁B ess emer ▁process ▁introduced ▁nit ro gen ▁into ▁the ▁steel , ▁which ▁caused ▁the ▁steel ▁to ▁become ▁brit t le ▁with ▁age . ▁The ▁open ▁hear th ▁furn ace ▁began ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁B ess emer ▁process ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁impro ving ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁steel ▁and ▁further ▁reducing ▁costs . ▁Ste el ▁completely ▁replaced ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁iron ▁in ▁rails , ▁becoming ▁standard ▁for ▁all ▁rail ways . ▁ ▁Ste am ▁power ▁introduced ▁▁ ▁James ▁W att , ▁a ▁Scottish ▁invent or ▁and ▁mechanical ▁engineer , ▁greatly ▁improved ▁the ▁steam ▁engine ▁of ▁Thomas ▁New com en , ▁h ither to ▁used ▁to ▁p ump ▁water ▁out ▁of ▁mines . ▁W att ▁developed ▁a ▁reci proc ating ▁engine ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 , ▁capable ▁of ▁power ing ▁a ▁wheel . ▁Although ▁the ▁W att ▁engine ▁power ed ▁cot ton ▁mill s ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁mach in ery , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁large ▁station ary ▁engine . ▁It ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁otherwise : ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁bo iler ▁technology ▁necess itated ▁the ▁use ▁of |
▁low ▁pressure ▁steam ▁acting ▁upon ▁a ▁vac u um ▁in ▁the ▁cyl inder ; ▁this ▁required ▁a ▁separate ▁cond enser ▁and ▁an ▁air ▁p ump . ▁Nevertheless , ▁as ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁bo ilers ▁improved , ▁W att ▁investig ated ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁high - press ure ▁steam ▁acting ▁directly ▁upon ▁a ▁p ist on . ▁This ▁raised ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁a ▁smaller ▁engine , ▁that ▁might ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁power ▁a ▁vehicle ▁and ▁he ▁pat ented ▁a ▁design ▁for ▁a ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 4 . ▁His ▁employee ▁William ▁Mur do ch ▁produced ▁a ▁working ▁model ▁of ▁a ▁self - prop elled ▁steam ▁carriage ▁in ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁full - scale ▁working ▁railway ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁by ▁Richard ▁Tre v ith ick , ▁a ▁British ▁engineer ▁born ▁in ▁Corn wall . ▁This ▁used ▁high - press ure ▁steam ▁to ▁drive ▁the ▁engine ▁by ▁one ▁power ▁stroke . ▁The ▁transmission ▁system ▁employed ▁a ▁large ▁fly w heel ▁to ▁even ▁out ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁p ist on ▁rod . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁February ▁ 1 8 0 4 , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁steam - power ed ▁railway ▁journey ▁took ▁place ▁when ▁Tre v ith ick ' s ▁un named ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁ha u led ▁a ▁train ▁along ▁the ▁tram way ▁of ▁the ▁Pen yd ar ren ▁iron works , ▁near ▁Mer th yr ▁T yd fil ▁in ▁South ▁Wales . |
▁Tre v ith ick ▁later ▁demonstrated ▁a ▁locomot ive ▁operating ▁upon ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁circular ▁rail ▁track ▁in ▁Blo oms bury , ▁London , ▁the ▁C atch ▁Me ▁Who ▁Can , ▁but ▁never ▁got ▁beyond ▁the ▁experimental ▁stage ▁with ▁railway ▁locomot ives , ▁not ▁least ▁because ▁his ▁engines ▁were ▁too ▁heavy ▁for ▁the ▁cast - ir on ▁plate way ▁track ▁then ▁in ▁use . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁commer cially ▁successful ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁Matthew ▁Murray ' s ▁ra ck ▁locomot ive ▁Sal aman ca ▁built ▁for ▁the ▁Middle ton ▁Railway ▁in ▁Le eds ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 . ▁This ▁tw in - cy l inder ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁not ▁heavy ▁enough ▁to ▁break ▁the ▁edge - rails ▁track ▁and ▁solved ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁ad hes ion ▁by ▁a ▁c og - w heel ▁using ▁teeth ▁cast ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁rails . ▁Thus ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁first ▁ra ck ▁railway . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁by ▁the ▁locomot ive ▁P uff ing ▁Billy ▁built ▁by ▁Christopher ▁Black ett ▁and ▁William ▁Hed ley ▁for ▁the ▁W yl am ▁Col li ery ▁Railway , ▁the ▁first ▁successful ▁locomot ive ▁running ▁by ▁ad hes ion ▁only . ▁This ▁was ▁accomplished ▁by ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁weight ▁between ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁whe els . ▁P uff ing ▁Billy ▁is ▁now ▁on ▁display ▁in ▁the ▁Science ▁Museum ▁in ▁London , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁oldest ▁locomot ive ▁in ▁existence . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 4 |
▁George ▁Steph enson , ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁locomot ives ▁of ▁Tre v ith ick , ▁Murray ▁and ▁Hed ley , ▁persu aded ▁the ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁K illing worth ▁col li ery ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁to ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁steam - power ed ▁machine . ▁Steph enson ▁played ▁a ▁p iv otal ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁and ▁w ides p read ▁ad option ▁of ▁the ▁steam ▁locomot ive . ▁His ▁designs ▁consider ably ▁improved ▁on ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁pione ers . ▁He ▁built ▁the ▁locomot ive ▁Bl ü cher , ▁also ▁a ▁successful ▁fl anged - w heel ▁ad hes ion ▁locomot ive . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁he ▁built ▁the ▁locomot ive ▁Lo com otion ▁for ▁the ▁Stock ton ▁and ▁Dar ling ton ▁Railway ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁east ▁of ▁England , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁public ▁steam ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁although ▁it ▁used ▁both ▁horse ▁power ▁and ▁steam ▁power ▁on ▁different ▁runs . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁he ▁built ▁the ▁locomot ive ▁Ro cket , ▁which ▁entered ▁in ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁Rain hill ▁Tri als . ▁This ▁success ▁led ▁to ▁Steph enson ▁establish ing ▁his ▁company ▁as ▁the ▁pre - em inent ▁builder ▁of ▁steam ▁locomot ives ▁for ▁rail ways ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁Europe . ▁The ▁first ▁public ▁railway ▁which ▁used ▁only ▁steam ▁locomot ives , ▁all ▁the ▁time , ▁was ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁Railway , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 |
8 3 0 . ▁ ▁Ste am ▁power ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁dominant ▁power ▁system ▁in ▁rail ways ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁century . ▁ ▁Electric ▁power ▁introduced ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁known ▁electric ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁by ▁chem ist ▁Robert ▁David son ▁of ▁Aber de en ▁in ▁Scotland , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁power ed ▁by ▁gal van ic ▁cells ▁( b atter ies ). ▁Thus ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁earliest ▁battery ▁electric ▁locomot ive . ▁David son ▁later ▁built ▁a ▁larger ▁locomot ive ▁named ▁Gal v ani , ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Scottish ▁Society ▁of ▁Arts ▁Ex hib ition ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 . ▁The ▁seven - ton ▁vehicle ▁had ▁two ▁direct - drive ▁rel uct ance ▁mot ors , ▁with ▁fixed ▁elect romagnet s ▁acting ▁on ▁iron ▁bars ▁attached ▁to ▁a ▁wooden ▁cyl inder ▁on ▁each ▁ax le , ▁and ▁simple ▁commut ators . ▁It ▁ha u led ▁a ▁load ▁of ▁six ▁tons ▁at ▁four ▁miles ▁per ▁hour ▁( 6 ▁kilom eters ▁per ▁hour ) ▁for ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁. ▁It ▁was ▁tested ▁on ▁the ▁Edinburgh ▁and ▁Glasgow ▁Railway ▁in ▁September ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁but ▁the ▁limited ▁power ▁from ▁batter ies ▁prevent ed ▁its ▁general ▁use . ▁It ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁railway ▁workers , ▁who ▁saw ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁their ▁job ▁security . ▁ ▁Werner ▁von ▁S iem ens ▁demonstrated ▁an ▁electric ▁railway ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁in ▁Berlin . ▁The ▁world ' |
s ▁first ▁electric ▁tram ▁line , ▁G ross - L ichter fel de ▁Tr am way , ▁opened ▁in ▁L ichter fel de ▁near ▁Berlin , ▁Germany , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁S iem ens . ▁The ▁tram ▁ran ▁on ▁ 1 8 0 ▁Vol t ▁DC , ▁which ▁was ▁supplied ▁by ▁running ▁rails . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁the ▁track ▁was ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁an ▁overhead ▁wire ▁and ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁extended ▁to ▁Berlin - L ichter fel de ▁West ▁station . ▁The ▁Volk ' s ▁Electric ▁Railway ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁in ▁Bright on , ▁England . ▁The ▁railway ▁is ▁still ▁oper ational , ▁thus ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁oldest ▁oper ational ▁electric ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁M öd ling ▁and ▁Hinter br ühl ▁Tr am ▁opened ▁near ▁Vienna ▁in ▁Austria . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁tram ▁line ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁regular ▁service ▁power ed ▁from ▁an ▁overhead ▁line . ▁Five ▁years ▁later , ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁electric ▁t rolle ys ▁were ▁pione ered ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁on ▁the ▁Richmond ▁Union ▁Pass enger ▁Railway , ▁using ▁equipment ▁designed ▁by ▁Frank ▁J . ▁Sp rag ue . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁use ▁of ▁elect r ification ▁on ▁a ▁main ▁line ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁four - mile ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁B elt ▁Line ▁of ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁and ▁Ohio ▁Rail road ▁( B & O ) ▁in ▁ 1 8 |
9 5 ▁connecting ▁the ▁main ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁B & O ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁line ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁through ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁t unn els ▁around ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁Baltimore ' s ▁dow nt own . ▁ ▁Electric ity ▁quickly ▁became ▁the ▁power ▁supply ▁of ▁choice ▁for ▁sub ways , ▁ab ett ed ▁by ▁the ▁Sp rag ue ' s ▁in vention ▁of ▁multiple - unit ▁train ▁control ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁By ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁most ▁street ▁rail ways ▁were ▁elect r ified . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁practical ▁AC ▁electric ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Charles ▁Brown , ▁then ▁working ▁for ▁O er lik on , ▁Zürich . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 1 , ▁Brown ▁had ▁demonstrated ▁long - distance ▁power ▁transmission , ▁using ▁three - phase ▁AC , ▁between ▁a ▁hydro - elect ric ▁plant ▁at ▁Lau ffen ▁am ▁Ne ck ar ▁and ▁Frankfurt ▁am ▁Main ▁West , ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 2 8 0 km . ▁Using ▁experience ▁he ▁had ▁gained ▁while ▁working ▁for ▁Jean ▁Heil mann ▁on ▁steam - elect ric ▁locomot ive ▁designs , ▁Brown ▁observed ▁that ▁three - phase ▁mot ors ▁had ▁a ▁higher ▁power - to - weight ▁ratio ▁than ▁DC ▁mot ors ▁and , ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁a ▁commut ator , ▁were ▁simpler ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁and ▁maintain . ▁However , ▁they ▁were ▁much ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁DC ▁mot ors ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁and ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁mounted ▁in ▁under floor ▁bog ies : |
▁they ▁could ▁only ▁be ▁carried ▁within ▁locomot ive ▁bodies . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁Hung arian ▁engineer ▁K ál m án ▁K and ó ▁developed ▁a ▁new ▁type ▁ 3 - phase ▁asynchronous ▁electric ▁drive ▁mot ors ▁and ▁gener ators ▁for ▁electric ▁locomot ives . ▁K and ó ' s ▁early ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁designs ▁were ▁first ▁applied ▁in ▁a ▁short ▁three - phase ▁AC ▁tram way ▁in ▁Ev ian - les - B ains ▁( France ), ▁which ▁was ▁constructed ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁O er lik on ▁installed ▁the ▁first ▁commercial ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁on ▁the ▁L ug ano ▁Tr am way . ▁Each ▁ 3 0 - ton ne ▁locomot ive ▁had ▁two ▁ ▁mot ors ▁run ▁by ▁three - phase ▁ 7 5 0 V ▁ 4 0 Hz ▁fed ▁from ▁double ▁overhead ▁lines . ▁Three - phase ▁mot ors ▁run ▁at ▁constant ▁speed ▁and ▁provide ▁reg ener ative ▁bra king , ▁and ▁are ▁well ▁su ited ▁to ▁ste ep ly ▁grad ed ▁routes , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁main - line ▁three - phase ▁locomot ives ▁were ▁supplied ▁by ▁Brown ▁( by ▁then ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁Walter ▁B over i ) ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁on ▁the ▁ 4 0 km ▁Burg dorf — Th un ▁line , ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁Italian ▁rail ways ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the |
▁world ▁to ▁introduce ▁electric ▁tra ction ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁length ▁of ▁a ▁main ▁line ▁rather ▁than ▁just ▁a ▁short ▁stretch . ▁The ▁ 1 0 6 km ▁V alt ell ina ▁line ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁designed ▁by ▁K and ó ▁and ▁a ▁team ▁from ▁the ▁G anz ▁works . ▁The ▁elect rical ▁system ▁was ▁three - phase ▁at ▁ 3 k V ▁ 1 5 Hz . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁K and ó ▁invent ed ▁and ▁developed ▁the ▁rot ary ▁phase ▁converter , ▁en abling ▁electric ▁locomot ives ▁to ▁use ▁three - phase ▁mot ors ▁whilst ▁supplied ▁via ▁a ▁single ▁overhead ▁wire , ▁carrying ▁the ▁simple ▁industrial ▁frequency ▁( 5 0 Hz ) ▁single ▁phase ▁AC ▁of ▁the ▁high ▁voltage ▁national ▁networks . ▁ ▁An ▁important ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁wider ▁ad option ▁of ▁AC ▁tra ction ▁came ▁from ▁SN CF ▁of ▁France ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁The ▁company ▁conducted ▁tri als ▁at ▁ 5 0 Hz , ▁and ▁established ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁standard . ▁Following ▁SN CF ' s ▁successful ▁tri als , ▁ 5 0 Hz ▁( now ▁also ▁called ▁industrial ▁frequency ) ▁was ▁adopted ▁as ▁standard ▁for ▁main ▁lines ▁across ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Dies el ▁power ▁introduced ▁ ▁Ear liest ▁recorded ▁examples ▁of ▁an ▁internal ▁comb ust ion ▁engine ▁for ▁railway ▁use ▁included ▁a ▁prototype ▁designed ▁by ▁William ▁D ent ▁Pri est man , ▁which ▁was ▁exam ined ▁by ▁Sir |
▁William ▁Thom son ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁who ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁"[ P ri est man ▁oil ▁engine ] ▁mounted ▁upon ▁a ▁tr uck ▁which ▁is ▁worked ▁on ▁a ▁temporary ▁line ▁of ▁rails ▁to ▁show ▁the ▁adaptation ▁of ▁a ▁pet role um ▁engine ▁for ▁locomot ive ▁purposes ." . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁a ▁ ▁two ▁ax le ▁machine ▁built ▁by ▁Pri est man ▁Brothers ▁was ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁H ull ▁D ock s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁Rudolf ▁Dies el , ▁Adolf ▁K lose ▁and ▁the ▁steam ▁and ▁dies el ▁engine ▁manufact urer ▁Geb r ü der ▁Sul zer ▁founded ▁Dies el - S ul zer - K lose ▁GmbH ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁dies el - power ed ▁locomot ives . ▁Sul zer ▁had ▁been ▁manufact uring ▁dies el ▁engines ▁since ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁The ▁Pr uss ian ▁State ▁Rail ways ▁ordered ▁a ▁dies el ▁locomot ive ▁from ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁The ▁world ' s ▁first ▁dies el - power ed ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁operated ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁on ▁the ▁Winter thur – R om ans horn ▁railway ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁but ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁commercial ▁success . ▁The ▁locomot ive ▁weight ▁was ▁ 9 5 ▁t onnes ▁and ▁the ▁power ▁was ▁ 8 8 3 k W ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁speed ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 km / h . ▁Small ▁numbers ▁of |
▁prototype ▁dies el ▁locomot ives ▁were ▁produced ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁countries ▁through ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 2 0 s . ▁ ▁A ▁significant ▁break through ▁occurred ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁when ▁Hermann ▁L emp , ▁a ▁General ▁Electric ▁elect rical ▁engineer , ▁developed ▁and ▁pat ented ▁a ▁reliable ▁direct ▁current ▁elect rical ▁control ▁system ▁( sub sequ ent ▁improvements ▁were ▁also ▁pat ented ▁by ▁L emp ). ▁L emp ' s ▁design ▁used ▁a ▁single ▁lever ▁to ▁control ▁both ▁engine ▁and ▁generator ▁in ▁a ▁coordin ated ▁fashion , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁prototype ▁for ▁all ▁dies el – elect ric ▁locomot ive ▁control ▁systems . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁world ' s ▁first ▁functional ▁dies el – elect ric ▁rail c ars ▁were ▁produced ▁for ▁the ▁König lich - S ächs ische ▁Staat se isen bah nen ▁( Ro yal ▁Sax on ▁State ▁Rail ways ) ▁by ▁W agg on fab rik ▁R ast att ▁with ▁electric ▁equipment ▁from ▁Brown , ▁B over i ▁& ▁C ie ▁and ▁dies el ▁engines ▁from ▁Swiss ▁Sul zer ▁AG . ▁They ▁were ▁class ified ▁as ▁. ▁The ▁first ▁regular ▁use ▁of ▁dies el – elect ric ▁locomot ives ▁was ▁in ▁switching ▁( sh unter ) ▁applications . ▁General ▁Electric ▁produced ▁several ▁small ▁switching ▁locomot ives ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁( the ▁famous ▁" 4 4 - ton ner " ▁switch er ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁West ing house ▁Electric ▁and |
▁Bald win ▁collabor ated ▁to ▁build ▁switching ▁locomot ives ▁starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁the ▁Canadian ▁National ▁Rail ways ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁North ▁American ▁railway ▁to ▁use ▁dies els ▁in ▁main line ▁service ▁with ▁two ▁units , ▁ 9 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 9 0 0 1 , ▁from ▁West ing house . ▁ ▁High - speed ▁rail ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁elect r ified ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁T ō ka id ō ▁Sh ink ansen ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁between ▁Tokyo ▁and ▁Os aka ▁in ▁Japan . ▁Since ▁then ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁transport , ▁function ing ▁at ▁spe eds ▁up ▁and ▁above ▁ 3 0 0 km / h , ▁has ▁been ▁built ▁in ▁Japan , ▁Spain , ▁France , ▁Germany , ▁Italy , ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China , ▁Taiwan ▁( Rep ublic ▁of ▁China ), ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁South ▁Korea , ▁Sc and in avia , ▁Belg ium ▁and ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁The ▁construction ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁lines ▁has ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁dram atic ▁decl ine ▁of ▁short ▁ha ul ▁fl ights ▁and ▁autom ot ive ▁traffic ▁between ▁connected ▁cities , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁London – Par is – Br uss els ▁cor rid or , ▁Madrid – Bar cel ona , ▁Milan – R ome – N ap les , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁other ▁major ▁lines . ▁ ▁High - speed ▁trains ▁normally ▁operate ▁on ▁standard |
▁gauge ▁tracks ▁of ▁continu ously ▁w eld ed ▁rail ▁on ▁grade - separ ated ▁right - of - way ▁that ▁incorpor ates ▁a ▁large ▁turning ▁radius ▁in ▁its ▁design . ▁While ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁is ▁most ▁often ▁designed ▁for ▁passenger ▁travel , ▁some ▁high - speed ▁systems ▁also ▁offer ▁fre ight ▁service . ▁ ▁H ydro gen ▁power ▁introduced ▁▁ ▁Al st om ▁Cor ad ia ▁i L int ▁hydro gen - power ed ▁train ▁entered ▁service ▁in ▁Lower ▁Sax ony , ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁History ▁by ▁country ▁ ▁Europe ▁ ▁Belg ium ▁▁ ▁Belg ium ▁took ▁the ▁lead ▁in ▁the ▁Indust rial ▁Revolution ▁on ▁the ▁Cont inent ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 0 s . ▁It ▁provided ▁an ▁ideal ▁model ▁for ▁showing ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁rail ways ▁for ▁speed ing ▁the ▁industrial ▁revolution . ▁After ▁splitting ▁from ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁the ▁new ▁country ▁decided ▁to ▁stim ulate ▁industry . ▁It ▁planned ▁and ▁fund ed ▁a ▁simple ▁cross - sh aped ▁system ▁that ▁connected ▁the ▁major ▁cities , ▁ports ▁and ▁min ing ▁areas ▁and ▁linked ▁to ▁neighbor ing ▁countries . ▁Un us ually , ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁state ▁became ▁a ▁major ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁early ▁rail ▁development ▁and ▁champion ed ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁network ▁with ▁no ▁dup lication ▁of ▁lines . ▁Belg ium ▁thus ▁became ▁the ▁railway ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁was ▁built ▁along ▁British ▁lines , ▁often ▁with ▁British ▁engine |
ers ▁doing ▁the ▁planning . ▁Prof its ▁were ▁low ▁but ▁the ▁infrastr ucture ▁necessary ▁for ▁rapid ▁industrial ▁growth ▁was ▁put ▁in ▁place . ▁The ▁first ▁railway ▁in ▁Belg ium , ▁running ▁from ▁northern ▁Br uss els ▁to ▁Me ch elen , ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 3 5 . ▁ ▁Britain ▁ ▁Early ▁develop ments ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁railway ▁in ▁Britain ▁was ▁a ▁w agon way ▁system , ▁a ▁horse ▁drawn ▁wooden ▁rail ▁system , ▁used ▁by ▁German ▁min ers ▁at ▁C ald beck , ▁C umb ria , ▁England , ▁perhaps ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 5 6 0 s . ▁A ▁w agon way ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁Pres cot , ▁near ▁Liverpool , ▁som etime ▁around ▁ 1 6 0 0 , ▁possibly ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 5 9 4 . ▁O wn ed ▁by ▁Philip ▁L ay ton , ▁the ▁line ▁carried ▁coal ▁from ▁a ▁pit ▁near ▁Pres cot ▁Hall ▁to ▁a ▁termin us ▁about ▁half ▁a ▁mile ▁away . ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁July ▁ 1 8 0 3 , ▁Jess op ▁opened ▁the ▁Sur rey ▁Iron ▁Railway , ▁south ▁of ▁London ▁err one ously ▁considered ▁first ▁railway ▁in ▁Britain , ▁also ▁a ▁horse - dra wn ▁one . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁sense ▁of ▁the ▁word , ▁as ▁it ▁function ed ▁like ▁a ▁turn pi ke ▁road . ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁official ▁services , ▁as ▁anyone ▁could ▁bring ▁a ▁vehicle ▁on ▁the ▁railway ▁by ▁pay ing ▁a ▁to ll . ▁ ▁The |
▁Middle ton ▁Railway ▁in ▁Le eds , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 8 , ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁world ' s ▁oldest ▁oper ational ▁railway ▁( other ▁than ▁fun icular s ), ▁al beit ▁now ▁in ▁an ▁upgrad ed ▁form . ▁In ▁ 1 7 6 4 , ▁the ▁first ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Lew ist on , ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁first ▁passenger ▁Hor sec ar ▁or ▁tram , ▁Sw anse a ▁and ▁M umb les ▁Railway ▁was ▁opened ▁between ▁Sw anse a ▁and ▁M umb les ▁in ▁Wales ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 7 . ▁Hor se ▁remained ▁prefer able ▁mode ▁for ▁tram ▁transport ▁even ▁after ▁arrival ▁of ▁steam ▁engines , ▁well ▁till ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁major ▁reason ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁horse - c ars ▁were ▁clean ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁steam ▁driven ▁tr ams ▁which ▁caused ▁smoke ▁in ▁city ▁streets . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁Oliver ▁Evans , ▁an ▁American ▁engineer ▁and ▁invent or , ▁published ▁his ▁vision ▁of ▁what ▁steam ▁rail ways ▁could ▁become , ▁with ▁cities ▁and ▁towns ▁linked ▁by ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁long ▁distance ▁rail ways ▁p lied ▁by ▁speed y ▁locomot ives , ▁greatly ▁speed ing ▁up ▁personal ▁travel ▁and ▁goods ▁transport . ▁Evans ▁specified ▁that ▁there ▁should ▁be ▁separate ▁sets ▁of ▁parallel ▁tracks ▁for ▁trains ▁going ▁in ▁different ▁directions . ▁However , ▁conditions ▁in ▁the ▁infant ▁United ▁States ▁did ▁not ▁enable ▁his ▁vision ▁to ▁take ▁hold . ▁This ▁vision |
▁had ▁its ▁counter part ▁in ▁Britain , ▁where ▁it ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁far ▁more ▁influ ential . ▁William ▁James , ▁a ▁rich ▁and ▁influ ential ▁survey or ▁and ▁land ▁agent , ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁to ▁suggest ▁a ▁national ▁network ▁of ▁rail ways . ▁It ▁seems ▁likely ▁that ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁James ▁attended ▁the ▁demonstr ation ▁running ▁of ▁Richard ▁Tre v ith ick ' s ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁C atch ▁me ▁who ▁can ▁in ▁London ; ▁certainly ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁consider ▁the ▁long - term ▁development ▁of ▁this ▁means ▁of ▁transport . ▁He ▁proposed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁projects ▁that ▁later ▁came ▁to ▁f ru ition ▁and ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁carrying ▁out ▁a ▁survey ▁of ▁the ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁Railway . ▁Unfortunately ▁he ▁became ▁bank rupt ▁and ▁his ▁schemes ▁were ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁George ▁Steph enson ▁and ▁others . ▁However , ▁he ▁is ▁cred ited ▁by ▁many ▁histor ians ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" F ather ▁of ▁the ▁Railway ". ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁that ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Stock ton ▁and ▁Dar ling ton ▁Railway , ▁world ' s ▁first ▁public ▁railway , ▁proved ▁that ▁the ▁rail ways ▁could ▁be ▁made ▁as ▁useful ▁to ▁the ▁general ▁sh ipping ▁public ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁col li ery ▁owner . ▁This ▁railway ▁broke ▁new ▁ground ▁by ▁using ▁rails ▁made ▁of ▁rolled ▁wr ought ▁iron , ▁produced ▁at ▁Bed ling ton ▁Iron works ▁in ▁North umber land |
. ▁Such ▁rails ▁were ▁stronger . ▁This ▁railway ▁linked ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Dar ling ton ▁with ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁Stock ton - on - Te es ▁and ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁enable ▁local ▁col lier ies ▁( which ▁were ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁line ▁by ▁short ▁branches ) ▁to ▁transport ▁their ▁coal ▁to ▁the ▁do cks . ▁As ▁this ▁would ▁const itute ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁traffic , ▁the ▁company ▁took ▁the ▁important ▁step ▁of ▁offering ▁to ▁ha ul ▁the ▁col li ery ▁w ag ons ▁or ▁ch ald rons ▁by ▁locomot ive ▁power , ▁something ▁that ▁required ▁a ▁scheduled ▁or ▁tim et abled ▁service ▁of ▁trains . ▁However , ▁the ▁line ▁also ▁function ed ▁as ▁a ▁to ll ▁railway , ▁on ▁which ▁private ▁horse - dra wn ▁w ag ons ▁could ▁be ▁carried . ▁This ▁curious ▁hy brid ▁of ▁a ▁system ▁( which ▁also ▁included , ▁at ▁one ▁stage , ▁a ▁horse - dra wn ▁passenger ▁w agon ) ▁could ▁not ▁last ▁and ▁within ▁a ▁few ▁years , ▁traffic ▁was ▁restricted ▁to ▁tim et abled ▁trains . ▁( However , ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁private ▁owned ▁w ag ons ▁continued ▁on ▁rail ways ▁in ▁Britain ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s .) ▁ ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Stock ton ▁and ▁Dar ling ton ▁encourag ed ▁the ▁rich ▁invest ors ▁in ▁the ▁rapidly ▁industri alis ing ▁North ▁West ▁of ▁England ▁to ▁emb ark ▁upon ▁a ▁project ▁to ▁link ▁the ▁rich ▁cot ton ▁manufact uring ▁town ▁of ▁Manchester ▁with ▁the ▁th riv ing ▁port ▁of |
▁Liverpool . ▁The ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁Railway ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁railway , ▁in ▁that ▁both ▁the ▁goods ▁and ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁were ▁operated ▁by ▁scheduled ▁or ▁tim et abled ▁locomot ive ▁ha u led ▁trains . ▁When ▁it ▁was ▁built , ▁there ▁was ▁serious ▁doubt ▁that ▁locomot ives ▁could ▁maintain ▁a ▁regular ▁service ▁over ▁the ▁distance ▁involved . ▁A ▁widely ▁reported ▁competition ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 ▁called ▁the ▁Rain hill ▁Tri als , ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁most ▁suitable ▁steam ▁engine ▁to ▁ha ul ▁the ▁trains . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁locomot ives ▁were ▁entered , ▁including ▁Nov el ty , ▁Per se ver ance ▁and ▁Sans ▁P are il . ▁The ▁winner ▁was ▁Steph enson ' s ▁Ro cket , ▁which ▁ste amed ▁better ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁multi - t ub ular ▁bo iler ▁( s ugg ested ▁by ▁Henry ▁Bo oth , ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁company ). ▁ ▁The ▁prom ot ers ▁were ▁mainly ▁interested ▁in ▁goods ▁traffic , ▁but ▁after ▁the ▁line ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁they ▁were ▁surprised ▁to ▁find ▁that ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁was ▁just ▁as ▁rem un er ative . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁railway ▁influenced ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁rail ways ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁Britain ▁and ▁abroad . ▁The ▁company ▁hosted ▁many ▁visit ing ▁deput ations ▁from ▁other ▁railway ▁projects ▁and ▁many ▁railway men ▁received ▁their ▁early ▁training ▁and ▁experience ▁upon ▁this ▁line . ▁The ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁line ▁was , ▁however , ▁only |
▁ ▁long . ▁The ▁world ' s ▁first ▁tr unk ▁line ▁can ▁be ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁Grand ▁J unction ▁Railway , ▁opening ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁and ▁linking ▁a ▁mid point ▁on ▁the ▁Liverpool ▁and ▁Manchester ▁Railway ▁with ▁B irmingham , ▁via ▁Cre we , ▁Staff ord ▁and ▁Wol ver ham pton . ▁ ▁Further ▁development ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁locomot ives ▁in ▁re venue ▁service ▁were ▁small ▁four - w he e led ▁ones ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Ro cket . ▁However , ▁the ▁incl ined ▁cyl ind ers ▁caused ▁the ▁engine ▁to ▁rock , ▁so ▁they ▁first ▁became ▁horizontal ▁and ▁then , ▁in ▁his ▁" Plan et " ▁design , ▁were ▁mounted ▁inside ▁the ▁frames . ▁While ▁this ▁improved ▁stability , ▁the ▁" c rank ▁ax les " ▁were ▁extremely ▁pr one ▁to ▁break age . ▁Gre ater ▁speed ▁was ▁achieved ▁by ▁larger ▁driving ▁whe els ▁at ▁exp ense ▁of ▁a ▁t endency ▁for ▁wheel ▁s lip ▁when ▁starting . ▁Gre ater ▁tract ive ▁effort ▁was ▁obtained ▁by ▁smaller ▁whe els ▁couple d ▁together , ▁but ▁speed ▁was ▁limited ▁by ▁the ▁frag ility ▁of ▁the ▁cast ▁iron ▁connecting ▁ro ds . ▁Hence , ▁from ▁the ▁beginning , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁distinction ▁between ▁the ▁light ▁fast ▁passenger ▁locomot ive ▁and ▁the ▁slower ▁more ▁powerful ▁goods ▁engine . ▁Edward ▁B ury , ▁in ▁particular , ▁ref ined ▁this ▁design ▁and ▁the ▁so - called ▁" B ury ▁Pattern " ▁was ▁popular ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁years , ▁particularly ▁on ▁the ▁London ▁and |
▁B irmingham . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁by ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁Steph enson ▁had ▁produced ▁larger , ▁more ▁stable , ▁engines ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 - 2 - 2 ▁" Pat ente e " ▁and ▁six - cou ple d ▁goods ▁engines . ▁Lo comot ives ▁were ▁trav elling ▁longer ▁distances ▁and ▁being ▁worked ▁more ▁extens ively . ▁The ▁North ▁Mid land ▁Railway ▁expressed ▁their ▁concern ▁to ▁Robert ▁Steph enson ▁who ▁was , ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁their ▁general ▁manager , ▁about ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁heat ▁on ▁their ▁fire box es . ▁After ▁some ▁experiments , ▁he ▁pat ented ▁his ▁so - called ▁Long ▁Bo iler ▁design . ▁These ▁became ▁a ▁new ▁standard ▁and ▁similar ▁designs ▁were ▁produced ▁by ▁other ▁manufact ur ers , ▁particularly ▁Sh arp ▁Brothers ▁whose ▁engines ▁became ▁known ▁affection ately ▁as ▁" Sh arp ies ". ▁ ▁The ▁longer ▁wheel base ▁for ▁the ▁longer ▁bo iler ▁produced ▁problems ▁in ▁corner ing . ▁For ▁his ▁six - cou ple d ▁engines , ▁Steph enson ▁removed ▁the ▁fl anges ▁from ▁the ▁centre ▁pair ▁of ▁whe els . ▁For ▁his ▁express ▁engines , ▁he ▁shift ed ▁the ▁trailing ▁wheel ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 - 2 - 0 ▁formation , ▁as ▁in ▁his ▁" Gre at ▁A ". ▁There ▁were ▁other ▁problems : ▁the ▁fire box ▁was ▁restricted ▁in ▁size ▁or ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁mounted ▁behind ▁the ▁whe els ; ▁and ▁for ▁improved ▁stability ▁most ▁engine ers ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁gravity ▁should ▁be |
▁kept ▁low . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁extreme ▁outcome ▁of ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁C ram pton ▁locomot ive ▁which ▁mounted ▁the ▁driving ▁whe els ▁behind ▁the ▁fire box ▁and ▁could ▁be ▁made ▁very ▁large ▁in ▁diameter . ▁These ▁achieved ▁the ▁h ither to ▁un he ard ▁of ▁speed ▁of ▁ ▁but ▁were ▁very ▁pr one ▁to ▁whe els lip . ▁With ▁their ▁long ▁wheel base , ▁they ▁were ▁un success ful ▁on ▁Britain ' s ▁w inding ▁tracks , ▁but ▁became ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁France , ▁where ▁the ▁popular ▁expression ▁became ▁prendre ▁le ▁C ram pton . ▁ ▁John ▁Gray ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁and ▁Bright on ▁Railway ▁dis bel ieved ▁the ▁necessity ▁for ▁a ▁low ▁centre ▁of ▁gravity ▁and ▁produced ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁locomot ives ▁that ▁were ▁much ▁adm ired ▁by ▁David ▁Joy ▁who ▁developed ▁the ▁design ▁at ▁the ▁firm ▁of ▁E . ▁B . ▁Wilson ▁and ▁Company ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁ 2 - 2 - 2 ▁Jen ny ▁Lind ▁locomot ive , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁passenger ▁locomot ives ▁of ▁its ▁day . ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁Steph enson ▁ 0 - 6 - 0 ▁Long ▁Bo iler ▁locomot ive ▁with ▁inside ▁cyl ind ers ▁became ▁the ▁arch et yp al ▁goods ▁engine . ▁ ▁Exp and ing ▁network ▁ ▁Rail ways ▁quickly ▁became ▁essential ▁to ▁the ▁swift ▁movement ▁of ▁goods ▁and ▁labour ▁that ▁was ▁needed ▁for ▁industrial ization . ▁In ▁the ▁beginning , ▁can als ▁were ▁in ▁competition ▁with ▁the ▁rail ways , ▁but ▁the ▁rail ways ▁quickly ▁gained ▁ground |
▁as ▁steam ▁and ▁rail ▁technology ▁improved ▁and ▁rail ways ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁places ▁where ▁can als ▁were ▁not ▁practical . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s , ▁many ▁steam - power ed ▁rail ways ▁had ▁reached ▁the ▁fr ing es ▁of ▁built - up ▁London . ▁But ▁the ▁new ▁companies ▁were ▁not ▁permitted ▁to ▁demol ish ▁enough ▁property ▁to ▁pen et rate ▁the ▁City ▁or ▁the ▁West ▁End , ▁so ▁passengers ▁had ▁to ▁dis emb ark ▁at ▁P adding ton , ▁E ust on , ▁King ' s ▁Cross , ▁Fen ch urch ▁Street , ▁Char ing ▁Cross , ▁Water lo o ▁or ▁Victoria ▁and ▁then ▁make ▁their ▁own ▁way ▁by ▁hack ney ▁carriage ▁or ▁on ▁foot ▁into ▁the ▁centre , ▁thereby ▁mass ively ▁increasing ▁con g estion ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁A ▁Metropolitan ▁Railway ▁was ▁built ▁under ground ▁to ▁connect ▁several ▁of ▁these ▁separate ▁railway ▁terminal s ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁" Met ro ". ▁ ▁Social ▁and ▁economic ▁consequences ▁ ▁The ▁rail ways ▁changed ▁British ▁society ▁in ▁numerous ▁and ▁complex ▁ways . ▁Although ▁recent ▁attempts ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁economic ▁significance ▁of ▁the ▁rail ways ▁have ▁suggested ▁that ▁their ▁overall ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁G DP ▁was ▁more ▁mod est ▁than ▁an ▁earlier ▁generation ▁of ▁histor ians ▁sometimes ▁assumed , ▁it ▁is ▁non eth eless ▁clear ▁that ▁the ▁rail ways ▁had ▁a ▁size able ▁impact ▁in ▁many ▁spher es ▁of ▁economic ▁activity . ▁The ▁building ▁of ▁rail ways ▁and ▁locomot ives , ▁for ▁example , |
▁called ▁for ▁large ▁quantities ▁of ▁heavy ▁materials ▁and ▁thus ▁provided ▁a ▁significant ▁stim ulus ▁or ▁' back ward ▁link age ', ▁to ▁the ▁coal - min ing , ▁iron - production , ▁engineering ▁and ▁construction ▁indust ries . ▁ ▁They ▁also ▁helped ▁to ▁reduce ▁transaction ▁costs , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁lower ed ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁goods : ▁the ▁distribution ▁and ▁sale ▁of ▁per ish able ▁goods ▁such ▁as ▁meat , ▁milk , ▁fish ▁and ▁veget ables ▁were ▁transformed ▁by ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁the ▁rail ways , ▁giving ▁rise ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁che aper ▁produce ▁in ▁the ▁sh ops ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁far ▁greater ▁variety ▁in ▁people ' s ▁di ets . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁by ▁impro ving ▁personal ▁mob ility ▁the ▁rail ways ▁were ▁a ▁significant ▁force ▁for ▁social ▁change . ▁Rail ▁transport ▁had ▁originally ▁been ▁conce ived ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁moving ▁coal ▁and ▁industrial ▁goods ▁but ▁the ▁railway ▁operators ▁quickly ▁real ised ▁the ▁potential ▁market ▁for ▁railway ▁travel , ▁leading ▁to ▁an ▁extremely ▁rapid ▁expansion ▁in ▁passenger ▁services . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁railway ▁passengers ▁tre bled ▁in ▁just ▁eight ▁years ▁between ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 5 0 : ▁traffic ▁volumes ▁roughly ▁double d ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s ▁and ▁then ▁double d ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁historian ▁D erek ▁Ald cro ft ▁has ▁noted , ▁' in ▁terms ▁of ▁mob ility ▁and ▁choice ▁they ▁added ▁a ▁new ▁dimension ▁to ▁every day ▁life '. |
▁ ▁Bulg aria ▁▁ ▁The ▁R use ▁– ▁V arna ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁Bulgar ian ▁territory , ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁It ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁by ▁the ▁Turkish ▁government , ▁by ▁commission ing ▁for ▁it ▁an ▁English ▁company ▁managed ▁by ▁William ▁Glad stone , ▁a ▁politician , ▁and ▁the ▁B ark ley ▁brothers , ▁civil ▁engine ers . ▁The ▁line , ▁which ▁was ▁ 2 2 3 km ▁long , ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 . ▁ ▁France ▁▁ ▁In ▁France , ▁rail ways ▁were ▁first ▁operated ▁by ▁private ▁coal ▁companies ▁the ▁first ▁legal ▁agreement ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁railway ▁was ▁given ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 3 ▁and ▁the ▁line ▁( from ▁Saint - Ét ienne ▁to ▁André zie ux ) ▁was ▁operated ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 7 . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁equipment ▁was ▁imported ▁from ▁Britain ▁but ▁this ▁stim ulated ▁mach in ery ▁mak ers , ▁which ▁soon ▁created ▁a ▁national ▁heavy ▁industry . ▁Tra ins ▁became ▁a ▁national ▁medium ▁for ▁the ▁modern ization ▁of ▁back ward ▁regions ▁and ▁a ▁leading ▁advoc ate ▁of ▁this ▁approach ▁was ▁the ▁poet - polit ician ▁Al phon se ▁de ▁Lam art ine . ▁One ▁writer ▁hoped ▁that ▁rail ways ▁might ▁improve ▁the ▁lot ▁of ▁" pop ulations ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁centuries ▁behind ▁their ▁fell ows " ▁and ▁eliminate ▁" the ▁sav age ▁instinct s ▁born ▁of ▁isol ation ▁and ▁mis ery ." ▁Con sequently , |
▁France ▁built ▁a ▁central ized ▁system ▁that ▁radi ated ▁from ▁Paris ▁( plus ▁lines ▁that ▁cut ▁east ▁to ▁west ▁in ▁the ▁south ). ▁This ▁design ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁achieve ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁goals ▁rather ▁than ▁maxim ize ▁efficiency . ▁ ▁After ▁some ▁cons olid ation , ▁six ▁companies ▁controlled ▁mon opol ies ▁of ▁their ▁regions , ▁subject ▁to ▁close ▁control ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁far es , ▁fin ances ▁and ▁even ▁minute ▁technical ▁details . ▁The ▁central ▁government ▁department ▁of ▁Pont s ▁et ▁Ch auss ées ▁[ brid ges ▁and ▁roads ] ▁brought ▁in ▁British ▁engine ers ▁and ▁workers , ▁handled ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁construction ▁work , ▁provided ▁engineering ▁expert ise ▁and ▁planning , ▁land ▁ac quisition ▁and ▁construction ▁of ▁permanent ▁infrastr ucture ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁track ▁bed , ▁brid ges ▁and ▁t unn els . ▁It ▁also ▁subs id ized ▁militar ily ▁necessary ▁lines ▁along ▁the ▁German ▁border , ▁which ▁was ▁considered ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁national ▁defense . ▁Private ▁operating ▁companies ▁provided ▁management , ▁h ired ▁labor , ▁laid ▁the ▁tracks ▁and ▁built ▁and ▁operated ▁stations . ▁They ▁purchased ▁and ▁maintained ▁the ▁rolling ▁stock — 6 , 0 0 0 ▁locomot ives ▁were ▁in ▁operation ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁which ▁aver aged ▁ 5 1 , 6 0 0 ▁passengers ▁a ▁year ▁or ▁ 2 1 , 2 0 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁fre ight . ▁. ▁ ▁Although ▁starting ▁the ▁whole ▁system ▁at ▁once ▁was ▁polit ically ▁exped ient , ▁it ▁delayed ▁completion ▁and ▁forced ▁even ▁more |
▁reli ance ▁on ▁temporary ▁exper ts ▁brought ▁in ▁from ▁Britain . ▁Fin ancing ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁problem . ▁The ▁solution ▁was ▁a ▁narrow ▁base ▁of ▁fund ing ▁through ▁the ▁Roth sch ild s ▁and ▁the ▁closed ▁circles ▁of ▁the ▁B ourse ▁in ▁Paris , ▁so ▁France ▁did ▁not ▁develop ▁the ▁same ▁kind ▁of ▁national ▁stock ▁exchange ▁that ▁fl our ished ▁in ▁London ▁and ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁system ▁did ▁help ▁modern ize ▁the ▁parts ▁of ▁rural ▁France ▁it ▁reached ▁and ▁help ▁to ▁develop ▁many ▁local ▁industrial ▁cent ers , ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁( co al ▁and ▁iron ▁mines ) ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁( text iles ▁and ▁heavy ▁industry ). ▁Crit ics ▁such ▁as ▁É mile ▁Z ola ▁compla ined ▁that ▁it ▁never ▁over c ame ▁the ▁cor ruption ▁of ▁the ▁political ▁system , ▁but ▁rather ▁contributed ▁to ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁rail ways ▁probably ▁helped ▁the ▁industrial ▁revolution ▁in ▁France ▁by ▁facil it ating ▁a ▁national ▁market ▁for ▁raw ▁materials , ▁w ines , ▁che eses ▁and ▁imported ▁and ▁export ed ▁manufact ured ▁products . ▁In ▁The ▁R ise ▁of ▁Rail - Power ▁in ▁War ▁and ▁Con quest , ▁ 1 8 3 3 – 1 9 1 4 , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁Ed win ▁A . ▁Pr att ▁wrote , ▁" the ▁French ▁rail ways ▁… ▁att ained ▁a ▁remarkable ▁degree ▁of ▁success . ▁… ▁It ▁was ▁estimated ▁that ▁the ▁ 7 5 , 9 6 6 ▁men ▁and ▁ 4 , 4 6 9 |
▁horses ▁transport ed ▁by ▁rail ▁from ▁Paris ▁to ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁or ▁to ▁the ▁front iers ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁S ardin ia ▁between ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁April ▁[ d uring ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁Second ▁Italian ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ] ▁would ▁have ▁taken ▁si xty ▁days ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁journey ▁by ▁road . ▁… ▁This … ▁was ▁about ▁twice ▁as ▁fast ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁achiev ement ▁recorded ▁up ▁to ▁that ▁time ▁on ▁the ▁German ▁rail ways . ▁" ▁Yet ▁the ▁goals ▁set ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁for ▁their ▁railway ▁system ▁were ▁moral istic , ▁political ▁and ▁military ▁rather ▁than ▁economic . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁fre ight ▁trains ▁were ▁shorter ▁and ▁less ▁heavily ▁loaded ▁than ▁those ▁in ▁such ▁rapidly ▁industrial izing ▁nations ▁such ▁as ▁Britain , ▁Belg ium ▁or ▁Germany . ▁Other ▁infrastr ucture ▁needs ▁in ▁rural ▁France , ▁such ▁as ▁better ▁roads ▁and ▁can als , ▁were ▁neglect ed ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁the ▁rail ways , ▁so ▁it ▁seems ▁likely ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁net ▁negative ▁effects ▁in ▁areas ▁not ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁trains . ▁ ▁Germany ▁▁ ▁An ▁operation ▁was ▁illustrated ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 6 ▁by ▁Georg ius ▁Agr icola ▁in ▁his ▁work ▁De ▁re ▁met all ica . ▁This ▁line ▁used ▁" H und " ▁c arts ▁with ▁un fl anged ▁whe els ▁running ▁on ▁wooden ▁pl anks ▁and ▁a ▁vertical ▁pin ▁on ▁the ▁tr uck ▁fitting ▁into ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁pl anks |
▁to ▁keep ▁it ▁going ▁the ▁right ▁way . ▁The ▁min ers ▁called ▁the ▁w ag ons ▁H unde ▁(" d ogs ") ▁from ▁the ▁noise ▁they ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁tracks . ▁This ▁system ▁became ▁very ▁popular ▁across ▁Europe . ▁ ▁The ▁take off ▁stage ▁of ▁economic ▁development ▁came ▁with ▁the ▁rail road ▁revolution ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s , ▁which ▁opened ▁up ▁new ▁mark ets ▁for ▁local ▁products , ▁created ▁a ▁pool ▁of ▁middle ▁man agers , ▁increased ▁the ▁demand ▁for ▁engine ers , ▁architect s ▁and ▁sk illed ▁mach in ists ▁and ▁stim ulated ▁invest ments ▁in ▁coal ▁and ▁iron . ▁Political ▁dis unity ▁of ▁three ▁dozen ▁states ▁and ▁a ▁per vas ive ▁conserv at ism ▁made ▁it ▁difficult ▁to ▁build ▁rail ways ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 s . ▁However , ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s , ▁tr unk ▁lines ▁did ▁link ▁the ▁major ▁cities ; ▁each ▁German ▁state ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁lines ▁within ▁its ▁own ▁borders . ▁Econom ist ▁Friedrich ▁List ▁sum med ▁up ▁the ▁advantages ▁to ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁system ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 : ▁▁ ▁As ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁national ▁defence , ▁it ▁facil it ates ▁the ▁concentration , ▁distribution ▁and ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁army . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁the ▁improvement ▁of ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁nation . ▁It ▁brings ▁talent , ▁knowledge ▁and ▁skill ▁of ▁every ▁kind ▁readily ▁to ▁market . ▁ ▁It ▁sec ures ▁the ▁community ▁against |
▁dear th ▁and ▁fam ine ▁and ▁against ▁excess ive ▁fl uct u ation ▁in ▁the ▁prices ▁of ▁the ▁necess aries ▁of ▁life . ▁ ▁It ▁prom otes ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁the ▁nation , ▁as ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁t endency ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁Phil ist ine ▁spirit ▁ar ising ▁from ▁isol ation ▁and ▁provincial ▁pre jud ice ▁and ▁van ity . ▁It ▁bind s ▁nations ▁by ▁lig aments ▁and ▁prom otes ▁an ▁inter change ▁of ▁food ▁and ▁of ▁comm od ities , ▁thus ▁making ▁it ▁feel ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁unit . ▁The ▁iron ▁rails ▁become ▁a ▁n erve ▁system , ▁which , ▁on ▁the ▁one ▁hand , ▁strength ens ▁public ▁opinion , ▁and , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁strength ens ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁for ▁police ▁and ▁government al ▁purposes . ▁ ▁L ack ing ▁a ▁techn ological ▁base ▁at ▁first , ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁imported ▁their ▁engineering ▁and ▁hardware ▁from ▁Britain , ▁but ▁quickly ▁learned ▁the ▁skills ▁needed ▁to ▁operate ▁and ▁expand ▁the ▁rail ways . ▁In ▁many ▁cities , ▁the ▁new ▁railway ▁sh ops ▁were ▁the ▁cent res ▁of ▁techn ological ▁aw aren ess ▁and ▁training , ▁so ▁that ▁by ▁ 1 8 5 0 , ▁Germany ▁was ▁self - su fficient ▁in ▁meeting ▁the ▁dem ands ▁of ▁rail road ▁construction ▁and ▁the ▁rail ways ▁were ▁a ▁major ▁imp et us ▁for ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁steel ▁industry . ▁Ob ser vers ▁found ▁that ▁even ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁their ▁engineering ▁was ▁inferior ▁to |
▁Britain ' s . ▁However , ▁German ▁un ification ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁stim ulated ▁cons olid ation , ▁national isation ▁into ▁state - owned ▁companies ▁and ▁further ▁rapid ▁growth . ▁Un like ▁the ▁situation ▁in ▁France , ▁the ▁goal ▁was ▁support ▁of ▁industrial isation ▁and ▁so ▁heavy ▁lines ▁cr iss cross ed ▁the ▁Ru hr ▁and ▁other ▁industrial ▁districts ▁and ▁provided ▁good ▁connections ▁to ▁the ▁major ▁ports ▁of ▁Hamburg ▁and ▁Bre men . ▁By ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁Germany ▁had ▁ 9 , 4 0 0 ▁locomot ives ▁pulling ▁ 4 3 , 0 0 0 ▁passengers ▁and ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁fre ight ▁a ▁day ▁and ▁for ged ▁ahead ▁of ▁France . ▁ ▁Italy ▁ ▁Netherlands ▁▁ ▁Rail ▁transport ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁is ▁generally ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁begun ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁when ▁the ▁first ▁train , ▁drawn ▁by ▁the ▁locomot ive ▁De ▁Ar end , ▁successfully ▁made ▁the ▁ 1 6 km ▁trip ▁from ▁Amsterdam ▁to ▁H aar lem . ▁However , ▁the ▁first ▁plan ▁for ▁a ▁rail road ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁was ▁launched ▁only ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁rail road ▁opened ▁in ▁Britain . ▁ ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁rail ▁transport ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁can ▁be ▁described ▁in ▁six ▁er as : ▁▁ ▁the ▁period ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁the ▁first ▁plans ▁were ▁made ▁for ▁a ▁rail road , ▁▁ 1 8 4 0 – 1 8 6 0 ▁rail ro |
ads ▁experienced ▁their ▁early ▁expansion , ▁▁ 1 8 6 0 – 1 8 9 0 ▁the ▁government ▁started ▁ordering ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁new ▁lines , ▁▁ 1 8 9 0 – 1 9 3 8 ▁the ▁different ▁rail ro ads ▁were ▁cons olid ated ▁into ▁two ▁large ▁rail ro ads , ▁▁ 1 9 3 8 – 1 9 9 2 ▁Nederlandse ▁Spo or w egen ▁was ▁granted ▁a ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁rail ▁transport , ▁and ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁present ▁the ▁Nederlandse ▁Spo or w egen ▁lost ▁its ▁mon opol y . ▁ ▁Poland ▁▁ ▁Poland ▁restored ▁its ▁own ▁independence ▁as ▁the ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁from ▁the ▁German , ▁Aust ro - H ung arian ▁and ▁Russian ▁Emp ires . ▁First ▁Polish ▁locomot ive ▁Ok 2 2 ▁( 1 0 0 km / h ) ▁started ▁operating ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁Import ed ▁electric ▁locomot ives ▁English ▁Electric ▁EL . 1 0 0 ▁( 1 0 0 km / h ) ▁were ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁Wars aw ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁New ▁Polish ▁locomot ive ▁P m 3 6 - 1 ▁( 1 4 0 km / h ) ▁was ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Ex position ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Technology ▁in ▁Modern ▁Life ▁in ▁Paris ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁New ▁Polish ▁electric ▁locomot ive ▁EP 0 9 ▁( 1 6 0 km / h ) ▁was ▁designed ▁in |
▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁started ▁regular ▁operation ▁linking ▁Wars aw ▁and ▁Krak ów ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁PK P ▁Inter city ▁New ▁P end ol ino ▁trains ▁by ▁Al st om ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁' Express ▁Inter city ▁Prem ium ' ▁began ▁operating ▁on ▁the ▁C M K ▁line ▁( 2 2 4 km ▁line ▁from ▁Krak ów ▁and ▁Kat ow ice ▁to ▁Wars aw ) ▁with ▁trains ▁reaching ▁ 2 0 0 km / h ▁( 1 2 4 m ph ) ▁as ▁a ▁regularly ▁scheduled ▁operation . ▁ ▁Russia ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 3 0 s , ▁the ▁Russian ▁father ▁and ▁son ▁invent ors ▁the ▁Ch ere pan ov s ▁built ▁the ▁first ▁Russian ▁steam ▁locomot ive . ▁The ▁first ▁railway ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Russia ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁between ▁Saint - P eters burg ▁and ▁Ts ar sko ye ▁S elo . ▁It ▁was ▁ 2 7 km ▁long ▁and ▁linked ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Pal aces ▁at ▁Ts ar sko ye ▁S elo ▁and ▁Pav lov sk . ▁The ▁track ▁gauge ▁was ▁. ▁Russia ▁was ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁big ▁transport ation ▁systems ▁and ▁ge ograph ically ▁su ited ▁to ▁rail ro ads , ▁with ▁long ▁flat ▁st ret ches ▁of ▁land ▁and ▁compar atively ▁simple ▁land ▁ac quisition . ▁It ▁was ▁ham per ed , ▁however , ▁by ▁its ▁out mod ed ▁political ▁situation ▁and ▁a |
▁short age ▁of ▁capital . ▁Foreign ▁initi ative ▁and ▁capital ▁were ▁required . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁Americans ▁who ▁brought ▁the ▁technology ▁of ▁railway ▁construction ▁to ▁Russia . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁planning ▁began ▁for ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁Russia ' s ▁first ▁important ▁railway ; ▁it ▁linked ▁Moscow ▁and ▁St ▁Petersburg . ▁ ▁Spain ▁▁ ▁Cuba , ▁then ▁a ▁Spanish ▁col ony , ▁built ▁its ▁first ▁rail ▁line ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 . ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁rail ▁transport ▁in ▁pen ins ular ▁Spain ▁begins ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁with ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁railway ▁line ▁between ▁Barcelona ▁and ▁Mat ar ó . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁the ▁first ▁narrow ▁gauge ▁line ▁was ▁built . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁a ▁line ▁reached ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁border . ▁By ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁the ▁Madrid - I run ▁line ▁had ▁been ▁opened ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁border ▁was ▁reached . ▁ ▁North ▁America ▁ ▁Canada ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Canadian ▁railway , ▁the ▁Champ lain ▁and ▁St . ▁Lawrence ▁Rail road , ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁outside ▁of ▁Montreal , ▁a ▁season al ▁port age ▁railway ▁to ▁connect ▁river ▁traffic . ▁It ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁Alb ion ▁Railway ▁in ▁St ell art on , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁a ▁col lier ▁railway ▁connecting ▁coal ▁mines ▁to ▁a ▁se ap ort . ▁In ▁Canada , ▁the ▁national ▁government ▁strongly ▁supported ▁railway ▁construction ▁for ▁political ▁goals |
. ▁First ▁it ▁wanted ▁to ▁kn it ▁the ▁far - fl ung ▁provinces ▁together ▁and ▁second , ▁it ▁wanted ▁to ▁maxim ize ▁trade ▁inside ▁Canada ▁and ▁minim ize ▁trade ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁to ▁avoid ▁becoming ▁an ▁economic ▁satellite . ▁The ▁Grand ▁Tr unk ▁Railway ▁of ▁Canada ▁linked ▁Toronto ▁and ▁Montreal ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 3 , ▁then ▁opened ▁a ▁line ▁to ▁Port land , ▁Maine ▁( which ▁was ▁ice - free ) ▁and ▁lines ▁to ▁Michigan ▁and ▁Chicago . ▁By ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁longest ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁Inter colon ial ▁line , ▁finished ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁linked ▁the ▁Mar it imes ▁to ▁Quebec ▁and ▁Ontario , ▁t ying ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁Confeder ation . ▁ ▁Ang lo ▁entrepr ene urs ▁in ▁Montreal ▁sought ▁direct ▁lines ▁into ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁sh unn ed ▁connections ▁with ▁the ▁Mar it imes , ▁with ▁a ▁goal ▁of ▁compet ing ▁with ▁American ▁rail road ▁lines ▁heading ▁west ▁to ▁the ▁Pacific . ▁Joseph ▁How e , ▁Charles ▁Tu pper ▁and ▁other ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁leaders ▁used ▁the ▁r het or ic ▁of ▁a ▁" c ivil izing ▁mission " ▁centered ▁on ▁their ▁British ▁her itage , ▁because ▁Atlantic - center ed ▁railway ▁projects ▁promised ▁to ▁make ▁Hal if ax ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁an ▁inter colon ial ▁railway ▁system ▁tied ▁to ▁London . ▁Leonard ▁T ille y , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ' s ▁most ▁ar dent ▁railway ▁prom oter , ▁champion |
ed ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁" e conom ic ▁progress ," ▁stress ing ▁that ▁Atlantic ▁Canad ians ▁needed ▁to ▁purs ue ▁the ▁most ▁cost - effect ive ▁transport ation ▁connections ▁possible ▁if ▁they ▁wanted ▁to ▁expand ▁their ▁influence ▁beyond ▁local ▁mark ets . ▁Adv oc ating ▁an ▁inter colon ial ▁connection ▁to ▁Canada ▁and ▁a ▁western ▁extension ▁into ▁larger ▁American ▁mark ets ▁in ▁Maine ▁and ▁beyond , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick ▁entrepr ene urs ▁promoted ▁t ies ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁first , ▁connections ▁with ▁Hal if ax ▁second ▁and ▁routes ▁into ▁central ▁Canada ▁last . ▁Thus ▁metropol itan ▁rival ries ▁between ▁Montreal , ▁Hal if ax ▁and ▁Saint ▁John ▁led ▁Canada ▁to ▁build ▁more ▁railway ▁lines ▁per ▁cap ita ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁industrial izing ▁nation , ▁even ▁though ▁it ▁lack ed ▁capital ▁resources ▁and ▁had ▁too ▁little ▁fre ight ▁and ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁systems ▁to ▁turn ▁a ▁profit . ▁ ▁Den ▁Ot ter ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁challeng es ▁popular ▁assumptions ▁that ▁Canada ▁built ▁trans cont inental ▁rail ways ▁because ▁it ▁fe ared ▁the ▁an nex ation ist ▁schemes ▁of ▁ag gress ive ▁Americans . ▁Instead ▁Canada ▁over built ▁rail ro ads ▁because ▁it ▁hoped ▁to ▁comp ete ▁with , ▁even ▁over take ▁Americans ▁in ▁the ▁race ▁for ▁contin ental ▁rich es . ▁It ▁down play ed ▁the ▁more ▁real istic ▁Mar it imes - based ▁London - orient ed ▁connections ▁and ▁turned ▁to ▁u top ian ▁prospect s ▁for ▁the ▁far ml ands ▁and ▁min er als ▁of |
▁the ▁west . ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁closer ▁t ies ▁between ▁north ▁and ▁south , ▁symbol ized ▁by ▁the ▁Grand ▁Tr unk ' s ▁expansion ▁into ▁the ▁American ▁Mid west . ▁These ▁economic ▁links ▁promoted ▁trade , ▁commerce ▁and ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁ideas ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁countries , ▁integr ating ▁Canada ▁into ▁a ▁North ▁American ▁economy ▁and ▁culture ▁by ▁ 1 8 8 0 . ▁About ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Canad ians ▁migr ated ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Pacific , ▁par alle ling ▁the ▁American ▁border , ▁opened ▁a ▁vital ▁link ▁to ▁British ▁Canada ▁and ▁stim ulated ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁Pra i ries . ▁The ▁CP ▁was ▁affili ated ▁with ▁James ▁J . ▁Hill ' s ▁American ▁rail ways ▁and ▁opened ▁even ▁more ▁connections ▁to ▁the ▁South . ▁The ▁connections ▁were ▁two - way , ▁as ▁thousands ▁of ▁American ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Pra i ries ▁after ▁their ▁own ▁front ier ▁had ▁closed . ▁ ▁Two ▁additional ▁trans cont inental ▁lines ▁were ▁built ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁coast — three ▁in ▁all — but ▁that ▁was ▁far ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁traffic ▁would ▁bear , ▁making ▁the ▁system ▁simply ▁too ▁expensive . ▁One ▁after ▁another , ▁the ▁federal ▁government ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁the ▁lines ▁and ▁cover ▁their ▁def ic its . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁the ▁government ▁merged ▁the ▁Grand ▁Tr unk , ▁Grand ▁Tr unk ▁Pacific , ▁Canadian ▁Northern ▁and ▁National ▁Trans cont inental ▁lines ▁into ▁the |
▁new ▁the ▁Canadian ▁National ▁Rail ways ▁system . ▁Since ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁equipment ▁was ▁imported ▁from ▁Britain ▁or ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁products ▁carried ▁were ▁from ▁far ms , ▁mines ▁or ▁for ests , ▁there ▁was ▁little ▁stim ulation ▁to ▁domestic ▁manufact uring . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁rail ways ▁were ▁essential ▁to ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁whe at ▁regions ▁in ▁the ▁Pra i ries ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁coal ▁min ing , ▁l umber ing ▁and ▁paper ▁making . ▁Im prov ements ▁to ▁the ▁St . ▁Lawrence ▁water way ▁system ▁continued ▁ap ace ▁and ▁many ▁short ▁lines ▁were ▁built ▁to ▁river ▁ports . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁railway ▁in ▁Canada ▁is ▁a ▁wooden ▁rail road ▁reported ly ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁for tr ess ▁at ▁Louis burg , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia . ▁ ▁Rail ro ads ▁played ▁a ▁large ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁from ▁the ▁industrial ▁revolution ▁in ▁the ▁North - east ▁ 1 8 1 0 – 5 0 ▁to ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁ 1 8 5 0 – 1 8 9 0 . ▁The ▁American ▁rail road ▁man ia ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁and ▁Ohio ▁Rail road ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁and ▁fl our ished ▁until ▁the ▁Pan ic ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁bank rupted ▁many ▁companies ▁and ▁tempor arily ▁ended ▁growth . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁South ▁started ▁early ▁to ▁build ▁rail ways , ▁it ▁concentr ated |
▁on ▁short ▁lines ▁linking ▁cot ton ▁regions ▁to ▁ocean ic ▁or ▁river ▁ports ▁and ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁an ▁inter connected ▁network ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁hand ic ap ▁during ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁North ▁and ▁Mid west ▁constructed ▁networks ▁that ▁linked ▁every ▁city ▁by ▁ 1 8 6 0 . ▁In ▁the ▁heavily ▁settled ▁Mid western ▁Corn ▁B elt , ▁over ▁ 8 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁far ms ▁were ▁within ▁ 1 0 ▁miles ▁of ▁a ▁railway , ▁facil it ating ▁the ▁ship ment ▁of ▁gra in , ▁h ogs ▁and ▁cattle ▁to ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁mark ets . ▁A ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁short ▁lines ▁were ▁built , ▁but ▁thanks ▁to ▁a ▁fast ▁developing ▁financial ▁system ▁based ▁on ▁Wall ▁Street ▁and ▁orient ed ▁to ▁railway ▁b onds , ▁the ▁majority ▁were ▁cons olid ated ▁into ▁ 2 0 ▁tr unk ▁lines ▁by ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁State ▁and ▁local ▁govern ments ▁often ▁subs id ized ▁lines , ▁but ▁rarely ▁owned ▁them . ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁was ▁largely ▁built ▁by ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁but ▁then ▁tr uck s ▁arrived ▁to ▁eat ▁away ▁the ▁fre ight ▁traffic ▁and ▁autom ob iles ▁( and ▁later ▁air plan es ) ▁to ▁dev our ▁the ▁passenger ▁traffic . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁dies el ▁electric ▁locomot ives ▁( after ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁made ▁for ▁much ▁more ▁efficient ▁operations ▁that ▁needed ▁fewer ▁workers ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁and ▁in ▁repair ▁sh ops . ▁ ▁M ile age ▁ ▁Route ▁mile age ▁pe aked |
▁at ▁ 2 5 4 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁fell ▁to ▁ 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁about ▁ ▁of ▁rail road ▁track , ▁in ▁short ▁lines ▁linked ▁to ▁coal ▁and ▁gran ite ▁mines .). ▁After ▁this , ▁rail road ▁lines ▁grew ▁rapidly . ▁Ten ▁years ▁later , ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁the ▁rail ways ▁had ▁grown ▁to ▁. ▁By ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁on ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁civil ▁war , ▁the ▁length ▁had ▁reached ▁, ▁mostly ▁in ▁the ▁North . ▁The ▁South ▁had ▁much ▁less ▁track age ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁ge ared ▁to ▁moving ▁cot ton ▁short ▁distances ▁to ▁river ▁or ▁ocean ▁ports . ▁The ▁Southern ▁rail ro ads ▁were ▁destroyed ▁during ▁the ▁war ▁but ▁were ▁soon ▁re built . ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁the ▁national ▁system ▁was ▁virt ually ▁complete ▁with ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁the ▁symbol ically ▁important ▁trans cont inental ▁rail road ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁with ▁the ▁driving ▁of ▁a ▁golden ▁sp ike ▁( near ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Og den ). ▁ ▁Latin ▁America ▁▁ ▁In ▁Latin ▁America ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries ▁rail ways ▁were ▁critical ▁elements ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁stages ▁of ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁Latin ▁American ▁economy , ▁especially ▁in ▁linking ▁agricult ural ▁regions |
▁to ▁export - orient ed ▁se ap ort s . ▁After ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁Latin ▁American ▁govern ments ▁encourag ed ▁further ▁rail ▁development ▁through ▁gener ous ▁con cess ions ▁that ▁included ▁government ▁subs id ies ▁for ▁construction . ▁Railway ▁construction ▁is ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁considerable ▁scholar ship , ▁exam ining ▁the ▁economic , ▁political , ▁and ▁social ▁impact s ▁of ▁rail ro ads . ▁Rail ways ▁transformed ▁many ▁regions ▁of ▁Latin ▁America ▁beginning ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁nin ete enth ▁century . ▁" In cre asing ▁exports ▁of ▁primary ▁comm od ities , ▁rising ▁imports ▁of ▁capital ▁goods , ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁activities ▁drawing ▁directly ▁and ▁indirect ly ▁on ▁over se as ▁invest ment , ▁the ▁rising ▁share ▁of ▁manufact uring ▁in ▁output , ▁and ▁a ▁generalized ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁pace ▁and ▁scope ▁of ▁economic ▁activity ▁were ▁all ▁tied ▁closely ▁to ▁the ▁timing ▁and ▁character ▁of ▁the ▁region ' s ▁infrastr uct ural ▁development . ▁ ▁R ates ▁of ▁railway ▁line ▁construction ▁were ▁not ▁uniform , ▁but ▁by ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁railway ▁line ▁construction ▁was ▁under way , ▁with ▁Cuba ▁leading ▁with ▁the ▁largest ▁railway ▁track ▁in ▁service ▁( 1 , 2 9 5 km ), ▁followed ▁by ▁Chile ▁( 7 9 7 km ), ▁Brazil ▁( 7 4 4 km ), ▁Argentina ▁( 7 3 2 km ), ▁Peru ▁( 6 6 9 km ), ▁and ▁Mexico ▁( 4 1 7 km ). ▁By ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁Argentina ▁( 1 |
6 , 5 6 3 km ), ▁Brazil ▁( 1 5 , 3 1 6 km ) ▁and ▁Mexico ▁( 1 3 , 6 1 5 km ) ▁were ▁the ▁leaders ▁in ▁length ▁of ▁track ▁in ▁service , ▁and ▁Peru , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁an ▁early ▁leader ▁in ▁railway ▁construction , ▁had ▁st agn ated ▁( 1 , 7 9 0 km ). ▁In ▁Mexico , ▁growing ▁national istic ▁fer vor ▁led ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁rail ro ads ▁under ▁national ▁control ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁government ▁corpor ation , ▁Fer roc arr iles ▁Nacional es ▁de ▁México ▁( F N M ), ▁that ▁exerc ised ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁tr unk ▁rail ▁lines ▁through ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁share ▁ownership . ▁ ▁Asia ▁ ▁India ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁propos als ▁for ▁rail ways ▁in ▁India ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁Mad ras ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 2 . ▁The ▁first ▁train ▁in ▁India ▁ran ▁from ▁Red ▁Hills ▁to ▁Ch int ad rip et ▁bridge ▁in ▁Mad ras ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁called ▁Red ▁Hill ▁Railway . ▁It ▁was ▁ha u led ▁by ▁a ▁rot ary ▁steam ▁engine ▁locomot ive ▁manufact ured ▁by ▁William ▁A very . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁Sir ▁Arthur ▁Cot ton . ▁It ▁was ▁primarily ▁used ▁for ▁transport ing ▁gran ite ▁stones ▁for ▁road ▁building ▁work ▁in ▁Mad ras . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 5 , ▁a ▁railway |
▁was ▁built ▁at ▁Dow les war am ▁in ▁Raj ah mund ry . ▁It ▁was ▁called ▁God av ari ▁Dam ▁Const ruction ▁Railway . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁built ▁by ▁Arthur ▁Cot ton . ▁It ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁supply ▁stones ▁for ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁dam ▁over ▁God av ari . ▁ ▁On ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 8 4 5 , ▁Mad ras ▁Railway ▁was ▁incorpor ated . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Railway ▁company ▁was ▁incorpor ated . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁Great ▁Indian ▁Pen ins ular ▁Railway ▁( G IP R ) ▁was ▁incorpor ated . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 1 , ▁a ▁railway ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Ro or kee . ▁It ▁was ▁called ▁Sol ani ▁Aqu ed uct ▁Railway . ▁It ▁was ▁ha u led ▁by ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁Thom ason , ▁named ▁after ▁a ▁British ▁officer - in - charge . ▁It ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁transport ing ▁construction ▁materials ▁for ▁building ▁of ▁aqu ed uct ▁over ▁Sol ani ▁river . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁the ▁" Mad ras ▁Gu arante ed ▁Railway ▁Company " ▁was ▁incorpor ated . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁passenger ▁train ▁in ▁India ▁ran ▁between ▁Bomb ay ▁( B ori ▁B under ) ▁and ▁Th ane ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 3 . ▁The ▁ 1 4 - car riage ▁train ▁was ▁ha u led ▁by ▁three ▁steam ▁locomot ives : ▁Sah ib , ▁S ind h ▁and ▁Sultan . ▁It |
▁ran ▁for ▁about ▁ 3 4 ▁kilom eters ▁between ▁these ▁two ▁cities ▁carrying ▁ 4 0 0 ▁people . ▁The ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁G IP R . ▁This ▁railway ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ ▁broad ▁gauge , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁standard ▁for ▁the ▁rail ways ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁The ▁first ▁passenger ▁railway ▁train ▁in ▁eastern ▁India ▁ran ▁from ▁How rah , ▁near ▁Cal cut ta ▁to ▁Ho og ly , ▁for ▁distance ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁miles , ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁ 1 8 5 4 . ▁The ▁line ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁E IR . ▁The ▁first ▁passenger ▁train ▁in ▁South ▁India ▁ran ▁from ▁Roy ap ur am ▁/ ▁V ey as ar ap ady ▁( Mad ras ) ▁to ▁Wal la j ah ▁Road ▁( Ar cot ) ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁for ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁miles . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁Mad ras ▁Railway . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁the ▁first ▁tram way ▁( a ▁horse - dra wn ▁tram way ) ▁opened ▁in ▁Cal cut ta ▁between ▁Se ald ah ▁and ▁Armen ian ▁G hat ▁Street , ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 3 . 8 km . ▁ ▁Iran ▁▁ ▁Iran ian ▁railway ▁history ▁goes ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁when ▁an ▁approximately ▁ 2 0 - km ▁long ▁railway ▁between ▁Te h ran ▁and ▁Ray ▁was ▁established . ▁After ▁this ▁time |
▁many ▁short ▁rail ways ▁were ▁constructed ▁but ▁the ▁main ▁railway , ▁Trans - I ran ian ▁Railway , ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁and ▁operated ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁by ▁connecting ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁G ulf ▁to ▁the ▁C asp ian ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Japan ▁▁ ▁Japan ▁developed ▁its ▁first ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁with ▁technical ▁and ▁mater iel ▁assistance ▁provided ▁by ▁several ▁western ▁nations ▁such ▁as ▁Britain ▁and ▁America . ▁ ▁Pakistan ▁▁ ▁It ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁when ▁the ▁first ▁railway ▁was ▁imag ined ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁when ▁it ▁came ▁into ▁existence ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁built ▁from ▁Kar achi ▁to ▁Kot ri . ▁Since ▁then ▁rail ▁transport ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁mode ▁of ▁non - in dependent ▁transport ▁in ▁Pakistan . ▁ ▁Africa ▁ ▁Ang ola ▁ ▁B ots w ana ▁ ▁Congo ▁ ▁East ▁Africa ▁ ▁The ▁railway ▁was ▁built ▁from ▁the ▁Ken yan ▁port ▁of ▁M omb asa ▁to ▁K amp ala , ▁U g anda , ▁and ▁construction ▁was ▁ham per ed ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁man - e ating ▁l ions . ▁ ▁Egypt ▁ ▁Nam ib ia ▁( S outh ▁West ▁Africa ) ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁col ony ▁of ▁South ▁West ▁Africa ▁was ▁the ▁- long ▁line ▁running ▁North - E ast ▁from ▁Wal vis ▁Bay ▁to ▁connect ▁with ▁the ▁existing ▁road ▁between ▁Sw ak op mund ▁and ▁Wind ho ek |
. ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁ ▁gauge ▁and ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁Moz amb ique ▁ ▁South ▁Africa ▁ ▁Sud an ▁ ▁Z amb ia ▁ ▁Z imb ab we ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁: Category : R ail ▁transport ▁tim elines ▁ ▁George ▁Brad sh aw , ▁origin ator ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁tim et able ▁ ▁Historical ▁sizes ▁of ▁rail ro ads ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁ ▁John ▁B len kins op ▁( 1 7 8 3 – 1 8 3 1 ), ▁invent or ▁ ▁Matth ias ▁W . ▁Bald win ▁( 1 7 9 5 – 1 8 6 6 ), ▁manufact urer ▁ ▁Old est ▁rail ro ads ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁ ▁P erman ent ▁way : ▁historical ▁development ▁ ▁Railway ▁speed ▁record ▁ ▁Railway ▁sp ine ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Gray ▁( 1 7 8 8 – 1 8 4 8 ), ▁railway ▁advoc ate , ▁published ▁ 1 st ▁ed . ▁of ▁Observ ations ▁on ▁a ▁General ▁Iron ▁Railway , ▁ 1 8 2 0 . ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁railway ▁history ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁ ▁Camer on , ▁R ondo ▁E . ▁France ▁and ▁the ▁Econom ic ▁Development ▁of ▁Europe , ▁ 1 8 0 0 – 1 9 1 4 : ▁Con quest s ▁of ▁Peace ▁and ▁Se eds ▁of ▁War ▁( 1 9 6 1 ), ▁pp ▁ 3 0 4 – 2 2 7 ▁covers ▁France , ▁Spain ▁Russia ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁Co ats worth , ▁John |
▁H . ▁" Ind isp ens able ▁Rail ro ads ▁in ▁a ▁Back ward ▁Econom y : ▁The ▁Case ▁of ▁Mexico ," ▁Journal ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁History ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁ 3 9 # 4 ▁pp . 9 3 9 – 9 6 0 ▁in ▁J ST OR ▁ ▁F rem d ling , ▁R ainer . ▁" R ail road ss ▁and ▁German ▁Econom ic ▁G row th : ▁A ▁Le ading ▁S ector ▁Analysis ▁with ▁a ▁Com parison ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Great ▁Britain ," ▁Journal ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁History ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁ 3 7 # 3 ▁pp . 5 8 3 – 6 0 4 . ▁in ▁J ST OR ▁ ▁Had field , ▁C . ▁and ▁Sk empt on , ▁A . ▁W . ▁William ▁Jess op , ▁Engine er ▁( New ton ▁Abb ot ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁ ▁Jen ks , ▁L eland ▁H . ▁" R ail ro ads ▁as ▁an ▁Econom ic ▁Force ▁in ▁American ▁Development ," ▁The ▁Journal ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁History , ▁vol . ▁ 4 , ▁no . ▁ 1 ▁( May ▁ 1 9 4 4 ), ▁ 1 – 2 0 . ▁in ▁J ST OR ▁▁ ▁In cludes ▁maps ▁of ▁major ▁rail ▁lines ▁on ▁all ▁contin ents ▁c . ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁. ▁ ▁Lewis , ▁M . ▁J . ▁T ., ▁" R ail ways ▁in ▁the ▁Greek ▁and ▁Roman ▁world ", ▁in ▁Guy |
, ▁A . ▁/ ▁Re es , ▁J . ▁( eds ), ▁Early ▁Rail ways . ▁A ▁Selection ▁of ▁Pap ers ▁from ▁the ▁First ▁International ▁Early ▁Rail ways ▁Conference ▁( 2 0 0 1 ), ▁pp . 8 – 1 9 ▁( 1 0 – 1 5 ) ▁ ▁M isa , ▁Thomas ▁J . ▁A ▁Nation ▁of ▁Ste el : ▁The ▁M aking ▁of ▁Modern ▁America , ▁ 1 8 6 5 – 1 9 2 5 ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁chapter ▁ 1 ▁' D omin ance ▁of ▁Rails ' ▁online ▁. ▁ ▁N ock , ▁O . ▁S . ▁ed . ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Rail ways ▁( Lond on , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁world wide ▁coverage , ▁heavily ▁illustrated ▁ ▁O ’ B rien , ▁Patrick . ▁Rail ways ▁and ▁the ▁Econom ic ▁Development ▁of ▁Western ▁Europe , ▁ 1 8 3 0 – 1 9 1 4 ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁ ▁O ' B rien , ▁Patrick . ▁The ▁New ▁Econom ic ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Rail ways ▁( Rout ledge , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Om ran i , ▁Bij an ▁Asia ▁Over land : ▁T ales ▁of ▁Tra vel ▁on ▁the ▁Trans - S iber ian ▁and ▁Sil k ▁Road ▁Od ys sey ▁Publications , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁▁ ▁Ot te , ▁Thomas ▁G . ▁and ▁Keith ▁Neil son , ▁ed s . ▁Rail ways ▁and ▁International ▁Polit ics : ▁Path s ▁of ▁Empire , |
▁ 1 8 4 8 – 1 9 4 5 ▁( Rout ledge , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ 1 1 ▁ess ays ▁by ▁leading ▁sch ol ars ▁ ▁R iley , ▁C . ▁J . ▁The ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Tra ins ▁& ▁Lo comot ives ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁ ▁Sav age , ▁Christopher ▁and ▁T . ▁C . ▁B ark er . ▁Econom ic ▁History ▁of ▁Transport ▁in ▁Britain ▁( Rout ledge , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Sch ivel bus ch , ▁Wolfgang . ▁The ▁railway ▁journey : ▁the ▁industrial ization ▁of ▁time ▁and ▁space ▁in ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁( Un iv ▁of ▁California ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁▁▁ ▁Sto ver , ▁John . ▁American ▁Rail ways ▁( 2 nd ▁ed ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁▁ ▁In cludes ▁numerous ▁c . ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁diag rams ▁and ▁illustr ations . ▁ ▁Jack ▁Sim m ons ▁and ▁Gordon ▁B iddle ▁( edit ors ). ▁The ▁Oxford ▁Comp an ion ▁to ▁British ▁Railway ▁History : ▁From ▁ 1 6 0 3 ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁( 2 nd ▁ed ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Sto ver , ▁John . ▁The ▁Rout ledge ▁Historical ▁Atlas ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Rail ro ads ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Summer hill , ▁William ▁R . ▁" Big ▁Social ▁Sav ings ▁in ▁a ▁Small ▁L agg ard ▁Econom y : ▁Rail road - L |
ed ▁G row th ▁in ▁Brazil ," ▁Journal ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁History ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ 6 5 # 1 ▁pp . 7 2 – 1 0 2 ▁in ▁J ST OR ▁ ▁Histor i ography ▁▁ ▁H urd ▁II , ▁John ▁and ▁Ian ▁J . ▁K err , ▁ed s . ▁India ' s ▁railway ▁history : ▁a ▁research ▁hand book ▁( Br ill , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Lee , ▁Robert . ▁" A ▁F ract ious ▁Federation : ▁Pattern s ▁in ▁Australian ▁Railway ▁Histor i ography ." ▁M ob ility ▁in ▁History ( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ 4 # 1 ▁pp . 1 4 9 – 1 5 8 . ▁ ▁Mc Donald , ▁Kate . ▁" As ym met rical ▁Integr ation : ▁Less ons ▁from ▁a ▁Railway ▁Empire ." ▁Technology ▁and ▁Culture ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ 5 6 # 1 ▁pp . 1 1 5 – 1 4 9 . ▁ ▁Path ak , ▁Dev ▁N . ▁" Mar ian ▁Ag ui ar , ▁Track ing ▁Modern ity : ▁India ’ s ▁Railway ▁and ▁the ▁Culture ▁of ▁M ob ility ." ▁South ▁Asia : ▁Journal ▁of ▁South ▁Asian ▁Studies ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ 3 5 # 4 ▁pp . 9 0 0 – 9 0 1 . ▁ ▁Sal erno , ▁El ena . ▁" The ▁Histor i ography ▁of ▁Rail ways ▁in ▁Argentina : ▁Between ▁Foreign ▁In vest ment |
, ▁National ism ▁and ▁Liberal ism ." ▁M ob ility ▁in ▁History ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ 5 # 1 ▁pp . 1 0 5 – 1 2 0 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁W W W ▁Guide ▁to ▁" R ail road ▁History " ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁John ▁H . ▁White , ▁Jr . ▁Reference ▁Collection , ▁ 1 8 8 0 s – 1 9 9 0 ▁Archives ▁Center , ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁American ▁History , ▁Smith son ian ▁Institution . ▁ ▁National ▁Railway ▁Historical ▁Society ▁ ▁Foreign ▁Rail ways ▁of ▁the ▁World : ▁Cont aining ▁in ▁One ▁Volume , ▁the ▁Names ▁of ▁Offic ers , ▁L ength , ▁Capital , ... ▁( 1 8 8 4 ) ▁ ▁How ▁the ▁Rail road ▁is ▁Modern ising ▁Asia , ▁The ▁Ad vert iser , ▁Ad ela ide , ▁S . ▁Australia , ▁ 2 2 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁N . B .: ▁The ▁article ▁is ▁appro x . ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁words , ▁covering ▁appro x . ▁a ▁dozen ▁Asian ▁countries . ▁▁▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁technology <0x0A> </s> ▁| } ▁ ▁The ▁Silver ▁St akes ▁is ▁a ▁List ed ▁flat ▁horse ▁race ▁in ▁Ireland ▁open ▁to ▁thorough bre ds ▁aged ▁three ▁years ▁or ▁older . ▁It ▁is ▁run ▁over ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ 1 mile ▁and ▁ 2 f url ongs ▁( 2 , 0 1 2 met res ) ▁at ▁the ▁Cur rag |
h ▁in ▁June . ▁ ▁The ▁race ▁was ▁first ▁run ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁as ▁the ▁Hotel ▁Con rad ▁Silver ▁Race . ▁ ▁The ▁race ▁was ▁run ▁at ▁Leop ard st own ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁W inners ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Hor se ▁racing ▁in ▁Ireland ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Irish ▁flat ▁horse ▁races ▁ ▁References ▁Racing ▁Post : ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁ ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁ ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁▁ ▁Category : Open ▁middle ▁distance ▁horse ▁races ▁Category : Cur rag h ▁Race course ▁Category : F lat ▁races ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : Rec urr ing ▁sport ing ▁events ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁P ray ers ▁of ▁Ste el ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁only ▁full - length ▁album ▁released ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁heavy ▁metal ▁band ▁Aven ger ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁before ▁they ▁changed ▁their ▁name ▁to ▁R age . ▁The ▁only ▁other ▁release ▁that ▁followed ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Aven ger ▁was ▁the ▁EP ▁Dep ra ved ▁to ▁Black ▁( 1 9 8 5 ▁also ). ▁The ▁German ▁label ▁G UN ▁Records ▁re iss ued ▁the ▁album ▁on ▁CD ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁including ▁the ▁track ▁of ▁the ▁EP . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" B attle field " ▁( Jo chen ▁Sch |
ro eder , ▁Peter ▁Wagner ) ▁- ▁ 2 : 4 4 ▁" S outh ▁Cross ▁Union " ▁( Sch ro eder , ▁Wagner ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 3 3 ▁" P ray ers ▁of ▁Ste el " ▁( Sch ro eder , ▁Alf ▁Mey err at ken , ▁Wagner ) ▁- ▁ 6 : 1 0 ▁" H all owe en " ▁( W agner ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 4 9 ▁" F aster ▁Th an ▁Hell " ▁( Sch ro eder , ▁Wagner ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 1 6 ▁" Ad oration " ▁( Sch ro eder , ▁Wagner ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 2 8 ▁" R ise ▁of ▁the ▁Cre ature " ▁( M ey err at ken , ▁Sch ro eder ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 2 3 ▁" S word ▁Made ▁of ▁Ste el " ▁( M ey err at ken , ▁Sch ro eder , ▁Wagner ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 0 2 ▁" B lo od ▁L ust " ▁( Sch ro eder , ▁Wagner ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 4 7 ▁" Ass orted ▁by ▁Sat an " ▁( M ey err at ken , ▁Sch ro eder , ▁Wagner ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 0 4 ▁ ▁Cred its ▁Peter ▁Wagner ▁( Pe avy ) ▁- ▁vocals , ▁bass ▁guitar ▁Jo chen ▁Sch ro eder ▁- ▁gu it ars ▁Alf ▁Mey err at ken ▁- ▁gu it ars ▁J ör g ▁Michael ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁R |
age ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁debut ▁albums ▁Category : R age ▁( band ) ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Tar an aki - K ing ▁Country ▁is ▁a ▁New ▁Zealand ▁parliament ary ▁elect or ate , ▁returning ▁one ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives . ▁The ▁current ▁MP ▁for ▁Tar an aki - K ing ▁Country ▁is ▁Barbara ▁Kur iger ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Party . ▁She ▁has ▁held ▁this ▁position ▁since ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁General ▁E lection . ▁ ▁Population ▁cent res ▁Tar an aki - K ing ▁Country ▁st ret ches ▁down ▁the ▁western ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Island , ▁starting ▁at ▁the ▁out sk ir ts ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁through ▁to ▁the ▁King ▁Country ▁towns ▁of ▁Te ▁Aw am ut u , ▁O tor oh anga ▁and ▁Te ▁K uit i , ▁and ▁ending ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁Tar an aki ▁region , ▁to ▁take ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁P ly mouth ▁urban ▁area ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁Str at ford ▁District . ▁From ▁, ▁it ▁has ▁included ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁R ag lan . ▁ ▁The ▁boundaries ▁have ▁gradually ▁been ▁expanded ▁as ▁the ▁population ▁has ▁fallen , ▁relative ▁to ▁the ▁overall ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁revision ▁the ▁proposed ▁boundaries ▁received ▁the ▁third ▁highest ▁number ▁( 2 5 ) ▁of ▁ob jections ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁After ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁revision ▁the ▁constitu ency ▁covered ▁parts ▁of ▁ 3 ▁regional ▁coun |
c ils ▁and ▁ 7 ▁district ▁coun c ils ▁( W a ik ato ▁District , ▁Wa ip a ▁District , ▁O tor oh anga ▁District , ▁Wait omo ▁District , ▁New ▁P ly mouth ▁District , ▁Str at ford ▁District , ▁R ua pe hu ▁District ), ▁including ▁Hamilton ▁Airport . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁seat ▁was ▁created ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁mixed - member ▁proportional ▁voting ▁in ▁ ▁from ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁ ▁seat ▁with ▁parts ▁of ▁, ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁around ▁Hamilton . ▁All ▁these ▁seats ▁were ▁safe ▁National ▁seats ▁covering ▁rural ▁areas ▁tradition ally ▁loyal ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Party , ▁the ▁new ▁seat ▁remained ▁faithful ▁to ▁old ▁alleg ian ces ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁swing ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁First ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁North ▁Island ▁at ▁the ▁. ▁The ▁first ▁MP ▁for ▁Tar an aki - K ing ▁Country ▁was ▁the ▁then ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁Jim ▁Bol ger . ▁ ▁Having ▁been ▁ou sted ▁from ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁his ▁party , ▁Bol ger ▁accepted ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁and ▁triggered ▁the ▁. ▁Despite ▁a ▁large ▁swing ▁to ▁A CT ▁Party ▁candidate ▁O wen ▁Jenn ings , ▁Bol ger ' s ▁chosen ▁successor ▁Sh ane ▁Ar dern ▁won ▁a ▁narrow ▁victory ▁on ▁a ▁heavily ▁reduced ▁turn out . ▁Since ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁by e lection , ▁Tar an aki - K |
ing ▁Country ▁has ▁revert ed ▁to ▁form , ▁giving ▁Ar dern ▁two ▁out ▁of ▁every ▁three ▁votes ▁cast ▁in ▁, ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁Parliament ▁ ▁Unless ▁otherwise ▁stated , ▁all ▁MP s ▁terms ▁began ▁and ▁ended ▁at ▁general ▁elections . ▁ ▁Key ▁ ▁List ▁MP s ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁Parliament ▁elected ▁from ▁party ▁lists ▁in ▁elections ▁where ▁that ▁person ▁also ▁un success fully ▁cont ested ▁the ▁Tar an aki - K ing ▁Country ▁elect or ate . ▁Unless ▁otherwise ▁stated , ▁all ▁MP s ▁terms ▁began ▁and ▁ended ▁at ▁general ▁elections . ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁election ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁election ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁election ▁ ▁Elect or ate ▁( as ▁at ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 ): ▁ 4 1 , 1 5 2 ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁election ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁election ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁election ▁Refer ▁to ▁C andid ates ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁general ▁election ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁by ▁elect or ate # T aran aki - K ing ▁Country ▁for ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁candidates . ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁by - e lection ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Elect or ate ▁Profile ▁ ▁Parliament ary ▁Library ▁ ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁elect or ates ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Tar an aki ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of |
▁Wa ik ato <0x0A> </s> ▁Go ose ▁Arm ▁was ▁a ▁settlement ▁located ▁north ▁of ▁Cor ner ▁Brook . ▁The ▁community ▁was ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁A ▁l umber ▁mill ▁and ▁the ▁fish ery ▁were ▁the ▁main ▁employ ers ▁in ▁the ▁community . ▁At ▁its ▁peak ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁Go ose ▁Arm ▁was ▁ 7 6 . ▁The ▁population ▁decl ined ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁the ▁l umber ▁mill ▁and ▁the ▁decl ine ▁in ▁the ▁her ring ▁fish ery . ▁The ▁last ▁inhabitants ▁re located ▁to ▁nearby ▁C ox ' s ▁C ove ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁communities ▁in ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁List ▁of ▁g host ▁towns ▁in ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Small wood , ▁Joseph ▁R . ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador , ▁New found land ▁Book ▁Publish ers ▁Ltd ., ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁p . ▁ 5 6 3 - 5 6 4 ▁ ▁Category : G host ▁towns ▁in ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador <0x0A> </s> ▁D ib ut yl ▁se b ac ate ▁( DB S ) ▁is ▁an ▁organ ic ▁chemical , ▁a ▁di but yl ▁est er ▁of ▁se b ac ic ▁acid . ▁Its ▁main ▁use ▁is ▁as ▁a |
▁pl astic izer ▁in ▁production ▁of ▁pl ast ics , ▁namely ▁cell ul ose ▁ac et ate ▁but yr ate , ▁cell ul ose ▁ac et ate ▁prop ion ate , ▁eth yl ▁cell ul ose , ▁poly vin yl ▁but y ral , ▁poly vin yl ▁ch lor ide , ▁pol yst y rene , ▁and ▁many ▁synth etic ▁rub bers ▁( es pecially ▁nit rile ▁rub ber ▁and ▁ne op rene ) ▁and ▁other ▁pl ast ics . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁pl ast ics ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁food ▁pack aging ▁industry , ▁in ▁pl ast ics ▁used ▁for ▁medical ▁devices , ▁and ▁for ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁applications , ▁e . g . ▁as ▁a ▁pl astic izer ▁for ▁film ▁co ating ▁of ▁table ts , ▁be ads , ▁and ▁gran ules . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁lub ric ant ▁in ▁sh aving ▁lot ions , ▁and ▁a ▁flav oring ▁add itive ▁in ▁non - al co hol ic ▁be ver ages , ▁ice ▁cre am , ▁ ices , ▁c andy , ▁and ▁b aked ▁goods . ▁It ▁provides ▁excellent ▁compatibility ▁with ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁pl astic ▁materials , ▁superior ▁properties ▁at ▁low ▁temper atures , ▁and ▁good ▁oil ▁resist ivity . ▁Its ▁other ▁names ▁include ▁Mor flex , ▁K od af lex , ▁poly ci zer , ▁Pro vi pl ast ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and ▁P X ▁ 4 0 4 . ▁D ib ut yl ▁se b ac ate ▁is |
▁also ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁des ens it izer ▁in ▁Otto ▁fuel ▁II , ▁a ▁tor ped o ▁mon op rop ell ant . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Car box yl ate ▁est ers ▁Category : Pl astic izers <0x0A> </s> ▁M unk holm ▁Bridge ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 1 4 met res ▁long ▁arch ▁bridge ▁across ▁the ▁I se ▁F j ord ▁linking ▁the ▁Hol b æ k ▁area ▁( Hol b æ k ▁Municip ality ) ▁with ▁the ▁Horn sh er red ▁pen ins ula ▁( Le j re ▁Municip ality ). ▁The ▁bridge ▁is ▁located ▁six kil om eters ▁from ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁in let . ▁It ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁and ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁brid ges ▁in ▁Den mark ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Hol b æ k ▁Municip ality ▁Category : B rid ges ▁in ▁Den mark <0x0A> </s> ▁Jason ▁Wol fe ▁( born ▁November ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player , ▁and ▁go alt ender ▁coach . ▁Wol fe ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁the ▁NCAA ▁level , ▁playing ▁for ▁M err im ack ▁College . ▁ ▁Wol fe ▁spent ▁four ▁seasons ▁in ▁Massachusetts , ▁but ▁was ▁used ▁mainly ▁as ▁a ▁backup ▁go alt ender , ▁making ▁just ▁ 1 8 ▁appearances ▁in ▁his ▁time ▁there . ▁ ▁After ▁comple ting ▁his ▁final ▁college |
▁season ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁played ▁ 1 0 ▁games ▁and ▁posted ▁a ▁. 9 1 4 ▁save ▁percentage ▁Wol fe ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁the ▁Reading ▁Roy als ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 / 0 2 ▁term , ▁where ▁he ▁competed ▁effectively ▁allowing ▁just ▁ 7 ▁goals ▁on ▁ 8 7 ▁sh ots ▁ ▁in ▁three ▁E CH L ▁games . ▁ ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁sign ▁for ▁the ▁Ad ir ond ack ▁Ice H aw ks ▁at ▁the ▁lower ▁U HL ▁level , ▁where ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁his ▁career ▁he ▁managed ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁spot . ▁ ▁Wol fe ▁also ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁post - season ▁for ▁the ▁Ice H aw ks . ▁ ▁Wol fe ' s ▁displays ▁for ▁the ▁Ice H aw ks ▁demonstrated ▁to ▁the ▁Ro ano ke ▁Express ▁that ▁he ▁des erved ▁a ▁chance ▁to ▁start ▁at ▁E CH L ▁level , ▁and ▁ ▁they ▁signed ▁him ▁for ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 / 0 4 ▁season . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁chance ▁which ▁Wol fe ▁seized , ▁making ▁ 3 7 ▁regular ▁and ▁ 2 ▁post - season ▁appearances . ▁ ▁Despite ▁his ▁positive ▁showing , ▁Wol fe ▁was ▁to ▁split ▁the ▁following ▁season ▁between ▁three ▁teams ▁- ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁Sea ▁Wol ves , ▁the ▁B akers field ▁Cond ors ▁and ▁the ▁Texas ▁Wild cat ters . ▁ ▁His ▁solid ▁play ▁earned ▁him ▁a ▁prominent ▁role ▁with ▁the ▁August a ▁Lyn x ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 |
0 0 5 / 0 6 ▁period . ▁ ▁The ▁choice ▁of ▁the ▁Lyn x ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁good ▁one , ▁and ▁Wol fe ▁again ▁claimed ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁slot , ▁putting ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁impress ive ▁displays ▁and ▁using ▁his ▁impos ing ▁size ▁to ▁his , ▁and ▁his ▁team ' s ▁advantage . ▁ ▁His ▁impress ive ▁form ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁Manchester ▁Phoenix , ▁a ▁team ▁in ▁Britain ' s ▁E I HL ▁sn apping ▁up ▁Wol fe ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁play ▁as ▁their ▁starting ▁go alt ender . ▁ ▁Wol fe ▁again ▁played ▁well ▁in ▁the ▁# 1 ▁role , ▁appearing ▁in ▁a ▁career ▁high ▁ 5 3 ▁games , ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Phoenix ' ▁most ▁reliable ▁players ▁in ▁a ▁season ▁which ▁saw ▁the ▁team ▁play ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁without ▁a ▁home ▁r ink . ▁ ▁Despite ▁his ▁reli ability , ▁Wol fe ▁opt ed ▁not ▁to ▁re - sign ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁in ▁part ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁his ▁first ▁child , ▁ ▁with ▁player / co ach ▁Tony ▁Hand ▁opt ing ▁to ▁sign ▁ex - N HL ▁go alt ender ▁Scott ▁F ank hou ser ▁as ▁a ▁result . ▁ ▁Wol fe ▁took ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁move ▁back ▁to ▁North ▁America ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8 ▁season ▁for ▁the ▁Oklahoma ▁City ▁Bla z ers ▁of ▁the ▁CH L ▁and ▁posted ▁a ▁. 9 1 0 |
▁save ▁percentage ▁while ▁appearing ▁in ▁ 3 5 ▁games . ▁ ▁Wol fe ▁would ▁remain ▁in ▁the ▁CH L ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 / 0 9 ▁term , ▁signing ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Sc orp ions . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Jason ▁Wol fe ▁Personal ▁Profile , ▁Manchester ▁Phoenix ▁Official ▁Website . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Ad ir ond ack ▁Ice H aw ks ▁players ▁Category : American ▁men ' s ▁ice ▁hockey ▁go alt enders ▁Category : August a ▁Lyn x ▁players ▁Category : B akers field ▁Cond ors ▁( 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 1 5 ) ▁players ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Man chester ▁Phoenix ▁players ▁Category : M err im ack ▁War riors ▁men ' s ▁ice ▁hockey ▁players ▁Category : Miss iss ippi ▁Sea ▁Wol ves ▁players ▁Category : Ok lahoma ▁City ▁Bla z ers ▁( 1 9 9 2 – present ) ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁College ▁Park , ▁Maryland ▁Category : Read ing ▁Roy als ▁players ▁Category : Ro ano ke ▁Express ▁players ▁Category : Tex as ▁Wild cat ters ▁players ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁people ▁from ▁Maryland <0x0A> </s> ▁Haw orth ia ▁mut ica ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁succ ul ent ▁plant ▁native ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ' s ▁Cape ▁Province . ▁Very ▁similar ▁to , ▁and ▁often ▁confused ▁with , ▁types ▁such ▁as ▁Haw orth ia ▁ret usa , ▁the ▁species ▁has ▁bl unt , ▁tri angular ▁sh |
aped ▁leaves ▁that ▁are ▁typically ▁stri ated . ▁In ▁the ▁wild ▁it ▁rarely ▁off sets , ▁though ▁cl ones ▁in ▁cultiv ation ▁may ▁do ▁so ▁readily . ▁The ▁variety ▁H . ▁mut ica ▁var ▁n ig ra ▁is ▁similar ▁but ▁with ▁dark er ▁( near ly ▁black ) ▁leaf ▁color . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Haw orth ia ▁mut ica , ▁blog ▁post ▁with ▁further ▁description ▁ ▁mut ica ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁South ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁rock ▁band ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois . ▁The ▁band ▁released ▁six ▁studio ▁albums , ▁seven ▁EP s , ▁and ▁two ▁compilation ▁albums ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁three ▁DVD s . ▁ ▁History ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁was ▁formed ▁by ▁singer - song writer ▁Mat ▁Dev ine ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁The ▁band ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Dev ine ' s ▁ex - g irl friend . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁Dev ine ▁was ▁singing ▁and ▁playing ▁guitar ▁in ▁a ▁band ▁called ▁In ▁a ▁Jar ▁UK . ▁After ▁the ▁fall out ▁with ▁Hann ah , ▁Dev ine ▁printed ▁up ▁stick ers ▁to ▁place ▁on ▁In ▁a ▁Jar ▁UK ▁ 7 " ▁records ▁bearing ▁the ▁name ▁" K ill ▁Hann ah ". ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ' s ▁dem os ▁and ▁self - re leased ▁studio ▁albums ▁and ▁EP s ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁were ▁fund ed ▁by ▁entertain ment ▁lawyer ▁Jack |
▁D ault on . ▁ ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁recorded ▁their ▁Atlantic ▁Records ▁debut ▁For ▁Never ▁& ▁Ever ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁in ▁the ▁winter ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁with ▁producer ▁Se an ▁Be avan ▁and ▁mix er ▁Tim ▁Pal mer . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁mostly ▁re - record ed ▁versions ▁of ▁back - catalog ▁songs ▁and ▁numbers ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁performed ▁live ▁for ▁about ▁a ▁year ▁prior . ▁The ▁band ▁shot ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁" Un w anted ," ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁release ▁it ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁when ▁they ▁released ▁it ▁as ▁an ▁Internet - only ▁clip . ▁ ▁Through ▁much ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁performed ▁with ▁Che vel le , ▁H IM , ▁Papa ▁Ro ach , ▁Th ous and ▁Foot ▁Kr utch , ▁A FI , ▁D ash board ▁Conf essional , ▁Never ending ▁White ▁L ights , ▁and ▁The ▁S ounds , ▁while ▁also ▁opening ▁for ▁bands ▁such ▁as ▁Jane ' s ▁Add iction , ▁Ever clear , ▁E ve ▁ 6 , ▁Mind less ▁Self ▁Ind ul gence , ▁Th irty ▁Second s ▁to ▁Mars , ▁and ▁The ▁All - American ▁Re ject s . ▁ ▁The ▁single ▁" K enn edy " ▁received ▁some ▁attention . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁performed ▁on ▁Last ▁Call ▁with ▁Car son ▁Dal y ▁and ▁featured ▁on ▁television ▁shows ▁such ▁as ▁Jack ▁& ▁Bobby , ▁One ▁Tree ▁Hill , ▁and ▁North ▁Sh ore . ▁ ▁Kill |
▁Hann ah ▁signed ▁with ▁Atlantic ▁Records ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁while ▁being ▁managed ▁by ▁Steve ▁H utton . ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁has ▁since ▁part ed ▁company ▁with ▁H utton . ▁The ▁band ▁released ▁their ▁second ▁album , ▁Until ▁There ' s ▁Nothing ▁Left ▁of ▁Us , ▁with ▁Atlantic ▁Records , ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁They ▁signed ▁with ▁Road runner ▁Records ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁released ▁Until ▁There ' s ▁Nothing ▁Left ▁of ▁Us ▁for ▁the ▁UK ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 4 . ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ' s ▁Atlantic ▁albums ▁have ▁sold ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies . ▁ ▁After ▁finishing ▁the ▁US ▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁Hope ▁for ▁the ▁Hop eless ▁tour ▁with ▁Inner Part y System , ▁The ▁White ▁T ie ▁Aff air , ▁and ▁The ▁Medic ▁D roid , ▁the ▁European ▁leg ▁was ▁interrupted ▁when ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ' s ▁tour ▁bus ▁caught ▁fire ▁while ▁driving ▁through ▁Switzerland . ▁Al most ▁all ▁of ▁their ▁personal ▁belong ings ▁were ▁bur nt ▁so ▁badly ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁no ▁longer ▁us able , ▁including ▁cl othing , ▁la pt ops , ▁pass ports ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁g ifts ▁from ▁fans ▁they ▁had ▁acquired ▁during ▁the ▁tour . ▁Although ▁no ▁one ▁was ▁hurt , ▁their ▁sched ules ▁for ▁Paris ▁and ▁Belg ium ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁can ce led ▁whilst ▁they ▁waited ▁for ▁a ▁replacement ▁bus ▁from |
▁Manchester , ▁England . ▁The ▁tour ▁then ▁res umed ▁in ▁Sto ke , ▁England ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁K err ang ! ▁magazine ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁vocal ist ▁Mat ▁Dev ine ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁band ▁will ▁begin ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁studio ▁album ▁after ▁the ▁Hope ▁for ▁the ▁Hop eless ▁tour ▁has ▁ended . ▁However , ▁he ▁stated ▁that ▁this ▁album ▁will ▁be ▁" he avier " ▁and ▁" more ▁ag gress ive " ▁than ▁the ▁last ▁albums . ▁Comment ing ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁he ▁said : ▁" I ' m ▁not ▁saying ▁this ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁next ▁N ec roph ag ist ▁or ▁Bur z um ▁but ▁its ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁lot ▁more ▁ag gress ive ▁and ▁heav ier ▁than ▁the ▁others . ▁But ▁I ▁am ▁confident ▁fans ▁will ▁enjoy ▁it ▁as ▁we ▁are ▁ 2 0 0 % ▁prepared ▁so ▁we ▁know ▁what ▁to ▁include ▁and ▁not ▁to ▁include . ▁We ' ve ▁always ▁intended ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁heavy ▁album ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁our ▁time ." ▁ ▁Gu itar ist ▁Jonathan ▁R adt ke ▁did ▁not ▁join ▁the ▁band ▁on ▁the ▁Europe ▁leg ▁of ▁their ▁fall ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Hope ▁for ▁the ▁Hop eless ▁tour . ▁Tom ▁Sch le iter , ▁the ▁guitar ist ▁from ▁Pow ers pace , ▁joined ▁them ▁in ▁his ▁place . ▁R adt ke ▁returned ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁band ' s ▁year ly ▁" New ▁Heart ▁for ▁X mas " ▁show ▁in |
▁Chicago ▁( d uring ▁which ▁the ▁band ▁premier ed ▁two ▁new ▁songs : ▁" S now bl ind ed " ▁and ▁" Radio ", ▁but ▁bass ist ▁Greg ▁Cor ner ▁later ▁confirmed ▁in ▁a ▁radio ▁interview ▁with ▁Chicago ' s ▁Q 1 0 1 ▁that ▁R adt ke ▁had ▁in ▁fact ▁left ▁the ▁band ▁to ▁purs ue ▁other ▁projects ▁and ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁present ▁in ▁recording ▁their ▁new ▁album . ▁Post s ▁on ▁R adt ke ' s ▁Twitter ▁account ▁refer ▁to ▁his ▁new ▁side ▁project , ▁Pol ar ▁Moon . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁record ▁labels , ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁can ce led ▁their ▁Spring ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁tour . ▁The ▁new ▁record ▁deal ▁has ▁the ▁band ▁under ▁a ▁dead line ▁to ▁put ▁out ▁their ▁new est ▁album , ▁W ake ▁Up ▁the ▁S leep ers , ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁summer ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁thus ▁forcing ▁the ▁band ▁to ▁stay ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁to ▁record . ▁The ▁remainder ▁of ▁their ▁fall ▁US ▁tour ▁dates ▁also ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁cancel led ▁after ▁their ▁van ▁and ▁equipment ▁were ▁st olen ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁in ▁November , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁guitar ist ▁Michael ▁M add ox ▁joined ▁the ▁band ▁and ▁has ▁since ▁participated ▁in ▁several ▁shows ▁and ▁t ours . ▁ ▁In ▁June , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁announced ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁tour ing ▁with ▁Sm ash ing |
▁P ump kins ▁on ▁a ▁" special ▁U . S . ▁run ▁of ▁int imate ▁ven ues " ▁during ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁announced ▁that ▁their ▁annual ▁" New ▁Heart ▁for ▁X mas " ▁concert ▁in ▁Chicago ▁would ▁be ▁post pon ed ▁until ▁further ▁notice ▁due ▁to ▁Mat ▁Dev ine ' s ▁invol vement ▁in ▁a ▁Broadway ▁musical ▁and ▁other ▁member ▁sched uling ▁conflicts . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁announced ▁that ▁New ▁Heart ▁For ▁X mas ▁ 8 ▁would ▁be ▁at ▁The ▁B ottom ▁L oun ge ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁with ▁opening ▁acts ▁Aw aken ▁the ▁Empire , ▁and ▁Com aso ft . ▁The ▁band ▁also ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁playing ▁an ▁int imate ▁" Story t ellers " ▁show ▁at ▁J B TV ▁stud ios . ▁ ▁Mat ▁Dev ine ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁band ▁is ▁planning ▁on ▁recording ▁an ▁album ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁release . ▁A ▁couple ▁of ▁new ▁songs ▁have ▁been ▁played ▁at ▁concert s ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁but ▁none ▁have ▁had ▁an ▁official ▁release ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁only ▁record ings ▁of ▁them ▁from ▁concert s . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁via ▁the ▁band ' s ▁Facebook ▁page ▁that ▁after ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁the ▁band ▁will ▁be ▁performing |
▁their ▁last ▁show ▁where ▁it ▁all ▁began ▁at ▁The ▁Metro ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁IL ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁for ▁New ▁Heart ▁For ▁Christmas ▁X . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Studio ▁albums ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁| - ▁! ▁Year ▁! ▁Title ▁! ▁Record ▁label ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁| ▁The ▁Beaut y ▁in ▁S inking ▁Sh ips ▁| ▁Self - re leased ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁| ▁Here ▁Are ▁the ▁Young ▁Modern s ▁| ▁Self - re leased ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁| ▁American ▁Jet ▁Set ▁| ▁Baby ▁D oll ▁Records ▁( CD ), ▁Arc ad elt ic ▁Records ▁( i T unes ) ▁| - ▁| ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁| ▁For ▁Never ▁& ▁Ever ▁| ▁Atlantic ▁Records ▁| - ▁| ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁| ▁Until ▁There ' s ▁Nothing ▁Left ▁of ▁Us ▁| ▁Atlantic ▁Records ▁| - ▁| ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁| H ope ▁for ▁the ▁Hop eless ▁| ▁Self - re leased ▁| - ▁| ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁| ▁W ake ▁Up ▁the ▁S leep ers | ▁Original ▁Sign al ▁Record ings / Univers al ▁Mot own ▁Records ▁| } ▁ ▁EP s ▁ ▁Comp il ations ▁ ▁Prom os L ov es ick / N erve ▁Gas ▁( c ass ette ▁prom o ; ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁" All ▁That ▁He ▁W ants ▁( American ▁Jet ▁Set |
)" ▁( 3 - track ▁single ; ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁" Wel come ▁to ▁Chicago , ▁Mother f ucker " ▁( 1 - track ▁single ; ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) K ill ▁Hann ah ▁Sam pler ▁(" K enn edy " /" Big ▁Sh ot " ▁snippet ; ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁" K enn edy " ▁( 1 - track ▁single ; ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) 1 9 9 3 – 1 9 9 9 ▁( 5 - track ▁CD ▁with ▁four ▁older ▁songs ▁plus ▁" Good night , ▁Good bye "; ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁" A ▁New ▁Heart ▁for ▁Christmas " ▁( 1 - track ▁single ; ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁" L ips ▁Like ▁Mor ph ine " ▁( 1 - track ▁single ; ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁" L ips ▁Like ▁Mor ph ine " ▁Rem ix es ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁" C ra zy ▁Angel " ▁Rem ix es ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁" Bo ys ▁and ▁Girls " ▁( prom o ▁ 3 - track ▁single ; ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁" New ▁York ▁City ▁Speed " ▁Rem ix es ▁( i T unes ▁max i - single ; ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁" Prom ise ▁Me " ▁( 4 - track ▁single ; ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁DVD s Wel come ▁to ▁Chicago |
▁( Dec ember , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) New ▁Heart ▁for ▁X - M as ▁ 6 ▁limited ▁edition ▁( Dec ember , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) Se ize ▁the ▁Days '' ▁( Dec ember ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁M embers ▁ ▁Final ▁Line up ▁Mat ▁Dev ine ▁– ▁vocals ▁Dan ▁W iese ▁– ▁guitar , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁Greg ▁Cor ner ▁– ▁bass ▁E lias ▁Mall in ▁– ▁drums ▁Jonathan ▁R adt ke ▁– ▁lead ▁guitar , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁Form er ▁Gar rett ▁Hamm ond ▁– ▁drums ▁James ▁Con nel ly ▁– ▁drums ▁Allen ▁M orgen st ern ▁– ▁bass ▁Daniel ▁W enberg ▁– ▁drums ▁Michael ▁Lee ▁– ▁drums ▁Isaac ▁B ender ▁– ▁guitar , ▁key boards ▁Ker ry ▁Fin ert y ▁– ▁lead ▁guitar / back ing ▁vocals ▁Michael ▁M add ox ▁– ▁Le ad ▁gu it ars ▁( t our ▁only ) ▁Mi key ▁Way - B ass ▁( no ▁record ings ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁the ▁K H K ▁( K ill ▁Hann ah ▁Kol lect ive ) ▁a ▁second ▁family ▁for ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁fans ▁Kill ▁Hann ah ▁F an ▁Site ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Illinois ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Illinois ▁Category : Al tern ative ▁rock ▁groups ▁from ▁Chicago ▁Category : At l antic ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : E lect ron ic ▁rock ▁musical ▁groups ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups |
▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Category : Ro ad runner ▁Records ▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁L ing wood ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁Wh er ry ▁L ines ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁England , ▁serving ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁L ing wood , ▁Nor folk . ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁down ▁the ▁line ▁from ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁route ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁is ▁situated ▁between ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁Its ▁three - letter ▁station ▁code ▁is ▁L G D . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁managed ▁by ▁Gre ater ▁Ang lia , ▁which ▁oper ates ▁all ▁trains ▁serving ▁the ▁station . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Great ▁Eastern ▁Railway ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁L ing wood . ▁At ▁this ▁time ▁agricult ure ▁was ▁th riv ing ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁and ▁surrounding ▁areas , ▁so ▁much ▁so ▁that ▁over ▁£ 1 0 0 0 ▁was ▁spent ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁w are house ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁station . ▁This ▁was ▁served ▁by ▁sid ings , ▁a ▁second ▁platform ▁and ▁a ▁goods ▁yard . ▁Much ▁of ▁this ▁still ▁exists ▁to ▁this ▁day ▁although ▁is ▁not ▁public ly ▁accessible . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁building ▁fell ▁out ▁of ▁use ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁during ▁the ▁Be ech ing ▁cut s . ▁After ▁this ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁dress ▁shop , ▁and ▁then ▁a ▁doctor ' s ▁surg ery , ▁before ▁being ▁left |
▁der el ict ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁eight ies . ▁It ▁was ▁then ▁bought ▁from ▁British ▁Rail ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁by ▁the ▁current ▁own ers , ▁and ▁was ▁completely ▁renov ated . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁features ▁were ▁retained , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁opened ▁as ▁a ▁Bed ▁& ▁Break fast ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁which ▁it ▁remains . ▁ ▁Services ▁ ▁the ▁typical ▁Monday - S aturday ▁off - pe ak ▁service ▁at ▁L ing wood ▁is ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁OS ▁Explorer ▁Map ▁O L 4 0 ▁- ▁The ▁Bro ads . ▁. ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Nor folk ▁Category : Form er ▁Great ▁Eastern ▁Railway ▁stations ▁Category : Gre ater ▁Ang lia ▁franch ise ▁railway ▁stations ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁ibn ▁Abd ▁al - M utt al ib ▁( ▁; ▁), ▁born ▁ ʿ Im r ā n ▁() ▁or ▁ ʿ Ab d ▁Man ā f ▁( ), ▁was ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁Ban u ▁Hash im , ▁a ▁cl an ▁of ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh i ▁tribe ▁of ▁Me cca ▁in ▁the ▁He j azi ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen ins ula . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁uncle ▁of ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁Pro ph et ▁Muhammad , ▁and ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁R ash id ▁C ali ph |
▁Ali . ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁Abd ▁al - M utt al ib ▁ibn ▁Hash im ▁ibn ▁Abd ▁M ana f , ▁he ▁inherited ▁this ▁position , ▁and ▁the ▁offices ▁of ▁Si q aya ▁and ▁R if ada . ▁He ▁was ▁well - res pected ▁in ▁Me cca , ▁despite ▁a ▁decl ining ▁fortune . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Me cca ▁in ▁the ▁Hij az ▁region ▁in ▁ 5 3 5 ▁CE . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁Hash im ite ▁chief , ▁Abd ▁al - M utt al ib . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁brother ▁of ▁Muhammad ' s ▁father , ▁Abd ul lah , ▁who ▁had ▁died ▁before ▁Muhammad ' s ▁birth . ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Muhammad ' s ▁mother ▁A min ah ▁b int ▁W ah ab , ▁Muhammad ▁as ▁a ▁child ▁was ▁taken ▁into ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁his ▁grand father , ▁Abd ▁al - M utt al ib . ▁When ▁Muhammad ▁reached ▁eight ▁years ▁of ▁age , ▁Abd ▁al - M utt al ib ▁died . ▁One ▁of ▁Muhammad ' s ▁un cles ▁was ▁to ▁take ▁him ▁in . ▁The ▁oldest , ▁Al - Har ith ▁was ▁not ▁wealth y ▁enough ▁to ▁take ▁him ▁in . ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib , ▁despite ▁his ▁pover ty , ▁took ▁in ▁Muhammad ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁gener os ity . ▁Although ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁Si q aya ▁and ▁R if ada ▁( F ood ▁and ▁B ever |
ages ) ▁of ▁H aj j ▁pil gr ims , ▁he ▁was ▁poor . ▁ ▁Muhammad ▁loved ▁his ▁uncle , ▁and ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁loved ▁him ▁in ▁return . ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁is ▁remembered ▁as ▁a ▁gift ed ▁poet , ▁and ▁many ▁po etic ▁vers es ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁Muhammad ▁are ▁attributed ▁to ▁him . ▁Once , ▁as ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁was ▁about ▁to ▁leave ▁for ▁a ▁trad ing ▁expedition , ▁Muhammad ▁we pt ▁and ▁could ▁not ▁bear ▁to ▁be ▁separated ▁from ▁him . ▁To ▁this ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁respond ed , ▁" By ▁God ▁I ▁will ▁take ▁him ▁with ▁me , ▁and ▁we ▁shall ▁never ▁part ▁from ▁each ▁other ." ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁life , ▁as ▁an ▁adult , ▁Muhammad ▁saw ▁that ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁was ▁struggling ▁finan cially ▁after ▁a ▁severe ▁dr ought . ▁Muhammad ▁decided ▁to ▁take ▁charge ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ' s ▁children ▁and ▁he ▁convinced ▁Al - ' A bb as ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁same . ▁They ▁discussed ▁this ▁matter ▁with ▁Ab ū ▁ Ṭ ā lib , ▁who ▁asked ▁that ▁his ▁favorite ▁child ▁' A q ī l ▁be ▁left ▁with ▁him . ▁Al - ' A bb ā s ▁chose ▁Ja ' far , ▁and ▁Muhammad ▁chose ▁' Al ī . ▁ ▁Prote ct ing ▁Muhammad ▁In ▁trib al ▁society , ▁a ▁trib al ▁affili ation ▁is ▁important , ▁otherwise ▁a ▁man ▁can ▁be ▁killed ▁with ▁imp unity . ▁As ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Ban u ▁Hash im |
, ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁prote ctor ▁to ▁Muhammad . ▁After ▁Muhammad ▁began ▁pre aching ▁the ▁message ▁of ▁Islam , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁Q ur ay sh ite ▁cl ans ▁increasing ly ▁came ▁to ▁feel ▁threatened ▁by ▁Mu ḥ amm ad . ▁In ▁attempts ▁to ▁quiet ▁him , ▁they ▁press ured ▁Ab ū ▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁to ▁silence ▁his ▁nep hew ▁or ▁control ▁him . ▁Despite ▁these ▁press ures , ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁maintained ▁his ▁support ▁of ▁Mu ḥ amm ad , ▁def ending ▁him ▁from ▁the ▁other ▁leaders ▁of ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh . ▁Le aders ▁of ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh ▁directly ▁confront ed ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁several ▁times . ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁br ushed ▁them ▁off ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁support ▁Muhammad ▁even ▁when ▁it ▁put ▁a ▁r ift ▁between ▁him ▁and ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh . ▁In ▁one ▁account , ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh ▁even ▁threatened ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁Ban u ▁Hash im ▁over ▁this ▁conflict . ▁In ▁a ▁particular ▁narr ation ▁of ▁one ▁such ▁confront ation , ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁sum mon ed ▁Muhammad ▁to ▁speak ▁with ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh . ▁Muhammad ▁asked ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh ▁leaders ▁to ▁say ▁the ▁sh ah ada ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁ast ounded . ▁ ▁The ▁Q ur ay sh ▁even ▁tried ▁to ▁b ri be ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib . ▁They ▁told ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁that ▁if ▁he ▁let ▁them ▁get ▁hold ▁of ▁Muhammad , ▁then |
▁he ▁could ▁adopt ▁' U mar ah ▁ibn ▁al ▁Wal id ▁ibn ▁al ▁M ug hi rah , ▁the ▁most ▁hand some ▁youth ▁in ▁Q ur ay sh . ▁When ▁this ▁also ▁failed , ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh ▁el ic ited ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁other ▁tribes ▁to ▁boy c ott ▁trad ing ▁with ▁or ▁marry ing ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Ban u ▁Hash im ▁line age . ▁This ▁boy c ott ▁started ▁seven ▁years ▁after ▁Muhammad ▁first ▁received ▁revel ation ▁and ▁last ed ▁for ▁three ▁years . ▁The ▁goal ▁was ▁to ▁put ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁Hash im ites ▁and ▁even ▁star ve ▁them ▁into ▁submission . ▁For ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁security , ▁many ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Ban u ▁Hash im ▁moved ▁near ▁to ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁( En cyc lopedia ▁of ▁Islam ), ▁and ▁the ▁place ▁became ▁like ▁a ▁gh etto . ▁This ▁didn ' t ▁cause ▁und ue ▁hard ship ▁because ▁many ▁had ▁family ▁members ▁in ▁other ▁tribes ▁that ▁would ▁sm ug gle ▁goods ▁to ▁them . ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ' s ▁brother , ▁Ab u ▁L ah ab , ▁s ided ▁with ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh ▁on ▁this ▁issue ; ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁house ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁Abd ▁Sh ams ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh . ▁He ▁thought ▁Muhammad ▁was ▁either ▁mad ▁or ▁an ▁imp ost or . ▁ ▁Prote ct ing ▁Muhammad ▁put ▁considerable ▁pressure ▁on ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁and ▁the ▁Ban u ▁Hash im . ▁In ▁one ▁instance ▁Ab |
u ▁Tal ib ▁exclaimed ▁to ▁Muhammad , ▁" Save ▁me ▁and ▁yourself , ▁and ▁do ▁not ▁put ▁a ▁greater ▁bur den ▁on ▁me ▁than ▁I ▁cannot ▁bear ." ▁Muhammad ▁respond ed , ▁" Oh ▁uncle ! ▁By ▁God ▁Al m ight y ▁I ▁swe ar , ▁even ▁if ▁they ▁should ▁put ▁the ▁sun ▁in ▁my ▁right ▁hand ▁and ▁the ▁moon ▁in ▁my ▁left ▁that ▁I ▁ab jure ▁this ▁cause , ▁I ▁shall ▁not ▁do ▁so ▁until ▁God ▁has ▁v ind ic ated ▁it ▁or ▁caused ▁me ▁to ▁per ish ▁in ▁the ▁process ." ▁See ing ▁his ▁nep hew ' s ▁em otion , ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁respond ed , ▁" Go , ▁nep hew , ▁and ▁say ▁what ▁you ▁like . ▁By ▁God , ▁I ▁will ▁never ▁hand ▁you ▁over ▁for ▁any ▁reason ." ▁ ▁Death ▁Ab ū ▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁died ▁around ▁ 6 1 9 ▁AD , ▁at ▁more ▁than ▁ 8 0 ▁years ▁of ▁age , ▁about ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁Muhammad ' s ▁mission . ▁This ▁year ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Year ▁of ▁Sor row ▁for ▁Muhammad , ▁because ▁not ▁only ▁did ▁his ▁uncle ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁die , ▁but ▁also ▁his ▁wife ▁Kh ad ij ah ▁b int ▁K hu way l id , ▁within ▁a ▁month ▁of ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib . ▁ ▁Before ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁died , ▁Muhammad ▁asked ▁him ▁to ▁pron ounce ▁the ▁Shah ad ah . ▁In ▁another ▁tradition ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁was ▁dis |
su aded ▁from ▁saying ▁the ▁Shah ad ah ▁by ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁histor i ograph er ▁Fred ▁McG raw ▁Don ner , ▁both ▁of ▁these ▁trad itions ▁have ▁very ▁old ▁isn ads ▁but ▁the ▁first ▁variation ▁has ▁two ▁different ▁isn ads ▁which ▁might ▁suggest ▁that ▁the ▁second ▁variation ▁is ▁a ▁modification ▁of ▁the ▁older , ▁first ▁variation . ▁ ▁In ▁yet ▁another ▁variation ▁of ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ' s ▁death , ▁his ▁brother , ▁Al - ' A bb ā s , ▁who ▁was ▁sitting ▁next ▁to ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁as ▁he ▁died , ▁saw ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁moving ▁his ▁lips . ▁Al - ' A bb ā s ▁claimed ▁that ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁had ▁said ▁the ▁sh ah ada ▁but ▁Muhammad ▁replied ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁not ▁heard ▁it . ▁ ▁After ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ' s ▁death , ▁Muhammad ▁was ▁left ▁un protected . ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁successor ▁as ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁that ▁is ▁Ab u ▁L ah ab , ▁did ▁not ▁protect ▁him , ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁enemy ▁of ▁Muhammad , ▁so ▁Muhammad ▁and ▁his ▁follow ers ▁faced ▁incred ible ▁per sec ution . ▁Muhammad ▁is ▁quoted ▁as ▁exc laim ing , ▁" By ▁God , ▁Q ur ay sh ▁never ▁har med ▁me ▁so ▁much ▁as ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ." ▁The ▁early ▁Muslim s ▁re located ▁to ▁A by ss in ia ▁and ▁then ▁to |
▁Med ina ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁escape ▁per sec ution ▁by ▁the ▁Q ur ay sh . ▁ ▁View s ▁The ▁memory ▁of ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁is ▁influenced ▁by ▁political ▁a ims ▁of ▁the ▁S unn is ▁and ▁Sh ias . ▁ ▁Sh ia ▁View s ▁Sh ia ▁also ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁ancest ors ▁of ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁were ▁Muslim s . ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁was ▁a ▁desc endant ▁of ▁Is ma ' il ▁ibn ▁I bra him ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁when ▁Muhammad ▁married ▁Kh ad ija , ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁rec ited ▁the ▁ser mon ▁of ▁the ▁marriage . ▁This ▁fact ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁prove ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ' s ▁mon othe ism . ▁ ▁Sun ni ▁views ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁reported ▁in ▁Sun ni ▁Islam ▁that ▁the ▁Q ur an ic ▁verse ▁ 2 8 : 5 6 ▁(" O ▁Pro ph et ! ▁Ver ily , ▁you ▁guide ▁not ▁whom ▁you ▁like , ▁but ▁Al lah ▁gu ides ▁whom ▁He ▁will ") ▁was ▁revealed ▁concerning ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ' s ▁re jection ▁of ▁Islam ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁his ▁nep hew . ▁ ▁In ▁one ▁account ▁by ▁the ▁historian ▁Al - M ada ' ini , ▁and ▁widely ▁circul ated ▁by ▁the ▁Abb as ids , ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁men ▁states , ▁" I ▁wish ▁that ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁had ▁emb rac ed ▁Islam , ▁for ▁the ▁Apost le ▁of ▁God ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁delight ed ▁at ▁that . ▁But ▁he |
▁was ▁an ▁un bel ie ver ." ▁Al ong ▁the ▁same ▁lines , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁similar ▁account ▁where ▁Ali ▁inform s ▁Muhammad ▁of ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ' s ▁death ▁by ▁saying , ▁" Your ▁uncle , ▁the ▁err ing ▁old ▁man , ▁has ▁died ." ▁ ▁Family ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁F at im ah ▁b int ▁As ad . ▁They ▁had ▁four ▁sons : ▁▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁ibn ▁Ab ī ▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁▁ ▁' A q ī l ▁ibn ▁Ab ī ▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁( A bu ▁Muslim ), ▁married ▁F at ima ▁b int ▁Al - W al id ▁and ▁had ▁many ▁children : ▁Ab u ▁Sa ' id , ▁Muslim , ▁Mus a , ▁Abd ul lah , ▁Ram la , ▁Ja ' far , ▁Muhammad ▁and ▁Abd ▁al - R ah man ▁ ▁Ja ' far ▁ibn ▁Ab ī ▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁( A bu ▁A wn ), ▁married ▁As ma ▁b int ▁Um ays ▁and ▁had ▁ 3 ▁sons : ▁Abd ul lah , ▁Muhammad ▁and ▁A wn ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁daughter : ▁Na ' mi . ▁ ▁' Al ī ▁ibn ▁Ab ī ▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁( A bu ▁Has an ), ▁married ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁women , ▁including ▁F at im ah ▁b int ▁Muhammad . ▁He ▁had ▁many ▁children ▁like ▁Hass an , ▁H uss ain , ▁Abb as , ▁Z ain ab , ▁Um me ▁K ul sum ▁ ▁and ▁three ▁daughters : |
▁ ▁F ā kh it ah ▁b int ▁Ab ī ▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁( U mm ▁H ani ), ▁married ▁Hub ay ra ▁ibn ▁Ab i ▁W ah b ▁and ▁had ▁four ▁sons : ▁U mar , ▁Ful an , ▁Y us uf , ▁Am r ▁and ▁two ▁daughters : ▁H ani ▁and ▁Ja ' d ah ▁ ▁J um ā nah ▁b int ▁Ab ī ▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁( U mm ▁S uf yan ), ▁married ▁Ab u ▁S uf yan ▁ibn ▁al - Har ith ▁and ▁had ▁two ▁sons , ▁S uf yan ▁and ▁Ja ' far , ▁Ali ▁ ▁Ray ṭ ah ▁b int ▁Ab ī ▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁( U mm ▁Tal ib ), ▁married ▁A wn ▁ibn ▁Um ays ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁son , ▁Tal ib . ▁ ▁By ▁another ▁wife , ▁Il la , ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁fifth ▁son : ▁ ▁Tul ay q ▁ibn ▁Ab ī ▁ Ṭ ā lib ▁ ▁Education ▁to ▁his ▁children ▁ ▁Muhammad ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Kh ad ija ▁b int ▁K hu way l id , ▁educated ▁Ali ▁ ▁Al - ' A bb as ▁ibn ▁' Ab d ▁al - M utt al ib ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Lub aba ▁b int ▁al - Har ith , ▁educated ▁Tal ib ▁ ▁Ham za ▁ibn ▁Abd ▁al - M utt al ib ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Sal ma ▁b int ▁Um ays , ▁educated ▁Ja ' far ▁ ▁Az - Z ub ay r ▁ibn ▁‘ Ab |
d ▁al - M utt al ib ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁At ika ▁b int ▁Ab i ▁W ah b , ▁educated ▁A q il ▁ ▁Ab u ▁Tal ib ▁ibn ▁Abd ▁al - M utt al ib ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁F at im ah ▁b int ▁As ad , ▁educated ▁F akh it ah , ▁J uman ah ▁and ▁Ray t ah ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Family ▁tree ▁of ▁Ali ▁ ▁Sh i ' a ▁view ▁of ▁Ali ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 6 1 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Family ▁of ▁Muhammad ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Me cca ▁Category : B anu ▁Hash im ▁Category : A hl ▁al - B ay t <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁National ▁Center ▁for ▁Bi ote chn ology ▁Information ▁( NC BI ) ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁National ▁Library ▁of ▁Medicine ▁( NL M ), ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Instit utes ▁of ▁Health ▁( NI H ). ▁The ▁NC BI ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Beth es da , ▁Maryland ▁and ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁through ▁legisl ation ▁spons ored ▁by ▁Senator ▁Claude ▁Pe pper . ▁ ▁The ▁NC BI ▁houses ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁databases ▁relevant ▁to ▁bi ote chn ology ▁and ▁bi om edic ine ▁and ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁resource ▁for ▁bio in format ics ▁tools ▁and ▁services . ▁Major ▁databases ▁include ▁Gen B ank ▁for ▁DNA ▁sequences ▁and ▁Pub Med , ▁a ▁bibli ographic ▁database ▁for ▁the ▁bi omed |
ical ▁literature . ▁Other ▁databases ▁include ▁the ▁NC BI ▁Ep igen om ics ▁database . ▁All ▁these ▁databases ▁are ▁available ▁online ▁through ▁the ▁Entre z ▁search ▁engine . ▁NC BI ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁David ▁Lip man , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁authors ▁of ▁the ▁B LA ST ▁sequence ▁alignment ▁program ▁and ▁a ▁widely ▁respect ed ▁figure ▁in ▁bio in format ics . ▁He ▁also ▁led ▁an ▁intr am ural ▁research ▁program , ▁including ▁groups ▁led ▁by ▁Stephen ▁Alt sch ul ▁( another ▁B LA ST ▁co - author ), ▁David ▁Land s man , ▁Eug ene ▁K oon in , ▁John ▁Wil bur , ▁Ter esa ▁Pr zy ty ck a , ▁and ▁Z hi y ong ▁Lu . ▁David ▁Lip man ▁stood ▁down ▁from ▁his ▁post ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Gen B ank ▁ ▁NC BI ▁has ▁had ▁responsibility ▁for ▁making ▁available ▁the ▁Gen B ank ▁DNA ▁sequence ▁database ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁Gen B ank ▁coordinates ▁with ▁individual ▁labor ator ies ▁and ▁other ▁sequence ▁databases ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁M ole cular ▁Bi ology ▁Labor atory ▁( E MB L ) ▁and ▁the ▁DNA ▁Data ▁Bank ▁of ▁Japan ▁( D DB J ). ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁NC BI ▁has ▁grown ▁to ▁provide ▁other ▁databases ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁Gen B ank . ▁NC BI ▁provides ▁Gene , ▁Online ▁M end elian ▁In herit ance ▁in ▁Man , ▁the ▁M ole cular ▁Model ing ▁Database ▁( 3 D |
▁protein ▁structures ), ▁db SN P ▁( a ▁database ▁of ▁single - n uc le ot ide ▁polym orph isms ), ▁the ▁Reference ▁Se quence ▁Collection , ▁a ▁map ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁gen ome , ▁and ▁a ▁tax onomy ▁browser , ▁and ▁coordinates ▁with ▁the ▁National ▁Can cer ▁Institute ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁Can cer ▁Gen ome ▁An atom y ▁Project . ▁The ▁NC BI ▁assign s ▁a ▁unique ▁identifier ▁( tax onomy ▁ID ▁number ) ▁to ▁each ▁species ▁of ▁organ ism . ▁ ▁The ▁NC BI ▁has ▁software ▁tools ▁that ▁are ▁available ▁by ▁W W W ▁brow sing ▁or ▁by ▁F TP . ▁For ▁example , ▁B LA ST ▁is ▁a ▁sequence ▁similarity ▁searching ▁program . ▁B LA ST ▁can ▁do ▁sequence ▁compar isons ▁against ▁the ▁Gen B ank ▁DNA ▁database ▁in ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 5 ▁seconds . ▁ ▁NC BI ▁Book sh elf ▁The ▁NC BI ▁Book sh elf ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁freely ▁accessible , ▁download able , ▁on - line ▁versions ▁of ▁selected ▁bi omed ical ▁books . ▁The ▁Book sh elf ▁covers ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁topics ▁including ▁mole cular ▁bi ology , ▁bio chem istry , ▁cell ▁bi ology , ▁gen et ics , ▁micro bi ology , ▁disease ▁states ▁from ▁a ▁mole cular ▁and ▁cell ular ▁point ▁of ▁view , ▁research ▁methods , ▁and ▁v iro log y . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁books ▁are ▁online ▁versions ▁of ▁previously ▁published ▁books , ▁while ▁others , ▁such ▁as ▁C off ee ▁Break , ▁are ▁written ▁and ▁edited ▁by |
▁NC BI ▁staff . ▁The ▁Book sh elf ▁is ▁a ▁complement ▁to ▁the ▁Entre z ▁Pub Med ▁repository ▁of ▁peer - review ed ▁publication ▁abstract s ▁in ▁that ▁Book sh elf ▁contents ▁provide ▁established ▁pers pect ives ▁on ▁evol ving ▁areas ▁of ▁study ▁and ▁a ▁context ▁in ▁which ▁many ▁dispar ate ▁individual ▁pieces ▁of ▁reported ▁research ▁can ▁be ▁organized . ▁ ▁Basic ▁Local ▁Al ignment ▁Search ▁Tool ▁( B LA ST ) ▁B LA ST ▁is ▁an ▁algorithm ▁used ▁for ▁calculating ▁sequence ▁similarity ▁between ▁bi ological ▁sequences ▁such ▁as ▁nucle ot ide ▁sequences ▁of ▁DNA ▁and ▁am ino ▁acid ▁sequences ▁of ▁prote ins . ▁B LA ST ▁is ▁a ▁powerful ▁tool ▁for ▁finding ▁sequences ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁query ▁sequence ▁within ▁the ▁same ▁organ ism ▁or ▁in ▁different ▁organ isms . ▁It ▁searches ▁the ▁query ▁sequence ▁on ▁NC BI ▁databases ▁and ▁servers ▁and ▁post ▁the ▁results ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁person ' s ▁browser ▁in ▁chosen ▁format . ▁Input ▁sequences ▁to ▁the ▁B LA ST ▁are ▁mostly ▁in ▁FA ST A ▁or ▁Gen bank ▁format ▁while ▁output ▁could ▁be ▁delivered ▁in ▁variety ▁of ▁formats ▁such ▁as ▁HTML , ▁XML ▁formatting ▁and ▁plain ▁text . ▁HTML ▁is ▁the ▁default ▁output ▁format ▁for ▁NC BI ' s ▁web - page . ▁Results ▁for ▁NC BI - B LA ST ▁are ▁presented ▁in ▁graph ical ▁format ▁with ▁all ▁the ▁hits ▁found , ▁a ▁table ▁with ▁sequence ▁ident ifiers ▁for ▁the ▁hits ▁having ▁scoring ▁related ▁data , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁align ments ▁for ▁the ▁sequence ▁of ▁interest ▁and ▁the |
▁hits ▁received ▁with ▁analog ous ▁B LA ST ▁scores ▁for ▁these ▁ ▁Entre z ▁The ▁Entre z ▁Global ▁Query ▁Cross - Database ▁Search ▁System ▁is ▁used ▁at ▁NC BI ▁for ▁all ▁the ▁major ▁databases ▁such ▁as ▁N uc le ot ide ▁and ▁Prote in ▁Se qu ences , ▁Prote in ▁Struct ures , ▁Pub Med , ▁Tax onomy , ▁Complete ▁Gen om es , ▁O M IM , ▁and ▁several ▁others . ▁Entre z ▁is ▁both ▁indexing ▁and ▁retr ieval ▁system ▁having ▁data ▁from ▁various ▁sources ▁for ▁bi omed ical ▁research . ▁NC BI ▁distributed ▁the ▁first ▁version ▁of ▁Entre z ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁composed ▁of ▁nucle ot ide ▁sequences ▁from ▁P DB ▁and ▁Gen B ank , ▁protein ▁sequences ▁from ▁S WI SS - PRO T , ▁translated ▁Gen B ank , ▁P IR , ▁PR F ▁, ▁P DB ▁and ▁associated ▁abstract s ▁and ▁cit ations ▁from ▁Pub Med . ▁Entre z ▁is ▁spe cially ▁designed ▁to ▁integrate ▁the ▁data ▁from ▁several ▁different ▁sources , ▁databases ▁and ▁formats ▁into ▁a ▁uniform ▁information ▁model ▁and ▁retr ieval ▁system ▁which ▁can ▁efficiently ▁retrieve ▁that ▁relevant ▁references , ▁sequences ▁and ▁structures . ▁ ▁Gene ▁Gene ▁has ▁been ▁implemented ▁at ▁NC BI ▁to ▁character ize ▁and ▁organ ize ▁the ▁information ▁about ▁gen es . ▁It ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁node ▁in ▁the ▁ne x us ▁of ▁genom ic ▁map , ▁expression , ▁sequence , ▁protein ▁function , ▁structure ▁and ▁hom ology ▁data . ▁A ▁unique ▁Gene ID ▁is ▁assigned ▁to ▁each |
▁gene ▁record ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁followed ▁through ▁revision ▁cycles . ▁Gene ▁records ▁for ▁known ▁or ▁predicted ▁gen es ▁are ▁established ▁here ▁and ▁are ▁dem arc ated ▁by ▁map ▁positions ▁or ▁nucle ot ide ▁sequence . ▁Gene ▁has ▁several ▁advantages ▁over ▁its ▁prede cess or , ▁L ocus Link , ▁including , ▁better ▁integration ▁with ▁other ▁databases ▁in ▁NC BI , ▁bro ader ▁tax onom ic ▁scope , ▁and ▁en hanced ▁options ▁for ▁query ▁and ▁retr ieval ▁provided ▁by ▁Entre z ▁system . ▁ ▁Prote in ▁Prote in ▁database ▁maintain s ▁the ▁text ▁record ▁for ▁individual ▁protein ▁sequences , ▁derived ▁from ▁many ▁different ▁resources ▁such ▁as ▁NC BI ▁Reference ▁Se quence ▁( Ref Seq ) ▁project , ▁Gen B ank , ▁P DB ▁and ▁Un i Pro t KB / S WI SS - Pro t . ▁Prote in ▁records ▁are ▁present ▁in ▁different ▁formats ▁including ▁FA ST A ▁and ▁XML ▁and ▁are ▁linked ▁to ▁other ▁NC BI ▁resources . ▁Prote in ▁provides ▁the ▁relevant ▁data ▁to ▁the ▁users ▁such ▁as ▁gen es , ▁DNA / R NA ▁sequences , ▁bi ological ▁path ways , ▁expression ▁and ▁variation ▁data ▁and ▁literature . ▁It ▁also ▁provides ▁the ▁pre - det erm ined ▁sets ▁of ▁similar ▁and ▁identical ▁prote ins ▁for ▁each ▁sequence ▁as ▁computed ▁by ▁the ▁B LA ST . ▁The ▁Str ucture ▁database ▁of ▁NC BI ▁contains ▁ 3 D ▁coordinate ▁sets ▁for ▁experiment ally - det erm ined ▁structures ▁in ▁P DB ▁that ▁are ▁imported ▁by ▁NC BI . ▁ ▁The ▁Con ser |
ved ▁Domain ▁database ▁( CD D ) ▁of ▁protein ▁contains ▁sequence ▁profiles ▁that ▁character ize ▁highly ▁conser ved ▁domains ▁within ▁protein ▁sequences . ▁It ▁also ▁has ▁records ▁from ▁external ▁resources ▁like ▁S MA RT ▁and ▁Pf am . ▁There ▁is ▁another ▁database ▁in ▁protein ▁known ▁as ▁Prote in ▁Cl ust ers ▁database ▁which ▁contains ▁sets ▁of ▁prote ins ▁sequences ▁that ▁are ▁cluster ed ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁maximum ▁align ments ▁between ▁the ▁individual ▁sequences ▁as ▁calculated ▁by ▁B LA ST . ▁ ▁Pub chem ▁database ▁Pub Ch em ▁database ▁of ▁NC BI ▁is ▁a ▁public ▁resource ▁for ▁mole cules ▁and ▁their ▁activities ▁against ▁bi ological ▁ass ays . ▁Pub Ch em ▁is ▁search able ▁and ▁accessible ▁by ▁Entre z ▁information ▁retr ieval ▁system . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁DNA ▁Data ▁Bank ▁of ▁Japan ▁( D DB J ) ▁ ▁European ▁Bio in format ics ▁Institute ▁( E BI ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁National ▁Library ▁of ▁Medicine ▁ ▁National ▁Instit utes ▁of ▁Health ▁ ▁Category : Med ical ▁research ▁instit utes ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : National ▁Instit utes ▁of ▁Health ▁Category : On line ▁databases <0x0A> </s> ▁Le oni ▁May ▁Kings bury ▁( 1 9 0 9 - 1 9 7 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁international ▁bad m inton ▁player . ▁ ▁Bad m inton ▁career ▁Le oni ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁ ▁was ▁a ▁three ▁times ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁All ▁England ▁Open ▁Bad m inton ▁Championships . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁women ' s ▁singles ▁twice |
▁and ▁doubles ▁once . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Her ▁sister ▁Th el ma ▁Kings bury ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁leading ▁bad m inton ▁player . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : English ▁female ▁bad m inton ▁players ▁Category : 1 9 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Bah ad ur ▁Singh ▁D h ak ad ▁( d ied ▁▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Indian ▁politician . ▁D h ak ad ▁was ▁a ▁Central ▁Committee ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁of ▁India ▁( Mar x ist ), ▁and ▁the ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁state ▁committee ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁party . ▁▁ ▁D h ak ad ▁joined ▁the ▁C PI ( M ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁and ▁became ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁pe asant ▁movement . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 – 2 0 0 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁general ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁state ▁K isan ▁Sab ha . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁party ▁state ▁committee ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁secret ariat . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁the ▁C PI ( M ) ▁state ▁committee ▁secretary . ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁party ▁con gress , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Central ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁party . ▁ ▁D h ak ad ▁died ▁in ▁G wal |
ior ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁heart ▁attack . ▁He ▁was ▁surv ived ▁by ▁his ▁wife , ▁two ▁sons ▁and ▁two ▁daughters . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁Party ▁of ▁India ▁( Mar x ist ) ▁polit icians ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁As ik ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁A ş ik , ▁a ▁singer ▁who ▁accompanied ▁his ▁song ▁with ▁a ▁l ute ▁in ▁A zer ba ij ani ▁and ▁related ▁Turk ic ▁cult ures ▁ ▁A ş ı k , ▁a ▁Turkish - language ▁name ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁T ’ as ik , ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁rural ▁community ▁in ▁the ▁Sy un ik ▁Province ▁of ▁Armen ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Kevin ▁Rosa ire ▁Belle m are , ▁known ▁profession ally ▁as ▁Ro z ▁Bell , ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁singer - song writer , ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁hit ▁singles ▁" Y esterday ▁Man " ▁and ▁" P ap erc ut ". ▁ ▁His ▁debut ▁album , ▁The ▁First ▁Sun be ams ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Universal ▁Music ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁gar ner ed ▁two ▁top ▁ 2 0 ▁hits ▁in ▁Canada , ▁ear ning ▁Ro z ▁a ▁Canadian ▁Radio ▁Music ▁Award ▁nom ination ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ' s ▁since ▁had ▁songs ▁placed ▁in ▁TV ▁shows , ▁such ▁as ▁ 9 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.