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2 1 0 , ▁films ▁such ▁as ▁Van ▁W ilder , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁advert ising ▁campaign s ▁for ▁C oca - Col a ▁and ▁Pr ing les . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁The ▁First ▁Sun be ams ▁EP ▁ ▁Universal , ▁summer ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁The ▁First ▁Sun be ams ▁Universal , ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁October ▁ ▁En acy ▁Ent ., ▁August ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁ ▁" Be coming ▁Str angers " ▁ ▁" Y esterday ▁Man ▁( I ' m ▁So ▁L on ely )" ▁ ▁" P ap erc ut " ▁ ▁" He art ▁Att ack " ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁Ro z ▁Bell ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Canadian ▁Radio ▁Music ▁Award ▁in ▁the ▁Pop ▁category ▁for ▁his ▁songs ▁Y esterday ▁Man ▁and ▁Pap erc ut . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ro z ▁Bell ▁official ▁site ▁ ▁Ro z ▁Bell ▁web is odes ▁at ▁D ose . ca ▁ ▁Ro z ▁Bell ▁on ▁My Space ▁ ▁Ro z ▁Bell ▁on ▁C BC ▁Radio ▁ 3 ▁ ▁Ro z ▁Bell ▁at ▁Vir b ▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁rock ▁sing ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Ontario ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁East ▁G will im bury ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of |
▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Wh item ant le ▁Range ▁is ▁a ▁sub range ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific ▁R anges ▁of ▁the ▁Coast ▁Mountains ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁ ▁Loc ated ▁between ▁the ▁heads ▁of ▁B ute ▁In let ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁Knight ▁In let ▁on ▁the ▁west , ▁it ▁is ▁extremely ▁rug ged ▁and ▁gla ci ated . ▁Its ▁highest ▁sum mit ▁is ▁Wh item ant le ▁Mountain ▁ 2 9 8 5 m ▁( 9 7 9 3 ft ). ▁ ▁The ▁range ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 3 4 0 0 km 2 ▁( 1 3 1 0 ▁sq ▁mi ) ▁in ▁area ▁and ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁much ▁higher ▁and ▁even ▁more ▁rug ged ▁W adding ton ▁Range , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁highest ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific ▁R anges ▁and ▁also ▁of ▁the ▁Coast ▁Mountains . ▁ ▁East ▁across ▁the ▁can y on - val ley ▁of ▁the ▁Hom ath ko ▁River ▁is ▁the ▁Hom ath ko ▁Ice field . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Wh item ant le ▁Range ▁entry ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Mountain ▁Encyclopedia ▁ ▁Category : P ac ific ▁R anges <0x0A> </s> ▁T os eland ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁Camb rid ges hire , ▁England . ▁The ▁name ▁T os eland ▁is ▁Sc and in av ian ▁and ▁has ▁connections ▁to ▁the ▁Old ▁Nor se ▁word ▁' l unde ' ▁translated ▁as ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁sacred ▁or ▁small ▁wood . ▁The ▁parish ▁is ▁neighb ours ▁with ▁nearby ▁par |
ishes ▁within ▁Camb rid ges hire ▁such ▁as ▁Y elling , ▁Gra v ely , ▁Great ▁Pa xt on ▁and ▁St ▁Ag nes . ▁ ▁History ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁T os eland ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁hundred ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it ▁contained ▁smaller ▁par ishes . ▁Imperial ▁Gazette er ▁John ▁Mar ius ▁Wilson ▁applied ▁his ▁definition ▁of ▁T os eland ▁as :" a ▁parish ▁and ▁a ▁hundred ▁in ▁Hun ts . ▁The ▁parish ▁lies ▁ 3 ¼ ▁miles ▁NE ▁of ▁St . ▁Ne ots ▁r . ▁station , ▁and ▁is ▁in ▁St . ▁Ne ots ▁district . ▁Post ▁town , ▁St . ▁Ne ots . ▁Ac res , ▁ 1 , 3 2 0 . ▁Real ▁property , ▁£ 1 , 5 8 5 . ▁Pop ., ▁ 2 1 7 . ▁H ouses , ▁ 4 4 . ▁The ▁property ▁is ▁divided ▁among ▁a ▁few . ▁The ▁man or - house ▁is ▁a ▁hand some ▁ancient ▁ed ifice , ▁now ▁occupied ▁by ▁a ▁far mer ". ▁ ▁Social ▁Status ▁ ▁A ▁historic ▁census ▁carried ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁detailed ▁the ▁categor isation ▁of ▁status ▁within ▁occupation ▁in ▁the ▁parish . ▁From ▁the ▁highest ▁to ▁the ▁lowest : ▁Emp loy ers , ▁M idd ling ▁Sort s , ▁Labour ers ▁& ▁Serv ants ▁and ▁others ; ▁not ably ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁Labour ers . ▁ ▁Land marks ▁▁ ▁The ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁St ▁Michael ▁( St ▁Mary ▁in ▁earlier ▁records ) ▁dates |
▁to ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁century ▁and ▁is ▁grade ▁II * ▁listed . ▁T os eland ▁Hall ▁is ▁a ▁sevent e enth ▁century ▁grade ▁II * ▁listed ▁man or ▁house ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁centre , ▁built ▁from ▁brick ▁with ▁a ▁t iled ▁roof . ▁The ▁Man or ▁is ▁two ▁stories ▁high ▁and ▁contains ▁att ics ▁and ▁the ▁m ould ed ▁br icks ▁are ▁constructed ▁with ▁a ▁geometric ▁pattern . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁Nicholas ▁Luke ▁around ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁who ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁lord ▁of ▁the ▁man or ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁owned ▁by ▁various ▁prominent ▁figures ▁such ▁as ▁Dean ▁of ▁E ly ▁C athedral ▁in ▁ 1 6 2 4 . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁census ▁the ▁property ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁Alfred ▁Maine ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁far mer ▁that ▁owned ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 5 0 ▁acres ▁of ▁land ▁and ▁since ▁then ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁agricult ural ▁purposes ▁such ▁as ▁cultiv ating ▁land . ▁ ▁Geography ▁The ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁ 6 - inch ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁showed ▁the ▁parish ▁as ▁having ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 3 4 2 . 2 4 8 ▁acres . ▁T os eland ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁Camb rid ges hire ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁of ▁England . ▁The ▁parish ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 5 8 m ▁( 1 9 0 ft ) ▁above ▁the ▁sea ▁level ; ▁T os eland ' s ▁post ▁code ▁( PE |
1 9 ) ▁is ▁categor ised ▁as ▁non - res ident ial . ▁Dom estic ▁gard ens ▁use ▁up ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁area ▁compared ▁to ▁domestic , ▁non - dom estic ▁buildings ▁and ▁roads , ▁taking ▁up ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 2 . 1 3 ▁m 2 ▁in ▁thousands ▁as ▁shown ▁by ▁the ▁en hanced ▁base ▁map ▁of ▁UK ▁areas ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Government ▁T os eland ▁has ▁a ▁parish ▁council , ▁which ▁consists ▁of ▁five ▁coun c ill ors ▁and ▁a ▁parish ▁cl erk . ▁The ▁parish ▁council ▁meets ▁approximately ▁five ▁times ▁a ▁year . ▁The ▁parish ▁pre cept ▁for ▁the ▁financial ▁year ▁ending ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁was ▁£ 7 0 0 . ▁ ▁Hun ting d ons hire ▁District ▁Council ▁has ▁ 5 2 ▁coun c ill ors ▁representing ▁ 2 9 ▁district ▁w ards . ▁Hun ting d ons hire ▁District ▁Council ▁collect s ▁the ▁council ▁tax , ▁and ▁provides ▁services ▁such ▁as ▁building ▁reg ulations , ▁local ▁planning , ▁environmental ▁health , ▁le is ure ▁and ▁tour ism . ▁T os eland ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁district ▁w ard ▁of ▁Gr ans den ▁and ▁The ▁Off ords ▁and ▁is ▁represented ▁on ▁the ▁district ▁council ▁by ▁two ▁coun c ill ors . ▁The ▁highest ▁tier ▁of ▁local ▁government ▁is ▁Camb rid ges hire ▁County ▁Council , ▁Camb rid ges hire ▁County ▁Council ▁consists ▁of ▁ 6 9 ▁coun c ill ors ▁representing ▁ 6 0 ▁elect oral |
▁divisions . ▁T os eland ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁elect oral ▁division ▁of ▁Buck den , ▁Gr ans den ▁and ▁The ▁Off ords ▁and ▁is ▁represented ▁on ▁the ▁county ▁council ▁by ▁one ▁coun c ill or . ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁parliament ary ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁Hun ting don . ▁ ▁Dem ography ▁ ▁Population ▁In ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 8 0 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁T os eland ▁was ▁recorded ▁every ▁ten ▁years ▁by ▁the ▁UK ▁census . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁ 9 9 ▁( the ▁lowest ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 1 ) ▁and ▁ 2 3 0 ▁( the ▁highest ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 1 ). ▁ ▁All ▁population ▁census ▁figures ▁from ▁report ▁Historic ▁Census ▁figures ▁Camb rid ges hire ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁by ▁Camb rid ges hire ▁Ins ight . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁parish ▁covered ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁population ▁density ▁of ▁T os eland ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁was ▁ 5 3 . 1 ▁persons ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 2 0 . 5 ▁per ▁square ▁kilomet re ). ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁UK ▁neighbourhood ▁statistics ▁census ▁T os eland ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Y elling ▁and ▁the ▁combined ▁population ▁was ▁recorded ▁as ▁ 4 1 1 . ▁ ▁Occ up ation ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁occup ations ▁in ▁T |
os eland ▁were ▁mainly ▁local ▁in ▁nature ▁with ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁jobs ▁being ▁in ▁Dom estic ▁Off ices / ▁Services ▁and ▁the ▁least ▁in ▁primary ▁agricult ural ▁jobs ▁such ▁as ▁far ming , ▁cultiv ating ▁animals ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁un spec ified ▁comm od ities . ▁Al most ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁known ▁population ▁was ▁un emp loy ed ▁and ▁were ▁women . ▁These ▁figures ▁are ▁documented ▁in ▁the ▁table ▁below ▁s our ced ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁Census ▁of ▁England ▁and ▁Wales . ▁As ▁of ▁today ▁most ▁occup ations ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁professional ▁occup ations ▁( make ▁up ▁ 2 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁jobs ▁in ▁the ▁T os eland ▁and ▁Y elling ▁area ) ▁especially ▁scientific ▁engineering , ▁technology ▁and ▁tele communic ations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁environmental ▁conservation . ▁ ▁All ▁occupation ▁census ▁figures ▁are ▁retrieved ▁from ▁the ▁" 1 8 8 1 ▁Census ▁of ▁England ▁& ▁Wales " ▁via ▁" The ▁V ision ▁of ▁Britain " ▁website ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Camb rid ges hire ▁Category : H un ting d ons hire ▁Category : C ivil ▁par ishes ▁in ▁Camb rid ges hire <0x0A> </s> ▁Bobby ▁Walker ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish ▁association ▁football ▁wing ▁forward ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁both ▁Scotland ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁Walker ▁briefly ▁played ▁for ▁East ▁St ir ling shire ▁F . C .. ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 7 , |
▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁National s ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁Walker ▁and ▁his ▁team m ates ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁National ▁Challenge ▁Cup ▁by ▁defe ating ▁Br ick layers ▁and ▁M asons ▁F . C ., ▁ 4 - 1 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁ ▁Walker ▁began ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 8 - 1 9 2 9 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁National s , ▁but ▁moved ▁to ▁J & P ▁Co ats ▁th ir teen ▁games ▁into ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁Co ats ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁fall ▁season ▁when ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁P awt uck et ▁R angers . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 2 1 – 1 9 3 3 ) ▁players ▁Category : K il mar no ck ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : E ast ▁St ir ling shire ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : J & P ▁Co ats ▁players ▁Category : New ▁York ▁National s ▁( AS L ) ▁players ▁Category : P awt uck et ▁R angers ▁players ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁football ers ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category |
: Ex pat ri ate ▁s occer ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Le van ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁( ; ▁born ▁August ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Georg ian - born ▁New ▁York - based ▁visual ▁artist ; ▁painter , ▁dra ug ht s man , ▁installation ▁and ▁multimedia ▁video ▁artist . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁T bil isi , ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁His ▁special ▁skills ▁were ▁identified ▁early ▁on . ▁He ▁began ▁painting ▁at ▁three ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁received ▁professional ▁training ▁in ▁his ▁h omet own ▁during ▁his ▁te en ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁old ▁artist ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁Germany ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁art ▁project , ▁where ▁he ▁designed ▁a ▁play ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁German ▁counter parts . ▁The ▁western ▁culture , ▁German ▁and ▁French ▁philosophy ▁and ▁ps y cho analysis ▁has ▁influenced ▁the ▁young ▁artist ’ s ▁world ▁view , ▁and ▁he ▁proceeded ▁to ▁new ▁cre ative ▁experiments ▁and ▁concept ual ▁research ▁on ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Georgia , ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁beginning ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁stage ▁in ▁his ▁art , ▁followed ▁by ▁significant ▁success . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 1 , ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁graduated ▁from ▁The ▁T bil isi ▁State ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁with ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁Draw ing ▁and ▁Print making |
. ▁He ▁won ▁several ▁mer it ▁scholar ships ▁and ▁art ▁pri zes ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Georg ian ▁artist ▁who ▁earned ▁his ▁Master ' s ▁( M . F . A .) ▁degree ▁with ▁hon ors ▁from ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Academy ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁P ain ting . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁had ▁his ▁extensive ▁autonom ous ▁exhibition ▁" The ▁ST Y X " ▁in ▁two ▁gallery ▁spaces , ▁cur ated ▁by ▁Mark ▁G is bourne . ▁The ▁show ▁included ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁paint ings ▁and ▁film ▁install ations ▁devoted ▁to ▁the ▁self - reg ener ative ▁med us oz oa ▁jel ly fish . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁space ▁there ▁was ▁another ▁project ed ▁video ▁three - wall ▁environmental ▁installation ▁" The ▁System ▁of ▁Object s ", ▁fil med ▁in ▁the ▁G ug gen heim ▁Museum ▁and ▁newly ▁completed ▁O cul us ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁The ▁work ▁also ▁incorpor ated ▁an ▁extensive ▁and ▁innov ative ▁for eground ▁re ced ing ▁sculpt ural ▁component . ▁The ▁overall ▁theme ▁of ▁the ▁exhibition ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁" pass age " ▁and ▁life ▁journey , ▁very ▁much ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁phil os opher - anth rop ologist ▁Joseph ▁Campbell ’ s ▁famous ▁historical ▁anth rop ology ▁of ▁The ▁Hero ’ s ▁J our ney , ▁from ▁life ▁to ▁death , ▁ignor ance ▁to ▁en light en ment , ▁from ▁day ▁to ▁night , ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁et ernal ▁return . ▁For ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁this |
▁served ▁as ▁both ▁a ▁universal ▁met ap hor ▁and ▁cre ative ▁theme , ▁and ▁also ▁as ▁an ▁extended ▁sim ile ▁of ▁the ▁artist ’ s ▁own ▁evol ving ▁life ▁experience . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Song ul ash v ili ’ s ▁monument al ▁stage ▁installation ▁" ID EM ▁E T ▁IDE M " ▁was ▁presented ▁for ▁composer ▁Gi ya ▁Kan ch eli ’ s ▁historical ▁concert ▁with ▁the ▁world ▁premi ere ▁of ▁his ▁latest ▁musical ▁piece ▁for ▁cho ir ▁and ▁chamber ▁or chestra . ▁In sp ired ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁Song ul ash v ili ’ s ▁painting ▁series ▁the ▁composer ▁entitled ▁his ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁ ▁The ▁artist ' s ▁award - win ning ▁works ▁and ▁multimedia ▁install ations ▁are ▁shown ▁in ▁art ▁gall eries , ▁private ▁collections , ▁and ▁museum s ▁world wide , ▁including ▁S othe by ’ s ▁( N Y C ), ▁The ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts , ▁Sa atch i ▁Gallery , ▁among ▁others . ▁The ▁artist ' s ▁pieces ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁permanent ▁collection ▁of ▁The ▁Brook lyn ▁Museum ▁and ▁on ▁permanent ▁view ▁at ▁The ▁R ust av eli ▁National ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁has ▁received ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁awards , ▁including ▁the ▁President ’ s ▁Award ▁and ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Award ▁for ▁Ach iev ements ▁and ▁Cont ribution ▁to ▁the ▁Arts . ▁▁ ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁also ▁writes ▁psych ological ▁pro se , ▁ess ays , |
▁vers es ▁and ▁plays ▁the ▁piano . ▁ ▁Art istic ▁practice ▁ ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁mut ability ▁and ▁possession ▁of ▁an ▁independent ▁sense ▁of ▁emer gent ▁identity ▁is ▁of ▁great ▁concern ▁to ▁Song ul ash v ili , ▁particularly ▁as ▁it ▁rel ates ▁to ▁the ▁recent ▁re - emer gence ▁of ▁Georgia ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁and ▁autonom ous ▁state ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁— ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁the ▁artist ’ s ▁birth . ▁ ▁The ▁paint ings ▁of ▁Le van ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁eng age ▁with ▁powerful ▁and ▁abstract ed ▁them es ▁rel ates ▁to ▁the ▁pres cient ▁concerns ▁of ▁passage ▁and ▁presence . ▁That ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁from ▁states ▁of ▁conscious ness ▁to ▁the ▁un cons cious . ▁He ▁de als ▁all us ively ▁with ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁boundary ▁and ▁transition , ▁the ▁imm ers ive ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁the ▁psych ical ▁element ▁of ▁water , ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁flow ▁and ▁flux . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁artist ▁he ▁holds ▁a ▁master y ▁of ▁affect ▁and ▁trans ience , ▁having ▁created ▁painted ▁works ▁consisting ▁of ▁large - scale ▁can v ases ▁that ▁feature ▁large ▁exp ans es ▁of ▁grey - black ▁was hes ▁inf used ▁with ▁an ▁other world ly ▁light ; ▁vast ▁t onal ▁sh ifts ; ▁and ▁a ▁prim ord ial ▁g low ▁that ▁ho vers ▁between ▁the ▁myth ic ▁and ▁the ▁bi ol um ines cent , ▁which ▁also ▁e voke ▁feelings ▁of ▁the ▁under world , ▁ph antom - like ▁bl ur red |
▁appar itions , ▁images ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁“ Sh ades ” ▁( U m bra ), ▁faces ▁or ▁pres ences ▁that ▁exist ▁in ▁an ▁inter st it ial ▁reality , ▁an ▁in ▁between ▁world ▁of ▁spectral ▁dream s . ▁ ▁His ▁use ▁of ▁sep ia , ▁white , ▁grey , ▁and ▁black ▁t ies ▁in ▁with ▁a ▁long ▁history ▁of ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁art ▁( p aint ings ▁and ▁graphics ) ▁that ▁has ▁sought ▁to ▁bring ▁inner ▁clar ity ▁to ▁cre ative ▁forms ▁of ▁expression . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁colour ▁is ▁dependent ▁all ▁but ▁totally ▁on ▁light ▁while ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁are ▁absolute ▁polar ities . ▁It ▁therefore ▁also ▁touch es ▁upon ▁matter ▁related ▁to ▁popular ▁film , ▁video , ▁phot ography , ▁and ▁specifically ▁the ▁po lem ic ▁at ▁the ▁beg inn ings ▁of ▁Western ▁Art , ▁namely ▁darkness ▁( P lin y ’ s ▁drawing ▁a ▁line ▁around ▁a ▁shadow ), ▁or ▁light ▁( Pl ato ’ s ▁cave ▁and ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁reflection ). ▁ ▁Song ul ash v ili ' s ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁med usa - like ▁jel ly fish ▁imag ery ▁is ▁an ▁oper ative ▁met ap hor , ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁intended ▁in ▁any ▁sense ▁as ▁to ▁be ▁tax onom ic , ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁accuracy ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁classification , ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁po etic ▁met ap hor ▁of ▁life ▁and ▁sens ory ▁experience . ▁J elly fish ▁are ▁also ▁cre atures ▁of ▁continuous ▁passage ▁taken ▁wherever ▁the ▁t ides ▁and |
▁prev ail ing ▁wind s ▁drive ▁them . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁an ▁artist ▁he ▁has ▁undert aken ▁two ▁personal ▁aspects ▁of ▁passage , ▁his ▁development al ▁life - pass age ▁as ▁an ▁artist - p ain ter , ▁and ▁his ▁increasing ly ▁extensive ▁travel ▁and ▁experiences . ▁ ▁Le van ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁explains ▁his ▁work ▁by ▁saying , ▁" I ▁care ▁about ▁the ▁myster ies ▁of ▁Life , ▁its ▁orig ins , ▁its ▁end less ▁cycles ▁and ▁reg ener ations ▁and ▁I ▁question ▁the ▁current ▁civil ization ▁in ▁which ▁we ▁find ▁ourselves ▁and ▁wonder : ▁what ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁Hum ank ind ? ▁What ▁is ▁problem atic ▁for ▁scient ists ▁is ▁fasc in ating ▁for ▁me . ▁This ▁process ▁looks ▁like ▁a ▁never - ending ▁quest ▁for ▁an ▁answer . ▁In ▁my ▁view , ▁an ▁artist ▁should ▁be ▁somewhat ▁Don ▁Qu ix ot - ish . ▁I ▁am ▁familiar ▁with ▁a ▁state , ▁after ▁self - ref lection ▁an ▁ir r ational ▁imp ulse ▁ur ges ▁me ▁to ▁find ▁water ▁in ▁a ▁desert , ▁which ▁would ▁then ▁lead ▁me ▁to ▁the ▁ocean ". ▁ ▁S TO IC HE Î ON ▁ 金 星 ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁was ▁artist ▁in ▁residence ▁in ▁Singapore , ▁where ▁he ▁realized ▁a ▁multimedia ▁solo ▁project ▁named ▁Sto iche î on ▁ 金 星 . ▁The ▁show ▁presented ▁two ▁monument al ▁video ▁install ations ▁and ▁a ▁selection ▁of ▁Japanese - ink ▁paint |
ings ▁at ▁the ▁Object ifs ▁- ▁a ▁centre ▁for ▁phot ography ▁and ▁film , ▁Chap el ▁Gallery . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁Sto iche ion ▁( σ τ ο ι χ ε ῖ ο ν / sto iche î on ; ▁the ▁et ym ological ▁deriv ation ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁element um , ▁first ▁documented ▁in ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁“ const itu ent ▁component ” ▁or ▁“ bas is ” ▁in ▁Pl ato ) ▁was ▁in ▁Class ical ▁anti qu ity ▁fund ament ally ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁classical ▁theory ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁elements . ▁In ▁European ▁cultural ▁history , ▁the ▁term ▁“ elements ” ▁denotes ▁the ▁four ▁basic ▁subst ances : ▁Earth , ▁Water , ▁Air ▁and ▁Fire . ▁The ▁philosoph ical ▁concept ▁of ▁sto iche ion ▁denotes ▁the ▁basic ▁components ▁or ▁the ▁found ations ▁of ▁Being . ▁ ▁S TO IC HE Î ON ▁ 金 星 ▁represents ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁understand ▁the ▁bew ilder ingly ▁great ▁multip licity ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁as ▁combinations ▁of ▁a ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁elements . ▁In sp ired ▁by ▁the ▁culture , ▁visual ▁art istry ▁and ▁techniques ▁of ▁Asian ▁in k ▁paint ings ▁in ▁Singapore , ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁combined ▁his ▁experiences ▁with ▁his ▁main ▁focus ▁on ▁air , ▁water ▁and ▁earth , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Earth ’ s ▁sister ▁terrest rial ▁planet , ▁Ven us , ▁which ▁rot ates ▁in ▁the ▁opposite ▁direction ▁to ▁most ▁other ▁plan ets ▁and ▁where ▁the ▁Sun ▁r ises ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁sets |
▁in ▁the ▁east . ▁ ▁The ▁ST Y X ▁ ▁The ▁ST Y X ▁is ▁an ▁installation ▁of ▁mental , ▁emot ional , ▁and ▁psych ological ▁passage . ▁It ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁ex igent ▁myth ▁and ▁alleg ory , ▁all ud ing ▁to ▁the ▁famous ▁myth ological ▁river ▁as ▁a ▁site ▁of ▁psych ical ▁transformation . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁trans it ▁and ▁entry ▁to ▁the ▁imag ined ▁under world , ▁and ▁stands ▁for ▁the ▁experience ▁of ▁life ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁journey ▁and ▁passage , ▁a ▁voy aged ▁dream ▁into ▁the ▁ra vel led ▁beyond , ▁leading ▁to ▁an ▁aw ak ening ▁that ▁acknowled ges ▁the ▁expanded ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁new ▁real ities . ▁From ▁living ▁conscious ness ▁to ▁mask ed ▁un cons cious , ▁from ▁life ▁to ▁death , ▁and ▁the ▁imag ined ▁world ▁and ▁after life , ▁the ▁River ▁St y x ▁is ▁an ▁a que ous ▁symbol ▁of ▁radical ▁change ▁from ▁the ▁mutable ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁to ▁imm utable ▁and ▁in ev itable ▁certain ty ▁of ▁our ▁event ual ▁passage . ▁For ▁these ▁reasons ▁the ▁project ▁conce ived ▁as ▁an ▁imm ers ive ▁experience ▁as ▁expressed ▁through ▁video ▁install ations ▁and ▁a ▁unique ▁series ▁of ▁sep ia ▁and ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁related ▁paint ings ▁by ▁Song ul ash v ili . ▁ ▁The ▁ ▁artist ’ s ▁integration ▁of ▁a ▁video ▁installation ▁and ▁his ▁paint ings ▁presents ▁an ▁inter w oven ▁vision , ▁medi ated ▁by ▁the ▁extended ▁met ap hor ▁of ▁the ▁self - |
reg ener ative ▁" h ydro zo an " ▁med usa ▁jel ly fish . ▁A ▁creature ▁not ▁intended ▁by ▁the ▁artist ▁as ▁a ▁description ▁as ▁such , ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁symbol ic ▁met ap hor , ▁and ▁an ▁emb od ied ▁form ▁of ▁sign ification ▁that ▁is ▁representative ▁of ▁life ▁and ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁mut ability ▁and ▁change . ▁ ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁sees ▁the ▁St y x ▁as ▁em blem atic ▁of ▁the ▁inter st ices ▁or ▁in - between ▁that ▁is ▁present ▁in ▁every day ▁life . ▁Like ▁the ▁d row ning ▁sou ls ▁in ▁this ▁river ▁of ▁ob liv ion ▁that ▁have ▁not ▁achieved ▁passage , ▁the ▁jel ly fish ▁are ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁v ag ery ▁and ▁dr ift ▁of ▁ocean ▁curr ents . ▁Yet ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁clear ▁that ▁the ▁greater ▁accum ulative ▁and ▁material ▁accomplish ments ▁of ▁the ▁artist ▁are ▁best ▁seen ▁through ▁the ▁inner ▁vision ▁of ▁his ▁paint ings , ▁which ▁presents ▁the ▁vie wer ▁with ▁feelings ▁of ▁ve iled ▁and ▁e ph em eral ▁pres ences ▁that ▁capture ▁fle eting ▁( mutable ) ▁experience ▁and ▁tempor arily ▁trans fix es ▁them . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁large ▁St y x ▁( Port rait ), ▁wh ale ▁also ▁indic ative ▁of ▁the ▁transl uc ent ▁and ▁the ▁semi - ve iled , ▁shows ▁in ▁the ▁spectral ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁child ’ s ▁face ▁that ▁seems ▁to ▁emer ge ▁out ▁diff use ▁mist ▁or ▁hyp n op om pic ▁conscious ness . ▁ ▁Le |
van ▁Song ul ash v ili ▁whether ▁he ▁is ▁foc uss ed ▁on ▁video ▁or ▁painting ▁has ▁developed ▁a ▁marked ▁accomplish ment ▁that ▁places ▁him ▁in ▁a ▁long ▁tradition ▁of ▁artist ’ s ▁that ▁reflect ▁on ▁states ▁of ▁med itative ▁conscious ness . ▁The ▁ST Y X ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁vie wer ▁a ▁personal ▁journey ▁through ▁em otion ▁and ▁conscious ness , ▁a ▁sens ory ▁imm ersion ▁into ▁mort ality ▁and ▁sens ibility ▁— ▁the ▁passage ▁that ▁is ▁a ▁human ▁life . ▁ ▁The ▁System ▁of ▁Object s ▁ ▁The ▁possession ▁of ▁an ▁independent ▁sense ▁of ▁emer gent ▁identity ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁concern ▁of ▁the ▁artist . ▁It ▁is ▁further ▁indicated ▁by ▁his ▁System ▁of ▁Object s ▁video - sc ulpt ure ▁installation ▁which ▁de als ▁specifically ▁with ▁singular ity ▁and ▁the ▁collect ive ▁through ▁means ▁of ▁repet ition . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁work , ▁a ▁singular ▁figure ▁stands ▁trans fixed ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁and ▁median ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁conc ourse ▁of ▁the ▁O cul us ▁building ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( close ▁to ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 / 1 1 ▁attacks ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Trade ▁Centre ), ▁while ▁all ▁around ▁him ▁foot ▁passengers ▁are ▁shown ▁walking ▁backwards ▁as ▁in ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁repet itive ▁reverse ▁g ear . Part icip ant ▁spect ators ▁add ▁themselves ▁to ▁the ▁greater ▁view ▁over ▁the ▁bal lo on - like ▁heads ▁of ▁a ▁put ative ▁audience . ▁It ▁ev okes ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁our ▁own ▁daily ▁life ▁of ▁conform ity ▁and ▁sens eless ▁repet ition |
. ▁The ▁video ▁was ▁developed ▁from ▁and ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁painting ▁I dem ▁et ▁I dem , ▁a ▁Latin ▁usage ▁of ▁repet ition ▁( liter ally ▁" S ame ▁and ▁the ▁same ") ▁reve aling ▁a ▁close ▁and ▁immediate ▁int im acy ▁between ▁the ▁artist ’ s ▁time - based ▁film ▁and ▁video ▁works ▁and ▁paint ings . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Mark ▁G is bourne , ▁Le van ▁Song ul ash v ili : ▁The ▁ST Y X , ▁Er ti ▁( 2 0 1 8 ), ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : T bil isi ▁State ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁al umn i ▁Category : New ▁York ▁Academy ▁of ▁Art ▁al umn i ▁Category : Ex pat ri ates ▁from ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Post mod ern ▁artists ▁Category : Abstract ▁pain ters ▁Category : M ale ▁pain ters ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁pain ters ▁from ▁Georgia ▁( country ) <0x0A> </s> ▁C oph es ▁ob long us ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁hidden ▁sn out ▁we ev il ▁in ▁the ▁be et le ▁family ▁Cur cul ion idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : C rypt or h yn ch inae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁Conc aten |
ation ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Conc aten ation , ▁a ▁computer ▁programming ▁operation ▁that ▁joins ▁strings ▁together ▁ ▁A ▁non - RA ID ▁hard ▁drive ▁architecture , ▁see ▁Non - RA ID ▁drive ▁architect ures # Con c aten ation ▁( SP AN , ▁B IG ) ▁ ▁Conc aten ated ▁S MS , ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁combining ▁multiple ▁S MS ▁text ▁messages ▁sent ▁to ▁cell ular ▁ph ones ▁ ▁Pack et ▁concaten ation , ▁a ▁computer ▁networking ▁optimization ▁that ▁co ales ces ▁multiple ▁packets ▁under ▁a ▁single ▁header . ▁ ▁Cat ▁( Un ix ), ▁a ▁Unix ▁command ▁to ▁write ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁files ▁to ▁the ▁standard ▁output ▁ ▁" Con c aten ation " ▁is ▁the ▁opening ▁track ▁of ▁Swedish ▁Te ch ▁Metal ▁band ▁M esh ugg ah ' s ▁album ▁Cha os phere . ▁ ▁A ▁technical ▁term ▁in ▁Christian ▁lit ur gy ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁combining ▁services ▁which ▁are ▁normally ▁performed ▁at ▁different ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁C aten ation <0x0A> </s> ▁Speed c abling ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁compet itive ▁sport . ▁Steven ▁Sch kol ne ▁de vised ▁the ▁sport , ▁which ▁origin ated ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁the ▁standard ▁rules , ▁compet itors ▁are ▁challeng ed ▁to ▁separate ▁a ▁mass ▁of ▁either ▁six ▁or ▁twelve ▁tang led ▁Cat ▁ 5 ▁E ther net ▁c ables ▁in ▁the ▁fast est ▁possible ▁time . ▁Either ▁two ▁or ▁four ▁each ▁of ▁red ▁ 7 - foot , ▁blue |
▁ 1 4 - foot , ▁and ▁yellow ▁ 2 1 - foot ▁c ables ▁are ▁tang led . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁reg ulations , ▁the ▁c ables ▁are ▁tang led ▁by ▁forming ▁a ▁figure - e ight ▁and ▁placing ▁them ▁in ▁a ▁clothes ▁dry er ▁on ▁high ▁heat ▁for ▁three ▁minutes . ▁They ▁are ▁then ▁allowed ▁to ▁cool . ▁Sch kol ne ▁says ▁this ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁" natural " ▁ent ang lement . ▁ ▁First ▁competition ▁The ▁first ▁speed c abling ▁competition ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Machine ▁Project ▁art ▁gallery ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California , ▁which ▁local ▁web ▁developer ▁Mat ty ▁How ell ▁won . ▁His ▁prize ▁was ▁a ▁$ 5 0 ▁gift ▁certificate ▁for ▁dinner ▁at ▁an ▁Italian ▁restaurant . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁http :// www . speed c abling . org ▁- ▁Con cept ▁cre ator ' s ▁web ▁site ▁F lick r ▁page ▁with ▁photos ▁of ▁competition ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Machine ▁Project ▁ ▁Category : Comp et itions <0x0A> </s> ▁W ils man ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁located ▁in ▁E agle ▁Township ▁in ▁La S alle ▁County , ▁Illinois , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Illinois ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁La S alle ▁County , ▁Illinois ▁Category : O tt awa , ▁IL ▁Mic ropol itan ▁Statist ical ▁Area <0x0A> </s> ▁Kun j ik uru vi ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Indian |
▁Mal ay al am ▁film , ▁directed ▁by ▁Vin ay an . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Ned um udi ▁V enu ▁and ▁Ge eth a ▁in ▁lead ▁roles . ▁The ▁film ▁had ▁musical ▁score ▁by ▁Moh an ▁S ith ara . ▁ ▁Cast ▁Ned um udi ▁V enu ▁Ge eth a ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁Mal ay al am - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Vin ay an <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Harr ington ▁Hotel , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Harr ington ▁Inn , ▁is ▁a ▁hotel ▁located ▁at ▁ 1 0 2 6 ▁Military ▁Street ▁in ▁Port ▁Hur on , ▁Michigan . ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁History ▁Charles ▁Harr ington ▁was ▁a ▁prominent ▁att orney ▁and ▁invest or ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Port ▁Hur on ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁his ▁family ' s ▁home ▁and ▁property ▁were ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁site ▁now ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁Harr ington ▁Hotel . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁Harr ington ▁had ▁this ▁hotel ▁constructed ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁site . ▁The ▁hotel ▁became ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁life ▁in ▁Port ▁Hur on , ▁and ▁hosted ▁such ▁dign itar ies ▁as ▁Secretary ▁of ▁War ▁William ▁Gib bs ▁Mc A do o , ▁Michigan ▁Governor ▁John ▁T . ▁Rich , ▁actor ▁Ot |
is ▁Sk inner , ▁com ed ian ▁Edd ie ▁F oy ▁Sr ., ▁box er ▁Robert ▁Fitz sim m ons , ▁actor ▁Robert ▁B . ▁Mant ell , ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Ed ison . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁Harry ▁S ▁Tr uman ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁B ess ▁spent ▁their ▁h one ym oon ▁at ▁the ▁Harr ington ▁Hotel . ▁ ▁Harr ington ▁managed ▁the ▁hotel ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁IN ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁movie ▁Young ▁Tom ▁Ed ison ▁premier ed ▁in ▁Port ▁Hur on , ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁famous ▁guests ▁stayed ▁at ▁the ▁Harr ington , ▁including ▁Mic key ▁Ro oney , ▁Louis ▁B . ▁May er , ▁Har vey ▁S . ▁Fir estone ▁Jr ., ▁Ed sel ▁Ford , ▁and ▁Father ▁Edward ▁J . ▁Fl an agan , ▁founder ▁of ▁Boys ▁Town . ▁However , ▁the ▁hotel ▁experienced ▁financial ▁difficulties ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁half ▁the ▁rooms ▁were ▁being ▁r ented ▁on ▁a ▁week ly ▁or ▁month ly ▁basis . ▁Th re aten ed ▁with ▁demol ition , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁the ▁" H arr ington ▁Inn ," ▁an ▁assist ed ▁living ▁center ▁for ▁sen iors . ▁The ▁Inn ▁closed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁Harr ington ▁Hotel ▁is ▁a ▁five - story , ▁red ▁brick ▁building ▁located ▁on ▁a ▁corner |
▁lot . ▁The ▁design ▁contains ▁elements ▁of ▁Richard son ian ▁Roman es que ▁style , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁tri - part ▁fac ade ▁and ▁deeply ▁set ▁round ▁arch ed ▁windows , ▁and ▁elements ▁of ▁Class ical ▁Rev ival ▁style , ▁such ▁as ▁detailed ▁wooden ▁por ches ▁and ▁panel ▁fr ie zes . ▁The ▁two ▁main ▁fac ades ▁have ▁a ▁symmet rical ▁window ▁position ing , ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁story ▁base ▁section ▁containing ▁large ▁round ▁arch ed ▁windows ▁in ▁the ▁Military ▁Street ▁fac ade ▁and ▁smaller ▁windows , ▁placed ▁in ▁groups ▁of ▁three , ▁in ▁the ▁Wall ▁Street ▁fac ade . ▁The ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁stories ▁contain ▁double - hung ▁windows , ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁floor ▁section ▁has ▁large ▁round ▁arch ed ▁open ings ▁each ▁containing ▁a ▁door ▁fl ank ed ▁by ▁windows . ▁The ▁fifth ▁floor ▁section ▁contains ▁small , ▁round ▁arch ed ▁windows ▁in ▁pairs . ▁ ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁fac ade ▁includes ▁three ▁windows ▁sp anning ▁the ▁second ▁floor ▁level ▁to ▁the ▁fourth . ▁A ▁bal ust rade ▁originally ▁ran ▁along ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁and ▁metal ▁originally ▁were ▁set ▁into ▁the ▁fourth ▁floor ▁level . ▁The ▁main ▁entrance ▁opens ▁west ▁onto ▁Military ▁Street , ▁and ▁is ▁shelter ed ▁by ▁a ▁frame ▁por ch ▁with ▁two ▁t iers , ▁composed ▁of ▁I onic ▁columns ▁with ▁a ▁fr ie ze ▁and ▁bal ust rade ▁above . ▁A ▁second ▁entrance ▁on ▁the ▁Wall ▁Street ▁side ▁is ▁shelter ed ▁by ▁a ▁similar ▁one ▁story ▁port ico . ▁A ▁small ▁single ▁story ▁ |
1 9 3 0 ▁coffee ▁shop ▁addition ▁extends ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁Military ▁Street ▁fac ade , ▁and ▁a ▁ 2 - 1 / 2 ▁story ▁brick ▁wing ▁at ▁the ▁rear , ▁original ▁to ▁the ▁hotel , ▁contains ▁the ▁kitchen ▁and ▁mechanical ▁rooms . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁St . ▁Cla ir ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁Category : Ne oc lass ical ▁architecture ▁in ▁Michigan ▁Category : Hot el ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁Be ij ing ▁NO . ▁ 2 0 ▁High ▁School ▁( Ch inese : ▁ 北 京 市 第 二 十 中 学 ▁or ▁ 北 京 二 十 中 学 ▁or ▁simply ▁ 二 十 中 ), ▁is ▁a ▁public ▁combined ▁secondary ▁school , ▁providing ▁both ▁junior ▁and ▁senior ▁stage ▁secondary ▁education . ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁in ▁Q ing he , ▁Ha id ian ▁District ▁of ▁Be ij ing , ▁one ▁mile ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁from ▁Shang di , ▁the ▁Sil icon ▁Valley ▁of ▁China . ▁▁ ▁Be ij ing ▁NO . ▁ 2 0 ▁High ▁School ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁two ▁years ▁later ▁than ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China . ▁The ▁high ▁school ▁was ▁acc red ited ▁as ▁be acon ▁high ▁schools ▁by ▁Be ij ing ▁Municipal ▁Government ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁high ▁school ▁has ▁two ▁branch ▁schools . ▁One ▁of ▁them ▁is ▁X indu ▁Branch ▁School , ▁formerly ▁Q ing |
he ▁NO . ▁ 3 ▁Middle ▁School , ▁merged ▁into ▁NO . ▁ 2 0 ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁which ▁contains ▁junior ▁high ▁school ▁only . ▁The ▁other ▁of ▁them ▁is ▁Ex perimental ▁School ▁( Y ong ta i ), ▁a ▁ 9 - year ▁direct ▁school ▁with ▁primary ▁school ▁and ▁junior ▁high ▁school ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁principal ▁of ▁the ▁high ▁school ▁at ▁present ▁is ▁Chen ▁H eng h ua ▁( 陈 <0xE6> <0x81> <0x92> 华 ), ▁and ▁the ▁Party ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁high ▁school ▁at ▁present ▁is ▁Sun ▁Y uz hu ▁( <0xE5> <0xAD> <0x99> 玉 <0xE6> <0x9F> <0xB1> ). ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Z hou ▁Y i wei ▁( 周 一 <0xE5> <0x9B> <0xB4> ), ▁actor ▁st arring ▁in ▁D ying ▁to ▁Sur v ive ▁( 我 不 是 <0xE8> <0x8D> <0xAF> 神 ) ▁ ▁Sister ▁schools ▁ ▁Rav ens cro ft ▁School , ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁O aks ▁Park ▁High ▁School , ▁Il ford , ▁London , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Kap iti ▁College , ▁Raum ati ▁Beach , ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁Mu eller ▁College , ▁Br is b ane , ▁Australia ▁ ▁Ho ▁F ung ▁College , ▁North ▁K w ai ▁Ch ung , ▁New ▁Territ ories , ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁China ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : High ▁schools ▁in ▁Be ij ing ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁China ▁Category : E du c |
ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁Pro dig ios in ▁is ▁the ▁red ▁p ig ment ▁produced ▁by ▁many ▁stra ins ▁of ▁the ▁b acter ium ▁Ser rat ia ▁mar ces c ens , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁Gram - negative , ▁g amma ▁prote ob acter ia ▁such ▁as ▁V ib rio ▁psych ro ery th rus ▁and ▁H ah ella ▁che ju ensis . ▁It ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁p ink ▁t int ▁occasionally ▁found ▁in ▁gr ime ▁that ▁accum ul ates ▁on ▁por cel ain ▁surfaces ▁such ▁as ▁bat ht ubs , ▁s inks , ▁and ▁to ile t ▁bow ls . ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁prod igin ines ▁family ▁of ▁comp ounds ▁which ▁are ▁produced ▁in ▁some ▁Gram - negative ▁g amma ▁prote ob acter ia , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁select ▁Gram - pos itive ▁Act in ob acter ia ▁( e . g . ▁Stre pt omy ces ▁co el icol or ). ▁The ▁name ▁pro dig ios in ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁pro dig ious ▁( i . e . ▁something ▁mar vel ous ). ▁ ▁Second ary ▁met abol ite ▁ ▁Pro dig ios in ▁is ▁a ▁secondary ▁met abol ite ▁of ▁Ser rat ia ▁mar ces c ens . ▁ ▁Because ▁it ▁is ▁easy ▁to ▁detect , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁model ▁system ▁to ▁study ▁secondary ▁met abol ism . ▁ ▁Pro dig ios in ▁production ▁has ▁long ▁been ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁en hanced ▁by ▁ph osph ate ▁limitation |
. ▁ ▁In ▁low ▁ph osph ate ▁conditions , ▁p ig ment ed ▁stra ins ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁grow ▁to ▁a ▁higher ▁density ▁than ▁un p ig ment ed ▁stra ins . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁function ▁ ▁The ▁ability ▁of ▁p ig ment ed ▁stra ins ▁of ▁Ser rat ia ▁mar ces c ens ▁to ▁grow ▁on ▁bread ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁possible ▁explanation ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁trans ub st anti ation ▁m ira cles , ▁in ▁which ▁E uchar istic ▁bread ▁is ▁converted ▁into ▁the ▁Body ▁of ▁Christ . ▁▁ ▁Such ▁m ira cles ▁led ▁to ▁Pope ▁Urban ▁IV ▁inst itut ing ▁the ▁Fe ast ▁of ▁Cor pus ▁Christ i ▁in ▁ 1 2 6 4 . ▁This ▁followed ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁a ▁Mass ▁at ▁B ols ena ▁in ▁ 1 2 6 3 , ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁Boh em ian ▁priest ▁who ▁had ▁doub ts ▁concerning ▁trans ub st anti ation . ▁During ▁the ▁Mass , ▁the ▁e uchar ist ▁appeared ▁to ▁ble ed ▁and ▁each ▁time ▁the ▁priest ▁w ip ed ▁away ▁the ▁blood , ▁more ▁would ▁appear . ▁This ▁event ▁is ▁celebrated ▁in ▁a ▁fres co ▁in ▁the ▁Pont ific al ▁Palace ▁in ▁the ▁V at ican ▁City , ▁painted ▁by ▁Rap ha el . ▁ ▁Bi ological ▁activity ▁ ▁Pro dig ios in ▁received ▁renew ed ▁attention ▁for ▁its ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁bi ological ▁activities , ▁including ▁activities ▁as ▁ant imal arial , ▁ant if ung al , ▁imm unos upp ress ant , ▁and ▁ant ib |
i otic ▁agents . ▁It ▁is ▁perhaps ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁capacity ▁to ▁trigger ▁apo pt osis ▁of ▁m align ant ▁cancer ▁cells . ▁The ▁exact ▁mechanism ▁of ▁this ▁in hib ition ▁is ▁highly ▁complex ▁and ▁not ▁entirely ▁el uc id ated , ▁but ▁could ▁involve ▁multiple ▁processes , ▁including ▁ph osph at ase ▁in hib ition , ▁co pper ▁medi ated ▁cle av age ▁of ▁double ▁str and ed ▁DNA , ▁or ▁dis rupt ing ▁the ▁p H ▁gradient ▁through ▁transm emb rane ▁transport ▁of ▁H + ▁and ▁Cl - ▁ ions . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Pro dig ios in ▁is ▁a ▁highly ▁prom ising ▁drug ▁lead , ▁and ▁is ▁currently ▁in ▁pre cl in ical ▁phase ▁study ▁for ▁pan cre atic ▁cancer ▁treatment . ▁Pro dig ios in ▁has ▁recently ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁have ▁excellent ▁activity ▁against ▁station ary ▁phase ▁Bor rel ia ▁burg dor fer i , ▁the ▁caus ative ▁agent ▁of ▁L yme ▁disease . ▁ ▁B ios yn thesis ▁▁ ▁The ▁b ios yn thesis ▁of ▁pro dig ios in ▁involves ▁the ▁conver gent ▁coupling ▁of ▁three ▁p yr role ▁type ▁rings ▁( l abeled ▁A , ▁B , ▁and ▁C ▁in ▁figure ▁ 1 ) ▁from ▁L - pro line , ▁L - Ser ine , ▁L - m eth ion ine , ▁ ▁py ru v ate , ▁and ▁ 2 - oct en al . ▁ ▁Ring ▁A ▁is ▁synth es ized ▁from ▁L - pro line ▁through ▁the ▁non rib os om al |
▁pe pt ide ▁synth ase ▁( NR PS ) ▁path way ▁( figure ▁ 2 ), ▁where in ▁the ▁p yr rol id ine ▁ring ▁of ▁pro line ▁is ▁ox id ized ▁twice ▁through ▁F AD + ▁to ▁yield ▁p yr role ▁ring ▁A . ▁ ▁Ring ▁A ▁is ▁then ▁expanded ▁via ▁the ▁poly ket ide ▁synth ase ▁path way ▁to ▁incorpor ate ▁L - ser ine ▁into ▁ring ▁B ▁( figure ▁ 3 ). ▁Ring ▁A ▁fragment ▁is ▁transferred ▁from ▁the ▁pe pt id yl ▁car rier ▁protein ▁ ▁( P CP ) ▁to ▁the ▁a cy l ▁car rier ▁protein ▁( AC P ) ▁by ▁a ▁K S ▁domain , ▁followed ▁by ▁transfer ▁to ▁mal ony l - AC P ▁via ▁dec ar box yl ative ▁Cla isen ▁cond ens ation . ▁This ▁fragment ▁is ▁then ▁able ▁to ▁react ▁with ▁the ▁mask ed ▁car ban ion ▁formed ▁from ▁the ▁P LP ▁medi ated ▁dec ar box yl ation ▁of ▁L - Ser ine , ▁which ▁cycl izes ▁in ▁a ▁de h yd r ation ▁reaction ▁to ▁yield ▁the ▁second ▁p yr role ▁ring . ▁This ▁intermediate ▁is ▁then ▁modified ▁by ▁m eth yl ation ▁( which ▁incorpor ates ▁a ▁m eth yl ▁group ▁from ▁L - m eth ion ine ▁onto ▁the ▁alco hol ▁at ▁the ▁ 6 ▁position ) ▁and ▁ox id ation ▁of ▁the ▁primary ▁alco hol ▁to ▁the ▁al de hy de ▁to ▁yield ▁the ▁core ▁A - B ▁ring ▁structure . ▁ ▁Ring ▁C ▁is ▁formed ▁from |
▁the ▁T PP ▁medi ated ▁dec ar box yl ative ▁addition ▁of ▁py ru v ate ▁to ▁ 2 - oct en al , ▁followed ▁by ▁reaction ▁with ▁P LP ▁to ▁generate ▁an ▁am ine ▁for ▁intr am ole cular ▁cond ens ation . ▁Ox id ation ▁of ▁the ▁resulting ▁ring ▁yields ▁the ▁final ▁p yr role ▁ring ▁C . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁these ▁two ▁pieces ▁are ▁st itch ed ▁together ▁in ▁a ▁de h yd r ation ▁reaction ▁driven ▁forward ▁by ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁conjug ated ▁system ▁across ▁all ▁three ▁rings . ▁This ▁comple tes ▁the ▁conver gent ▁synth esis ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁product . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ob at oc lax , ▁an ▁experimental ▁drug ▁with ▁related ▁chemical ▁structure ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : P yr ro les ▁Category : Bi ological ▁p ig ments <0x0A> </s> ▁Multi - party ▁authorization ▁( MP A ) ▁is ▁a ▁process ▁to ▁protect ▁a ▁tele communic ations ▁network , ▁data ▁center ▁or ▁industrial ▁control ▁system ▁from ▁und es irable ▁acts ▁by ▁a ▁mal icious ▁ins ider ▁or ▁in ex per ien ced ▁techn ician ▁acting ▁alone . ▁M PA ▁requires ▁that ▁a ▁second ▁author ized ▁user ▁appro ve ▁an ▁action ▁before ▁it ▁is ▁allowed ▁to ▁take ▁place . ▁This ▁pro - act ively ▁protect s ▁data ▁or ▁systems ▁from ▁an ▁und es irable ▁act . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁ ▁Ex isting ▁methods ▁to ▁protect ▁data ▁and ▁systems ▁from ▁the ▁mal icious ▁ins ider ▁include ▁aud iting , ▁job ▁rotation ▁and ▁separation ▁of ▁duties |
. ▁Aud iting ▁is ▁a ▁re active ▁method ▁meant ▁to ▁discover ▁who ▁did ▁what ▁after ▁the ▁fact . ▁Job ▁rotation ▁and ▁separation ▁of ▁duties ▁are ▁limit ing ▁techniques ▁meant ▁to ▁minim ize ▁prolong ed ▁access ▁to ▁sensitive ▁data ▁or ▁systems ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁limit ▁und es irable ▁acts . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁M PA ▁is ▁a ▁pro - active ▁solution . ▁ ▁An ▁advantage ▁M PA ▁has ▁over ▁other ▁methods ▁to ▁protect ▁from ▁und es irable ▁acts ▁by ▁a ▁mal icious ▁ins ider ▁or ▁in ex per ien ced ▁operator ▁is ▁that ▁M PA ▁is ▁pro - active ▁and ▁prevents ▁data ▁or ▁systems ▁from ▁comprom ise ▁by ▁a ▁single ▁entity ▁acting ▁alone . ▁M PA ▁prevents ▁the ▁initial ▁und es irable ▁act ▁rather ▁than ▁dealing ▁with ▁a ▁bre ach ▁or ▁comprom ise ▁after ▁the ▁fact . ▁ ▁Application ▁ ▁Multi - party ▁authorization ▁technology ▁can ▁secure ▁the ▁most ▁vulner able ▁and ▁sensitive ▁activities ▁and ▁data ▁sources ▁from ▁attack ▁by ▁a ▁comprom ised ▁ins ider ▁acting ▁alone . ▁It ▁is ▁somewhat ▁analog ous ▁to ▁weapons ▁systems ▁that ▁require ▁two ▁individuals ▁to ▁turn ▁two ▁different ▁keys ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁enable ▁the ▁system . ▁One ▁person ▁cannot ▁do ▁it ▁alone . ▁Another ▁example ▁is ▁to ▁consider ▁access ▁to ▁a ▁lock ▁box ▁in ▁a ▁bank . ▁That ▁access ▁requires ▁multiple ▁parties , ▁one ▁the ▁lock ▁box ▁owner ▁and ▁another ▁a ▁bank ▁official . ▁Both ▁individuals ▁act ▁together ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁lock ▁box , ▁while ▁neither ▁could ▁do ▁so ▁alone . ▁M PA , ▁in ▁like ▁manner , |
▁ens ures ▁that ▁a ▁second ▁set ▁of ▁eyes ▁reviews ▁and ▁appro ves ▁of ▁activity ▁involving ▁critical ▁or ▁sensitive ▁data ▁or ▁systems ▁before ▁the ▁action ▁takes ▁place . ▁ ▁Multi - party ▁authorization ▁is ▁suitable ▁for ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁applications . ▁M PA ▁can ▁be ▁implemented ▁to ▁protect ▁any ▁type ▁of ▁sensitive ▁data ▁in ▁electronic ▁form ▁or ▁any ▁activity ▁within ▁a ▁network ▁infrastr ucture ▁or ▁computer ized ▁control ▁system . ▁An ▁electronic ▁health ▁record ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁data ▁record ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁protected ▁by ▁M PA . ▁Multi - party ▁authorization ▁provides ▁pro - active ▁protection ▁from ▁und es irable ▁acts ▁by ▁the ▁in ex per ien ced ▁techn ician ▁or ▁mal icious ▁ins ider . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁US ▁Pat ent ▁ 7 , 5 1 9 , 8 2 6 , ▁issued : ▁April ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁for ▁▁ ▁" N ear ▁Real ▁Time ▁Multi - Part y ▁Task ▁Author ization ▁Access ▁Control " ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁IT ▁Business Edge , ▁Nov ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁" Pro te ct ing ▁From ▁the ▁Mal icious ▁Ins ider : ▁Multi ▁Party ▁Author ization " ▁ ▁Category : Data ▁security <0x0A> </s> ▁Three ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁have ▁bor ne ▁the ▁name ▁HMS ▁H avel ock , ▁after ▁General ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁H avel ock : ▁▁ ▁was ▁an ▁Indian ▁p addle ▁gun bo at ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 . ▁ ▁Her ▁fate ▁is ▁unknown . |
▁ ▁was ▁an ▁ ▁monitor ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁originally ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁named ▁HMS ▁General ▁Grant , ▁but ▁was ▁renamed ▁HMS ▁M 2 ▁and ▁finally ▁HMS ▁H avel ock . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁but ▁was ▁retained , ▁being ▁sold ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁ ▁was ▁an ▁H - class ▁destroy er ▁originally ▁ordered ▁for ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁Navy ▁as ▁J ut ah y . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁requ is ition ed ▁before ▁being ▁launched ▁and ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁Category : Ro yal ▁Navy ▁ship ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁R it scher ▁Pe ak ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁peak ▁located ▁ ▁west - s outh west ▁of ▁Mount ▁M ent zel ▁in ▁the ▁Gr uber ▁Mountains ▁of ▁Queen ▁Ma ud ▁Land , ▁Ant arct ica . ▁This ▁peak ▁was ▁discovered ▁and ▁mapped ▁by ▁the ▁Third ▁German ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 8 – 3 9 ▁and ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁Capt . ▁Alfred ▁R it scher , ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁expedition . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Ge ological ▁Survey , ▁Geographic ▁Names ▁Information ▁System ▁( GN IS ) ▁ ▁Scient ific ▁Committee ▁on ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Research ▁( SC AR ) ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Queen ▁Ma ud ▁Land ▁Category : Pr in cess ▁A str id ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁V era ▁Icon ▁( or ▁Head ▁of |
▁Christ ) ▁is ▁a ▁lost ▁oil - on ▁panel ▁portrait ▁by ▁the ▁Early ▁Nether land ish ▁painter ▁Jan ▁van ▁E y ck , ▁which ▁probably ▁formed ▁half ▁of ▁a ▁since ▁dis m ant led ▁di pty ch . ▁The ▁original ▁is ▁known ▁through ▁three ▁contemporary ▁copies ▁from ▁his ▁work shop . ▁They ▁were ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 4 3 8 , ▁ 1 4 3 9 ▁and ▁ 1 4 4 0 ; ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁last ▁in ▁Bru ges , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 4 3 9 ▁version ▁in ▁Mun ich . ▁▁ ▁From ▁these ▁reprodu ctions , ▁we ▁can ▁dedu ce ▁its ▁small ▁scale , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁panel ▁ev iden ced ▁the ▁master ' s ▁usual ▁un fl inch ing ▁approach ▁to ▁phys i ogn omy . ▁Of ▁its ▁origin ▁or ▁commission ▁we ▁know ▁nothing . ▁Un us ually ▁he ▁presents ▁an ▁ideal ised ▁and ▁straightforward ▁icon ographic ▁image ▁of ▁Christ . ▁Although ▁emot ive , ▁the ▁panel ▁follows ▁a ▁very ▁traditional ▁presentation ▁of ▁Christ ▁in ▁the ▁hier at ical ▁manner , ▁facing ▁directly ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁space . ▁The ▁usual ▁title , ▁V era ▁Icon , ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Eastern ▁tradition ▁of ▁icons ▁in ▁the ▁" With out ▁H ands " ▁convention . ▁Each ▁of ▁the ▁canonical ▁ext ant ▁copies ▁has ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁signature ▁by ▁van ▁E y ck . ▁The ▁Berlin ▁ins cription ▁reads ▁" J oh es ▁de ▁e y ck ▁me ▁f ec it ▁et ▁app lev it ▁anno ▁ 1 4 3 8 |
▁ 3 I ▁Januar ij ". ▁The ▁version ▁in ▁Bru ges ▁reads ▁" J oh es ▁de ▁e y ck ▁. ▁. ▁ann ov ▁ 1 4 3 8 ▁ 3 I ▁Januar ij ". ▁ ▁And ▁yet ▁it ▁diff ers ▁in ▁two ▁man ners ▁from ▁representation ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 4 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 5 th ▁centuries ; ▁in ▁its ▁phys i ological ▁exact ness , ▁and ▁ill usion istic ▁frames . ▁Like ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁surv iving ▁works , ▁the ▁panel ▁contains ▁a ▁heavily ▁ins cribed ▁fict ive ▁frame ▁painted ▁around ▁the ▁portrait . ▁In ▁each ▁contemporary ▁copy , ▁the ▁background ▁is ▁composed ▁from ▁dark ▁gre ens , ▁and ▁Christ ▁is ▁dressed ▁in ▁crim son ▁ro bes , ▁and ▁has ▁long , ▁dark ▁hair . ▁The ▁letter ing ▁on ▁the ▁neck line ▁of ▁his ▁g own ▁reads ▁" RE X ▁RE G NUM ", ▁a ▁phrase ▁that ▁appears ▁on ▁the ▁gar ment ▁worn ▁by ▁God ▁in ▁the ▁Gh ent ▁Alt arp ie ce . ▁▁ ▁The ▁model ▁for ▁the ▁dep iction ▁comes ▁from ▁text ▁rather ▁than ▁painting . ▁It ▁is ▁thought ▁that ▁van ▁E y ck ▁drew ▁from ▁Lud olph ▁of ▁Sax ony ' s ▁ 1 4 th - century ▁" Life ▁of ▁Christ ", ▁and ▁that ▁description ▁of ▁a ▁Christ ▁as ▁having ▁a ▁" re ver end ▁count en ance ▁which ▁they ▁that ▁look ▁upon ▁may ▁love ▁an ▁fear ; ▁having ▁the ▁hair ▁of ▁the ▁h ue ▁of ▁an ▁un ri pe ▁ha z eln ut |
... part ing ▁at ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁head ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁fashion ▁of ▁the ▁Naz are ans ... ; ▁having ▁a ▁full ▁be ard ▁of ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁his ▁hair , ▁not ▁long , ▁but ▁a ▁little ▁for ked ▁at ▁the ▁ch in ." ▁ ▁Pet rus ▁Christ us ' ▁ 1 4 4 4 - 4 5 ▁Head ▁of ▁Christ , ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁der ives ▁from ▁van ▁E y ck ' s ▁panel , ▁but ▁is ▁less ▁traditional ▁and ▁more ▁emot ive ; ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁the ▁crown ▁of ▁th orn s , ▁and ▁dri ps ▁of ▁blood ▁running ▁from ▁the ▁fore head ▁to ▁ch est . ▁The ▁specific ▁van ▁E y ck ian ▁direct ▁but ▁pla int ive ▁expression ▁and ▁deep ▁colour ▁schemes ▁were ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁Bru ges ▁Master ▁of ▁the ▁Leg end ▁of ▁St . ▁Urs ula ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁his ▁Ve il ▁of ▁Ver onica ▁port ra its . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁painting ▁is ▁in ▁relatively ▁good ▁condition ▁given ▁its ▁age . ▁There ▁are ▁marks ▁of ▁ret ouch ing ▁around ▁the ▁hair , ▁but ▁otherwise ▁the ▁paint ▁is ▁int act . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁A ins worth , ▁Mary an ▁W yn n . ▁From ▁Van ▁E y ck ▁to ▁Bru eg el : ▁Early ▁Nether land ish ▁P aint ings ▁in ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art . ▁NY : ▁Metropolitan ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁▁ |
▁Bor ch ert , ▁Till - Hol ger . ▁Van ▁E y ck . ▁London : ▁Tas chen , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁▁ ▁Con way , ▁Martin . ▁" A ▁Head ▁of ▁Christ ▁by ▁John ▁van ▁E y ck ". ▁The ▁Bur ling ton ▁Magazine ▁for ▁Con no isse urs , ▁Volume ▁ 3 9 , ▁No . ▁ 2 2 5 , ▁December ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁ ▁Har b ison , ▁Craig . ▁Jan ▁van ▁E y ck , ▁The ▁Play ▁of ▁Real ism . ▁London : ▁Re akt ion ▁Books , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 4 3 0 s ▁paint ings ▁Category : Port ra its ▁by ▁Jan ▁van ▁E y ck ▁Category : Paint ings ▁dep ict ing ▁Jesus <0x0A> </s> ▁Jer ma ine ▁Ale ▁( born ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁former ▁rugby ▁league ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Can ber ra ▁Ra iders ▁club ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Rugby ▁League ▁competition . ▁His ▁position ▁of ▁choice ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁wing . ▁ ▁Background ▁Ale ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New castle , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁While ▁att ending ▁Lamb ton ▁High ▁School , ▁Ale ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Australian ▁School bo ys ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Career ▁playing ▁statistics ▁ ▁Point ▁scoring ▁summary ▁ ▁Match es ▁played ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Jer ma ine ▁Ale ▁N RL ▁profile ▁( D ead |
▁link ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rugby ▁league ▁players ▁Category : Can ber ra ▁Ra iders ▁players ▁Category : West ern ▁Sub ur bs ▁Ros ell as ▁players ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁w ingers ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁players ▁from ▁New ▁South ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Et zel ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁side ▁of ▁Lake ▁Zürich ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁Although ▁its ▁elev ation , ▁of ▁, ▁is ▁relatively ▁mod est , ▁it ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁aspect ▁when ▁viewed ▁from ▁the ▁lake ▁and ▁its ▁surr ound ings . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁views ▁over ▁the ▁lake , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁inn ▁at ▁the ▁sum mit . ▁▁ ▁The ▁mountain ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Schw y zer ▁Al ps ▁mountain ▁range , ▁and ▁lies ▁in ▁the ▁canton ▁of ▁Schw yz . ▁Its ▁sum mit ▁and ▁s lop es ▁are ▁divided ▁between ▁the ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁Fe us is berg , ▁which ▁lies ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁and ▁Eins ied eln , ▁which ▁lies ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁The ▁mountain ▁has ▁given ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 4 - built ▁M V ▁Et zel , ▁now ▁preserved ▁on ▁Lake ▁Zürich . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Et zel ▁on ▁H ik r ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁the ▁canton ▁of ▁Schw yz <0x0A> </s> ▁It ' s ▁a ▁Wonder ful |
▁World ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁It ' s ▁a ▁Wonder ful ▁World ▁( 1 9 3 9 ▁film ), ▁a ▁comedy ▁st arring ▁Claud ette ▁Col bert ▁and ▁James ▁Stewart ▁It ' s ▁a ▁Wonder ful ▁World ▁( 1 9 5 6 ▁film ), ▁a ▁British ▁musical ▁film ▁It ' s ▁a ▁Wonder ful ▁World ▁( album ), ▁an ▁album ▁by ▁Mr . ▁Children ▁" It ' s ▁a ▁Wonder ful ▁World " ▁( El vis ▁Pres ley ▁song ) ▁The ▁World ▁End s ▁with ▁You , ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁action ▁role - play ing ▁game ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁as ▁It ' s ▁a ▁Wonder ful ▁World ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Wonder ful ▁World ▁( disambiguation ), ▁includes ▁uses ▁of ▁What ▁a ▁Wonder ful ▁World ▁It ' s ▁a ▁Wonder ful ▁Life ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁For ▁the ▁similarly ▁named ▁res er voir s ▁in ▁Afghan istan , ▁please ▁see ▁A od an ▁( res er voir ). '' A od an ''' ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Afghan istan . ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁And arab ▁District ▁of ▁Bag hl an ▁Province , ▁and ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Sh ash an ▁Tag ao . ▁Ar ound ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century , ▁it ▁contained ▁ 1 0 ▁T aj ik ▁households . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Bag hl an ▁Province ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Bag hl an ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁M ür wik ▁Naval ▁School ▁() ▁is ▁the ▁main |
▁training ▁establishment ▁for ▁all ▁German ▁Navy ▁officers ▁and ▁replaced ▁the ▁German ▁Imperial ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁in ▁K iel . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁M ür wik ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Germany ' s ▁northern most ▁city , ▁Fl ens burg . ▁Bu ilt ▁on ▁a ▁small ▁hill ▁directly ▁by ▁the ▁coast , ▁it ▁over look s ▁the ▁Fl ens burg ▁F j ord . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁was ▁established ▁at ▁this ▁site ▁by ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁Kaiser ▁Wilhelm ▁II ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁Its ▁unique ▁g oth ic ▁architecture ▁with ▁the ▁domin ating ▁red ▁br icks ▁was ▁meant ▁to ▁im itate ▁the ▁castle ▁Ord ens burg ▁Mar ien burg , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 2 7 4 . ▁Arch itect ▁of ▁the ▁Building ▁was ▁Ad al bert ▁K elm . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Sher wood ▁Forest ers ▁were ▁in ▁Fl ens burg - M ür wik ▁at ▁the ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁M ür wik ▁to ▁super v ise ▁the ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁Schles wig ▁ple b isc ites .< ref > Di eter - J ürgen ▁Me hl horn : ▁Archite ktur ▁in ▁Schles wig ▁Hol stein . ▁V om ▁Mittel alter ▁bis ▁zur ▁Gegen wart . ▁K iel / H amb urg ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Seite ▁ 1 4 0 </ ref > ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁final ▁days ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Grand ▁Admir al ▁Karl ▁D ön itz ▁assumed ▁the ▁office ▁of ▁President ▁( Re ich spr äsident |
) ▁of ▁Germany . ▁Adolf ▁Hitler ▁himself ▁had ▁named ▁him ▁his ▁successor ▁before ▁comm itting ▁suic ide ▁at ▁Berlin . ▁D ön itz ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁at ▁M ür wik . ▁He ▁established ▁on ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁it , ▁in ▁the ▁sport school ▁the ▁Fl ens burg ▁government . ▁So on ▁after ▁the ▁final ▁surrender ▁to ▁the ▁Al lies , ▁they ▁were ▁un se ated ▁and ▁arrested ▁by ▁British ▁troops . ▁This ▁made ▁Fl ens burg ▁capital ▁of ▁Germany ▁for ▁nearly ▁ 2 0 ▁days . ▁Today , ▁the ▁collection ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Mar itime ▁Museum ▁in ▁Green wich , ▁London ▁includes ▁old ▁ship ▁models , ▁old ▁paint ings ▁and ▁flags ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁M ür wik ▁by ▁British ▁troops ▁after ▁the ▁War . ▁ ▁Education ▁of ▁German ▁naval ▁officers ▁ ▁As ▁most ▁naval ▁officer ▁cad ets ▁join ▁the ▁German ▁Navy ▁after ▁passing ▁their ▁A - level s ▁at ▁school , ▁signing ▁up ▁for ▁th ir teen ▁years ▁of ▁service ▁( can ▁be ▁extended ▁to ▁a ▁" l if etime " ▁of ▁around ▁ 3 5 ▁years ), ▁the ▁standard ▁education ▁consists ▁of ▁three ▁parts : ▁▁ 1 ) ▁The ▁basic ▁education ▁at ▁the ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁last s ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁year . ▁▁ 2 ) ▁It ▁is ▁usually ▁followed ▁( exception s ▁to ▁be ▁made ) ▁by ▁university ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Federal ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁which ▁last ▁around ▁four ▁years . ▁▁ 3 ) ▁Given ▁their ▁degree ▁of ▁Bach elor ▁or ▁Master ▁officers ▁then |
▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁and ▁other ▁naval ▁schools ▁for ▁advanced ▁training . ▁The ▁advanced ▁training ▁last s ▁up ▁to ▁two ▁years , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁officers ' ▁choice ▁of ▁an ▁oper ational ▁or ▁engineering ▁career ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁vessel , ▁they ▁are ▁going ▁to ▁serve ▁on . ▁Those ▁heading ▁for ▁a ▁land - based ▁post , ▁also ▁get ▁the ▁basic ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁advanced ▁training . ▁ ▁The ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁at ▁M uer wik ▁car ries ▁out ▁both , ▁the ▁basic ▁education ▁of ▁officer ▁cad ets ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁advanced ▁training ▁for ▁officers . ▁ ▁Basic ▁education ▁ ▁The ▁one - year ▁last ing ▁basic ▁education ▁of ▁all ▁German ▁Navy ▁cad ets ▁basically ▁consists ▁of ▁four ▁parts : ▁ ▁Being ▁new ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁Navy , ▁all ▁cad ets ▁first ▁perform ▁six ▁weeks ▁of ▁collect ive ▁basic ▁training ▁at ▁M ür wik . ▁After ▁this ▁they ▁are ▁divided ▁in ▁three ▁groups ▁which ▁will ▁consec ut ively ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁three ▁sections ▁of ▁training : ▁A ▁sail ing ▁trip ▁with ▁German ▁Navy ' s ▁training ▁ship ▁Gor ch ▁F ock ' ', ▁a ▁mission - pre par ing ▁part ▁at ▁the ▁" N CO ' s ▁school " ▁( Mar ine unter off iz iers ch ule / M US ) ▁in ▁Pl ön ▁and ▁the ▁officer ' s ▁training ▁again ▁at ▁M ür wik . ▁Cad ets ▁who ▁will ▁serve ▁at ▁the ▁German ▁forces ' ▁medical ▁service ▁only ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁trip ▁with ▁ ▁Gor |
ch ▁F ock ▁and ▁the ▁six ▁weeks ▁basic ▁training . ▁ ▁Advanced ▁training ▁ ▁Advanced ▁training ▁for ▁officers ▁provides ▁further ▁knowledge ▁on ▁various ▁military ▁topics , ▁like ▁leadership ▁studies ▁or ▁military ▁law . ▁Depending ▁on ▁their ▁choice ▁of ▁an ▁engineering ▁or ▁oper ational ▁career , ▁officers ▁will ▁also ▁join ▁special ▁courses ▁like ▁officer - of - the - watch ▁training , ▁special ised ▁weapon ▁systems ▁training ▁or ▁naval ▁engineering . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Mar ines ch ule ▁M ür wik ▁- ▁Official ▁German ▁website ▁ ▁Category : N aval ▁academ ies ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁academ ies ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : G erman ▁Navy ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Fl ens burg <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁L . ▁Mag u ire ▁( born ▁February ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁actor , ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁En j ol ras ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁Broadway ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁musical ▁Les ▁M isé rab les . ▁This ▁role ▁won ▁him ▁a ▁Tony ▁Award ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁It ▁also ▁won ▁him ▁a ▁D rama ▁Des k ▁Award ▁and ▁a ▁Theatre ▁World ▁Award . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁he ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁repr ise ▁the ▁role ▁in ▁Les ▁M isé rab les : ▁The ▁Dream ▁Cast ▁in ▁Con cert ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Albert ▁Hall ▁in ▁London , ▁produced ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁the ▁musical ' s ▁ 1 0 th ▁anni versary . ▁His ▁voice ▁type ▁is ▁bar |
it one . ▁ ▁Mag u ire ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New port ▁News , ▁Virginia , ▁and , ▁as ▁a ▁te en ager , ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁st rolling ▁trou bad our ▁in ▁Williams burg , ▁Virginia , ▁before ▁going ▁on ▁to ▁study ▁opera ▁at ▁the ▁Ober lin ▁Conserv atory ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan . ▁He ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁stock bro ker ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁before ▁making ▁his ▁Broadway ▁debut ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁with ▁Les ▁M isé rab les . ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁films ▁L . A . ▁Pictures , ▁Cad illa c , ▁Go ▁Fish , ▁The ▁Deep ▁End ▁of ▁the ▁Ocean , ▁B usted , ▁and ▁Where ▁The ▁Day ▁T akes ▁You , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁television ▁shows . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁law ▁degree ▁from ▁South western ▁Law ▁School ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁He ▁now ▁practices ▁family ▁law ▁in ▁B ever ly ▁Hills . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Michael ▁Mag u ire ▁fan ▁website ▁ ▁Michael ▁L ▁Mag u ire ▁& ▁Associ ates ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁musical ▁theatre ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : D rama ▁Des k ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : Sto ck bro k ers ▁Category : The atre ▁World ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : T ony ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of |
▁Michigan ▁School ▁of ▁Music , ▁Theatre ▁& ▁Dance ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Florida ▁State ▁Sem in oles ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁Florida ▁State ▁University ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁NCAA ▁Division ▁I - A ▁football ▁season . ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁co ached ▁by ▁Bobby ▁Bow den ▁and ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Do ak ▁Campbell ▁Stadium . ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁Rank ings ▁ ▁Season ▁summary ▁ ▁Miami ▁( FL ) ▁ ▁A ub urn ▁ ▁L SU ▁ ▁Florida ▁ ▁vs . ▁P enn ▁State ▁( Block b uster ▁Bowl ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Florida ▁State ▁Sem in oles ▁Category : F lor ida ▁State ▁Sem in oles ▁football ▁seasons ▁Category : C amp ing ▁World ▁Bowl ▁champion ▁seasons ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁in ▁sports ▁in ▁Florida <0x0A> </s> ▁Il ona ▁Kab os ▁( 7 ▁December ▁ 1 8 9 3 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Hung arian - B rit ish ▁pian ist ▁and ▁teacher . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Kab os ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Budapest ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁( some ▁sources ▁give ▁her ▁year ▁of ▁birth ▁as ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁or ▁ 1 9 0 2 ). ▁ ▁She ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Franz ▁Lis zt ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁under ▁Á rp ád ▁Sz end y ▁( a ▁pup il ▁of ▁Franz ▁Lis zt ), ▁Leo ▁We iner ▁and ▁Z olt án ▁K |
od ály ), ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁Lis zt ▁Prize . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁her ▁career , ▁she ▁played ▁for ▁Fer ru c cio ▁Bus oni , ▁who ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁her . ▁She ▁tou red ▁widely , ▁giving ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁premi ere ▁performances ▁of ▁works ▁by ▁compos ers ▁including ▁K od ály , ▁We iner , ▁Bé la ▁Bart ók , ▁Luigi ▁Dal lap ic cola , ▁Roy ▁Harris , ▁Carlos ▁Ch á vez ▁and ▁M á ty ás ▁Se iber . ▁She ▁made ▁her ▁American ▁debut ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁She ▁taught ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Budapest ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁through ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁Kab os ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁fellow ▁Hung arian ▁pian ist ▁Louis ▁Kent ner , ▁and ▁they ▁made ▁their ▁home ▁in ▁London . ▁It ▁is ▁claimed ▁that ▁her ▁pian ism ▁was ▁superior ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁his . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁Kab os ▁and ▁Kent ner ▁gave ▁the ▁world ▁premi ere ▁of ▁Bart ók ' s ▁Con cer to ▁for ▁Two ▁P ian os , ▁Per cussion ▁and ▁Orchestra ▁in ▁London . ▁She ▁premier ed ▁Robert ▁C raw ford ' s ▁Six ▁Bag at elles , ▁Op . ▁ 3 ▁( 1 9 4 8 ). ▁ ▁Kab os ' ▁marriage ▁ended ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁when ▁Kent ner ▁left ▁her ▁for ▁Gr is el da ▁G ould |
▁( d augh ter ▁of ▁British ▁pian ist ▁Ev ely n ▁Su art ▁and ▁sister ▁of ▁the ▁ball er ina ▁D iana ▁G ould , ▁who ▁was ▁Ye h udi ▁Menu hin ' s ▁second ▁wife ). ▁ ▁Kab os ' s ▁greatest ▁legacy ▁is ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁of ▁other ▁pian ists . ▁ ▁She ▁gave ▁master ▁classes , ▁and ▁taught ▁both ▁priv ately ▁and ▁at ▁institutions ▁such ▁as ▁D art ington ▁Summer ▁School ▁and ▁the ▁Ju illi ard ▁School ▁( from ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁express ▁inv itation ▁of ▁Peter ▁M enn in ; ▁Kab os ▁and ▁Ros ina ▁L hé vin ne ▁often ▁ex changed ▁students ). ▁ ▁Kab os ' ▁better - known ▁students ▁include : ▁Susan ▁Alexander - Max , ▁David ▁B oll ard , ▁Robert ▁C uck son , ▁Monte ▁Hill ▁Davis , ▁Norm a ▁Fish er , ▁Peter ▁Frank l , ▁Joan ▁Hav ill , ▁N iel ▁Im mel man , ▁William ▁Cor b ett ▁Jones , ▁Joseph ▁Kal ich stein , ▁David ▁O ei , ▁John ▁Og don , ▁Den ver ▁Old ham , ▁Kun - W oo ▁Pa ik , ▁Alberto ▁Portug he is , ▁Staff an ▁Sche ja , ▁Roberto ▁Sz id on ▁and ▁Alan ▁We iss . ▁Other ▁students ▁included : ▁Paul ▁Bur ke , ▁N ig el ▁C ox e , ▁David - Michael ▁Dun bar , ▁Mar il yn ▁Eng le , ▁Me ira ▁F ark as , ▁Jonathan ▁Mil es ▁Fre eman , ▁Otto ▁Fre udent |
hal , ▁Nancy ▁Bur ton ▁Gar rett , ▁D erek ▁Han , ▁Robin ▁Harrison , ▁E manuel ▁K ras ov sky , ▁R isto ▁Laur ial a , ▁D ana ▁M ull er , ▁Th alia ▁My ers , ▁Mar ios ▁Pap ad op oul os , ▁Jo el ▁Sach s , ▁Jeff rey ▁Sie gel , ▁and ▁S ér gio ▁V are lla - C id ., ▁V eda ▁Z up onc ic . ▁ ▁Kab os ' ▁teaching ▁method ▁included ▁scri bb ling ▁on ▁the ▁music ▁during ▁her ▁less ons . ▁She ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁writing ▁" bold ▁directions ▁in ▁red ▁c ray on , ▁right ▁across ▁the ▁page , ▁in ▁huge ▁letters , ▁grat uit ous ▁slash es ". ▁The ▁c ray on ▁was ▁actually ▁a ▁ch ina ▁marker , ▁wrapped ▁in ▁paper . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁musical ▁ad visor ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁films : ▁Mur der ▁in ▁the ▁C athedral ▁( 1 9 5 1 ), ▁The ▁F ake ▁( 1 9 5 3 ), ▁The ▁Diam ond ▁( 1 9 5 4 ), ▁Jet ▁Storm ▁( 1 9 5 9 ), ▁and ▁The ▁H ands ▁of ▁Or lac ▁( 1 9 6 0 ). ▁ ▁A ▁host el ▁for ▁Kab os ' ▁students ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁Fin ch ley , ▁North ▁London , ▁by ▁Charles ▁N apper . ▁ ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁aged ▁ 7 9 . ▁ ▁T ributes ▁The ▁In vent ions , ▁Op . ▁ |
2 , ▁are ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁piano ▁pieces ▁by ▁André ▁T cha ik ow sky ; ▁each ▁in vention ▁is ▁a ▁musical ▁portrait ▁of ▁a ▁friend ▁or ▁colle ague ▁of ▁T cha ik ow sky ' s , ▁and ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁was ▁subt itled ▁" To ▁Il ona ▁Kab os ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Serge ▁T ch ere pn in ▁wrote ▁a ▁piano ▁piece ▁for ▁Kab os , ▁called ▁simply ▁" For ▁Il ona ▁Kab os ". ▁ ▁Record ings ▁Kab os ▁made ▁very ▁few ▁record ings . ▁ ▁They ▁include : ▁ ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁New ▁York ▁Town ▁Hall ▁concert , ▁with ▁works ▁by : ▁Lis zt ▁( Vari ations ▁on ▁‘ We inen , ▁K lagen , ▁S orgen , ▁Z agen ’ , ▁S . ▁ 1 8 0 ; ▁and ▁ex cer pts ▁from ▁Wei hn ach ts baum , ▁S . ▁ 1 8 6 ), ▁and ▁Bart ók ▁( Three ▁R ond os , ▁Sz 8 4 ; ▁Son at ina , ▁Sz 5 5 ; ▁For ▁Children , ▁Sz 4 2 ) ▁ ▁Edward ▁Tat n all ▁Can by , ▁writing ▁in ▁the ▁Saturday ▁Review , ▁said ▁this ▁was ▁" the ▁best ▁piano ▁record ▁I ▁have ▁heard , ▁bar ▁none ". ▁ ▁Lis zt ' s ▁G n omen re igen ▁( live , ▁Budapest , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ ▁Sir ▁Michael ▁T ipp ett ' s ▁P iano ▁Con cer |
to ▁( B BC ; ▁und ated ) ▁ ▁J . S . ▁Bach : ▁Con cer to ▁in ▁C ▁major ▁for ▁Two ▁Cla vi ers , ▁B W V ▁ 1 0 6 1 ▁( with ▁G ina ▁Bach auer ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁death s ▁Category : H ung arian ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : H ung arian ▁women ▁pian ists ▁Category : B rit ish ▁classical ▁pian ists ▁Category : B rit ish ▁women ▁pian ists ▁Category : H ung arian ▁music ▁educ ators ▁Category : B rit ish ▁music ▁educ ators ▁Category : Fran z ▁Lis zt ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁al umn i ▁Category : J u illi ard ▁School ▁fac ulty ▁Category : P iano ▁ped agog ues ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁women ▁mus icians ▁Category : W omen ▁classical ▁pian ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Giorg i ▁Sh ashi ash v ili ▁( ▁born ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Georg ian ▁football ▁coach ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁player ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁of ▁Georgia . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁all ▁round ▁central ▁def ender ▁who ▁can ▁also ▁play ▁as ▁a ▁right ▁back . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁manager ▁of ▁FC ▁D ila ▁G ori . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers |
▁from ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁Category : Ge org ia ▁( country ) ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : FC ▁Din amo ▁T bil isi ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Spart ak ▁Vlad ik av kaz ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ch orn om or ets ▁O des a ▁players ▁Category : SK ▁St urm ▁Gra z ▁players ▁Category : Er got el is ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Russ ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : A ust rian ▁Football ▁Bundes liga ▁players ▁Category : Super ▁League ▁Greece ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : Ex pat ri ates ▁from ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Greece ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁T bil isi ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Foot ball ▁man agers ▁from ▁Georgia ▁( country ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Y ours ▁Fore ver ▁is ▁the ▁fifth ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁American ▁band ▁Atlantic ▁St arr . ▁This ▁album ▁features ▁the ▁hit ▁single ▁" Touch ▁a ▁Four ▁Le af ▁Clo ver ." ▁Y ours ▁Fore ver ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁album ▁to ▁feature ▁Sh aron ▁Bry ant ▁as ▁a ▁lead ▁vocal ist ▁before ▁she ▁depart ed ▁the ▁group ▁to ▁purs ue ▁a ▁solo |
▁career . ▁This ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁last ▁album ▁to ▁be ▁produced ▁by ▁James ▁Anthony ▁Car m ich ael , ▁who ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁group ' s ▁two ▁previous ▁albums . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" Y ours ▁Fore ver " ▁( David ▁Lewis ) ▁( 5 : 0 4 ) ▁" Touch ▁A ▁Four ▁Le af ▁Clo ver " ▁( David ▁Lewis , ▁Wayne ▁Lewis ) ▁( 4 : 3 8 ) ▁" More , ▁More , ▁More " ▁( Sam ▁De es ) ▁( 4 : 4 2 ) ▁" I ▁W ant ▁Your ▁Love " ▁( J on athan ▁Lewis , ▁Wayne ▁Lewis ) ▁( 4 : 5 2 ) ▁" Second ▁To ▁None " ▁( Sh aron ▁Bry ant , ▁Joseph ▁Phill ips ) ▁( 4 : 3 8 ) ▁" Is land ▁Dream " ▁( David ▁Lewis , ▁Wayne ▁Lewis ) ▁( 4 : 4 9 ) ▁" Who ▁Could ▁Love ▁You ▁Better ?" ▁( Cl iff ord ▁Arch er , ▁Wayne ▁Lewis ) ▁( 4 : 3 0 ) ▁" More ▁Time ▁For ▁Me " ▁( Max i ▁Anderson , ▁Nick i ▁Johnson ) ▁( 3 : 4 2 ) ▁" Try in '" ▁( Deb or ah ▁Thomas , ▁David ▁C och rane ) ▁( 3 : 2 8 ) ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Kor an ▁Daniel s ▁- ▁sa x oph one ▁ ▁Joseph ▁Phill ips ▁- ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Wayne ▁Lewis ▁- ▁key boards , ▁vocals ▁ ▁Cl iff ord ▁Arch er ▁- ▁bass ▁ |
▁William ▁Sud d eth ▁III ▁- ▁tr ump et ▁ ▁Jonathan ▁Lewis ▁- ▁trom bone ▁ ▁Sh aron ▁Bry ant ▁- ▁vocals ▁ ▁David ▁Lewis ▁- ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁ ▁Por ter ▁Car roll , ▁Jr . ▁- ▁drums , ▁vocals ▁ ▁Michael ▁Bod d icker , ▁Greg ▁Ph illing anes ▁- ▁additional ▁synth es izers ▁ ▁Paul inho ▁Da ▁Costa ▁- ▁additional ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Cal vin ▁Harris , ▁Fred ▁Law , ▁Bruce ▁Rob b ins , ▁Ralph ▁S utton ▁- ▁recording ▁engineer ▁ ▁Cal vin ▁Harris ▁- ▁mixing ▁ ▁Bern ie ▁Grund man ▁- ▁master ing ▁ ▁D iem ▁Jones , ▁R oder ick ▁Taylor ▁- ▁phot ography ▁ ▁R oder ick ▁Taylor ▁- ▁art ▁direction ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : At l antic ▁St arr ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁albums ▁Category : A & M ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁( ▁Y ah ad ut ▁Human ist it ) ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁Jewish ▁movement ▁that ▁offers ▁a ▁n ont he istic ▁alternative ▁in ▁contemporary ▁Jewish ▁life . ▁It ▁defines ▁J uda ism ▁as ▁the ▁cultural ▁and ▁historical ▁experience ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people . ▁It ▁encourag es ▁human istic ▁and ▁sec ular ▁Jews ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁their ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁by ▁particip ating ▁in ▁Jewish ▁hol id ays ▁and ▁lif ecycle ▁events ▁( such ▁as ▁wed d ings ▁and ▁bar ▁and ▁bat ▁mit z v ah s ) ▁with ▁inspir ational ▁cer emon ies ▁that ▁draw ▁upon ▁but ▁go ▁beyond ▁traditional ▁literature . ▁Its ▁philosoph |
ical ▁foundation ▁includes ▁the ▁following ▁ideas : ▁ ▁A ▁Jew ▁is ▁someone ▁who ▁ident ifies ▁with ▁the ▁history , ▁culture , ▁and ▁future ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people ; ▁ ▁J uda ism ▁is ▁the ▁historic ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people , ▁and ▁religion ▁is ▁only ▁one ▁part ▁of ▁that ▁culture ; ▁ ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁is ▁best ▁preserved ▁in ▁a ▁free , ▁pl ural istic ▁environment ; ▁ ▁People ▁possess ▁the ▁power ▁and ▁responsibility ▁to ▁shape ▁their ▁own ▁lives ▁independent ▁of ▁super natural ▁authority ; ▁ ▁Eth ics ▁and ▁mor ality ▁should ▁serve ▁human ▁needs , ▁and ▁choices ▁should ▁be ▁based ▁upon ▁consideration ▁of ▁the ▁consequences ▁of ▁actions ▁rather ▁than ▁pre - ord ained ▁rules ▁or ▁command ments ; ▁ ▁Jewish ▁history , ▁like ▁all ▁history , ▁is ▁a ▁human ▁s aga , ▁a ▁test ament ▁to ▁the ▁significance ▁of ▁human ▁power ▁and ▁human ▁responsibility . ▁Bib lic al ▁and ▁other ▁traditional ▁texts ▁are ▁the ▁products ▁of ▁human ▁activity ▁and ▁are ▁best ▁understood ▁through ▁arch ae ology ▁and ▁other ▁scientific ▁analysis . ▁ ▁The ▁freedom ▁and ▁dign ity ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people ▁must ▁go ▁hand ▁in ▁hand ▁with ▁the ▁freedom ▁and ▁dign ity ▁of ▁every ▁human ▁being . ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁In ▁its ▁current ▁form , ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁by ▁Rab bi ▁Sher win ▁W ine . ▁As ▁a ▁ra bbi ▁trained ▁in ▁Reform ▁J uda ism , ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁sec ular , ▁non - the istic ▁con greg ation ▁in ▁Michigan , |
▁W ine ▁developed ▁a ▁Jewish ▁lit ur gy ▁that ▁reflected ▁his ▁and ▁his ▁con greg ation ' s ▁philosoph ical ▁view point ▁by ▁emphas izing ▁Jewish ▁culture , ▁history , ▁and ▁identity ▁along ▁with ▁Human istic ▁eth ics , ▁while ▁ex cluding ▁all ▁pray ers ▁and ▁references ▁to ▁God . ▁This ▁con greg ation ▁developed ▁into ▁the ▁B irmingham ▁Temple , ▁now ▁in ▁Farm ington ▁Hills , ▁Michigan . ▁It ▁was ▁soon ▁joined ▁by ▁a ▁previously ▁Reform ▁con greg ation ▁in ▁Illinois , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁group ▁in ▁West port , ▁Connecticut . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁these ▁con greg ations ▁and ▁others ▁were ▁un ited ▁organization ally ▁under ▁the ▁um bre lla ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁( SH J ). ▁The ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁has ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁members ▁in ▁ 3 0 ▁con greg ations ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada . ▁ ▁The ▁International ▁Institute ▁for ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁academic ▁and ▁intellectual ▁center ▁of ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁currently ▁has ▁two ▁cent ers ▁of ▁activity : ▁one ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁in ▁Lincoln shire , ▁IL . ▁Rab bi ▁Adam ▁Ch alom ▁is ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁de an . ▁The ▁Institute ▁offers ▁professional ▁training ▁programs ▁for ▁Sp okes pers ons |
, ▁Edu c ators , ▁Le aders ▁( also ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁Heb rew ▁as ▁mad rik him / ot ▁or ▁in ▁Y idd ish ▁as ▁veg v ay zer ), ▁and ▁R abb is , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁its ▁publications , ▁public ▁sem in ars ▁and ▁col lo quia ▁for ▁lay ▁aud ien ces . ▁ ▁Princi ples ▁of ▁belief ▁and ▁practice ▁ ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁presents ▁a ▁far ▁more ▁radical ▁departure ▁from ▁traditional ▁Jewish ▁religion ▁than ▁Mor de ca i ▁Kap lan ▁( co - found er ▁of ▁Re const ruction ist ▁J uda ism ) ▁ever ▁en vision ed . ▁ ▁Kap lan ▁re defined ▁God ▁and ▁other ▁traditional ▁religious ▁terms ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁natural ist ▁out look , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁use ▁traditional ▁prayer ▁language . ▁ ▁W ine ▁rejected ▁this ▁approach ▁as ▁confusing , ▁since ▁participants ▁could ▁as cribe ▁to ▁these ▁words ▁whatever ▁definitions ▁they ▁fav ored . ▁W ine ▁stro ve ▁to ▁achieve ▁philosoph ical ▁consist ency ▁and ▁stability ▁by ▁creating ▁rit uals ▁and ▁cer emon ies ▁that ▁were ▁purely ▁non - the istic . ▁ ▁Services ▁were ▁created ▁for ▁Sh abb at , ▁Ros h ▁Hash an ah , ▁Y om ▁K ipp ur , ▁and ▁other ▁Jewish ▁hol id ays ▁and ▁festiv als , ▁often ▁with ▁re inter pret ation ▁of ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁hol iday ▁to ▁bring ▁it ▁into ▁conform ity ▁with ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁philosophy . ▁ ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁was ▁developed |
▁as ▁a ▁possible ▁solution ▁to ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁retain ing ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁and ▁continu ity ▁among ▁non - rel ig ious . ▁Rec ogn izing ▁that ▁con greg ational ▁religious ▁life ▁was ▁th riv ing , ▁W ine ▁believed ▁that ▁sec ular ▁Jews ▁who ▁had ▁rejected ▁the ism ▁would ▁be ▁attract ed ▁to ▁an ▁organization ▁that ▁provided ▁all ▁the ▁same ▁forms ▁and ▁activities ▁as , ▁for ▁example , ▁Reform ▁tem ples , ▁but ▁which ▁expressed ▁a ▁purely ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁view point . ▁The ▁International ▁Institute ▁for ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism , ▁which ▁is ▁spons ored ▁by ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁and ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Sec ular ▁Jewish ▁Organ izations , ▁trains ▁rabb is ▁and ▁other ▁leaders ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁in ▁Israel . ▁The ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁was ▁organized ▁with ▁the ▁mission ▁to ▁mobil ize ▁people ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁and ▁culture ▁consistent ▁with ▁a ▁human istic ▁philosophy ▁of ▁life . ▁ ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁and ▁inter mar riage ▁Within ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism , ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁is ▁largely ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁self - ident ification . ▁R abb is ▁and ▁other ▁trained ▁leaders ▁offici ate ▁at ▁inter mar ri ages ▁between ▁Jews ▁and ▁non - J ew s , ▁and ▁the ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁movement , ▁unlike ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁and ▁Orth odox ▁Jewish ▁denomin ations , ▁does ▁not ▁take ▁any ▁position ▁or ▁action ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁inter mar riage , ▁rather ▁it ▁aff ir |
ms ▁that ▁" Inter mar riage ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁Jewish ▁reality — a ▁natural ▁consequence ▁of ▁a ▁liberal ▁society ▁in ▁which ▁individuals ▁have ▁the ▁freedom ▁to ▁marry ▁wh ome ver ▁they ▁wish ... that ▁inter mar riage ▁is ▁neither ▁good ▁nor ▁bad , ▁just ▁as ▁we ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁marriage ▁of ▁two ▁Jews , ▁in ▁itself , ▁is ▁neither ▁good ▁nor ▁bad . ▁ ▁The ▁moral ▁worth ▁of ▁a ▁marriage ▁always ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁relationship — on ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁mut ual ▁love ▁and ▁respect ▁that ▁prev ails ." ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁rabb is ▁and ▁leaders ▁will ▁also ▁co - off ici ate ▁at ▁inter c ult ural ▁mar ri ages ▁between ▁Jews ▁and ▁non - J ew s . ▁These ▁views ▁concerning ▁Jewish ▁identity ▁and ▁inter mar riage ▁are ▁critic ized ▁by ▁those ▁who ▁believe ▁that ▁they ▁will ▁hast en ▁the ▁assim ilation ▁of ▁Jews ▁into ▁the ▁general ▁society ▁and ▁thus ▁advers ely ▁affect ▁Jewish ▁continu ity . ▁ ▁Eg al itar ian ism ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁is ▁eg al itar ian ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁gender ▁and ▁gender ▁identification , ▁Jewish ▁status , ▁and ▁sexual ▁orientation . ▁Brit ▁sh alom ▁( b aby - nam ing ▁cer emon ies ), ▁similar ▁for ▁boys ▁and ▁girls , ▁are ▁performed ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁brit ▁mil ah . ▁Those ▁who ▁identify ▁as ▁Jews ▁and ▁those ▁who ▁do ▁not , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁L GB TI ▁members , ▁may ▁particip ate ▁in ▁all ▁ways ▁in ▁all ▁Human istic ▁Jewish |
▁rit uals ▁and ▁leadership ▁roles . ▁ ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁ord ains ▁both ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁as ▁rabb is , ▁and ▁its ▁first ▁ra bbi ▁was ▁a ▁woman , ▁Tam ara ▁Kol ton , ▁who ▁was ▁ord ained ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Its ▁first ▁cant or ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁woman , ▁Deb or ah ▁Davis , ▁ord ained ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ; ▁however , ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁has ▁since ▁stopped ▁ord aining ▁cant ors . ▁The ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁issued ▁a ▁statement ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁stating ▁in ▁part , ▁" we ▁aff irm ▁that ▁a ▁woman ▁has ▁the ▁moral ▁right ▁and ▁should ▁have ▁the ▁continu ing ▁legal ▁right ▁to ▁decide ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁to ▁terminate ▁a ▁pre gn ancy ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁her ▁own ▁eth ical ▁standards . ▁Because ▁a ▁decision ▁to ▁terminate ▁a ▁pre gn ancy ▁car ries ▁serious , ▁irre vers ible ▁consequences , ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁with ▁great ▁care ▁and ▁with ▁keen ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁psych ological , ▁emot ional , ▁and ▁eth ical ▁imp lications ." ▁ ▁They ▁also ▁issued ▁a ▁statement ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁condem ning ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁“ No ▁Tax p ayer ▁Fund ing ▁for ▁Ab ort ion ▁Act ” ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives , ▁which ▁they ▁called ▁" a ▁direct ▁attack ▁on ▁a ▁woman ’ s ▁right ▁to ▁choose ". ▁In ▁ |
2 0 1 2 ▁they ▁issued ▁a ▁resolution ▁oppos ing ▁conscience ▁cla uses ▁that ▁allow ▁religious - aff ili ated ▁institutions ▁to ▁be ▁ex empt ▁from ▁generally ▁applicable ▁requirements ▁mand ating ▁re product ive ▁health care ▁services ▁to ▁individuals ▁or ▁employees . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁they ▁issued ▁a ▁resolution ▁stating ▁in ▁part , ▁" There fore , ▁be ▁it ▁resolved ▁that : ▁The ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁whole heart edly ▁supports ▁the ▁observ ance ▁of ▁Women ' s ▁Equ ality ▁Day ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 6 ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁Nin ete enth ▁Am end ment ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution ▁allowing ▁women ▁to ▁vote ; ▁The ▁Society ▁condem ns ▁gender ▁disc rim ination ▁in ▁all ▁its ▁forms , ▁including ▁restriction ▁of ▁rights , ▁limited ▁access ▁to ▁education , ▁violence , ▁and ▁sub j ug ation ; ▁and ▁The ▁Society ▁commits ▁itself ▁to ▁maintain ▁vig il ance ▁and ▁speak ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁fight ▁to ▁bring ▁gender ▁equality ▁to ▁our ▁generation ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁gener ations ▁that ▁follow ." ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁issued ▁a ▁resolution ▁supporting ▁" the ▁legal ▁recognition ▁of ▁marriage ▁and ▁divor ce ▁between ▁adult s ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁sex ", ▁and ▁aff irm ing ▁" the ▁value ▁of ▁marriage ▁between ▁any ▁two ▁committed ▁adult s ▁with ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁oblig ations , ▁respons ib ilities , ▁and ▁consequences ▁there of ." ▁In |
▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁they ▁p led ged ▁to ▁speak ▁out ▁against ▁hom oph ob ic ▁bul lying . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁H ille l ism ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁in ▁Metro ▁Detroit ▁ ▁Jewish ▁sec ular ism ▁ ▁M ī m ā ṃ s ā ▁( m im ans a ), ▁a ▁school ▁of ▁H indu ▁philosophy , ▁having ▁some ▁similar ities ▁in ▁ep ist em ology . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Jewish ▁at he ists ▁and ▁ag nost ics ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Society ▁for ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁ ▁International ▁Institute ▁for ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁ ▁Association ▁of ▁Human istic ▁R abb is ▁ ▁BBC ▁- ▁Relig ions ▁- ▁J uda ism : ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁ ▁International ▁Federation ▁for ▁Sec ular ▁& ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁ ▁Le ad ership ▁Conference ▁of ▁Sec ular ▁and ▁Human istic ▁Jews ▁ ▁Israel ▁program ▁of ▁International ▁Institute ▁for ▁Sec ular ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁ ▁Portal ▁of ▁Jewish ▁Sec ular ▁R ites ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁The ▁City ▁Cong reg ation ▁for ▁Human istic ▁J uda ism ▁- ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sec ular ▁Jewish ▁culture ▁J uda ism , ▁Human istic ▁Category : Sec ular ▁human ism <0x0A> </s> ▁Natural ▁science ▁is ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁science ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁description , ▁prediction , ▁and ▁understanding ▁of ▁natural ▁phen omena , ▁based ▁on ▁empir ical ▁evidence ▁from ▁observation ▁and ▁experiment ation . ▁Mechan isms ▁such ▁as ▁peer ▁review |
▁and ▁repeat ability ▁of ▁find ings ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁ensure ▁the ▁valid ity ▁of ▁scientific ▁adv ances . ▁ ▁Natural ▁science ▁can ▁be ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁main ▁branches : ▁life ▁science ▁( or ▁bi ological ▁science ) ▁and ▁physical ▁science . ▁Phys ical ▁science ▁is ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁branches , ▁including ▁physics , ▁chem istry , ▁astronom y ▁and ▁Earth ▁science . ▁These ▁branches ▁of ▁natural ▁science ▁may ▁be ▁further ▁divided ▁into ▁more ▁special ized ▁branches ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁fields ). ▁As ▁empir ical ▁sciences , ▁natural ▁sciences ▁use ▁tools ▁from ▁the ▁formal ▁sciences , ▁such ▁as ▁mathematics ▁and ▁logic , ▁converting ▁information ▁about ▁nature ▁into ▁measurements ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁explained ▁as ▁clear ▁statements ▁of ▁the ▁" la ws ▁of ▁nature ". ▁ ▁Modern ▁natural ▁science ▁succeeded ▁more ▁classical ▁approaches ▁to ▁natural ▁philosophy , ▁usually ▁trac ed ▁to ▁ancient ▁Greece . ▁Gal ile o , ▁Des cart es , ▁Ba con , ▁and ▁Newton ▁deb ated ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁using ▁approaches ▁which ▁were ▁more ▁mathematical ▁and ▁more ▁experimental ▁in ▁a ▁method ical ▁way . ▁Still , ▁philosoph ical ▁pers pect ives , ▁conject ures , ▁and ▁pres upp os itions , ▁often ▁over look ed , ▁remain ▁necessary ▁in ▁natural ▁science . ▁System atic ▁data ▁collection , ▁including ▁discovery ▁science , ▁succeeded ▁natural ▁history , ▁which ▁emer ged ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁by ▁describing ▁and ▁class ifying ▁plants , ▁animals , ▁min er als , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁Today , ▁" natural ▁history " ▁suggests |
▁observ ational ▁descri ptions ▁aim ed ▁at ▁popular ▁aud ien ces . ▁ ▁C riteria ▁ ▁Philosoph ers ▁of ▁science ▁have ▁suggested ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁criteria , ▁including ▁Karl ▁Po pper ' s ▁controvers ial ▁f als ifi ability ▁criter ion , ▁to ▁help ▁them ▁differenti ate ▁scientific ▁endeav ors ▁from ▁non - s cient ific ▁ones . ▁Valid ity , ▁accuracy , ▁and ▁quality ▁control , ▁such ▁as ▁peer ▁review ▁and ▁repeat ability ▁of ▁find ings , ▁are ▁amongst ▁the ▁most ▁respect ed ▁criteria ▁in ▁the ▁present - day ▁global ▁scientific ▁community . ▁ ▁Branch es ▁of ▁natural ▁science ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁ ▁This ▁field ▁en comp ass es ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁discipl ines ▁that ▁exam ines ▁phen omena ▁related ▁to ▁living ▁organ isms . ▁The ▁scale ▁of ▁study ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁sub - component ▁bi oph ys ics ▁up ▁to ▁complex ▁e colog ies . ▁Bi ology ▁is ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁characteristics , ▁classification ▁and ▁behav iors ▁of ▁organ isms , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁how ▁species ▁were ▁formed ▁and ▁their ▁interactions ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁the ▁environment . ▁ ▁The ▁bi ological ▁fields ▁of ▁bot any , ▁zo ology , ▁and ▁medicine ▁date ▁back ▁to ▁early ▁periods ▁of ▁civil ization , ▁while ▁micro bi ology ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁with ▁the ▁in vention ▁of ▁the ▁mic ros cope . ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁that ▁bi ology ▁became ▁a ▁un ified ▁science . ▁Once ▁scient ists ▁discovered ▁common al |
ities ▁between ▁all ▁living ▁things , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁they ▁were ▁best ▁studied ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁ ▁Some ▁key ▁develop ments ▁in ▁bi ology ▁were ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁gen et ics ; ▁evolution ▁through ▁natural ▁selection ; ▁the ▁germ ▁theory ▁of ▁disease ▁and ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁techniques ▁of ▁chem istry ▁and ▁physics ▁at ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁cell ▁or ▁organ ic ▁mole c ule . ▁ ▁Modern ▁bi ology ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁sub dis cipl ines ▁by ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁organ ism ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁scale ▁being ▁studied . ▁M ole cular ▁bi ology ▁is ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁fundamental ▁chem istry ▁of ▁life , ▁while ▁cell ular ▁bi ology ▁is ▁the ▁exam ination ▁of ▁the ▁cell ; ▁the ▁basic ▁building ▁block ▁of ▁all ▁life . ▁At ▁a ▁higher ▁level , ▁an atom y ▁and ▁phys i ology ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁internal ▁structures , ▁and ▁their ▁functions , ▁of ▁an ▁organ ism , ▁while ▁e col ogy ▁looks ▁at ▁how ▁various ▁organ isms ▁inter rel ate . ▁ ▁Chem istry ▁ ▁Const itut ing ▁the ▁scientific ▁study ▁of ▁matter ▁at ▁the ▁atomic ▁and ▁mole cular ▁scale , ▁chem istry ▁de als ▁primarily ▁with ▁collections ▁of ▁atoms , ▁such ▁as ▁g ases , ▁mole cules , ▁cry st als , ▁and ▁met als . ▁The ▁composition , ▁statistical ▁properties , ▁transformations ▁and ▁re actions ▁of ▁these ▁materials ▁are ▁studied . ▁Chem istry ▁also ▁involves ▁understanding ▁the ▁properties ▁and ▁interactions ▁of ▁individual ▁atoms ▁and ▁mole cules ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁larger - scale ▁applications |
. ▁ ▁Most ▁chemical ▁processes ▁can ▁be ▁studied ▁directly ▁in ▁a ▁labor atory , ▁using ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁( o ften ▁well - test ed ) ▁techniques ▁for ▁manip ulating ▁materials , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁underlying ▁processes . ▁Chem istry ▁is ▁often ▁called ▁" the ▁central ▁science " ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁role ▁in ▁connecting ▁the ▁other ▁natural ▁sciences . ▁ ▁Early ▁experiments ▁in ▁chem istry ▁had ▁their ▁roots ▁in ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁Al ch emy , ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁belief s ▁combining ▁myst ic ism ▁with ▁physical ▁experiments . ▁The ▁science ▁of ▁chem istry ▁began ▁to ▁develop ▁with ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Robert ▁Bo yle , ▁the ▁discover er ▁of ▁gas , ▁and ▁Antoine ▁Lav ois ier , ▁who ▁developed ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁the ▁Conserv ation ▁of ▁mass . ▁ ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁chemical ▁elements ▁and ▁atomic ▁theory ▁began ▁to ▁system at ize ▁this ▁science , ▁and ▁research ers ▁developed ▁a ▁fundamental ▁understanding ▁of ▁states ▁of ▁matter , ▁ ions , ▁chemical ▁b onds ▁and ▁chemical ▁re actions . ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁this ▁science ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁complement ary ▁chemical ▁industry ▁that ▁now ▁plays ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁economy . ▁ ▁Physics ▁ ▁Physics ▁emb od ies ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁fundamental ▁constitu ents ▁of ▁the ▁universe , ▁the ▁forces ▁and ▁interactions ▁they ▁ex ert ▁on ▁one ▁another , ▁and ▁the ▁results ▁produced ▁by ▁these ▁interactions . ▁In ▁general , ▁physics ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁fundamental ▁science , ▁because ▁all ▁other ▁natural ▁sciences ▁use ▁and ▁obey ▁the |
▁principles ▁and ▁laws ▁set ▁down ▁by ▁the ▁field . ▁Physics ▁re lies ▁heavily ▁on ▁mathematics ▁as ▁the ▁logical ▁framework ▁for ▁form ulation ▁and ▁quant ification ▁of ▁principles . ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁the ▁universe ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁history ▁and ▁largely ▁der ives ▁from ▁direct ▁observation ▁and ▁experiment ation . ▁The ▁form ulation ▁of ▁theories ▁about ▁the ▁gover ning ▁laws ▁of ▁the ▁universe ▁has ▁been ▁central ▁to ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁physics ▁from ▁very ▁early ▁on , ▁with ▁philosophy ▁gradually ▁yield ing ▁to ▁system atic , ▁quant itative ▁experimental ▁testing ▁and ▁observation ▁as ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁ver ification . ▁Key ▁historical ▁develop ments ▁in ▁physics ▁include ▁Isaac ▁Newton ' s ▁theory ▁of ▁universal ▁grav itation ▁and ▁classical ▁mechan ics , ▁an ▁understanding ▁of ▁electric ity ▁and ▁its ▁relation ▁to ▁magnet ism , ▁Ein stein ' s ▁theories ▁of ▁special ▁and ▁general ▁relativ ity , ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁therm od ynam ics , ▁and ▁the ▁quantum ▁mechanical ▁model ▁of ▁atomic ▁and ▁sub atomic ▁physics . ▁ ▁The ▁field ▁of ▁physics ▁is ▁extremely ▁broad , ▁and ▁can ▁include ▁such ▁diverse ▁studies ▁as ▁quantum ▁mechan ics ▁and ▁theoretical ▁physics , ▁applied ▁physics ▁and ▁opt ics . ▁Modern ▁physics ▁is ▁becoming ▁increasing ly ▁special ized , ▁where ▁research ers ▁tend ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁a ▁particular ▁area ▁rather ▁than ▁being ▁" univers al ists " ▁like ▁Isaac ▁Newton , ▁Albert ▁Ein stein ▁and ▁Lev ▁Land au , ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁multiple ▁areas . ▁ ▁Astronom y ▁ ▁This ▁discipline ▁is ▁the ▁science ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁objects |
▁and ▁phen omena ▁that ▁origin ate ▁outside ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁atmosphere . ▁It ▁is ▁concerned ▁with ▁the ▁evolution , ▁physics , ▁chem istry , ▁meteor ology , ▁and ▁motion ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁objects , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁formation ▁and ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁universe . ▁ ▁Astronom y ▁includes ▁the ▁exam ination , ▁study ▁and ▁model ing ▁of ▁stars , ▁plan ets , ▁com ets , ▁galaxies ▁and ▁the ▁cos mos . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁information ▁used ▁by ▁astronom ers ▁is ▁gathered ▁by ▁remote ▁observation , ▁although ▁some ▁labor atory ▁reprodu ction ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁phen omena ▁has ▁been ▁performed ▁( such ▁as ▁the ▁mole cular ▁chem istry ▁of ▁the ▁inter stell ar ▁medium ). ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁orig ins ▁of ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁features ▁and ▁phen omena ▁can ▁be ▁trac ed ▁back ▁to ▁anti qu ity , ▁the ▁scientific ▁method ology ▁of ▁this ▁field ▁began ▁to ▁develop ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁A ▁key ▁factor ▁was ▁Gal ile o ' s ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁teles cope ▁to ▁examine ▁the ▁night ▁sky ▁in ▁more ▁detail . ▁ ▁The ▁mathematical ▁treatment ▁of ▁astronom y ▁began ▁with ▁Newton ' s ▁development ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁mechan ics ▁and ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁grav itation , ▁although ▁it ▁was ▁triggered ▁by ▁earlier ▁work ▁of ▁astronom ers ▁such ▁as ▁Ke pler . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁astronom y ▁had ▁developed ▁into ▁a ▁formal ▁science , ▁with ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁instruments ▁such ▁as |
▁the ▁spect ros cope ▁and ▁phot ography , ▁along ▁with ▁much - im pro ved ▁teles cop es ▁and ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁professional ▁observ ator ies . ▁ ▁Inter dis cipl inary ▁studies ▁ ▁The ▁dist in ctions ▁between ▁the ▁natural ▁science ▁discipl ines ▁are ▁not ▁always ▁sharp , ▁and ▁they ▁share ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁cross - dis cipl ine ▁fields . ▁Physics ▁plays ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁natural ▁sciences , ▁as ▁represented ▁by ▁ast ro physics , ▁ge oph ys ics , ▁chemical ▁physics ▁and ▁bi oph ys ics . ▁Like wise ▁chem istry ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁such ▁fields ▁as ▁bio chem istry , ▁chemical ▁bi ology , ▁ge och em istry ▁and ▁ast ro chem istry . ▁ ▁A ▁particular ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁scientific ▁discipline ▁that ▁draw s ▁upon ▁multiple ▁natural ▁sciences ▁is ▁environmental ▁science . ▁This ▁field ▁studies ▁the ▁interactions ▁of ▁physical , ▁chemical , ▁ge ological , ▁and ▁bi ological ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁environment , ▁with ▁particular ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁human ▁activities ▁and ▁the ▁impact ▁on ▁b iod iversity ▁and ▁sust ain ability . ▁This ▁science ▁also ▁draw s ▁upon ▁expert ise ▁from ▁other ▁fields ▁such ▁as ▁econom ics , ▁law , ▁and ▁social ▁sciences . ▁ ▁A ▁compar able ▁discipline ▁is ▁ocean ography , ▁as ▁it ▁draw s ▁upon ▁a ▁similar ▁bread th ▁of ▁scientific ▁discipl ines . ▁Ocean ography ▁is ▁sub - c ategor ized ▁into ▁more ▁special ized ▁cross - dis cipl ines , ▁such ▁as ▁physical ▁ocean ography ▁and ▁marine ▁bi |
ology . ▁As ▁the ▁marine ▁e cos ystem ▁is ▁very ▁large ▁and ▁diverse , ▁marine ▁bi ology ▁is ▁further ▁divided ▁into ▁many ▁sub fields , ▁including ▁special izations ▁in ▁particular ▁species . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁subset ▁of ▁cross - dis cipl inary ▁fields ▁which , ▁by ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁problems ▁that ▁they ▁address , ▁have ▁strong ▁curr ents ▁that ▁run ▁counter ▁to ▁special ization . ▁Put ▁another ▁way : ▁In ▁some ▁fields ▁of ▁integr ative ▁application , ▁special ists ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁field ▁are ▁a ▁key ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁dialog . ▁Such ▁integr ative ▁fields , ▁for ▁example , ▁include ▁n anos cience , ▁ast ro bi ology , ▁and ▁complex ▁system ▁inform at ics . ▁ ▁Earth ▁science ▁ ▁Earth ▁science ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁ge os cience ), ▁is ▁an ▁all - emb rac ing ▁term ▁for ▁the ▁sciences ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁planet ▁Earth , ▁including ▁ge ology , ▁ge oph ys ics , ▁ge och em istry , ▁hydro log y , ▁meteor ology , ▁and ▁ocean ography . ▁ ▁Although ▁min ing ▁and ▁pre cious ▁stones ▁have ▁been ▁human ▁interests ▁throughout ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁civil ization , ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁related ▁sciences ▁of ▁economic ▁ge ology ▁and ▁min eral ogy ▁did ▁not ▁occur ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁The ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁earth , ▁particularly ▁p ala e ont ology , ▁bl oss omed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁growth ▁of ▁other ▁discipl ines , ▁such |
▁as ▁ge oph ys ics , ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁plate ▁t ect on ics ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁which ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁similar ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁Earth ▁sciences ▁as ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁evolution ▁had ▁on ▁bi ology . ▁Earth ▁sciences ▁today ▁are ▁closely ▁linked ▁to ▁pet role um ▁and ▁min eral ▁resources , ▁climate ▁research ▁and ▁to ▁environmental ▁assess ment ▁and ▁rem ed iation . ▁ ▁At mos pher ic ▁sciences ▁ ▁Though ▁sometimes ▁considered ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁earth ▁sciences , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁independent ▁development ▁of ▁its ▁concepts , ▁techniques ▁and ▁practices ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁fact ▁of ▁it ▁having ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁sub - dis cipl ines ▁under ▁its ▁wing , ▁the ▁atmos pher ic ▁sciences ▁is ▁also ▁considered ▁a ▁separate ▁branch ▁of ▁natural ▁science . ▁This ▁field ▁studies ▁the ▁characteristics ▁of ▁different ▁layers ▁of ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁from ▁ground ▁level ▁to ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁The ▁times c ale ▁of ▁the ▁study ▁also ▁var ies ▁from ▁days ▁to ▁centuries . ▁Sometimes ▁the ▁field ▁also ▁includes ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁clim atic ▁patterns ▁on ▁plan ets ▁other ▁than ▁earth . ▁ ▁Ocean ography ▁ ▁The ▁serious ▁study ▁of ▁o ce ans ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁to ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century . ▁As ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁natural ▁science , ▁it ▁is ▁relatively ▁young ▁but ▁stand - alone ▁programs ▁offer ▁special izations ▁in ▁the ▁subject . ▁Though ▁some ▁controvers ies ▁remain |
▁as ▁to ▁the ▁categor ization ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁under ▁earth ▁sciences , ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁sciences ▁or ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁field ▁in ▁its ▁own ▁right , ▁most ▁modern ▁workers ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁agree ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁m ature d ▁to ▁a ▁state ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁parad ig ms ▁and ▁practices . ▁As ▁such ▁a ▁big ▁family ▁of ▁related ▁studies ▁sp anning ▁every ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁o ce ans ▁is ▁now ▁class ified ▁under ▁this ▁field . ▁ ▁Material s ▁science ▁ ▁Material s ▁science ▁is ▁a ▁relatively ▁new , ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁field ▁which ▁de als ▁with ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁matter ▁and ▁its ▁properties ; ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁discovery ▁and ▁design ▁of ▁new ▁materials . ▁Origin ally ▁developed ▁through ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁met all ur gy , ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁properties ▁of ▁materials ▁and ▁sol ids ▁has ▁now ▁expanded ▁into ▁all ▁materials . ▁The ▁field ▁covers ▁the ▁chem istry , ▁physics ▁and ▁engineering ▁applications ▁of ▁materials ▁including ▁met als , ▁cer am ics , ▁artificial ▁polym ers , ▁and ▁many ▁others . ▁The ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁de als ▁with ▁rel ating ▁structure ▁of ▁material ▁with ▁it ▁properties . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁fore front ▁of ▁research ▁in ▁science ▁and ▁engineering . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁for ens ic ▁engineering ▁( the ▁investigation ▁of ▁materials , ▁products , ▁structures ▁or ▁components ▁that ▁fail ▁or ▁do ▁not ▁operate ▁or ▁function ▁as ▁intended , ▁causing ▁personal ▁injury ▁or ▁damage ▁to ▁property ) ▁and ▁failure ▁analysis , |
▁the ▁latter ▁being ▁the ▁key ▁to ▁understanding , ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁various ▁av iation ▁acc idents . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁pressing ▁scientific ▁problems ▁that ▁are ▁faced ▁today ▁are ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁limitations ▁of ▁the ▁materials ▁that ▁are ▁available ▁and , ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁break through s ▁in ▁this ▁field ▁are ▁likely ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁significant ▁impact ▁on ▁the ▁future ▁of ▁technology . ▁ ▁The ▁basis ▁of ▁materials ▁science ▁involves ▁studying ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁materials , ▁and ▁rel ating ▁them ▁to ▁their ▁properties . ▁Once ▁a ▁materials ▁scient ist ▁knows ▁about ▁this ▁structure - property ▁correlation , ▁they ▁can ▁then ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁relative ▁performance ▁of ▁a ▁material ▁in ▁a ▁certain ▁application . ▁The ▁major ▁determin ants ▁of ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁a ▁material ▁and ▁thus ▁of ▁its ▁properties ▁are ▁its ▁constitu ent ▁chemical ▁elements ▁and ▁the ▁way ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁processed ▁into ▁its ▁final ▁form . ▁These ▁characteristics , ▁taken ▁together ▁and ▁related ▁through ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁therm od ynam ics ▁and ▁k inet ics , ▁govern ▁a ▁material ' s ▁micro structure , ▁and ▁thus ▁its ▁properties . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Some ▁sch ol ars ▁trace ▁the ▁orig ins ▁of ▁natural ▁science ▁as ▁far ▁back ▁as ▁pre - liter ate ▁human ▁soci eties , ▁where ▁understanding ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁was ▁necessary ▁for ▁surv ival . ▁People ▁observed ▁and ▁built ▁up ▁knowledge ▁about ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁animals ▁and ▁the ▁useful ness ▁of ▁plants ▁as ▁food ▁and ▁medicine , ▁which ▁was ▁passed ▁down ▁from ▁generation ▁to |
▁generation . ▁These ▁primitive ▁understand ings ▁gave ▁way ▁to ▁more ▁formal ized ▁inqu iry ▁around ▁ 3 5 0 0 ▁to ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁BC ▁in ▁the ▁Mes op ot am ian ▁and ▁An cient ▁Egypt ian ▁cult ures , ▁which ▁produced ▁the ▁first ▁known ▁written ▁evidence ▁of ▁natural ▁philosophy , ▁the ▁prec ursor ▁of ▁natural ▁science . ▁While ▁the ▁writ ings ▁show ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁astronom y , ▁mathematics ▁and ▁other ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁physical ▁world , ▁the ▁ult imate ▁aim ▁of ▁inqu iry ▁about ▁nature ' s ▁work ings ▁was ▁in ▁all ▁cases ▁religious ▁or ▁myth ological , ▁not ▁scientific . ▁ ▁A ▁tradition ▁of ▁scientific ▁inqu iry ▁also ▁emer ged ▁in ▁An cient ▁China , ▁where ▁T ao ist ▁al chem ists ▁and ▁philosoph ers ▁experiment ed ▁with ▁el ix irs ▁to ▁extend ▁life ▁and ▁c ure ▁a il ments . ▁They ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁y in ▁and ▁y ang , ▁or ▁contrast ing ▁elements ▁in ▁nature ; ▁the ▁y in ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁femin inity ▁and ▁cold ness , ▁while ▁y ang ▁was ▁associated ▁with ▁mascul inity ▁and ▁warm th . ▁The ▁five ▁phases ▁– ▁fire , ▁earth , ▁metal , ▁wood ▁and ▁water ▁– ▁described ▁a ▁cycle ▁of ▁transformations ▁in ▁nature . ▁Water ▁turned ▁into ▁wood , ▁which ▁turned ▁into ▁fire ▁when ▁it ▁burn ed . ▁The ▁as hes ▁left ▁by ▁fire ▁were ▁earth . ▁Using ▁these ▁principles , ▁Chinese ▁philosoph ers ▁and ▁do ctors ▁expl ored ▁human ▁an atom y , ▁character izing ▁org ans |
▁as ▁pre domin antly ▁y in ▁or ▁y ang ▁and ▁understood ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁pul se , ▁the ▁heart ▁and ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁blood ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁centuries ▁before ▁it ▁became ▁accepted ▁in ▁the ▁West . ▁ ▁Little ▁evidence ▁surv ives ▁of ▁how ▁An cient ▁Indian ▁cult ures ▁around ▁the ▁Ind us ▁River ▁understood ▁nature , ▁but ▁some ▁of ▁their ▁pers pect ives ▁may ▁be ▁reflected ▁in ▁the ▁V ed as , ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁sacred ▁H indu ▁texts . ▁They ▁reve al ▁a ▁conception ▁of ▁the ▁universe ▁as ▁ever - expand ing ▁and ▁constantly ▁being ▁rec yc led ▁and ▁reform ed . ▁Sur ge ons ▁in ▁the ▁Ay ur ved ic ▁tradition ▁saw ▁health ▁and ▁ill ness ▁as ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁three ▁hum ors : ▁wind , ▁b ile ▁and ▁ph leg m . ▁A ▁health y ▁life ▁was ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁balance ▁among ▁these ▁hum ors . ▁In ▁Ay ur ved ic ▁thought , ▁the ▁body ▁consisted ▁of ▁five ▁elements : ▁earth , ▁water , ▁fire , ▁wind ▁and ▁empty ▁space . ▁Ay ur ved ic ▁sur ge ons ▁performed ▁complex ▁sur ger ies ▁and ▁developed ▁a ▁detailed ▁understanding ▁of ▁human ▁an atom y . ▁ ▁Pre - S ocr atic ▁philosoph ers ▁in ▁An cient ▁Greek ▁culture ▁brought ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁a ▁step ▁closer ▁to ▁direct ▁inqu iry ▁about ▁cause ▁and ▁effect ▁in ▁nature ▁between ▁ 6 0 0 ▁and ▁ 4 0 0 ▁BC , ▁although ▁an ▁element ▁of ▁magic ▁and ▁myth ology ▁remained . ▁Natural ▁phen omena |
▁such ▁as ▁earth qu akes ▁and ▁e cli ps es ▁were ▁explained ▁increasing ly ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁nature ▁itself ▁instead ▁of ▁being ▁attributed ▁to ▁angry ▁gods . ▁Th ales ▁of ▁M ile t us , ▁an ▁early ▁phil os opher ▁who ▁lived ▁from ▁ 6 2 5 ▁to ▁ 5 4 6 ▁BC , ▁explained ▁earth qu akes ▁by ▁the or izing ▁that ▁the ▁world ▁flo ated ▁on ▁water ▁and ▁that ▁water ▁was ▁the ▁fundamental ▁element ▁in ▁nature . ▁In ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁century ▁BC , ▁Le u ci pp us ▁was ▁an ▁early ▁exponent ▁of ▁atom ism , ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁the ▁world ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁fundamental ▁ind iv is ible ▁particles . ▁P yth ag or as ▁applied ▁Greek ▁innov ations ▁in ▁mathematics ▁to ▁astronom y , ▁and ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁earth ▁was ▁spher ical . ▁ ▁Arist ot elian ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁( 4 0 0 ▁BC – 1 1 0 0 ▁AD ) ▁ ▁Later ▁S ocr atic ▁and ▁Plat onic ▁thought ▁focused ▁on ▁eth ics , ▁mor als ▁and ▁art ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁attempt ▁an ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁physical ▁world ; ▁Pl ato ▁critic ized ▁pre - S ocr atic ▁think ers ▁as ▁material ists ▁and ▁anti - rel ig ion ists . ▁Arist ot le , ▁however , ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁Pl ato ▁who ▁lived ▁from ▁ 3 8 4 ▁to ▁ 3 2 2 ▁BC , ▁paid ▁closer ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁in ▁his ▁philosophy . ▁In ▁his ▁History ▁of ▁Anim als , |
▁he ▁described ▁the ▁inner ▁work ings ▁of ▁ 1 1 0 ▁species , ▁including ▁the ▁st ing ray , ▁cat fish ▁and ▁be e . ▁He ▁investig ated ▁ch ick ▁emb ry os ▁by ▁breaking ▁open ▁eggs ▁and ▁obser ving ▁them ▁at ▁various ▁stages ▁of ▁development . ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁works ▁were ▁influ ential ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁bi ology ▁for ▁his ▁pione ering ▁work ▁in ▁that ▁science . ▁He ▁also ▁presented ▁philosoph ies ▁about ▁physics , ▁nature ▁and ▁astronom y ▁using ▁induct ive ▁reasoning ▁in ▁his ▁works ▁Physics ▁and ▁Meteor ology . ▁ ▁While ▁Arist ot le ▁considered ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁more ▁seriously ▁than ▁his ▁prede cess ors , ▁he ▁approached ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁theoretical ▁branch ▁of ▁science . ▁Still , ▁inspired ▁by ▁his ▁work , ▁An cient ▁Roman ▁ ▁philosoph ers ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 st ▁century ▁AD , ▁including ▁Lu cre ti us , ▁Sen eca ▁and ▁Pl iny ▁the ▁E lder , ▁wrote ▁treat ises ▁that ▁de alt ▁with ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁in ▁varying ▁degrees ▁of ▁depth . ▁Many ▁An cient ▁Roman ▁Ne op lat on ists ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁centuries ▁also ▁adapted ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁teach ings ▁on ▁the ▁physical ▁world ▁to ▁a ▁philosophy ▁that ▁emphas ized ▁spiritual ism . ▁Early ▁medieval ▁philosoph ers ▁including ▁Mac rob ius , ▁Cal cid ius ▁and ▁Mart ian us ▁Cap ella ▁also ▁exam ined |
▁the ▁physical ▁world , ▁largely ▁from ▁a ▁cosm ological ▁and ▁cosm ographical ▁perspective , ▁putting ▁forth ▁theories ▁on ▁the ▁arrangement ▁of ▁cel est ial ▁bodies ▁and ▁the ▁heav ens , ▁which ▁were ▁pos ited ▁as ▁being ▁composed ▁of ▁a ether . ▁ ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁works ▁on ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁translated ▁and ▁studied ▁amid ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁By z antine ▁Empire ▁and ▁Abb as id ▁C ali ph ate . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁By z antine ▁Empire ▁John ▁Phil op on us , ▁an ▁Alexand rian ▁Arist ot elian ▁comment ator ▁and ▁Christian ▁the olog ian , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁who ▁question ed ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁teaching ▁of ▁physics . ▁Un like ▁Arist ot le ▁who ▁based ▁his ▁physics ▁on ▁ver bal ▁argument , ▁Phil op on us ▁instead ▁re lied ▁on ▁observation , ▁and ▁argued ▁for ▁observation ▁rather ▁than ▁resort ing ▁into ▁ver bal ▁argument . ▁He ▁introduced ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁imp et us . ▁John ▁Phil op on us ' ▁criticism ▁of ▁Arist ot elian ▁principles ▁of ▁physics ▁served ▁as ▁insp iration ▁for ▁Gal ile o ▁Gal ile i ▁during ▁the ▁Scient ific ▁Revolution . ▁ ▁A ▁rev ival ▁in ▁mathematics ▁and ▁science ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁C ali ph ate ▁from ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁on ward , ▁when ▁Muslim ▁sch ol ars ▁expanded ▁upon ▁Greek ▁and ▁Indian ▁natural ▁philosophy . ▁The ▁words ▁alco hol , ▁algebra ▁and ▁z en ith ▁all ▁have ▁Arab ic ▁roots |
. ▁ ▁Med ieval ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁( 1 1 0 0 – 1 6 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁works ▁and ▁other ▁Greek ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁did ▁not ▁reach ▁the ▁West ▁until ▁about ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century , ▁when ▁works ▁were ▁translated ▁from ▁Greek ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁into ▁Latin . ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁European ▁civil ization ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁brought ▁with ▁it ▁further ▁adv ances ▁in ▁natural ▁philosophy . ▁European ▁invent ions ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁horses ho e , ▁horse ▁col lar ▁and ▁c rop ▁rotation ▁allowed ▁for ▁rapid ▁population ▁growth , ▁eventually ▁giving ▁way ▁to ▁urban ization ▁and ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁schools ▁connected ▁to ▁monaster ies ▁and ▁c athed r als ▁in ▁modern - day ▁France ▁and ▁England . ▁A ided ▁by ▁the ▁schools , ▁an ▁approach ▁to ▁Christian ▁the ology ▁developed ▁that ▁sought ▁to ▁answer ▁questions ▁about ▁nature ▁and ▁other ▁subjects ▁using ▁logic . ▁This ▁approach , ▁however , ▁was ▁seen ▁by ▁some ▁det ract ors ▁as ▁her es y . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century , ▁Western ▁European ▁sch ol ars ▁and ▁philosoph ers ▁came ▁into ▁contact ▁with ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁knowledge ▁of ▁which ▁they ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁ignor ant : ▁a ▁large ▁cor pus ▁of ▁works ▁in ▁Greek ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁that ▁were ▁preserved ▁by ▁Islam ic ▁sch ol ars . ▁Through ▁translation ▁into ▁Latin , ▁Western ▁Europe ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁Arist ot le ▁and ▁his ▁natural ▁philosophy . ▁These ▁works ▁were ▁taught ▁at ▁new ▁univers |
ities ▁in ▁Paris ▁and ▁Oxford ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁although ▁the ▁practice ▁was ▁f rown ed ▁upon ▁by ▁the ▁Catholic ▁church . ▁A ▁ 1 2 1 0 ▁dec ree ▁from ▁the ▁Syn od ▁of ▁Paris ▁ordered ▁that ▁" no ▁lect ures ▁are ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁in ▁Paris ▁either ▁public ly ▁or ▁priv ately ▁using ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁books ▁on ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁or ▁the ▁comment aries , ▁and ▁we ▁forb id ▁all ▁this ▁under ▁pain ▁of ▁ex communic ation ." ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁Spanish ▁phil os opher ▁Domin icus ▁G und iss al inus ▁translated ▁a ▁treat ise ▁by ▁the ▁earlier ▁Pers ian ▁scholar ▁Al - F ar abi ▁called ▁On ▁the ▁Sciences ▁into ▁Latin , ▁calling ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁mechan ics ▁of ▁nature ▁scient ia ▁natural is , ▁or ▁natural ▁science . ▁G und iss al inus ▁also ▁proposed ▁his ▁own ▁classification ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁sciences ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 1 5 0 ▁work ▁On ▁the ▁Division ▁of ▁Philosoph y . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁detailed ▁classification ▁of ▁the ▁sciences ▁based ▁on ▁Greek ▁and ▁Arab ▁philosophy ▁to ▁reach ▁Western ▁Europe . ▁G und iss al inus ▁defined ▁natural ▁science ▁as ▁" the ▁science ▁considering ▁only ▁things ▁un abstract ed ▁and ▁with ▁motion ," ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁mathematics ▁and ▁sciences ▁that ▁rely ▁on ▁mathematics . ▁Following ▁Al - F ar abi , ▁he ▁then ▁separated ▁the ▁sciences ▁into ▁eight ▁parts , ▁including ▁physics , ▁cosm ology , ▁meteor ology , |
▁min er als ▁science ▁and ▁plant ▁and ▁animal ▁science . ▁ ▁Later ▁philosoph ers ▁made ▁their ▁own ▁class ifications ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁sciences . ▁Robert ▁Kil ward by ▁wrote ▁On ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Sciences ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁that ▁class ed ▁medicine ▁as ▁a ▁mechanical ▁science , ▁along ▁with ▁agricult ure , ▁hunting ▁and ▁the ater ▁while ▁defining ▁natural ▁science ▁as ▁the ▁science ▁that ▁de als ▁with ▁bodies ▁in ▁motion . ▁Roger ▁Ba con , ▁an ▁English ▁fri ar ▁and ▁phil os opher , ▁wrote ▁that ▁natural ▁science ▁de alt ▁with ▁" a ▁principle ▁of ▁motion ▁and ▁rest , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁elements ▁of ▁fire , ▁air , ▁earth ▁and ▁water , ▁and ▁in ▁all ▁in animate ▁things ▁made ▁from ▁them ." ▁These ▁sciences ▁also ▁covered ▁plants , ▁animals ▁and ▁cel est ial ▁bodies . ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁a ▁Catholic ▁priest ▁and ▁the olog ian ▁Thomas ▁Aqu inas ▁defined ▁natural ▁science ▁as ▁dealing ▁with ▁" mobile ▁be ings " ▁and ▁ ▁" th ings ▁which ▁depend ▁on ▁a ▁matter ▁not ▁only ▁for ▁their ▁existence ▁but ▁also ▁for ▁their ▁definition ." ▁There ▁was ▁wide ▁agreement ▁among ▁sch ol ars ▁in ▁medieval ▁times ▁that ▁natural ▁science ▁was ▁about ▁bodies ▁in ▁motion , ▁although ▁there ▁was ▁division ▁about ▁the ▁inclusion ▁of ▁fields ▁including ▁medicine , ▁music ▁and ▁perspective . ▁Philosoph ers ▁p onder ed ▁questions ▁including ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁a ▁vac u um , ▁whether ▁motion ▁could ▁produce ▁heat , ▁the ▁colors ▁of |
▁rain b ows , ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁earth , ▁whether ▁element al ▁chemical s ▁exist ▁and ▁where in ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁rain ▁is ▁formed . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁centuries ▁up ▁through ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁natural ▁science ▁was ▁often ▁m ing led ▁with ▁philosoph ies ▁about ▁magic ▁and ▁the ▁occ ult . ▁Natural ▁philosophy ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁forms , ▁from ▁treat ises ▁to ▁en cyc loped ias ▁to ▁comment aries ▁on ▁Arist ot le . ▁The ▁interaction ▁between ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁and ▁Christian ity ▁was ▁complex ▁during ▁this ▁period ; ▁some ▁early ▁the olog ians , ▁including ▁Tat ian ▁and ▁E use b ius , ▁considered ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁an ▁out cro pping ▁of ▁pag an ▁Greek ▁science ▁and ▁were ▁susp icious ▁of ▁it . ▁Although ▁some ▁later ▁Christian ▁philosoph ers , ▁including ▁Aqu inas , ▁came ▁to ▁see ▁natural ▁science ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁interpre ting ▁script ure , ▁this ▁susp icion ▁pers isted ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁and ▁ 1 3 th ▁centuries . ▁The ▁Con dem n ation ▁of ▁ 1 2 7 7 , ▁which ▁forb ade ▁setting ▁philosophy ▁on ▁a ▁level ▁equal ▁with ▁the ology ▁and ▁the ▁debate ▁of ▁religious ▁construct s ▁in ▁a ▁scientific ▁context , ▁showed ▁the ▁pers istence ▁with ▁which ▁Catholic ▁leaders ▁resist ed ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁even ▁from ▁a ▁the ological ▁perspective . ▁Aqu inas ▁and ▁Albert us ▁Magn us , ▁another ▁Catholic ▁the olog ian ▁of ▁the ▁era , ▁sought ▁to ▁distance ▁the ology |
▁from ▁science ▁in ▁their ▁works . ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁see ▁what ▁one ' s ▁interpretation ▁of ▁Arist ot le ▁has ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁the ▁teaching ▁of ▁the ▁faith ," ▁he ▁wrote ▁in ▁ 1 2 7 1 . ▁ ▁Newton ▁and ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution ▁( 1 6 0 0 – 1 8 0 0 ) ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁and ▁ 1 7 th ▁centuries , ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁under w ent ▁an ▁evolution ▁beyond ▁comment ary ▁on ▁Arist ot le ▁as ▁more ▁early ▁Greek ▁philosophy ▁was ▁un cover ed ▁and ▁translated . ▁The ▁in vention ▁of ▁the ▁printing ▁press ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁the ▁in vention ▁of ▁the ▁mic ros cope ▁and ▁teles cope , ▁and ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation ▁fund ament ally ▁alter ed ▁the ▁social ▁context ▁in ▁which ▁scientific ▁inqu iry ▁evol ved ▁in ▁the ▁West . ▁Christopher ▁Columb us ' s ▁discovery ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁world ▁changed ▁per ception s ▁about ▁the ▁physical ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁while ▁observations ▁by ▁Cop ern icus , ▁Ty co ▁Bra he ▁and ▁Gal ile o ▁brought ▁a ▁more ▁accurate ▁picture ▁of ▁the ▁solar ▁system ▁as ▁hel i oc ent ric ▁and ▁proved ▁many ▁of ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁theories ▁about ▁the ▁heaven ly ▁bodies ▁false . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁ 1 7 th - century ▁philosoph ers , ▁including ▁Thomas ▁Hob bes , ▁John ▁Lock e ▁and ▁Francis ▁Ba con ▁made ▁a ▁break ▁from ▁the ▁past ▁by ▁reject ing ▁Arist ot |
le ▁and ▁his ▁medieval ▁follow ers ▁out right , ▁calling ▁their ▁approach ▁to ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁as ▁super f icial . ▁ ▁The ▁titles ▁of ▁Gal ile o ' s ▁work ▁Two ▁New ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Johannes ▁Ke pler ' s ▁New ▁Astronom y ▁unders cor ed ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁of ▁change ▁that ▁took ▁hold ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁as ▁Arist ot le ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁novel ▁methods ▁of ▁inqu iry ▁into ▁the ▁natural ▁world . ▁Ba con ▁was ▁instrument al ▁in ▁popular izing ▁this ▁change ; ▁he ▁argued ▁that ▁people ▁should ▁use ▁the ▁arts ▁and ▁sciences ▁to ▁gain ▁domin ion ▁over ▁nature . ▁To ▁achieve ▁this , ▁he ▁wrote ▁that ▁" human ▁life ▁[ must ] ▁be ▁end owed ▁with ▁new ▁discover ies ▁and ▁powers ." ▁He ▁defined ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁as ▁" the ▁knowledge ▁of ▁C aus es ▁and ▁secret ▁mot ions ▁of ▁things ; ▁and ▁en larg ing ▁the ▁bounds ▁of ▁Human ▁Empire , ▁to ▁the ▁effect ing ▁of ▁all ▁things ▁possible ." ▁Ba con ▁proposed ▁scientific ▁inqu iry ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁fed ▁by ▁the ▁collabor ative ▁research ▁of ▁scient ists , ▁a ▁vision ▁that ▁was ▁un pre ced ented ▁in ▁its ▁scope , ▁amb ition ▁and ▁form ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Natural ▁philosoph ers ▁came ▁to ▁view ▁nature ▁increasing ly ▁as ▁a ▁mechanism ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁taken ▁apart ▁and ▁understood , ▁much ▁like ▁a ▁complex ▁clock . ▁Natural ▁philosoph ers ▁including ▁Isaac ▁Newton , ▁Evangel ista ▁Tor ric elli ▁and ▁Francesco ▁Red i ▁conducted ▁experiments |
▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁water , ▁meas uring ▁atmos pher ic ▁pressure ▁using ▁a ▁bar ometer ▁and ▁dis pro ving ▁sp ont aneous ▁generation . ▁Scient ific ▁soci eties ▁and ▁scientific ▁journ als ▁emer ged ▁and ▁were ▁spread ▁widely ▁through ▁the ▁printing ▁press , ▁touch ing ▁off ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution . ▁Newton ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 7 ▁published ▁his ▁The ▁Mathemat ical ▁Princi ples ▁of ▁Natural ▁Philosoph y , ▁or ▁Princi p ia ▁Mathemat ica , ▁which ▁set ▁the ▁ground work ▁for ▁physical ▁laws ▁that ▁remained ▁current ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Some ▁modern ▁sch ol ars , ▁including ▁Andrew ▁C unning ham , ▁Perry ▁Williams ▁and ▁Flor is ▁C ohen , ▁argue ▁that ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁is ▁not ▁properly ▁called ▁a ▁science , ▁and ▁that ▁genu ine ▁scientific ▁inqu iry ▁began ▁only ▁with ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution . ▁According ▁to ▁C ohen , ▁" the ▁em an cip ation ▁of ▁science ▁from ▁an ▁over arch ing ▁entity ▁called ▁' natural ▁philosophy ' ▁is ▁one ▁defining ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁Scient ific ▁Revolution ." ▁Other ▁histor ians ▁of ▁science , ▁including ▁Edward ▁Grant , ▁cont end ▁that ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution ▁that ▁bl oss omed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th , ▁ 1 8 th ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁centuries ▁occurred ▁when ▁principles ▁learned ▁in ▁the ▁exact ▁sciences ▁of ▁opt ics , ▁mechan ics ▁and ▁astronom y ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁questions ▁raised ▁by ▁natural ▁philosophy . ▁Grant ▁arg ues ▁that ▁Newton ▁attempted ▁to ▁expose ▁the ▁mathematical |
▁basis ▁of ▁nature ▁– ▁the ▁imm utable ▁rules ▁it ▁obey ed ▁– ▁and ▁in ▁doing ▁so ▁joined ▁natural ▁philosophy ▁and ▁mathematics ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁producing ▁an ▁early ▁work ▁of ▁modern ▁physics . ▁ ▁The ▁scientific ▁revolution , ▁which ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁hold ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁represented ▁a ▁sharp ▁break ▁from ▁Arist ot elian ▁modes ▁of ▁inqu iry . ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁principal ▁adv ances ▁was ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁scientific ▁method ▁to ▁investigate ▁nature . ▁Data ▁was ▁collected ▁and ▁repeat able ▁measurements ▁made ▁in ▁experiments . ▁Scient ists ▁then ▁formed ▁hypoth eses ▁to ▁explain ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁these ▁experiments . ▁The ▁hypothesis ▁was ▁then ▁tested ▁using ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁f als ifi ability ▁to ▁prove ▁or ▁dis pro ve ▁its ▁accuracy . ▁The ▁natural ▁sciences ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁natural ▁philosophy , ▁but ▁the ▁ad option ▁of ▁the ▁scientific ▁method ▁took ▁science ▁beyond ▁the ▁real m ▁of ▁philosoph ical ▁conject ure ▁and ▁introduced ▁a ▁more ▁struct ured ▁way ▁of ▁exam ining ▁nature . ▁ ▁Newton , ▁an ▁English ▁math ematic ian , ▁and ▁phys ic ist , ▁was ▁the ▁sem inal ▁figure ▁in ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution . ▁Draw ing ▁on ▁adv ances ▁made ▁in ▁astronom y ▁by ▁Cop ern icus , ▁Bra he , ▁and ▁Ke pler , ▁Newton ▁derived ▁the ▁universal ▁law ▁of ▁grav itation ▁and ▁laws ▁of ▁motion . ▁These ▁laws ▁applied ▁both ▁on ▁earth ▁and ▁in ▁outer ▁space , ▁unit ing ▁two ▁spher es ▁of ▁the ▁physical ▁world ▁previously ▁thought ▁to ▁function ▁independently |
▁of ▁each ▁other , ▁according ▁to ▁separate ▁physical ▁rules . ▁Newton , ▁for ▁example , ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁t ides ▁were ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁gravit ational ▁pull ▁of ▁the ▁moon . ▁Another ▁of ▁Newton ' s ▁adv ances ▁was ▁to ▁make ▁mathematics ▁a ▁powerful ▁explan atory ▁tool ▁for ▁natural ▁phen omena . ▁While ▁natural ▁philosoph ers ▁had ▁long ▁used ▁mathematics ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁measurement ▁and ▁analysis , ▁its ▁principles ▁were ▁not ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁understanding ▁cause ▁and ▁effect ▁in ▁nature ▁until ▁Newton . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁and ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁scient ists ▁including ▁Charles - August in ▁de ▁C oul omb , ▁Aless andro ▁Vol ta , ▁and ▁Michael ▁Far ad ay ▁built ▁upon ▁Newton ian ▁mechan ics ▁by ▁expl oring ▁elect romagnet ism , ▁or ▁the ▁inter play ▁of ▁forces ▁with ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁charges ▁on ▁elect r ically ▁charged ▁particles . ▁Far ad ay ▁proposed ▁that ▁forces ▁in ▁nature ▁operated ▁in ▁" fields " ▁that ▁filled ▁space . ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁fields ▁contrast ed ▁with ▁the ▁Newton ian ▁construct ▁of ▁grav itation ▁as ▁simply ▁" action ▁at ▁a ▁distance ", ▁or ▁the ▁att raction ▁of ▁objects ▁with ▁nothing ▁in ▁the ▁space ▁between ▁them ▁to ▁interven e . ▁James ▁C ler k ▁Max well ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁un ified ▁these ▁discover ies ▁in ▁a ▁coh er ent ▁theory ▁of ▁elect rod ynam ics . ▁Using ▁mathematical ▁equations ▁and ▁experiment ation , ▁Max well ▁discovered ▁that ▁space ▁was |
▁filled ▁with ▁charged ▁particles ▁that ▁could ▁act ▁upon ▁themselves ▁and ▁each ▁other ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁a ▁medium ▁for ▁the ▁transmission ▁of ▁charged ▁waves . ▁ ▁Sign ific ant ▁adv ances ▁in ▁chem istry ▁also ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁scientific ▁revolution . ▁Antoine ▁Lav ois ier , ▁a ▁French ▁chem ist , ▁ref uted ▁the ▁ph log ist on ▁theory , ▁which ▁pos ited ▁that ▁things ▁burn ed ▁by ▁re le asing ▁" ph log ist on " ▁into ▁the ▁air . ▁Joseph ▁Pri est ley ▁had ▁discovered ▁o xygen ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁but ▁Lav ois ier ▁discovered ▁that ▁comb ust ion ▁was ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁ox id ation . ▁He ▁also ▁constructed ▁a ▁table ▁of ▁ 3 3 ▁elements ▁and ▁invent ed ▁modern ▁chemical ▁nom en cl ature . ▁F ormal ▁bi ological ▁science ▁remained ▁in ▁its ▁inf ancy ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁when ▁the ▁focus ▁lay ▁upon ▁the ▁classification ▁and ▁categor ization ▁of ▁natural ▁life . ▁This ▁growth ▁in ▁natural ▁history ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Carl ▁Lin na eus , ▁whose ▁ 1 7 3 5 ▁tax onomy ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁world ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁use . ▁Lin na eus ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 5 0 s ▁introduced ▁scientific ▁names ▁for ▁all ▁his ▁species . ▁▁ 1 9 th - century ▁develop ments ▁( 1 8 0 0 – 1 9 0 0 ) ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁science ▁had ▁come ▁into ▁the ▁pur |
view ▁of ▁profession als ▁and ▁institutions . ▁In ▁so ▁doing , ▁it ▁gradually ▁acquired ▁the ▁more ▁modern ▁name ▁of ▁natural ▁science . ▁The ▁term ▁scient ist ▁was ▁co ined ▁by ▁William ▁Whe well ▁in ▁an ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁review ▁of ▁Mary ▁Som er ville ' s ▁On ▁the ▁Con nex ion ▁of ▁the ▁Sciences . ▁But ▁the ▁word ▁did ▁not ▁enter ▁general ▁use ▁until ▁nearly ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁century . ▁ ▁Modern ▁natural ▁science ▁( 1 9 0 0 – present ) ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁famous ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁text book ▁Th erm od ynam ics ▁and ▁the ▁Free ▁Energy ▁of ▁Chem ical ▁Sub st ances ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁chem ist ▁Gilbert ▁N . ▁Lewis ▁and ▁the ▁American ▁physical ▁chem ist ▁Mer le ▁Rand all , ▁the ▁natural ▁sciences ▁contain ▁three ▁great ▁branches : ▁ ▁As ide ▁from ▁the ▁logical ▁and ▁mathematical ▁sciences , ▁there ▁are ▁three ▁great ▁branches ▁of ▁natural ▁science ▁which ▁stand ▁apart ▁by ▁reason ▁of ▁the ▁variety ▁of ▁far ▁reaching ▁dedu ctions ▁drawn ▁from ▁a ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁primary ▁post ul ates ▁— ▁they ▁are ▁mechan ics , ▁elect rod ynam ics , ▁and ▁therm od ynam ics . ▁ ▁Today , ▁natural ▁sciences ▁are ▁more ▁commonly ▁divided ▁into ▁life ▁sciences , ▁such ▁as ▁bot any ▁and ▁zo ology ; ▁and ▁physical ▁sciences , ▁which ▁include ▁physics , ▁chem istry , ▁astronom y , ▁and ▁Earth ▁sciences . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Emp ir ic ism ▁ ▁Branch es ▁of ▁science ▁ ▁List ▁of |
▁academic ▁discipl ines ▁and ▁sub - dis cipl ines ▁ ▁Natural ▁Sciences ▁( C amb ridge ), ▁for ▁the ▁Tri pos ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁Nature ▁of ▁Science ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Def ining ▁Natural ▁Sciences ▁Led oux , ▁S . ▁F ., ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Def ining ▁Natural ▁Sciences , ▁Be havior ology ▁Today , ▁ 5 ( 1 ), ▁ 3 4 – 3 6 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁History ▁of ▁Rec ent ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁ ▁Natural ▁Sciences ▁Cont ains ▁updated ▁information ▁on ▁research ▁in ▁the ▁Natural ▁Sciences ▁including ▁bi ology , ▁ge ography ▁and ▁the ▁applied ▁life ▁and ▁earth ▁sciences . ▁ ▁Re views ▁of ▁Books ▁About ▁Natural ▁Science ▁This ▁site ▁contains ▁over ▁ 5 0 ▁previously ▁published ▁reviews ▁of ▁books ▁about ▁natural ▁science , ▁plus ▁selected ▁ess ays ▁on ▁tim ely ▁topics ▁in ▁natural ▁science . ▁ ▁Scient ific ▁Grant ▁Awards ▁Database ▁Cont ains ▁details ▁of ▁over ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁scientific ▁research ▁projects ▁conducted ▁over ▁the ▁past ▁ 2 5 ▁years . ▁E ! S cience ▁Up - to - date ▁science ▁news ▁aggreg ator ▁from ▁major ▁sources ▁including ▁univers ities . ▁▁▁ ▁Category : B ranch es ▁of ▁science <0x0A> </s> ▁Eric ▁T ain o ▁( born ▁March ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁in ▁Jersey ▁City , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁United ▁States ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁ATP ▁Tour ▁American ▁tennis ▁player ▁who ▁later ▁represented ▁the ▁Philippines ▁in ▁international |
▁competition . ▁Before ▁turning ▁pro , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁# 1 ▁player ▁and ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁# 2 ▁nation ally ▁ranked ▁U CLA ▁tennis ▁team ▁and ▁achieved ▁All - American ▁hon ors . ▁His ▁team m ates ▁included ▁fellow ▁pros ▁Justin ▁G im el st ob ▁and ▁Kevin ▁Kim . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁junior ▁player , ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁US ▁Open ▁– ▁Boys ' ▁Dou bles ▁with ▁Jimmy ▁Jackson ▁by ▁defe ating ▁the ▁Chile ans ▁future ▁World ▁no . ▁ 1 ▁singles ▁player ▁Marcel o ▁R íos ▁and ▁ ▁Gabriel ▁Sil ber stein . ▁He ▁started ▁a ▁professional ▁career ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁achieved ▁the ▁highest ▁ranking ▁of ▁World ▁No . ▁ 1 2 2 ▁as ▁a ▁singles ▁player ▁on ▁the ▁ATP ▁Tour ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁ranked ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁ 5 2 nd ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁as ▁a ▁doubles ▁player . ▁He ▁won ▁a ▁doubles ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Singapore ▁Open ▁with ▁Bel arus ian ▁partner ▁and ▁future ▁World ▁no . ▁ 1 ▁doubles ▁player ▁Max ▁Mir ny i ▁be ating ▁The ▁Wood ies ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁T ain o ▁won ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁doubles ▁tournament ▁at ▁the ▁Asian ▁Games ▁held ▁in ▁D oh a , ▁Q atar ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁fellow ▁Filip ino - American ▁partner ▁Cec il ▁M ami |
it , ▁losing ▁to ▁Indian ▁pair ▁and ▁top ▁doubles ▁players ▁Mah esh ▁Bh up ath i ▁and ▁Le ander ▁Pa es . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Davis ▁Cup ▁team ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Since ▁his ▁ret irement , ▁T ain o ▁returned ▁to ▁U CLA ▁to ▁finish ▁his ▁degree ▁and ▁remains ▁active ▁in ▁tennis , ▁co aching ▁and ▁playing ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁where ▁he ▁res ides ▁with ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁Tit les ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : American ▁sports people ▁of ▁Filip ino ▁descent ▁Category : Fil ip ino ▁male ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : Fil ip ino ▁people ▁of ▁American ▁descent ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Jersey ▁City , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : T ennis ▁people ▁from ▁California ▁Category : T ennis ▁people ▁from ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : U CLA ▁Bru ins ▁men ' s ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁tennis ▁Category : US ▁Open ▁( ten nis ) ▁junior ▁champions ▁Category : T ennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian |
▁Games ▁silver ▁medal ists ▁for ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁tennis ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Gr and ▁S lam ▁( ten nis ) ▁champions ▁in ▁boys ' ▁doubles <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Atlanta ▁Internet ▁Exchange ▁( At l anta IX ) ▁is ▁an ▁Internet ▁Exchange ▁Point ▁situated ▁in ▁Atlanta , ▁Georgia , ▁USA . ▁Atlanta IX ▁is ▁a ▁fast - g row ing , ▁neutral ▁and ▁independent ▁pe ering ▁point . ▁The ▁beg inn ings ▁of ▁the ▁Atlanta IX ▁can ▁be ▁trac ed ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁The ▁current ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Atlanta IX ▁was ▁re - est ab lished ▁on ▁September ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁by ▁Michael ▁L uck ing , ▁Great Access . com , ▁W V ▁F iber ▁( now ▁Host . net ) ▁and ▁ 5 6 ▁Mar iet ta ▁Street ▁Part ners . ▁Atlanta IX ▁was ▁originally ▁created ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁exchange ▁point ▁spons ored ▁by ▁the ▁don ations ▁of ▁the ▁found ers . ▁Today ▁Atlanta IX ▁continues ▁to ▁run ▁without ▁any ▁re - occ urr ing ▁charges ▁to ▁the ▁participants . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁one ▁time ▁port ▁fe es ▁were ▁instit uted ▁to ▁aid |
▁in ▁pay ing ▁for ▁a ▁recently ▁upgrad ed ▁switch ▁infrastr ucture . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Michael ▁L uck ing ▁purchased ▁a ▁new ▁Found ry ▁Network s ▁Jet core ▁ 1 5 0 0 0 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁support ▁ 1 0 ▁G ig ab it ▁E ther net ▁connections . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁switch ▁fabric ▁was ▁migr ated ▁to ▁a ▁C is co ▁ 6 5 0 9 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁support ▁line ▁rate ▁ 1 0 ▁gig ab it ▁E ther net . ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁Atlanta IX ▁began ▁supporting ▁IP v 6 . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 6 4 ▁registered ▁( 4 0 ▁active ) ▁participants ▁of ▁the ▁Atlanta IX , ▁advert ising ▁over ▁ 2 1 , 0 0 0 ▁unique ▁IP v 4 ▁B GP ▁routes . ▁ ▁Technology ▁ ▁The ▁Atlanta IX ▁oper ates ▁a ▁single ▁C is co ▁ 6 5 0 9 ▁switch . ▁Part icip ants ▁can ▁connect ▁via ▁ 1 0 0 base TX , ▁ 1 0 0 0 base S X , ▁ 1 0 0 0 base L X , ▁or ▁ 1 0 0 0 0 base LR ▁connections . ▁Atlanta IX ▁also ▁offers ▁aggreg ated ▁links , ▁which ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁provide ▁spe eds ▁beyond ▁ 1 ▁G bit / s . ▁The ▁bund ling ▁of ▁two ▁ 1 ▁G |
bit / s ▁eth ern et ▁connections ▁can ▁provide ▁spe eds ▁of ▁ 2 ▁G bit / s , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁While ▁these ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁use , ▁some ▁participants ▁are ▁now ▁upgrad ing ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁G ig ab it ▁E ther net . ▁ ▁Location ▁▁ 5 6 ▁Mar iet ta ▁St ▁N W ▁ 2 nd ▁F loor , ▁C age ▁M 3 3 ▁Atlanta , ▁G A ▁ 3 0 3 0 3 ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁Atlanta ▁Internet ▁Exchange ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁by ▁Bay ▁Network s , ▁E po ch ▁Network s , ▁S iem ens ▁Business ▁Services , ▁and ▁Grid Net . ▁Then ▁known ▁as ▁A IX , ▁the ▁pe ering ▁point ▁provided ▁ 1 0 Base T , ▁T 1 ▁and ▁D S 3 ▁connect ivity . ▁The ▁A IX ▁was ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁P OP ▁of ▁E po ch ▁Network s . ▁A IX ▁never ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁Internet ▁Exchange ▁Point , ▁in ▁part ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁high ▁re - occ urr ing ▁costs ▁of ▁connecting ▁to ▁the ▁switch . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Michael ▁L uck ing , ▁then ▁an ▁employee ▁of ▁E po ch ▁Network s , ▁now ▁in car cer ated ▁for ▁murder , ▁de comm ission ed ▁the ▁equipment . ▁In ▁mid - 2 0 0 3 , ▁while ▁meeting ▁with ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁other ▁pe ering ▁coordin ators ▁in ▁the ▁Atlanta ▁Area , ▁Michael ▁decided |
▁to ▁res ur rect ▁the ▁exchange . ▁By ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Michael ▁had ▁worked ▁a ▁deal ▁with ▁ 5 6 ▁Mar iet ta ▁Street ▁Part ners ▁to ▁provide ▁space ▁and ▁power , ▁W V ▁F iber ▁( Now ▁Host . net ) ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁first ▁switch ▁and ▁cab ling , ▁and ▁Great Access . com ▁to ▁provide ▁domain ▁hosting , ▁and ▁any ▁costs ▁for ▁domain ▁names ▁and ▁IP ▁address ▁registration ▁fe es . ▁The ▁new ▁Atlanta IX ▁operated ▁at ▁no ▁exp ense ▁to ▁participants . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Michael ▁provided ▁a ▁second ▁switch ▁capable ▁of ▁supporting ▁ 1 0 ▁G ig ab it ▁E ther net ▁connections . ▁The ▁Atlanta IX ▁then ▁began ▁charg ing ▁a ▁one ▁time ▁port ▁fee ▁to ▁aid ▁in ▁pay ing ▁back ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁the ▁recently ▁upgrad ed ▁switch ▁infrastr ucture . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Internet ▁Exchange ▁Point s ▁by ▁size ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Current ▁Part icip ants ▁ ▁Us age ▁Information ▁ ▁Category : Internet ▁exchange ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁G ulf ▁and ▁Mississippi ▁Rail road ▁ ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁regional ▁rail road ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁upon ▁its ▁creation ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁With ▁over ▁ ▁of ▁track ▁in ▁the ▁states ▁of ▁Mississippi , ▁Tennessee , ▁and ▁Alabama ▁it ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁largest ▁spin - off ▁rail ro ads ▁in ▁the ▁post - St ag gers ▁Act ▁era . ▁Mid |
S outh ▁Rail ▁acquired ▁the ▁entire ▁G & M ▁rail road ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁operating ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁entity , ▁South R ail . ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Southern ▁purchased ▁Mid S outh ▁Rail ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁G & M ▁lines ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁service ▁under ▁K CS . ▁ ▁History ▁Near ly ▁all ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁G ulf ▁& ▁Mississippi ▁were ▁previously ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁G ulf , ▁Mobile , ▁& ▁Ohio ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁that ▁rail road ▁by ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Central . ▁The ▁G M & O ▁previously ▁maintained ▁two ▁parallel ▁routes ▁through ▁eastern ▁Mississippi , ▁and ▁the ▁eastern most ▁route ▁from ▁Cor inth , ▁Mississippi , ▁to ▁Mobile , ▁Alabama , ▁, ▁formed ▁the ▁back bone ▁of ▁the ▁G & M ▁system . ▁This ▁route , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Ar tes ia , ▁Mississippi ▁through ▁T us cal o osa ▁to ▁Hol t , ▁Alabama ▁line ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Mobile ▁& ▁Ohio ▁prior ▁to ▁mer ger ▁with ▁the ▁G M & N ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁Cor inth – Mobile ▁route , ▁the ▁G & M ▁owned ▁a ▁route ▁from ▁Middle ton , ▁Tennessee , ▁to ▁Wood land , ▁Mississippi , ▁including ▁a ▁branch ▁to ▁T up elo , ▁Mississippi , ▁through ▁track age ▁rights ▁with ▁Bur ling ton ▁Northern . ▁This ▁allowed ▁access ▁between ▁the ▁main ▁G & M ▁system ▁and ▁the |
▁dis connected ▁line ▁from ▁Middle ton ▁to ▁Wood land . ▁Initial ly ▁the ▁dis connected ▁branch ▁was ▁reached ▁through ▁Cor inth ▁and ▁Middle ton ▁via ▁track age ▁rights ▁with ▁the ▁Southern . ▁Further ▁lines ▁included ▁Aber de en ▁to ▁La ure l , ▁Mississippi , ▁and ▁Union ▁to ▁Wal nut ▁Gro ve , ▁Mississippi . ▁ ▁Tra cks ▁between ▁A ck erman ▁and ▁La ure l , ▁Middle ton ▁and ▁Wood land , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁branch ▁from ▁Union ▁to ▁Wal nut ▁Gro ve ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁G ulf , ▁Mobile , ▁& ▁Northern ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁The ▁Aber de en ▁to ▁A ck erman ▁route ▁was ▁an ▁Illinois ▁Central ▁line ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁G ulf ▁& ▁Mississippi ▁route ▁without ▁Mobile ▁& ▁Ohio ▁or ▁G ulf , ▁Mobile , ▁& ▁Northern ▁her itage . ▁ ▁The ▁G ulf ▁& ▁Mississippi ▁purchased ▁the ▁lines ▁and ▁began ▁service ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁comm od ities ▁including ▁l umber , ▁wood ▁products , ▁chemical s , ▁and ▁gra in ▁were ▁ha u led ▁over ▁the ▁rail road , ▁generated ▁around ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁annual ▁car loads . ▁However , ▁the ▁rail road ▁was ▁short ▁lived , ▁and ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Mid S outh ▁subs idi ary ▁South R ail . ▁ ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Southern ▁purchased ▁Mid S outh ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
9 4 , ▁and ▁South R ail ▁hold ings ▁were ▁merged ▁into ▁K CS ▁operations ▁along ▁with ▁Mid S outh . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁G ulf ▁& ▁Mississippi ▁network ▁surv ives ▁under ▁K CS , ▁although ▁some ▁segments ▁have ▁been ▁abandoned ▁and ▁others ▁sold ▁to ▁other ▁short line ▁operations ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Mer id ian ▁Southern ▁or ▁Mississippi ▁Tennessee . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁Mississippi ▁rail ro ads ▁Category : Def unct ▁Alabama ▁rail ro ads ▁Category : Def unct ▁Tennessee ▁rail ro ads ▁Category : R ail way ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Category : Sp in - offs ▁of ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Central ▁G ulf ▁Rail road <0x0A> </s> ▁Instituto ▁de ▁Ass ist ência ▁Méd ica ▁ao ▁Ser vid or ▁P úblic o ▁Estad ual ▁( IA MS PE ) ▁( State ▁Government ▁Employee ▁Medical ▁Ass istance ▁Institute ) ▁is ▁an ▁econom ically ▁self - su fficient ▁government al ▁health ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁State ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo ▁that ▁att ends ▁to ▁the ▁health ▁needs ▁of ▁state ▁government ▁employees , ▁their ▁families , ▁and ▁depend ents . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁huge ▁institution , ▁and ▁includes ▁the ▁State ▁Government ▁Employee ▁Hospital ▁( H ospital ▁do ▁Ser vid or ▁P úblic o ▁Estad ual ) ▁" Fran cis co ▁Mor ato ▁de ▁O live ira " ▁( HS PE - F MO ) ▁in ▁the ▁capital , ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in |
▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁as ▁Depart amento ▁de ▁Ass ist ência ▁Méd ica ▁ao ▁Ser vid or ▁P úblic o ▁( DA MS PE ) ▁in ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁it ▁was ▁opened ▁as ▁H S PE - F MO ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁it ▁became ▁I A MS PE . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Brazil ian ▁laws , ▁only ▁government ▁workers ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo ▁State ▁present ing ▁their ▁pays li ps ▁with ▁the ▁month ly ▁contributions ▁have ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁hospital ▁complex es . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : H ospital ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁serv idor ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Brazil <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁Regiment ▁was ▁a ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁Corps ▁regiment ▁in ▁the ▁California ▁National ▁Guard . ▁It ▁served ▁in ▁Al aska ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁was ▁organized ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁as ▁a ▁tra ctor - dra wn ▁coast ▁art illery ▁regiment ▁in ▁the ▁California ▁National ▁Guard . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 5 1 st ▁Coast ▁Art illery ▁Regiment ▁( HD ). ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁converted ▁to ▁three ▁field ▁art illery ▁batt al ions ▁as |
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