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▁of ▁Id aho , ▁a ▁US - based ▁company ▁that ▁generates ▁energy ▁from ▁waste ▁and ▁bi om ass ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁Japan . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁company ▁also ▁made ▁a ▁strateg ically ▁important ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Zürich ▁for ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁construction ▁of ▁Switzerland ' s ▁largest ▁and ▁most ▁modern ▁inc iner ation ▁plant ▁for ▁se w age ▁sl ud ge . ▁The ▁agreement ▁was ▁worth ▁E UR ▁ 5 0 ▁million , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁boost ▁the ▁company ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁win ▁similar ▁tend ers ▁elsewhere . ▁The ▁plant ▁burn s ▁se w age ▁sl ud ge ▁to ▁generate ▁energy ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁electric ity ▁and ▁heat . ▁The ▁process ▁creates ▁ash , ▁from ▁which ▁ph osph orus ▁can ▁be ▁recovered ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁fert il izer . ▁The ▁W erd h öl z l ▁inc iner ation ▁plant ▁handles ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁se w age ▁sl ud ge ▁per ▁year , ▁generating ▁ 8 7 5 k W ▁of ▁electric ity ▁and ▁ 4 , 4 5 0 k W ▁of ▁heat . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁company ' s ▁net ▁profit ▁increased ▁from ▁E UR ▁ 4 5 ▁million ▁to ▁E UR ▁ 1 1 5 ▁million . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁ranked ▁ 3 4 ▁on ▁the ▁Tal
ousel äm ä ▁magazine ' s ▁list ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁Finland ' s ▁rich est ▁companies , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁considered ▁an ▁out standing ▁Finn ish ▁success ▁story . ▁The ▁main ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁success ▁was ▁its ▁invest ment ▁in ▁emer ging ▁mark ets : ▁two ▁third s ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁net ▁sales ▁were ▁generated ▁in ▁Asia , ▁Latin ▁America , ▁Africa , ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Europe . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁Australian ▁software ▁technology ▁company ▁Sc analy se , ▁and ▁launched ▁an ▁Employee ▁Share ▁Sav ings ▁Plan . ▁Every ▁month , ▁employees ▁were ▁given ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁sp ending ▁ 2 – 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁their ▁gross ▁sal ary ▁on ▁bu ying ▁the ▁company ' s ▁shares . ▁Emp loy ees ▁who ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁share ▁purchase ▁plan ▁are ▁entitled ▁to ▁sub scribe ▁to ▁one ▁extra ▁share ▁at ▁the ▁company ' s ▁exp ense ▁for ▁every ▁two ▁shares ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁held ▁for ▁three ▁years . ▁The ▁aim ▁of ▁the ▁plan ▁is ▁to ▁allow ▁every ▁member ▁of ▁personnel ▁to ▁benefit ▁from ▁the ▁company ' s ▁success . ▁Appro xim ately ▁one ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁employees ▁in ▁ 2 2 ▁different ▁countries ▁signed ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁plan , ▁and ▁it ▁received ▁an ▁award ▁from ▁the ▁Global ▁Equ ity ▁Organ ization . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁concluded ▁cod et erm ination ▁negoti ations , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁personnel
▁decre asing ▁by ▁ 1 0 1 . ▁Appro xim ately ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁reduction ▁took ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁redund an cies ▁at ▁the ▁sites ▁in ▁Esp oo , ▁P ori , ▁L app een r anta , ▁and ▁Tur ku ▁in ▁Finland , ▁while ▁the ▁remainder ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁ret ire ments ▁and ▁the ▁exp iry ▁of ▁fixed - term ▁employ ment ▁contract s . ▁The ▁cod et erm ination ▁negoti ations ▁took ▁place ▁against ▁a ▁background ▁of ▁slower ▁invest ment ▁in ▁the ▁min ing ▁industry ▁and ▁cost - cut ting . ▁ ▁In ▁spring ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁Republic ▁Altern ative ▁Techn ologies ▁Inc , ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁US - based ▁company ▁that ▁designed ▁and ▁manufact ured ▁stack ed ▁tit an ium ▁an odes ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁metal ▁production . ▁The ▁company ▁employed ▁ 1 8 ▁personnel ▁and ▁it ▁recorded ▁net ▁sales ▁of ▁approximately ▁E UR ▁ 9 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁In ▁the ▁summer , ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁the ▁business ▁operations ▁and ▁intellectual ▁property ▁of ▁Kal oge o ▁An lagen bau , ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁company ▁that ▁was ▁in ▁liquid ation , ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁expand ing ▁the ▁business ▁and ▁increasing ▁its ▁annual ▁net ▁sales ▁to ▁E UR ▁ 1 5 – 2 0 ▁million ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁on wards . ▁Kal oge o ▁made ▁products ▁related ▁to ▁tre ating ▁bi om ass , ▁sl ud ge , ▁and ▁waste water . ▁It ▁also ▁designed
, ▁constructed , ▁and ▁operated ▁several ▁sl ud ge ▁inc iner ation ▁plants ▁based ▁on ▁fluid ized ▁bed ▁technology . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Out ot ec ▁completed ▁four ▁ac quis itions : ▁K em pe ▁Engineering , ▁Bi omin , ▁K ov it ▁Engineering , ▁and ▁S inter ▁Plant ▁Services . ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁K em pe ▁Engineering ' s ▁al umin um ▁techn ologies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁its ▁service ▁and ▁spare ▁parts ▁business es ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁and ▁Africa . ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁shares ▁in ▁Bi omin ▁South ▁Africa ▁and ▁took ▁a ▁st ake ▁in ▁Bi omin ▁Techn ologies , ▁based ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Out ot ec ▁took ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁intellectual ▁property ▁and ▁market ing ▁rights ▁to ▁the ▁B IO X ▁bio - ox id ation ▁technology . ▁B IO X ▁is ▁a ▁bi ological ▁method ▁for ▁dissol ving ▁ref ract ory ▁gold ▁or es . ▁Canadian ▁company ▁K ov it ▁Engineering ▁Limited ▁special ized ▁in ▁solutions ▁for ▁tre ating ▁the ▁tail ings ▁from ▁ore ▁en rich ment . ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁S inter ▁Plant ▁Services ▁to ▁complement ▁its ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁ferro chrome ▁produ cers ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁Out ot ec ▁also ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁initi ating ▁a ▁sav ings ▁program ▁worth ▁E UR ▁ 7 0 ▁million ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁we aker ▁market ▁environment ▁in ▁the ▁min ing ▁and ▁metal ▁industry ▁over ▁the ▁preceding ▁years . ▁M ining ▁mark ets
▁began ▁to ▁show ▁signs ▁of ▁recovery ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁ 2 0 1 6 - ▁In ▁summer ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁President ▁and ▁CE O ▁Per tt i ▁Kor h onen ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁and ▁Mark ku ▁Ter äs vas ara ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁replace ▁him ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁his ▁appointment , ▁Ter äs vas ara ▁had ▁served ▁as ▁Director ▁at ▁Atlas ▁Cop co . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Ter äs vas ara ▁commented ▁that ▁the ▁company ▁should ▁not ▁“ sp iral ▁into ▁cost - cut ting ▁and ▁cycles ▁of ▁redund an cies . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁de als ▁to ▁be ▁done : ▁mines ▁and ▁ref iner ies ▁are ▁not ▁closing ▁down , ▁and ▁some ▁customers ▁make ▁small , ▁essential ▁invest ments , ▁even ▁in ▁bad ▁times . ▁And ▁naturally , ▁there ▁is ▁plenty ▁of ▁maintenance .” ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁changes ▁that ▁Ter äs vas ara ▁inst ig ated ▁was ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁Services ▁business ▁into ▁a ▁separate ▁unit . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Met so ▁and ▁Out ot ec ▁are ▁planning ▁to ▁combine ▁Met so ' s ▁Min er als ▁business ▁unit ▁with ▁Out ot ec . ▁The ▁new ▁company ' s ▁headquarters ▁will ▁be ▁in ▁Finland ▁and ▁it ▁will ▁maintain ▁its ▁listing ▁on ▁Nas da q ▁Hels ink i . ▁Before ▁the ▁transaction ▁can ▁be ▁completed
, ▁the ▁appro val ▁is ▁needed ▁by ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁two - third s ▁of ▁votes ▁cast ▁and ▁shares ▁represented ▁at ▁the ▁respective ▁E GM s ▁of ▁Met so ▁and ▁Out ot ec , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁regul atory ▁appro val s . ▁ ▁Custom ers ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 4 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁sales ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁E ME A ▁area , ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁EU , ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Independent ▁States , ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁and ▁Africa . ▁Africa ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁clear ▁growth ▁area ▁for ▁the ▁company , ▁as ▁are ▁India ▁and ▁China , ▁where ▁environmental ▁legisl ation ▁is ▁becoming ▁more ▁string ent . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁str ic ter ▁legisl ation ▁include ▁Zürich , ▁where ▁the ▁city ▁council ▁has ▁purchased ▁a ▁modern ▁se w age ▁sl ud ge ▁inc iner ation ▁plant ▁from ▁Out ot ec , ▁and ▁Turkey , ▁where ▁Out ot ec ▁technology ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁generate ▁energy ▁from ▁chemical ▁wood ▁pul p ▁waste . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁designed ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁factory ▁complex ▁for ▁manufact uring ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁a ▁contract ▁worth ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁US $ 2 4 0 ▁million , ▁with ▁technology ▁account ing ▁for ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁contract ▁value . ▁The ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁factory ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁make ▁fert il izers . ▁The ▁company ' s ▁largest ▁ever ▁deal ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁with ▁a ▁company
▁named ▁Crist al ▁Global : ▁an ▁il men ite ▁sm elter ▁worth ▁E UR ▁ 3 5 0 ▁million ▁was ▁purchased ▁for ▁construction ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁ ▁In ▁spring ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁made ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁Russian ▁Co pper ▁Company ▁on ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁real ization ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁co pper ▁concentr ating ▁plant ▁in ▁Ch ely ab in sk , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁order ▁was ▁worth ▁more ▁than ▁E UR ▁ 5 0 ▁million , ▁and ▁the ▁deal ▁included ▁fl ot ation ▁cells , ▁thick en ers , ▁analyz ers , ▁and ▁autom ation . ▁ ▁In ▁spring ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Out ot ec ▁received ▁an ▁order ▁worth ▁E UR ▁ 5 0 ▁million ▁from ▁Al um ina ▁do ▁Norte ▁do ▁Brasil ▁( known ▁as ▁Al un orte ). ▁Major ity - owned ▁by ▁Norwegian ▁al umin um ▁producer ▁Nor sk ▁H ydro ▁AS A , ▁Al un orte ' s ▁al um ina ▁ref in ery ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁A ▁new ▁fil tr ation ▁plant ▁was ▁ordered ▁for ▁the ▁ref in ery , ▁located ▁in ▁Bar car ena ▁in ▁Northern ▁Brazil , ▁to ▁enable ▁dry ▁storage ▁of ▁ca ust ic ▁resid ue . ▁The ▁plant ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁be ▁started ▁up ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁also ▁g ains ▁customers ▁through ▁ur gent ▁necessity . ▁The ▁air ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁city ▁of ▁T sum eb ▁in ▁Nam
ib ia ▁was ▁difficult ▁to ▁bre at he , ▁due ▁to ▁dec ades ▁of ▁sul fur ▁gas ▁em issions ▁from ▁the ▁co pper ▁sm elter . ▁When ▁the ▁sm elter ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁owner , ▁Canadian ▁min ing ▁company ▁D und ee ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁rein ▁in ▁em issions ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁retain ▁its ▁operating ▁permit . ▁D und ee ▁ordered ▁a ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁plant ▁from ▁Out ot ec ▁at ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁E UR ▁ 1 3 0 ▁million ▁to ▁process ▁the ▁g ases ▁produced ▁during ▁co pper ▁sm el ting . ▁Me asure ments ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁plant ▁has ▁reduced ▁sul fur ▁gas ▁em issions ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁ 8 0 ▁percent . ▁ ▁In ▁spring ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Out ot ec ▁took ▁its ▁largest ▁order ▁for ▁two ▁years . ▁Bah ra ini ▁company ▁Al umin ium ▁Bah rain ▁ordered ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁delivery ▁of ▁an ▁an ode ▁ro dd ing ▁shop ▁facility ▁for ▁its ▁al umin um ▁sm elter ▁expansion . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁ro dd ing ▁shop , ▁the ▁transaction ▁included ▁a ▁solution ▁for ▁recover ing ▁and ▁processing ▁used ▁an odes , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁process ▁equipment ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁company ' s ▁product ▁development . ▁ ▁Part ners ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Out ot ec ▁and ▁K em ira ▁reached ▁an ▁agreement ▁on ▁strateg ic ▁collaboration ▁to ▁util ize ▁the ▁research ▁programs ▁of ▁the ▁Center ▁of ▁Water ▁E ffic iency ▁Ex cell ence ,
▁joint ly ▁established ▁by ▁K em ira ▁and ▁the ▁V TT ▁Techn ical ▁Research ▁Centre ▁of ▁Finland . ▁Out ot ec ▁under to ok ▁this ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁expand ing ▁its ▁offering ▁to ▁new ▁applications ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁industrial ▁waste water ▁treatment . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Out ot ec ▁made ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁Swedish ▁company ▁Sand vik ▁M ining ▁on ▁collaboration ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁min eral ▁comm in ution . ▁The ▁collaboration ▁enables ▁Out ot ec ▁to ▁offer ▁its ▁customers ▁entire ▁ref in ery ▁plants , ▁including ▁cr ushing , ▁gr inding , ▁benef ici ation , ▁testing , ▁design , ▁basic ▁design , ▁and ▁process ▁guarante es . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁and ▁Global ▁O il ▁Sh ale ▁Group ▁reached ▁an ▁agreement ▁on ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁concentration ▁process ▁for ▁ker ogen , ▁due ▁to ▁enter ▁commercial ▁use ▁with ▁initial ▁development ▁at ▁G OS ' ▁oil ▁sh ale ▁depos its ▁located ▁in ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁The ▁project ▁corresponds ▁to ▁ 2 . 1 8 ▁billion ▁bar rel s ▁of ▁oil . ▁The ▁companies ▁will ▁subsequently ▁investigate ▁depos its ▁in ▁North ▁Africa ▁and ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Out ot ec ▁and ▁New c rest ▁M ining ▁formed ▁a ▁technology ▁development ▁partners hip . ▁New c rest ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁world ' s ▁leading ▁produ cers ▁of ▁gold ▁and ▁silver . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0
1 6 , ▁Out ot ec ▁made ▁a ▁collaboration ▁agreement ▁with ▁Th ermo - System ▁GmbH , ▁based ▁in ▁Germany , ▁to ▁market ▁the ▁company ' s ▁low - energy ▁dry ing ▁solutions . ▁ ▁Pat ents ▁and ▁invent ions ▁Out ot ec ▁inv ests ▁approximately ▁five ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁net ▁sales ▁into ▁research ▁and ▁development . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁total ▁invest ment ▁was ▁E UR ▁ 5 5 ▁million . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Out ot ec ▁had ▁ 7 8 6 ▁pat ent ▁families , ▁en comp ass ing ▁ 6 , 7 7 2 ▁national ▁pat ents ▁or ▁pat ent ▁applications . ▁Out ot ec ▁has ▁two ▁research ▁cent ers . ▁The ▁center ▁in ▁Frankfurt ▁research es ▁techn ologies ▁related ▁to ▁ref ining ▁iron ▁ore ▁and ▁al umin um ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁fluid ized ▁bed ▁technology , ▁while ▁the ▁center ▁in ▁P ori ▁research es ▁base ▁met als . ▁The ▁cent ers ▁study ▁materials ▁such ▁as ▁ore ▁samples ▁submitted ▁by ▁customers . ▁On ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁analysis , ▁a ▁process ▁solution ▁can ▁be ▁proposed ▁to ▁enable ▁the ▁ore ▁to ▁be ▁explo ited ▁more ▁efficiently . ▁Sam ples ▁have ▁already ▁been ▁collected ▁from ▁almost ▁every ▁mine ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁company ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁labor atory ▁in ▁L app een r anta ▁foc using ▁on ▁water ▁extra ction . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁invent ed ▁the ▁fluid ized ▁bed ▁technology . ▁It ▁strength ened ▁its ▁expert ise ▁in ▁the
▁area ▁by ▁acqu iring ▁German ▁company ▁L urg i ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s . ▁Out ot ec ▁uses ▁the ▁technology ▁in ▁met all ur gy ▁processes ▁and ▁for ▁renew able ▁and ▁alternative ▁energy . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁set ▁a ▁record ▁for ▁pat ent ▁applications ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁when ▁it ▁applied ▁for ▁ 7 0 ▁new ▁pat ents ▁and ▁was ▁granted ▁ 2 8 6 ▁national ▁pat ents , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁fourth - larg est ▁company ▁in ▁Finland ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁pat ent ▁applications . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁submitted ▁ 6 8 ▁pat ent ▁applications ▁– ▁more ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁company ▁in ▁Finland . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁su ed ▁Out ok ump u ▁over ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁an ▁in vention ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁ferro chrome ▁manufact uring ▁method . ▁An ▁ar bit ral ▁award ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁jud ging ▁that ▁both ▁companies ▁hold ▁joint ▁title ▁over ▁the ▁method . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 1 0 th ▁on ▁the ▁annual ▁Global ▁ 1 0 0 ▁list , ▁which ▁rates ▁the ▁world ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁most ▁responsible ▁companies . ▁Out ot ec ▁was ▁also ▁ranked ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁list ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( rank ▁ 3 ), ▁ 2 0 1 5
, ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁( rank ▁ 3 ), ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁( rank ▁ 5 ). ▁▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Dow ▁Jones ▁S ust ain ability ▁Europe ▁Index ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 4 . ▁Out ot ec ▁was ▁also ▁included ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Esp oo ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Hels ink i ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁Category : Engine ering ▁companies ▁of ▁Finland <0x0A> </s> ▁W aqu ll ani ▁( A ym ara ▁wa qu lla ▁pitch er , ▁jug , ▁- ni ▁a ▁suffix ▁to ▁indicate ▁ownership , ▁" the ▁one ▁with ▁a ▁jug ", ▁His pan ic ized ▁sp elling ▁Hu ac ull ani ) ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁in ▁the ▁And es ▁of ▁Peru , ▁about ▁ ▁high . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁Are quip a ▁Region , ▁Are quip a ▁Province , ▁Y ura ▁District , ▁at ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁the ▁C ay ll oma ▁Province , ▁Yan que ▁District . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Peru ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Are quip a ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company ▁is ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁corpor ation ▁incorpor ated ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁by ▁Mil ton ▁S .
▁H ers he y , ▁Harry ▁Leb k icher ▁and ▁John ▁E . ▁S ny der . ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁majority ▁owner ▁of ▁The ▁H ers he y ▁Company ▁and ▁sole ▁private ▁owner ▁of ▁H ers he y ▁Entertainment ▁and ▁Res ort s ▁Company ▁and ▁administrator ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁student ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School . ▁It ▁man ages ▁the ▁$ 1 3 . 7 5 1 ▁billion ▁US D ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁end ow ment ▁of ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School ▁and ▁School ▁Trust . ▁ ▁History ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Department ▁of ▁State ▁issued ▁a ▁char ter ▁creating ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁when ▁H ers he y ▁founded ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School , ▁H ers he y ▁appointed ▁the ▁Trust ▁as ▁administrator ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁trust . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Robert ▁Re ese ▁( grand son ▁of ▁H . ▁B . ▁Re ese ▁the ▁invent or ▁of ▁Re ese ' s ▁Pe an ut ▁But ter ▁Cu ps ), ▁a ▁former ▁board ▁member ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Trust , ▁file d ▁a ▁law suit ▁against ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company ▁alleg ing ▁that ▁Trust ▁had ▁been ▁impro per ly ▁using ▁the ▁Trust
' s ▁money . ▁One ▁particular ▁issue ▁was ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁the ▁W ren ▁D ale ▁G olf ▁Cour se , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁over pa id ▁for ▁the ▁property , ▁to ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁board ▁members ▁who ▁were ▁both ▁own ers ▁of ▁the ▁W ren ▁D ale ▁G olf ▁Cour se ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁board . ▁Re ese ▁with d rew ▁the ▁law suit ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁due ▁to ▁d eter ior ating ▁health . ▁Re ese ▁suggested ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Att orney ▁General ▁had ▁enough ▁cause ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Kath le en ▁K ane , ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Att orney ▁General , ▁announced ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁a ▁two - year ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁operations ▁of ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁Att orney ▁General ▁and ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company ▁agreed ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁finding ▁of ▁no ▁wrong do ing , ▁but ▁re forms ▁were ▁required ▁of ▁the ▁trust ▁company . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁develop ments ▁In ▁May , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁state ▁att orney ▁general ▁asked ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁remove ▁three ▁members ▁from ▁the ▁ten - person ▁board . ▁The ▁att orney ▁general ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁three ▁had ▁allowed ▁" app ar ent ▁viol ations " ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁agreement . ▁At ▁about
▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁in ▁an ▁un related ▁investigation , ▁John ▁Est ey , ▁former ▁chief ▁of ▁staff ▁to ▁G ov . ▁Ed ▁R end ell ▁and ▁a ▁high - ran king ▁executive ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁charged ▁with ▁wire ▁fra ud , ▁having ▁pocket ed ▁$ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁that ▁an ▁F BI ▁st ing ▁operation ▁had ▁given ▁to ▁him ▁in ▁an ▁investigation ▁into ▁illegal ▁lo bb ying ▁of ▁legisl ators . ▁ ▁Ent ities ▁of ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School ▁Trust ▁ ▁The ▁H ers he y ▁Company ▁H ers he y ▁Entertainment ▁and ▁Res ort s ▁Company ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School ▁ ▁Ent ities ▁of ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁S . ▁H ers he y ▁Foundation ▁ ▁The ▁H ers he y ▁Story ▁museum ▁H ers he y ▁Gard ens ▁H ers he y ▁Theatre ▁H ers he y ▁Community ▁Archives ▁H ers he y ▁C emetery ▁P enn ▁State ▁Mil ton ▁S . ▁H ers he y ▁Medical ▁Center ▁was ▁created ▁through ▁a ▁gift ▁from ▁the ▁MS ▁H ers he y ▁Foundation ▁using ▁funds ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁Mil ton ▁H ers he y ▁School ▁Trust ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁official ▁website ▁of ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Trust ▁Company ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁D au ph in ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁established ▁in
▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Category : H ers he y , ▁Pennsylvania <0x0A> </s> ▁V airo ▁N ang al ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁G urd asp ur ▁district ▁of ▁P un j ab , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁pre domin antly ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁G uru ana ▁Sah ib ▁cl an . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁V airo ▁N ang al ▁is ▁Side ▁of ▁Am rit s ar ( approx .) ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁B atal a ▁te hs il ▁of ▁G urd asp ur ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁India ▁P un j ab . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁J aland har -( Be as )- B atal a ▁road ▁Me ht a ▁ch ow k ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁famous ▁land mark ▁for ▁V airo ▁N ang al ▁while ▁coming ▁from ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁Am rit s ar . ▁Rang ar ▁N ang al ▁( ▁ 1 km ▁), ▁Ad ow ali ▁( ▁ 1 km ▁), ▁P atti ▁Nan ak ▁N ang al ▁( ▁ 1 km ▁), ▁Nas ir ▁Pur ▁( ▁ 3 km ▁), ▁Ch aud h ri wal ▁( ▁ 4 km ▁) ▁are ▁the ▁nearby ▁Vill ages ▁to ▁V airo ▁N ang al . ▁V airo ▁N ang al ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁B atal a ▁Te hs il ▁towards ▁North , ▁Ray ya - 6 ▁Te hs il ▁towards ▁South , ▁Q ad ian ▁Te hs il ▁towards ▁East , ▁D h il wan ▁Te hs
il ▁towards ▁South . ▁ ▁B atal a , ▁Q ad ian , ▁Am rit s ar , ▁Kap ur th ala ▁are ▁the ▁nearby ▁C ities ▁to ▁V airo ▁N ang al . ▁ ▁This ▁Place ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁G urd asp ur ▁District ▁and ▁Am rit s ar ▁District . ▁Am rit s ar ▁District ▁Maj ith a - 3 ▁is ▁west ▁towards ▁this ▁place . ▁ ▁Culture ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁pre domin ated ▁by ▁the ▁J att ▁People . ▁L oh ri ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁festival ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁Agricult ure ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁source ▁of ▁business . ▁ ▁P un j abi ▁is ▁the ▁mother ▁tongue ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁village . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁As ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁region , ▁the ▁primary ▁occupation ▁for ▁the ▁vill agers ▁is ▁agricult ure , ▁but ▁many ▁have ▁gone ▁over se as ▁to ▁find ▁employ ment ▁and ▁elsewhere . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁G urd asp ur ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁J F W ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁J af ar w ala ▁railway ▁station , ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁Jak arta ▁F ashion ▁Week ▁ ▁J ama ica ▁Federation ▁of ▁Women ▁ ▁J A WS ▁for ▁Windows ▁ ▁Junior ▁Forest ▁Ward ens <0x0A> </s> ▁Tre vor ▁Ada ir ▁( born ▁▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁in ▁B elf ast , ▁Northern ▁Ireland ) ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁C lem son ▁Tig
ers ▁men ' s ▁s occer ▁team . ▁He ▁has ▁co ached ▁at ▁the ▁colleg iate ▁level ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁after ▁playing ▁s occer ▁at ▁Lock ▁H aven ▁University . ▁ ▁Player ▁Michael ▁Parker , ▁men ' s ▁s occer ▁head ▁coach ▁at ▁Lock ▁H aven ▁University , ▁rec ru ited ▁Ada ir ▁who ▁played ▁four ▁seasons , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁with ▁the ▁E ag les . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁Lock ▁H aven ▁won ▁the ▁Division ▁III ▁NCAA ▁Men ' s ▁Soccer ▁Championship . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁having ▁moved ▁up ▁a ▁division , ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁Division ▁II ▁title . ▁That ▁year , ▁Ada ir ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁a ▁first ▁team ▁All ▁American ▁after ▁leading ▁Lock ▁H aven ▁in ▁scoring ▁with ▁six teen ▁goals . ▁Ada ir ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁with ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁econom ics . ▁ ▁Co ach ▁Following ▁his ▁gradu ation ▁from ▁Lock ▁H aven , ▁Ada ir ▁chose ▁not ▁to ▁purs ue ▁a ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁player , ▁but ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁co aching ▁ranks . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁assistant ▁coach ▁for ▁nine ▁seasons . ▁Ada ir ▁moved ▁to ▁Brown ▁University , ▁becoming ▁the ▁men ' s ▁s occer ▁head ▁coach ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁In ▁his ▁four ▁seasons ▁at ▁Brown , ▁he ▁compiled ▁a ▁
3 4 – 2 4 – 5 ▁record . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁Ada ir ▁spent ▁time ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁coach ▁with ▁the ▁U . S . ▁U - 1 8 ▁national ▁team . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁C lem son ▁h ired ▁Ada ir ▁as ▁head ▁coach ▁to ▁the ▁men ' s ▁s occer ▁team . ▁Through ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Ada ir ▁has ▁a ▁ 1 6 0 – 7 1 – 2 3 ▁record , ▁having ▁been ▁named ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁A CC ▁Co ach ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁taking ▁the ▁Tig ers ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Final ▁Four . ▁At ▁some ▁point ▁during ▁his ▁career , ▁Ada ir ▁has ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁U - 2 0 ▁men ' s ▁national ▁s occer ▁team . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁C lem son ▁placed ▁Ada ir ▁on ▁a ▁leave ▁of ▁absence ▁after ▁he ▁reported ly ▁assault ed ▁his ▁two ▁daughters ▁during ▁a ▁domestic ▁dispute . ▁Ada ir ▁res igned ▁as ▁coach ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁C lem son ▁Tig ers ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ers ▁from ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Category : Lock ▁H aven ▁University
▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁al umn i ▁Category : B rown ▁B ears ▁men ' s ▁s occer ▁coach es ▁Category : C lem son ▁Tig ers ▁men ' s ▁s occer ▁coach es ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁s occer ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Foot ball ▁man agers ▁from ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁association ▁football ers ▁from ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Category : B rit ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁B elf ast ▁Category : S outh ▁Carolina ▁Game co cks ▁men ' s ▁s occer ▁coach es ▁Category : U l ster ▁Sc ots ▁people ▁Category : All - American ▁men ' s ▁college ▁s occer ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ers ▁not ▁categor ized ▁by ▁position <0x0A> </s> ▁Bal as ore ▁( Sl . ▁No .: ▁ 3 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Vid han ▁Sab ha ▁constitu ency ▁of ▁Bal as ore ▁district , ▁Od ish a . ▁ ▁Area ▁of ▁this ▁constitu ency ▁include ▁Bal as ore ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁GP s ▁( K as ip ada , ▁Ras ulp ur , ▁S rir amp ur , ▁Kas af al , ▁Sar tha , ▁Bah ab al pur , ▁Ch han ua , ▁Hal ad ip ada , ▁O land as ar agan , ▁Od ang i , ▁Nag aram , ▁Bu an l , ▁S ind h ia , ▁G op in ath pur , ▁Par ik hi , ▁Pat rap ada ,
▁Kur adi ha ▁and ▁S rik ona ) ▁of ▁Bal as ore ▁block . ▁ ▁Elect ed ▁M embers ▁▁ 1 6 ▁elections ▁held ▁during ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Elect ed ▁members ▁from ▁the ▁Bal as ore ▁constitu ency ▁are : ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁: ▁( 3 8 ) ▁▁ ▁: ▁Mad an ▁m oh an ▁D ut ta ( B J P ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁( 3 8 ): ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁D ash ▁( B J D ) ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁( 3 8 ): ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁D ash ▁( B J D ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Ar un ▁De y ▁( O GP ) ▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁D ash ▁( B J P ) ▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Ar un ▁De y ▁( Ind ep endent ) ▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Ar un ▁De y ▁( C PI ) ▁ 1 9 8 5 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁G op an ar ay an ▁Das ▁( C ong ress ) ▁ 1 9 8 0 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Ar un ▁De y ▁( C PI ) ▁ 1 9 7 7 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁K art ik ▁Ch and
ar ▁Rout ▁( Jan ata ▁Party ) ▁ 1 9 7 4 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Ar un ▁De y ▁( C PI ) ▁ 1 9 7 1 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Pri yan ath ▁N andy ▁( C ong ress ) ▁ 1 9 6 7 : ▁( 1 4 ): ▁Rab ind ra ▁Moh an ▁Das ▁( P SP ) ▁ 1 9 6 1 : ▁( 1 2 7 ): ▁Bij ay ▁Kr ish na ▁De y ▁( C ong ress ) ▁ 1 9 5 7 : ▁( 9 0 ): ▁Rab ind ra ▁Moh an ▁Das ▁( P SP ) ▁ 1 9 5 1 : ▁( 5 5 ): ▁Sur endra ▁N ath ▁D ash ▁( C ong ress ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁E lection ▁Result ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁election , ▁B har ati ya ▁Jan ata ▁Party ▁candidate ▁Mad an ▁Moh an ▁D ut ta ▁defeated ▁B J D ▁candidate ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁Das ▁by ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ 1 3 , 4 0 6 ▁votes . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁E lection ▁Result ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁election , ▁Bij u ▁Jan ata ▁Dal ▁candidate ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁Das ▁defeated ▁B J P ▁candidate ▁Mad an ▁Moh an ▁D ut ta ▁by ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ 9 , 7 9 1 ▁votes . ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁E lection ▁Result ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁election
, ▁Bij u ▁Jan ata ▁Dal ▁candidate ▁J ib an ▁Pr ad ip ▁D ash ▁defeated ▁Independent ▁ ▁candidate ▁An up ▁K umar ▁Das ▁by ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ 1 3 , 4 9 0 ▁votes . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Assembly ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁Od ish a ▁Category : Bal as ore ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Bruno ▁T sh ib ala ▁N zen ze ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Cong ol ese ▁politician ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Education ▁He ▁finished ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁education ▁in ▁Lub umb ashi ▁and ▁studied ▁law ▁at ▁the ▁Mar ien ▁Ng ou abi ▁University ▁in ▁Bra zz av ille . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁He ▁began ▁his ▁political ▁career ▁while ▁still ▁a ▁student ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁when ▁he ▁joined ▁a ▁left ist ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁Z aire ▁during ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁M ob ut u ▁S ese ▁Se ko . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁he , ▁along ▁with ▁ 1 3 ▁parliament ari ans ▁wrote ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁ask ▁President ▁M ob ut u ▁for ▁dem ocr atic ▁re forms ▁while ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁still ▁under ▁the ▁one - party ▁system . ▁ ▁On ▁ 7 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁then - Pres ident ▁Joseph ▁Kab ila ▁appointed
▁him ▁as ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁during ▁a ▁nation wide ▁tele vised ▁address . ▁He ▁took ▁office ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁T sh ib ala ▁made ▁a ▁bid ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁D RC ▁Senator , ▁but ▁lost ▁the ▁Senate ▁election ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁March . ▁ ▁Ar rest ▁On ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁at ▁N ' dj ili ▁International ▁Airport ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁about ▁to ▁board ▁a ▁plane ▁to ▁Br uss els ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁. ▁The ▁country ' s ▁Att orney ▁General ▁accused ▁him ▁of ▁organ izing ▁demonstr ations ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁Kin sh asa . ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁granted ▁a ▁prov is ional ▁release ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mar ien ▁Ng ou abi ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Kas ai - Ori ental ▁Category : Pr ime ▁Minister s ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo ▁Category : Union ▁for ▁Dem ocracy ▁and ▁Social ▁Progress ▁( D em ocr atic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo ) ▁polit icians ▁Category : Head s ▁of ▁reg imes ▁who ▁were ▁later ▁imprison ed <0x0A> </s> ▁Nether th or pe ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁various ▁locations ▁in ▁England : ▁ ▁Nether th
or pe , ▁She ff ield , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁She ff ield ▁Nether th or pe ▁Air field , ▁near ▁Works op ▁Nether th or pe ▁in ▁Derby shire <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁lists ▁events ▁that ▁happened ▁during ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁ ▁State ▁President : ▁Jim ▁F ouch é . ▁ ▁Prime ▁Minister : ▁John ▁Vor ster . ▁ ▁Chief ▁Justice : ▁Lucas ▁Corn el ius ▁Ste yn . ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁May ▁▁ 2 1 ▁– ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁John ▁Vor ster ▁and ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Rh odes ia ▁Ian ▁Smith ▁hold ▁private ▁tal ks . ▁ ▁June ▁▁ 1 2 ▁– ▁Mang os uth u ▁But he le zi ▁is ▁elected ▁first ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁black ▁hom eland ▁of ▁K wa Z ulu . ▁ ▁December ▁▁ 7 ▁– ▁The ▁U . N . ▁General ▁Assembly ▁supports ▁the ▁isol ation ▁of ▁South ▁Africa ▁for ▁its ▁apart heid ▁policies . ▁ ▁B irth s ▁▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁– ▁Steve ▁Pal fr aman , ▁cr ick eter ▁▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁– ▁Con nie ▁Fer g us on , ▁B ots w ana - born ▁South ▁African ▁actress ▁▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁– ▁Ath ol ▁Williams ▁( AE ▁Bal lak isten ), ▁poet ▁and ▁social ▁phil os opher ▁▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁– ▁Ph as w ane ▁M pe , ▁poet ▁and ▁novel ist ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁Rail ways
▁ ▁Lo comot ives ▁ ▁The ▁South ▁African ▁Rail ways ▁places ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁eight y ▁Class ▁ 6 E ▁main line ▁electric ▁locomot ives ▁in ▁service . ▁Two ▁are ▁also ▁built ▁for ▁Is cor ▁for ▁use ▁at ▁the ▁S ish en ▁iron ▁ore ▁mine . ▁ ▁Sports ▁ ▁Rugby ▁▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁– ▁The ▁South ▁African ▁Spring b oks ▁draw ▁ 8 – 8 ▁with ▁Ireland ▁at ▁L ans d ow ne ▁Road , ▁Dublin , ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : Year s ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁Category : History ▁of ▁South ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁Gu ido ▁Lor raine ▁( 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish - born ▁actor , ▁music ian ▁and ▁singer , ▁known ▁primarily ▁for ▁his ▁roles ▁in ▁war ▁films . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁sometimes ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁stage ▁name ▁Guy ▁Bor uck i . ▁Lor raine ▁appeared ▁in ▁twenty - e ight ▁films ▁during ▁his ▁career , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁theatre ▁produ ctions . ▁ ▁Lor raine ▁was ▁born ▁G wid on ▁Alfred ▁Gott lie b ▁in ▁present - day ▁Krak ów , ▁Poland ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 . ▁He ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Trade ▁in ▁L w ów ▁( L viv ), ▁where ▁he ▁sang ▁in ▁restaur ants ▁to ▁ear n ▁money . ▁He ▁learned ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁accord ion ▁and ▁piano ▁as ▁a ▁child . ▁ ▁Lor raine ▁founded ▁a ▁military ▁theatre
▁group ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁He ▁is ▁cred ited ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁singer ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁song , ▁" Red ▁Po ppy ▁Flow ers ▁of ▁Monte ▁Cass ino ", ▁in ▁public . ▁ ▁He ▁adopted ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁Guy ▁Bor uck i ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁London . ▁He ▁appeared ▁on ▁BBC ▁radio , ▁television ▁and ▁film . ▁His ▁film ▁cred its ▁during ▁the ▁era ▁included ▁Hotel ▁Sah ara ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ' s ▁The ▁Cold itz ▁Story ▁and ▁Blue ▁Mur der ▁at ▁St ▁Tr in ian ' s ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁He ▁also ▁star red ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁musical ▁com ed ies ▁and ▁other ▁British ▁produ ctions ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁ ▁He ▁arrived ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁with ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁a ▁musical ▁oper etta ▁Grab ▁Me ▁a ▁G ond ola ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁main ▁role , ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁to ▁purs ue ▁his ▁acting ▁career . ▁Much ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁cent red ▁on ▁entertain ment ▁for ▁the ▁Polish ▁community ▁living ▁in ▁Australia , ▁including ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁theatre ▁performances , ▁rev ues ▁and ▁cab are ts . ▁He ▁also ▁star red ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁television ▁show ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁called ▁Te a ▁for ▁Two , ▁a ▁musical ▁programme ▁on ▁Melbourne ▁station ▁H SV - 7 . ▁ ▁Gu ido ▁Lor raine ▁died ▁in ▁Melbourne ,
▁Australia , ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 7 . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Te legraph : ▁L ives ▁Remember ed ▁- ▁Gu ido ▁Lor raine ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁death s ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : Austral ian ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁London ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Krak ów ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁L viv ▁Category : Austral ian ▁people ▁of ▁Polish ▁descent ▁Category : B rit ish ▁people ▁of ▁Polish ▁descent ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁London ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Australian ▁mus icians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁mus icians ▁Category : K n ights ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Poland <0x0A> </s> ▁Per ug u ▁Ram ak r ish na ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁poet ▁and ▁writer . ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁ 4 ▁books ▁of ▁poetry ▁and ▁ 2 ▁books ▁of ▁short - st ories . ▁He ▁wrote ▁a ▁long ▁poem ▁in ▁English ▁named ▁F lem ingo . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁
▁U WA ▁Out standing ▁intellectual ▁of ▁ 2 1 st ▁Century ▁Award , ▁Chen na i ▁▁ ▁Ran j ani - K und ur th i ▁National ▁Award ▁ ▁Hy der abad ▁and ▁Mill enium ▁X - R ay ▁National ▁Award , ▁V ij ay aw ada . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Po et ▁information ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : T el ug u ▁people ▁Category : T el ug u ▁writers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁po ets ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁K arn ata ka ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Nell ore <0x0A> </s> ▁Villa ▁Pop olo ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Ter amo , ▁in ▁the ▁Ab ru z zo ▁region ▁of ▁central ▁Italy . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁fra zione ▁of ▁the ▁comune ▁of ▁Tor ric ella ▁Sic ura . ▁ ▁Geography ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁small ▁community ▁of ▁Io an ella ▁and ▁about ▁ 1 . 5 ▁miles ▁from ▁Ter amo , ▁the ▁provincial ▁capital . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁of ▁Villa ▁Pop ola ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁small ▁local ities : ▁Villa ▁Torre ▁( site ▁of ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁resid ences ), ▁Pop olo ▁Al ta ▁and ▁Pop ola ▁Bass a . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁two ▁locations ▁are ▁domin ated ▁by ▁small , ▁often ▁econom ically ▁imp over ished , ▁clusters ▁of ▁farm st ead s . ▁ ▁History ▁Villa ▁Pop
olo ▁is ▁famous ▁for ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Saint ▁Bar th ol ome w ▁containing ▁pre cious ▁fres co es . ▁ ▁Historical ▁records ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 2 6 7 ▁make ▁mention ▁of ▁this ▁important ▁parish ▁church ▁and ▁interior ▁and ▁exterior ▁eng rav ings ▁suggest ▁that ▁a ▁renov ation ▁was ▁completed ▁the ▁ 1 6 8 4 . ▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁somewhat ▁unusual ▁for ▁a ▁church ▁this ▁small ▁and ▁isolated ▁to ▁have ▁such ▁fres co es ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁this ▁time ▁period . ▁ ▁Ce iling ▁fr ie ze ▁decor ations ▁dep ict ▁sain ts ▁and ▁mart y rs ▁in ▁symbol ic ▁form . ▁ ▁Notable ▁is ▁their ▁having ▁been ▁painted ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁Spanish ▁c athedral ▁in ▁To led o . ▁ ▁They ▁have ▁been ▁signed ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁entirely ▁clear ▁if ▁the ▁names ▁on ▁the ▁paint ings ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁master ▁scen ic ▁artist ▁or ▁to ▁an ▁assistant . ▁ ▁It ▁goes ▁without ▁saying ▁that ▁such ▁pre cious ▁master pie ces ▁of ▁this ▁genre ▁are ▁quite ▁rare ▁in ▁the ▁Ab ru z zo ▁region . ▁ ▁Fest iv als ▁Each ▁year , ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁June , ▁the ▁" S ag ra ▁del ▁Form aggio ▁F rit to " ▁( F estival ▁of ▁Fried ▁Che ese ) ▁takes ▁place . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁a ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁this ▁famous ▁d ish , ▁other ▁del ica cies ▁and ▁local ▁w ines ▁are ▁available ▁for ▁t ast ing . ▁ ▁Ex hib itions ▁feature
▁the ▁trans hum ance ▁( migr ations ▁of ▁sheep ▁and ▁she ph erd s ▁from ▁low land ▁areas ▁of ▁Ab ru z zo ▁and ▁leading ▁to ▁higher ▁gra zing ▁lands ▁in ▁Ap ul ia , ▁Laz io , ▁and ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁southern ▁Italy ). ▁ ▁Vari ous ▁displays ▁also ▁dep ict ▁the ▁ancient ▁prof essions ▁of ▁mill ing , ▁che ese ▁production , ▁forest ry , ▁and ▁wood working . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ab ru z zo ▁( w ine ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁Category : F raz ioni ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Ter amo <0x0A> </s> ▁Mun iz ▁Fre ire ▁can ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Mun iz ▁Fre ire , ▁Esp í rito ▁Santo , ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Esp ir ito ▁Santo , ▁Brazil ▁José ▁de ▁Mel o ▁Car val ho ▁Mun iz ▁Fre ire , ▁ex - g overn or ▁of ▁that ▁same ▁Brazil ian ▁state <0x0A> </s> ▁Ber ca ▁Air field ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁civil ▁air port ▁and ▁military ▁air field , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁Al ▁B irk ah ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Beng h azi , ▁Lib ya . ▁ ▁The ▁facility ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁pre - World ▁War ▁II ▁civil ▁air port ▁which ▁may ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Italian ▁Reg ia ▁Aer onaut ica ▁Air ▁Force . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Italian ▁invasion ▁of ▁Egypt ▁and ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Luft wa ffe ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁A xis ▁as ▁a
▁military ▁air field . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁se iz ure ▁of ▁Beng azi ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁E ighth ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁Western ▁Des ert ▁Camp aign ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Force ▁during ▁the ▁North ▁African ▁Camp aign ▁by ▁the ▁ 9 8 th ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Group , ▁which ▁fle w ▁B - 2 4 ▁Liber ator ▁heavy ▁bom bers ▁from ▁the ▁air field ▁between ▁ 2 6 ▁March - 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁Ber ka ▁II ▁was ▁Det achment ▁ 3 ▁( a ▁rad ar ▁site ▁) ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 3 3 rd ▁A ircraft ▁Control ▁and ▁Warning ▁Squadron , ▁which ▁had ▁its ▁main ▁site ▁at ▁W heel us ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁at ▁Tri pol i ▁and ▁Det achment ▁ 2 ▁at ▁Mis ur ata , ▁both ▁in ▁Lib ya . ▁Not ▁sure ▁when ▁these ▁were ▁activ ated / ▁de activ ated , ▁but ▁I ▁was ▁personally ▁station ed ▁in ▁Beng h azi ▁from ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁until ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁I ▁seem ▁to ▁recall ▁sp elling ▁Ber ka ▁was ▁with ▁a ▁‘ k ’ , ▁not ▁a ▁‘ c ’ . ▁ ▁Its ▁subsequent ▁post war ▁history ▁is ▁unknown , ▁today ▁the ▁area ▁has ▁been ▁re built ▁into ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁urban
▁area ▁of ▁Beng h azi . ▁ ▁From ▁about ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁or ▁there about s ▁the ▁a irst rip ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁base ▁by ▁World ▁W ide ▁Hel ic op ters ▁Ltd ▁who ▁were ▁flying ▁both ▁small ▁fixed ▁wing ▁aircraft ▁and ▁hel ic op ters ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁oil ▁expl oration ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁desert . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Ma urer , ▁Ma urer . ▁Air ▁Force ▁Com bat ▁Units ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁Max well ▁A FB , ▁Alabama : ▁Office ▁of ▁Air ▁Force ▁History , ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁. ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : A ir fields ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁air fields ▁in ▁Lib ya <0x0A> </s> ▁Helen ▁Kle eb ▁( J anu ary ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁film ▁and ▁television ▁actress . ▁In ▁a ▁career ▁covering ▁nearly ▁ 5 0 ▁years , ▁she ▁may ▁be ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁as ▁Miss ▁Mam ie ▁Bald win ▁on ▁the ▁family ▁drama ▁The ▁W alt ons . ▁ ▁Kle eb ▁began ▁acting ▁on ▁stage ▁in ▁Port land , ▁Oregon , ▁late ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁She ▁also ▁gained ▁her ▁first ▁radio ▁experience ▁in ▁Port land . ▁ ▁From ▁
1 9 4 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁she ▁performed ▁voices ▁for ▁the ▁radio ▁program ▁C andy ▁Mat son . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 – 1 9 5 7 , ▁Kle eb ▁guest - star red ▁on ▁Hey , ▁Je ann ie !, ▁st arring ▁Je ann ie ▁Car son . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 – 1 9 6 1 ▁television ▁season , ▁Kle eb ▁appeared ▁as ▁Miss ▁Clar idge , ▁a ▁legal ▁secretary , ▁on ▁the ▁sit com ▁Harr igan ▁and ▁Son . ▁ ▁She ▁appeared ▁in ▁episodes ▁of ▁Dennis ▁the ▁Men ace , ▁I ▁Love ▁Lucy , ▁P ete ▁and ▁Glad ys , ▁H enn ese y , ▁Death ▁Valley ▁Days , ▁Get ▁Sm art , ▁The ▁Andy ▁Griff ith ▁Show , ▁Bew itch ed , ▁Highway ▁to ▁Heaven , ▁Room ▁ 2 2 2 , ▁and ▁The ▁Golden ▁Girls ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁small ▁film ▁roles ▁in ▁The ▁Man ch ur ian ▁C andid ate , ▁and ▁H ush , ▁H ush , ▁S weet ▁Charlotte . ▁She ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁episodes ▁of ▁Drag net , ▁st arring ▁Jack ▁Web b , ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Helen ▁appeared ▁on ▁many ▁radio ▁drama ▁shows , ▁some ▁now ▁playing ▁on ▁X M ▁Sat ellite ▁Radio . ▁ ▁Kle eb ▁married ▁El mer ▁G arrison ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁nine ▁days ▁before ▁her
▁ 9 7 th ▁birth day , ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California . ▁She ▁reported ly ▁left ▁no ▁known ▁surv iv ors ▁other ▁than ▁her ▁second ▁husband , ▁although ▁many ▁sources ▁said ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁from ▁her ▁first ▁marriage ▁to ▁John ▁Ger ald ▁P ender g ast , ▁which ▁ended ▁with ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁According ▁to ▁California ▁birth ▁records , ▁Thomas ▁Arthur ▁P ender gr ast ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁a ▁mother ▁with ▁the ▁last ▁name ▁Kle eb ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California . ▁Helen ▁and ▁John ▁Pr ender g ast ▁were ▁enumer ated ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁radio ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁South ▁B end , ▁Washington ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁Holy ▁Cross ▁C emetery , ▁C ul ver ▁City ▁Category : D ise ase - related ▁death s ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁actress es <0x0A> </s> ▁Le pt adr ill ia ▁hist ri ata ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop
od ▁m oll usc ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Dr illi idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁shell ▁var ies ▁between ▁ 7 mm ▁and ▁ 1 0 mm . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁marine ▁species ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea ▁off ▁Colombia . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Fall on ▁P . J . ▁( 2 0 1 6 ). ▁Tax onom ic ▁review ▁of ▁tropical ▁western ▁Atlantic ▁shall ow ▁water ▁Dr illi idae ▁( M oll us ca : ▁Gast rop oda : ▁Con o idea ) ▁including ▁descri ptions ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁new ▁species . ▁Z oot ax a . ▁ 4 0 9 0 ( 1 ): ▁ 1 - 3 6 3 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁hist ri ata ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁B ö zen ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁Bru gg ▁in ▁canton ▁of ▁A arg au ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁earliest ▁evidence ▁of ▁people ▁in ▁B ö zen ▁are ▁a ▁ne ol ith ic ▁stone ▁ax , ▁a ▁Roman ▁Est ate ▁and ▁Al am anni ▁gra ves . ▁B ö zen ▁is ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 2 8 4 ▁as ▁Bo ze . ▁During ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁it ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁El f ingen . ▁Then , ▁in ▁ 1 2 9 1 ▁it ▁was ▁sold , ▁along ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁A arg au , ▁by ▁Mur bach ▁Ab bey ▁to ▁the ▁H abs
burg s ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 3 2 2 ▁it ▁came ▁under ▁the ▁authority ▁of ▁König sf el den ▁ab bey ▁in ▁Wind isch . ▁The ▁village ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁Bern ▁in ▁ 1 5 1 4 . ▁Starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁B ö zen ▁together ▁with ▁El f ingen ▁and ▁E ff ingen ▁formed ▁a ▁low ▁justice ▁district . ▁ ▁The ▁chap el ▁of ▁B ö zen ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 3 8 1 , ▁and ▁was ▁originally ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁El f ingen . ▁Pres umably ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁the ▁parish ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁B ö zen . ▁ ▁Econom ically ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁domin ated ▁by ▁agricult ure ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁v ine y ards ▁( in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁Century , ▁some ▁ 5 0 ▁ha ). ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁B ö z berg t unnel ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁the ▁village ▁grew . ▁Between ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁the ▁main ▁industry ▁was ▁home ▁st raw ▁production ▁for ▁the ▁st raw ▁pla iting ▁industry . ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁building ▁bo om , ▁and ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁commut ers ▁increased ▁thanks ▁to ▁regular ▁bus ▁service ▁to ▁Bru gg ▁( start ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ). ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁B ö zen ▁has ▁an ▁area , ▁, ▁of ▁. ▁Of ▁this ▁area
, ▁ ▁or ▁ 6 6 . 1 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁agricult ural ▁purposes , ▁while ▁ ▁or ▁ 2 1 . 8 % ▁is ▁for ested . ▁Of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁land , ▁ ▁or ▁ 1 1 . 1 % ▁is ▁settled ▁( build ings ▁or ▁roads ) ▁and ▁ ▁or ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁is ▁un product ive ▁land . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁built ▁up ▁area , ▁industrial ▁buildings ▁made ▁up ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁area ▁while ▁housing ▁and ▁buildings ▁made ▁up ▁ 4 . 6 % ▁and ▁transport ation ▁infrastr ucture ▁made ▁up ▁ 6 . 1 %. ▁ 1 9 . 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁land ▁area ▁was ▁heavily ▁for ested ▁and ▁ 2 . 5 % ▁is ▁orch ards ▁or ▁small ▁clusters ▁of ▁trees . ▁Of ▁the ▁agricult ural ▁land , ▁ 3 7 . 5 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁growing ▁cro ps ▁and ▁ 2 2 . 8 % ▁is ▁past ures , ▁while ▁ 5 . 8 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁orch ards ▁or ▁v ine ▁cro ps . ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Bru gg ▁district ▁on ▁the ▁s lop es ▁of ▁the ▁B ö z berg . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁linear ▁village ▁of ▁B ö zen . ▁ ▁The ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁B ö zen , ▁E ff ingen , ▁El f ingen , ▁Horn ussen ▁and ▁Ze i hen ▁are ▁considering ▁a ▁mer ger ▁some ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁future ▁into ▁a
▁new ▁municipality ▁with ▁an ▁as ▁yet ▁() ▁und et erm ined ▁name . ▁ ▁Co at ▁of ▁arms ▁The ▁bla zon ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁is ▁Or ▁a ▁Bar ▁S able . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁B ö zen ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁() ▁of ▁ ▁, ▁ 1 4 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁foreign ▁national s . ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 7 ) ▁the ▁population ▁has ▁changed ▁at ▁a ▁rate ▁of ▁ 0 . 9 %. ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁() ▁speak s ▁German ▁( 9 2 . 8 % ), ▁with ▁Alban ian ▁being ▁second ▁most ▁common ▁( 2 . 0 %) ▁and ▁Ser bo - C ro at ian ▁being ▁third ▁( 1 . 8 %). ▁ ▁The ▁age ▁distribution , ▁, ▁in ▁B ö zen ▁is ; ▁ 5 6 ▁children ▁or ▁ 8 . 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁between ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 9 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁ 1 0 6 ▁te en agers ▁or ▁ 1 5 . 2 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 . ▁Of ▁the ▁adult ▁population , ▁ 1 0 9 ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 5 . 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁between ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 2 9 ▁years ▁old . ▁Se vent y - two ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 0 . 3 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 3 0 ▁and ▁ 3 9 , ▁ 1 2
7 ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 8 . 2 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 4 0 ▁and ▁ 4 9 , ▁and ▁ 1 0 9 ▁people ▁or ▁ 1 5 . 6 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 5 0 ▁and ▁ 5 9 . ▁The ▁senior ▁population ▁distribution ▁is ▁ 6 2 ▁people ▁or ▁ 8 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁between ▁ 6 0 ▁and ▁ 6 9 ▁years ▁old , ▁ 3 3 ▁people ▁or ▁ 4 . 7 % ▁are ▁between ▁ 7 0 ▁and ▁ 7 9 , ▁there ▁are ▁ 2 0 ▁people ▁or ▁ 2 . 9 % ▁who ▁are ▁between ▁ 8 0 ▁and ▁ 8 9 , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁ 4 ▁people ▁or ▁ 0 . 6 % ▁who ▁are ▁ 9 0 ▁and ▁older . ▁▁ ▁the ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁residents ▁per ▁living ▁room ▁was ▁ 0 . 6 1 ▁which ▁is ▁about ▁equal ▁to ▁the ▁cant onal ▁average ▁of ▁ 0 . 5 7 ▁per ▁room . ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁a ▁room ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁space ▁of ▁a ▁housing ▁unit ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁ ▁as ▁normal ▁bed rooms , ▁d ining ▁rooms , ▁living ▁rooms , ▁k itch ens ▁and ▁habit able ▁cell ars ▁and ▁att ics . ▁ ▁About ▁ 6 2 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁households ▁were ▁owner ▁occupied , ▁or ▁in ▁other ▁words ▁did ▁not ▁pay ▁rent ▁( though ▁they ▁may ▁have ▁a ▁mort g age ▁or ▁a ▁rent - to - own ▁agreement ). ▁
▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 8 ▁homes ▁with ▁ 1 ▁or ▁ 2 ▁persons ▁in ▁the ▁household , ▁ 8 3 ▁homes ▁with ▁ 3 ▁or ▁ 4 ▁persons ▁in ▁the ▁household , ▁and ▁ 1 1 8 ▁homes ▁with ▁ 5 ▁or ▁more ▁persons ▁in ▁the ▁household . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁per ▁household ▁was ▁ 2 . 7 6 ▁individuals . ▁ ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 1 4 ▁single ▁family ▁homes ▁( or ▁ 4 0 . 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ) ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 8 1 ▁homes ▁and ▁apart ments . ▁There ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 0 ▁empty ▁apart ments ▁for ▁a ▁ 0 . 0 % ▁vac ancy ▁rate . ▁, ▁the ▁construction ▁rate ▁of ▁new ▁housing ▁units ▁was ▁ 4 . 6 ▁new ▁units ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁residents . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁federal ▁election ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁party ▁was ▁the ▁SV P ▁which ▁received ▁ 6 0 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁The ▁next ▁three ▁most ▁popular ▁parties ▁were ▁the ▁SP ▁( 1 1 . 5 % ), ▁the ▁C VP ▁( 6 . 9 %) ▁and ▁the ▁F DP ▁( 6 . 4 %). ▁ ▁The ▁entire ▁Swiss ▁population ▁is ▁generally ▁well ▁educated . ▁In ▁B ö zen ▁about ▁ 7 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁( between ▁age ▁ 2 5 - 6 4 ) ▁have ▁completed ▁either ▁non - m and atory ▁upper ▁secondary ▁education ▁or ▁additional
▁higher ▁education ▁( e ither ▁university ▁or ▁a ▁Fach ho ch schule ). ▁Of ▁the ▁school ▁age ▁population ▁( ), ▁there ▁are ▁ 5 3 ▁students ▁att ending ▁primary ▁school , ▁there ▁are ▁ 5 4 ▁students ▁att ending ▁secondary ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁The ▁historical ▁population ▁is ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁table : ▁ ▁Econom y ▁, ▁B ö zen ▁had ▁an ▁un emp loyment ▁rate ▁of ▁ 2 . 1 7 %. ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 4 2 ▁people ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁economic ▁sector ▁and ▁about ▁ 1 4 ▁business es ▁involved ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁Th irty - two ▁people ▁are ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁secondary ▁sector ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁ 9 ▁business es ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁Nin ety - six ▁people ▁are ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector , ▁with ▁ 1 7 ▁business es ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁▁ ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 3 4 ▁residents ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁municipality , ▁while ▁ 2 5 3 ▁residents ▁worked ▁outside ▁B ö zen ▁and ▁ 7 3 ▁people ▁comm uted ▁into ▁the ▁municipality ▁for ▁work . ▁Of ▁the ▁working ▁population , ▁ 1 3 . 3 % ▁used ▁public ▁transport ation ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁work , ▁and ▁ 5 1 . 6 % ▁used ▁a ▁private ▁car . ▁ ▁Religion ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁, ▁ 1 3 7 ▁or ▁ 2 0 . 9 % ▁were ▁Roman ▁Catholic , ▁while ▁ 3 8 3 ▁or ▁ 5 8 . 3 % ▁belonged ▁to
▁the ▁Swiss ▁Re formed ▁Church . ▁Of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 0 . 3 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Christian ▁Catholic ▁faith . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁A arg au <0x0A> </s> ▁Pietro ▁L azz ar ini ▁( 5 ▁January ▁ 1 8 4 2 – ▁ 1 9 1 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁sculpt or . ▁ ▁Biography ▁He ▁desc ended ▁from ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁sculpt ors ▁who ▁ran ▁a ▁mar ble ▁work shop ▁in ▁Car r ara ▁from ▁ 1 6 7 0 ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁The ▁sculpt or ▁Giuseppe ▁L azz ar ini ▁was ▁his ▁brother . ▁He ▁submitted ▁a ▁bas ▁relief ▁of ▁Ev ander ▁retr ieves ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁P allas ▁for ▁a ▁competition , ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁st ip end ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁study ▁at ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁of ▁Florence . ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁work ▁to ▁Car r ara . ▁▁ ▁Among ▁his ▁first ▁m ature ▁works ▁are ▁the ▁Mart yr dom ▁of ▁four ▁sain ts , ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁alt ar ▁of ▁the ▁Lomb ard ▁church ▁of ▁Car r ara . ▁This ▁he ▁followed ▁it ▁with ▁L eda ▁and ▁Bac chus ▁don ated ▁to ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Car r ara . ▁Then ▁he ▁sculpt ed ▁After ▁the ▁Bath , ▁a ▁n ude ▁female ▁stat ua ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁the ▁Acc adem
ia ▁F ior ent ina , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁gold ▁medal . ▁ ▁He ▁sculpt ed ▁a ▁bas - rel ief ▁med all ion ▁of ▁prin cess ▁della ▁C is tern a . ▁For ▁the ▁Sold iers ' ▁National ▁Monument ▁in ▁G ett ys burg , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁USA ▁he ▁helped ▁design ▁the ▁five ▁larger ▁than ▁life ▁stat ues ▁of ▁History , ▁War , ▁Ab und ance , ▁Indust ry , ▁and ▁Vict ory ▁that ▁are ▁around ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁a ▁tall ▁gran ite ▁column . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Berlin , ▁where ▁he ▁excel led ▁in ▁portrait ure . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁at ▁the ▁Ex hib ition ▁of ▁Milan , ▁he ▁exhib ited ▁The ▁Past ime . ▁In ▁Paris , ▁he ▁exhib ited ▁The ▁In noc ence . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁his ▁notable ▁work ▁was ▁a ▁mar ble ▁ro od ▁screen ▁( c . ▁ 1 8 9 9 ) ▁in ▁the ▁C athedral ▁of ▁St . ▁Patrick , ▁in ▁Arm agh . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Italian ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : Ital ian ▁male ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Italian ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : Acc adem ia ▁di ▁Belle ▁Ar ti ▁di ▁Fir enze ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁is ▁a ▁sports ▁video ▁game ▁developed ▁by ▁E py x ▁and
▁released ▁by ▁U . S . ▁Gold ▁based ▁on ▁sports ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁Summer ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁sequ el ▁to ▁Summer ▁Games ▁released ▁by ▁E py x ▁the ▁previous ▁year . ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁was ▁originally ▁written ▁for ▁the ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 ▁and ▁port ed ▁to ▁the ▁Apple ▁II , ▁At ari ▁ST , ▁MS - D OS , ▁Z X ▁Spect rum , ▁Am str ad ▁C PC ▁and ▁Am iga . ▁ ▁Game play ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁presented ▁as ▁a ▁virtual ▁multi - s port ▁car n ival ▁called ▁the ▁" E py x ▁Games " ▁( there ▁was ▁no ▁official ▁IO C ▁lic ens ing ▁in ▁place ) ▁with ▁up ▁to ▁ 8 ▁players ▁each ▁choosing ▁a ▁country ▁to ▁represent , ▁and ▁then ▁taking ▁turns ▁compet ing ▁in ▁various ▁events ▁to ▁try ▁for ▁a ▁medal . ▁World ▁records ▁could ▁be ▁saved ▁to ▁the ▁game ▁disk . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁features ▁the ▁following ▁eight ▁events : ▁Tri ple ▁jump , ▁High ▁jump , ▁Row ing . ▁J avel in ▁throw , ▁E quest rian , ▁F encing , ▁Kay aking , ▁Cy cling . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁events ▁sequ entially , ▁comp ete ▁in ▁some ▁events , ▁choose ▁just ▁one ▁event , ▁or ▁practice ▁an ▁event . ▁This ▁version ▁also ▁features ▁both ▁the ▁opening ▁and ▁closing ▁cer emon ies , ▁where ▁the ▁closing ▁cer emon ies ▁features ▁a ▁" fan ▁man ", ▁the ▁fl ame
▁ex ting u ishing ▁as ▁the ▁sky ▁goes ▁dark , ▁a ▁bl imp ▁passing ▁by ▁and ▁some ▁fire works . ▁C ertain ▁ports ▁also ▁allow ▁for ▁participants ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁events ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁Summer ▁Games ▁events , ▁but ▁they ▁had ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁original ▁Summer ▁Games ▁disk ette ▁for ▁this ▁to ▁happen . ▁ ▁Port s ▁The ▁original ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 ▁version ▁of ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁Scott ▁Nelson , ▁Jon ▁Le upp , ▁Ch uck ▁Sommer ville , ▁Kevin ▁Norman , ▁Michael ▁Kos aka , ▁and ▁Larry ▁Cl ague ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁The ▁same ▁year ▁saw ▁an ▁Apple ▁II ▁version , ▁port ed ▁by ▁John ▁St ou f fer , ▁Jeff ▁Web b , ▁Doug ▁Mat son , ▁Greg ▁Bron iak , ▁Tim ▁Gro st , ▁Matt ▁De cker , ▁V era ▁Pet r ush a , ▁Ken ▁Evans , ▁Pat ▁Find ling , ▁Dr . ▁Keith ▁Dre yer , ▁and ▁Chris ▁O ester ling . ▁It ▁became ▁a ▁best s eller ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁ ▁A ▁year ▁later ▁it ▁was ▁port ed ▁to ▁the ▁IBM ▁PC ▁by ▁Phil ▁Su em ats u , ▁Jeff ▁Gr igg , ▁Don ▁Hill , ▁and ▁Jimmy ▁H ue y . ▁Richard ▁Wil co x ▁and ▁Steve ▁Haw kes ▁port ed ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁Z X ▁Spect rum ▁and ▁Am str ad ▁C PC . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Adam ▁Ste ele , ▁Phill ip ▁Morris , ▁and ▁Dave ▁L
owe ▁port ed ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁At ari ▁ST ▁and ▁the ▁Am iga . ▁ ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁on ▁the ▁Virtual ▁Console ▁in ▁Europe ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁A ▁port ▁for ▁the ▁At ari ▁J agu ar ▁CD ▁was ▁under ▁development ▁by ▁Te que ▁London , ▁but ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁port ▁was ▁dis cont in ued ▁som etime ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁was ▁never ▁released . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁was ▁E py x ' s ▁second ▁best - s elling ▁Com mod ore ▁game ▁as ▁of ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁after ▁Winter ▁Games . ▁A ho y ! ▁stated ▁that ▁" the ▁production ▁values ▁of ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁are ▁absolutely ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁line , ▁even ▁better ▁than ▁the ▁original ▁Summer ▁Games ". ▁The ▁magazine ▁c ited ▁e quest rian ▁and ▁f encing ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁events , ▁and ▁concluded ▁that ▁it ▁" co vers ▁itself ▁with ▁glory ▁from ▁the ▁familiar ▁opening ▁ceremony ▁to ▁the ▁closing ▁festiv ities . ▁Put ▁simply , ▁if ▁you ▁own ▁a ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 , ▁this ▁disk ▁is ▁a ▁must ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁D ale y ▁Thompson ' s ▁Dec ath lon ▁Track ▁& ▁Field ▁( video ▁game ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Im ages ▁of ▁Summer ▁Games ▁II ▁box , ▁manual ▁and ▁screen ▁sh
ots ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Am iga ▁games ▁Category : Am str ad ▁C PC ▁games ▁Category : App le ▁II ▁games ▁Category : At ari ▁ST ▁games ▁Category : Cancel led ▁At ari ▁J agu ar ▁games ▁Category : Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 ▁games ▁Category : D OS ▁games ▁Category : E py x ▁games ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Te que ▁London ▁games ▁Category : U . S . ▁Gold ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁sequ els ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Virtual ▁Console ▁games ▁Category : Z X ▁Spect rum ▁games <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Cor cor an ▁( c . 1 7 7 0 ▁– ▁ 1 8 0 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁re bel ▁who ▁fought ▁during ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁of ▁ 1 7 9 8 ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁re bel ▁gu err illa ▁band ▁to ▁be ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁following ▁the ▁supp ression ▁of ▁the ▁re bell ion . ▁ ▁Reb el ▁activities ▁Cor cor an ▁played ▁an ▁active ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁and ▁led ▁a ▁party ▁of ▁reb els ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁New ▁Ross . ▁Following ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁re bell ion , ▁he ▁and ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁surv iv ors ▁established ▁a ▁base ▁in ▁K illa ug hr im ▁Wood s , ▁north ▁county ▁W ex ford ▁from ▁where ▁they ▁launched ▁ra ids ▁in ▁the ▁area
▁and ▁into ▁county ▁Car low . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 8 0 1 , ▁an ▁ups ur ge ▁in ▁Cor cor an ' s ▁activities ▁saw ▁him ▁and ▁his ▁men ▁being ▁declared ▁" d anger ous ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁invasion " ▁by ▁Dublin ▁Castle ▁and ▁consequ ently , ▁a ▁force ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 ▁soldiers ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁find ▁and ▁destroy ▁the ▁group . ▁However , ▁they ▁met ▁with ▁little ▁success ▁as ▁the ▁popul ace ▁shield ed ▁them ▁from ▁the ▁military . ▁ ▁Cor cor an ' s ▁men ▁were ▁distinguished ▁by ▁their ▁willing ness ▁to ▁allow ▁deser ters ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁in ▁their ▁ranks ▁and ▁act ively ▁sought ▁to ▁sub vert ▁soldiers ▁b illet ed ▁among ▁the ▁popul ace ▁or ▁at ▁least ▁rob ▁them ▁of ▁their ▁arms . ▁Their ▁fear less ness ▁was ▁demonstrated ▁in ▁an ▁incident ▁near ▁Mount ▁Le in ster ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 8 0 2 ▁when ▁they ▁turned ▁to ▁attack ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁purs uing ▁New town bar ry ▁ye omen ▁who ▁were ▁defeated ▁and ▁soon ▁under ▁purs uit ▁themselves . ▁ ▁The ▁defeat ▁of ▁Robert ▁Em met ' s ▁rising ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 0 3 , ▁saw ▁renew ed ▁British ▁intent ▁to ▁w ipe ▁out ▁all ▁remaining ▁re bel ▁activity ▁in ▁Ireland ▁and ▁new ▁campaign ▁was ▁launched ▁against ▁Cor cor an . ▁This ▁time ▁account ▁was ▁taken ▁of ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Cor cor an ' s ▁men ▁enjoyed ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁population ▁in ▁areas ▁where ▁they ▁operated ▁and ▁also ▁that ▁their ▁permanent ▁bases ▁were
▁in ▁remote ▁local ities . ▁Con sequently , ▁arr ests ▁and ▁severe ▁pen alt ies ▁were ▁handed ▁out ▁to ▁those ▁sus pected ▁of ▁har bour ing ▁reb els , ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁military ▁roads ▁and ▁bar rack ▁were ▁planned ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁area ▁between ▁Mount ▁Le in ster ▁and ▁the ▁Black st air ▁mountains . ▁ ▁De fe at ▁and ▁death ▁The ▁surrender ▁of ▁Michael ▁D w yer ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁left ▁Cor cor an ▁and ▁his ▁men ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁re bel ▁fa ction ▁still ▁active ▁in ▁Ireland ▁as ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁began . ▁The ▁on going ▁military ▁off ensive ▁had ▁by ▁now ▁forced ▁Cor cor an ▁to ▁re loc ate ▁to ▁south ▁Kil ken ny ▁from ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁operations ▁and ▁further ▁inc ensed ▁the ▁government ▁by ▁target ing ▁mail ▁coach es . ▁A ▁reward ▁of ▁£ 5 0 0 ▁was ▁put ▁on ▁Cor cor an ' s ▁head ▁and ▁the ▁pressure ▁soon ▁forced ▁him ▁to ▁split ▁his ▁group ▁into ▁smaller ▁fa ctions ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁his ▁old ▁base ▁at ▁K illa ug hr im ▁woods ▁outside ▁En nis c orth y . ▁The ▁end ▁finally ▁came ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁when ▁the ▁reward ▁offered ▁prompt ed ▁an ▁inform er ▁to ▁bet ray ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁Cor cor an ▁and ▁his ▁remaining ▁few ▁com r ades ▁who ▁were ▁surrounded ▁by ▁a ▁party ▁of ▁ye omen ▁at ▁K illa ug hr im ▁Wood s . ▁After ▁fier ce ▁resistance
▁all ▁of ▁the ▁unit ▁were ▁killed ▁or ▁captured , ▁Cor cor an ▁dying ▁of ▁his ▁w ounds ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁fighting . ▁His ▁body ▁and ▁that ▁of ▁his ▁com r ades ▁were ▁brought ▁to ▁W ex ford ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁hung ▁outside ▁the ▁town ▁ga ol ▁and ▁left ▁on ▁display ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁ ▁S ources ▁Ru an ▁O ' D onn ell ▁- ▁ ▁" The ▁Reb ell ion ▁in ▁W ick low ▁ 1 7 9 8 " ▁▁ ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Ru an ▁O ' D onn ell ▁- ▁ ▁" After math : ▁Post - R eb ell ion ▁In sur gency ▁in ▁W ick low , ▁ 1 7 9 9 - 1 8 0 3 " ▁▁ ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 7 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 0 4 ▁death s ▁Category : Un ited ▁Irish men ▁Category : I r ish ▁reb els ▁Category : I r ish ▁soldiers ▁Category : I r ish ▁gu err illas <0x0A> </s> ▁Rub én ▁Fernando ▁García ▁González ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Mexican ▁footballer , ▁who ▁last ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁goal keeper ▁for ▁Tib ur ones ▁Ro jos ▁de ▁Ver ac ru z ▁in ▁Liga ▁M X . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁García ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁on ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 9 ▁for ▁P ach uca ▁in
▁a ▁game ▁against ▁Tol uca . ▁He ▁replaced ▁his ▁colle ague , ▁second - string ▁goal keeper ▁Jesus ▁Salvador ▁Alf aro , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁red - card ed ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 - 3 ▁tie . ▁He ▁played ▁the ▁last ▁ 4 ▁minutes ▁of ▁the ▁game , ▁was ▁scored ▁on ▁by ▁V í ctor ▁Ru iz ▁and ▁Tol uca ▁won ▁the ▁game , ▁ 4 - 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁in active ▁for ▁a ▁period , ▁until ▁he ▁re app eared ▁with ▁Lob os ▁B U AP ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁playing ▁in ▁two ▁games ▁and ▁allowing ▁just ▁two ▁goals . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁signed ▁on ▁with ▁La ▁P ied ad . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁P ach uca ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁H idal go ▁( state ) ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : M ex ican ▁football ers ▁Category : C . F . ▁P ach uca ▁players ▁Category : L ob os ▁B U AP ▁football ers ▁Category : La ▁P ied ad ▁football ers ▁Category : C . D . ▁Ver ac ru z ▁football ers ▁Category : L iga ▁M X ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Susan ▁R . ▁Don ovan ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁and ▁Democratic ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives , ▁representing ▁the ▁ 6 9 th ▁District ▁since ▁being ▁elected ▁in
▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁This ▁district ▁includes ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Br istol ▁and ▁Port sm outh , ▁Rh ode ▁Island . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Committee ▁on ▁Environment ▁and ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁and ▁House ▁Committee ▁on ▁Health , ▁Education ▁and ▁W elf are . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁legisl ature , ▁Don ovan ▁focus es ▁on ▁educational ▁issues ▁because ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁public ▁school ▁teacher ▁in ▁the ▁Br istol ▁Warren ▁School ▁System ▁for ▁ 3 3 ▁years . ▁She ▁also ▁works ▁on ▁issues ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁environment ▁and ▁housing . ▁Additionally , ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁supp orter ▁of ▁re product ive ▁rights ▁and ▁was ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁Pl anned ▁Parent hood . ▁ ▁E lections ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Don ovan ▁ran ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁ 6 9 th ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁after ▁Raymond ▁Gall ison ▁res igned ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁federal ▁investigation ▁of ▁his ▁fin ances . ▁She ▁defeated ▁Tod d ▁Gir oux ▁in ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Primary ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁with ▁ 8 9 . 0 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁votes . ▁She ▁then ▁defeated ▁Republican ▁Antonio ▁F . ▁Av ila ▁and ▁Libert arian ▁An ale e ▁A . ▁Ber retto ▁in ▁the ▁General ▁election ▁on ▁November ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁with ▁ 4 8 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁votes . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R h ode ▁Island ▁Democr ats ▁Category : L iving
▁people ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁polit icians ▁Category : W omen ▁state ▁legisl ators ▁in ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁polit icians ▁Category : R h ode ▁Island ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Indian ▁Con crete ▁Institute ▁( IC I ) ▁is ▁the ▁national ▁organisation ▁of ▁engineering ▁profession als , ▁employed ▁in ▁concrete ▁construction ▁and ▁associated ▁research ▁in ▁India . ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁following ▁a ▁resolution ▁in ▁the ▁International ▁Sem inar ▁and ▁Ex hib ition ▁on ▁‘ Mod ern ization ▁of ▁Con crete ▁Pract ices ’ ▁organ ised ▁joint ly ▁by ▁the ▁Struct ural ▁Engineering ▁Research ▁Centre ▁( SER C ) ▁and ▁Anna ▁University . ▁ ▁The ▁I CI ▁im parts ▁training ▁to ▁working ▁profession als ▁in ▁changing ▁techn ologies ▁in ▁concrete ▁constru ctions , ▁promote ▁research ▁work ▁in ▁concrete ▁techn ologies , ▁publish ▁journ als ▁on ▁research ▁finding , ▁newer ▁techn ologies ▁and ▁solution ▁for ▁practical ▁problems , ▁collabor ate ▁with ▁ag encies ▁employed ▁in ▁concrete ▁construction , ▁research ▁and ▁associated ▁manufact ur ers ▁for ▁better ▁ad option ▁of ▁the ▁technology ▁by ▁working ▁profession als . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Ind ian ▁engineering ▁organis ations ▁Category : Pro f essional ▁associations ▁based ▁in ▁India ▁Category :
Const ruction ▁industry ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁general ▁election ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁province ▁of ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁opposition ▁Liber als ▁led ▁by ▁John ▁How att ▁Bell ▁gained ▁eleven ▁seats ▁to ▁defeat ▁the ▁inc umb ent ▁government ▁of ▁Conserv ative ▁Premier ▁A ub in ▁E . ▁Ar sen ault , ▁who ▁had ▁succeeded ▁former ▁Premier ▁John ▁A . ▁Math ies on ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁ ▁John ▁A . ▁D ew ar , ▁a ▁former ▁Conserv ative ▁member , ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁an ▁Independent ▁Ass emble yman ▁for ▁ 3 rd ▁Kings . ▁ ▁Party ▁Stand ings ▁ ▁M embers ▁Elect ed ▁ ▁The ▁Legisl ature ▁of ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁had ▁two ▁levels ▁of ▁membership ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁- ▁Assembly men ▁and ▁Coun c ill ors . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁hold over ▁from ▁when ▁the ▁Island ▁had ▁a ▁b ic amer al ▁legisl ature , ▁the ▁General ▁Assembly ▁and ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Council . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁was ▁abol ished ▁and ▁had ▁its ▁membership ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁Assembly , ▁though ▁the ▁two ▁titles ▁remained ▁separate ▁and ▁were ▁elected ▁by ▁different ▁elect oral ▁franch ises . ▁Assembly ▁men ▁were ▁elected ▁by ▁all ▁el ig ible ▁vot ers ▁of
▁within ▁a ▁district , ▁while ▁Coun c ill ors ▁were ▁only ▁elected ▁by ▁land own ers ▁within ▁a ▁district . ▁ ▁Kings ▁ ▁Queens ▁ ▁Prince ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁elections ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : E lections ▁in ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁in ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁Category : J uly ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁Billy ▁George ▁( born ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁g ymn ast . ▁ ▁Education ▁George ▁trained ▁ID TA ▁Bal let , ▁T ap , ▁and ▁Modern ▁Jazz ▁at ▁his ▁mother ' s ▁dance ▁school , ▁Arm ley ▁Dance ▁Studios , ▁Le eds . ▁Billy ▁attended ▁In take ▁Arts ▁College ▁in ▁Br am ley , ▁Le eds , ▁a ▁special ist ▁performing ▁arts ▁school . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁attended ▁the ▁National ▁Centre ▁for ▁Circ us ▁Arts ▁in ▁London ▁formally ▁known ▁as ▁Circ us ▁Space . ▁ ▁Career ▁George ▁first ▁became ▁well - known ▁on ▁Britain ' s ▁Got ▁Tal ent ▁( series ▁ 6 ) ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁semi - final ist . ▁He ▁then ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁professional ▁g ymn ast ▁on ▁BBC ▁series , ▁T umble , ▁where ▁his ▁celebr ity ▁partner ▁was ▁TO W IE ' s ▁Lucy ▁Me ck len burgh . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁tra iner ▁on ▁Get ▁Your ▁Act ▁T ogether , ▁training ▁TO W IE ' s ▁Elli ott ▁Wright .
▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Billy ▁joined ▁D iversity ▁on ▁their ▁UK ▁Arena ▁tour ▁of ▁' Up ▁Close ▁and ▁Personal ' ▁as ▁a ▁Special ▁Gu est . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁art istic ▁g ymn asts ▁Category : B rit ain ' s ▁Got ▁Tal ent ▁contest ants ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Bat ley <0x0A> </s> ▁Vincent ▁B rome ▁; ▁( 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁– ▁ 1 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁writer , ▁who ▁gradually ▁established ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁letters . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁bi ograph ies ▁of ▁polit icians , ▁writers ▁and ▁follow ers ▁of ▁Sig mund ▁Fre ud . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁numerous ▁nov els , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁dram at ist . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁brought ▁up ▁in ▁London , ▁and ▁educated ▁at ▁Stre ath am ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁and ▁Ell eston ▁School . ▁He ▁failed ▁to ▁enter ▁university , ▁and ▁was ▁found ▁a ▁job ▁at ▁a ▁tea ▁bro ker . ▁He ▁left ▁home ▁at ▁ 1 8 ▁determined ▁to ▁write ▁for ▁a ▁living . ▁He ▁took ▁up ▁residence ▁in ▁Blo oms bury , ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁live ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁life . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁B rome ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁journalist ▁and ▁magazine ▁editor , ▁his ▁first ▁short ▁story ▁anth ology ▁was
▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁Having ▁been ▁declared ▁un fit ▁for ▁active ▁duty , ▁he ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Information ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁B rome ▁worked ▁under ▁Michael ▁Young ▁as ▁a ▁Labour ▁Party ▁research er . ▁ ▁Liter ary ▁career ▁Following ▁the ▁elect oral ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Labour ▁Party ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁B rome ▁turned ▁his ▁hand ▁to ▁bi ography ▁writing . ▁F itting ly , ▁his ▁first ▁subject ▁was ▁the ▁new ▁Prime ▁Minister : ▁Clement ▁Att lee . ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁receive ▁some ▁critical ▁and ▁commercial ▁success ▁with ▁his ▁second ▁work , ▁H . G . ▁Well s ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁B rome ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁chron icle ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁such ▁men ▁as ▁Sig mund ▁Fre ud , ▁Carl ▁Jung , ▁Frank ▁Harris , ▁J . ▁B . ▁Pri est ley , ▁and ▁H avel ock ▁Ell is ▁to ▁wide ▁acc laim . ▁Two ▁of ▁his ▁literary ▁works , ▁The ▁Sur geon ▁and ▁The ▁Emb ass y , ▁were ▁international ▁best s ellers . ▁However , ▁his ▁works ▁were ▁not ▁always ▁treated ▁so ▁kindly ▁by ▁critics ; ▁his ▁bi ography ▁of ▁A neur in ▁Be van ▁was ▁particularly ▁poor ly ▁received . ▁ ▁B rome ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁at ▁the ▁British ▁Library , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁its ▁advis ory ▁committee ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁vocal ▁supp orter ▁of
▁the ▁library ' s ▁move ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁to ▁its ▁own ▁purpose ▁built ▁building ▁in ▁St . ▁P anc ras , ▁even ▁writing ▁numerous ▁letters ▁to ▁such ▁org ans ▁as ▁The ▁Times ▁and ▁the ▁Times ▁Liter ary ▁Supp lement ▁pra ising ▁the ▁move . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁death ▁B rome ▁still ▁occupied ▁the ▁third ▁story ▁flat ▁he ▁had ▁lived ▁in ▁for ▁fifty ▁years ▁despite ▁growing ▁fra ilty ▁and ▁de af ness . ▁ ▁Works ▁My ▁F av our ite ▁Qu ot ation ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁Clement ▁Att lee ▁( 1 9 4 7 ) ▁bi ography ▁H . G . ▁Well s ▁( 1 9 5 1 ) ▁bi ography ▁A neur in ▁Be van ▁( 1 9 5 3 ) ▁bi ography ▁The ▁Last ▁S urr ender ▁( 1 9 5 4 ) ▁The ▁Way ▁Back ; ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁Lie ut .- Comm ander ▁Pat ▁O ' Le ary , ▁G . C ., ▁D . S . O ., ▁R . N . ▁( 1 9 5 7 ) ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁bi ography ▁Six ▁Studies ▁in ▁Qu ar rell ing ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁Frank ▁Harris ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁bi ography ▁Sometimes ▁at ▁Night ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁We ▁Have ▁Come ▁a ▁Long ▁Way ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁The ▁Problem ▁of ▁Progress ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁Love ▁in ▁Our ▁Time ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁Four ▁Real ist ▁Nov el
ists ▁: ▁Arthur ▁Mor r ison , ▁Ed win ▁P ugh , ▁Richard ▁White ing , ▁William ▁P ett ▁R idge ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁The ▁International ▁Brig ades ▁: ▁Spain ▁ 1 9 3 6 – 1 9 3 9 ▁( 1 9 6 6 ) ▁history ▁Fre ud ▁and ▁His ▁Early ▁Circle ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁bi ography ▁The ▁World ▁of ▁Luke ▁Sim pson ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁The ▁Sur geon ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁novel , ▁" The ▁operating ▁the ater " ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁The ▁Revolution ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁Conf essions ▁of ▁a ▁W riter ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁aut obi ography ▁Re verse ▁your ▁Ver dict : ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁private ▁pro sec utions ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁The ▁Bra in ▁Oper ators ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁The ▁Amb assador ▁and ▁the ▁Sp y ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁novel ▁The ▁Day ▁of ▁Dest ruction ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁The ▁Happy ▁Host age ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁Jung : ▁man ▁and ▁myth ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁bi ography ▁H avel ock ▁Ell is : ▁phil os opher ▁of ▁sex ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁bi ography ▁Ernest ▁Jones : ▁Fre ud ' s ▁alter ▁e go ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁bi ography ▁The ▁Day ▁of ▁the ▁Fif th ▁Moon ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁historical ▁novel ▁J
. B . ▁Pri est ley ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁bi ography ▁The ▁Other ▁P ep ys ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁bi ography ▁Love ▁in ▁the ▁Pl ague ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁Ret ribution ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Category : English ▁bi ograph ers ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁death s ▁Category : English ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁novel ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁bi ograph ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : English ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁E lap he ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁sn akes ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Col ub r idae . ▁E lap he ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁gener a ▁of ▁the ▁rat ▁sn akes , ▁which ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁many ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁hem is phere . ▁E lap he ▁species ▁are ▁medium ▁to ▁large ▁con str ict ors ▁by ▁nature . ▁Although ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁species ▁in ▁E lap he ▁are ▁non ven om ous , ▁bit es ▁from ▁rat ▁sn akes ▁are ▁still ▁ir rit ably ▁pain ful ▁and ▁can ▁potentially ▁cause ▁b acter ial ▁in fe ctions ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁sal iva . ▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁the ▁mit och ond rial ▁DNA ▁analysis ▁results , ▁many ▁species ▁of ▁E lap he ▁have ▁been ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁gener a ▁Bog ert oph is , ▁Co el
ogn ath us , ▁G ony os oma , ▁Orth ri oph is , ▁Pan ther oph is , ▁Rh ine ch is , ▁S entic olis , ▁Z amen is , ▁and ▁others . ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁generic ▁name ▁E lap he ▁is ▁still ▁widely ▁used . ▁ ▁Phys ical ▁characteristics ▁Like ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁rat ▁sn akes , ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁generally ▁have ▁sl ender ▁but ▁st ur dy ▁bodies , ▁square ▁heads , ▁and ▁extremely ▁flat ▁bel lies . ▁Their ▁sizes ▁range ▁from ▁large ▁medium ▁to ▁very ▁large , ▁growing ▁even ▁as ▁large ▁as ▁ 1 0 8 in . ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁have ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁verte bra e , ▁rib s , ▁and ▁vent ral ▁scales , ▁but ▁few ▁rows ▁of ▁d ors al ▁scales , ▁which ▁are ▁character ized ▁by ▁having ▁slight ▁ke els . ▁In ▁cross ▁section , ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁are ▁sh aped ▁like ▁a ▁lo af ▁of ▁bread , ▁the ▁flat ▁bel ly ▁meeting ▁the ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁body ▁at ▁an ▁angle . ▁This ▁special ▁physical ▁characteristic ▁is ▁well ▁observed ▁in ▁E lap he ▁ob sole ta , ▁whose ▁bel ly ▁scales ▁curve ▁up ward . ▁The ▁cur ving ▁of ▁the ▁vent ral ▁scales ▁gives ▁them ▁better ▁tra ction ▁for ▁tree ▁clim bing . ▁The ▁color ▁and ▁pattern ▁of ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁are ▁quite ▁variable ▁and ▁hard ▁to ▁general ize . ▁ ▁Intern ally , ▁E lap he ▁s pp .
▁do ▁not ▁have ▁any ▁observable ▁v estig es ▁of ▁h ind ▁lim bs ▁or ▁cor ono id ▁b ones ▁of ▁the ▁lower ▁j aw ▁like ▁any ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Col ub r idae . ▁Another ▁important ▁characteristic ▁of ▁E lap he ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Col ub r idae ▁is ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁Du ver no y ' s ▁g land , ▁a ▁modified ▁sal iv ary ▁and ▁dig est ive ▁g land . ▁In ▁addition , ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁have ▁equal ▁and ▁smooth ▁max ill ary ▁teeth . ▁The ▁teeth ▁are ▁small ▁and ▁slightly ▁cur ved , ▁and ▁occur ▁in ▁several ▁rows . ▁The ▁cur vy ▁teeth ▁help ▁fix ▁the ▁pre y ▁and ▁prevent ▁them ▁from ▁esc aping ▁once ▁they ▁are ▁caught . ▁ ▁S enses ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁have ▁very ▁developed ▁sens ory ▁org ans ▁which ▁support ▁their ▁daily ▁activities . ▁They ▁have ▁ ▁internal ▁ears ▁that ▁enables ▁them ▁to ▁detect ▁sounds ▁at ▁low ▁frequencies . ▁The ▁ears ▁consist ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁ear ▁b one ▁connected ▁to ▁a ▁j aw ▁b one . ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁other ▁sn akes , ▁they ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁highly ▁developed ▁vision ▁that ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁detect ▁the ▁movement ▁of ▁their ▁pred ators ▁and ▁pre y . ▁The ▁eyes ▁are ▁protected ▁by ▁single ▁transparent ▁br illes . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁analysis ▁of ▁sc ents ▁is ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁Jacob son ' s ▁organ ▁in ▁the ▁pal ate . ▁To ▁stim ulate ▁Jacob son ' s ▁organ
, ▁they ▁use ▁their ▁tong ues ▁to ▁transport ▁air ▁and ▁ground ▁mole cules ▁to ▁Jacob son ' s ▁organ . ▁Then , ▁the ▁organ ▁analy zes ▁the ▁mole cules ▁to ▁identify ▁the ▁sc ent . ▁Among ▁these ▁detect able ▁sc ents ▁are ▁ph er om ones , ▁which ▁indicate ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁other ▁sn akes ▁and ▁their ▁re product ive ▁read iness . ▁ ▁L ifecycle ▁and ▁behavior ▁The ▁lif es pan ▁of ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁is ▁generally ▁ 1 5 ▁years . ▁M ales ▁live ▁a ▁little ▁longer ▁than ▁females , ▁but ▁some ▁species , ▁such ▁as ▁E . ▁g utt ata , ▁ ▁live ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 3 ▁years ▁in ▁capt ivity . ▁However , ▁species ▁such ▁as ▁E . ▁em ory i ▁usually ▁have ▁lif esp ans ▁around ▁ 2 ▁years ▁and ▁ 2 ▁months . ▁ ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁generally ▁reach ▁sexual ▁m atur ity ▁after ▁ 1 8 – 2 4 ▁months . ▁They ▁usually ▁mate ▁with ▁the ▁opposite ▁sex ▁after ▁emer ging ▁from ▁hi bern ation ▁in ▁the ▁spring . ▁The ▁gest ation ▁period ▁of ▁females ▁is ▁around ▁ 1 . 5 ▁months , ▁and ▁females ▁can ▁lay ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁eggs ▁in ▁a ▁cl utch , ▁the ▁number ▁varying ▁between ▁species . ▁ ▁E . ▁g utt ata ▁and ▁E . ▁ob sole ta , ▁among ▁others , ▁ ▁are ▁mostly ▁di urn al , ▁but ▁some ▁species ▁are ▁more ▁active ▁in ▁late ▁afternoon ▁or ▁at ▁d
usk . ▁Through out ▁the ▁year , ▁they ▁are ▁usually ▁active ▁from ▁April ▁to ▁October , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁hi bern ation . ▁ ▁Hi bern ation ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁ ▁hibernate , ▁especially ▁those ▁that ▁live ▁in ▁cold ▁regions , ▁because ▁sn akes ▁are ▁cold - blo oded , ▁which ▁makes ▁their ▁body ▁temperature ▁sus cept ible ▁to ▁the ▁temperature ▁of ▁their ▁environments . ▁Thus , ▁they ▁need ▁to ▁maintain ▁their ▁body ▁energy ▁by ▁switching ▁locations ▁and ▁remaining ▁phys i olog ically ▁in active ▁when ▁winter ▁comes . ▁The ▁hi bern ac ula ▁sites ▁vary ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁habit ats ▁they ▁live ▁in , ▁yet ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁requirement ▁of ▁a ▁hi bern ac ul um ▁site ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁fro st - free . ▁Some ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁hibernate ▁in ▁the ▁rock ▁cre v ices , ▁rock ▁fault s , ▁and ▁bur rows . ▁However , ▁other ▁species ▁choose ▁to ▁hibernate ▁in ▁ro tt ing ▁logs , ▁roots ▁of ▁trees , ▁and ▁h ollow ▁spaces ▁in ▁elev ated ▁tree ▁tr unks . ▁Some ▁sn akes ▁that ▁live ▁close ▁to ▁human ▁communities ▁even ▁hibernate ▁in ▁old ▁well s ▁and ▁bar ns . ▁ ▁Most ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁E lap he ▁start ▁their ▁hi bern ation ▁in ▁October ▁and ▁emer ge ▁again ▁the ▁next ▁spring . ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁hi bern ation ▁var ies ▁by ▁species . ▁E lap he ▁long iss ima , ▁or ▁A es cul ap ian
▁s nake , ▁may ▁hibernate ▁ ▁from ▁October ▁to ▁ ▁May , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁northern most ▁occurr ing ▁rat ▁sn akes . ▁However , ▁E lap he ▁b im ac ul ata , ▁or ▁the ▁tw in - sp otted ▁rat ▁s nake , ▁only ▁needs ▁to ▁hibernate ▁for ▁ 2 ▁to ▁ 3 ▁months . ▁Species ▁such ▁as ▁black ▁rat ▁sn akes , ▁or ▁E . ▁ob sole ta , ▁hibernate ▁with ▁other ▁rat ▁sn akes ▁and / or ▁many ▁other ▁s nake ▁species , ▁most ▁not ably ▁tim ber ▁r att les n akes , ▁rac ers , ▁and ▁b ull ▁sn akes . ▁ ▁Re production ▁E . ▁ob sole ta ▁generally ▁starts ▁to ▁mate ▁in ▁late ▁April , ▁May , ▁and ▁early ▁June ▁after ▁the ▁winter ▁hi bern ation . ▁ ▁M ales ▁try ▁to ▁attract ▁females ▁with ▁ph er om ones , ▁as ▁the ▁females ▁pass ▁through ▁their ▁territ ories . ▁Male ▁A es cul ap ian ▁sn akes ▁purs ue ▁female ▁sn akes ▁until ▁they ▁can ▁co il ▁around ▁them . ▁They ▁continue ▁in ▁such ▁position , ▁which ▁is ▁then ▁followed ▁by ▁dan cing ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁an ▁hour ▁before ▁cop ulation , ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁male ▁s nake ▁lines ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁female ▁and ▁holds ▁her ▁in ▁place ▁by ▁wrapping ▁his ▁tail ▁around ▁hers ▁and ▁grasp ing ▁her ▁with ▁his ▁mouth . ▁Then , ▁the ▁male ▁ ▁ever ts ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁hem ip enes ▁into ▁the ▁female ' s ▁clo aca .
▁The ▁m ating ▁process ▁last s ▁from ▁a ▁few ▁minutes ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁hours . ▁ ▁After ▁cop ulation , ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁seek ▁an ▁appropriate ▁place ▁to ▁lay ▁the ▁developing ▁eggs . ▁ ▁They ▁usually ▁lay ▁eggs ▁in ▁the ▁soft ▁heart ▁of ▁a ▁ro tt en ▁log ▁or ▁in ▁sand y ▁soil ▁under ▁a ▁rock . ▁A ▁good ▁place ▁for ▁lay ing ▁eggs ▁is ▁one ▁that ▁is ▁d amp ▁but ▁not ▁wet , ▁and ▁warm ▁but ▁not ▁hot . ▁After ▁lay ing ▁eggs , ▁the ▁female ▁s nake ▁covers ▁them ▁up ▁with ▁sand ▁or ▁soil , ▁and ▁then ▁she ▁leaves . ▁A ▁few ▁species ▁remain ▁with ▁the ▁eggs ▁until ▁they ▁h atch ▁about ▁ 9 ▁weeks ▁later . ▁ ▁O v ip ar ous ▁E . ▁ob sole ta ▁l ays ▁ 1 2 – 2 0 ▁eggs ▁under ▁logs ▁or ▁leaves ▁in ▁late ▁summer , ▁which ▁h atch ▁in ▁the ▁fall . ▁The ▁adult ▁sn akes ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁hi bern ation ▁dens ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁fall . ▁E . ▁g utt ata ▁ ▁bre eds ▁from ▁March ▁to ▁May . ▁The ▁m ating ▁process ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁E . ▁ob sole ta . ▁E . ▁g utt ata ▁l ays ▁▁ 1 0 – 3 0 ▁eggs ▁in ▁late ▁May ▁to ▁July . ▁The ▁eggs ▁are ▁generally ▁not ▁protected ▁by ▁the ▁adult s . ▁After ▁ 6 0 – 6 5 ▁days , ▁the ▁eggs ▁h atch ▁in ▁July ▁through ▁September . ▁ ▁Def ense ▁mechan isms
▁Many ▁species ▁of ▁E lap he ▁are ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁non ag gress ive ▁and ▁sh y . ▁They ▁are ▁pr one ▁to ▁free ze ▁their ▁movements ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁shock ed ▁or ▁encounter ing ▁danger . ▁This ▁motion less ▁response ▁has ▁contributed ▁to ▁many ▁road ▁k ills ▁of ▁E lap he . ▁However , ▁some ▁ ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁def ensive ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁contin ually ▁prov oked . ▁For ▁example , ▁Texas ▁rat ▁sn akes , ▁ ▁E lap he ▁ob sole ta ▁l ind heimer i , ▁are ▁well ▁known ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁sn appy ▁and ▁comb ative ▁rat ▁sn akes . ▁In ▁general , ▁their ▁defense ▁system ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁broken ▁down ▁to ▁two ▁levels . ▁The ▁first ▁line ▁of ▁defense ▁involves ▁specific ▁behav iors ▁that ▁they ▁use ▁to ▁warn ▁the ▁intr ud ers . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁ways ▁is ▁by ▁co iling ▁their ▁bodies ▁and ▁v ibr ating ▁their ▁t ails , ▁which ▁sim ul ates ▁a ▁r attle . ▁Fox ▁sn akes , ▁E lap he ▁vul p ina ▁and ▁E lap he ▁g loy di , ▁exempl ify ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁defense ▁mechanism ; ▁they ▁m im ic ▁the ▁r att ling ▁v ibration ▁of ▁r att les n akes ▁when ▁they ▁encounter ▁danger . ▁Another ▁common ▁way ▁of ▁defense ▁is ▁by ▁sm ear ing ▁a ▁f oul - sm elling ▁mus k ▁on ▁their ▁pred ators . ▁The ▁mus k ▁is ▁origin ated ▁from
▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁anal ▁g land ▁and ▁the ▁int est inal ▁tract . ▁The ▁second ▁line ▁of ▁defense , ▁generally ▁involves ▁striking ▁the ▁intr uder ▁with ▁their ▁teeth ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁further ▁prov oked . ▁ ▁Lo com otion ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁move ▁forward ▁using ▁side - to - side , ▁ser pent ine ▁movement . ▁They ▁use ▁the ▁cur vy ▁vent ral ▁scales ▁of ▁their ▁bodies ▁to ▁grab ▁the ▁rough ▁ground ▁surfaces ▁and ▁then ▁push ▁against ▁the ▁ground ▁to ▁generate ▁a ▁forward ▁movement . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁sm o other ▁the ▁ground ▁is , ▁the ▁harder ▁it ▁is ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁move ▁across ▁it . ▁Many ▁species ▁apply ▁similar ▁mechan isms ▁when ▁clim bing ▁trees . ▁ ▁Pred ation ▁Ad ult ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁primarily ▁pre y ▁on ▁rod ents ▁( i . e ., ▁m ice ▁and ▁chip m unks ), ▁bird ▁eggs , ▁and ▁young ▁birds . ▁Ju ven iles ▁feed ▁on ▁small ▁l iz ards , ▁young ▁m ice , ▁and ▁occasionally ▁small ▁fro gs ▁( i . e ., ▁tree ▁fro gs ). ▁Species ▁such ▁as ▁E . ▁g utt ata ▁do ▁not ▁feed ▁on ▁a ▁daily ▁basis , ▁but ▁every ▁few ▁days . ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁h unt ▁by ▁waiting ▁motion less ▁in ▁a ▁fixed ▁position ▁until ▁the ▁pre y ▁comes ▁near ▁enough ▁to ▁attack . ▁Then , ▁they ▁strike ▁the ▁pre y ▁and ▁b ite ▁it . ▁They ▁use ▁their ▁Jacob son ' s ▁organ ▁to
▁track ▁and ▁find ▁their ▁pre y . ▁Being ▁con str ict ors , ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁kill ▁the ▁pre y ▁by ▁creating ▁enorm ous ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁pre y ' s ▁ch est . ▁As ▁they ▁continue ▁to ▁co il ▁more ▁tight ly , ▁the ▁pressure ▁on ▁the ▁ch est ▁prevents ▁the ▁blood ▁from ▁circul ating ▁into ▁the ▁heart , ▁which ▁eventually ▁leads ▁to ▁heart ▁failure . ▁They ▁usually ▁b ite ▁the ▁pre y ▁first ▁to ▁maintain ▁their ▁g rip ▁on ▁the ▁pre y ▁before ▁they ▁start ▁this ▁dead ly ▁mechanism . ▁In ▁addition , ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁che w ▁their ▁food , ▁but ▁sw allow ▁it ▁whole . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁and ▁distribution ▁E lap he ▁s pp . ▁live ▁in ▁a ▁great ▁variety ▁of ▁environments , ▁depending ▁on ▁species ▁and ▁sub species . ▁Most ▁are ▁terrest rial ▁or ▁sem iar b ore al , ▁but ▁some ▁bur row ▁in ▁sand ▁or ▁loose ▁soil . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁black ▁rat ▁s nake , ▁ ▁E . ▁ob sole ta ▁ob sole ta , ▁pre fers ▁heavily ▁wood ed ▁habit ats ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁excellent ▁tree - cl im bing ▁ability . ▁Their ▁population ▁can ▁be ▁distributed ▁throughout ▁all ▁elev ations , ▁usually ▁on ▁rock y ▁hills ides ▁of ▁mountains , ▁or ▁on ▁flat ▁far ml ands . ▁However , ▁the ▁yellow ▁rat ▁sn akes , ▁E . ▁o . ▁quad riv itt ata , ▁pre fers ▁river ▁sw amps ▁as ▁habit ats . ▁Similarly , ▁the ▁Ever gl
ades ▁rat ▁s nake , ▁ ▁E . ▁o . ▁ro ss allen i , ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁shr ubs ▁and ▁trees ▁along ▁the ▁water ▁way . ▁The ▁E lap he ▁sn akes ▁are ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁Northern ▁Hem is phere , ▁but ▁some ▁occur ▁in ▁South ▁America , ▁Africa , ▁S out heast ▁Asia , ▁and ▁Northern ▁Australia . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁black ▁rat ▁sn akes ▁are ▁well ▁distributed ▁from ▁Ontario , ▁Canada , ▁to ▁Florida ▁and ▁Texas . ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁E . ▁g utt ata ▁is ▁w ides p read ▁in ▁many ▁U . S . ▁states , ▁including ▁Florida , ▁Louisiana , ▁southern ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁and ▁parts ▁of ▁Kentucky . ▁ ▁Species ▁ ▁E lap he ▁anom ala ▁( B ou len ger , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁b im ac ul ata ▁Schmidt , ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁ ▁E lap he ▁cant oris ▁( B ou len ger , ▁ 1 8 9 4 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁car in ata ▁( G ün ther , ▁ 1 8 6 4 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁clim ac op hora ▁( Bo ie , ▁ 1 8 2 6 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁dav idi ▁( S au v age , ▁ 1 8 8 4 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁d ione ▁( P allas , ▁ 1 7 7 3 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁h od g son i ▁( G ün ther
, ▁ 1 8 6 0 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁mo ell endor ff i ▁( Bo ett ger , ▁ 1 8 8 6 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁quad riv ir g ata ▁( Bo ie , ▁ 1 8 2 6 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁qu atu or line ata ▁( B onn ater re , ▁ 1 7 9 0 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁sa ur om ates ▁( P allas , ▁ 1 8 1 1 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁sch ren ck ii ▁Stra uch , ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁ ▁E lap he ▁ta eni ura ▁( C ope , ▁ 1 8 6 1 ) ▁ ▁E lap he ▁ur art ica ▁J abl ons ki , ▁K uk ush kin , ▁A vc ı , ▁Bun y at ova , ▁Il g az , ▁T uni ye v , ▁& ▁J and zik , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁E lap he ▁zo ige ensis ▁Hu ang , ▁D ing , ▁Bur br ink , ▁Yang , ▁Hu ang , ▁L ing , ▁Chen , ▁& ▁Z hang , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : E lap he ▁Category : S nake ▁gener a ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Johann ▁Georg ▁W ag ler <0x0A> </s> ▁Orth ographic ▁trans cription ▁is ▁a ▁trans cription ▁method ▁that ▁emp lo ys ▁the ▁standard ▁sp elling ▁system ▁of ▁each ▁target ▁language .<
ref > H ay es , ▁Bruce ▁( 2 0 1 1 ); ▁Int ro duct ory ▁Ph on ology ; ▁John ▁W iley ▁& ▁S ons ; ▁, ▁ 9 7 8 1 4 4 4 3 6 0 1 3 4 . ▁" The ▁term ▁orth ographic ▁trans cription ▁simply ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁words ▁are ▁written ▁down ▁using ▁the ▁custom ary ▁sp elling ▁system ▁( orth ography ) ▁of ▁the ▁language ." ▁For ▁a ▁better ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁examples ▁shown ▁in ▁Hay es ' s ▁book ▁see ▁From kin , ▁Victoria ▁( 2 0 0 0 ); ▁L ingu istics : ▁an ▁introduction ▁to ▁lingu istic ▁theory ; ▁W iley - Black well ; ▁, ▁ 9 7 8 0 6 3 1 1 9 7 1 1 9 </ ref > ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁orth ographic ▁trans cription ▁are ▁" Push kin " ▁and ▁" P ouch k ine ", ▁respectively ▁the ▁English ▁and ▁French ▁orth ographic ▁trans cri ptions ▁of ▁the ▁surname ▁" П у ́ шки н " ▁in ▁the ▁name ▁Алек са ́ нд р ▁Пу ́ шки н ▁( Alex ander ▁P ush kin ). ▁Thus , ▁each ▁target ▁language ▁( English ▁and ▁French ) ▁trans cri bes ▁the ▁surname ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁own ▁orth ography . ▁ ▁Con tr ast ▁with ▁ph on etic ▁trans cription , ▁ph on em ic ▁orth ography , ▁transl iter ation , ▁and ▁translation . ▁ ▁Dist inction ▁from ▁transl iter ation ▁ ▁Trans cription ▁as ▁a ▁mapping
▁from ▁sound ▁to ▁script ▁must ▁be ▁distinguished ▁from ▁transl iter ation , ▁which ▁creates ▁a ▁mapping ▁from ▁one ▁script ▁to ▁another ▁that ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁match ▁the ▁original ▁script ▁as ▁directly ▁as ▁possible . ▁Standard ▁trans cription ▁schemes ▁for ▁lingu istic ▁purposes ▁include ▁the ▁International ▁Ph on etic ▁Al phabet ▁( IP A ), ▁and ▁its ▁ASCII ▁equivalent , ▁SA MP A . ▁Trans cription ▁is ▁often ▁confused ▁with ▁transl iter ation , ▁perhaps ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁common ▁journal istic ▁practice ▁of ▁mixing ▁elements ▁of ▁both ▁in ▁rendering ▁foreign ▁names . ▁The ▁resulting ▁practical ▁trans cription ▁is ▁a ▁hy brid ▁that ▁is ▁called ▁both ▁" trans cription " ▁and ▁" trans liter ation " ▁by ▁the ▁general ▁public . ▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁examples ▁of ▁ph on etic ▁trans cription ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Russian ▁president ▁known ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁Bor is ▁Y el ts in , ▁followed ▁by ▁accepted ▁hy brid ▁forms ▁in ▁various ▁languages . ▁English ▁speak ers ▁will ▁pron ounce ▁" B oris " ▁differently ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁Russian , ▁so ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁transl iter ation ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁trans cription ▁in ▁the ▁strict ▁sense . ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁words ▁are ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁trans cribed ▁differently ▁under ▁different ▁systems . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Mand arin ▁Chinese ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁is ▁Be ij ing ▁using ▁the ▁commonly ▁used ▁contemporary ▁system ▁H à ny ǔ ▁P ī ny ī n , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁histor ically ▁significant
▁W ade – G iles ▁system , ▁it ▁is ▁written ▁Pe i - Ch ing . ▁ ▁Pract ical ▁trans cription ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁into ▁a ▁non - alph ab etic ▁language ▁too . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁a ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁newspaper , ▁George ▁Bush ' s ▁name ▁is ▁transl iter ated ▁into ▁two ▁Chinese ▁characters ▁that ▁sound ▁like ▁" B ou - s ū " ▁( 布 <0xE6> <0xAE> <0x8A> ) ▁by ▁using ▁the ▁characters ▁that ▁mean ▁ ▁" cl oth " ▁and ▁" special ". ▁Similarly , ▁many ▁words ▁from ▁English ▁and ▁other ▁Western ▁European ▁languages ▁are ▁borrow ed ▁in ▁Japanese ▁and ▁are ▁trans cribed ▁using ▁K ata k ana , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁sy ll ab aries . ▁ ▁Sub sequ ent ▁diver gence ▁After ▁trans cri bing ▁a ▁word ▁from ▁one ▁language ▁to ▁the ▁script ▁of ▁another ▁language : ▁ ▁one ▁or ▁both ▁languages ▁may ▁develop ▁further . ▁The ▁original ▁correspond ence ▁between ▁the ▁sounds ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁languages ▁may ▁change , ▁and ▁so ▁the ▁pron unci ation ▁of ▁the ▁trans cribed ▁word ▁develop s ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁direction ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁pron unci ation . ▁ ▁the ▁trans cribed ▁word ▁may ▁be ▁adopted ▁as ▁a ▁loan word ▁in ▁another ▁language ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁script . ▁This ▁often ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁pron unci ation ▁and ▁sp elling ▁which ▁are ▁different ▁from ▁a ▁direct ▁trans cription . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁especially ▁evident ▁for ▁Greek ▁loan words ▁and ▁proper ▁names . ▁Greek ▁words ▁were ▁histor ically ▁first ▁trans cribed ▁to
▁Latin ▁( acc ording ▁to ▁their ▁old ▁pron unci ations ), ▁and ▁then ▁loan ed ▁into ▁other ▁languages , ▁and ▁finally ▁the ▁loan word ▁has ▁developed ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁target ▁language . ▁For ▁example , ▁Arist ot le ▁is ▁the ▁currently ▁used ▁English ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁phil os opher ▁whose ▁name ▁in ▁Greek ▁is ▁sp elled ▁ <0xCC> <0x93> A ρ ι σ τ o τ έ λ η ς ▁( Ar ist ot él ē s ), ▁which ▁was ▁trans cribed ▁to ▁Latin ▁Arist ot eles , ▁from ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁loan ed ▁into ▁other ▁languages ▁and ▁followed ▁their ▁lingu istic ▁development . ▁( In ▁" class ical " ▁Greek ▁of ▁Arist ot le ' s ▁time , ▁lower - case ▁letters ▁were ▁not ▁used , ▁and ▁the ▁name ▁was ▁sp elled ▁ Α Ρ Ι Σ Τ Ο Τ Ε Λ Η Σ .) P li oc ene , ▁a ▁much ▁more ▁recent ▁word , ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁words ▁ π λ ε ί ω ν ▁( ple i ô n , ▁" more ") ▁and ▁ κ α ι ν ó ς ▁( k ain ós , ▁" new "), ▁which ▁were ▁first ▁trans cribed ▁( Lat in ised ) ▁to ▁pl ion ▁and ▁ca en us ▁and ▁then ▁loan ed ▁into ▁other ▁languages . ▁( < κ > ▁became ▁< c > ▁because ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁< k > ▁in ▁Latin .) ▁ ▁When ▁this ▁process ▁continues ▁over ▁several ▁languages , ▁it
▁may ▁fail ▁miser ably ▁to ▁convey ▁the ▁original ▁pron unci ation . ▁One ▁ancient ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁S ansk rit ▁word ▁d hy ā na ▁(" cont empl ation ", ▁" med itation ") ▁which ▁was ▁trans cribed ▁into ▁the ▁Chinese ▁word ▁ch ' anna ▁through ▁Buddh ist ▁script ures ; ▁next ▁short ened ▁into ▁ch ' an . ▁Ch ' an ▁( <0xE7> <0xA6> <0xAA> ), ▁pron ounced ▁z en ▁in ▁Japanese , ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Buddh ist ▁sect ▁of ▁" Ch an " ▁( Z en ▁Buddh ism ), ▁was ▁trans cribed ▁from ▁Japanese ▁( ゼン ▁z en ) ▁to ▁z en ▁in ▁English . ▁D hy ā na ▁to ▁z en ▁is ▁quite ▁a ▁change . ▁ ▁Another ▁issue ▁is ▁any ▁subsequent ▁change ▁in ▁" pre ferred " ▁trans cription . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁word ▁describing ▁a ▁philosophy ▁or ▁religion ▁in ▁China ▁was ▁popular ized ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁T ao ▁and ▁given ▁the ▁term ination ▁- ism ▁to ▁produce ▁an ▁English ▁word ▁T ao ism . ▁That ▁trans cription ▁reflect s ▁the ▁W ade – G iles ▁system . ▁More ▁recent ▁P iny in ▁transl iter ations ▁produce ▁D ao ▁and ▁D ao ism ' '. ▁( See ▁also ▁D ao ism – T ao ism ▁roman ization ▁issue .) ▁ ▁Trans cription ▁and ▁transl iter ation ▁examples ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Inter linear ▁gl oss ▁ ▁Ph on etic ▁sp elling ▁ ▁Ph on etic ▁trans cription ▁ ▁Roman ization ▁ ▁Spe ech ▁recognition
▁ ▁Sub title ▁( caption ing ) ▁ ▁Trans liter ation ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Trans cription ▁( ling u istics ) ▁Category : Or th ography <0x0A> </s> ▁Jac qu eline ▁En field ▁( born ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁former ▁sw immer . ▁ ▁Sw imming ▁career ▁She ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁ 2 0 0 ▁met re ▁breast stroke ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁She ▁represented ▁England ▁and ▁won ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁ 2 2 0 ▁yards ▁breast stroke , ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁in ▁Per th , ▁Australia . ▁She ▁also ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 0 ▁yards ▁breast stroke ▁at ▁the ▁Games . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁female ▁sw imm ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁sw imm ers ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : Sw imm ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁North am pton ▁Category : Sw imm ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁med all ists ▁in ▁sw imming ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁silver ▁med all ists ▁for ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁B ray an ▁Y oh angel ▁H urt ado ▁Cort es ía ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁June
▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Venez uel an ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁forward ▁for ▁the ▁Port land ▁Tim bers ▁ 2 , ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁Min eros ▁de ▁Gu ay ana . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : V enez uel an ▁football ers ▁Category : V enez uel an ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : M iner os ▁de ▁Gu ay ana ▁players ▁Category : Port land ▁Tim bers ▁ 2 ▁players ▁Category : V enez uel an ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁s occer ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : US L ▁Championship ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Som erset ▁Island ▁Form ation ▁is ▁a ▁ge olog ic ▁formation ▁in ▁North west ▁Territ ories . ▁It ▁pres erves ▁foss ils ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Sil ur ian ▁period . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁foss il ifer ous ▁strat ig raph ic ▁units ▁in ▁North west ▁Territ ories ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sil ur ian ▁North west ▁Territ ories ▁Category : Sil ur ian ▁northern ▁pale otrop ical ▁depos its <0x0A> </s> ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁Jud icial ▁Conference ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁delivered ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁notification ▁cert ifying ▁" its ▁determ ination
▁that ▁consideration ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Judge ▁Thomas ▁Por te ous ▁( E . D . ▁La .) ▁may ▁be ▁war r anted ." ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁the ▁ 1 1 0 th ▁Congress ▁author ized ▁its ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁task ▁Force ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁matter . ▁The ▁task ▁force ' s ▁authority ▁was ▁renew ed ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 1 1 th ▁Congress ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁May ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁its ▁authority ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁include ▁an ▁investigation ▁of ▁Samuel ▁Kent , ▁a ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁Southern ▁District ▁of ▁Texas , ▁leading ▁to ▁his ▁im pe achment ▁by ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Judge ▁Thomas ▁Por te ous ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁Jud icial ▁Conference ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁transm itted ▁a ▁certificate ▁to ▁the ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁express ing ▁the ▁Conference ' s ▁determ ination ▁that ▁consideration ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁Judge ▁Por te ous ▁might ▁be ▁war r anted . ▁ ▁The ▁certificate ▁stated ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁substantial ▁evidence ▁that ▁Judge ▁Por te ous ▁" re pe ated ly ▁committed ▁per j ury ▁by ▁signing ▁false ▁financial ▁dis closure ▁forms ▁under ▁o ath ," ▁thus ▁conce aling ▁" c ash ▁and ▁things ▁of ▁value
▁that ▁he ▁solic ited ▁and ▁received ▁from ▁law y ers ▁appearing ▁in ▁lit ig ation ▁before ▁him ." ▁In ▁a ▁specific ▁case , ▁" he ▁denied ▁a ▁motion ▁to ▁rec use ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁relationship ▁with ▁law y ers ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁. ▁. ▁. ▁and ▁failed ▁to ▁disc lose ▁that ▁the ▁law y ers ▁in ▁question ▁had ▁often ▁provided ▁him ▁with ▁c ash . ▁There after , ▁while ▁a ▁ben ch ▁ver dict ▁( that ▁is , ▁a ▁ver dict ▁by ▁a ▁judge ▁sitting ▁without ▁a ▁j ury ) ▁was ▁pending , ▁he ▁solic ited ▁and ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁law y ers ▁appearing ▁before ▁him ▁illegal ▁gr atu ities ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁c ash ▁and ▁other ▁things ▁of ▁value "" ▁thus ▁dep riv ing ▁" the ▁public ▁of ▁its ▁right ▁to ▁his ▁honest ▁services ". ▁ ▁The ▁certificate ▁concluded ▁that ▁this ▁conduct ▁" const it uted ▁an ▁ab use ▁of ▁his ▁jud icial ▁office " ▁in ▁viol ation ▁of ▁the ▁Can ons ▁of ▁the ▁Code ▁of ▁Con duct ▁for ▁United ▁States ▁Jud ges ". ▁ ▁The ▁certificate ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁substantial ▁evidence ▁that ▁Por te ous ▁had ▁" re pe ated ly ▁committed ▁per j ury ▁by ▁signing ▁false ▁financial ▁dis closure ▁forms ▁under ▁o ath " ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁his ▁bank rupt cy , ▁allowing ▁" him ▁to ▁obtain ▁a ▁dis charge ▁of ▁his ▁deb ts ▁while ▁continu ing ▁his ▁l ifest yle ▁at ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁his ▁credit ors ", ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁" made
▁false ▁representations ▁to ▁gain ▁the ▁extension ▁of ▁a ▁bank ▁loan ▁with ▁the ▁intent ▁to ▁def ra ud ▁the ▁bank ". ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁voted ▁un anim ously ▁to ▁proceed ▁with ▁an ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁b ri ber y ▁and ▁per j ury ▁alleg ations . ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Chair ▁John ▁Con y ers ▁announced ▁that ▁Alan ▁I . ▁Bar ron ▁had ▁been ▁h ired ▁as ▁Special ▁Coun sel ▁to ▁lead ▁an ▁inqu iry ▁into ▁Judge ▁Por te ous ' ▁im pe achment . ▁Representatives ▁Adam ▁Schiff ▁( D - CA ) ▁and ▁Bob ▁Good lat te ▁( R - VA ) ▁were ▁designated ▁as ▁Chair ▁and ▁Rank ing ▁Member , ▁respectively ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁task ▁force ▁conduct ing ▁the ▁inqu iry . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁passed ▁H . ▁Res . ▁ 1 5 ▁by ▁voice ▁vote , ▁author izing ▁and ▁direct ing ▁the ▁Committee ▁on ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁to ▁in quire ▁whether ▁the ▁House ▁should ▁im pe ach ▁Judge ▁Por te ous . ▁The ▁resolution ▁was ▁spons ored ▁by ▁Rep . ▁John ▁Con y ers , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁and ▁was ▁proposed ▁because ▁the ▁investigation ▁ended ▁with ▁the ▁previous ▁Congress ▁and ▁a ▁renew al ▁was ▁needed . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2
0 0 9 , ▁Re ps . ▁Con y ers ▁and ▁L amar ▁Smith ▁introduced ▁a ▁resolution ▁asking ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁judge ' s ▁tax ▁returns ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁investigation . ▁The ▁resolution ▁was ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁R ules ▁Committee ▁and , ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁a ▁time frame ▁was ▁established ▁which ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁investigation ▁to ▁end ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁the ▁Jud icial ▁Task ▁force ▁on ▁Jud icial ▁Im pe achment ▁would ▁decide ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁if ▁im pe achment ▁would ▁be ▁recommended ▁to ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee . ▁If ▁the ▁recommendation ▁was ▁for ▁im pe achment , ▁the ▁Committee ▁would ▁take ▁up ▁the ▁matter ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁task ▁force ▁scheduled ▁the ▁first ▁hear ings ▁on ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁November ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁ 1 8 , ▁with ▁more ▁meet ings ▁in ▁December ▁before ▁a ▁final ▁recommendation ▁was ▁made . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 3 ▁Por te ous ▁su ed ▁the ▁task ▁force , ▁claim ing ▁that ▁the ▁panel ▁was ▁viol ating ▁his ▁Fif th ▁Am end ment ▁rights ▁by ▁using ▁testim ony ▁given ▁under ▁imm unity ▁in ▁making ▁the ▁case ▁against ▁him . ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁panel ▁voted ▁un anim ously ▁to ▁recommend ▁four ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee , ▁which , ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁voted ▁to ▁send ▁the ▁articles ▁of ▁im
pe achment ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁House . ▁ ▁The ▁Tri al ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Por te ous ▁Spe aker ▁Nancy ▁Pel osi ▁appointed ▁several ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁task ▁force ▁as ▁man agers ▁in ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁trial , ▁namely ▁Schiff ▁and ▁Rep . ▁Bob ▁Good lat te , ▁R - V ir gin ia , ▁were ▁named ▁the ▁lead ▁im pe achment ▁man agers ▁for ▁the ▁Senate ▁trial , ▁The ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Senate , ▁where ▁the ▁proceed ings ▁were ▁started ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 7 . ▁ ▁Jud icial ▁im pe achment ▁tri als ▁are ▁rather ▁different ▁than ▁President ial ▁ones . ▁The ▁President ▁pro ▁Temp ore ▁appointed ▁Cla ir ▁McC ask ill ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁chair person ▁of ▁a ▁select ▁" Im pe achment ▁trial " ▁committee , ▁which ▁would ▁conduct ▁all ▁but ▁the ▁closing ▁arguments ▁of ▁the ▁trial . ▁Or rin ▁H atch ▁was ▁vice ▁Chair man ▁and ▁he ▁and ▁McC ask ill ▁served ▁as ▁Co - jud ges . ▁▁ ▁After ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁Voir ▁dire , ▁a ▁j ury ▁of ▁sen ators ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁serve ▁on ▁the ▁committee : ▁ ▁Amy ▁K lob uchar , ▁M N , ▁Sh eld on ▁White house , ▁R I , ▁Tom ▁U d all , ▁N M , ▁Jean ne ▁Sh a he en , ▁N H , ▁Edward ▁Kauf man , ▁DE ▁for ▁the ▁Democr ats , ▁and ▁Jim ▁De M int , ▁SC , ▁John ▁Bar r asso , ▁W Y ,
▁Roger ▁W icker , ▁MS , ▁Mike ▁Johann s , ▁NE ▁and ▁James ▁R isch , ▁ID ▁for ▁the ▁Republic ans . ▁ ▁Tri als ▁take ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁to ▁organ ize , ▁and ▁after ▁an ▁organiz ational ▁meeting ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁The ▁first ▁sessions ▁of ▁the ▁trial ▁didn ' t ▁begin ▁until ▁August ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁Man agers ▁and ▁defense ▁att orney ▁Jonathan ▁Tur ley , ▁had ▁to ▁what ▁was ▁to ▁all ▁a ▁typical ▁trial . ▁it ▁last ed ▁until ▁September ▁ 2 1 . ▁A ▁report ▁finding ▁Por te ous ▁provision ally ▁guilty ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Senate ▁floor ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 , ▁and ▁Tur ley ▁and ▁Schiff ▁gave ▁their ▁closing ▁statements ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁Senate ▁on ▁December ▁ 7 ▁and ▁the ▁judge ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁office ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁by ▁a ▁near - un anim ous ▁vote . ▁ ▁The ▁trial ▁process ▁had ▁last ed ▁nearly ▁a ▁year . ▁ ▁Judge ▁Samuel ▁Kent ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Judge ▁Kent ▁refused ▁to ▁res ign ▁after ▁he ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁prison . ▁The ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁then ▁voted ▁to ▁begin ▁an ▁im pe achment ▁investigation . ▁Pro ceed ings ▁continued ▁after ▁the ▁judge ▁res igned ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁but ▁set ▁an ▁effective ▁date ▁for ▁his ▁res ignation ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁H ear ings ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 . ▁
▁Cha ired ▁by ▁Rep ▁Adam ▁Schiff , ▁it ▁featured ▁ ▁the ▁powerful ▁testim ony ▁by ▁the ▁emot ional ▁and ▁sometimes ▁hal ting ▁testim ony ▁of ▁C ath y ▁Mc B room ▁and ▁Don na ▁Wil k erson . ▁The ▁two ▁Texas ▁women ▁sat ▁side ▁by ▁side ▁at ▁the ▁witness ▁table , ▁never ▁sm iling , ▁and ▁rec ount ed ▁the ▁hor rible ▁events ▁that ▁Kent ' s ▁guilty ▁ple a ▁acknowled ged ▁had ▁occurred . ▁Both ▁women ▁quoted ▁Kent ▁as ▁frequently ▁saying : ▁" I ▁am ▁the ▁government ." ▁In ▁an ▁emot ional ▁moment , ▁Wil k erson ▁described ▁trying ▁to ▁tell ▁her ▁te en age ▁daughter ▁to ▁never ▁end ure ▁any ▁sexual ▁mis con duct , ▁even ▁if ▁it ▁meant ▁har sh ▁consequences ▁such ▁as ▁losing ▁her ▁job . ▁ ▁Kent ▁and ▁his ▁lawyer , ▁Dick ▁De G uer in , ▁refused ▁to ▁attend , ▁calling ▁it ▁a ▁" circ us ." ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 9 , ▁the ▁Task ▁Force ▁reported ▁four ▁articles ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee , ▁which ▁sent ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁House ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁After ▁his ▁formal ▁im pe achment ▁ ▁June ▁ 1 9 , ▁Kent ▁res igned ▁for ▁real ▁as ▁the ▁Senate ▁trial ▁was ▁being ▁organized . ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁task ▁force ▁ ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁Task ▁Force ▁on ▁Jud icial ▁Im pe achment ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 1 1 th ▁Congress ▁were : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Im pe achment ▁in
▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Task ▁Force ▁Category : J ud icial ▁mis con duct ▁Jud ici ary ▁Task ▁Force ▁on ▁Jud icial ▁Im pe achment <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁Japanese ▁no blem an , ▁b ureau c rat , ▁and ▁chron ic ler . ▁He ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁, ▁a ▁particip ant ▁in ▁the ▁Jin sh in ▁War ▁of ▁ 6 7 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁most ▁famous ▁for ▁compiling ▁and ▁editing , ▁with ▁the ▁assistance ▁of ▁H ied a ▁no ▁Are , ▁the ▁K oj iki , ▁the ▁oldest ▁ext ant ▁Japanese ▁history . ▁Em press ▁Gen me i ▁( r . ▁ 7 0 7 - 7 2 1 ) ▁charged ▁Y as um aro ▁with ▁the ▁duty ▁of ▁writing ▁the ▁K oj iki ▁in ▁ 7 1 1 ▁using ▁the ▁differ ing ▁cl an ▁chron icles ▁and ▁native ▁myth s . ▁It ▁was ▁finished ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁in ▁ 7 1 2 . ▁▁ ▁Y as um aro ▁most ▁probably ▁also ▁played ▁an ▁active ▁role ▁in ▁compiling ▁the ▁N ih on ▁Sh oki , ▁which ▁was ▁finished ▁in ▁ 7 2 0 . ▁ ▁Y as um aro ▁became ▁cl an ▁head ▁in ▁ 7 1 6 , ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁ 7 2 3 . ▁▁ Ō ▁no ▁Y as um aro ▁Ep it aph ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁the ▁grave ▁of ▁ Ō ▁no ▁Y as um aro ▁was ▁un ear
th ed ▁in ▁a ▁tea ▁plant ation ▁in ▁Kon ose ▁Ward ▁of ▁N ara ▁City . ▁Its ▁eng ra ving ▁reads : ▁ ▁In ▁fiction ▁ ▁Y as um aro ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁T ou k iden : ▁The ▁Age ▁of ▁Dem ons ▁as ▁a ▁mit ama ▁( a ▁soul ▁of ▁a ▁hero ▁from ▁Japanese ▁history ). ▁ ▁Y as um aro ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁Sid ▁Me ier ' s ▁Civil ization ▁VI ▁as ▁a ▁Great ▁Pro ph et . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁N ara - period ▁Japan ▁Category : 7 2 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : De ified ▁Japanese ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁Japanese ▁doctor ▁who ▁studied ▁inf ect ious ▁dise ases . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁leader ▁in ▁the ▁medical ▁community ▁in ▁Japan ▁and ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁strong ▁understanding ▁of ▁traditional ▁Japanese ▁folk ▁rem ed ies . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁Nobel ▁Prize ▁in ▁Phys i ology ▁or ▁Medicine . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁grand father ▁of ▁Ken ichi ▁Fut aki , ▁an ▁emer it us ▁professor ▁at ▁K ok ug aku in ▁University . ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁inf ect ious ▁disease ▁phys icians ▁Category : 1 8 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁Regin o ▁Sain z ▁de ▁la ▁Maz a ▁y ▁Ru iz ▁( 7 ▁September ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁– ▁
2 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Spanish ▁classical ▁guitar ist ▁and ▁composer . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Sain z ▁de ▁la ▁Maz a ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Burg os . ▁At ▁ten , ▁he ▁got ▁his ▁first ▁guitar ▁and ▁started ▁his ▁musical ▁studies ▁with ▁Santiago ▁Land ache ▁( sol f ege ), ▁José ▁Nicol ás ▁Qu es ada ▁( p iano ), ▁and ▁Eugen io ▁Rodríguez ▁P asc ual ▁( gu itar ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁his ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁San ▁Sebast i án , ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁piano ▁with ▁Germ án ▁C endo ya , ▁harm ony ▁with ▁Bel tr án ▁P ag ola ▁and ▁guitar ▁with ▁Luis ▁S oria . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Bil ba o , ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁his ▁studies ▁with ▁Hil ari ón ▁L el oup . ▁At ▁ 1 8 , ▁he ▁performed ▁at ▁his ▁first ▁concert ▁at ▁the ▁Teatro ▁Ar ri aga ▁of ▁Bil ba o . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁moved ▁to ▁Barcelona , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁concert ▁music ian . ▁There , ▁he ▁be fri ended ▁Miguel ▁L lob et ▁and ▁And rés ▁Seg ov ia . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁he ▁played ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁A ▁year ▁later ▁he ▁tou red ▁South ▁America , ▁giving ▁ 9 0 ▁concert s . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁Golden ▁Medal ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁Buenos ▁Aires
, ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁friends ▁with ▁composer ▁Antonio ▁José ▁Martínez ▁Pala cios , ▁who ▁dedicated ▁some ▁guitar ▁compos itions ▁to ▁Sain z ▁de ▁la ▁Maz a . ▁ ▁He ▁tou red ▁Europe , ▁giving ▁concert s ▁in ▁France ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁and ▁Great ▁Britain ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁Five ▁years ▁later ▁he ▁tou red ▁South ▁America ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time , ▁with ▁concert s ▁in ▁Uruguay , ▁Argentina , ▁and ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁he ▁married ▁Josef ina ▁de ▁la ▁S erna , ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁writer ▁Con cha ▁Esp ina , ▁at ▁the ▁Real ▁Bas í lica ▁de ▁Mon aster io ▁de ▁El ▁Esc orial . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁professor ▁of ▁guitar ▁at ▁the ▁Madrid ▁Conserv atory . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁guitar ▁at ▁the ▁premi ere ▁of ▁Jo aqu ín ▁Rod r igo ' s ▁Con cier to ▁de ▁A ran j uez ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁conducted ▁by ▁César ▁M endo za ▁Las alle . ▁Rod r igo ▁dedicated ▁the ▁Con cier to ▁de ▁A ran j uez ▁to ▁Regin o ▁Sain z ▁de ▁la ▁Maz a . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁he ▁played ▁the ▁con cer to ▁in ▁Madrid , ▁with ▁Jes ús ▁Ar ám bar ri ▁as ▁conduct or . ▁In ▁
1 9 5 5 ▁he ▁published ▁the ▁book ▁called ▁La ▁Gu itar ra ▁y ▁su ▁historia ▁(' The ▁Gu itar ▁and ▁its ▁History '). ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁of ▁San ▁Fernando ▁of ▁Madrid . ▁A ▁day ▁later , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁favour ite ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Burg os . ▁ ▁Sain z ▁de ▁la ▁Maz a ▁performed ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁San ▁Nicola ▁di ▁B ari ▁in ▁Italy , ▁on ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁aged ▁ 8 2 . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Madrid ▁two ▁years ▁later . ▁His ▁younger ▁brother ▁Edu ardo ▁Sain z ▁de ▁la ▁Maz a ▁( 1 9 0 3 – 1 9 8 2 ) ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁acc laimed ▁guitar ist ▁and ▁composer . ▁ ▁Selected ▁compos itions ▁Gu itar ▁solo ▁Ale gr ías ▁Dan za ▁( Mad rid : ▁Union ▁Musical ▁Españ ola , ▁ 1 9 3 3 ) ▁Cu atro ▁obras ▁original es ▁( Mad rid : ▁Union ▁Musical ▁Españ ola , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ). ▁Cont ains : ▁Ba ile ▁de ▁Mu ñ ec as ; ▁Med it acion ; ▁Rec uerdo ; ▁Min u eto . ▁El ▁V ito ▁( n ue va ▁version ) ▁( Mad rid : ▁Union ▁Musical ▁Españ ola , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁Ron de ña ▁( Mad rid : ▁Union ▁Musical ▁Españ ola ,
▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁Z ap ate ado ▁( Mad rid : ▁Union ▁Musical ▁Españ ola , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Gu itar ▁magazine ▁article ▁about ▁Gu itar ▁in ▁Spain ▁ ▁Historic ▁Rec ording ▁of ▁Rod r igo ' s ▁Con cier to ▁de ▁A ran j uez ▁She et music ▁R isch el ▁& ▁B irk et - Smith ' s ▁Collection ▁of ▁guitar ▁music ▁Det ▁Kong el ige ▁Bibli ote k , ▁Den mark ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Spanish ▁mus icians ▁Category : Com pos ers ▁for ▁the ▁classical ▁guitar ▁Category : Span ish ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Span ish ▁male ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Span ish ▁classical ▁guitar ists ▁Category : M ale ▁guitar ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Burg os ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁guitar ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁male ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Y ok omo ▁Y Z - 8 3 4 B ▁" D og ▁F ighter " ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 / 1 0 ▁scale ▁electric - power ed ▁ 4 WD ▁radio - control led ▁vehicle ▁made ▁by ▁Y ok omo . ▁The ▁first ▁version ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁for ▁off -
road ▁racing . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁Y Z - 8 3 4 B ▁required ▁numerous ▁up gr ades ▁and ▁an ▁invest ment ▁of ▁ ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁compet itive , ▁Y ok omo ▁introduced ▁the ▁mail - order ▁only ▁SE ▁ 4 WD ▁featuring ▁a ▁host ▁of ▁parts ▁that ▁made ▁the ▁car ▁compet itive ▁straight ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁box ▁for ▁ ▁despite ▁being ▁offered ▁with ▁the ▁stock ▁motor . ▁ ▁The ▁Y Z - 8 3 4 B ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Y Z - 8 7 0 C ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Works ▁c ited ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁Site ▁of ▁Y ok omo ▁Japan ▁about ▁Y Z - 8 3 4 B ▁ax les ▁ ▁Y z - 8 3 4 b ▁Category : 1 : 1 0 ▁radio - control led ▁off - road ▁bug g ies <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁the ▁jud icial ▁system ▁of ▁Japan , ▁the ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Japan ▁guarante es ▁that ▁" all ▁jud ges ▁shall ▁be ▁independent ▁in ▁the ▁exercise ▁of ▁their ▁conscience ▁and ▁shall ▁be ▁bound ▁only ▁by ▁this ▁constitution ▁and ▁the ▁La ws " ▁( Art icle ▁ 7 6 ). ▁They ▁cannot ▁be ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁ben ch ▁" unless ▁jud icial ly ▁declared ▁ment ally ▁or ▁phys ically ▁in comp et ent ▁to ▁perform ▁official ▁duties ," ▁and ▁they ▁cannot ▁be ▁discipl ined ▁by ▁executive ▁ag encies ▁( Art icle ▁ 7 8 ). ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁jud ges , ▁however , ▁may ▁be ▁removed ▁by ▁a ▁majority
▁of ▁vot ers ▁in ▁a ▁refer endum ▁that ▁occurs ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁general ▁election ▁following ▁the ▁judge ' s ▁appointment ▁and ▁every ▁ten ▁years ▁there after . ▁ ▁The ▁jud ici ary ▁was ▁far ▁more ▁const rained ▁under ▁the ▁Me iji ▁Constitution ▁than ▁it ▁is ▁under ▁the ▁present ▁Constitution ▁and ▁had ▁no ▁authority ▁over ▁administrative ▁or ▁constitution al ▁law ▁cases . ▁ ▁Moreover , ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Justice ▁had ▁complete ▁and ▁direct ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁courts ' ▁administrative ▁affairs . ▁Non eth eless , ▁Professor ▁John ▁H ale y ▁arg ues ▁that ▁the ▁courts ▁maintained ▁complete ▁independence ▁in ▁the ▁adj ud ic ation ▁of ▁particular ▁cases . ▁ ▁" J ud icial ▁independence ▁from ▁the ▁political ▁branches ▁was ▁em ph atically ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁fundamental ▁principle ▁of ▁govern ance ▁in ▁Article ▁ 5 7 ▁of ▁the ▁Me iji ▁Constitution . ▁ ▁Of ▁all ▁branches ▁of ▁government ▁only ▁the ▁courts ▁exerc ised ▁authority ▁" in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Emperor ." ▁ ▁H ale y ▁arg ues ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁and ▁remains ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁great ▁pride ▁for ▁Japanese ▁jud ges ▁and ▁notes ▁that ▁" pla ced ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁all ▁court rooms ▁was ▁the ▁ins cription ▁" in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Emperor " ▁as ▁a ▁meaning ful ▁rem inder ▁to ▁imperial ▁officials ▁and ▁subjects ▁al ike ▁that ▁the ▁Emperor ' s ▁jud ges ▁were ▁not ▁subject ▁to ▁political ▁control ▁or ▁direction ." ▁ ▁A ▁key ▁feature ▁of ▁Japanese ▁courts ▁is ▁the ▁emphas is ▁on ▁w ak ai ▁settlement s ▁by ▁mut
ual ▁agreement ▁of ▁the ▁parties , ▁with ▁no ▁los er ▁or ▁winner . ▁These ▁settlement s ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁effect ▁as ▁a ▁court ▁jud g ement ▁( Code ▁of ▁Civil ▁Pro cedure , ▁article ▁ 2 6 7 ; ▁Civil ▁Exec ution ▁Act , ▁article ▁ 2 2 ). ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁District ▁Cour ts ▁issued ▁ 6 3 , 8 0 1 ▁jud g ments ▁and ▁orders , ▁and ▁ 5 2 , 9 5 7 ▁claims ▁were ▁solved ▁by ▁w ak ai ▁settlement . ▁In ▁the ▁Sum mary ▁Cour ts , ▁the ▁numbers ▁were ▁ 1 8 6 , 8 0 8 ▁and ▁ 4 0 , 5 0 9 ▁respectively . ▁▁ ▁Histor ically , ▁courts ▁in ▁Japan ▁were ▁following ▁the ▁in quis itor ial ▁procedure , ▁for ▁example ▁in ▁a ▁sh iras u ▁court ▁in ▁the ▁E do ▁era , ▁where ▁the ▁Chief ▁Mag istr ate ▁( bug yo ) ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁pro sec utor . ▁After ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁Japan ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁in quis itor ial ▁style ▁of ▁French ▁and ▁German ▁law , ▁where ▁jud ges ▁and ▁the ▁pro sec utor ▁had ▁the ▁responsibility ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁fact ▁and ▁apply ▁the ▁law . ▁After ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁courts ▁in ▁Japan ▁were ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁advers arial ▁system . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Japan ▁ranked ▁ 1 5 th ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁Justice ▁Project '
s ▁Rule ▁of ▁Law ▁Index , ▁a ▁m idd ling ▁among ▁G 7 ▁countries . ▁ ▁Cour ts ▁Japan ' s ▁court ▁system ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁basic ▁t iers . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁t iers ▁of ▁courts ▁are ▁the ▁ 4 3 8 ▁summary ▁courts ▁( <0xE7> <0xB0> <0xA1> <0xE6> <0x98> <0x93> <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判所 ▁k ani ▁sa ib ans ho ), ▁staff ed ▁by ▁ 8 0 6 ▁summary ▁court ▁jud ges . ▁Sum mary ▁court ▁jud ges ▁are ▁not ▁career ▁jud ges . ▁Qual ification ▁as ▁a ▁regular ▁judge ▁is ▁not ▁required . ▁Instead , ▁summary ▁court ▁jud ges ▁are ▁formally ▁nominated ▁for ▁pro ▁forma ▁cabinet ▁appointment ▁by ▁a ▁special ▁selection ▁committee ▁formally ▁compr ising ▁all ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁just ices , ▁the ▁President ▁( 長官 ▁ch ō kan ) ▁of ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁High ▁Court , ▁the ▁deput y ▁pro cur ator ▁general , ▁represent atives ▁of ▁the ▁bar , ▁and ▁others ▁" with ▁special ▁knowledge ▁and ▁experience . ▁They ▁mostly ▁handle ▁small ▁claims ▁civil ▁cases ▁( dis put es ▁not ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁ ¥ 1 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁minor ▁criminal ▁off enses . ▁They ▁are ▁only ▁able ▁to ▁imprison ▁defend ants ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁special ▁cases . ▁Sum mary ▁Cour ts ▁are ▁pres ided ▁over ▁by ▁one ▁judge . ▁Civil ▁cases ▁in ▁the ▁Sum mary ▁Court ▁are ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁District ▁Court , ▁while ▁criminal ▁cases ▁are ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁High
▁Court . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁second ▁tier ▁are ▁the ▁district ▁courts ▁( 地方 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判所 ▁ch ih ō ▁sa ib ans ho ), ▁the ▁principal ▁courts ▁of ▁first ▁instance . ▁There ▁are ▁ 5 0 ▁district ▁courts ▁with ▁additional ▁ 2 0 3 ▁branches . ▁Ex cept ▁for ▁minor ▁cases , ▁which ▁account ▁for ▁ 8 0 ▁to ▁ 9 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁adj ud ic ated ▁cases , ▁tri als ▁require ▁a ▁three - jud ge ▁panel . ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁courts ▁of ▁general ▁juris diction ▁and ▁the ▁principal ▁court ▁of ▁first ▁instance . ▁District ▁Cour ts ▁have ▁original ▁juris diction ▁in ▁fel ony ▁cases ▁and ▁in ▁civil ▁cases ▁where ▁the ▁disput ed ▁amount ▁is ▁over ▁ ¥ 1 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁They ▁also ▁handle ▁bank rupt cy ▁hear ings . ▁ ▁Each ▁District ▁Court ▁trial ▁is ▁pres ided ▁over ▁by ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁judge : ▁two ▁associate ▁jud ges ▁are ▁also ▁called ▁in ▁for ▁app ell ate ▁cases ▁from ▁Sum mary ▁or ▁Family ▁Cour ts , ▁or ▁for ▁criminal ▁cases ▁where ▁the ▁maximum ▁penalty ▁would ▁be ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁ 1 ▁year ▁in ▁prison . ▁Att or ne ys ▁sit ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁court room , ▁facing ▁the ▁center . ▁In ▁a ▁criminal ▁case , ▁the ▁accused ▁faces ▁the ▁jud ges ▁from ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁court room . ▁The ▁witness ▁box ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁center , ▁also ▁facing ▁the ▁jud ges . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁eight ▁High
▁Cour ts ▁( 高等 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判所 ▁K ō t ō - sa ib an - sh o ). ▁They ▁( S app oro , ▁Send ai , ▁Tokyo , ▁N ago ya , ▁Os aka , ▁H iro sh ima , ▁Tak am ats u , ▁and ▁Fu ku oka ) ▁serve ▁defined ▁circ uits ▁of ▁several ▁pre fect ures ▁each ; ▁there ▁are ▁also ▁" branch ▁offices " ▁in ▁Ak ita , ▁Kan az awa , ▁Okay ama , ▁M ats ue , ▁Mi y az aki , ▁and ▁N aha . ▁There ▁also ▁exists ▁the ▁Intel lect ual ▁Property ▁High ▁Court ▁( 知的 <0xE8> <0xB2> <0xA1> <0xE7> <0x94> <0xA3> 高等 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判所 ▁Ch ite ki - za isan - k ō t ō - sa ib an - sh o ) ▁in ▁Tokyo , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁branch ▁of ▁Tokyo ▁High ▁Court . ▁A ▁High ▁Court ▁usually ▁s its ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁manner ▁as ▁a ▁three - jud ge ▁District ▁Court . ▁Each ▁court ▁is ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁President , ▁who ▁is ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁Cab inet . ▁An ▁appeal ▁to ▁a ▁High ▁Court ▁is ▁called ▁k ō so ▁( 控 <0xE8> <0xA8> <0xB4> ). ▁The ▁high ▁courts ▁are ▁app ell ate ▁courts ▁for ▁either ▁k ō so ▁appe als ▁from ▁district ▁court ▁jud g ments , ▁criminal ▁jud g ments ▁from ▁summary ▁courts , ▁or , ▁in ▁civil ▁cases ▁tried ▁initially ▁in ▁summary ▁courts , ▁second ▁( j ō k
oku ) ▁appe als ▁limited ▁to ▁issues ▁of ▁law . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁a pe x ▁of ▁the ▁jud icial ▁hierarchy ▁is ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁( Sa ik ō ▁sa ib ans ho ▁ 最高 <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判所 ), ▁located ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Diet ▁Building . ▁ ▁The ▁" Gr and ▁Ben ch " ▁( 大法 <0xE5> <0xBB> <0xB7> ▁D ai h ō tei ) ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁has ▁associate ▁just ices , ▁who ▁are ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁with ▁the ▁Emperor ' s ▁att est ation . ▁The ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁is ▁nominated ▁by ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁and ▁appointed ▁to ▁office ▁by ▁the ▁Emperor . ▁The ▁Grand ▁Ben ch ▁is ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁three ▁" P et ty ▁Ben ches " ▁( 小法 <0xE5> <0xBB> <0xB7> ▁Sh ō h ō tei ) ▁of ▁five ▁just ices ▁each , ▁who ▁hear ▁incoming ▁appe als ▁and ▁recommend ▁them ▁for ▁an ▁audience ▁before ▁the ▁Grand ▁Ben ch . ▁ ▁An ▁appeal ▁to ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁is ▁called ▁j ō k oku ▁( 上告 ), ▁and ▁requires ▁either ▁an ▁error ▁in ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution , ▁or ▁an ▁error ▁in ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁case ▁law ▁from ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁or ▁High ▁Court . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these ▁str ata , ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁Family ▁Court ▁( 家 <0xE5> <0xBA> <0xAD> <0xE8> <0xA3> <0x81> 判所 ▁Kate i - sa ib an - sh o ) ▁tied ▁to ▁each ▁District ▁Court , ▁as ▁well ▁as
▁in ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁branch ▁offices ▁throughout ▁the ▁country . ▁Family ▁Cour ts ▁primarily ▁deal ▁with ▁ju ven ile ▁del in quency ▁cases ▁and ▁divor ce , ▁although ▁they ▁have ▁a ▁broad ▁juris diction ▁that ▁en comp ass es ▁all ▁forms ▁of ▁domestic ▁disput es , ▁including ▁correct ing ▁k ose ki ▁registration ▁data ▁and ▁partition ing ▁est ates . ▁If ▁a ▁settlement ▁cannot ▁be ▁reached ▁between ▁the ▁parties , ▁the ▁case ▁is ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁District ▁Court . ▁ ▁Although ▁jur ies ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁Japan ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁a ▁new ▁quasi - j ury ▁system ▁was ▁passed ▁into ▁law ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁was ▁implemented ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁They ▁are ▁not ▁jur ies ▁but ▁" lay ▁jud ges " ▁( sa ib an - in ) ▁working ▁side ▁by ▁side ▁with ▁the ▁" prof essional ▁jud ges ". ▁ ▁Typ ically , ▁there ▁are ▁ 6 ▁lay ▁jud ges ▁and ▁ 3 ▁professional ▁jud ges ▁for ▁one ▁case . ▁The ▁decision ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁by ▁majority ▁and ▁include ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁professional ▁jud ges . ▁Such ▁sa ib an - in ▁tri als ▁are ▁only ▁used ▁in ▁serious ▁cases , ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁pun ish able ▁by ▁death ▁penalty ▁or ▁life ▁imprison ment , ▁and ▁cases ▁that ▁caused ▁a ▁victim ▁to ▁die . ▁This ▁is ▁provided ▁in ▁the ▁Act ▁on ▁C riminal ▁Tri als ▁with ▁the ▁Part icip ation ▁of ▁Sa ib an

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