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1 3 ▁World ▁Row ing ▁Championships ▁in ▁Ch ung ju , ▁South ▁Korea . ▁G ow ler ▁won ▁the ▁gold ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁co x less ▁four ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁World ▁Row ing ▁Championships ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁alongside ▁Kay la ▁Pr att , ▁K else y ▁Be van , ▁and ▁Grace ▁Pr ender g ast . ▁With ▁the ▁women ' s ▁eight , ▁she ▁came ▁fourth ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Rio ▁Olympics . ▁She ▁is ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Olymp ian ▁number ▁ 1 2 7 8 . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁World ▁Row ing ▁Championships , ▁she ▁became ▁world ▁champion ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁pair ▁partner ed ▁with ▁Pr ender g ast . ▁G ow ler ▁and ▁Pr ender g ast ▁reg ained ▁that ▁title ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁World ▁Row ing ▁Championships . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁female ▁row ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ra eti hi ▁Category : World ▁Row ing ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁for ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁N ga ▁T awa ▁Dioc es an ▁School <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Parliament ary ▁Conference ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Trade ▁Organ ization ▁is ▁a ▁group ▁that ▁is ▁organized ▁joint ly ▁by ▁the ▁Inter - |
Par liament ary ▁Union ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament . ▁It ' s ▁ste ering ▁committee ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁around ▁ 3 0 ▁represent atives ▁from ▁various ▁member ▁parliament s . ▁According ▁to ▁Deb ra ▁Ste ger , ▁▁ ▁" the ▁over wh el ming ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ary ▁Con ferences ▁on ▁the ▁W TO ▁reflect s ▁the ▁great ▁interest ▁of ▁parliament ari ans ▁in ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁W TO , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁an ▁international ▁forum ▁that ▁will ▁provide ▁legisl ators ▁from ▁different ▁countries ▁with ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁exchange ▁views ▁and ▁contribute ▁to ▁W TO ▁decision - making ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : World ▁Trade ▁Organ ization <0x0A> </s> ▁En och ▁Z und el ▁ben ▁Joseph ▁( d ied ▁ 1 8 6 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Russian ▁Tal m ud ist ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁comment ary ▁on ▁Mid r ash ▁R abb ah . ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁B iał yst ok , ▁Poland ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁works : ▁ ▁A ▁three fold ▁comment ary ▁on ▁Mid r ash ▁R abb ah ▁of ▁the ▁Pent ate uch ▁and ▁five ▁Meg ill ot , ▁in ▁two ▁parts ▁( Wil na ▁and ▁G rod no , ▁ 1 8 2 9 – 3 4 ; ▁ 2 d ▁ed ., ▁Wil na , ▁ 1 8 4 5 ). ▁It ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁Et z ▁Y ose f ▁(" Tree ▁of ▁Joseph "), ▁which ▁explains |
▁it ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁simple ▁explanation ▁of ▁its ▁meaning ; ▁An af ▁Y ose f ▁(" B ranch ▁of ▁Joseph "), ▁which ▁explains ▁it ▁hom ile t ically ; ▁and ▁Y ad ▁Y ose f , ▁which ▁cross - re ferences ▁it ▁to ▁other ▁mid r ash im . ▁He ▁writes ▁in ▁his ▁introduction ▁to ▁the ▁work ▁that ▁he ▁named ▁the ▁work ▁after ▁his ▁father . ▁His ▁comment ary ▁received ▁appro b ations ▁from ▁numerous ▁rabb is , ▁among ▁them ▁Rab bi ▁Ya akov ▁T z vi ▁Me ck len burg , ▁author ▁of ▁Ha K et av ▁Ve Ha K ab bal ah . ▁ ▁A ▁two fold ▁comment ary ▁on ▁Mid r ash ▁T anch uma ▁( ib . ▁ 1 8 3 3 ) ▁ ▁A ▁three fold ▁comment ary ▁on ▁S eder ▁' O lam ▁( ib . ▁ 1 8 4 5 ) ▁ ▁Comment ary ▁on ▁Mid r ash ▁Samuel ▁( St ett in , ▁ 1 8 6 0 ) ▁ ▁M ib ḥ ar ▁Mi - P en in im , ▁a ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁Mid r ash ▁R abb ah ▁of ▁the ▁Pent ate uch ▁( W ars aw , ▁ 1 8 7 0 ) ▁ ▁Nov ell æ ▁on ▁the ▁H agg ad ah ▁of ▁the ▁Tal m ud ▁( Wil na , ▁ 1 8 8 3 ) — th ese ▁comment aries ▁are , ▁in ▁fact , ▁comp il ations ▁from ▁other ▁comment aries , ▁especially ▁those ▁of ▁Samuel |
▁Ja fe ▁Ash ken azi , ▁Hell in , ▁and ▁B är man ▁Ash ken azi , ▁to ▁which ▁En och ▁added ▁nov ell æ ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁ ▁O lat ▁ha - Ḥ odes h , ▁pray ers ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁moon , ▁with ▁treat ises ▁on ▁fast - days , ▁phil anth ropy , ▁etc . ▁( ib . ▁ 1 8 5 9 ) ▁ ▁A ▁comment ary ▁on ▁P es ik ta ▁R abb ati ▁ ▁H oi ▁A riel , ▁a ▁fun eral ▁ser mon ▁on ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁R . ▁Lö b ▁Kat zen ellen b ogen ▁of ▁Br est ▁( ib . ▁ 1 8 3 8 ), ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Isa iah ▁ 2 9 : 1 ▁ ▁A vel ▁K aved , ▁a ▁e ul ogy ▁for ▁Rab bi ▁Y itz ch ak ▁Isaac ▁T ikt in ▁ ▁A ▁Two fold ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁s idd ur ▁[ J ew ish ▁P ray er ▁Book ] ▁ ▁Jewish ▁Encyclopedia ▁bibli ography ▁Für st , ▁Bib l . ▁Jud . ▁ii . ▁ 1 0 7 - 1 0 8 , ▁i ii . ▁ 3 9 6 ; ▁Fu enn , ▁Ken es et ▁Y is rael , ▁p . 3 1 2 ; ▁El ie zer ▁K ohn , ▁ <0xE1> <0xB8> <0xB2> in ' at ▁So fer im , ▁p . 1 0 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Russ |
ian ▁rabb is ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁B iał yst ok ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown <0x0A> </s> ▁All na ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁of ▁H esse , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁flows ▁into ▁the ▁L ahn ▁south ▁of ▁Mar burg . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁H esse ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁H esse ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Y amba ▁Ash a ▁João ▁( born ▁July ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁Ang olan ▁footballer . ▁ ▁Career ▁A ▁def ender , ▁Ash a ▁used ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁AS ▁A via ção ▁in ▁his ▁hom eland ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ang ola ▁national ▁football ▁team , ▁collect ing ▁ 4 9 ▁caps ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁left - back ▁was ▁ex cluded ▁from ▁their ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁party , ▁since ▁he ▁was ▁b anned ▁by ▁FIFA ▁for ▁nine ▁months ▁for ▁failing ▁a ▁dru gs ▁test ▁following ▁a ▁World ▁Cup ▁qual ifier ▁against ▁R w anda ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁re called ▁for ▁an ▁African ▁Nations ▁Cup ▁qual ifier ▁against ▁Sw az il and ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁National ▁team ▁statistics ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁do ping ▁cases ▁in ▁sport ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : |
L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ang olan ▁football ers ▁Category : Ang ola ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁Africa ▁Cup ▁of ▁Nations ▁players ▁Category : D op ing ▁cases ▁in ▁association ▁football ▁Category : Ang olan ▁sports people ▁in ▁do ping ▁cases ▁Category : At l ético ▁Pet ró le os ▁de ▁Lu anda ▁players ▁Category : At l ético ▁Sport ▁A via ção ▁players ▁Category : C . R . ▁Ca á la ▁players ▁Category : Dom ant ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : Ö sters ▁IF ▁players ▁Category : G ira bol a ▁players ▁Category : All sv ensk an ▁players ▁Category : Ang olan ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Sweden ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders <0x0A> </s> ▁Kevin ▁Michael ▁Hann on ▁( born ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁former ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁W re x ham . ▁ ▁Career ▁Hann on ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Wh ist on , ▁Mer se ys ide ▁and ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁with ▁Wel sh ▁side ▁W re x ham . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁to ▁the ▁" Drag ons " ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 2 ▁defeat ▁at ▁home ▁to ▁Sto ke ▁City ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁He ▁sust ained ▁a ▁serious ▁leg ▁break ▁in ▁a ▁friendly ▁against ▁an ▁I cel and ic ▁team ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁failed |
▁attempts ▁at ▁re h abil itation ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁ret ire ▁from ▁football . ▁ ▁References ▁General ▁ ▁. ▁Retrieved ▁ 1 8 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Specific ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Kn ows ley , ▁Mer se ys ide ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : W re x ham ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Wh ist on , ▁Mer se ys ide <0x0A> </s> ▁× ▁Ar ct od up ont ia ▁is ▁a ▁not h ogen us ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁and ▁Sub ar ctic ▁plants ▁in ▁the ▁grass ▁family . ▁The ▁only ▁known ▁not hos pecies ▁is ▁× Ar ct od up ont ia ▁s cler oc l ada , ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁col der ▁regions ▁of ▁E uras ia ▁and ▁North ▁America ▁( N un av ut , ▁S val b ard , ▁Mag ad an , ▁northern ▁European ▁Russia ). ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁origin ated ▁as ▁a ▁hy brid ▁of ▁two ▁other ▁ar ctic ▁grass es : ▁Ar ct oph ila ▁ful va ▁× ▁Dup ont ia ▁fish eri . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : P oo ide ae ▁Category : Mon ot yp ic ▁Po aceae ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁Martin ▁Pod hr á ský ▁( born ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 |
▁in ▁Prag ue ) ▁is ▁a ▁Czech ▁sport ▁shoot er . ▁He ▁won ▁two ▁gold ▁med als , ▁and ▁eventually ▁set ▁a ▁new ▁world ▁record ▁of ▁ 5 8 3 ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁rapid ▁fire ▁p istol ▁( R FP ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁I SS F ▁World ▁Cup ▁series ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia , ▁and ▁in ▁Ch ang won , ▁South ▁Korea . ▁ ▁Pod hr ask y ▁represented ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Be ij ing , ▁where ▁he ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁ 2 5 ▁m ▁rapid ▁fire ▁p istol , ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁team mate ▁Martin ▁Str nad . ▁He ▁placed ▁four teenth ▁out ▁of ▁nin ete en ▁shoot ers ▁in ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁r ounds ▁of ▁the ▁event , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁score ▁of ▁ 5 6 5 ▁points ▁( 2 7 6 ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁stage , ▁and ▁ 2 8 9 ▁on ▁the ▁second ). ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁London , ▁Pod hr ask y ▁finished ▁only ▁in ▁sevent h ▁place , ▁and ▁thereby ▁missed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁round ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁ 2 5 ▁m ▁rapid ▁fire ▁p istol ▁by ▁one ▁point ▁behind ▁Germany ' s ▁Christian ▁Re itz ▁from ▁the ▁second ▁stage , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁score ▁of ▁ 5 8 3 ▁targets . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁N BC ▁Olympics ▁Profile ▁ ▁Category : C |
zech ▁male ▁sport ▁shoot ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁shoot ers ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁Category : S ho ot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ho ot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Prag ue ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : Europe an ▁Games ▁compet itors ▁for ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁Category : S ho ot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁European ▁Games ▁Category : S ho ot ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁European ▁Games <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Red ▁Inn ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁French ▁comedy - cr ime ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Claude ▁Aut ant - L ara , ▁st arring ▁Fern and el , ▁Fran ço ise ▁Ros ay ▁and ▁Jul ien ▁Care tte . ▁Set ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 , ▁it ▁tells ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁how ▁a ▁mon k ▁vis its ▁the ▁inn ▁l ' A uber ge ▁rou ge ▁in ▁P ey re be ille , ▁where ▁the ▁inn keeper ▁conf esses ▁to ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁serious ▁s ins . ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁actual ▁crime ▁case ▁of ▁the ▁P ey re be ille ▁Inn . ▁It ▁premier ed ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁A ▁re make ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁directed ▁by ▁G ér ard ▁K raw czy k , ▁premier ed |
▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Fern and el ▁as ▁the ▁mon k ▁ ▁Fran ço ise ▁Ros ay ▁as ▁Marie ▁Martin ▁ ▁Marie - Cla ire ▁Oliv ia ▁as ▁Math ilde ▁ ▁Jean - R og er ▁C aus sim on ▁as ▁D au vin ▁ ▁N ane ▁Germ on ▁as ▁El isa ▁ ▁Jacques ▁Char on ▁as ▁Rod ol phe ▁ ▁Jul ien ▁Care tte ▁as ▁Pierre ▁Martin ▁ ▁Gr é go ire ▁As lan ▁as ▁Bar be uf <0x09> ▁ ▁And r ée ▁V ial a ▁as ▁La ▁Mar qu ise ▁De ▁La ▁Ro che ▁de ▁Gl un ▁ ▁Did ier ▁D ' yd ▁as ▁Jan ou ▁ ▁Lud ▁Germ ain ▁as ▁F ét iche ▁ ▁Robert ▁Ber ri ▁as ▁Le ▁C och er ▁ ▁André ▁Che ff ▁as ▁Le ▁d andy ▁ ▁André ▁D ali bert ▁as ▁le ▁b û cher on ▁ ▁Manuel ▁Gary ▁as ▁Un ▁g endar me ▁ ▁René ▁Le fe vre - Bel ▁as ▁Un ▁g endar me ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁originally ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Honor é ▁de ▁Bal z ac ' s ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁short ▁story ▁The ▁Red ▁Inn ▁(" L ' a uber ge ▁rou ge "), ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁comm em oration ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁after ▁Bal z ac ' s ▁death . ▁When ▁the ▁finan cing ▁encountered ▁problems ▁and ▁took ▁longer ▁than ▁expected , ▁the ▁film m akers ▁decided ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁title , ▁but ▁change |
▁the ▁project ▁into ▁a ▁treatment ▁of ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁A uber ge ▁rou ge ▁in ▁P ey re be ille , ▁which ▁are ▁un related ▁to ▁Bal z ac ' s ▁story . ▁▁ ▁The ▁story ▁had ▁been ▁fil med ▁twice ▁before , ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁French ▁silent ▁film ▁adapted ▁by ▁Ab el ▁G ance , ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean ▁Ep stein , ▁with ▁both ▁of ▁those ▁earlier ▁versions ▁stick ing ▁much ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁story . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : F iction ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁crime ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁historical ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 s ▁Category : Com edy ▁films ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁events ▁Category : Cr ime ▁films ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁events ▁Category : F rench ▁crime ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Claude ▁Aut ant - L ara ▁Category : F rench ▁historical ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen plays ▁by ▁Jean ▁A uren che ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen plays ▁by ▁Pierre ▁B ost <0x0A> </s> ▁Medical ▁imag ing ▁in ▁pre gn ancy ▁may ▁be ▁indicated ▁because ▁of ▁pre gn ancy ▁comp lications , ▁inter current ▁dise ases ▁or ▁routine ▁pr en atal ▁care . ▁ ▁Options ▁Options ▁for |
▁medical ▁imag ing ▁in ▁pre gn ancy ▁include ▁the ▁following : ▁ ▁Mag net ic ▁reson ance ▁imag ing ▁( M RI ) ▁without ▁M RI ▁contrast ▁agents ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁obst et ric ▁ul tr ason ography ▁are ▁not ▁associated ▁with ▁any ▁risk ▁for ▁the ▁mother ▁or ▁the ▁fet us , ▁and ▁are ▁the ▁imag ing ▁techniques ▁of ▁choice ▁for ▁pre gn ant ▁women . ▁Pro jection al ▁radi ography , ▁X - ray ▁computed ▁tom ography ▁and ▁nuclear ▁medicine ▁result ▁some ▁degree ▁of ▁ion izing ▁radiation ▁expos ure , ▁but ▁have ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁exceptions ▁much ▁lower ▁radiation ▁dos es ▁than ▁what ▁are ▁associated ▁with ▁f etal ▁harm . ▁They ▁are ▁indicated ▁when ▁ul tr ason ography ▁or ▁M RI ▁are ▁not ▁readily ▁available ▁or ▁not ▁feas ible ▁for ▁the ▁di agnostic ▁question ▁at ▁hand . ▁Radio contr ast ▁agents , ▁when ▁or ally ▁admin ister ed , ▁are ▁har ml ess . ▁In tra ven ous ▁administration ▁of ▁i od in ated ▁radio contr ast ▁agents ▁can ▁cross ▁the ▁pla cent a ▁and ▁enter ▁the ▁f etal ▁circul ation , ▁but ▁animal ▁studies ▁have ▁reported ▁no ▁ter at ogen ic ▁or ▁mut agen ic ▁effects ▁from ▁its ▁use . ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁theoretical ▁concerns ▁about ▁potential ▁harm ▁of ▁free ▁i od ide ▁on ▁the ▁f etal ▁thy roid ▁g land , ▁but ▁multiple ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁a ▁single ▁do se ▁of ▁int ra ven ously ▁admin ister ed ▁i od in ated ▁contrast ▁medium ▁to ▁a ▁pre gn ant |
▁mother ▁has ▁no ▁effect ▁on ▁ne on atal ▁thy roid ▁function . ▁Nevertheless , ▁it ▁generally ▁is ▁recommended ▁that ▁radio contr ast ▁only ▁be ▁used ▁if ▁absolutely ▁required ▁to ▁obtain ▁additional ▁di agnostic ▁information ▁that ▁will ▁improve ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁fet us ▁or ▁mother . ▁ ▁Mag net ic ▁reson ance ▁imag ing ▁( M RI ) ▁ ▁Mag net ic ▁reson ance ▁imag ing ▁( M RI ), ▁without ▁M RI ▁contrast ▁agents , ▁is ▁not ▁associated ▁with ▁any ▁risk ▁for ▁the ▁mother ▁or ▁the ▁fet us , ▁and ▁together ▁with ▁medical ▁ul tr ason ography ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁technique ▁of ▁choice ▁for ▁medical ▁imag ing ▁in ▁pre gn ancy . ▁ ▁Saf ety ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁trim ester , ▁no ▁known ▁literature ▁has ▁documented ▁specific ▁ad verse ▁effects ▁in ▁human ▁emb ry os ▁or ▁fet uses ▁exposed ▁to ▁non - contr ast ▁M RI ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁trim ester . ▁During ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁trim esters , ▁there ▁is ▁some ▁evidence ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁risk , ▁including ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁study ▁of ▁ 1 7 3 7 ▁pr en at ally ▁exposed ▁children , ▁showing ▁no ▁significant ▁difference ▁in ▁hearing , ▁motor ▁skills ▁or ▁functional ▁measures ▁after ▁a ▁mean ▁follow - up ▁time ▁of ▁ 2 ▁years . ▁ ▁G ad olin ium ▁contrast ▁agents ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁trim ester ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁slightly ▁increased ▁risk ▁of ▁a ▁child hood ▁diagn osis ▁of ▁several ▁forms ▁of ▁r he um at ism , ▁infl am mat |
ory ▁dis orders , ▁or ▁in fil tr ative ▁skin ▁conditions , ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁study ▁including ▁ 3 9 7 ▁inf ants ▁pr en at ally ▁exposed ▁to ▁g ad olin ium ▁contrast . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁trim ester , ▁g ad olin ium ▁contrast ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁slightly ▁increased ▁risk ▁of ▁still b irth ▁or ▁ne on atal ▁death , ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁study . ▁Hence , ▁is ▁recommended ▁that ▁g ad olin ium ▁contrast ▁in ▁M RI ▁should ▁be ▁limited , ▁and ▁should ▁only ▁be ▁used ▁when ▁it ▁significantly ▁impro ves ▁di agnostic ▁performance ▁and ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁improve ▁f etal ▁or ▁mat ernal ▁outcome . ▁ ▁Common ▁uses ▁M RI ▁is ▁commonly ▁used ▁in ▁pre gn ant ▁women ▁with ▁ac ute ▁ab dom inal ▁pain ▁and / or ▁pel vic ▁pain , ▁or ▁in ▁sus pected ▁ne uro log ical ▁dis orders , ▁pla cent al ▁dise ases , ▁tum ors , ▁in fe ctions , ▁and / or ▁card i ov asc ular ▁dise ases . ▁App ropri ate ▁use ▁criteria ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁College ▁of ▁Rad i ology ▁give ▁a ▁rating ▁of ▁ ≥ 7 ▁( us ually ▁appropriate ) ▁for ▁non - contr ast ▁M RI ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁conditions : ▁Ac ute ▁non - local ized ▁pain ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁upper ▁quadr ant ▁or ▁right ▁lower ▁quadr ant ▁( in ▁concurrent ▁fe ver ▁and ▁le uk oc yt osis ) ▁Ac ute ▁pel vic ▁pain ▁when ▁a ▁non - |
gy ne colog ical ▁cause ▁is ▁sus pected ▁Sus pected ▁b ili ary ▁disease ▁such ▁as ▁j au nd ice ▁Sus pected ▁pan cre atic ▁disease ▁New ‐ ons et ▁severe ▁head ache ▁New ly ▁diagn osed ▁cancer ▁ ▁Rad i ography ▁and ▁nuclear ▁medicine ▁ ▁F etal ▁effects ▁by ▁radiation ▁dos age ▁Health ▁effects ▁of ▁radiation ▁may ▁be ▁grouped ▁in ▁two ▁general ▁categories : ▁st ochastic ▁effects , ▁i . e ., ▁radiation - indu ced ▁cancer ▁and ▁her itable ▁effects ▁involving ▁either ▁cancer ▁development ▁in ▁exposed ▁individuals ▁ow ing ▁to ▁mut ation ▁of ▁som atic ▁cells ▁or ▁her itable ▁disease ▁in ▁their ▁off spring ▁ow ing ▁to ▁mut ation ▁of ▁re product ive ▁( g erm ) ▁cells . ▁The ▁risk ▁for ▁developing ▁radiation - indu ced ▁cancer ▁at ▁some ▁point ▁in ▁life ▁is ▁greater ▁when ▁expos ing ▁a ▁fet us ▁than ▁an ▁adult , ▁both ▁because ▁the ▁cells ▁are ▁more ▁vulner able ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁growing , ▁and ▁because ▁there ▁is ▁much ▁longer ▁lif es pan ▁after ▁the ▁do se ▁to ▁develop ▁cancer . ▁ ▁determin istic ▁effects ▁( harm ful ▁t issue ▁re actions ) ▁due ▁in ▁large ▁part ▁to ▁the ▁killing / ▁mal function ▁of ▁cells ▁following ▁high ▁dos es . ▁ ▁The ▁determ inst istic ▁effects ▁have ▁been ▁studied ▁at ▁for ▁example ▁surv iv ors ▁of ▁the ▁atomic ▁bomb ings ▁of ▁H iro sh ima ▁and ▁Nag as aki ▁and ▁cases ▁of ▁where ▁radiation ▁ther apy ▁has ▁been ▁necessary ▁during ▁pre gn ancy : ▁ ▁The ▁intellectual |
▁def ic it ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁about ▁ 2 5 ▁I Q - points ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁m G y ▁at ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 1 7 ▁weeks ▁of ▁gest ational ▁age . ▁ ▁F etal ▁radiation ▁dos ages ▁by ▁imag ing ▁method ▁ ▁Rad iation - indu ced ▁breast ▁cancer ▁ ▁The ▁risk ▁for ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁later ▁acqu iring ▁radiation - indu ced ▁breast ▁cancer ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁particularly ▁high ▁for ▁radiation ▁dos es ▁during ▁pre gn ancy . ▁▁ ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁factor ▁when ▁for ▁example ▁determ ining ▁whether ▁a ▁vent ilation / per f usion ▁scan ▁( V / Q ▁scan ) ▁or ▁a ▁CT ▁pul mon ary ▁ang i ogram ▁( CT PA ) ▁is ▁the ▁optimal ▁investigation ▁in ▁pre gn ant ▁women ▁with ▁sus pected ▁pul mon ary ▁em bol ism . ▁A ▁V / Q ▁scan ▁conf ers ▁a ▁higher ▁radiation ▁do se ▁to ▁the ▁fet us , ▁while ▁a ▁C TP A ▁conf ers ▁a ▁much ▁higher ▁radiation ▁do se ▁to ▁the ▁mother ' s ▁bre asts . ▁A ▁review ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁considered ▁C TP A ▁to ▁be ▁generally ▁prefer able ▁in ▁sus pected ▁pul mon ary ▁em bol ism ▁in ▁pre gn ancy ▁because ▁of ▁higher ▁sens itivity ▁and ▁specific ity ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁relatively ▁mod est ▁cost . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Radio bi ology ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H uman ▁pre gn ancy ▁Category : |
Med ical ▁imag ing <0x0A> </s> ▁H esper olin on ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Lin aceae , ▁whose ▁common ▁genus ▁names ▁are ▁d war f - f lax ▁or ▁western ▁fla x , ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁their ▁distribution ▁along ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁of ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 3 ▁known ▁species ▁within ▁this ▁genus ▁of ▁wild flow ers , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁limited ▁to ▁ser pent ine ▁soil ▁habit ats ▁within ▁California , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁These ▁annual ▁plants ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁mostly ▁self - pol lin ating . ▁ ▁Description ▁St ems ▁vary ▁between ▁five ▁and ▁fifty ▁cent im eters ▁in ▁length , ▁with ▁thread - like ▁to ▁linear ▁leaves ▁generally ▁alternate : ▁the ▁leaves ▁are ▁typically ▁not ▁plan ar ▁and ▁not ▁cl asp ing . ▁ ▁C ym es ▁are ▁character ist ically ▁open ▁and ▁p edic els ▁are ▁somewhat ▁thread - like ▁and ▁asc ending . ▁ ▁The ▁flower ▁has ▁five ▁sep als , ▁whose ▁marg ins ▁may ▁be ▁min utely ▁g land - to oth ed . ▁ ▁Five ▁pet als ▁are ▁widely ▁spread ing ▁between ▁one ▁and ▁twelve ▁mill im eters ▁in ▁dimension . ▁These ▁yellow , ▁white ▁or ▁rose ▁colored ▁pet als ▁each ▁manifest ▁three ▁minute ▁scales ▁at ▁the ▁inner ▁base . ▁There ▁are ▁five ▁stam ens ▁and ▁four ▁to ▁six ▁ov ary ▁ch amb ers ; ▁styles ▁number ▁two ▁to ▁three . ▁F ruits ▁have ▁a ▁smooth ▁surface ▁exterior . ▁ ▁Species ▁H esper olin on ▁ad en |
oph yll um ▁- ▁g land ular ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁b ic arp ell atum ▁- ▁b ic arp ell ate ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁bre wer i ▁- ▁Bre wer ' s ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁cal iforn icum ▁- ▁California ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁cle vel and ii ▁- ▁Allen ▁Spr ings ▁d war f ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁con gest um ▁- ▁Mar in ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁did ym oc arp um ▁- ▁Lake ▁County ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁dis j unct um ▁- ▁Coast ▁Range ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁dry m ario ides ▁- ▁dry mary ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁mic ran th um ▁- ▁small flow er ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁ser p entin um ▁H esper olin on ▁sh ars m ith iae ▁- ▁Sh ars m ith ' s ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁s per g ul in um ▁- ▁sl ender ▁western ▁fla x ▁H esper olin on ▁te ham ense ▁- ▁P ask enta ▁Gra de ▁western ▁fla x , ▁Te h ama ▁western ▁fla x ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Je pson ▁Man ual ▁Tre at ment ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Mal p igh ial es ▁gener a ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁Steve ▁Em ery ▁( born ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 8 |
) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Haw th orn ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : H aw th orn ▁Football ▁Club ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁T ran hol men ▁is ▁a ▁local ity ▁situated ▁in ▁D and ery d ▁Municip ality , ▁Stockholm ▁County , ▁Sweden ▁with ▁ 3 3 8 ▁inhabitants ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁island ▁in ▁L illa ▁V är tan , ▁Sweden , ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meters ▁off ▁the ▁D and ery d ▁coast line . ▁In ▁the ▁winter ▁season , ▁when ▁the ▁water ▁is ▁fro zen ▁and ▁travel ▁by ▁boat ▁thus ▁is ▁impossible , ▁a ▁floating ▁bridge ▁connect s ▁the ▁island ▁to ▁the ▁main land . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁D and ery d ▁Municip ality ▁Category : U pp land ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁Stockholm ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁May hem ▁Festival ▁is ▁a ▁tour ing ▁heavy ▁metal ▁festival ▁that ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁summer . ▁The ▁inaug ural ▁season ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁the ▁festival ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁an ▁annual ▁event ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Most ▁years ▁also ▁include ▁a ▁single ▁date ▁in ▁either ▁Montreal ▁or ▁Toronto , ▁Canada . ▁The ▁tour ▁has ▁been ▁spons |
ored ▁by ▁the ▁Rock star ▁Energy ▁Company ▁since ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁in ception . ▁It ▁was ▁assemble d ▁by ▁V ans ▁War ped ▁Tour ▁founder ▁Kevin ▁L yman ▁and ▁John ▁Re ese ▁( who ▁was ▁L yman ' s ▁partner ▁on ▁the ▁T aste ▁of ▁Cha os ▁tour ). ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Re ese ▁confirmed ▁that ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁st ap le ▁of ▁the ▁festival ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁last ▁one . ▁On ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁a ▁post ▁to ▁the ▁festival ' s ▁Inst agram ▁account ▁confirmed ▁the ▁festival ' s ▁return ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁B ands ▁and ▁style ▁ ▁Special ▁guests ▁On ▁a ▁nearly ▁annual ▁basis , ▁big - name ▁guests ▁are ▁occasionally ▁brought ▁onto ▁the ▁tour ▁as ▁temporary ▁rep lac ements ▁for ▁the ▁main ▁acts ▁who ▁are ▁forced ▁to ▁cancel ▁a ▁few ▁dates . ▁The ▁first ▁such ▁occurrence ▁was ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁when ▁M ush room head ▁performed ▁instead ▁of ▁Bul let ▁for ▁My ▁Valent ine ▁for ▁three ▁tour ▁dates ▁while ▁they ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁festival ▁W ack en ▁Open ▁Air . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Aven ged ▁Seven fold ▁was ▁added ▁as ▁an ▁extra ▁perform er ▁for ▁two ▁dates ▁only , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁release ▁date ▁of ▁their ▁fifth ▁album ▁Night m are . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁D eth k lo |
k ▁filled ▁in ▁for ▁Meg ad eth ▁on ▁the ▁festival ' s ▁first ▁day , ▁while ▁Testament ▁replaced ▁In ▁Fl ames ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁tour ▁dates . ▁ ▁St ages ▁and ▁events ▁The ▁festival ▁has ▁featured ▁three ▁separate ▁stages ▁each ▁year ▁since ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁in ception : ▁the ▁Main ▁Stage , ▁the ▁J äg ermeister ▁Stage , ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁stage ▁that ▁has ▁gone ▁through ▁spons or ship ▁changes . ▁It ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Hot ▁Top ic ▁Stage ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 0 9 . ▁Silver ▁Star ▁briefly ▁replaced ▁the ▁Hot ▁Top ic ▁spons or ship ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁while ▁Revol ver ▁spons ored ▁the ▁stage ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁S umer ian ▁Records ▁took ▁over ▁spons or ship ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁a ▁fourth ▁stage ▁has ▁been ▁added ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁festival ▁spons ored ▁by ▁Mus icians ▁Institute ▁The ▁Main ▁Stage ▁features ▁four ▁bands ▁each ▁year , ▁while ▁the ▁side ▁stages ▁typically ▁feature ▁four ▁or ▁five ▁each . ▁A ▁large ▁selection ▁of ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁B ands ▁w inners ▁are ▁chosen ▁to ▁open ▁the ▁J äg ermeister ▁Stage ▁upon ▁the ▁various ▁dates ▁each ▁year , ▁one ▁per ▁ven ue . ▁ ▁Each ▁year ▁the ▁festival ▁has ▁the ▁Metal ▁Mul ish a ▁as ▁a ▁side ▁att raction ▁for ▁the ▁fans ▁to ▁watch . ▁Most ▁bands ▁that ▁particip ate ▁on ▁the ▁tour ▁have ▁a ▁public |
▁meet - and - g reet ▁at ▁scheduled ▁times ▁throughout ▁the ▁day , ▁upon ▁each ▁tour ▁date . ▁Rock star ▁Energy ▁Dr ink , ▁the ▁festival ' s ▁most ▁prominent ▁spons or , ▁allows ▁fans ▁to ▁enjoy ▁numerous ▁free ▁samples ▁of ▁its ▁new ▁products ▁every ▁year . ▁ ▁T ours ▁by ▁year ▁May hem ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁May hem ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁May hem ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁May hem ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁May hem ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁May hem ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁May hem ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁May hem ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁For ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁line ups ▁by ▁year , ▁see ▁List ▁of ▁May hem ▁Festival ▁line ups ▁by ▁year . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁O zz fest ▁U pro ar ▁Festival ▁S ounds ▁of ▁the ▁Under ground ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : May hem ▁Festival ▁Category : Music ▁festiv als ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Category : He avy ▁metal ▁festiv als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : He avy ▁metal ▁festiv als ▁in ▁Canada <0x0A> </s> ▁Solo ▁ 1 : ▁Stand ards ▁is ▁a ▁solo ▁piano ▁album ▁by ▁Franco ▁D ' And rea . ▁It ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁released ▁by ▁Phil ology ▁Records . ▁ ▁Rec ording ▁and ▁music ▁Material ▁for ▁this ▁and ▁seven ▁other ▁solo ▁piano ▁CD s ▁was ▁recorded ▁over ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁three |
▁m orn ings ▁and ▁two ▁af tern o ons ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁The ▁album ▁begins ▁with ▁a ▁med ley ▁of ▁a ▁post - b op ▁performance ▁of ▁" G one ▁with ▁the ▁Wind ", ▁together ▁with ▁" Bas in ▁Street ▁Blues " ▁and ▁" W ay ▁Down ▁Y onder ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans ". ▁The ▁next ▁med ley , ▁of ▁" I ▁Got ▁Rh ythm " ▁and ▁" I ▁Lov es ▁You , ▁P org y ", ▁is ▁played ▁in ▁an ▁unus ually ▁angular ▁manner . ▁ ▁Release ▁and ▁reception ▁ ▁Solo ▁ 1 ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Phil ology ▁Records . ▁The ▁All Music ▁rev iewer ▁concluded : ▁" This ▁brilliant ▁release ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁essential ▁listening ▁for ▁fans ▁of ▁jazz ▁piano ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" G one ▁with ▁the ▁Wind ▁/ ▁Bas in ▁Street ▁Blues ▁/ ▁Way ▁Down ▁Y onder ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans " ▁" I ▁Got ▁Rh ythm ▁/ ▁I ▁Lov es ▁You , ▁P org y " ▁" Sum m ert ime " ▁" Ch ero kee " ▁" L over ▁Man " ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Franco ▁D ' And rea ▁– ▁piano ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Fran co ▁D ' And rea ▁albums ▁Category : S olo ▁piano ▁jazz ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Ernst ▁von ▁Fle isch l - Mar x ow , ▁also ▁Ernst ▁Fle isch l ▁von ▁Marx ow ▁( 5 ▁August ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁Vienna ▁– ▁ 2 2 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 1 , ▁Vienna ), |
▁son ▁of ▁Karl ▁Fle isch l ▁Ed lem ▁von ▁Marx ow ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁I da ▁( née ▁Marx ) ▁was ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁phys i ologist ▁and ▁phys ician ▁who ▁became ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁important ▁investig ations ▁on ▁the ▁elect rical ▁activity ▁of ▁n erves ▁and ▁the ▁brain . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁cre ative ▁invent or ▁of ▁new ▁devices ▁which ▁were ▁widely ▁adopted ▁in ▁clin ical ▁medicine ▁and ▁phys i ological ▁research . ▁ ▁Marx ow ▁studied ▁medicine ▁in ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Vienna , ▁Austria . ▁He ▁started ▁his ▁scientific ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁assistant ▁in ▁the ▁labor atory ▁of ▁Ernst ▁Wilhelm ▁von ▁Br ücke ▁( 1 8 1 9 – 1 8 9 2 ), ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁an ▁assistant , ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁university , ▁to ▁the ▁em inent ▁path ologist ▁Carl ▁von ▁R ok it ans ky ▁( 1 8 0 4 – 1 8 7 8 ). ▁However , ▁an ▁accident ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁dis sect ing ▁a ▁cada ver ▁injured ▁his ▁thumb , ▁which ▁became ▁inf ected ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁am put ated , ▁interrupt ing ▁his ▁activities ▁in ▁an atom ical ▁path ology . ▁Thus , ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁turn ▁to ▁phys i ology , ▁and ▁he ▁came ▁back ▁to ▁von ▁Br ücke ' s ▁labor atory ▁in ▁Vienna ▁after ▁studying ▁for ▁a ▁year ▁with ▁Carl ▁Ludwig ▁( 1 8 1 6 – 1 8 9 5 ), ▁another ▁famous ▁phys i ologist ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Leipzig , ▁Germany , ▁obtain ing ▁his |
▁doctor al ▁degree ▁in ▁medicine ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁phase ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁ne uro phys i ology , ▁Marx ow ▁dedicated ▁himself ▁to ▁electro phys i ology ▁of ▁n erves ▁and ▁mus cles , ▁then ▁a ▁research ▁field ▁of ▁increasing ▁prest ige , ▁after ▁the ▁pione ering ▁investig ations ▁of ▁Emil ▁du ▁Bo is - Re ym ond ▁( 1 8 1 8 – 1 8 9 6 ), ▁who ▁had ▁discovered ▁the ▁action ▁potential s ▁of ▁ax ons . ▁This ▁field ▁highly ▁benef ited ▁from ▁the ▁technical ▁develop ments ▁occurr ing ▁in ▁the ▁physical ▁sciences , ▁particularly ▁new ▁devices ▁which ▁were ▁invent ed ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁small ▁electric ▁potential s ▁and ▁curr ents . ▁Since ▁bi ological ▁t issues ▁have ▁extremely ▁low ▁levels ▁of ▁elect rical ▁activity ▁( in ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁micro vol ts ), ▁ne uro phys i ology ' s ▁progress ▁had ▁to ▁wait ▁for ▁them . ▁Like ▁many ▁German ▁phys i olog ists ▁of ▁his ▁time , ▁Marx ow ▁had ▁a ▁good ▁knowledge ▁and ▁ability ▁with ▁physics , ▁and ▁invent ed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁devices ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁his ▁studies , ▁particularly ▁the ▁re on ome ▁( a ▁kind ▁of ▁r he ost at , ▁or ▁variable ▁res istor ▁used ▁to ▁control ▁fin ely ▁the ▁intensity ▁of ▁an ▁elect rical ▁stim ulus ). ▁He ▁also ▁adapted ▁the ▁Li pp mann ' s ▁cap ill ary ▁elect rom eter ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁use ▁it ▁for ▁meas uring ▁subt le |
▁bio elect rical ▁phen omena . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁bio elect ric ity ▁of ▁n erves , ▁Marx ow ▁turned ▁his ▁attention , ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁on , ▁to ▁the ▁global ▁elect rical ▁activity ▁of ▁the ▁c ere br al ▁hem is pher es . ▁Ne uro an atom ists ▁had ▁already ▁determined ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁that ▁its ▁nerv ous ▁t issue ▁was ▁also ▁composed ▁of ▁cells ▁( the ▁neur ons ), ▁with ▁their ▁bodies ▁mainly ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁gray ▁matter , ▁and ▁fil ament ary ▁prolong ations , ▁the ▁d end rit es ▁and ▁the ▁ax ons . ▁Thus , ▁it ▁was ▁only ▁natural ▁to ▁assume ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁also ▁display ▁elect rical ▁activity . ▁This ▁important ▁discovery , ▁however , ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁made ▁until ▁that ▁time , ▁because ▁many ▁des ynchron ized ▁elect rical ▁potential s ▁with ▁different ▁polar ities ▁produce ▁a ▁cum ulative ▁global ▁potential ▁which ▁is ▁actually ▁very ▁small ▁and ▁difficult ▁to ▁detect ▁with ▁the ▁sens itivity ▁range ▁of ▁the ▁meas uring ▁devices ▁available ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁Marx ow ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁prove ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁that ▁the ▁peri pher al ▁stim ulation ▁of ▁sens ory ▁org ans , ▁such ▁as ▁vision ▁and ▁hearing ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁prov oke ▁event - related ▁small ▁elect rical ▁potential ▁sw ings ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁c ere br al ▁cor tex ▁which ▁was ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁projection ▁of ▁those ▁sens es . ▁Str ang ely , ▁however , ▁Marx ow ▁did ▁not |
▁publish ▁his ▁results , ▁choosing ▁instead ▁to ▁depos it ▁them ▁in ▁a ▁bank ▁safe , ▁with ▁instructions ▁to ▁reve al ▁them ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁only . ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁first ▁publications ▁about ▁what ▁was ▁later ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁the ▁electro ence phal ogram ▁came ▁to ▁light , ▁independently ▁demonstrated ▁by ▁Richard ▁Cat on ▁( 1 8 4 2 – 1 9 2 6 ), ▁in ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁and ▁Adolf ▁Beck ▁( 1 8 6 3 – 1 9 4 2 ) ▁in ▁Poland , ▁both ▁using ▁labor atory ▁animals . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁Marx ows ▁became ▁a ▁full ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Vienna ▁and ▁was ▁nominated ▁a ▁correspond ent ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences . ▁He ▁also ▁devoted ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁research ▁to ▁phys i ological ▁opt ics , ▁making ▁important ▁discover ies ▁on ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁opt ic ▁n erve ▁on ▁the ▁ret ina , ▁and ▁the ▁optical ▁characteristics ▁of ▁the ▁cor nea . ▁With ▁his ▁increasing ▁knowledge ▁in ▁optical ▁physics , ▁he ▁developed ▁several ▁optical ▁measurement ▁instruments , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁spect rop olar imeter ▁and ▁a ▁h emat ometer ▁( a ▁device ▁used ▁for ▁meas uring ▁the ▁content ▁of ▁hem og lo bin ▁in ▁the ▁blood ), ▁which ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁his ▁honor , ▁and ▁which ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁found ▁wide ▁application ▁in ▁labor atory ▁medicine ▁and ▁di agnostic ▁h emat ology . ▁ ▁For ▁many ▁years , ▁Marx ow ▁labor ed ▁under ▁inten se ▁personal |
▁suffering , ▁due ▁to ▁chron ic ▁pain ful ▁comp lications ▁of ▁ ▁his ▁am putation . ▁Because ▁of ▁this , ▁he ▁became ▁an ▁add icted ▁to ▁morph ine ▁and ▁hero in ▁( a ▁synth etic ▁derivative ▁of ▁morph ine , ▁but ▁much ▁more ▁pot ent ). ▁Sig mund ▁Fre ud , ▁then ▁a ▁V ienn ese ▁ne uro log ist , ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁most ▁int imate ▁friends , ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁highest ▁opinion ▁of ▁him : ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁Fre ud ▁was ▁studying ▁the ▁medical ▁properties ▁of ▁c oca ine , ▁and ▁was ▁convinced ▁that ▁c oca ine ▁could ▁be ▁not ▁only ▁used ▁as ▁m ild ▁eu ph ori ant , ▁a ph ro dis iac ▁and ▁anal ges ic , ▁but ▁also ▁as ▁a ▁treatment ▁for ▁morph ine ▁add ict s . ▁He ▁recommended ▁this ▁to ▁his ▁friend ▁Marx ow , ▁who ▁proceeded ▁to ▁fall ▁even ▁deeper ▁into ▁the ▁aby ss ▁of ▁add iction . ▁Dev ast ated ▁by ▁pain , ▁add iction , ▁and ▁disease , ▁he ▁rela ps ed ▁and ▁began ▁using ▁morph ine ▁again . ▁Ernst ▁von ▁Fle isch l - Mar x ow ▁died ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 1 , ▁at ▁ 4 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁Fre ud ▁talked ▁about ▁him , ▁without ▁cit ing ▁explicitly ▁his ▁name , ▁ ▁in ▁Inter pret ation ▁of ▁Dream s , ▁ ▁anal ys ing ▁Ir ma ' s ▁injection . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Gro eg er |
, ▁H ., ▁Ernst ▁von ▁Fle isch l - Mar x ow ▁( in ▁German ). ▁Institute ▁for ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁Medicine , ▁University ▁of ▁Vienna . ▁Sitz ungs ber . ▁der ▁k . ▁Ak ad . ▁d . ▁W iss ., ▁math . ▁nat . ▁Cl . ▁L XX VI ▁Bd , ▁III ▁Ab th . ▁ 1 8 7 7 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 1 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Aust rian ▁people ▁Category : A ust rian ▁neu ros cient ists ▁Category : A ust rian ▁phys i olog ists ▁Category : Ed lers ▁of ▁Austria ▁Category : A ust rian ▁people ▁of ▁Jewish ▁descent ▁Category : S cient ists ▁from ▁Vienna <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁FC ▁Tokyo ▁season ▁is ▁their ▁ 8 th ▁consecutive ▁season ▁in ▁J 1 ▁League ▁after ▁finishing ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁season ▁in ▁ 6 th ▁place . ▁They ▁will ▁also ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the ▁J . Le ague ▁Cup ▁and ▁Emperor ' s ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Squad ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Compet itions ▁ ▁J 1 ▁League ▁ ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁J . ▁League ▁Cup ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Emperor ' s ▁Cup ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Tokyo ▁Category : FC ▁Tokyo ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁K ats ia f icas ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁historian ▁and ▁social ▁the or ist . ▁He ▁is |
▁known ▁for ▁his ▁many ▁writ ings ▁on ▁social ▁movements , ▁including ▁The ▁Im ag ination ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Left : ▁The ▁Global ▁Analysis ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁and ▁The ▁Sub version ▁of ▁Polit ics : ▁European ▁Aut onom ous ▁Social ▁Mov ements ▁and ▁the ▁Dec ol on ization ▁of ▁Every day ▁Life . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁human ities ▁and ▁soci ology ▁at ▁the ▁W ent worth ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁Boston ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁up ▁to ▁his ▁ret irement ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁He ▁s its ▁on ▁the ▁Executive ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁C au cus ▁for ▁a ▁New ▁Political ▁Science . ▁ ▁E ros ▁effect ▁After ▁being ▁ment ored ▁by ▁Herbert ▁Marc use , ▁K ats ia f icas ▁created ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁" eros ▁effect ," ▁an ▁analyt ical ▁tool ▁for ▁explaining ▁mass ▁political ▁aw aken ings ▁and ▁sp ont aneous ▁re bell ions ▁which ▁swe ep ▁through ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁certain ▁time ▁periods . ▁According ▁to ▁this ▁theory , ▁econom ics ▁and ▁technology ▁alone ▁cannot ▁account ▁for ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁these ▁movements . ▁Instead ▁it ▁pos its ▁that ▁human ist ▁instinct s ▁for ▁liberty ▁and ▁justice ▁are ▁triggered ▁by ▁persistent ▁inequality , ▁and ▁expl ode ▁vir ally ▁across ▁populations . ▁▁ ▁K ats ia f icas ▁writes ▁that ▁" in ▁moments ▁of ▁er os ▁effect , ▁universal ▁interests ▁become ▁generalized ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁dominant ▁values ▁of ▁society ▁are ▁neg ated ▁( such ▁as ▁national ▁ch au |
vin ism , ▁hierarchy , ▁and ▁individual ism ). " ▁Other ▁sch ol ars ▁of ▁the ▁theory ▁note ▁that ▁" re bell ions ▁in ▁both ▁industrial ▁and ▁pre indust rial ▁nations ▁exhib it ▁shared ▁interests ▁in ▁ant ia ut hor itar ian ▁self - g overn ance , ▁international ▁solid ar ity , ▁the ▁transformation ▁of ▁every day ▁life , ▁and ▁the ▁creation ▁and ▁promotion ▁of ▁alternative ▁values ▁and ▁eth ics ." ▁ ▁K ats ia f icas ▁and ▁others ▁have ▁applied ▁this ▁framework ▁to ▁the ▁anti - global ization ▁movement , ▁the ▁" people ▁power " ▁u pr is ings ▁in ▁Asia ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁( es pecially ▁the ▁G w ang ju ▁U pr ising ), ▁and ▁the ▁Arab ▁Spring , ▁among ▁other ▁events . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁histor ians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁histor ians ▁Category : American ▁soci olog ists ▁Category : W ent worth ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁High land ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁highly ▁aff lu ent ▁town ▁in ▁central ▁Dallas ▁County , ▁Texas , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 8 , 5 6 4 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁between ▁the ▁Dallas ▁North ▁T oll way ▁and ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 7 5 ▁( N orth ▁Central ▁Express way ), ▁ ▁north |
▁of ▁dow nt own ▁Dallas . ▁ ▁High land ▁Park ▁is ▁border ed ▁on ▁the ▁south , ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁by ▁Dallas ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁University ▁Park . ▁High land ▁Park ▁and ▁University ▁Park ▁together ▁compr ise ▁the ▁Park ▁C ities , ▁an ▁enc lave ▁of ▁Dallas . ▁ ▁High land ▁Park ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁aff lu ent ▁locations ▁in ▁Texas . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁aff lu ent ▁area ▁in ▁Dallas , ▁and ▁ranks ▁fourth ▁overall ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁Texas , ▁based ▁on ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income . ▁ ▁Address es ▁in ▁High land ▁Park ▁may ▁use ▁either ▁" D allas , ▁Texas " ▁or ▁" High land ▁Park , ▁Texas " ▁as ▁the ▁city ▁design ation , ▁although ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Post al ▁Service ▁pre fers ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁" D allas , ▁Texas " ▁design ation ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁simplicity . ▁The ▁same ▁is ▁true ▁for ▁mail ▁sent ▁to ▁University ▁Park . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁land ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁High land ▁Park ▁was ▁bought ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁invest ors ▁from ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Place ▁Land ▁Association , ▁for ▁an ▁average ▁price ▁of ▁$ 3 7 7 ▁an ▁a cre , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁$ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁Henry ▁Ex all , ▁an ▁agent , ▁intended ▁to ▁develop ▁the ▁land ▁along ▁T urt le ▁Creek ▁as ▁Philadelphia ▁Place , ▁exclusive ▁housing ▁based ▁on |
▁park land ▁areas ▁in ▁Philadelphia . ▁He ▁laid ▁gra vel ▁roads , ▁and ▁dam med ▁T urt le ▁Creek , ▁forming ▁Ex all ▁Lake , ▁before ▁the ▁Pan ic ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁brought ▁a ▁blow ▁to ▁his ▁fort unes , ▁hal ting ▁development . ▁After wards , ▁he ▁began ▁a ▁horse ▁bre eding ▁farm . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s , ▁Ex all ▁Lake ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁pic nic ▁destination ▁for ▁Dallas ▁residents . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁John ▁S . ▁Arm strong ▁( the ▁former ▁partner ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Mars alis , ▁the ▁developer ▁of ▁Oak ▁Cl iff ), ▁sold ▁his ▁meat pack ing ▁business ▁and ▁inv ested ▁his ▁money ▁in ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Philadelphia ▁Place ▁land , ▁to ▁develop ▁it ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁High land ▁Park . ▁He ▁chose ▁this ▁name ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁located ▁on ▁high ▁land ▁that ▁over look ed ▁dow nt own ▁Dallas . ▁Wil bur ▁David ▁Cook , ▁the ▁landscape ▁designer ▁who ▁had ▁planned ▁B ever ly ▁Hills , ▁California , ▁and ▁George ▁E . ▁K ess ler , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁planned ▁Fair ▁Park ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁dow nt own ▁Dallas , ▁were ▁h ired ▁to ▁design ▁its ▁layout ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁Not ably , ▁twenty ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁land ▁was ▁set ▁aside ▁for ▁par ks . ▁A ▁second ▁development ▁in ▁High land ▁Park ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 |
3 , ▁High land ▁Park ▁pet ition ed ▁Dallas ▁for ▁an nex ation , ▁but ▁was ▁refused . ▁The ▁ 5 0 0 ▁residents ▁voted ▁to ▁incorpor ate ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁and ▁incorpor ation ▁was ▁granted ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁when ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 , 1 0 0 . ▁The ▁first ▁mayor ▁of ▁High land ▁Park ▁was ▁W . ▁A . ▁F ras er . ▁A ▁third ▁and ▁fourth ▁development ▁were ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁respectively . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Dallas ▁sought ▁to ▁an nex ▁High land ▁Park , ▁beginning ▁a ▁length y ▁controvers y ▁that ▁last ed ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁J . ▁W . ▁Bar th ol ow ▁led ▁the ▁fight ▁to ▁resist ▁the ▁an nex ation . ▁The ▁final ▁major ▁land ▁development ▁occurred ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁High land ▁Park ▁Village ▁was ▁constructed , ▁the ▁first ▁sho pping ▁center ▁of ▁its ▁kind ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁The ▁distinct ive ▁Mo or ish ▁Style ▁orn amental ▁metal work ▁and ▁light ing ▁in ▁High land ▁Park ▁Village ▁were ▁created ▁by ▁Pot ter ▁Art ▁Metal ▁Studios , ▁a ▁ 9 0 - year - old ▁custom ▁metal work ▁company ▁still ▁in ▁existence ▁today . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁location ▁near ▁Dallas , ▁High land |
▁Park ▁had , ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁developed ▁a ▁moder ately ▁large ▁( 8 , 4 0 0 ) ▁population , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁business es . ▁Event ually ▁the ▁school ▁districts ▁and ▁newsp apers ▁of ▁High land ▁Park ▁and ▁University ▁Park ▁were ▁combined . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁after ▁the ▁failure ▁to ▁an nex ▁High land ▁Park , ▁Dallas ▁began ▁an nex ing ▁the ▁land ▁surrounding ▁it . ▁Re aching ▁a ▁population ▁high ▁of ▁just ▁under ▁ 1 3 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁High land ▁Park ▁afterwards ▁grew ▁only ▁by ▁building ▁houses ▁on ▁the ▁remaining ▁vac ant ▁lots , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁old ▁buildings . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁High land ▁Park ▁has ▁maintained ▁strict ▁z oning ▁ordin ances . ▁Kn own ▁for ▁its ▁quality ▁housing , ▁the ▁town ▁still ▁has ▁many ▁par ks ▁running ▁along ▁T urt le ▁Creek ▁and ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Country ▁Club . ▁ ▁High land ▁Park ▁was ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁a ▁su nd own ▁town ; ▁not ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁did ▁an ▁African ▁American ▁buy ▁a ▁house ▁there . ▁ ▁High land ▁Park ▁became ▁somewhat ▁famous ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁when ▁the ▁popular ▁television ▁show ▁Dallas ▁used ▁to ▁shoot ▁on ▁location ▁there . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁TV ▁series ▁GC B ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁fict it ious ▁" |
H ill side ▁Park ", ▁which ▁is ▁likely ▁a ▁stand - in ▁for ▁High land ▁Park ; ▁however , ▁the ▁residence ▁in ▁the ▁show ▁where ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁character , ▁" Am anda ▁V aug hn ", ▁lived ▁is ▁actually ▁located ▁in ▁East ▁Dallas . ▁From ▁the ▁Net fli x ▁original ▁show , ▁House ▁of ▁C ards , ▁main ▁character ▁Cla ire ▁Under wood ▁( play ed ▁by ▁Robin ▁Wright ) ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁High land ▁Park . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁High land ▁Park ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁ ▁( 3 2 . 8 3 0 1 7 8 , ▁- 9 6 . 8 0 1 1 0 3 ). ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁all ▁of ▁it ▁land . ▁ ▁High land ▁Park ▁is ▁about ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁Dallas . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁The ▁climate ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁hot , ▁hum id ▁sum mers ▁and ▁generally ▁m ild ▁to ▁cool ▁winter s . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Kö ppen ▁Cl imate ▁Classification ▁system , ▁High land ▁Park ▁has ▁a ▁hum id ▁subt rop ical ▁climate , ▁abbre vi ated ▁" C fa " ▁on ▁climate ▁maps . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 , 5 6 4 ▁people , ▁ 3 , 4 1 1 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 2 , 4 2 6 ▁families ▁res iding |
▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 3 , 8 2 4 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile . ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 , 7 1 7 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 1 , 6 5 9 . 7 ▁per ▁square ▁mile . ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁ 9 4 . 4 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 5 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 0 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 2 . 8 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 0 % ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁ 1 . 0 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 1 . 1 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 4 . 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁The ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁information ▁in ▁this ▁section ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁census ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁In ▁terms ▁of ▁formal ▁education , ▁High land ▁Park ▁is ▁Texas ' ▁second ▁best ▁educated ▁city , ▁after ▁its ▁neighbor ▁University ▁Park , ▁with ▁ 7 6 . 6 % ▁of ▁adult s ▁age ▁ 2 5 ▁or ▁older ▁holding ▁an ▁associate ▁degree ▁or ▁higher , ▁and ▁ 7 4 . 7 % ▁of ▁adult ▁residents ▁possess ing ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁or ▁higher . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 , 4 1 1 ▁households ; ▁ 3 3 . 6 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them |
, ▁ 6 0 . 6 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 5 . 3 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present ; ▁ 3 2 . 7 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies ; ▁ 2 9 . 1 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ; ▁and ▁ 9 . 6 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 4 6 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 0 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁town , ▁the ▁population ▁is ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 7 . 2 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 3 . 7 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 4 . 8 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 9 . 7 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 4 . 6 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 4 2 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 7 . 3 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 2 . 4 ▁males . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁was |
▁$ 1 4 9 , 3 8 9 ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 2 0 0 , 0 0 1 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 + ▁versus ▁$ 4 3 , 5 9 4 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁$ 9 7 , 0 0 8 . ▁About ▁ 1 . 6 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 3 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 2 . 5 % ▁(. 0 2 5 ) ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 0 . 5 % ▁(. 0 0 5 ) ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Real ▁estate ▁and ▁property ▁prices ▁ ▁High land ▁Park ▁has ▁earned ▁a ▁reputation ▁for ▁having ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁expensive ▁property ▁prices ▁in ▁the ▁Dallas ▁area . ▁The ▁median ▁home ▁value ▁in ▁High land ▁Park ▁is ▁$ 1 , 5 4 0 , 2 0 0 . ▁ ▁Government ▁and ▁infrastr ucture ▁ ▁The ▁High land ▁Park ▁Town ▁Hall ▁houses ▁municipal ▁services . ▁The ▁first ▁floor ▁houses ▁the ▁general ▁administrative ▁offices , ▁the ▁Building ▁In spe ction ▁Department , ▁the ▁Engineering ▁Department , ▁and ▁the ▁Util ity ▁Bill ing ▁and ▁Customer ▁Service ▁Department . ▁The ▁second ▁floor ▁houses ▁the ▁Town ▁Council ▁Ch amb ers , ▁the ▁Fin ance ▁Department , ▁and ▁Municipal ▁Court . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁Col onial ▁architecture ▁building ▁was |
▁designed ▁by ▁architect s ▁Otto ▁Lang ▁and ▁Frank ▁W itch ell . ▁The ▁High land ▁Park ▁Department ▁of ▁Public ▁Saf ety ▁and ▁the ▁High land ▁Park ▁Public ▁Library ▁are ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁hall . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁council ▁author ized ▁the ▁purch asing ▁of ▁a ▁fire ▁engine ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁fire ▁house ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁incorpor ation . ▁The ▁town ▁hall ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁a ▁new ▁fire ▁station ▁opened ▁next ▁to ▁town ▁hall . ▁As ▁time ▁passed , ▁the ▁town ▁hall ▁received ▁several ▁renov ations . ▁One ▁connected ▁the ▁town ▁hall ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁safety ▁building . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁safety ▁building ▁was ▁raz ed , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁facility ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁its ▁place . ▁ ▁High land ▁Park ▁emp lo ys ▁a ▁public ▁safety ▁department ▁instead ▁of ▁separate ▁police ▁and ▁fire / E MS ▁depart ments . ▁ ▁The ▁public ▁safety ▁officers ▁are ▁cert ified ▁as ▁fire fig h ters , ▁peace ▁officers , ▁and ▁param ed ics . ▁ ▁They ▁work ▁ 2 4 - hour ▁sh ifts ▁( with ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁days ▁off ), ▁varying ▁their ▁role ▁during ▁the ▁shift . ▁E MS ▁medical ▁direction ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁Bio T el ▁system ▁through ▁U T - S outh western ▁Medical ▁School , ▁which ▁provides ▁this ▁service ▁to ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁fire / E MS ▁depart ments ▁in ▁Dallas ▁County . ▁ |
▁Education ▁ ▁Primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁schools ▁ ▁Public ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁High land ▁Park ▁are ▁operated ▁by ▁either ▁the ▁High land ▁Park ▁Independent ▁School ▁District ▁or ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Independent ▁School ▁District . ▁ ▁High land ▁Park ▁Independent ▁School ▁District ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁( are as ▁east ▁of ▁Roland ▁Avenue ) ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁High land ▁Park ▁Independent ▁School ▁District ▁( H PI SD ). ▁The ▁H PI SD ▁portion ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁McC ul lo ch ▁Middle ▁School ▁and ▁High land ▁Park ▁Middle ▁School , ▁which ▁share ▁a ▁campus ▁located ▁partially ▁in ▁High land ▁Park ▁and ▁partially ▁in ▁University ▁Park , ▁and ▁High land ▁Park ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁nearby ▁University ▁Park , ▁which ▁was ▁ranked ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁best ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁the ▁Jay ▁Mat he ws ▁Challenge ▁Index ▁used ▁by ▁News week ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Two ▁elementary ▁schools ▁in ▁High land ▁Park , ▁Arm strong ▁and ▁Brad field , ▁serve ▁sections ▁of ▁High land ▁Park . ▁ ▁Dallas ▁Independent ▁School ▁District ▁A ▁portion ▁of ▁High land ▁Park ▁( are as ▁west ▁of ▁Roland ▁Avenue ) ▁is ▁z oned ▁to ▁Dallas ▁Independent ▁School ▁District . ▁The ▁area ▁is ▁within ▁Trust ee ▁District ▁ 2 ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Jack ▁L owe ▁represents ▁the ▁district . ▁DIS D ▁schools ▁that ▁serve ▁western ▁High land ▁Park ▁include ▁Map le ▁La wn ▁Element ary ▁School , ▁Rus k ▁Middle ▁School , ▁and ▁North ▁Dallas ▁High ▁School . |
▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁fall ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Williams ▁Element ary ▁School , ▁Marsh ▁Middle ▁School , ▁and ▁W . ▁T . ▁White ▁High ▁School ▁served ▁western ▁High land ▁Park . ▁After ▁fall ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁western ▁High land ▁Park ▁was ▁re zon ed ▁to ▁the ▁schools ▁that ▁serve ▁it ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Public ▁libraries ▁The ▁High land ▁Park ▁Public ▁Library ▁is ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁High land ▁Park ▁Town ▁Hall . ▁The ▁library ▁building ▁and ▁art ▁gallery ▁first ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁As ▁time ▁passed , ▁the ▁art ▁gallery ▁was ▁rep ur posed ▁as ▁town ▁council ▁ch amb ers ▁and ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁library . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁library ▁under w ent ▁major ▁renov ations . ▁ ▁Culture ▁High land ▁Park ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁High land ▁Park ▁Village ▁sho pping ▁center . ▁ ▁The ▁High land ▁Park ▁Cent enn ial ▁Liter ary ▁Festival ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁community . ▁ ▁The ▁Dallas ▁Mor ning ▁News ▁is ▁the ▁Dallas ▁city wide ▁newspaper . ▁B ubble Life ▁provides ▁online ▁news , ▁discuss ions ▁and ▁neighborhood ▁Q & A . ▁Park ▁C ities ▁People ▁is ▁a ▁local ▁community ▁newspaper . ▁ ▁Ne igh bor hood ▁Se ctions ▁and ▁Add itions ▁High land ▁Park ▁was ▁first ▁developed ▁as ▁Old ▁High land ▁which ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Section , ▁Second ▁Section , ▁T urt le ▁Creek ▁A cre age , ▁A cre age ▁Section , ▁Third |
▁Section , ▁Four th ▁Section , ▁and ▁the ▁H ack berry ▁Creek ▁A cre age ▁of ▁Old ▁High land ▁Park . ▁And ▁then ▁the ▁High land ▁Park ▁Ne igh bor hood s ▁West ▁of ▁Pr eston ▁were ▁developed . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁▁▁ ▁Bill ▁Clement s ▁– ▁ 4 2 nd ▁and ▁ 4 4 th ▁Governor ▁of ▁Texas . ▁ ▁Ang ie ▁Harm on ▁– ▁R izz oli ▁& ▁Is les ▁actress , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁High land ▁Park . ▁ ▁Clay ton ▁K ers h aw ▁– ▁pitch er ▁for ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁D od gers ▁of ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁ ▁Peter ▁O ' D onn ell ▁– ▁invest or , ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁Republican ▁Party ▁state ▁chairman ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁re ared ▁in ▁High land ▁Park ▁ ▁Matthew ▁Staff ord ▁– ▁quarter back ▁for ▁the ▁Detroit ▁L ions ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁ ▁Cla ire ▁Under wood ▁– ▁fict ional ▁character ▁from ▁House ▁of ▁C ards ▁( U . S . ▁TV ▁series ) ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁High land ▁Park . ▁Mart y ▁Tur co ▁- ▁Canadian ▁Hockey ▁player ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Stars ▁for ▁ 9 ▁seasons ▁lives ▁in ▁High land ▁Park . ▁ ▁References ▁Notes ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Fer g us on , ▁Ch ery l ▁C ald well . ▁High land ▁Park ▁and ▁River ▁O aks : ▁The ▁Orig ins ▁of ▁Garden ▁Sub urban ▁Community ▁Pl anning ▁in ▁Texas ▁( Univers ity |
▁of ▁Texas ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ). ▁x vi , ▁ 3 3 6 ▁pp .; ▁heavily ▁illustrated . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁High land ▁Park ▁Library ▁ ▁High land ▁Park , ▁T X ▁at ▁the ▁Hand book ▁of ▁Texas ▁ ▁McC ul lo ch ▁Inter mediate ▁School / High land ▁Park ▁Middle ▁School ▁ ▁John ▁S . ▁Arm strong ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁John ▁S . ▁Brad field ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁Category : D allas – F ort ▁W orth ▁met ro plex ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Dallas ▁County , ▁Texas ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : S und own ▁towns ▁in ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Matthew ▁Wood ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Sports people ▁Sir ▁Matthew ▁Wood , ▁ 4 th ▁Baron et ▁( 1 8 5 7 – 1 9 0 8 ), ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁Matthew ▁Wood ▁( rug by ▁league ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁Australian ▁rugby ▁league ▁footballer ▁Matthew ▁Wood ▁( cr ick eter , ▁born ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁with ▁G lam organ ▁C CC ▁Matthew ▁Wood ▁( cr ick eter , ▁born ▁ 1 9 8 0 ), ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁with ▁Not ting ham shire , ▁previously ▁played ▁for ▁Som erset ▁Matthew ▁Wood ▁( cr ick eter , ▁born ▁ 1 9 8 5 ), ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁O thers ▁Matthew ▁Wood ▁( sound ▁editor ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 |
2 ), ▁American ▁sound ▁editor ▁and ▁voice ▁actor ▁Sir ▁Matthew ▁Wood , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron et ▁( 1 7 6 8 – 1 8 4 3 ), ▁MP ▁and ▁Lord ▁Mayor ▁of ▁London ▁Wood ▁( mus ician ) ▁( M att hew ▁Wood , ▁born ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁drum mer ▁with ▁British ▁Sea ▁Power ▁Matthew ▁W . ▁Wood ▁( 1 8 7 9 – 1 9 6 9 ), ▁far mer ▁and ▁political ▁figure ▁on ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁Island ▁Matt ▁Wood , ▁who ▁stars ▁on ▁the ▁instruction al ▁DVD s ▁of ▁his ▁brother ▁Peter ▁K . ▁Wood , ▁mag ician ▁Matthew ▁Wood , ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁V aux hall ▁hel ic opter ▁crash ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Matt ▁Wood s ▁( 1 9 3 1 - 2 0 1 4 ), ▁English ▁footballer ▁Matt ▁Wood s ▁( football er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁English ▁footballer <0x0A> </s> ▁Spanish ▁architecture ▁refers ▁to ▁architecture ▁in ▁any ▁area ▁of ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Spain , ▁and ▁by ▁Spanish ▁architect s ▁world wide . ▁The ▁term ▁includes ▁buildings ▁which ▁were ▁constructed ▁within ▁the ▁current ▁borders ▁of ▁Spain ▁prior ▁to ▁its ▁existence ▁as ▁a ▁nation , ▁when ▁the ▁land ▁was ▁called ▁I ber ia , ▁His p ania , ▁Al - And alus ▁or ▁was ▁divided ▁between ▁several ▁Christian ▁kingdom s . ▁ ▁Draw ing ▁from ▁many ▁different ▁sources , ▁Spanish ▁architecture ▁demonstr ates ▁great ▁historical ▁and ▁ge ographical ▁divers ity . ▁Spanish ▁architecture ▁t ended ▁to |
▁develop ▁along ▁similar ▁lines ▁as ▁other ▁architect ural ▁styles ▁around ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁and ▁from ▁Northern ▁Europe . ▁ ▁A ▁real ▁development ▁came ▁with ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁Rom ans , ▁who ▁left ▁behind ▁some ▁of ▁their ▁most ▁out standing ▁monuments ▁in ▁His p ania . ▁The ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁Vis ig oth s ▁brought ▁about ▁a ▁prof ound ▁decl ine ▁in ▁building ▁techniques ▁which ▁was ▁par alle led ▁in ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Roman ▁Empire . ▁The ▁Muslim ▁con quest ▁in ▁ 7 1 1 ▁CE ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁radical ▁change ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁eight ▁centuries ▁there ▁were ▁great ▁adv ances ▁in ▁culture , ▁including ▁architecture . ▁For ▁example , ▁C ór dob a ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁the ▁cultural ▁capital ▁of ▁its ▁time ▁under ▁the ▁Um ay y ad ▁dynast y . ▁Sim ult ane ously , ▁the ▁Christian ▁kingdom s ▁gradually ▁emer ged ▁and ▁developed ▁their ▁own ▁styles , ▁at ▁first ▁mostly ▁isolated ▁from ▁European ▁architect ural ▁influ ences , ▁and ▁later ▁integrated ▁into ▁Roman es que ▁and ▁Goth ic ▁streams , ▁they ▁reached ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁peak ▁with ▁numerous ▁samples ▁along ▁the ▁whole ▁territory . ▁The ▁M ud é jar ▁style , ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁to ▁ 1 7 th ▁centuries , ▁was ▁character ised ▁by ▁the ▁bl ending ▁of ▁cultural ▁European ▁and ▁Islam ic ▁influ ences . ▁ ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁and ▁before ▁influen cing ▁Latin ▁America ▁with ▁its ▁Col onial ▁architecture , ▁Spain ▁itself |
▁experiment ed ▁with ▁Renaissance ▁architecture , ▁developed ▁mostly ▁by ▁local ▁architect s . ▁Spanish ▁Bar o que ▁was ▁distinguished ▁by ▁its ▁ex uber ant ▁Ch urr ig uer es que ▁decor ation ▁and ▁the ▁most ▁so ber ▁Her rer ian ▁style , ▁both ▁developing ▁separately ▁from ▁later ▁international ▁influ ences . ▁The ▁Col onial ▁style , ▁which ▁has ▁last ed ▁for ▁centuries , ▁still ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁influence ▁in ▁Latin ▁America . ▁Ne oc lass ic ism ▁reached ▁its ▁peak ▁in ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Juan ▁de ▁Vill an ue va ▁and ▁his ▁dis ci ples . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁had ▁two ▁faces : ▁the ▁engineering ▁efforts ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁new ▁language ▁and ▁bring ▁about ▁struct ural ▁improvements ▁using ▁iron ▁and ▁glass ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁materials , ▁and ▁the ▁academic ▁focus , ▁first ly ▁on ▁rev iv als ▁and ▁ec lect ic ism , ▁and ▁later ▁on ▁regional ism . ▁The ▁arrival ▁of ▁Modern isme ▁in ▁the ▁academic ▁ar ena ▁produced ▁figures ▁such ▁as ▁Ga ud í ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁architecture ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁The ▁International ▁style ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁groups ▁like ▁G ATE P AC . ▁Spain ▁is ▁currently ▁experien cing ▁a ▁revolution ▁in ▁contemporary ▁architecture ▁and ▁Spanish ▁architect s ▁like ▁Rafael ▁M one o , ▁Santiago ▁Cal atra va , ▁Ric ardo ▁B of ill ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁others ▁have ▁gained ▁world wide ▁ren own . ▁ ▁Many ▁architect ural ▁sites ▁in ▁Spain , ▁and ▁even ▁port ions ▁of ▁cities |
, ▁have ▁been ▁designated ▁World ▁Heritage ▁sites ▁by ▁UN ES CO . ▁Spain ▁has ▁the ▁third ▁highest ▁number ▁of ▁World ▁Heritage ▁S ites ▁in ▁the ▁world ; ▁only ▁Italy ▁and ▁China ▁have ▁more . ▁These ▁are ▁listed ▁at ▁List ▁of ▁World ▁Heritage ▁S ites ▁in ▁Europe : ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Pre history ▁ ▁Meg al ith ic ▁architecture ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Stone ▁Age , ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁meg al ith ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen ins ula ▁was ▁the ▁dol men . ▁The ▁plans ▁of ▁these ▁fun er ary ▁ch amb ers ▁used ▁to ▁be ▁pseud oc ir cles ▁or ▁tra pe zo ids , ▁formed ▁by ▁huge ▁stones ▁stuck ▁on ▁the ▁ground , ▁and ▁others ▁over ▁them , ▁forming ▁the ▁roof . ▁As ▁the ▁typ ology ▁evol ved , ▁an ▁entrance ▁cor rid or ▁appeared , ▁and ▁gradually ▁took ▁prom in ence ▁and ▁became ▁almost ▁as ▁wide ▁as ▁the ▁chamber . ▁Ro of ed ▁cor rid ors ▁and ▁false ▁dom es ▁were ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁advanced ▁stage . ▁The ▁complex ▁of ▁An te qu era ▁contains ▁the ▁largest ▁dol m ens ▁in ▁Europe . ▁The ▁best ▁preserved , ▁the ▁C ue va ▁de ▁M eng a , ▁is ▁twenty - five ▁metres ▁deep ▁and ▁four ▁metres ▁high , ▁and ▁was ▁built ▁with ▁thirty - two ▁meg al ith s . ▁ ▁The ▁best ▁preserved ▁examples ▁of ▁architecture ▁from ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁B ale ar ic ▁Islands , ▁where ▁three ▁kinds ▁of ▁construction ▁appeared : |
▁the ▁T - sh aped ▁ta ula , ▁the ▁tal ay ot ▁and ▁the ▁nav eta . ▁The ▁tal ay ots ▁were ▁tr on co con ical ▁or ▁tr on cop ir am idal ▁def ensive ▁to wers . ▁They ▁used ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁central ▁pill ar . ▁The ▁nav et as , ▁were ▁constru ctions ▁made ▁of ▁great ▁stones ▁and ▁their ▁shape ▁was ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁ship ▁h ull . ▁ ▁I ber ian ▁and ▁C elt ic ▁architecture ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁characteristic ▁constru ctions ▁of ▁the ▁Cel ts ▁were ▁the ▁cast ros , ▁w alled ▁villages ▁usually ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁hills ▁or ▁mountains . ▁They ▁were ▁developed ▁at ▁the ▁areas ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁Cel ts ▁in ▁the ▁Dou ro ▁valley ▁and ▁in ▁Gal icia . ▁Ex amples ▁include ▁Las ▁C og ot as , ▁in ▁Á v ila , ▁the ▁Castro ▁of ▁Santa ▁T ec la , ▁in ▁P onte ved ra ▁in ▁Spain . ▁In ▁Portugal ▁these ▁include ▁Cit â nia ▁de ▁B rite iros ▁in ▁B rag a , ▁Cit â nia ▁de ▁St ▁Lu zia ▁in ▁V iana ▁do ▁Cast elo ▁and ▁San f ins ▁in ▁Pa ços ▁de ▁Fer re ira . ▁ ▁The ▁houses ▁inside ▁the ▁cast ros ▁are ▁about ▁ 3 . 5 ▁to ▁ 5 ▁meters ▁long , ▁mostly ▁circular ▁with ▁some ▁rect angular , ▁stone - made ▁and ▁with ▁that ch ▁roof s ▁which ▁rest ed ▁on ▁a ▁wood ▁column ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁Their ▁streets ▁are ▁somewhat ▁regular |
, ▁suggesting ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁central ▁organization . ▁ ▁The ▁towns ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Ar év ac os ▁were ▁related ▁to ▁I ber ian ▁culture , ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁reached ▁notable ▁urban ▁development ▁like ▁Num ant ia . ▁O thers ▁were ▁more ▁primitive ▁and ▁usually ▁exc av ated ▁into ▁the ▁rock , ▁like ▁Term ant ia . ▁ ▁Roman ▁period ▁ ▁Urban ▁development ▁ ▁The ▁Roman ▁con quest , ▁started ▁in ▁ 2 1 8 ▁BC , ▁promoted ▁the ▁almost ▁complete ▁roman ization ▁of ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen ins ula . ▁Roman ▁culture ▁was ▁fully ▁assim il ated ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁population . ▁Form er ▁military ▁cam ps ▁and ▁I ber ian , ▁Pho en ician ▁and ▁Greek ▁settlement s ▁were ▁transformed ▁into ▁large ▁cities ▁where ▁urban ization ▁highly ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁provinces ; ▁August a ▁Emer ita ▁in ▁the ▁L us it ania , ▁Cord uba , ▁Ital ica , ▁His p alis , ▁G ades ▁in ▁the ▁His p ania ▁Ba et ica , ▁Tar rac o , ▁Ca esar ▁August a , ▁Ast ur ica ▁August a , ▁Leg io ▁Sept ima ▁Gem ina ▁and ▁Luc us ▁August i ▁in ▁the ▁His p ania ▁Tar ra con ensis ▁were ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁cities , ▁linked ▁by ▁a ▁complex ▁network ▁of ▁roads . ▁The ▁construction ▁development ▁includes ▁some ▁monuments ▁of ▁compar able ▁quality ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁capital , ▁Rome . ▁ ▁Const ru ctions ▁ ▁Roman ▁civil ▁engineering ▁is ▁represented ▁in ▁impos ing ▁constru ctions ▁such |
▁as ▁the ▁Aqu ed uct ▁of ▁Seg ov ia ▁and ▁the ▁A cu ed uct o ▁de ▁los ▁Mil ag ros ▁in ▁M ér ida , ▁in ▁brid ges ▁like ▁the ▁Alc ánt ara ▁Bridge , ▁Pu ente ▁Rom ano ▁over ▁Gu ad iana ▁River , ▁and ▁the ▁Roman ▁bridge ▁of ▁C ór dob a ▁over ▁the ▁Gu adal qu iv ir . ▁Civil ▁works ▁were ▁widely ▁developed ▁in ▁His p ania ▁under ▁Emperor ▁Tra jan ▁( 9 8 - 1 1 7 ▁AD ). ▁L ighth ouses ▁like ▁the ▁one ▁still ▁in ▁use ▁Her cules ▁Tower ▁in ▁A ▁Cor u ña , ▁were ▁also ▁built . ▁ ▁Lud ic ▁architecture ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁such ▁buildings ▁as ▁the ▁the at res ▁of ▁M ér ida , ▁S ag unto , ▁C ád iz , ▁Cart ag ena , ▁and ▁Tar rac o , ▁am ph it he aters ▁in ▁M ér ida , ▁Ital ica , ▁Tar rac o ▁or ▁Seg ó br iga , ▁and ▁circ uses ▁in ▁M ér ida , ▁To led o , ▁and ▁many ▁others . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁architecture ▁also ▁spread ▁th oug out ▁the ▁Pen ins ula ; ▁examples ▁include ▁the ▁Roman ▁tem ples ▁of ▁ ▁Barcelona , ▁C ór dob a , ▁Vic , ▁and ▁Alc ánt ara , ▁▁ ▁The ▁main ▁fun er ary ▁monuments ▁are ▁the ▁Torre ▁dels ▁Es cip ions ▁in ▁Tar rac o , ▁the ▁dist yle ▁in ▁Z al ame a ▁de ▁la ▁Ser ena , ▁and ▁the ▁M aus |
ole um ▁of ▁the ▁A til ii ▁in ▁S ád aba , ▁Zar ago za . ▁Roman ▁tri um phal ▁arch es ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁C aban es , ▁Cast ell ón , ▁Med in ac eli , ▁and ▁the ▁Arc ▁de ▁Ber à ▁near ▁Rod a ▁de ▁Ber à . ▁ ▁Pre - R oman es que ▁period ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁Pre - R oman es que ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁Christian ▁art ▁after ▁the ▁Class ical ▁Age ▁and ▁before ▁Roman es que ▁art ▁and ▁architecture . ▁It ▁cover ▁very ▁heter ogeneous ▁art istic ▁displays ▁for ▁they ▁were ▁developed ▁in ▁different ▁centuries ▁and ▁by ▁different ▁cult ures . ▁Spanish ▁territory ▁bo asts ▁a ▁rich ▁variety ▁of ▁Pre - R oman es que ▁architecture : ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁branches , ▁like ▁the ▁Ast ur ian ▁art ▁reached ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁ref in ement ▁for ▁their ▁era ▁and ▁cultural ▁context . ▁ ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁architecture ▁ ▁Ast ur ian ▁architecture ▁ ▁The ▁kingdom ▁of ▁Ast ur ias ▁arose ▁in ▁ 7 1 8 , ▁when ▁the ▁Ast ur ▁tribes , ▁r al lied ▁in ▁assembly , ▁decided ▁to ▁appoint ▁Pel ay o ▁as ▁their ▁leader . ▁Pel ay o ▁joined ▁the ▁local ▁tribes ▁and ▁the ▁ref ug ed ▁Vis ig oth s ▁under ▁his ▁command , ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁progress ively ▁rest oring ▁Goth ic ▁Order . ▁ ▁Ast ur ian ▁Pre - R oman es que ▁is ▁a ▁singular ▁feature ▁in ▁all ▁Spain , ▁which , ▁while ▁combining ▁elements ▁from |
▁other ▁styles ▁as ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁and ▁local ▁trad itions , ▁created ▁and ▁developed ▁its ▁own ▁person ality ▁and ▁characteristics , ▁reaching ▁a ▁considerable ▁level ▁of ▁ref in ement , ▁not ▁only ▁as ▁regards ▁construction , ▁but ▁also ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁a est het ics . ▁ ▁As ▁regards ▁its ▁evolution , ▁from ▁its ▁appearance , ▁Ast ur ian ▁Pre - R oman es que ▁followed ▁a ▁" sty list ic ▁sequence ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁kingdom ' s ▁political ▁evolution , ▁its ▁stages ▁clearly ▁out lined ". ▁It ▁was ▁mainly ▁a ▁court ▁architecture , ▁and ▁five ▁stages ▁are ▁distinguished : ▁a ▁first ▁period ▁( 7 3 7 – 7 9 1 ) ▁from ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁F á fil a ▁to ▁Verm udo ▁I , ▁a ▁second ▁stage ▁compr ises ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Alfonso ▁II ▁( 7 9 1 – 8 4 2 ), ▁entering ▁a ▁stage ▁of ▁sty list ic ▁definition . ▁These ▁two ▁first ▁stages ▁receive ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁' Pre - R am ir ense '. ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁church ▁ ▁San ▁Juli án ▁de ▁los ▁Pr ados ▁in ▁O v ied o , ▁with ▁an ▁interesting ▁volume ▁system ▁and ▁a ▁complex ▁icon ographic ▁fres co ▁program , ▁related ▁narrow ly ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ▁m ural ▁paint ings . ▁L att ices ▁and ▁trif oli ate ▁windows ▁in ▁the ▁ap se ▁appear ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁at ▁this ▁stage . ▁The ▁Holy ▁Chamber ▁of ▁the ▁C athedral ▁of ▁O v ied o , |
▁San ▁Pedro ▁de ▁N ora ▁and ▁Santa ▁María ▁de ▁B end ones ▁also ▁belong ▁to ▁it . ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁period ▁compr ises ▁the ▁reign s ▁of ▁Ram iro ▁I ▁( 8 4 2 – 8 5 0 ) ▁and ▁Or do ño ▁I ▁( 8 5 0 – 8 6 6 ). ▁It ▁is ▁called ▁' R am ir ense ' ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁the ▁z en ith ▁of ▁the ▁style , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁an ▁unknown ▁architect ▁who ▁brought ▁new ▁struct ural ▁and ▁orn amental ▁achiev ements ▁like ▁the ▁bar rel ▁v ault , ▁and ▁the ▁consistent ▁use ▁of ▁trans verse ▁arch es ▁and ▁but tr esses , ▁which ▁made ▁the ▁style ▁rather ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁struct ural ▁achiev ements ▁of ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁two ▁centuries ▁later . ▁Some ▁writers ▁have ▁pointed ▁to ▁an ▁un exp la ined ▁Sy rian ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁rich ▁orn ament ation . ▁In ▁that ▁period , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁master pie ces ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁fl our ished : ▁the ▁palace ▁pav il ions ▁of ▁Nar an co ▁Mountain ▁( S anta ▁Maria ▁del ▁Nar an co ▁and ▁San ▁Miguel ▁de ▁L illo ), ▁and ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁Santa ▁Crist ina ▁de ▁L ena ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁that ▁period . ▁ ▁The ▁fourth ▁period ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Alfonso ▁III ▁( 8 6 6 – 9 1 0 ), ▁where ▁a ▁strong ▁Moz arab ic ▁influence ▁arrived ▁to ▁Ast ur ian ▁architecture , ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁horses ho e |
▁arch ▁expanded . ▁A ▁fifth ▁and ▁last ▁period , ▁which ▁coinc ides ▁with ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁the ▁court ▁to ▁León , ▁the ▁disapp earance ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom ▁of ▁Ast ur ias , ▁and ▁simultaneously , ▁of ▁Ast ur ian ▁Pre - R oman es que . ▁ ▁Re pop ulation ▁architecture ▁ ▁Between ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁churches ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Christian ▁kingdom s . ▁They ▁are ▁widely ▁but ▁incorrectly ▁known ▁as ▁Moz arab ic ▁architecture . ▁This ▁architecture ▁is ▁a ▁summary ▁of ▁elements ▁of ▁diverse ▁extra ction ▁irregular ly ▁distributed , ▁of ▁a ▁form ▁that ▁in ▁occasions ▁pre dom inate ▁those ▁of ▁pale o - Christ ian , ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁or ▁Ast ur ian ▁origin , ▁while ▁at ▁other ▁times ▁emphas izes ▁the ▁Muslim ▁impression . ▁ ▁The ▁churches ▁have ▁usually ▁bas il ica ▁or ▁central ized ▁plans , ▁sometimes ▁with ▁oppos ing ▁a ps es . ▁Princi pal ▁chap els ▁are ▁of ▁rect angular ▁plan ▁on ▁the ▁exterior ▁and ▁ult ra - sem ic irc ular ▁in ▁the ▁interior . ▁The ▁horses ho e ▁arch ▁of ▁Muslim ▁ev ocation ▁is ▁used , ▁somewhat ▁more ▁closed ▁and ▁s loped ▁than ▁the ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁al f iz . ▁Gem in ated ▁and ▁triple d ▁windows ▁of ▁Ast ur ian ▁tradition ▁and ▁grouped ▁columns ▁forming ▁composite ▁pill ars , ▁with ▁Cor inth ian ▁capital ▁decor ated |
▁with ▁st yl ized ▁elements . ▁ ▁Dec oration ▁has ▁res embl ance ▁to ▁the ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁based ▁in ▁vol utes , ▁sw ast ik as , ▁and ▁veget able ▁and ▁animal ▁them es ▁forming ▁project ed ▁borders ▁and ▁sob ri ety ▁of ▁exterior ▁decor ation . ▁Some ▁innov ations ▁are ▁introduced , ▁as ▁great ▁lo bed ▁cor b els ▁that ▁support ▁very ▁pron ounced ▁e aves . ▁A ▁great ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁technique ▁in ▁construction ▁can ▁be ▁observed , ▁employ ing ▁as hl ar , ▁walls ▁rein for ced ▁by ▁exterior ▁but tr esses ▁and ▁covering ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁segment ed ▁v ault s , ▁including ▁by ▁the ▁traditional ▁bar rel ▁v ault s . ▁ ▁The ▁architecture ▁of ▁Al - And alus ▁ ▁The ▁C ali ph ate ▁of ▁C ór dob a ▁ ▁The ▁Muslim ▁con quest ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁His p ania ▁by ▁the ▁troops ▁of ▁Mus a ▁ibn ▁N us air ▁and ▁T ari q ▁ibn ▁Z iy ad , ▁and ▁the ▁over throw ing ▁of ▁the ▁Um ay y ad ▁dynast y ▁in ▁Dam asc us , ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁an ▁independent ▁Em ir ate ▁by ▁Abd ▁ar - R ah man ▁I , ▁the ▁only ▁surv iving ▁prince ▁who ▁escaped ▁from ▁Abb as ids , ▁and ▁established ▁his ▁capital ▁city ▁in ▁C ór dob a . ▁It ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁cultural ▁capital ▁of ▁Occ ident ▁from ▁ 7 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁architecture ▁built ▁in |
▁Al - And alus ▁under ▁the ▁Um ay y ads ▁evol ved ▁from ▁the ▁architecture ▁of ▁Dam asc us , ▁with ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁a est h etic ▁achiev ements ▁of ▁local ▁influence : ▁the ▁horses ho e ▁arch , ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁Mo or ish ▁architecture , ▁was ▁taken ▁from ▁Vis ig oth s . ▁Arch itect s , ▁artists ▁and ▁craft s men ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Orient ▁to ▁construct ▁cities ▁like ▁Med ina ▁Az ah ara , ▁whose ▁splend our ▁couldn ' t ▁have ▁been ▁imag ined ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁kingdom s ▁of ▁the ▁era . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁out standing ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Um ay y ad ▁C ór dob a ▁is ▁the ▁Great ▁Mos que , ▁built ▁in ▁consecutive ▁stages ▁by ▁Abd ▁ar - R ah man ▁I , ▁Abd ▁ar - R ah man ▁II , ▁Al - H ak am ▁II ▁and ▁Al - M ans ur . ▁ ▁The ▁Ta if as ▁ ▁The ▁C ali ph ate ▁disappeared ▁and ▁was ▁split ▁into ▁several ▁small ▁kingdom s ▁called ▁ta if as . ▁Their ▁political ▁weak ness ▁was ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁cultural ▁retre at , ▁and ▁together ▁with ▁a ▁quick ▁advance ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁kingdom s , ▁the ▁ta if as ▁cl ung ▁to ▁the ▁prest ige ▁of ▁structures ▁and ▁forms ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁C ór dob a . ▁The ▁re cess ion ▁was ▁felt ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁techniques ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁materials , ▁though ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁prof usion ▁of ▁the ▁orn ament ation . |
▁The ▁lo bes ▁of ▁mult if o il ▁arch es ▁were ▁multip lied ▁and ▁th inned , ▁transformed ▁in ▁l am bre qu ins , ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁C ali phal ▁elements ▁were ▁ex agger ated . ▁Some ▁magnific ent ▁examples ▁of ▁the ▁ta ifa ▁architecture ▁have ▁reached ▁our ▁times , ▁like ▁the ▁Al ja fer ía ▁Palace ▁in ▁Zar ago za , ▁or ▁the ▁small ▁Mos que ▁of ▁Crist o ▁de ▁la ▁Lu z ▁in ▁To led o , ▁later ▁transformed ▁into ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁examples ▁of ▁M ud é jar ▁architecture . ▁ ▁Al mor av ids ▁and ▁Al m oh ads ▁ ▁The ▁Al mor av ids ▁inv aded ▁Al - And alus ▁from ▁North ▁Africa ▁in ▁ 1 0 8 6 , ▁and ▁un ified ▁the ▁ta if as ▁under ▁their ▁power . ▁They ▁developed ▁their ▁own ▁architecture , ▁but ▁very ▁little ▁of ▁it ▁remains ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁next ▁invasion , ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Al m oh ads , ▁who ▁im posed ▁Islam ic ▁ult ra - orth odox y ▁and ▁destroyed ▁almost ▁every ▁significant ▁Al mor avid ▁building , ▁together ▁with ▁Med ina ▁Az ah ara ▁and ▁other ▁C ali ph ate ▁constru ctions . ▁Their ▁art ▁was ▁extremely ▁so ber ▁and ▁bare , ▁and ▁they ▁used ▁brick ▁as ▁their ▁main ▁material . ▁V irt ually ▁their ▁only ▁super f icial ▁decor ation , ▁the ▁, ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁a ▁grid ▁of ▁rh omb uses . ▁The ▁Al m oh ads ▁also ▁used ▁pal m ▁decor ation |
, ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁nothing ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁simpl ification ▁of ▁the ▁much ▁more ▁decor ated ▁Al mor avid ▁pal m . ▁As ▁time ▁passed , ▁the ▁art ▁became ▁slightly ▁more ▁decor ative . ▁The ▁best ▁known ▁piece ▁of ▁Al m oh ad ▁architecture ▁is ▁the ▁G iral da , ▁the ▁former ▁min aret ▁of ▁the ▁Mos que ▁of ▁Se ville . ▁Class ified ▁as ▁M ud é jar , ▁but ▁imm ers ed ▁in ▁the ▁Al m oh ad ▁a est h etic , ▁the ▁syn agog ue ▁of ▁Santa ▁María ▁la ▁Blan ca , ▁in ▁To led o , ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁example ▁of ▁architect ural ▁collaboration ▁between ▁the ▁three ▁cult ures ▁of ▁Med ieval ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Nas rid ▁architecture ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Gran ada ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of ▁the ▁Al m oh ad ▁emp ire , ▁the ▁scattered ▁Mo or ish ▁kingdom s ▁of ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Pen ins ula ▁were ▁re organ ized , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 7 , ▁the ▁Nas rid ▁k ings ▁established ▁their ▁capital ▁city ▁in ▁Gran ada . ▁The ▁architecture ▁they ▁produced ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁rich est ▁produced ▁by ▁Islam ▁in ▁any ▁period . ▁This ▁ow ed ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁to ▁the ▁cultural ▁her itage ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Mo or ish ▁styles ▁of ▁Al - And alus ▁that ▁the ▁Nas rid s ▁ec lect ically ▁combined , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁close ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁northern ▁Christian ▁Kingdom s . ▁▁ ▁The ▁pal aces ▁of |
▁Al h amb ra ▁and ▁General ife ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁out standing ▁constru ctions ▁of ▁the ▁period . ▁The ▁struct ural ▁and ▁orn amental ▁elements ▁were ▁taken ▁from ▁Cord ob ese ▁architecture ▁( h ors es ho e ▁arch es ), ▁from ▁Al m oh ads ▁( se b ka ▁and ▁pal m ▁decor ation ), ▁but ▁also ▁created ▁by ▁them , ▁like ▁the ▁pr ism ▁and ▁cyl ind rical ▁capit als ▁and ▁m oc ára be ▁arch es , ▁in ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁interior ▁and ▁exterior ▁spaces , ▁of ▁garden ing ▁and ▁architecture , ▁that ▁aim ed ▁to ▁please ▁all ▁the ▁sens es . ▁Un like ▁the ▁Um ay y ad ▁architecture , ▁which ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁expensive ▁and ▁imported ▁materials , ▁the ▁Nas rid s ▁used ▁only ▁hum ble ▁materials : ▁cl ay , ▁pl aster ▁and ▁wood . ▁However , ▁the ▁a est h etic ▁outcome ▁is ▁full ▁of ▁complexity ▁and ▁is ▁myst ifying ▁for ▁the ▁beh older : ▁The ▁multip licity ▁of ▁decor ation , ▁the ▁skill ful ▁use ▁of ▁light ▁and ▁shadow ▁and ▁the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁water ▁into ▁the ▁architecture ▁are ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁keys ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁style . ▁Ep ig raph y ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁different ▁rooms , ▁with ▁all us ive ▁po ems ▁to ▁the ▁beauty ▁of ▁the ▁spaces . ▁ ▁Roman es que ▁period ▁▁▁ ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁first ▁developed ▁in ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁and ▁ 1 1 th ▁centuries , ▁before ▁Cl |
un y ' s ▁influence , ▁in ▁L ér ida , ▁Barcelona , ▁Tar rag ona ▁and ▁H ues ca , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Py ren ees , ▁simultaneously ▁with ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Italy , ▁as ▁what ▁is ▁called ▁First ▁Roman es que ▁or ▁Lomb ard ▁Roman es que . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁primitive ▁style , ▁whose ▁characteristics ▁are ▁thick ▁walls , ▁lack ▁of ▁sculpt ure ▁and ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁rh yth mic ▁orn amental ▁arch es , ▁ ▁typ ified ▁by ▁the ▁churches ▁in ▁the ▁Valle ▁de ▁Boh í . ▁ ▁The ▁full ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁arrived ▁with ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁Cl un y ▁through ▁the ▁Way ▁of ▁Saint ▁James , ▁that ▁ends ▁in ▁the ▁C athedral ▁of ▁Santiago ▁de ▁Com post ela . ▁The ▁model ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Roman es que ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁was ▁the ▁C athedral ▁of ▁Jac a , ▁with ▁its ▁characteristic ▁plan ▁and ▁ap se , ▁and ▁its ▁" ch ess board " ▁decor ation ▁in ▁stri pes , ▁called ▁ta que ado ▁ja qu és . ▁As ▁the ▁Christian ▁Kingdom s ▁advanced ▁south wards , ▁this ▁model ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁recon quer ed ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁variations . ▁Spanish ▁Roman es que ▁also ▁shows ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁Spanish ▁pre - R oman es que ▁styles , ▁mainly ▁Ast ur ian ▁and ▁Moz arab ic , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁strong ▁Mo or ish ▁influence , ▁especially ▁the ▁v ault s ▁of ▁C ór dob a ' s ▁Mos que |
, ▁and ▁the ▁mult if o il ▁arch es . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁some ▁churches ▁altern ated ▁in ▁style ▁between ▁Roman es que ▁and ▁Goth ic . ▁Arag ón , ▁Navar ra ▁and ▁Cast ile - Le on ▁are ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁areas ▁for ▁Spanish ▁Roman es que ▁architecture . ▁ ▁The ▁Goth ic ▁period ▁ ▁The ▁Goth ic ▁style ▁arrived ▁in ▁Spain ▁as ▁Christian ity ▁grew ▁in ▁strength ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁In ▁this ▁time , ▁late ▁Roman es que ▁altern ated ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁expressions ▁of ▁pure ▁Goth ic ▁architecture ▁like ▁the ▁C athedral ▁of ▁Á v ila . ▁The ▁High ▁Goth ic ▁arrived ▁in ▁all ▁its ▁strength ▁through ▁the ▁Way ▁of ▁St . ▁James ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century , ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁pur est ▁Goth ic ▁c athed r als , ▁with ▁French ▁and ▁German ▁influ ences : ▁the ▁c athed r als ▁of ▁Burg os , ▁León ▁and ▁To led o . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁post - 1 3 th ▁century ▁Goth ic ▁styles ▁in ▁Spain ▁are ▁the ▁Lev antine ▁ ▁and ▁Is ab ell ine ▁Goth ic . ▁Lev antine ▁Goth ic ▁is ▁character ised ▁by ▁its ▁struct ural ▁achiev ements ▁and ▁their ▁un ification ▁of ▁space , ▁with ▁master pie ces ▁as ▁La ▁Se u ▁in ▁Pal ma ▁de ▁Mall or ca ; ▁the ▁Val enci an ▁Goth ic ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁L on ja ▁de ▁Val encia ▁( Val encia ' |
s ▁sil k ▁market ), ▁and ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁del ▁Mar ▁( Bar cel ona ). ▁ ▁Is ab ell ine ▁Goth ic , ▁created ▁during ▁the ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Mon arch s , ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁transition ▁to ▁Renaissance ▁architecture , ▁but ▁also ▁a ▁strong ▁resistance ▁to ▁Italian ▁Renaissance ▁style . ▁High light s ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁include ▁the ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁San ▁Juan ▁de ▁los ▁Re yes ▁in ▁To led o ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Chap el ▁of ▁Gran ada . ▁ ▁M ud é jar ▁style ▁ ▁The ▁M ud é jar ▁style ▁is ▁Mo or ish ▁influenced ▁Christian ▁architecture ▁that ▁emer ged ▁in ▁the ▁Christian ▁kingdom s ▁of ▁the ▁north ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁and ▁spread ▁with ▁the ▁Christian ▁Re con qu ista ▁of ▁the ▁I ber ian ▁Pen ins ula . ▁The ▁recon quest ▁brought ▁Mo or ish ▁and ▁Mo or ish ▁influenced ▁Christian ▁craft s men ▁under ▁Christian ▁rule ▁who ▁then ▁influenced ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁expand ing ▁Christian ▁kingdom s . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁really ▁a ▁style : ▁M ud é jar ▁" style " ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁Mo or ish ▁decor ations ▁and ▁construction ▁methods ▁or ▁materials ▁to ▁whatever ▁Christian ▁architecture ▁existed ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁producing ▁M ud é jar - R oman es que , ▁M ud é jar - G oth ic ▁and ▁M ud é jar - R ena issance . ▁ ▁M ud é jar ▁is ▁character ised ▁by ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁brick ▁as ▁the |
▁main ▁building ▁material . ▁M ud é jar ▁did ▁not ▁involve ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁new ▁structures ▁( un like ▁Goth ic ▁or ▁Roman es que ), ▁but ▁re inter pre ting ▁Christian ▁styles ▁through ▁Islam ic ▁and ▁Jewish ▁influ ences . ▁The ▁dominant ▁geomet rical ▁character , ▁distinct ly ▁Islam ic , ▁emer ged ▁consp ic u ously ▁in ▁the ▁access ory ▁craft s ▁using ▁cheap ▁materials ▁elabor ately ▁worked ▁– ▁tile work , ▁brick work , ▁wood ▁car ving , ▁pl aster ▁car ving , ▁and ▁orn amental ▁met als . ▁Even ▁after ▁the ▁Muslim s ▁were ▁no ▁longer ▁employed , ▁many ▁of ▁their ▁methods ▁and ▁decor ative ▁styles ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁Spanish ▁architecture . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁accepted ▁that ▁the ▁M ud é jar ▁style ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Sah ag ún . ▁M ud é jar ▁extended ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁León , ▁To led o , ▁Á v ila , ▁Seg ov ia , ▁and ▁later ▁to ▁And alus ia , ▁especially ▁Se ville ▁and ▁Gran ada . ▁The ▁M ud é jar ▁Ro oms ▁of ▁the ▁Alc áz ar ▁of ▁Se ville , ▁although ▁class ified ▁as ▁M ud é jar , ▁are ▁more ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁Nas rid ▁Al h amb ra ▁than ▁to ▁other ▁buildings ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁created ▁by ▁Pedro ▁of ▁Cast ile , ▁who ▁brought ▁architect s ▁from ▁Gran ada ▁who ▁experienced ▁very ▁little ▁Christian ▁influence . ▁Cent ers ▁of ▁M ud é jar ▁art ▁are |
▁found ▁in ▁other ▁cities , ▁like ▁Tor o , ▁Cu é ll ar , ▁Ar é val o ▁and ▁Mad rig al ▁de ▁las ▁Alt as ▁Tor res . ▁It ▁became ▁highly ▁developed ▁in ▁Arag on , ▁with ▁three ▁main ▁focus es : ▁Zar ago za , ▁Cal at ay ud , ▁and ▁Ter uel , ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 3 th , ▁ 1 4 th ▁and ▁ 1 5 th ▁centuries . ▁In ▁Ter uel ▁a ▁wide ▁group ▁of ▁impos ing ▁churches ▁and ▁to wers ▁were ▁built . ▁Other ▁fine ▁examples ▁of ▁M ud é jar ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Casa ▁de ▁Pil atos ▁in ▁Se ville , ▁Santa ▁Clara ▁Mon aster y ▁in ▁T ord es illas , ▁or ▁the ▁churches ▁of ▁To led o , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁and ▁most ▁out standing ▁M ud é jar ▁cent ers . ▁In ▁To led o , ▁the ▁syn agog ues ▁of ▁Santa ▁María ▁la ▁Blan ca ▁and ▁El ▁Tr án s ito ▁( both ▁M ud é jar ▁though ▁not ▁Christian ) ▁des erve ▁special ▁mention . ▁ ▁Renaissance ▁ ▁In ▁Spain , ▁Renaissance ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁gra ft ed ▁to ▁Goth ic ▁forms ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁dec ades ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁The ▁style ▁started ▁to ▁spread ▁made ▁mainly ▁by ▁local ▁architect s : ▁that ▁is ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁specifically ▁Spanish ▁Renaissance ▁that ▁brought ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁South ▁Italian ▁architecture , ▁sometimes ▁from ▁ill umin ated ▁books ▁and ▁paint ings , |
▁mixed ▁with ▁Goth ic ▁tradition ▁and ▁local ▁id ios ync ras y . ▁The ▁new ▁style ▁was ▁called ▁Pl ater es que ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁extremely ▁decor ated ▁fa ç ades ▁that ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁mind ▁the ▁decor ative ▁mot ifs ▁of ▁the ▁intr ic ately ▁detailed ▁work ▁of ▁sil vers m ith s , ▁the ▁" pl ater os ". ▁Class ical ▁orders ▁and ▁cand el ab ra ▁mot ifs ▁( a ▁cand el ieri ) ▁were ▁combined ▁freely ▁into ▁symmet rical ▁wh oles . ▁ ▁In ▁that ▁scen ery , ▁the ▁Palace ▁of ▁Charles ▁V ▁by ▁Pedro ▁Mach uca ▁in ▁Gran ada ▁was ▁an ▁unexpected ▁achiev ement ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁advanced ▁Renaissance ▁of ▁the ▁moment . ▁The ▁palace ▁can ▁be ▁defined ▁as ▁an ▁anticip ation ▁of ▁the ▁M anner ism , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁command ▁of ▁classical ▁language ▁and ▁its ▁break through ▁a est h etic ▁achiev ements . ▁It ▁was ▁constructed ▁before ▁the ▁main ▁works ▁of ▁Michel ang elo ▁and ▁P all ad io . ▁Its ▁influence ▁was ▁very ▁limited ▁and ▁poor ly ▁understood , ▁the ▁Pl ater es que ▁forms ▁pre va iled ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁pan or ama . ▁ ▁As ▁dec ades ▁passed , ▁the ▁Goth ic ▁influence ▁disappeared ▁and ▁the ▁research ▁of ▁an ▁orth odox ▁classic ism ▁reached ▁high ▁levels . ▁Although ▁Pl ater es que ▁is ▁a ▁commonly ▁used ▁term ▁to ▁define ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁architect ural ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , |
▁some ▁architect s ▁acquired ▁a ▁more ▁so ber ▁personal ▁style , ▁like ▁Diego ▁Sil oe ▁and ▁Rod r igo ▁Gil ▁de ▁H ont añ ón . ▁Ex amples ▁include ▁the ▁fa ç ades ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Sal aman ca ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁Con vent ▁of ▁San ▁Mar cos ▁in ▁León . ▁ ▁The ▁highlight ▁of ▁Spanish ▁Renaissance ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Mon aster y ▁of ▁El ▁Esc orial , ▁built ▁by ▁Juan ▁B aut ista ▁de ▁To led o ▁and ▁Juan ▁de ▁Herr era , ▁where ▁a ▁much ▁closer ▁ad her ence ▁to ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁ancient ▁Rome ▁was ▁over pass ed ▁by ▁an ▁extremely ▁so ber ▁style . ▁The ▁influence ▁from ▁Fland ers ▁roof s , ▁the ▁symbol ism ▁of ▁the ▁scar ce ▁decor ation ▁and ▁the ▁precise ▁cut ▁of ▁the ▁gran ite ▁established ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁style , ▁the ▁Her rer ian . ▁A ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁Herr era , ▁Juan ▁B aut ista ▁Vill al p ando ▁was ▁influ ential ▁for ▁interpre ting ▁the ▁recently ▁rev ived ▁text ▁of ▁Vit ru vi us ▁to ▁suggest ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁classical ▁orders ▁in ▁Sol omon ' s ▁Temple . ▁ ▁Bar o que ▁period ▁ ▁As ▁Italian ▁Bar o que ▁influ ences ▁pen etr ated ▁across ▁the ▁Py ren ees , ▁they ▁gradually ▁su pers eded ▁in ▁popular ity ▁the ▁rest rained ▁classic izing ▁approach ▁of ▁Juan ▁de ▁Herr era , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁v og ue ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁six teenth ▁century . ▁As |
▁early ▁as ▁ 1 6 6 7 , ▁the ▁fa ç ades ▁of ▁Gran ada ▁C athedral ▁( by ▁Al onso ▁C ano ) ▁and ▁Ja én ▁C athedral ▁( by ▁E uf ras io ▁López ▁de ▁Ro jas ) ▁suggest ▁the ▁artists ' ▁flu ency ▁in ▁interpre ting ▁traditional ▁mot ifs ▁of ▁Spanish ▁c athedral ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁Bar o que ▁a est h etic ▁id iom . ▁ ▁Vern ac ular ▁Bar o que ▁with ▁its ▁roots ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁Her rer ian ▁style ▁and ▁in ▁traditional ▁brick ▁construction ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁Madrid ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁Ex amples ▁include ▁Pla za ▁Mayor ▁and ▁the ▁Major ▁House . ▁ ▁In ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁Northern ▁Europe , ▁the ▁Spanish ▁art ▁of ▁the ▁period ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁emot ions ▁rather ▁than ▁seeking ▁to ▁please ▁the ▁intellect . ▁The ▁Ch urr igu era ▁family , ▁which ▁special ized ▁in ▁design ing ▁alt ars ▁and ▁ret ables , ▁revol ted ▁against ▁the ▁sob ri ety ▁of ▁the ▁Her rer ian ▁classic ism ▁and ▁promoted ▁an ▁intr icate , ▁ex agger ated , ▁almost ▁cap r icious ▁style ▁of ▁surface ▁decor ation ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ch urr ig uer es que . ▁Within ▁half ▁a ▁century , ▁they ▁transformed ▁Sal aman ca ▁into ▁an ▁exempl ary ▁Ch urr ig uer es que ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁passed ▁through ▁three ▁phases . ▁Between ▁ 1 6 8 0 ▁and ▁ 1 7 2 0 , ▁the |
▁Ch urr igu era ▁popular ized ▁Gu ar ini ' s ▁bl end ▁of ▁Sol om onic ▁columns ▁and ▁Compos ite ▁order , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" sup reme ▁order ". ▁Between ▁ 1 7 2 0 ▁and ▁ 1 7 6 0 , ▁the ▁Ch urr ig uer es que ▁column , ▁or ▁est ip ite , ▁in ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁an ▁invert ed ▁cone ▁or ▁ob el isk , ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁central ▁element ▁of ▁orn amental ▁decor ation . ▁The ▁years ▁from ▁ 1 7 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 7 8 0 ▁saw ▁a ▁grad ual ▁shift ▁of ▁interest ▁away ▁from ▁tw isted ▁movement ▁and ▁excess ive ▁orn ament ation ▁toward ▁a ▁ne oc lass ical ▁balance ▁and ▁sob ri ety . ▁ ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁eye - catch ing ▁cre ations ▁of ▁Spanish ▁Bar o que ▁are ▁the ▁ener get ic ▁fa ç ades ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Vall ad olid ▁( D iego ▁Tom é , ▁ 1 7 1 9 ) ▁and ▁H osp icio ▁de ▁San ▁Fernando ▁in ▁Madrid ▁( P ed ro ▁de ▁R iber a , ▁ 1 7 2 2 ), ▁whose ▁cur vil ine ar ▁extra v ag ance ▁seems ▁to ▁her ald ▁Antonio ▁Ga ud í ▁and ▁Art ▁N ouve au . ▁In ▁this ▁case ▁as ▁in ▁many ▁others , ▁the ▁design ▁involves ▁a ▁play ▁of ▁t ect onic ▁and ▁decor ative ▁elements ▁with ▁little ▁relation ▁to ▁structure ▁and ▁function . ▁However , ▁Ch urr ig uer es |
que ▁Bar o que ▁offered ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁impress ive ▁combinations ▁of ▁space ▁and ▁light ▁with ▁buildings ▁like ▁Gran ada ▁Char ter house , ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁ap othe osis ▁of ▁Ch urr ig uer es que ▁style ▁applied ▁to ▁interior ▁spaces , ▁or ▁El ▁Trans par ente ▁of ▁the ▁C athedral ▁of ▁To led o ▁by ▁Nar cis o ▁Tom é , ▁where ▁sculpt ure ▁and ▁architecture ▁are ▁integrated ▁to ▁achieve ▁notable ▁light ▁dram atic ▁effects . ▁ ▁The ▁Royal ▁Palace ▁of ▁Madrid ▁and ▁the ▁inter vent ions ▁of ▁P ase o ▁del ▁Pr ado ▁( Sal ón ▁del ▁Pr ado ▁and ▁Al cal á ▁Do org ate ) ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁city , ▁des erve ▁special ▁mention . ▁They ▁were ▁constructed ▁in ▁a ▁so ber ▁Bar o que ▁international ▁style , ▁often ▁mistaken ▁for ▁ne oc lass ical , ▁by ▁the ▁Bour bon ▁k ings ▁Philip ▁V ▁and ▁Charles ▁III . ▁The ▁Royal ▁Pal aces ▁of ▁La ▁Gran ja ▁de ▁San ▁Il def onso , ▁in ▁Seg ov ia , ▁and ▁A ran j uez , ▁in ▁Madrid , ▁are ▁good ▁examples ▁of ▁Bar o que ▁integration ▁of ▁architecture ▁and ▁garden ing , ▁with ▁notice able ▁French ▁influence ▁( La ▁Gran ja ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Vers a illes ), ▁but ▁with ▁local ▁spatial ▁conception s ▁which ▁in ▁some ▁ways ▁display ▁the ▁her itage ▁of ▁the ▁Mo or ish ▁occupation . ▁ ▁Roc oco ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁to ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁( C athedral ▁of ▁Mur cia , |
▁west ▁fa ç ade , ▁ 1 7 3 3 ). ▁The ▁greatest ▁pract ition er ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Roc oco ▁style ▁was ▁a ▁native ▁master , ▁Vent ura ▁Rodríguez , ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁d azz ling ▁interior ▁of ▁the ▁Bas il ica ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁P ill ar ▁in ▁Zar ago za ▁( 1 7 5 0 ). ▁ ▁Spanish ▁Col onial ▁architecture ▁ ▁The ▁combination ▁of ▁the ▁Native ▁American ▁and ▁Mo or ish ▁decor ative ▁influ ences ▁with ▁an ▁extremely ▁express ive ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁Ch urr ig uer es que ▁id iom ▁may ▁account ▁for ▁the ▁full - b od ied ▁and ▁varied ▁character ▁of ▁the ▁Bar o que ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁colon ies ▁of ▁Spain . ▁Even ▁more ▁than ▁its ▁Spanish ▁counter part , ▁American ▁Bar o que ▁developed ▁as ▁a ▁style ▁of ▁st u cco ▁decor ation . ▁T win - t ower ed ▁fa ç ades ▁of ▁many ▁American ▁c athed r als ▁of ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁century ▁had ▁medieval ▁roots ▁and ▁the ▁full - f led ged ▁Bar o que ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁until ▁ 1 6 6 4 , ▁when ▁the ▁Jes uit ▁shr ine ▁on ▁Pla za ▁des ▁Ar mas ▁in ▁C us co ▁was ▁built . ▁ ▁The ▁And e an ▁Bar o que ▁was ▁particularly ▁l ush , ▁as ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁the ▁monaster y ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco ▁in ▁Lima ▁( 1 6 7 3 ), ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁dark ▁intr icate ▁fa ç ade ▁sand wich ed |
▁between ▁the ▁tw in ▁to wers ▁of ▁local ▁yellow ▁stone . ▁While ▁the ▁rural ▁Bar o que ▁of ▁the ▁Jes u ite ▁miss ions ▁( est an cias ) ▁in ▁C ór dob a , ▁Argentina , ▁followed ▁the ▁model ▁of ▁Il ▁Ges ù , ▁provincial ▁" m est izo " ▁( cross bre d ) ▁styles ▁emer ged ▁in ▁Are quip a , ▁Pot os í ▁and ▁La ▁Paz . ▁In ▁the ▁eigh teenth ▁century , ▁the ▁architect s ▁of ▁the ▁region ▁turned ▁for ▁insp iration ▁to ▁the ▁M ud é jar ▁art ▁of ▁medieval ▁Spain . ▁The ▁late ▁Bar o que ▁type ▁of ▁Per uv ian ▁fa ç ade ▁first ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁La ▁Mer ced , ▁Lima ▁( 1 6 9 7 – 1 7 0 4 ). ▁Similarly , ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁La ▁Com pa ñ ia , ▁Qu ito ▁( 1 7 2 2 – 6 5 ) ▁suggests ▁a ▁car ved ▁alt arp ie ce ▁with ▁its ▁rich ly ▁sculpt ed ▁fa ç ade ▁and ▁a ▁sur fe it ▁of ▁the ▁Sol om onic ▁column . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁north , ▁the ▁rich est ▁province ▁of ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁New ▁Spain ▁– ▁Mexico ▁– ▁produced ▁some ▁fant ast ically ▁extra v ag ant ▁and ▁vis ually ▁f ren etic ▁architecture ▁known ▁as ▁New ▁Spanish ▁Ch urr ig uer es que . ▁This ▁ult ra - Bar o que ▁approach ▁cul min ates ▁in ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Lorenzo ▁Rodríguez , |
▁whose ▁master pie ce ▁is ▁the ▁S agr ario ▁Metropol it ano ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁( 1 7 4 9 – 6 9 ). ▁Other ▁fine ▁examples ▁of ▁the ▁style ▁may ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁remote ▁silver - min ing ▁towns . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁San ctu ary ▁at ▁O cot lán ▁( beg un ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁top - not ch ▁Bar o que ▁c athedral ▁sur fac ed ▁in ▁bright ▁red ▁t iles , ▁which ▁contrast ▁delight fully ▁with ▁a ▁ple th ora ▁of ▁com pressed ▁orn ament ▁lav ish ly ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁entrance ▁and ▁the ▁sl ender ▁fl ank ing ▁to wers . ▁ ▁The ▁true ▁capital ▁of ▁New ▁Spanish ▁Bar o que ▁is ▁P ue bla , ▁where ▁a ▁ready ▁supply ▁of ▁hand - p aint ed ▁gla zed ▁t iles ▁( t ala vera ) ▁and ▁vern ac ular ▁gray ▁stone ▁led ▁to ▁its ▁evol ving ▁further ▁into ▁a ▁personal ised ▁and ▁highly ▁local ised ▁art ▁form ▁with ▁a ▁pron ounced ▁Indian ▁flav our . ▁ ▁Spanish ▁colonial ▁Chinese ▁influence ▁exclusive ▁to ▁Spanish ▁East ▁Ind ies ▁was ▁born ▁when ▁Spain ▁colon ized ▁what ▁was ▁now ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁south ▁of ▁China . ▁The ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁based ▁its ▁principle ▁on ▁the ▁native ▁n ip a ▁h ut ▁of ▁the ▁loc als ▁who ' s ▁architecture ▁corresponds ▁to ▁the ▁tropical ▁climate , ▁storm y ▁season ▁and ▁earth qu ake ▁pr one ▁environment ▁of ▁the ▁whole ▁arch |
ip el ago ▁and ▁combined ▁it ▁with ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁Spanish ▁colon izers ▁and ▁Chinese ▁trad ers . ▁And ▁so ▁created ▁a ▁hy brid ▁of ▁Aust ron esian , ▁Chinese ▁and ▁Spanish ▁architecture . ▁ ▁Ne oc lass ical ▁style ▁ ▁The ▁extremely ▁intellectual ▁post ul ates ▁of ▁Ne oc lass ic ism ▁succeeded ▁in ▁Spain ▁less ▁than ▁the ▁much ▁more ▁express ive ▁of ▁Bar o que . ▁Spanish ▁Ne oc lass ic ism ▁was ▁spread ▁by ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁of ▁San ▁Fernando , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 2 . ▁The ▁main ▁figure ▁was ▁Juan ▁de ▁Vill an ue va , ▁who ▁adapted ▁Edmund ▁Bur ke ' s ▁achiev ements ▁about ▁the ▁sub lime ▁and ▁the ▁beauty ▁to ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁Spanish ▁cl ime ▁and ▁history . ▁He ▁built ▁the ▁Pr ado ▁Museum ▁that ▁combined ▁three ▁programs ▁- ▁an ▁a cademy , ▁an ▁aud itor ium ▁and ▁a ▁museum ▁- ▁in ▁one ▁building ▁with ▁three ▁separated ▁ent ran ces . ▁This ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁am bit ious ▁program ▁of ▁Charles ▁III , ▁who ▁intended ▁to ▁make ▁Madrid ▁the ▁Capital ▁of ▁Art ▁and ▁Science . ▁Very ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁museum , ▁Vill an ue va ▁built ▁the ▁Royal ▁Observ atory ▁of ▁Madrid . ▁He ▁also ▁designed ▁several ▁summer ▁houses ▁for ▁the ▁k ings ▁in ▁El ▁Esc orial ▁and ▁A ran j uez ▁and ▁re construct ed ▁the ▁Pla za ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Madrid , ▁among ▁other ▁important ▁works . ▁Vill an ue vas ´ ▁pup ils ▁Antonio ▁López ▁Agu |
ado ▁and ▁Is id ro ▁González ▁Vel áz quez ▁expanded ▁the ▁Ne oc lass ical ▁style ▁in ▁Spain . ▁▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ ▁E c lect ic ism ▁and ▁Regional ism ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Rev ival ism ▁domin ated ▁the ▁scene ▁in ▁Europe , ▁and ▁so ▁happened ▁in ▁Spain . ▁Arch itect s ▁focused ▁in ▁choosing ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁appropri ated ▁historical ▁style ▁for ▁each ▁use ▁or ▁occasion . ▁Ne oc lass ic ism ▁opened ▁the ▁gates ▁to ▁Ne o - By z antine , ▁Ne o - G oth ic , ▁Ne o - R ena issance , ▁Ne o – Bar o que , ▁Egypt ian ▁Rev ival , ▁Ne o - M ud é jar , ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁▁ ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁particular ▁new ▁style ▁made ▁of ▁the ▁mixture ▁of ▁several ▁old ▁styles ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁construction : ▁the ▁E c lect ic ism . ▁It ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁trace ▁a ▁clear ▁line ▁to ▁separate ▁styles ▁as ▁Modern isme , ▁Indust rial ▁iron ▁architecture ▁and ▁E c lect ic ism , ▁as ▁very ▁often ▁architect s ▁took ▁some ▁features ▁of ▁several ▁of ▁them ▁for ▁their ▁works . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁ ▁case ▁of ▁Antonio ▁Pala cios , ▁co - design er ▁with ▁Jo aqu ín ▁Ot am endi ▁of ▁the ▁Palace ▁of ▁Communic ations ▁of ▁Madrid , ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁Other ▁works ▁of ▁Pala cios ▁include ▁the |
▁C ír culo ▁de ▁Bell as ▁Ar tes , ▁the ▁Río ▁de ▁la ▁Pl ata ▁Bank , ▁the ▁Hospital ▁of ▁Ma udes , ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁another ▁wave ▁of ▁rev iv als ▁emer ged , ▁mainly ▁after ▁the ▁I bero amer ican ▁Ex hib ition ▁of ▁Se ville ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 : ▁the ▁Regional ism . ▁Fe atures ▁of ▁the ▁different ▁regional ▁vern ac ular ▁architect ures ▁took ▁then ▁the ▁protagon ism . ▁ ▁Ne o - M ud é jar ▁style ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁a ▁new ▁architect ural ▁movement ▁emer ged ▁in ▁Madrid ▁as ▁a ▁rev ival ▁of ▁the ▁M ud é jar ▁architecture . ▁The ▁Ne o - M ud é jar ▁soon ▁spread ▁to ▁other ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Arch itect s ▁such ▁as ▁Em ilio ▁Rodríguez ▁Ay uso ▁perce ived ▁the ▁M ud é jar ▁as ▁a ▁characteristic ▁and ▁exclusive ▁Spanish ▁style . ▁They ▁started ▁to ▁construct ▁buildings ▁using ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁style , ▁as ▁horses ho e ▁arch es ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁abstract ▁sh aped ▁brick ▁orn ament ations ▁for ▁the ▁fa ç ades . ▁It ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁style ▁for ▁b ull ▁rings ▁and ▁for ▁other ▁public ▁constru ctions , ▁but ▁also ▁for ▁housing , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁cheap ▁materials , ▁mainly ▁brick ▁for ▁ex ter iors . ▁ ▁The ▁Ne o - M ud |
é jar ▁was ▁often ▁combined ▁with ▁Ne o - G oth ic ▁features . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁of ▁glass ▁and ▁iron ▁During ▁the ▁Indust rial ▁Revolution , ▁the ▁new ▁use ▁of ▁iron ▁and ▁glass ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁materials ▁for ▁building ▁construction ▁was , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe , ▁applied ▁spe cially ▁in ▁train ▁stations , ▁winter h ouses , ▁industrial ▁buildings ▁and ▁pav il ions ▁for ▁exhib itions . ▁The ▁architect s ▁who ▁most ▁developed ▁this ▁style ▁in ▁Spain ▁were ▁Ric ardo ▁Vel áz quez ▁Bos co ▁and ▁Alberto ▁del ▁Pala cio , ▁although ▁glass ▁for ▁fa ç ades ▁and ▁iron ▁for ▁structures ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁some ▁extent ▁by ▁other ▁architect s , ▁such ▁as ▁Antonio ▁Pala cios , ▁En rique ▁María ▁Rep ull és ▁y ▁V arg as ▁or ▁Nar cis o ▁P asc ual ▁y ▁Col omer . ▁A ▁notable ▁example ▁is ▁the ▁Pala cio ▁de ▁Crist al ▁del ▁Ret iro ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁Catal an ▁Modern ism ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Barcelona ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁expand ▁beyond ▁its ▁historic ▁limits ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁resulting ▁E ix ample ▁district ▁by ▁Il def ons ▁C erd à ▁became ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁a ▁burst ▁of ▁architect ural ▁energy ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Modern isme ▁movement . ▁Modern isme ▁broke ▁with ▁past ▁styles ▁and ▁used ▁organ ic ▁forms ▁for ▁its ▁insp iration ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁as ▁the ▁concurrent ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁and ▁Jugend st il ▁movements ▁in ▁the |
▁rest ▁of ▁Europe . ▁Most ▁famous ▁among ▁the ▁architect s ▁represented ▁there ▁is ▁Anton i ▁Ga ud í , ▁whose ▁works ▁in ▁Barcelona ▁and ▁spread ▁in ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁Catal onia , ▁León ▁and ▁Cant ab ria , ▁mixing ▁traditional ▁architect ural ▁styles ▁with ▁the ▁new , ▁were ▁a ▁prec ursor ▁to ▁modern ▁architecture . ▁Perhaps ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁example ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁is ▁the ▁still - un fin ished ▁S agr ada ▁Fam ília ▁bas il ica , ▁the ▁largest ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁E ix ample . ▁ ▁Other ▁notable ▁Catal an ▁architect s ▁of ▁that ▁period ▁include ▁L lu ís ▁Dom ène ch ▁i ▁Mont an er ▁and ▁Jose p ▁Pu ig ▁i ▁C ada fal ch , ▁although ▁their ▁approach ▁to ▁Modern isme ▁was ▁largely ▁more ▁linked ▁to ▁Ne o - G oth ic ▁shapes . ▁ ▁Modern ▁architecture ▁ ▁The ▁creation ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁of ▁the ▁G AT CP AC ▁group ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁G ATE P AC ▁( 1 9 3 0 ) ▁by ▁architect s ▁mainly ▁from ▁Zar ago za , ▁Madrid , ▁San ▁Sebast i án ▁and ▁Bil ba o , ▁established ▁two ▁groups ▁of ▁young ▁architect s ▁pract icing ▁Modern ▁architecture ▁in ▁Spain . ▁Jose p ▁L l uis ▁S ert , ▁Fernando ▁García ▁Mer c adal , ▁Jose ▁María ▁de ▁A iz pur ú a ▁and ▁Jo aqu ín ▁Lab ay en ▁among ▁others ▁were ▁organ ised ▁in ▁three ▁regional ▁groups . ▁Other ▁architect s ▁expl |
ored ▁the ▁Modern ▁style ▁with ▁their ▁personal ▁views : ▁Cas to ▁Fernández ▁Shaw ▁with ▁his ▁vision ary ▁work , ▁most ▁of ▁it ▁on ▁paper , ▁Jose p ▁Anton i ▁C oder ch , ▁with ▁his ▁integration ▁of ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁housing ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁style ▁concepts ▁or ▁Luis ▁G uti ér rez ▁S oto , ▁mostly ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁Expression ist ▁t endencies . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁Barcelona ▁International ▁Ex position , ▁the ▁German ▁pav il ion ▁designed ▁by ▁Ludwig ▁M ies ▁van ▁der ▁Ro he ▁became ▁an ▁instant ▁icon , ▁am alg am ating ▁Ro he ' s ▁minimal ism ▁and ▁not ions ▁of ▁truth ▁to ▁materials ▁with ▁a ▁De ▁St ij l ▁influenced ▁treatment ▁of ▁plan es ▁in ▁space . ▁The ▁large ▁over h anging ▁roof ▁fam ously ▁' ho vers ' ▁apparently ▁un supported . ▁ ▁During ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Spain ▁found ▁herself ▁both ▁polit ically ▁and ▁econom ically ▁isolated . ▁The ▁consequ ent ▁effect ▁of ▁which , ▁in ▁tan dem ▁with ▁Franco ' s ▁preference ▁for ▁" a ▁de aden ing , ▁national istic ▁sort ▁of ▁classical ▁k itsch ", ▁was ▁to ▁largely ▁suppress ▁progress ive ▁modern ▁architecture ▁in ▁Spain . ▁Nevertheless , ▁some ▁architect s ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁recon cile ▁adv ances ▁in ▁construction ▁with ▁official ▁appro val , ▁not ably ▁in ▁the ▁pro l ific ▁output ▁of ▁G uti ér rez ▁S oto ▁whose ▁interest ▁in ▁topology ▁and ▁rational ▁distribution ▁of ▁space ▁effectively |
▁altern ated ▁historical ▁rev iv als ▁and ▁rational ist ▁imag ery ▁with ▁ease . ▁Luis ▁Mo ya ▁Blan co ' s ▁achiev ements ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁with ▁brick ▁v ault s ▁des erve ▁also ▁a ▁mention . ▁His ▁interest ▁in ▁traditional ▁brick ▁construction ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁a ▁deep ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁modern ▁formal ▁possibilities ▁of ▁that ▁material . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁dec ades ▁of ▁the ▁Franco ' s ▁life , ▁a ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁architect s ▁res cu ed ▁the ▁legacy ▁of ▁the ▁G ATE P AC ▁with ▁strength : ▁Ale j andro ▁de ▁la ▁S ota ▁was ▁the ▁pione er ▁in ▁that ▁new ▁way , ▁and ▁young ▁architect s ▁as ▁Francisco ▁J avier ▁S á enz ▁de ▁O iza , ▁Fernando ▁H ig uer as ▁and ▁Miguel ▁F is ac , ▁often ▁with ▁mod est ▁bud gets , ▁investig ated ▁in ▁pre fab ric ation ▁and ▁collect ive ▁housing ▁ty pos . ▁ ▁The ▁death ▁of ▁Franco ▁and ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁dem ocracy ▁brought ▁a ▁new ▁architect ural ▁optim ism ▁to ▁Spain ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Crit ical ▁regional ism ▁became ▁the ▁dominant ▁school ▁of ▁thought ▁for ▁serious ▁architecture . ▁The ▁infl ux ▁of ▁money ▁from ▁EU ▁fund ing , ▁tour ism ▁and ▁a ▁flow ering ▁economy ▁strength ened ▁and ▁stabil ised ▁Spain ' s ▁economic ▁base , ▁providing ▁fert ile ▁conditions ▁for ▁Spanish ▁architecture . ▁A ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁architect s ▁emer ged , ▁amongst ▁whom ▁were |
▁En ric ▁Mir alles , ▁Car me ▁Pin ós , ▁and ▁the ▁architect / engine er ▁Santiago ▁Cal atra va . ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Barcelona ▁Olympics ▁and ▁the ▁World ' s ▁Fair ▁in ▁Se ville , ▁further ▁bol ster ed ▁Spain ' s ▁reputation ▁on ▁the ▁international ▁stage , ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁that ▁many ▁architect s ▁from ▁countries ▁suffering ▁from ▁re cess ions , ▁moved ▁to ▁Spain ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁the ▁bo om . ▁In ▁recognition ▁of ▁Barcelona ' s ▁patron age ▁of ▁architecture , ▁the ▁Royal ▁Institute ▁of ▁British ▁Arch itect s ▁awarded ▁the ▁Royal ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁to ▁Barcelona ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁its ▁history ▁the ▁award ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁a ▁city . ▁▁ ▁Bil ba o ▁attract ed ▁the ▁Sol omon ▁R . ▁G ug gen heim ▁Foundation ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁new ▁art ▁museum , ▁which ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁Design ed ▁by ▁Frank ▁Ge h ry ▁in ▁a ▁de construct iv ist ▁manner , ▁the ▁G ug gen heim ▁Museum ▁Bil ba o ▁became ▁world - f am ous ▁and ▁single - hand edly ▁raised ▁the ▁profile ▁of ▁Bil ba o ▁on ▁the ▁world ▁stage . ▁Such ▁was ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁museum ▁that ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁icon ic ▁architecture ▁in ▁towns ▁asp iring ▁to ▁raise ▁their ▁international ▁profile ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁recogn ised ▁town ▁planning ▁strategy ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" B il ba o ▁effect ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the |
▁Prince ▁of ▁Ast ur ias , ▁F eli pe ▁de ▁Bor b ón ▁opened ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁de ▁T ener ife ▁( Can ary ▁Islands ), ▁the ▁modern ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁Aud itor io ▁de ▁T ener ife , ▁designed ▁by ▁Santiago ▁Cal atra va ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 3 . ▁For ▁this ▁event ▁was ▁attended ▁by ▁various ▁correspond ents ▁and ▁newsp apers ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Fam ous ▁Spanish ▁architect s ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁Anton i ▁Ga ud í ▁( 1 8 5 2 – 1 9 2 6 ) ▁L l uis ▁Dom ene ch ▁i ▁Mont an er ▁( 1 8 5 0 – 1 9 2 3 ) ▁Sec und ino ▁Zu az o ▁( 1 8 8 7 – 1 9 7 1 ) ▁Antonio ▁Pala cios ▁( 1 8 7 4 – 1 9 4 5 ) ▁Cas to ▁Fernández - Sh aw ▁( 1 8 9 6 – 1 9 7 8 ) ▁Jose p ▁L l uis ▁S ert ▁( 1 9 0 2 – 1 9 8 3 ) ▁Jose p ▁Anton i ▁C oder ch ▁( 1 9 1 3 – 1 9 8 4 ) ▁Luis ▁G uti ér rez ▁S oto ▁( 1 8 9 0 – 1 9 7 7 ) ▁Ale j andro ▁de ▁la ▁S ota ▁( 1 9 1 3 – 1 9 9 6 ) ▁Miguel ▁F is ac ▁( 1 |
9 1 3 – 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Francisco ▁J avier ▁S á enz ▁de ▁O iza ▁( 1 9 1 8 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁Jul io ▁C ano ▁L asso ▁( 1 9 2 0 – 1 9 9 6 ) ▁Fernando ▁H ig uer as ▁( 1 9 2 9 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Rafael ▁M one o ▁( 1 9 3 7 ), ▁P ritz ker ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Ric ardo ▁B of ill ▁( 1 9 3 9 ) ▁Mar iano ▁Bay ón ▁( 1 9 4 2 ) ▁Alberto ▁Cam po ▁B ae za ▁( 1 9 4 6 ) ▁Santiago ▁Cal atra va ▁( 1 9 5 1 ) ▁Ad ol fo ▁Mor an ▁( 1 9 5 3 ) ▁En ric ▁Mir alles ▁( 1 9 5 5 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁Mans illa + Tu ñ ón ▁Ale j andro ▁Za era ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁exhibition ▁" On - Site : ▁New ▁architecture ▁in ▁Spain " ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Mo MA . ▁It ▁defined ▁Spain ▁as ▁a ▁country ▁that ▁has ▁l ately ▁become ▁known ▁as ▁an ▁international ▁center ▁for ▁design ▁innov ation ▁and ▁excell ence , ▁as ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁seven ▁P ritz ker ▁awarded ▁architect s ▁were ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁exhibition . ▁As ▁Ter ence ▁R iley , ▁then ▁in ▁charge ▁of |
▁the ▁Arch itect ural ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁Mo MA , ▁said : ▁" There ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁' Span ish ' ▁architect ural ▁style . ▁But ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁increasing ▁level ▁of ▁quality ▁and ▁beauty ▁within ▁the ▁new ▁projects , ▁probably ▁more ▁than ▁in ▁any ▁other ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁world ". ▁The ▁cur ator ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁in ▁Spain ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁construction ▁while ▁there ▁is ▁even ▁more ▁in ▁China . ▁" However , ▁while ▁in ▁China ▁you ▁can ▁find ▁hardly ▁any ▁interesting ▁proposal , ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁lot ▁in ▁Spain . ▁Their ▁variety ▁and ▁open - mind ed ▁lines ▁are ▁surprising ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Terminal ▁ 4 ▁of ▁Bar aj as ▁Airport ▁by ▁Richard ▁Rog ers ▁and ▁Antonio ▁Lam ela ▁won ▁the ▁British ▁St ir ling ▁Prize . ▁In ▁Barcelona , ▁the ▁Torre ▁Gl ò ries ▁by ▁French ▁architect ▁Jean ▁N ouvel ▁comb ines ▁different ▁architect ural ▁concepts , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁striking ▁structure ▁built ▁with ▁rein for ced ▁concrete , ▁covered ▁with ▁a ▁fa ç ade ▁of ▁glass , ▁with ▁its ▁window ▁open ings ▁cut ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁struct ural ▁concrete . ▁The ▁Mar qu és ▁de ▁Ris cal ▁Hotel ▁in ▁El cie go , ▁designed ▁by ▁Frank ▁Ge h ry ▁using ▁methods ▁previously ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁G ug gen heim ▁Museum ▁Bil ba o , ▁is ▁completed . ▁Between ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁four ▁sk ys c rap ers ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁Madrid , |
▁of ▁which ▁the ▁tall est ▁is ▁ 2 5 0 ▁meters . ▁This ▁business ▁park ▁is ▁called ▁Cu atro ▁Tor res ▁Business ▁Area , ▁and ▁the ▁Torre ▁de ▁Crist al , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁tall est ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁Spain , ▁is ▁designed ▁by ▁César ▁P elli . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Spain ▁experienced ▁the ▁late - 2 0 0 0 s ▁re cess ion ▁in ▁a ▁particularly ▁severe ▁way ▁and ▁especially ▁in ▁construction , ▁which ▁suffered ▁a ▁sharp ▁drop . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁architect ural ▁develop ments ▁were ▁cancel led ▁or ▁in def initely ▁delayed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁Oscar ▁Niem ey er ▁International ▁Cultural ▁Centre ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁Av il és , ▁Ast ur ias . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁architect ▁Oscar ▁Niem ey er ▁in ▁Spain . ▁It ▁has ▁five ▁elements : ▁an ▁open ▁square , ▁a ▁d ome , ▁a ▁tower , ▁an ▁aud itor ium ▁and ▁a ▁multi - pur pose ▁building . ▁ ▁Vern ac ular ▁architecture ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁clim atic ▁and ▁top ographic ▁differences ▁throughout ▁Spain , ▁the ▁vern ac ular ▁architecture ▁shows ▁a ▁pl ent iful ▁variety . ▁Lim estone , ▁sl ate , ▁gran ite , ▁cl ay ▁( co oked ▁or ▁not ), ▁wood , ▁and ▁grass ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁different ▁regions . ▁Str ucture ▁and ▁distribution ▁differ ▁depending ▁on ▁regional ▁ ▁custom s . ▁Some ▁constru ctions ▁are ▁houses ▁( like ▁al quer |
ia , ▁car men , ▁casa ▁mont añ esa , ▁cas er ío , ▁cort ijo , ▁pal lo za , ▁p az o , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁p ict ured ▁ones : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Architecture ▁of ▁Madrid ▁ ▁Architecture ▁of ▁Cant ab ria ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁missing ▁land marks ▁in ▁Spain ▁ ▁Super ior ▁Techn ical ▁School ▁of ▁Architecture ▁of ▁Madrid ▁ ▁Spanish ▁art ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁New ▁Architecture ▁in ▁Spain ▁( P B ) ▁- ▁Ed ited ▁and ▁with ▁ess ay ▁by ▁Ter ence ▁R iley . ▁▁ ▁Car ver , ▁Norman ▁F . ▁Jr . ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁I ber ian ▁Vill ages ▁Portugal ▁& ▁Spain . ▁Document ▁Press ▁Ltd . ▁▁ ▁Ch ue ca ▁Go it ia , ▁Fernando : ▁Historia ▁de ▁la ▁arquitect ura ▁españ ola , ▁two ▁volumes . ▁Di put ación ▁de ▁Á v ila , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁▁ ▁Kub ler , ▁George . ▁Building ▁the ▁Esc orial . ▁Pr inc eton ▁N J ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁New comb , ▁R ex ford ▁( 1 9 3 7 ). ▁Spanish - Col onial ▁Architecture ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁J . J . ▁August in , ▁New ▁York . ▁D over ▁Publications ; ▁Re print ▁edition ▁( A pril ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ). ▁▁ ▁Ros ent hal , ▁Earl . ▁The ▁Palace ▁of ▁Charles ▁V ▁in ▁Gran ada . ▁Pr inc eton ▁N J ▁ 1 |
9 8 5 . ▁ ▁S oria , ▁Martín ▁and ▁George ▁Kub ler , ▁Art ▁and ▁Architecture ▁in ▁Spain ▁and ▁Portugal ▁and ▁their ▁American ▁Domin ions , ▁ 1 5 0 0 - 1 8 0 0 . ▁Harm ond sw orth ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Modern ▁Spain ▁Architecture ▁Ga udi ' s ▁Col onia ▁Gü ell ▁Church ▁Virtual ▁Vis it <0x0A> </s> ▁Lav ale ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Lav ale , ▁P une ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra , ▁India ▁ ▁Lav ale ▁Thomas ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 3 ), ▁American ▁football ▁running ▁back ▁ ▁Russ ▁Lav ale ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 4 ), ▁Australian ▁Olympic ▁table ▁tennis ▁player ▁ ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁V ale ▁F . C . <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁Harold ▁James ▁Hand ley ▁( 1 2 ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁– ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁w inger ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁Tot ten ham ▁Hot sp ur , ▁Sw anse a ▁Town ▁and ▁Th ames . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Hand ley ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ed mont on , ▁North ▁London ▁and , ▁as ▁a ▁young ster , ▁trained ▁with ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁their ▁back ▁garden . ▁After ▁trying ▁out ▁at ▁local ▁team , ▁Ed mont on ▁Juni ors , ▁Hand ley ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁other ▁minor ▁clubs ▁but ▁finally ▁after ▁en rolling ▁in ▁the ▁Sp urs ▁Youth , ▁Hand ley |
▁was ▁called ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁current ▁manager ▁Peter ▁Mc Will iam . ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁- ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁Charlie ▁" T ich " ▁Hand ley ▁played ▁for ▁Tot ten ham ▁Hot sp ur ▁Football ▁Club . ▁He ▁scored ▁a ▁goal ▁almost ▁every ▁time ▁and ▁if ▁he ▁wasn ' t ▁scoring , ▁he ▁was ▁setting ▁them ▁up . ▁He ▁and ▁Jimmy ▁Dim mock ▁another ▁well ▁known ▁player ▁were ▁Tot ten ham ' s ▁best ▁strik ers ▁in ▁that ▁de cade . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ed mont on , ▁London ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁outside ▁for wards ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : T ot ten ham ▁Hot sp ur ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Sw anse a ▁City ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : S itting bourne ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : She pp ey ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Th ames ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : N or wich ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B SC ▁Young ▁Boys ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Hans - Jo achim ▁T ied ge ▁( J une ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁in ▁Berlin ▁– ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁near ▁Moscow ) ▁was ▁a ▁head ▁of ▁West |
▁Germany ' s ▁counter - int elligence ▁in ▁the ▁Office ▁for ▁the ▁Prote ction ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ▁( B f V ) ▁in ▁C ologne . ▁He ▁was ▁revealed ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁East ▁German ▁sp y ▁when ▁he ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁East ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁rec ru ited ▁by ▁Mark us ▁Wolf . ▁In ▁the ▁four ▁years ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁defe ction , ▁he ▁was ▁responsible ▁tor ▁tracking ▁down ▁East ▁German ▁sp ies , ▁but ▁with ▁little ▁success . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁period , ▁the ▁East ▁Germ ans ▁captured ▁ 1 6 8 ▁West ▁German ▁sp ies . ▁He ▁was ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁defect ed ▁for ▁personal ▁reasons , ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁not , ▁apparently , ▁been ▁discovered . ▁His ▁tre ach ery ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁most ▁dam aging ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁for ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany , ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁recall ▁of ▁numerous ▁West ▁German ▁agents ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁and ▁pl ung ing ▁the ▁West ▁German ▁counter esp ion age ▁service ▁into ▁ru ins . ▁ ▁Question s ▁were ▁raised ▁as ▁to ▁how ▁T ied ge ▁managed ▁to ▁hold ▁on ▁to ▁his ▁position ▁despite ▁serious ▁deb ts , ▁family ▁issues ▁and ▁a ▁drink ing ▁problem . ▁It ▁was ▁sus pected ▁that ▁his ▁superior , ▁Herbert ▁H ellen bro ich ▁may ▁have ▁assist ed ▁him ▁to ▁hold ▁his ▁position . ▁H ellen bro ich ▁res igned ▁within ▁weeks ▁of ▁the ▁defe ction . ▁ ▁After ▁German |
▁reun ification ▁T ied ge ▁fled ▁to ▁Moscow ▁where ▁he ▁lived ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Hans ▁Ott ow itsch . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁T ied ge ' s ▁defe ction ▁was ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁Phoenix ▁Force ▁novel ▁The ▁Do oms day ▁Sy nd rome ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁death s ▁Category : C old ▁War ▁B f V ▁chief s ▁Category : Russ ian ▁and ▁Soviet - G erman ▁people ▁Category : West ▁German ▁def ectors ▁to ▁East ▁Germany ▁Category : West ▁German ▁sp ies ▁for ▁East ▁Germany ▁Category : G erman ▁def ectors ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : Pe ople ▁granted ▁political ▁as yl um ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union <0x0A> </s> ▁Viv ian ▁Tan ( D eder ko ) ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Chinese - born ▁Australian ▁table ▁tennis ▁compet itor . ▁She ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁for ▁Australia . ▁She ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁represent ▁Australia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁table ▁tennis . ▁ ▁Personal ▁Tan ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁in ▁Shang hai , ▁China ▁where ▁she ▁grew ▁up . ▁ ▁She ▁went ▁to ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁school ▁in ▁China . ▁She ▁moved ▁to ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 |
▁and ▁became ▁a ▁citiz en ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁she ▁attended ▁Charles ▁St urt ▁University , ▁where ▁she ▁earned ▁a ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁IT . ▁She ▁was ▁engaged ▁to ▁a ▁man ▁from ▁Poland ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁She ▁married ▁him ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁and ▁changed ▁surname ▁to ▁D eder ko . ▁, ▁she ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁North ▁Sydney ▁Le agues ▁Club , ▁and ▁she ▁lived ▁in ▁Kill ara , ▁as ▁Sydney ▁sub urb . ▁She ▁is ▁mother ▁of ▁Oliv ia . ▁ ▁Tan ▁is ▁▁ ▁tall ▁and ▁we igh s ▁. ▁ ▁Business ▁Viv ian ▁continues ▁to ▁train ▁amateur ▁table ▁tennis ▁players ▁at ▁Will ough by ▁S qu ash ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁ ▁Com bin ing ▁her ▁interest ▁in ▁health ▁and ▁children , ▁Viv ian ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁high ▁quality ▁health ▁products . ▁B ella V ita ▁baby ▁formula ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁health ▁products ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁Viv ian . ▁ ▁Table ▁tennis ▁Tan ▁is ▁a ▁table ▁tennis ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁and ▁is ▁based ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Will ough by ▁S qu ash ▁Centre . ▁ ▁She ▁sp ends ▁up ▁to ▁eight ▁hours ▁a ▁week ▁training . ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁she ▁was ▁co ached ▁by ▁Paul ▁Z ha o . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁table ▁tennis ▁scholar ship |
▁with ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Institute ▁of ▁Sport . ▁ ▁Tan ▁started ▁playing ▁table ▁tennis ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁six ▁years ▁old ▁after ▁her ▁mother ▁suggested ▁it . ▁She ▁retired ▁from ▁table ▁tennis ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁She ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁sport ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁World ▁Team ▁Cup ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁Tan ▁represented ▁Australia ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁team . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁she ▁was ▁ranked ▁fourth ▁in ▁Australia . ▁She ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Russian ▁hosted ▁World ▁Team ▁Table ▁Tennis ▁Championships . ▁She ▁represented ▁Australia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁in ▁table ▁tennis . ▁She ▁finished ▁ 3 rd ▁in ▁the ▁singles ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁O ce ania ▁Cup ▁in ▁Ad ela ide , ▁Australia . ▁She ▁finished ▁ 2 nd ▁in ▁the ▁singles ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Australian ▁Olympic ▁Qual ification ▁Tournament ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia . ▁She ▁finished ▁ 4 th ▁in ▁the ▁singles ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁O ce ania ▁Qual ification ▁Tournament ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia . ▁She ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁represent ▁Australia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁table ▁tennis ▁in ▁the ▁team ▁event . ▁ ▁The ▁Australian ▁team ▁had ▁a ▁training ▁camp ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁played ▁a ▁test ▁match ▁against ▁England ▁in ▁the ▁month ▁before ▁the ▁Games . ▁In ▁ |
2 0 1 6 ▁Viv ian ▁D eder ko , ▁who ▁missed ▁most ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁after ▁having ▁a ▁baby , ▁and ▁fell ▁short ▁in ▁her ▁bid ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁Rio ▁Olympic ▁Games , ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁IT TF ▁O ce ania ▁Cup ▁singles ▁title ▁in ▁Melbourne . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : Table ▁tennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S port sw omen ▁from ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁table ▁tennis ▁players ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Table ▁tennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁compet itors ▁for ▁Australia ▁Category : Table ▁tennis ▁players ▁from ▁Shang hai ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sydney ▁Category : Ch inese ▁female ▁table ▁tennis ▁players ▁Category : N atural ised ▁table ▁tennis ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Out ot ec ▁O yj ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁listed ▁technology ▁company ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁project ▁company , ▁s elling ▁complex ▁min ing ▁technology ▁and ▁plant ▁projects ▁that ▁it ▁first ▁designs ▁and ▁then ▁executes ▁itself ▁or ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁its ▁partners . ▁The ▁company ▁purch ases ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁its ▁products ▁from ▁sub cont ract ed ▁manufact ur ers , ▁making ▁only ▁the ▁key ▁components ▁itself . ▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁is ▁carried ▁out ▁at ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁work shop ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Out ok ump u , |
▁which ▁makes ▁equipment , ▁and ▁at ▁L app een r anta ▁plant , ▁where ▁industrial ▁filters ▁are ▁manufact ured . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁del ivers ▁its ▁techn ologies ▁and ▁processes ▁for ▁met all ur gy ▁and ▁min eral ▁processing . ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁techn ologies ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁applications ▁such ▁as ▁producing ▁base ▁met als , ▁processing ▁iron ▁ore , ▁ferro allo ys , ▁and ▁raw ▁materials ▁containing ▁tit an ium , ▁producing ▁sul fur ic ▁acid , ▁producing ▁al umin ium ▁ox ide ▁and ▁light ▁met als , ▁processing ▁exhaust ▁g ases , ▁c oking , ▁producing ▁bio energy , ▁ref ining ▁oil ▁sh ale ▁and ▁oil ▁s ands , ▁and ▁tre ating ▁industrial ▁waste water . ▁Process es ▁developed ▁by ▁Out ot ec ▁enable ▁al umin ifer ous ▁cl ay , ▁paper ▁sl ud ge , ▁and ▁sl ag ▁he aps ▁created ▁during ▁the ▁process ▁to ▁be ▁converted ▁into ▁raw ▁materials ▁for ▁synth etic ▁sa pp hire , ▁bi ore fin eries , ▁or ▁co pper . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁environment ▁and ▁energy ▁business ▁has ▁grown ▁alongside ▁its ▁traditional ▁ore ▁and ▁metal ▁technology . ▁M ines ▁and ▁ref iner ies ▁consume ▁enorm ous ▁quantities ▁of ▁water ▁and ▁energy , ▁but ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁applications ▁enable ▁a ▁significant ▁reduction ▁in ▁consumption . ▁Out ot ec ▁has ▁been ▁ranked ▁among ▁the ▁world ' s ▁ 1 0 ▁most ▁responsible ▁companies ▁by ▁Corpor ate ▁Kn ights ' ▁year ly ▁listing ▁several ▁times , ▁for ▁example ▁in |
▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁created ▁when ▁Out ok ump u ▁O yj ▁sp un ▁off ▁its ▁technology ▁business ▁into ▁a ▁separate ▁entity ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Met so ▁and ▁Out ot ec ▁are ▁planning ▁to ▁combine ▁Met so ' s ▁Min er als ▁business ▁unit ▁with ▁Out ot ec . ▁The ▁new ▁company ▁will ▁be ▁called ▁Met so ▁Out ot ec . ▁ ▁Organ ization ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁operations ▁consisted ▁of ▁two ▁parts ▁of ▁almost ▁equal ▁size , ▁one ▁foc using ▁on ▁min ing ▁technology ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁foc using ▁on ▁techn ologies ▁for ▁ref ining ▁met als . ▁The ▁company ' s ▁third ▁pill ar ▁was ▁its ▁environment ▁and ▁energy ▁business , ▁which ▁expanded ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁Energy ▁Product s ▁of ▁Id aho . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁a ▁considerable ▁proportion ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁design ▁work ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Finland . ▁The ▁head qu arter ▁is ▁in ▁Esp oo , ▁Finland , ▁employed ▁ 8 0 0 ▁personnel , ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁large ▁design ▁unit ▁in ▁Germany . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Out ot ec ▁had ▁sales ▁and ▁service ▁cent ers ▁in ▁ 3 6 ▁countries ▁on ▁six ▁contin ents ▁and ▁three ▁business ▁units . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ' |
s ▁compet itive ▁position ▁var ies ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁technology , ▁but ▁its ▁compet it iveness ▁is ▁strong ▁in ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁flash ▁sm el ting , ▁fl ot ation ▁cells ▁for ▁concentr ating ▁plants , ▁and ▁gr inding ▁mill s . ▁A ▁further ▁area ▁of ▁strength ▁is ▁co pper ▁mines , ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁company ▁can ▁supply ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁equipment . ▁ ▁Met als , ▁energy ▁and ▁water ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁base ▁met als ▁business ▁generated ▁ 8 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁net ▁sales , ▁and ▁energy , ▁light ▁metal , ▁and ▁environmental ▁solutions ▁brought ▁in ▁almost ▁half ▁a ▁billion ▁eu ros ▁of ▁re venue . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁approximately ▁ 7 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁net ▁sales ▁consisted ▁of ▁metal ▁techn ologies ▁( co pper : ▁ 3 0 %, ▁pre cious ▁met als : ▁ 2 1 %, ▁al umin um : ▁ 9 %, ▁iron : ▁ 6 %, ▁nick el : ▁ 4 %, ▁z inc : ▁ 4 % ▁and ▁ferro allo ys : ▁ 3 % ), ▁and ▁techn ologies ▁related ▁to ▁energy ▁generation ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁net ▁sales . ▁Other ▁areas ▁generated ▁ 1 2 ▁percent ▁of ▁net ▁sales . ▁ ▁Min er als ▁processing ▁The ▁business ▁area ▁focus es ▁on ▁min er als ▁processing ▁for ▁the ▁min ing ▁industry , ▁conduct ing ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁works ▁such ▁as ▁pre lim inary ▁suit ability ▁studies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁implementing ▁entire |
▁production ▁plants ▁and ▁supporting ▁them ▁throughout ▁the ▁various ▁phases ▁in ▁their ▁lif ec y cles . ▁ ▁Services ▁The ▁Services ▁unit ' s ▁business ▁ranges ▁from ▁individual ▁deliver ies ▁of ▁spare ▁parts ▁to ▁extensive , ▁long - term ▁operation ▁and ▁maintenance ▁agre ements . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Out ok ump u , ▁ 1 9 4 0 – 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁state ' s ▁co pper ▁company , ▁Out ok ump u , ▁had ▁a ▁problem : ▁it ▁needed ▁electric ity ▁to ▁ref ine ▁metal , ▁but ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁short age ▁of ▁electric ity ▁in ▁Finland . ▁A ▁solution ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁proposal ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁co pper ▁without ▁using ▁external ▁energy . ▁The ▁flash ▁sm el ting ▁method ▁uses ▁the ▁sul fur ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁ore . ▁The ▁in vention ▁marked ▁the ▁first ▁chapter ▁in ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁story . ▁On ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁flash ▁sm el ting , ▁Out ok ump u , ▁a ▁state - owned ▁enter prise , ▁established ▁a ▁technology ▁unit , ▁which ▁later ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁Out ok ump u ▁Technology . ▁Japanese ▁and ▁Indian ▁business es ▁that ▁had ▁taken ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁in vention ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁became ▁customers ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁Now ad ays , ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁co pper ▁is |
▁manufact ured ▁using ▁flash ▁sm el ting ▁technology . ▁ ▁The ▁in vention ▁brought ▁Out ok ump u ▁international ▁success ▁in ▁co pper , ▁nick el , ▁c ob alt , ▁z inc , ▁steel , ▁and ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁techn ologies , ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁began ▁establish ing ▁sales ▁offices ▁in ▁Canada , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Mexico , ▁Brazil , ▁Chile , ▁and ▁Peru . ▁Out ok ump u ▁expanded ▁its ▁technology ▁expert ise ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁mer gers , ▁acqu iring ▁al umin um ▁expert ise ▁in ▁Canada ▁and ▁Germany ▁and ▁process ▁technology ▁for ▁gas ▁processing ▁and ▁pre cious ▁met als ▁in ▁Sweden . ▁An ▁important ▁ac quisition ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁when ▁L urg i ▁Met all urg ie , ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 - year - old ▁German ▁company , ▁was ▁purchased , ▁bringing ▁expert ise ▁in ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁sul fur ic ▁acid ▁production ▁technology . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁President ▁and ▁CE O ▁Per tt i ▁Kor h onen ' s ▁assess ment ▁was ▁that ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁success ▁was ▁as ▁much ▁due ▁to ▁L urg i ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁to ▁Out ok ump u ' s ▁technology ▁unit . ▁ ▁The ▁birth ▁of ▁Out ot ec , ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 0 7 ▁In ▁spring ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Out ok ump u ▁O yj ▁sp un ▁off ▁its ▁technology ▁division ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁company ▁named ▁Out |
ok ump u ▁Technology ▁O yj , ▁and ▁it ▁sold ▁ 8 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁stock ▁to ▁external ▁invest ors ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Hels ink i ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Out ot ec ▁O yj ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Out ok ump u ▁received ▁E UR ▁ 3 6 0 ▁million ▁for ▁its ▁technology ▁unit ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁listing . ▁ ▁Out ot ec , ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 0 9 ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Out ot ec ' s ▁market ▁capital ization ▁rose ▁to ▁almost ▁E UR ▁ 2 . 5 ▁billion , ▁and ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁company ' s ▁net ▁sales ▁more ▁than ▁double d ▁from ▁E UR ▁ 0 . 5 ▁billion ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁E UR ▁ 1 . 2 ▁billion . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁capital ▁inv ested ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁returned ▁an ▁incred ible ▁ 6 7 ▁percent . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Out ot ec ▁sur pass ed ▁Out ok ump u ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁market ▁capital ization . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁Ch ena , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁it ▁acquired ▁A ub urn ▁Group . ▁ ▁Out ot ec , ▁ |
2 0 1 0 – 2 0 1 5 ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Per tt i ▁Kor h onen ▁became ▁the ▁company ' s ▁president ▁and ▁CE O ▁when ▁his ▁prede cess or , ▁T ap ani ▁J är vin en , ▁retired . ▁Several ▁companies ▁were ▁acquired ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year : ▁Lar ox , ▁Mill team , ▁Aus m elt , ▁and ▁Ed m eston , ▁and ▁Out ot ec ▁decided ▁to ▁special ize ▁in ▁developing ▁technology ▁for ▁renew able ▁energy ▁and ▁water ▁treatment ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁technology ▁for ▁ref ining ▁min er als ▁and ▁met als . ▁ ▁The ▁corpor ate ▁ac quis itions ▁continued ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁with ▁the ▁purch ases ▁of ▁Kil n ▁Services ▁Australia , ▁Energy ▁Product s ▁of ▁Id aho , ▁V PF , ▁and ▁AS H ▁DE C ▁Um welt . ▁Num core , ▁Dem il ▁Man uten ção ▁Indust rial , ▁T ME ▁Group , ▁and ▁Back fill ▁Special ists ▁were ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Out ot ec ▁had ▁a ▁strong ▁order ▁book ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁with ▁new ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁growth . ▁The ▁company ▁achieved ▁growth ▁in ▁metal ▁technology ▁and ▁in ▁its ▁role ▁as ▁a ▁supp lier ▁of ▁solutions ▁for ▁the ▁environment , ▁water , ▁and ▁energy . ▁It ▁recorded ▁more ▁than ▁E UR ▁ 2 ▁billion ▁in ▁net ▁sales , ▁with ▁orders ▁ 4 ▁percent ▁higher ▁than ▁in ▁the ▁preceding ▁year . ▁Out ot ec ▁acquired ▁Energy ▁Product s |
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