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ian ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁voice ▁actors ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Canadian ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁television ▁writers ▁Category : M ale ▁television ▁writers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁television ▁direct ors ▁Category : V o ice ▁direct ors ▁Category : Fil m ▁direct ors ▁from ▁Montreal ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁Montreal ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Montreal ▁Category : Ang lo phone ▁Quebec ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁San ▁Marco ▁in ▁B oc cal ama ▁was ▁an ▁island , ▁now ▁sub mer ged , ▁in ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁L ago on , ▁northern ▁Italy . ▁It ▁was ▁located ▁between ▁Camp ana , ▁Sant ' Ang elo ▁della ▁Pol vere ▁and ▁the ▁mot te ▁di ▁Vol p ego . ▁The ▁name ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁church ▁dedicated ▁to ▁St . ▁Mark , ▁and ▁to ▁its ▁location ▁at ▁the ▁mouth ▁the ▁L ama , ▁an ▁old ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁Br enta ' s ▁mouth . ▁ ▁An ▁or atory ▁existed ▁here ▁from ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 0 1 3 . ▁After ▁ 1 3 2 8 ▁subs idence ▁and ▁er os ion ▁made ▁life ▁impossible ▁for ▁the ▁mon ks , ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 3 4 8 ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁common ▁bur ial ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁Black ▁Death
▁in ▁Ven ice ▁and ▁its ▁neighborhood . ▁The ▁last ▁mentions ▁of ▁the ▁islands ▁date ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁after ▁which ▁it ▁is ▁likely ▁it ▁had ▁already ▁disappeared . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁two ▁medieval ▁ships ▁were ▁found ▁near ▁the ▁sub mer ged ▁island , ▁a ▁ras con a ▁( a ▁flat ▁transport ▁boat ) ▁and ▁a ▁gal ley , ▁the ▁first ▁example ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁found ▁so ▁far . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁L ago on ▁Category : Form er ▁islands ▁of ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁Pr ones op up a ▁mol ok ai ensis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁small ▁air - bre ath ing ▁land ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁terrest rial ▁ ▁pul mon ate ▁ ▁g ast rop od ▁ ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁P up ill idae . ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁en demic ▁to ▁Hawai i . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁C owie , ▁R . ▁& ▁Pok ry se ko , ▁B . ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Pr ones op up a ▁mol ok ai ensis . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁IU CN ▁Red ▁List ▁of ▁Th re aten ed ▁Species . ▁▁ ▁Down loaded ▁on ▁ 7 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Category : P ron es op up a ▁Category : M oll us cs ▁of ▁Hawai i ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Category
: T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Walter ▁Ian ▁Per c ival ▁Q C ▁( 1 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁aged ▁ 7 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁politician . ▁ ▁Background ▁Per c ival ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Lat ym er ▁Upper ▁School ▁and ▁St ▁C ath ar ine ' s ▁College , ▁Cambridge . ▁He ▁was ▁commission ed ▁from ▁Sand h urst ▁into ▁The ▁Buff s ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁in ▁North ▁Africa ▁and ▁Bur ma , ▁att aining ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Major . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁bar r ister , ▁was ▁called ▁to ▁the ▁Bar ▁from ▁the ▁Inner ▁Temple ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁and ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁part - time ▁econom ics ▁professor . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁coun c ill or ▁on ▁K ens ington ▁Bor ough ▁Council ▁ 1 9 5 2 – 5 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁Queen ' s ▁Coun sel ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁and ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁Mad eline ▁Co oke ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁having ▁met ▁her ▁in ▁Bur ma , ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁and ▁a ▁daughter . ▁The ▁family ▁home ▁was ▁in ▁T enter den , ▁Kent . ▁On ▁ret irement , ▁he ▁supported ▁several ▁causes , ▁including ▁the
▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁hospital ▁in ▁India ▁after ▁the ▁Bh op al ▁dis aster . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁a ▁Trust ▁to ▁complete ▁the ▁hospital , ▁following ▁length y ▁legal ▁negoti ations ▁with ▁Union ▁Car b ide ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁engaged ▁as ▁an ▁att orney ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁law ▁firm ▁Sid ley ▁and ▁Austin . ▁He ▁died ▁before ▁its ▁completion . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁He ▁first ▁stood ▁un success fully ▁in ▁the ▁B atter se a ▁North ▁constitu ency ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁general ▁election ▁and ▁again ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁election . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁South port ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁general ▁election , ▁holding ▁the ▁seat ▁until ▁he ▁retired ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁election . ▁ ▁Although ▁cov eting ▁a ▁Minister ial ▁post , ▁he ▁was ▁over look ed ▁for ▁the ▁position ▁he ▁wanted ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁when ▁Margaret ▁Th atch er ▁came ▁to ▁power , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁Instead , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁Sol ic itor ▁General ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁On ▁some ▁issues , ▁Per c ival ' s ▁political ▁views ▁were ▁to ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁some ▁in ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ; ▁he ▁campaign ed ▁un success fully ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁death ▁penalty ▁( int rodu cing ▁an ▁un success ful ▁Bill ▁to ▁restore ▁it ▁for ▁terror
ists ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁and ▁held ▁strong ▁views ▁on ▁the ▁rig orous ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁law . ▁He ▁also ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁criminal isation ▁of ▁clubs ▁and ▁news let ters ▁that ▁existed ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁allowing ▁hom osex uals ▁to ▁meet ▁one ▁another . ▁Per c ival ▁was ▁a ▁fre em ason . ▁ ▁References ▁The ▁Times ▁Guide ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons , ▁Times ▁New sp apers ▁Ltd , ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁& ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Lat ym er ▁Upper ▁School ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁St ▁C ath ar ine ' s ▁College , ▁Cambridge ▁Category : Con serv ative ▁Party ▁( UK ) ▁MP s ▁for ▁English ▁constitu encies ▁Category : Gr adu ates ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁College , ▁Sand h urst ▁Category : B uff s ▁( Ro yal ▁East ▁Kent ▁Regiment ) ▁officers ▁Category : C oun c ill ors ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁K ens ington ▁and ▁Ch else a ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁K ens ington ▁Metropolitan ▁Bor ough ▁Council ▁Category : English ▁bar r ister s ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 5 9 – 1 9 6 4 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 6 4 – 1 9 6 6 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁
1 9 6 6 – 1 9 7 0 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 7 0 – 1 9 7 4 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 7 4 – 1 9 7 9 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 1 9 8 3 ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 8 3 – 1 9 8 7 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Priv y ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Sol ic itors ▁General ▁for ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁law y ers ▁Category : Fre em asons ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Grand ▁L odge ▁of ▁England ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : English ▁Queen ' s ▁Coun sel ▁Category : K n ights ▁Bach elor <0x0A> </s> ▁Major - General ▁Sir ▁William ▁P enn ▁Sym ons ▁K CB ▁( 1 7 ▁July ▁ 1 8 4 3 ▁– ▁ 2 3 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁who ▁was ▁mort ally ▁wounded ▁as ▁he ▁commanded ▁his ▁forces ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Tal ana ▁Hill ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁While ▁his ▁forces ▁won ▁the ▁battle , ▁they ▁had ▁to ▁abandon ▁their ▁position ▁and ▁fall ▁back ▁to ▁Lad ys m ith . ▁Sym ons ▁and ▁the ▁more ▁sever ely ▁wounded ▁were ▁left ▁to ▁the ▁Bo ers ; ▁he ▁died
▁three ▁days ▁later ▁as ▁a ▁prisoner ▁of ▁war . ▁A ▁monument ▁to ▁his ▁val our ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁Victoria ▁Park , ▁Salt ash , ▁Corn wall , ▁UK . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁family ▁William ▁P enn ▁Sym ons ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 1 8 4 3 ▁at ▁H att , ▁Corn wall , ▁the ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁William ▁Sym ons ▁and ▁Caroline ▁Anne ▁( née ▁South well ). ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁priv ately ▁and ▁commission ed ▁as ▁an ▁En sign ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Foot ▁( l ater ▁the ▁South ▁Wales ▁Border ers ) ▁on ▁ 6 ▁March ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁He ▁married ▁Jane ▁Caroline ▁( née ▁Haw kins ) ▁of ▁Ed gb ast on ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁but ▁the ▁couple ▁was ▁child less . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁Sym ons ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁lieutenant ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁and ▁captain ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁His ▁first ▁combat ▁experience ▁was ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁during ▁the ▁N inth ▁X h osa ▁War ▁( 1 8 7 7 – 7 8 ) ▁where ▁as ▁a ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Foot ▁faced ▁the ▁native ▁G c ale ka ▁and ▁Ng q ika ▁tribes ▁led ▁by ▁Chief ▁M g ol omb ane ▁Sand ile . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁he ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Z ulu
▁war ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁he ▁obtained ▁his ▁majority . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁served ▁during ▁the ▁Bur m ese ▁Ex ped ition ▁( 1 8 8 5 – 8 9 ) ▁being ▁bre vet ed ▁as ▁lieutenant ▁colon el ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁and ▁appointed ▁as ▁Ass istant ▁Ad j ut ant ▁General ▁for ▁Mus ket ry ▁in ▁Mad ras ▁( with ▁the ▁bre vet ▁rank ▁of ▁colon el ) ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁he ▁commanded ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁columns ▁of ▁the ▁Ch in - L ush i ▁Ex ped ition ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁Comp an ion ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁( CB ). ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁September ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁Sym ons ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁regiment al ▁lieutenant ▁colon el ▁where ▁he ▁would ▁command ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion , ▁South ▁Wales ▁Border ers , ▁until ▁being ▁made ▁A . A . G ▁Mus ket ry ▁in ▁Beng al ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁Then ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 - 5 ▁he ▁commanded ▁a ▁brig ade ▁during ▁the ▁W az ir istan ▁Ex ped ition ▁being ▁promoted ▁to ▁local ▁( bre vet ) ▁brig ad ier ▁general ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd
▁Brigade , ▁To chi ▁Field ▁Force ▁during ▁the ▁To chi ▁Valley ▁Ex ped ition ▁ 1 8 9 7 - 9 8 , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Division ▁in ▁the ▁T ira h ▁Camp aign ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Knight ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁( K CB ) ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁ ▁Colonel ▁Sym ons ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁staff ▁rank ▁of ▁brig ad ier ▁general ▁and ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁General ▁Officer ▁Command ing ▁of ▁Natal ▁with ▁temporary ▁rank ▁of ▁major ▁general ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 9 ; ▁later ▁that ▁year ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁his ▁staff ▁rank ▁would ▁be ▁raised ▁to ▁major ▁general ▁and ▁on ▁ 9 ▁October ▁to ▁lieutenant ▁general . ▁ ▁When ▁Sym ons ▁arrived ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁there ▁were ▁around ▁ten ▁thousand ▁troops ▁spread ▁between ▁Cape ▁Col ony ▁and ▁Natal . ▁He ▁was ▁asked ▁by ▁the ▁War ▁Office ▁to ▁advise ▁on ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁troops ▁required ▁to ▁safely ▁g arrison ▁the ▁Natal ▁from ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁invasion ▁from ▁the ▁Bo er ▁Republic s ▁of ▁the ▁Trans va al ▁and ▁Orange ▁Free ▁State . ▁His ▁initial ▁estimate ▁was ▁for ▁an ▁extra ▁two ▁thousand ▁troops ▁but ▁he ▁later ▁raised ▁that ▁to ▁five ▁thousand . ▁In ▁the ▁end ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁decided ▁to ▁send ▁ten ▁thousand ▁extra ▁troops ▁but ▁they ▁also ▁appointed ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁Sir ▁George ▁White ▁to ▁su pers ede ▁Sym ons ▁as ▁G OC ▁in
▁Natal . ▁ ▁However , ▁before ▁White ▁arrived ▁at ▁Cape ▁Town ▁P enn ▁Sym ons ▁( who ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" fire ▁e ater "), ▁had ▁on ▁his ▁own ▁authority ▁deployed ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁brig ades ▁sevent y ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁Lad ys m ith ▁at ▁a ▁town ▁called ▁D und ee . ▁The ▁position ▁of ▁both ▁Lad ys m ith ▁and ▁D und ee ▁was ▁prec ari ous ▁as ▁they ▁stand ▁in ▁a ▁triangle ▁of ▁Natal ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁T ug ela ▁River ▁with ▁the ▁Orange ▁Free ▁State ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁the ▁Trans va al ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁White ▁wanted ▁to ▁recall ▁the ▁D und ee ▁g arrison ▁to ▁Lad ys m ith ▁but ▁because ▁of ▁political ▁press ures ▁from ▁Sir ▁Walter ▁H ely - H utch inson , ▁the ▁Governor ▁of ▁Natal , ▁he ▁agreed ▁to ▁leave ▁them ▁there . ▁The ▁Bo ers ▁declared ▁war ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁October ▁and ▁began ▁crossing ▁the ▁Natal ▁borders ▁the ▁following ▁day . ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁Tal ana ▁Hill ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁as ▁dawn ▁broke , ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁D und ee ▁g arrison ▁sp otted ▁Bo er ▁troops ▁on ▁the ▁nearby ▁Tal ana ▁hill ▁( at ▁) ▁who ▁proceeded ▁to ▁open ▁fire ▁on ▁the ▁town ▁with ▁their ▁Cre us ot ▁ 7 5 mm ▁guns . ▁Sym ons ▁was ▁anno yed ▁by ▁the ▁" imp ud ence " ▁of ▁the ▁Bo ers ▁to ▁attack ▁before ▁breakfast . ▁The ▁British ▁guns ▁moved ▁to
▁return ▁fire ▁as ▁the ▁general ▁survey ed ▁the ▁Bo er ▁positions ▁and ▁gave ▁orders ▁to ▁his ▁command ing ▁officers . ▁ ▁Sym ons ▁believed ▁in ▁old ▁fashion ed ▁military ▁tact ics ▁of ▁close ▁order , ▁where ▁by ▁concentr ating ▁troops ▁on ▁the ▁attack ▁he ▁hoped ▁to ▁sm ash ▁the ▁Bo er ▁def ences . ▁The ▁reality ▁was ▁that ▁these ▁form ations ▁were ▁not ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁against ▁long ▁range ▁b olt ▁action ▁rif les ▁and ▁Sym ons ' ▁brig ades ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁many ▁in ▁this ▁war ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁heavy ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁mistake , ▁as ▁many ▁gener als ▁would ▁repeat ▁it . ▁However , ▁his ▁orders ▁for ▁the ▁caval ry ▁commander , ▁Colonel ▁M öll er , ▁were ▁less ▁conventional , ▁telling ▁him ▁to ▁act ▁on ▁his ▁own ▁initi ative ; ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁another ▁cost ly ▁mistake . ▁ ▁At ▁ 7 . 3 0 am ▁the ▁inf antry ▁batt al ions ▁set ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁town ; ▁first ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion ▁Royal ▁Dublin ▁F us ili ers , ▁then ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁King ' s ▁Royal ▁R if le ▁Corps ▁and ▁last ly ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Royal ▁Irish ▁F us ili ers ▁( the ▁ 1 st ▁Le ic esters hire ▁Regiment ▁were ▁left ▁to ▁guard ▁the ▁camp ). ▁The ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁advance ▁went ▁well ▁and ▁they ▁reached ▁a ▁small ▁wood ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁the ▁hill ▁where ▁they ▁found ▁some ▁shelter ▁but ▁beyond ▁the ▁wood ▁there
▁was ▁a ▁wall ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁gap ▁and ▁then ▁open ▁ground . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁Dub l ins ▁were ▁p inned ▁down ▁in ▁a ▁d itch ▁ahead ▁and ▁the ▁F us ili ers ▁were ▁l ining ▁the ▁wall ▁to ▁the ▁left . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁ 9 am ▁Sym ons ▁rode ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁wood ▁being ▁followed ▁by ▁an ▁a ide - de - camp ▁holding ▁up ▁a ▁red ▁p enn ant , ▁to ▁find ▁out ▁why ▁the ▁attack ▁had ▁st alled . ▁He ▁ordered ▁the ▁men ▁to ▁proceed , ▁rode ▁through ▁the ▁wood ▁and ▁dis mount ed , ▁then ▁walked ▁through ▁the ▁gap ▁in ▁the ▁wall ▁still ▁being ▁followed ▁by ▁his ▁p enn ant . ▁After ▁a ▁few ▁moments ▁he ▁returned ▁and ▁was ▁helped ▁to ▁rem ount ▁his ▁horse . ▁He ▁then ▁rode ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁front ▁lines ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁out ▁of ▁sight ▁from ▁his ▁troops ▁before ▁he ▁asked ▁for ▁assistance ▁from ▁the ▁Indian ▁st ret cher ▁bear ers ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁shot ▁in ▁the ▁st om ach . ▁ ▁Death ▁In ▁exc ru ci ating ▁pain ▁from ▁a ▁severe ▁w ound ▁to ▁his ▁st om ach , ▁Sym ons ▁was ▁taken ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁Field ▁Hospital ▁at ▁D und ee . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁all ▁that ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁know ▁was , ▁" have ▁they ▁got ▁the ▁hill ?" ▁While ▁the ▁battle ▁was ▁won , ▁their ▁position ▁at ▁D und ee ▁quickly ▁became ▁un ten able . ▁After ▁a ▁few ▁was ted ▁days , ▁Sym ons
' ▁replacement , ▁Brig ad ier ▁General ▁Y ule , ▁decided ▁to ▁abandon ▁the ▁town ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁sever ely ▁wounded ▁to ▁the ▁Bo ers , ▁ste aling ▁away ▁at ▁night ▁to ▁Lad ys m ith . ▁The ▁next ▁day , ▁the ▁town ▁surrender ed ▁and ▁thus ▁Sym ons ▁became ▁a ▁prisoner ▁of ▁war ▁along ▁with ▁many ▁others . ▁He ▁clearly ▁felt ▁bet rayed ▁by ▁Y ule ▁and ▁just ▁before ▁he ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁October ▁he ▁impl ored ▁the ▁medical ▁officer , ▁Major ▁Don eg an , ▁to ▁" t ell ▁everyone ▁I ▁died ▁facing ▁the ▁enemy , ▁tell ▁everyone ▁I ▁died ▁facing ▁the ▁enemy ". ▁ ▁W inst on ▁Church ill ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁tele gram s ▁to ▁The ▁Mor ning ▁Post : ▁ ▁The ▁Dur ban ▁Light ▁Infantry ▁ere cted ▁a ▁mem orial ▁stone ▁over ▁his ▁grave ▁at ▁D und ee . ▁Another ▁monument ▁to ▁his ▁val our ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁Victoria ▁Park , ▁Salt ash , ▁Corn wall . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁gener als ▁Category : 1 8 4 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 9 ▁death s ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Ang lo - Z ulu ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁T ira h ▁Camp aign ▁Category : B rit ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Third ▁Ang lo - B urm ese
▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁Category : Gr adu ates ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁College , ▁Sand h urst ▁Category : K n ights ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Salt ash ▁Category : Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁Category : S outh ▁Wales ▁Border ers ▁officers <0x0A> </s> ▁All ang range ▁railway ▁station ▁was ▁a ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁single ▁track ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁High land ▁Railway , ▁in ▁north ▁east ▁Scotland . ▁The ▁line ▁connected ▁villages ▁in ▁The ▁Black ▁Is le ▁pen ins ula ▁to ▁the ▁railway ▁network ▁via ▁a ▁j unction ▁at ▁Mu ir ▁of ▁Ord . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Open ed ▁by ▁the ▁High land ▁Railway , ▁it ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁London , ▁Mid land ▁and ▁Scottish ▁Railway ▁during ▁the ▁Group ing ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁The ▁station ▁then ▁passed ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Region ▁of ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁on ▁national isation ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁It ▁was ▁then ▁closed ▁by ▁British ▁Rail ways . ▁ ▁Author isation ▁was ▁obtained ▁on ▁ 4 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁ 1 5 . 7 5 ▁mile ▁( 2 5 km ) ▁branch ▁line ▁from ▁Mu ir ▁of ▁Ord ▁to ▁Ros emark ie ; ▁however ▁the ▁line ▁never ▁proceeded ▁beyond ▁Fort rose . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Station ▁on ▁navig
able ▁O . S . ▁map ▁ ▁Vall ance , ▁H . A . ▁( 1 9 8 5 ). ▁The ▁High land ▁Railway . ▁ 4 th ▁Ext ended ▁edition : ▁extra ▁material ▁by ▁C . R . ▁Cl ink er ▁and ▁Anthony ▁J . ▁Lam bert . ▁Newton ▁Abb ot : ▁David ▁St ▁John ▁Thomas . ▁. ▁▁ ▁RA IL SC OT ▁article ▁on ▁the ▁Fort rose ▁Branch ▁ ▁External ▁Link s ▁ ▁All ang range ▁station ▁on ▁navig able ▁O . ▁S . ▁map ▁Category : Dis used ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁Ross ▁and ▁C rom art y ▁Category : Form er ▁High land ▁Railway ▁stations ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁Category : 1 8 9 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : Black ▁Is le <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Shah in ▁Dez h ▁County ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁( b akh sh ) ▁in ▁Shah in ▁Dez h ▁County , ▁West ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 6 8 , 2 8 6 , ▁in ▁ 1 6 , 1 3 1 ▁families . ▁ ▁The ▁District ▁has ▁two ▁cities : ▁Mah m ud abad ▁and ▁Shah in ▁Dez h . ▁The ▁District ▁has ▁three ▁rural ▁districts ▁(
de h est an ): ▁H ulas u ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Mah m ud abad ▁R ural ▁District , ▁and ▁Saf a ▁Kh ane h ▁R ural ▁District . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Sh ah in ▁Dez h ▁County ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁West ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁R ide ▁the ▁Void ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁album ▁by ▁He avy ▁Metal ▁band ▁Holy ▁Gra il ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁Europe ▁through ▁N uc lear ▁Bl ast ▁and ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁through ▁Pro st h etic ▁Records ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Holy ▁Gra il ▁Alex ▁Lee ▁- ▁gu it ars ▁James ▁Paul ▁L una ▁- ▁vocals ▁Eli ▁Sant ana ▁- ▁gu it ars , ▁vocals ▁Ty ler ▁Me ahl ▁- ▁drums ▁Bla ke ▁Mount ▁- ▁bass ▁ ▁Add itional ▁Person nel ▁Giov anna ▁Mar aga ▁Clay ton ▁- ▁C ello ▁on ▁" R ide ▁the ▁Void " ▁and ▁" W ake ▁Me ▁When ▁It ' s ▁Over " ▁Matt ▁Hy de ▁- ▁Produ cer , ▁Rec ording ▁Mike ▁B ax ▁- ▁Phot ography ▁Jess ica ▁L una ▁- ▁Phot ography ▁Ang ela ▁Bo at w right ▁- ▁Phot ography ▁Jeff ▁Mc Don ough ▁- ▁String ▁orch estr ation ▁ ▁Richard ▁Bar ron <0x09> - ▁String ▁arrang ements ▁on ▁" W ake ▁Me ▁When ▁It ' s ▁Over " ▁Alan ▁D ouch es ▁- ▁master ing ▁Chris ▁Rak est raw ▁- ▁engineering ▁Mark ▁Lewis ▁- ▁mixing ▁D yl
an ▁Cole ▁- ▁cover ▁art ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁albums ▁Category : H oly ▁Gra il ▁( band ) ▁albums ▁Category : N uc lear ▁Bl ast ▁albums ▁Category : Pro st h etic ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁In che h - ye ▁Kh oda ▁B ande hl u ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁ Ī n che h - ye ▁Kh od ā ▁B ande hl ū ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Ain cha ▁and ▁ Ī n che h ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K har ar ud ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Kh od ab ande h ▁County , ▁Z an jan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 , 5 2 6 , ▁in ▁ 3 6 5 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Kh od ab ande h ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁Hunter ▁( 1 8 ▁October ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁– ▁ 1 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 5 ) ▁was ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Fem ale ▁Normal ▁and ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁United ▁States , ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁Hunter ▁College ▁High ▁School . ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁today ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁valuable ▁assets ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁urban ▁university ▁systems . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁migr ant ▁from ▁Ar dg lass ▁in
▁Ireland ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Hunter ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Fem ale ▁Normal ▁and ▁High ▁School ▁for ▁ 3 7 ▁years . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁ten ure ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁school , ▁the ▁school ▁became ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁im partial ity ▁regarding ▁race , ▁religion , ▁eth nic ity , ▁financial ▁or ▁political ▁favor it ism ; ▁its ▁purs uit ▁of ▁higher ▁education ▁for ▁women ; ▁its ▁high ▁entry ▁requirements ; ▁and ▁its ▁rig orous ▁academ ics . ▁The ▁college ' s ▁student ▁population ▁quickly ▁expanded , ▁and ▁the ▁college ▁subsequently ▁moved ▁u pt own , ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁Goth ic ▁structure ▁on ▁Lex ington ▁Avenue ▁between ▁ 6 8 th ▁and ▁ 6 9 th ▁Stre ets . ▁( Now ▁named ▁Thomas ▁Hunter ▁Hall ▁at ▁the ▁ 6 8 th ▁Street ▁campus .) ▁Today , ▁the ▁college ▁is ▁particularly ▁noted ▁for ▁its ▁professional ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁social ▁sciences , ▁education , ▁health ▁sciences , ▁n urs ing , ▁and ▁social ▁work . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 5 ▁death s ▁Category : H unter ▁College ▁Category : I r ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( before ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁Hunter ▁College ▁Category : E du c ators ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Sch ool ▁found ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Anti - f asc ist ▁Under ground
▁Patri otic ▁Organ ization ▁( , ▁AP PO ) ▁was ▁an ▁anti - f asc ist ▁group ▁of ▁Soviet ▁capt ives , ▁formed ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁in ▁the ▁fasc ist - occup ied ▁territ ories ▁of ▁USS R , ▁Poland ▁and ▁France . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁group ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁May , ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁near ▁Wars aw . ▁It ▁was ▁ruled ▁by ▁the ▁Central ▁under ground ▁b ureau ▁of ▁Armen ian ▁offici ers ▁S . ▁Y agh j ian ▁( Y ag dj yan ), ▁V . ▁V art an ian , ▁A . ▁Kaz arian , ▁D . ▁Min asy an , ▁A . ▁Kar ap ety an , ▁B . ▁Pet ros yan ▁and ▁L . ▁Tit any an . ▁In ▁October , ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁some ▁of ▁capt ives ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁Pul avy ▁( Pol and ), ▁where ▁the ▁Central ▁Committee ▁decided ▁to ▁enter ▁and ▁took ▁the ▁command ing ▁positions ▁in ▁the ▁formed ▁Naz i ▁batt al ions , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁Polish ▁patri ots . ▁They ▁made ▁a ▁plan ▁of ▁common ▁u pr ising , ▁which ▁wasn ' t ▁real ised , ▁as ▁in ▁October , ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁the ▁camp ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Mand , ▁France . ▁One ▁batt alion ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁occupied ▁ray on ' s ▁of ▁May kop , ▁another ▁batt alion ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Zh it om ir , ▁where ▁it ▁organized ▁an ▁anti
- N azi ▁u pr ising ▁( August , ▁ 1 9 4 3 ). ▁Then ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁organiz ers ▁un ited ▁with ▁the ▁local ▁part is ans . ▁ ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁AP PO ▁also ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁part isan ▁movements ▁of ▁The ▁Netherlands , ▁Y ug oslav ia , ▁Greece ▁and ▁Czech oslov ak ia . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Mem oires ▁of ▁AP PO ▁Bureau ▁member ▁V ah an ▁V ard an ian ▁( in ▁Russian ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : E astern ▁European ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁resistance ▁movements <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Dev il ▁at ▁His ▁El bow ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁American ▁silent ▁drama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁ ▁Bur ton ▁L . ▁King ▁and ▁st arring ▁Cl iff ord ▁Bruce , ▁Dor othy ▁Green ▁and ▁Ad ol phe ▁Men jou . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Cl iff ord ▁Bruce ▁as ▁John ▁As ht on ▁▁ ▁Dor othy ▁Green ▁as ▁Meg ▁▁ ▁John ▁K . ▁Roberts ▁as ▁Robert ▁Gray ▁▁ ▁Francis ▁Mc Donald ▁as ▁Andrew ▁Se ale y ▁▁ ▁Mary ▁Sand way ▁as ▁Grace ▁Se ale y ▁▁ ▁Ad ol phe ▁Men jou ▁ ▁as ▁Wil fred ▁Car leton ▁▁ ▁Edward ▁Mart ind el ▁as ▁Franklin ▁D arrow ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Al ison ▁Mc M ah an . ▁Alice ▁Guy ▁Bla ché : ▁Lost ▁V ision ary ▁of ▁the ▁Cinema . ▁Blo oms bury ▁Publishing , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 6 ▁films ▁Category
: 1 9 1 0 s ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁silent ▁feature ▁films ▁Category : American ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Bur ton ▁L . ▁King ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Met ro ▁Pictures ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁W ish ▁Com es ▁True ▁is ▁J ol ina ▁Mag d ang al ' s ▁debut ▁album ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁by ▁W alt ▁Disney ▁Records ▁and ▁distributed ▁by ▁Universal ▁Records . ▁ ▁Mag d ang al ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Filip ino ▁recording ▁artist ▁of ▁W alt ▁Disney ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Ada pt ed ▁from ▁the ▁A ▁W ish ▁Com es ▁True ▁l iner ▁notes . ▁▁ ▁B ella ▁D . ▁Tan – ▁executive ▁producer ▁ ▁I to ▁Rap adas – ▁producer ▁ ▁Henry ▁Gar cia – ▁arr anger ▁( tra cks ▁ 2 , ▁ 5 ) ▁ ▁Albert ▁Tam ay o – ▁arr anger ▁( tra cks ▁ 6 , ▁ 7 , ▁ 9 ) ▁ ▁Al vin ▁N une z – ▁arr anger ▁( tra cks ▁ 1 , ▁ 3 , ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Frederick ▁Gar cia – ▁arr anger ▁( track ▁ 6 ) ▁ ▁Er win ▁del a ▁Cruz – ▁arr anger ▁( track ▁ 4 ) ▁ ▁B abs ie ▁Mol ina –
▁back - up ▁vocals ▁ ▁Mo y ▁Ort iz – ▁back - up ▁vocals ▁ ▁K atherine ▁Mol ina – ▁back - up ▁vocals ▁ ▁Syl via ▁Mac ara eg – ▁back - up ▁vocals ▁ ▁El ize ▁Cor te z – ▁back - up ▁vocals ▁( tra cks ▁ 4 , ▁ 5 ) ▁ ▁A be ▁H ip ol ito – ▁gu it ars ▁ ▁Boy et ▁N ava jas – ▁gu it ars ▁( tra cks ▁ 4 , ▁ 6 ) ▁ ▁Jerry ▁Joan ino – ▁mixing ▁engineer , ▁p ink ▁noise ▁recording ▁studio ▁ ▁Ray mund ▁Isaac – ▁phot ography ▁ ▁Jo anne ▁Pe – ▁album ▁cover ▁design ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁debut ▁albums ▁Category : J ol ina ▁Mag d ang al ▁albums ▁Category : W alt ▁Disney ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Robert ▁G ould sw orth y ▁( 2 0 ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁Gl ouc esters hire ▁between ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁death s ▁Category : English ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : G lou c esters hire ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Br istol <0x0A> </s> ▁Sat ellite ▁link ▁is
▁– ▁according ▁to ▁article ▁ 1 . 1 1 3 ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Tele communic ation ▁Union ' s ▁( IT U ) ▁IT U ▁Radio ▁Reg ulations ▁( R R ) ▁– ▁defined ▁as ▁« A ▁radio ▁link ▁between ▁a ▁transm itting ▁earth ▁station ▁and ▁a ▁receiving ▁earth ▁station ▁through ▁one ▁satellite . ▁A ▁satellite ▁link ▁compr ises ▁one ▁up - link ▁and ▁one ▁down - link .» ▁ ▁Each ▁station ▁shall ▁be ▁class ified ▁by ▁the ▁service ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁oper ates ▁perman ently ▁or ▁tempor arily . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁/ ▁sources ▁▁▁ ▁International ▁Tele communic ation ▁Union ▁( IT U ) ▁ ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁and ▁systems ▁IT U <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Baltimore ▁B ays ▁were ▁a ▁professional ▁s occer ▁team ▁based ▁in ▁Baltimore , ▁Maryland ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Baltimore ▁B ays ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Baltimore ▁B ays ▁( 1 9 7 2 – 7 3 ); ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Baltimore ▁B ays ▁( 1 9 9 3 – 9 8 ); ▁member ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁International ▁Soccer ▁League ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Maryland ▁B ays ; ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League / American ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁E ois ▁war ren i ▁is ▁a
▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁family ▁Ge omet r idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Colombia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁Category : E ois ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁South ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁article ▁lists ▁monarch s ▁who ▁were ▁documented ▁to ▁have ▁mental ▁ill ness ▁or ▁" mad ness ". ▁Such ▁alleg ations ▁are ▁not ▁necessarily ▁conclus ive , ▁since ▁the ▁document ers ▁might ▁have ▁written ▁from ▁political ▁bi ases ▁or ▁rum or . ▁ ▁Roman ▁em per ors ▁T iber ius ▁( 4 2 ▁BC – 3 7 ▁AD , ▁ruled ▁ 1 4 – 3 7 ▁AD ). ▁While ▁T iber ius ▁was ▁in ▁his ▁later ▁years ▁in ▁Cap ri , ▁rum ours ▁ab ounded ▁as ▁to ▁what ▁exactly ▁he ▁was ▁doing ▁there . ▁Histor ian ▁Su eton ius ▁records ▁the ▁rum ours ▁of ▁l ur id ▁tales ▁of ▁sexual ▁per vers ity , ▁including ▁graph ic ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁child ▁mol est ation , ▁cruel ty , ▁and ▁especially ▁par ano ia . ▁While ▁heavily ▁sens ational ised , ▁Su eton ius ' ▁stories ▁at ▁least ▁paint ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁how ▁T iber ius ▁was ▁perce ived ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁sen atorial ▁class , ▁and ▁what ▁his ▁impact ▁on ▁the ▁Princi p ate ▁was ▁during ▁his ▁ 2 3 ▁years ▁of ▁rule . ▁Justin ▁II ▁( c . ▁ 5 2 0 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁October ▁ 5 7 8 , ▁ruled ▁ 1 5 ▁November
▁ 5 6 5 ▁– ▁ 5 7 4 ). ▁John ▁of ▁E ph es us , ▁who ▁suffered ▁the ological ▁per sec ution ▁under ▁Justin , ▁wrote ▁that ▁his ▁" mind ▁was ▁ag itated ▁and ▁dark ened " ▁such ▁that ▁he ▁behav ed ▁at ▁times ▁like ▁a ▁wild ▁animal . ▁On ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁his ▁wife ▁Soph ia ▁and ▁the ▁Senate , ▁he ▁adopted ▁the ▁general ▁T iber ius ▁II ▁Const antine ▁as ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁deleg ated ▁state ▁authority ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁European ▁monarch s ▁King ▁Charles ▁VI ▁of ▁France ▁( 1 3 6 8 – 1 4 2 2 ; ▁ruled ▁ 1 3 8 0 – 1 4 2 2 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Charles ▁le ▁Fou ▁(" Char les ▁the ▁Mad "), ▁suffered ▁from ▁b outs ▁of ▁psych osis , ▁including ▁glass ▁del usion . ▁King ▁Henry ▁VI ▁of ▁England ▁( 1 4 2 1 – 1 4 7 1 ; ▁ruled ▁ 1 4 2 2 – 1 4 6 1 ▁and ▁ 1 4 7 0 – 1 4 7 1 ). ▁A ▁break down ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 3 ▁caused ▁him ▁to ▁neglect ▁state ▁affairs ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁year . ▁A ▁Lord ▁Prote ctor ▁was ▁appointed ▁on ▁that ▁and ▁two ▁subsequent ▁occasions ▁to ▁govern ▁the ▁kingdom . ▁The ▁en su ing ▁succession ▁strugg les ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁Wars ▁of ▁the ▁Ros es . ▁Queen ▁Jo anna ▁of ▁Cast ile ▁( 1 4 7 9 – 1 5 5 5 ; ▁ruled ▁
1 5 0 4 – 1 5 5 5 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Ju ana ▁la ▁Loc a ▁(" Jo anna ▁the ▁Mad "), ▁is ▁believed ▁by ▁histor ians ▁to ▁have ▁suffered ▁from ▁mel anch olia , ▁psych osis ▁or ▁sch iz op hren ia . ▁King ▁Eric ▁XIV ▁of ▁Sweden ▁( 1 5 3 3 – 1 5 7 7 ; ▁ruled ▁ 1 5 6 0 – 1 5 6 8 ). ▁Develop ed ▁par ano ia ▁and ▁ir r ational , ▁violent ▁stre aks ▁later ▁in ▁his ▁life ▁leading ▁to ▁an ▁err atic ▁rule ▁and ▁the ▁brut al ▁mur ders ▁of ▁several ▁real ▁or ▁perce ived ▁political ▁riv als ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁St ure ▁Mur ders . ▁Eric ▁himself ▁st ab bed ▁N ils ▁Sv ant ess on ▁St ure ▁to ▁death . ▁King ▁Philip ▁V ▁of ▁Spain ▁( 1 6 8 3 – 1 7 4 6 ; ▁ruled ▁ 1 7 0 0 – 2 4 , ▁ 1 7 2 4 – 4 6 ). ▁S uffer ed ▁from ▁inten se ▁mel anch olia . ▁King ▁Ferdinand ▁VI ▁of ▁Spain ▁( 1 7 1 3 – 5 9 ). ▁Like ▁his ▁father ▁Philip ▁V , ▁suffered ▁from ▁mel anch olia . ▁Queen ▁Maria ▁I ▁of ▁Portugal ▁( 1 7 3 4 – 1 8 1 6 ; ▁ruled ▁ 1 7 7 7 – 1 8 1 6 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Maria , ▁a ▁Lou ca ▁(" M ary ▁the ▁Mad "). ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 7 9
0 ▁Maria ' s ▁long - ex pressed ▁anx iet ies ▁developed ▁into ▁religious ly - th emed ▁del us ions . ▁Her ▁minister s ▁determined ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁ins ane ▁and ▁appointed ▁her ▁son ▁João ▁to ▁govern ▁the ▁kingdom . ▁King ▁George ▁III ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁( 1 7 3 8 – 1 8 2 0 ; ▁ruled ▁ 1 7 6 0 – 1 8 2 0 ) ▁exhib ited ▁signs ▁of ▁mental ▁dis order , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁log orr he a , ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 7 8 8 . ▁He ▁fell ▁into ▁a ▁prof ound ▁de pression ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁bel oved ▁Princess ▁Am elia , ▁and ▁Parliament ▁deleg ated ▁his ▁state ▁duties ▁to ▁George , ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales . ▁King ▁Christian ▁VII ▁of ▁Den mark ▁( 1 7 4 9 – 1 8 0 8 ; ▁ruled ▁ 1 7 6 7 – 1 8 0 8 ). ▁Although ▁never ▁completely ▁in cap ac itated , ▁Christian ▁displayed ▁severe ▁emot ional ▁and ▁moral ▁inst ability , ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁court ▁and ▁personal ▁staff ▁strugg led ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁function ing ▁government ▁around ▁him . ▁King ▁Ludwig ▁II ▁of ▁Bav aria ▁( 1 8 4 5 – 1 8 8 6 ; ▁ruled ▁ 1 8 6 4 – 1 8 8 6 ) ▁ir rit ated ▁his ▁minister s ▁with ▁his ▁un control led ▁sp ending ▁on ▁magnific ent ▁cast les . ▁With ▁no ▁end ▁in ▁sight , ▁they ▁arranged ▁for
▁a ▁panel ▁of ▁psych iat rist s ▁to ▁declare ▁him ▁ins ane ▁and ▁installed ▁his ▁uncle ▁as ▁reg ent . ▁Although ▁the ▁minister s ▁were ▁motiv ated ▁by ▁political ▁concerns , ▁medical ▁explan ations ▁have ▁been ▁offered ▁that ▁include ▁front ot empor al ▁de ment ia , ▁sch iz ot yp al ▁person ality ▁dis order ▁and ▁Pick ' s ▁disease . ▁King ▁Otto ▁of ▁Bav aria ▁( 1 8 4 8 – 1 9 1 6 ; ▁ruled ▁ 1 8 8 6 – 1 9 1 3 ) ▁suffered ▁from ▁de pression , ▁anx iety ▁and ▁ins om nia ▁throughout ▁his ▁life . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 6 , ▁the ▁senior ▁royal ▁medical ▁officer ▁wrote ▁a ▁statement ▁declaring ▁that ▁Otto ▁was ▁sever ely ▁ment ally ▁ill . ▁Otto ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁suffered ▁from ▁sch iz op hren ia . ▁ ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁monarch s ▁ ▁Neb uch ad ne zz ar ▁II ▁( c . ▁ 6 3 4 ▁BC ▁– ▁c . ▁ 5 6 2 ▁BC , ▁ruled ▁c . ▁ 6 0 5 ▁BC ▁– ▁c . ▁ 5 6 2 ▁BC ) ▁is ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁Bible ▁as ▁displaying ▁sympt oms ▁consistent ▁with ▁bo anth ropy . ▁Maj d ▁al - D aw la ▁( 9 9 3 – 1 0 2 9 , ▁ruled ▁ 9 9 7 – 1 0 2 9 ) ▁was ▁suffering ▁from ▁bo anth ropy ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁c ured ▁by ▁Av ic en na , ▁according ▁to ▁Pers
ian ▁trad itions . ▁Tal al ▁of ▁Jordan ▁( 1 9 0 9 – 1 9 7 2 , ▁ruled ▁ 1 9 5 1 – 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ab dic ated ▁the ▁throne ▁after ▁being ▁un success fully ▁treated ▁for ▁sch iz op hren ia . ▁ ▁East ▁Asian ▁monarch s ▁ ▁Emperor ▁Ta ish ō ▁( 大正天皇 , ▁Ta ish ō - ten n ō , ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁– ▁ 2 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁of ▁Japan , ▁suffered ▁from ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁ne uro log ical ▁dis orders , ▁which ▁though ▁at ▁least ▁partially ▁physical ▁in ▁origin ▁incorpor ated ▁psych ological ▁elements ▁as ▁well . ▁Disc uss ion ▁or ▁criticism ▁of ▁an ▁em peror , ▁including ▁that ▁of ▁health ▁issues , ▁remains ▁a ▁controvers ial ▁subject ▁in ▁Japan ▁for ▁cultural , ▁political , ▁and ▁religious ▁reasons ▁and ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁Ch rys anth em um ▁tab oo . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁M ent ally ▁ill ▁Category : Ro yal ty ▁and ▁nob ility ▁with ▁dis abilities ▁* ▁M ent ally ▁ill ▁monarch s <0x0A> </s> ▁P ip estone ▁Creek ▁is ▁a ▁water way ▁that ▁runs ▁through ▁central ▁Al berta , ▁Canada . ▁For ▁example , ▁over ▁ ▁of ▁P ip estone ▁Creek ▁park land ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁Mil let , ▁Al berta , ▁with ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁me adows ▁and ▁urban ▁forest . ▁ ▁It ▁origin ates ▁east ▁of ▁P ige on
▁Lake ▁and ▁flows ▁east . ▁It ▁is ▁crossed ▁by ▁Highway 2 , ▁Highway ▁ 2 A , ▁Highway ▁ 1 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Pacific ▁Railway ▁tracks ▁before ▁it ▁em pt ies ▁into ▁the ▁Battle ▁River ▁east ▁of ▁W et ask i win . ▁ ▁Trib ut aries ▁include ▁the ▁Big stone ▁Creek , ▁Hu ard ▁Lake ▁and ▁Co al ▁Lake . ▁Long ▁Lake ▁and ▁W ate let ▁Lake ▁are ▁developed ▁on ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁cre ek . ▁ ▁( Not ▁connected ▁with ▁the ▁P ip estone ▁Creek ▁and ▁F oss il ▁Bed ▁near ▁Grande ▁Pra irie , ▁Al berta .) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Al berta ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Al berta <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁R isen ▁Christ , ▁Crist o ▁della ▁Min erva ▁in ▁Italian , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Christ ▁the ▁R ede emer ▁or ▁Christ ▁Car ry ing ▁the ▁Cross , ▁is ▁a ▁mar ble ▁sculpt ure ▁by ▁the ▁Italy ▁High ▁Renaissance ▁master ▁Michel ang elo , ▁finished ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 1 . ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁sop ra ▁Min erva ▁in ▁Rome , ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁alt ar . ▁ ▁The ▁work ▁was ▁commission ed ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 5 1 4 , ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁pat ric ian ▁Met ello ▁Vari , ▁who ▁st ip ulated ▁only ▁that ▁the ▁n ude ▁standing ▁figure ▁would ▁have ▁the ▁Cross ▁in ▁his ▁arms , ▁but ▁left ▁the ▁composition ▁entirely ▁to ▁Michel ang elo .
▁Michel ang elo ▁was ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁first ▁version ▁of ▁this ▁statue ▁in ▁his ▁studio ▁in ▁Mac ello ▁dei ▁Cor vi ▁around ▁ 1 5 1 5 , ▁but ▁abandoned ▁it ▁in ▁rough ed - out ▁condition ▁when ▁he ▁discovered ▁a ▁black ▁ve in ▁in ▁the ▁white ▁mar ble , ▁remarked ▁upon ▁by ▁Vari ▁in ▁a ▁letter , ▁and ▁later ▁by ▁Ul isse ▁Ald rov and i . ▁A ▁new ▁version ▁was ▁hurried ly ▁subst it uted ▁in ▁ 1 5 1 9 - 1 5 2 0 ▁to ▁ful fil ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁contract . ▁Michel ang elo ▁worked ▁on ▁it ▁in ▁Florence , ▁and ▁the ▁move ▁to ▁Rome ▁and ▁final ▁touch es ▁were ▁entr usted ▁to ▁an ▁app rent ice , ▁Pietro ▁U rb ano ; ▁the ▁latter , ▁however , ▁dam aged ▁the ▁work ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁quickly ▁replaced ▁by ▁Feder ico ▁F riz zi ▁at ▁the ▁suggestion ▁of ▁Sebast iano ▁del ▁Pi om bo . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁version , ▁rough ▁as ▁it ▁was , ▁was ▁asked ▁for ▁by ▁Met ello ▁Vari , ▁and ▁given ▁him ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 5 2 2 , ▁for ▁the ▁little ▁garden ▁cour ty ard ▁of ▁his ▁pal az zet to ▁near ▁Santa ▁Maria ▁sop ra ▁Min erva , ▁ ▁translated ▁as ▁" As ▁his ▁greatest ▁honor , ▁as ▁if ▁it ▁were ▁of ▁gold ", ▁a ▁mark ▁of ▁the ▁este em ▁in ▁which ▁Michel ang elo ▁was ▁held ". ▁There ▁it ▁remained , ▁described ▁by ▁Ald rov and i ▁in ▁
1 5 5 6 , ▁and ▁noted ▁in ▁some ▁contemporary ▁letters ▁as ▁apparently ▁for ▁sale ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 7 , ▁following ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁utter ly ▁lost ▁to ▁sight . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁I rene ▁Bald r iga ▁recognized ▁the ▁lost ▁first ▁version , ▁finished ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁sevent e enth ▁century , ▁in ▁the ▁sac rist y ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁San ▁V inc en zo ▁Mart ire , ▁at ▁Bass ano ▁Rom ano ▁near ▁V iter bo ; ▁the ▁black ▁ve in ▁is ▁clearly ▁distinguish able ▁on ▁Christ ' s ▁left ▁che ek . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁often ▁called ▁the ▁Gi ust in iani ▁Christ . ▁ ▁The ▁parts ▁finished ▁later ▁are ▁the ▁" right ▁hand , ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁face ▁and ▁the ▁back ". ▁ ▁Despite ▁all ▁these ▁problems , ▁the ▁second ▁version ▁im pressed ▁the ▁contempor aries . ▁Sebast iano ▁del ▁Pi om bo ▁declared ▁that ▁the ▁kne es ▁alone ▁were ▁worthy ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁whole ▁Rome , ▁which ▁William ▁Wal lace ▁has ▁called ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁curious ▁pra ises ▁ever ▁s ung ▁about ▁a ▁work ▁of ▁art " ▁Christ ▁is ▁shown ▁by ▁Michel ang elo ▁un cl oth ed ▁in ▁a ▁standing ▁pose . ▁Christ ' s ▁sexual ▁org ans ▁are ▁exposed ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁show ▁that ▁his ▁sexual ity ▁is ▁un cor rupted ▁by ▁l ust ▁and ▁completely ▁controlled ▁by ▁his ▁will , ▁so ▁that ▁in ▁his ▁res ur rect ed ▁body ▁he ▁shows ▁his ▁triumph ▁over ▁both
▁sin ▁and ▁death . ▁During ▁the ▁Bar o que ▁period ▁a ▁bronze ▁floating ▁lo in cl oth ▁was ▁added . ▁ ▁A ▁leg ▁is ▁flex ed ▁and ▁the ▁head ▁turned ▁back , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁contra pp osto . ▁ ▁Comp ared ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁version , ▁the ▁more ▁active ▁pose ▁allows ▁more ▁varied ▁impress ions ▁when ▁the ▁statue ▁is ▁seen ▁from ▁different ▁angles , ▁" not ▁only ▁activ ating ▁the ▁space ▁around ▁him , ▁but ▁also ▁suggesting ▁an ▁unfold ing ▁story ". ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁version ▁was ▁exhib ited ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Gallery , ▁London ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁room ▁as ▁a ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁version , ▁draw ings ▁for ▁it , ▁and ▁letter ▁rel ating ▁to ▁it . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 2 0 s ▁sculpt ures ▁Category : Mar ble ▁sculpt ures ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : N ude ▁sculpt ures ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : S cul pt ures ▁by ▁Michel ang elo ▁Category : Stat ues ▁of ▁Jesus <0x0A> </s> ▁" V avo om : ▁Ted ▁the ▁Mechan ic " ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁song ▁on ▁Pur pend icular , ▁Deep ▁Pur ple ' s ▁first ▁studio ▁album ▁featuring ▁guitar ist ▁Steve ▁Mor se . ▁The ▁song ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁use ▁of ▁pin ch ▁harm on ics . ▁It ▁remained ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁song ▁in ▁the ▁band ' s ▁live ▁sets ▁after ▁the ▁album ' s ▁release ▁so ▁that ▁Mor se ▁could ▁start ▁the ▁show ▁by
▁playing ▁the ▁first ▁notes ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁album . ▁ ▁V ocal ist ▁Ian ▁Gill an ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁lyr ics ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁true - life ▁story ▁of ▁a ▁man ▁he ▁once ▁met ▁in ▁a ▁pub ▁during ▁the ▁recording ▁sessions ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁album ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Blue ▁Light . ▁The ▁two ▁started ▁talking , ▁and ▁Gill an ▁wrote ▁down ▁the ▁man ' s ▁story ▁on ▁some ▁nap kins ▁which ▁he ▁then ▁put ▁away ▁and ▁forgot ▁about . ▁He ▁discovered ▁them ▁years ▁later ▁and ▁they ▁became ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁lyr ics ▁of ▁" V avo om : ▁Ted ▁the ▁Mechan ic ". ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁a ▁live ▁st ap le ▁during ▁the ▁Pur pend icular ▁tour , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁played ▁during ▁more ▁recent ▁t ours ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁The ▁" V avo om " ▁in ▁the ▁song ' s ▁title ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁each ▁verse , ▁where ▁Gill an ▁says ▁the ▁word , ▁leading ▁into ▁the ▁ch orus . ▁On ▁all ▁live ▁albums ▁that ▁feature ▁the ▁song , ▁though , ▁the ▁title ▁is ▁simply ▁listed ▁as ▁" T ed ▁the ▁Mechan ic ". ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Ian ▁Gill an ▁- ▁vocals ▁Steve ▁Mor se ▁- ▁guitar ▁Roger ▁Glo ver ▁- ▁bass ▁Jon ▁Lord ▁- ▁organ ▁Ian ▁Pa ice ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁Category : De ep ▁Pur ple ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Ian ▁Gill an ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Roger ▁Glo ver ▁Category : S ongs ▁written
▁by ▁Jon ▁Lord ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Ian ▁Pa ice ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Steve ▁Mor se ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁songs <0x0A> </s> ▁S j ø bot nen ▁Cir que ▁() ▁is ▁the ▁prominent ▁cir que ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁face ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁mass if ▁of ▁the ▁Gr uber ▁Mountains , ▁situated ▁immediately ▁east ▁of ▁Mount ▁Z imm ermann , ▁in ▁the ▁W ohl that ▁Mountains ▁of ▁Queen ▁Ma ud ▁Land . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁and ▁pl otted ▁from ▁air ▁photos ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 8 – 3 9 , ▁and ▁re pl otted ▁from ▁air ▁photos ▁and ▁surve ys ▁by ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition , ▁ 1 9 5 6 – 6 0 , ▁and ▁named ▁S j ø bot nen ▁(" the ▁lake ▁cir que ") ▁because ▁the ▁inner ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁feature ▁is ▁occupied ▁by ▁a ▁s izable ▁lake . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ir ques ▁of ▁Queen ▁Ma ud ▁Land ▁Category : Pr in cess ▁A str id ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁SC SV ▁Bom ast ar , ▁known ▁as ▁Bom ast ar ▁is ▁a ▁Sur in am ese ▁football ▁club ▁from ▁L ely dor p ▁that ▁plays ▁in ▁the ▁SV B ▁E er ste ▁K lasse , ▁the ▁second ▁tier ▁of ▁Sur in am ese ▁football . ▁ ▁History ▁Form er ly ▁known ▁as ▁H OB ▁( H ouse ▁Of ▁Bill i ards ), ▁SC SV
▁Bom ast ar ▁were ▁born ▁after ▁the ▁re leg ation ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁club ▁from ▁the ▁SV B ▁Ho of dk lasse ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ▁season . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁club ▁won ▁the ▁SV B ▁E er ste ▁K lasse ▁title , ▁prom oting ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁flight . ▁Only ▁to ▁be ▁re leg ated ▁once ▁more ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁season . ▁ ▁Ach iev ements ▁ ▁SV B ▁E er ste ▁K lasse : ▁ 1 ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁B oma ▁Star ▁B oma ▁Star <0x0A> </s> ▁Cha ▁J ae - ky ung ▁( born ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁South ▁Korean ▁team ▁hand ball ▁player ▁and ▁Olympic ▁champion . ▁She ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁where ▁she ▁received ▁a ▁gold ▁medal ▁with ▁the ▁Korean ▁team . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S outh ▁Korean ▁female ▁hand ball ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁hand ball ▁players ▁of ▁South ▁Korea ▁Category : Hand ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁South ▁Korea ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁medal ists ▁in ▁hand ball ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁hand ball ▁Category : Hand
ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁South ▁Korea ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Asian ▁Games <0x0A> </s> ▁N akh on ▁S aw an ▁Sport ▁School ▁Stadium ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁multi - pur pose ▁stad ium ▁in ▁N akh on ▁S aw an , ▁Th ailand . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁used ▁mostly ▁for ▁football ▁matches ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁home ▁stad ium ▁of ▁Pak nam ph o ▁NS RU ▁F . C .. ▁The ▁stad ium ▁holds ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁Category : Multi - pur pose ▁stad iums ▁in ▁Th ailand ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁N akh on ▁S aw an ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁Party ▁of ▁S lav ic ▁Unity ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁is ▁a ▁more ▁radical ▁political ▁party ▁that ▁was ▁created ▁as ▁an ▁off - shot ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁Congress ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁before ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Ukrain ian ▁parliament ary ▁election . ▁ ▁The ▁Party ▁of ▁S lav ic ▁Unity ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁is ▁a ▁Ukrain ian ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁National ▁Unity . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Information ▁about ▁the ▁party ▁ ▁Category : Russ ian ▁political ▁parties ▁in ▁Ukraine <0x0A> </s> ▁Gla u co char is ▁micro x anth a ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cr amb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by
▁Mey rick ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Australia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Di pty ch op hor ini ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁M ist il te inn ▁(" M ist le to e "), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁M ist elte in ▁or ▁Myst let ain n , ▁is ▁H ró mund r ▁G ri ps son ' s ▁sword ▁in ▁H ró mund ar ▁s aga ▁G ri ps son ar , ▁a ▁legend ary ▁s aga ▁from ▁I cel and . ▁ ▁M ist il te inn ▁first ▁belonged ▁to ▁ Þ rá inn , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁king ▁in ▁Vall and ▁before ▁he ▁retired ▁in ▁his ▁bur ial ▁m ound ▁with ▁his ▁wealth . ▁ ▁The ▁Dan ish ▁king ▁Ó lá fr ▁and ▁his ▁men , ▁among ▁whom ▁H ró mund r ▁G ri ps son , ▁lear nt ▁about ▁that ▁and ▁found ▁the ▁bar row . ▁ Þ rá inn , ▁who ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁dra u gr ▁( l iving ▁dead ) ▁was ▁sitting ▁inside . ▁No ▁one ▁but ▁H ró mund r ▁d ared ▁to ▁enter . ▁After ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁fier ce ▁fight , ▁he ▁defeated ▁ Þ rá inn ▁and ▁took ▁his ▁tre asure , ▁especially ▁his ▁sword , ▁with ▁which ▁ Þ rá inn ▁had ▁killed ▁four ▁hundred ▁and ▁twenty ▁men , ▁including ▁the ▁Swedish ▁king ▁Sem ing r . ▁ ▁H ró mund r ▁used ▁M
ist il te inn ▁during ▁the ▁battle ▁between ▁Ó lá fr ▁and ▁two ▁Swedish ▁k ings ▁both ▁named ▁H ald ing r . ▁He ▁killed ▁Hel gi ▁inn ▁fr æ k ni ▁( the ▁V ali ant ), ▁who ▁had ▁s lain ▁his ▁brothers . ▁He ▁then ▁lost ▁M ist il te inn ▁in ▁the ▁water ▁out ▁of ▁w itch craft . ▁He ▁deeply ▁felt ▁this ▁loss ▁but ▁soon ▁recovered ▁his ▁sword , ▁which ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁st om ach ▁of ▁a ▁pi ke . ▁But ▁M ist il te inn ▁was ▁of ▁no ▁help ▁when ▁he ▁fought ▁king ▁H ald ing r , ▁whom ▁he ▁eventually ▁killed ▁with ▁a ▁club . ▁▁ ▁In ▁G esta ▁Dan orum , ▁M ist il tain n ▁is ▁the ▁weapon ▁used ▁to ▁kill ▁Bald r . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁ ▁The ▁housing ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁characters ▁in ▁the ▁popular ▁an ime ▁Dar ling ▁in ▁the ▁Fran xx ▁is ▁called ▁M ist il te inn . ▁In ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁series ▁Fire ▁Em blem ▁Myst let ain n ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁sword ▁w ield ed ▁by ▁E ld igan ▁in ▁Fire ▁Em blem : ▁Gene al ogy ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁War . ▁An ▁im itation ▁of ▁the ▁sword ▁later ▁appears ▁in ▁Fire ▁Em blem : ▁Aw ak ening ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Miss ile tain n . ▁A ▁t ome ▁in ▁Fire ▁Em blem : ▁F ates ▁is ▁also ▁named ▁Miss ile tain n . ▁M ist il te inn ▁is ▁an ▁obtain
able ▁weapon ▁in ▁Gran blue ▁Fant asy ▁mobile ▁game . ▁M ist il te inn ▁is ▁an ▁obtain able ▁weapon ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁Final ▁Fant asy ▁XIII . ▁It ▁appears ▁as ▁a ▁staff ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁sword . ▁M ist elte in ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁play able ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁MM OR PG ▁Cl os ers . ▁In ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁series ▁Cast lev ania , ▁an ▁entry ▁called ▁A ria ▁of ▁Sor row ▁and ▁its ▁sequ el , ▁Da wn ▁of ▁Sor row , ▁have ▁a ▁sword ▁called ▁Myst let ain n , ▁referencing ▁this ▁weapon . ▁Myst let ain n ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁magic ▁p ink ▁ch ains aw ▁that ▁allows ▁protagon ist ▁Ay um u ▁A ik awa ▁to ▁transform ▁into ▁a ▁mag ical ▁gar ment ▁girl ▁in ▁the ▁an ime ▁series ▁Is ▁This ▁a ▁Z omb ie ? ▁The ▁Secret ▁Art ▁of ▁M ist il te inn ▁is ▁a ▁strike ▁used ▁by ▁Ar in ▁K ann azu ki ▁in ▁Tr inity ▁Seven ▁using ▁her ▁weapon , ▁G ae ▁Bol g . ▁In ▁the ▁an ime ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁m anga ▁Dream ▁E ater ▁Mer ry , ▁a ▁character ▁named ▁Myst let ain n ▁is ▁introduced ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁ant agon ist ▁In ▁the ▁an ime ▁Black ▁Clo ver , ▁the ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁golden ▁dawn ▁squad , ▁V ange ance ▁uses ▁an ▁ability ▁called ▁World ▁tree ▁magic : ▁great ▁mist il te inn ▁tree . ▁In ▁the ▁an ime ▁In finite ▁Str atos ▁S
2 , ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁student ▁council , ▁T aten ashi ▁Sar ash iki ▁uses ▁an ▁attack ▁called ▁L ance ▁of ▁M ist il te inn . ▁In ▁the ▁m anga ▁Project ▁AR MS , ▁created ▁by ▁K yo ichi ▁Nan ats uki ▁and ▁R yo ji ▁Min ag awa , ▁the ▁character ▁Hay ato ▁Sh ingu , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁protagon ists , ▁can ▁transform ▁in ▁a ▁powerful ▁arm ored ▁kn ight ▁whose ▁lance , ▁the ▁" L ance ▁of ▁M ist il te inn ", ▁can ▁destroy ▁other ▁AR MS ▁with ▁an ▁Anti - AR MS ▁N ano - V irus . ▁ ▁Category : B ald r ▁Category : M yth ological ▁Nor se ▁weapons ▁Category : M yth ological ▁s words <0x0A> </s> ▁Activ ision ▁Publishing , ▁Inc . ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁video ▁game ▁publish er ▁based ▁in ▁Santa ▁Mon ica , ▁California . ▁It ▁currently ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁publishing ▁business ▁for ▁its ▁parent ▁company , ▁Activ ision ▁Bl izz ard , ▁and ▁consists ▁of ▁several ▁subs idi ary ▁stud ios . ▁Activ ision ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁third - party ▁video ▁game ▁publish ers ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁top ▁United ▁States ▁publish er ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁founded ▁as ▁Activ ision , ▁Inc . ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁in ▁Sun ny v ale , ▁California , ▁by ▁former ▁At ari ▁game ▁developers , ▁ups et ▁at ▁how ▁they ▁were ▁treated ▁at ▁At ari ,
▁to ▁develop ▁their ▁own ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁popular ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁home ▁video ▁game ▁console . ▁Activ ision ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁independent , ▁third - party , ▁console ▁video ▁game ▁developer . ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁video ▁game ▁crash , ▁in ▁part ▁created ▁by ▁too ▁many ▁new ▁companies ▁trying ▁to ▁follow ▁in ▁Activ ision ' s ▁foot steps ▁without ▁the ▁expert ise ▁of ▁Activ ision ' s ▁found ers , ▁hurt ▁Activ ision ' s ▁position ▁in ▁console ▁games , ▁forcing ▁them ▁to ▁divers ify ▁into ▁games ▁for ▁home ▁computers , ▁including ▁the ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁Info com . ▁After ▁a ▁management ▁shift , ▁with ▁CE O ▁Jim ▁Le vy ▁replaced ▁by ▁Bruce ▁Davis , ▁the ▁company ▁renamed ▁itself ▁as ▁Medi agen ic ▁and ▁branch ed ▁out ▁into ▁business ▁software ▁applications . ▁Medi agen ic ▁quickly ▁fell ▁into ▁deb t , ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁bought ▁for ▁around ▁ ▁by ▁Bobby ▁Kot ick ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁group ▁of ▁invest ors ▁around ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁Kot ick ▁instit uted ▁a ▁full ▁re work ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁cover ▁its ▁deb ts : ▁dismiss ing ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁staff , ▁moving ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁and ▁rever ting ▁to ▁the ▁Activ ision ▁name . ▁Building ▁on ▁existing ▁assets , ▁the ▁Kot ick - led ▁Activ ision ▁purs ued ▁more ▁publishing ▁opportun ities ▁and , ▁after ▁recover ing ▁from ▁the ▁former ▁deb t , ▁started ▁acqu iring ▁numerous ▁stud ios ▁and ▁intellectual ▁properties ▁over
▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁among ▁these ▁being ▁the ▁Call ▁of ▁D ut y ▁and ▁Gu itar ▁Hero ▁series . ▁A ▁holding ▁company ▁was ▁formed ▁as ▁Activ ision ' s ▁parent ▁company ▁to ▁manage ▁the ▁internal ▁and ▁acquired ▁stud ios . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁this ▁holding ▁merged ▁with ▁Viv endi ▁Games ▁( the ▁parent ▁company ▁of ▁Bl izz ard ▁Entertainment ) ▁and ▁formed ▁Activ ision ▁Bl izz ard , ▁with ▁Kot ick ▁as ▁its ▁CE O . ▁Within ▁this ▁structure , ▁Activ ision ▁serves ▁to ▁manage ▁numerous ▁third - party ▁stud ios ▁and ▁publish ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁parent ▁company ' s ▁games ▁outside ▁of ▁those ▁created ▁by ▁Bl izz ard . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Found ing ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁N olan ▁Bush nell ▁had ▁sold ▁At ari , ▁Inc . ▁to ▁Warner ▁Communic ations ▁and ▁then ▁left ▁the ▁company ▁over ▁several ▁disag re ements ▁with ▁the ▁direction ▁Warner ▁wanted ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁company — part icular ly ▁with ▁the ▁popular ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁game ▁console ▁( then ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁At ari ▁Video ▁Game ▁Console ▁or ▁V CS ). ▁Bush nell ' s ▁replacement ▁as ▁CE O , ▁Ray ▁K ass ar , ▁showed ▁little ▁respect ▁to ▁developers , ▁giving ▁them ▁no ▁financial ▁compens ation ▁for ▁prof itable ▁games ▁and ▁ref using ▁them ▁public ▁credit ▁for ▁fear ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁rec ru ited ▁by
▁other ▁game ▁companies . ▁David ▁C rane , ▁one ▁of ▁At ari ' s ▁program mers , ▁re called ▁a ▁mem o ▁sent ▁by ▁K ass ar ▁that ▁listed ▁the ▁best - s elling ▁cart rid ges ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁year ▁to ▁help ▁guide ▁game ▁ideas ; ▁C rane ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁games ▁he ▁was ▁fully ▁responsible ▁for ▁had ▁brought ▁in ▁over ▁ ▁for ▁the ▁company ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁only ▁receiving ▁a ▁ ▁sal ary . ▁C rane , ▁along ▁with ▁Larry ▁Kap lan , ▁Alan ▁Miller ▁and ▁Bob ▁White head , ▁became ▁vocal ▁about ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁recognition ▁within ▁the ▁company ▁and ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" G ang ▁of ▁Four ". ▁The ▁group ▁met ▁with ▁K ass ar ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁to ▁demand ▁that ▁the ▁company ▁treat ▁developers ▁as ▁record ▁labels ▁treated ▁mus icians , ▁with ▁roy alt ies ▁and ▁their ▁names ▁on ▁game ▁boxes . ▁Kap lan , ▁who ▁called ▁the ▁others ▁" the ▁best ▁design ers ▁for ▁the ▁[ 2 6 0 0 ] ▁in ▁the ▁world ", ▁re called ▁that ▁K ass ar ▁called ▁the ▁four ▁men ▁" t owel ▁design ers " ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁" any body ▁can ▁do ▁a ▁cart ridge ". ▁ ▁The ▁four ▁made ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁soon ▁leave ▁At ari ▁and ▁start ▁their ▁own ▁business , ▁but ▁were ▁not ▁sure ▁how ▁to ▁go ▁about ▁it . ▁Some ▁developers ▁had ▁already ▁left ▁At ari , ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁h ired ▁back ▁as ▁contract ors , ▁effectively ▁dou bling
▁their ▁pay ▁rate , ▁but ▁the ▁four ▁wanted ▁something ▁more ▁am bit ious . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁third - party ▁developers ▁did ▁not ▁exist , ▁as ▁software ▁for ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles ▁were ▁published ▁exclus ively ▁by ▁mak ers ▁of ▁the ▁systems ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁games ▁were ▁designed . ▁The ▁four ▁decided ▁to ▁create ▁their ▁own ▁independent ▁game ▁development ▁company . ▁They ▁were ▁directed ▁by ▁their ▁att orney ▁to ▁Jim ▁Le vy , ▁who ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁raising ▁vent ure ▁capital ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁c ass ette ▁t ape ▁drives ▁for ▁early ▁home ▁computers . ▁Le vy ▁listened ▁to ▁their ▁plans , ▁agreed ▁with ▁its ▁direction , ▁and ▁helped ▁the ▁four ▁to ▁secure ▁about ▁ ▁in ▁capital ▁from ▁S utter ▁Hill ▁Vent ures . ▁By ▁August , ▁C rane ▁and ▁Miller ▁had ▁left ▁At ari , ▁with ▁White head ▁and ▁Kap lan ▁joining ▁them ▁shortly ▁after . ▁Activ ision ▁was ▁formally ▁founded ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁with ▁Le vy ▁serving ▁as ▁CE O . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁initially ▁named ▁" Comput er ▁Arts , ▁Inc ." ▁while ▁they ▁considered ▁a ▁better ▁title . ▁The ▁four ▁found ers ▁had ▁thought ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁VS ync , ▁Inc ., ▁but ▁fe ared ▁that ▁the ▁public ▁would ▁not ▁understand ▁or ▁known ▁how ▁to ▁say ▁it . ▁Le vy ▁suggested ▁combining ▁" active " ▁and ▁" tele vision " ▁to ▁come ▁up ▁with ▁Activ ision . ▁The ▁four ' s ▁departure
▁from ▁At ari ▁created ▁a ▁major ▁dent ▁in ▁At ari ' s ▁developer ▁staff , ▁and ▁At ari ▁purs ued ▁legal ▁action ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁shut ▁Activ ision ▁down , ▁claim ing ▁the ▁four ▁had ▁st olen ▁trade ▁secre ts . ▁The ▁law suit ▁was ▁settled ▁by ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁with ▁Activ ision ▁agree ing ▁to ▁pay ▁roy alt ies ▁to ▁At ari ▁but ▁otherwise ▁legit im izing ▁the ▁third - party ▁development ▁model . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁( 1 9 8 0 – 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁four ' s ▁knowledge ▁of ▁the ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁software ▁tr icks ▁for ▁the ▁system , ▁helped ▁them ▁make ▁their ▁own ▁games ▁vis ually ▁distinct ▁from ▁At ari - produ ced ▁games . ▁Each ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁developed ▁their ▁own ▁titles , ▁about ▁once ▁a ▁year , ▁over ▁the ▁first ▁few ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁To ▁further ▁distinguish ▁themselves , ▁Activ ision ' s ▁boxes ▁were ▁bright ly ▁colored ▁and ▁featured ▁an ▁in - game ▁screenshot ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁cover . ▁Inst ruction ▁manual s ▁for ▁games ▁devoted ▁a ▁least ▁one ▁page ▁to ▁credit ▁the ▁developer . ▁Additionally , ▁for ▁nearly ▁all ▁of ▁Activ ision ' s ▁games ▁through ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁instruction ▁manual s ▁included ▁instructions ▁for ▁sending ▁the ▁company ▁a ▁photograph ▁of ▁a ▁player ' s ▁high ▁scores ▁to ▁receive ▁an
▁emb roid ered ▁patch ▁in ▁return . ▁ ▁Activ ision ' s ▁break out ▁title ▁was ▁ 1 9 8 2 ' s ▁Pit fall !, ▁created ▁by ▁C rane . ▁More ▁than ▁ 4 ▁million ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁were ▁sold . ▁Total ▁reven ues ▁around ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁were ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁about ▁, ▁at ▁which ▁point ▁they ▁had ▁around ▁ 6 0 ▁employees . ▁D anny ▁Good man ▁stated ▁in ▁Creative ▁Comput ing ▁Video ▁& ▁Ar cade ▁Games ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁" I ▁doubt ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁active ▁[ At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 ] ▁owner ▁who ▁doesn ' t ▁have ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁Activ ision ▁cart ridge ▁in ▁his ▁library ". ▁The ▁company ▁launched ▁a ▁success ▁initial ▁public ▁offering ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁on ▁NAS DA Q ▁under ▁the ▁stock ▁t icker ▁AV SN . ▁The ▁found ers ▁were ▁given ▁the ▁Game ▁Develop ers ▁Cho ice ▁" First ▁P engu in " ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁reflect ing ▁their ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁successful ▁third - party ▁developer . ▁ ▁The ▁video ▁game ▁market ▁crash ▁( 1 9 8 3 – 1 9 8 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁Activ ision , ▁alongside ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁the ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 , ▁led ▁to ▁many ▁more ▁home ▁cons oles ▁third - party ▁developers ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁home ▁cons oles . ▁Activ ision ▁produced ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁At ari ▁games
▁for ▁the ▁Int ell iv ision ▁and ▁Cole cov ision ▁cons oles , ▁among ▁other ▁platforms . ▁However , ▁several ▁new ▁third - party ▁developers ▁also ▁arose , ▁attempting ▁to ▁follow ▁the ▁approach ▁Activ ision ▁had ▁used ▁but ▁without ▁the ▁experience ▁they ▁had ; ▁according ▁to ▁C rane , ▁several ▁of ▁these ▁companies ▁were ▁founded ▁with ▁vent ure ▁capital ▁and ▁h ired ▁program mers ▁with ▁little ▁game ▁design ▁experience ▁off ▁the ▁street , ▁mass - publish ing ▁whatever ▁product ▁the ▁developers ▁had ▁made . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁contrib uting ▁factor ▁to ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁crash ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁For ▁Activ ision , ▁while ▁they ▁surv ived ▁the ▁crash , ▁they ▁felt ▁its ▁effects ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁years . ▁These ▁third - party ▁developers ▁fol ded , ▁leaving ▁w are h ouses ▁full ▁of ▁uns old ▁games , ▁which ▁sav vy ▁ret ail ers ▁purchased ▁and ▁sold ▁at ▁a ▁mass ▁disc ount ▁( ▁compared ▁to ▁Activ ision ' s ▁ ▁manufact urer ' s ▁suggested ▁ret ail ▁price ). ▁While ▁there ▁was ▁still ▁a ▁demand ▁for ▁Activ ision ▁games , ▁un ed uc ated ▁consum ers ▁were ▁more ▁drawn ▁to ▁the ▁heavily - dis count ed ▁titles ▁instead , ▁reducing ▁their ▁income . ▁Because ▁of ▁this , ▁Activ ision ▁decided ▁that ▁they ▁needed ▁to ▁divers ify ▁their ▁games ▁onto ▁home ▁computers ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 , ▁Apple , ▁and ▁At ari ▁ 8 - bit ▁family ▁to ▁avoid ▁a ▁similar ▁event . ▁There ▁still ▁was
▁a ▁d rain ▁of ▁talent ▁through ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁from ▁the ▁crash . ▁Kap lan ▁left ▁Activ ision ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁At ari ▁as ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁involved ▁in ▁hardware ▁development . ▁Miller ▁and ▁White head ▁left ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁large ▁de valu ation ▁of ▁their ▁stock , ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁form ▁Acc ol ade . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁crash ▁making ▁console ▁game ▁development ▁a ▁ris ky ▁proposition , ▁the ▁company ▁focused ▁on ▁developing ▁for ▁home ▁computers ▁with ▁games ▁like ▁Little ▁Computer ▁People ▁and ▁H acker , ▁while ▁Le vy ▁tried ▁to ▁keep ▁exp end it ures ▁in ▁check ▁as ▁they ▁recovered . ▁Looking ▁to ▁expand ▁further , ▁Activ ision ▁acquired , ▁through ▁a ▁corpor ate ▁mer ger , ▁the ▁struggling ▁text ▁advent ure ▁pione er ▁Info com ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁This ▁ac quisition ▁was ▁spe ar head ed ▁by ▁Le vy , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁big ▁fan ▁of ▁Info com ' s ▁titles ▁and ▁felt ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁position ▁as ▁Activ ision . ▁About ▁six ▁months ▁after ▁the ▁" Info com ▁Wed ding ", ▁Activ ision ' s ▁board ▁decided ▁to ▁replace ▁Le vy ▁with ▁Bruce ▁Davis . ▁Davis ▁was ▁against ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁Info com ▁from ▁the ▁start ▁and ▁was ▁heavy - hand ed ▁in ▁its ▁management , ▁and ▁even ▁attempted ▁to ▁seek ▁a ▁law suit ▁to ▁recover ▁their ▁purchase ▁from ▁Info com ' s
▁share hold ers . ▁C rane ▁also ▁found ▁Davis ▁difficult ▁to ▁work ▁with , ▁and ▁was ▁concerned ▁with ▁how ▁Davis ▁managed ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁Im ag ic , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁third - party ▁development ▁stud ios ▁formed ▁in ▁Activ ision ' s ▁success ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁C rane ▁left ▁Activ ision ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁helped ▁Gary ▁K itchen ▁found ▁Ab solute ▁Entertainment . ▁ ▁Medi agen ic ▁( 1 9 8 8 – 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Activ ision ▁began ▁invol vement ▁in ▁software ▁besides ▁video ▁games , ▁such ▁as ▁business ▁applications . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Activ ision ▁changed ▁its ▁corpor ate ▁name ▁to ▁Medi agen ic ▁to ▁better ▁represent ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁activities . ▁ ▁Medi agen ic ▁consisted ▁of ▁four ▁groups : ▁ ▁Activ ision : ▁video ▁game ▁publish er ▁for ▁various ▁platforms , ▁not ably ▁the ▁N intendo ▁Entertainment ▁System , ▁the ▁S ega ▁Master ▁System , ▁the ▁At ari ▁ 7 8 0 0 , ▁At ari ▁ST , ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 ▁and ▁Am iga ▁ ▁Info com : ▁developer ▁of ▁interactive ▁fiction ▁games ▁ ▁Gam est ar : ▁initially ▁an ▁independent ▁company ▁but ▁purchased ▁by ▁Activ ision ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁Special ized ▁in ▁sports ▁video ▁games ▁ ▁Ten ▁Point ▁O : ▁business ▁application ▁software ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁after ▁several ▁years ▁of ▁losses , ▁Activ ision ▁closed ▁down
▁the ▁Info com ▁stud ios , ▁extending ▁to ▁only ▁ 1 1 ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 6 ▁employees ▁an ▁offer ▁to ▁re loc ate ▁to ▁Activ ision ' s ▁Sil icon ▁Valley ▁headquarters . ▁Five ▁of ▁them ▁accepted ▁this ▁offer . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁Medi agen ic , ▁via ▁Activ ision , ▁secured ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁games ▁from ▁Cy an ▁World s . ▁The ▁first ▁game ▁published ▁by ▁Activ ision ▁from ▁Cy an ▁was ▁The ▁Man hole , ▁on ▁CD - ROM ▁for ▁personal ▁computers , ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁game ▁distributed ▁in ▁this ▁format . ▁ ▁P urchase ▁by ▁Bobby ▁Kot ick ▁( 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Davis ' ▁management ▁of ▁Medi agen ic ▁failed ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁prof itable ▁company ; ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁Medi agen ic ▁reported ▁a ▁loss ▁of ▁ ▁on ▁only ▁ ▁profit ▁and ▁had ▁over ▁ ▁in ▁deb t . ▁Cy an ▁sever ed ▁their ▁contract ▁with ▁Activ ision , ▁and ▁turned ▁to ▁Bro der bund ▁for ▁publishing , ▁including ▁what ▁would ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁computer ▁games ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Myst . ▁ ▁Bobby ▁Kot ick ▁had ▁become ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁video ▁game ▁industry ▁following ▁the ▁crash , ▁and ▁he ▁and ▁three ▁invest ors ▁tried ▁to ▁buy ▁Com mod ore ▁International ▁as ▁to ▁gain ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁Com mod ore ▁Am iga ▁line ▁of ▁personal ▁computers . ▁Fail ing ▁to ▁complete ▁this
, ▁the ▁group ▁bought ▁a ▁company ▁that ▁lic ensed ▁N intendo ▁characters , ▁and ▁through ▁N intendo ▁was ▁directed ▁to ▁the ▁failing ▁Medi agen ic . ▁Kot ick ▁was ▁drawn ▁to ▁buy ▁out ▁Medi agen ic ▁not ▁for ▁its ▁current ▁offer ings ▁but ▁for ▁the ▁Activ ision ▁name , ▁given ▁its ▁past ▁success es ▁with ▁Pit fall !, ▁with ▁hopes ▁to ▁restore ▁Activ ision ▁to ▁its ▁former ▁glory . ▁Kot ick ▁and ▁additional ▁invest ors ▁bought ▁Medi agen ic ▁for ▁approximately ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ; ▁these ▁invest ors ▁included ▁real ▁estate ▁business man ▁Steve ▁W yn n ▁and ▁Phili ps ▁Electron ics . ▁Kot ick ▁became ▁CE O ▁and ▁made ▁several ▁immediate ▁changes : ▁He ▁let ▁go ▁of ▁all ▁but ▁ 8 ▁of ▁the ▁companies ' ▁ 1 5 0 ▁employees , ▁performed ▁a ▁full ▁rest ruct uring ▁of ▁the ▁company , ▁developed ▁a ▁bank rupt cy ▁rest ruct uring ▁plan , ▁and ▁rein cor por ated ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California . ▁In ▁the ▁bank rupt cy ▁plan , ▁Kot ick ▁recognized ▁that ▁Medi agen ic ▁still ▁had ▁valuable ▁assets , ▁which ▁included ▁the ▁Info com ▁library ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁its ▁author ing ▁tools ▁to ▁make ▁games , ▁Activ ision ' s ▁distribution ▁network , ▁and ▁lic enses ▁to ▁develop ▁on ▁N intendo ▁and ▁S ega ▁home ▁cons oles . ▁Kot ick ▁offset ▁some ▁deb t ▁by ▁giving ▁stock ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁its ▁distrib utors ▁as ▁to ▁keep ▁them ▁v ested ▁in ▁the ▁company '
s ▁success . ▁Kot ick ▁also ▁had ▁the ▁company ▁re issue ▁several ▁of ▁its ▁past ▁console ▁and ▁Info com ▁titles ▁as ▁comp il ations ▁for ▁personal ▁computers . ▁Kot ick ▁had ▁also ▁recognized ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁Z ork ▁property ▁from ▁Info com , ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁company ▁develop ▁a ▁sequ el , ▁Return ▁to ▁Z ork . ▁Com b ined , ▁these ▁steps ▁allowed ▁Medi agen ic ▁to ▁ful fill ▁on ▁the ▁bank rupt cy ▁plan , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Kot ick ▁renamed ▁Medi agen ic ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁Activ ision ▁name . ▁The ▁new ▁Activ ision ▁went ▁public ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁raising ▁about ▁, ▁and ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁NAS DA Q ▁under ▁its ▁new ▁t icker ▁symbol ▁A TV I . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Kot ick ' s ▁approach ▁had ▁met ▁one ▁promise ▁he ▁made ▁to ▁invest ors : ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁give ▁them ▁four ▁years ▁of ▁ 5 0 % ▁growth ▁in ▁reven ues ▁while ▁remaining ▁break - even . ▁Re aching ▁this ▁goal , ▁Kot ick ▁then ▁set ▁Activ ision ▁on ▁his ▁second ▁promise ▁to ▁invest ors , ▁to ▁develop ▁high - dem and ▁games ▁and ▁make ▁the ▁company ▁prof itable ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Activ ision ▁published ▁the ▁first - person ▁perspective ▁Me ch W ar rior ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁based ▁on ▁F AS A ' s ▁pen - and - pen
cil ▁game ▁Battle T ech . ▁A ▁sequ el , ▁Me ch W ar rior ▁ 2 , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁after ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁del ays ▁and ▁internal ▁strugg les , ▁prompt ing ▁F AS A ▁not ▁to ▁renew ▁their ▁lic ens ing ▁deal ▁with ▁Activ ision . ▁To ▁counter , ▁Activ ision ▁released ▁several ▁more ▁games ▁bearing ▁the ▁Me ch W ar rior ▁ 2 ▁name , ▁which ▁did ▁not ▁viol ate ▁their ▁lic ens ing ▁agreement . ▁These ▁included ▁Net M ech , ▁Me ch W ar rior ▁ 2 : ▁Ghost ▁Bear ' s ▁Leg acy , ▁and ▁Me ch W ar rior ▁ 2 : ▁Mer cen aries . ▁The ▁entire ▁Me ch W ar rior ▁ 2 ▁game ▁series ▁account ed ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ ▁in ▁sales . ▁ ▁Activ ision ▁proc ured ▁the ▁license ▁to ▁another ▁pen - and - paper - based ▁war ▁game , ▁He avy ▁G ear , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁The ▁video ▁game ▁version ▁was ▁well ▁received ▁by ▁critics , ▁with ▁an ▁ 8 1 . 4 6 % ▁average ▁rating ▁on ▁Game R ank ings ▁and ▁being ▁considered ▁the ▁best ▁game ▁of ▁the ▁genre ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁by ▁Game Sp ot . ▁The ▁Me ch war rior ▁ 2 ▁engine ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁other ▁Activ ision ▁games , ▁including ▁ 1 9 9 7 ' s ▁Inter state ▁' 7 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 8 ' s ▁Battle zone
. ▁ ▁G row th ▁and ▁ac quis itions ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁With ▁several ▁of ▁its ▁own ▁successfully - develop ed ▁games ▁helping ▁to ▁turn ▁a ▁profit , ▁Kot ick ▁led ▁Activ ision ▁to ▁start ▁seeking ▁ac quis itions ▁of ▁video ▁game ▁development ▁stud ios , ▁gu ided ▁by ▁market ▁surve ys ▁to ▁determine ▁what ▁areas ▁of ▁content ▁to ▁focus ▁on . ▁It ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Activ ision ▁made ▁ 2 5 ▁ac quis itions , ▁several ▁for ▁und is closed ▁amounts . ▁Several ▁of ▁these ▁came ▁prior ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁the ▁D ot - com ▁b ubble , ▁en abling ▁the ▁company ▁to ▁ac quire ▁stud ios ▁at ▁a ▁lower ▁valu ation . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Activ ision ▁re organ ized ▁as ▁a ▁holding ▁company , ▁Activ ision ▁Hold ings , ▁to ▁manage ▁Activ ision ▁and ▁its ▁subs idi aries ▁more ▁effectively . ▁Activ ision ▁changed ▁its ▁corpor ate ▁name ▁from ▁" Activ ision , ▁Inc ." ▁to ▁" Activ ision ▁Publishing , ▁Inc .", ▁while ▁Activ ision ▁Hold ings ▁took ▁Activ ision ' s ▁former ▁" Activ ision , ▁Inc ." ▁name . ▁Activ ision ▁Publishing ▁became ▁a ▁wh olly ▁owned ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Activ ision , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁became ▁the ▁public ly ▁trad ed ▁company , ▁with ▁all ▁out
standing ▁shares ▁of ▁capital ▁stock ▁converted . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁ac quis itions ▁and ▁invest ments ▁made ▁by ▁Activ ision ▁in ▁this ▁period ▁include : ▁ ▁R aven ▁Software : ▁R aven ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ; ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁close ▁proxim ity , ▁R aven ▁frequently ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁id ▁Software , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁studio ' s ▁early ▁success es ▁was ▁the ▁Her etic ▁series ▁using ▁id ' s ▁Do om ▁engine . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁R aven ' s ▁found ers ▁Brian ▁and ▁Steve ▁R aff el ▁felt ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁seek ▁a ▁parent ▁company . ▁They ▁arranged ▁a ▁publishing ▁deal ▁with ▁Activ ision ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁which ▁not ▁only ▁served ▁to ▁provide ▁R aven ▁additional ▁financial ▁support , ▁but ▁also ▁gave ▁Activ ision ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁work ▁closely ▁with ▁id ▁Software ▁and ▁gain ▁business ▁relationships ▁with ▁them . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Activ ision ▁acquired ▁R aven ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁first ▁subs idi aries ▁under ▁Kot ick . ▁ ▁Never soft : ▁Prior ▁to ▁its ▁ac quisition ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Activ ision ▁had ▁arranged ▁a ▁development ▁deal ▁with ▁Never soft ▁to ▁re - develop ▁Ap ocal yp se , ▁a ▁title ▁that ▁failed ▁to ▁be ▁completed ▁within ▁Activ ision . ▁Sub sequently , ▁Activ ision ▁had ▁Never soft ▁work ▁on ▁a ▁prototype ▁for ▁a ▁sk ate board ing ▁game , ▁which ▁would
▁end ▁up ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁Tony ▁Haw k ' s ▁series ▁of ▁sk ate board ing ▁video ▁games . ▁Tony ▁Haw k ' s ▁Pro ▁Sk ater ▁was ▁a ▁critical ▁success , ▁leading ▁Activ ision ▁to ▁ac quire ▁Never soft ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁After ▁eight ▁games , ▁the ▁series ▁has ▁brought ▁in ▁. ▁ ▁In fin ity ▁Ward : ▁After ▁Electron ic ▁Arts ▁released ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor : ▁Al lied ▁Ass ault ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁developers ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Inc ., ▁dis en ch anted ▁with ▁their ▁current ▁contract s , ▁left ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁new ▁studio , ▁In fin ity ▁Ward . ▁Kot ick ▁himself ▁provided ▁the ▁group ▁with ▁startup ▁fund ing , ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁seeking ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁similar ▁title ▁to ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor . ▁Activ ision ▁acquired ▁the ▁studio ▁for ▁ ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁and ▁later ▁publish ▁their ▁first ▁title , ▁Call ▁of ▁D ut y , ▁directly ▁compet ing ▁with ▁Electron ic ▁Arts . ▁The ▁Call ▁of ▁D ut y ▁series ▁has ▁since ▁seen ▁nearly ▁year ly ▁releases ▁and ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁had ▁sold ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 5 0 ▁million ▁units ▁and ▁brought ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁ ▁in ▁re venue . ▁ ▁Tre y arch : ▁The ▁Santa ▁Mon ica , ▁California ▁studio ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁With ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Tony ▁Haw
k ▁game ▁from ▁Never soft , ▁Activ ision ▁used ▁Tre y arch ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁further ▁Tony ▁Haw k ▁games ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁develop ▁titles ▁using ▁Activ ision ' s ▁license ▁of ▁Marvel ' s ▁Spider - Man . ▁Activ ision ▁acquired ▁the ▁studio ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁for ▁about ▁. ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁Call ▁of ▁D ut y ▁from ▁In fin ity ▁Ward , ▁Activ ision ▁moved ▁Tre y arch ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁the ▁series ' ▁development , ▁trad ing ▁off ▁each ▁year ' ▁major ▁release ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁stud ios . ▁ ▁Gray ▁M atter ▁Inter active : ▁While ▁Gray ▁M atter ▁was ▁originally ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁as ▁X at rix ▁Entertainment , ▁it ▁was ▁re brand ed ▁to ▁Gray ▁M atter ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁as ▁they ▁began ▁work ▁on ▁Return ▁to ▁Castle ▁Wolf en stein , ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁N erve ▁Software ▁and ▁o vers ight ▁by ▁id ▁Software ▁who ▁owned ▁the ▁Castle ▁Wolf en stein ▁IP . ▁Activ ision , ▁the ▁game ' s ▁publish er , ▁acquired ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁Gray ▁M atter ' s ▁stock ▁during ▁this ▁time . ▁Return ▁to ▁Castle ▁Wolf en stein ▁was ▁a ▁critical ▁and ▁financial ▁success , ▁and ▁led ▁Activ ision ▁to ▁ac quire ▁the ▁remain ▁shares ▁of ▁Gray ▁M atter ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁for ▁about ▁, ▁with ▁the ▁intent ▁to ▁help ▁In fin ity ▁Ward ▁expand ▁out ▁the ▁Call ▁of ▁D ut y ▁franch ise
. ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Activ ision ▁made ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁merge ▁the ▁smaller ▁Gray ▁M atter ▁into ▁the ▁larger ▁Tre y arch ▁to ▁put ▁their ▁combined ▁tal ents ▁towards ▁Call ▁of ▁D ut y ▁ 3 . ▁ ▁Red ▁Oct ane : ▁Ar ound ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Red ▁Oct ane ▁was ▁co - develop ing ▁Gu itar ▁Hero , ▁a ▁console ▁game ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁ar cade ▁game ▁Gu itar Fre aks , ▁with ▁Harm on ix ; ▁Harm on ix ▁was ▁developing ▁the ▁software ▁while ▁Red ▁Oct ane ▁developed ▁the ▁instrument ▁controllers . ▁Gu itar ▁Hero ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁success . ▁Activ ision ▁purchased ▁Red ▁Oct ant ▁for ▁nearly ▁ ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁series ▁has ▁since ▁earned ▁more ▁than ▁ ▁in ▁reven ues . ▁ ▁To ys ▁for ▁Bob : ▁To ys ▁for ▁Bob ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁Paul ▁Re iche ▁III , ▁Fred ▁Ford , ▁and ▁Terry ▁F alls ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁gained ▁success ▁in ▁developing ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁Star ▁Control ▁games , ▁and ▁later ▁made ▁film - to - video ▁game ▁ad a ptions . ▁Activ ision ▁purchased ▁the ▁studio ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁and ▁had ▁given ▁them ▁work ▁on ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Tony ▁Haw k ' s ▁games ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁lic ensed ▁properties . ▁Following ▁Activ ision ' s ▁mer ger ▁with ▁Viv endi , ▁Activ ision ▁gained ▁the ▁Sp y ro ▁intellectual ▁property ▁and ▁assigned ▁To ys
▁for ▁Bob ▁to ▁develop ▁the ▁series ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁direction , ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁to ys - to - life ▁Sky land ers ▁series . ▁ ▁Mer ger ▁with ▁Viv endi ▁Games ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁▁ ▁While ▁Activ ision ▁was ▁highly ▁successful ▁with ▁its ▁range ▁of ▁developers ▁and ▁successful ▁series , ▁Kot ick ▁was ▁concerned ▁that ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁title ▁for ▁the ▁growing ▁mass ively ▁multi player ▁online ▁market , ▁which ▁presented ▁the ▁opportunity ▁for ▁continued ▁reven ues ▁from ▁subscription ▁models ▁and ▁micro trans actions ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁re venue ▁from ▁a ▁single ▁sale . ▁Ar ound ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Kot ick ▁contact ed ▁Jean - B ern ard ▁L év y , ▁the ▁new ▁CE O ▁of ▁Viv endi , ▁a ▁French ▁media ▁con gl omer ate . ▁Viv endi ▁had ▁a ▁games ▁division , ▁Viv endi ▁Games , ▁that ▁was ▁struggling ▁to ▁be ▁vi able ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁but ▁its ▁principle ▁feature ▁was ▁that ▁it ▁owned ▁Bl izz ard ▁Entertainment ▁and ▁its ▁highly - success ful ▁World ▁of ▁War craft ▁game , ▁which ▁was ▁drawing ▁in ▁ ▁a ▁year ▁in ▁subscription ▁fe es . ▁Viv endi ▁Games ▁also ▁owned ▁Sierra ▁Entertainment . ▁ ▁L év y ▁recognized ▁Kot ick ▁wanted ▁control ▁of ▁World ▁of ▁War craft , ▁and ▁offered ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁companies ▁to ▁merge , ▁but ▁only ▁if ▁L év y ▁held ▁the ▁majority ▁shares ▁in ▁the ▁merged ▁group , ▁forcing ▁Kot ick ▁to ▁c ede ▁control . ▁Kot ick ▁fre
tt ed ▁about ▁this ▁decision ▁for ▁a ▁while , ▁according ▁to ▁friends ▁and ▁invest ors . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 0 7 , ▁some ▁of ▁Activ ision ' s ▁former ▁successful ▁properties ▁began ▁to ▁w ane , ▁such ▁as ▁Tony ▁Haw k ' s , ▁and ▁Activ ision ▁faced ▁har sh er ▁competition ▁from ▁Electron ic ▁Arts , ▁who ▁had ▁purchased ▁Harm on ix ▁after ▁Activ ision ▁bought ▁Red ▁Oct ane ▁as ▁to ▁develop ▁Rock ▁Band , ▁a ▁compet ing ▁title ▁to ▁Gu itar ▁Hero . ▁Kot ick ▁met ▁with ▁Bl izz ard ' s ▁president ▁Mike ▁Mor ha ime , ▁and ▁learned ▁that ▁Bl izz ard ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁successful ▁in road ▁into ▁getting ▁their ▁games ▁into ▁China , ▁a ▁potentially ▁luc r ative ▁market . ▁Given ▁this ▁potential ▁opportunity , ▁Kot ick ▁agreed ▁to ▁the ▁mer ger . ▁ ▁Activ ision ' s ▁board ▁signed ▁onto ▁the ▁mer ger ▁by ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁mer ger ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁new ▁company ▁was ▁called ▁Activ ision ▁Bl izz ard ▁and ▁was ▁head ed ▁by ▁Kot ick , ▁while ▁Viv endi ▁maintained ▁a ▁ 5 2 % ▁share ▁in ▁the ▁company . ▁The ▁new ▁company ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁worth ▁, ▁ahead ▁of ▁Electron ic ▁Arts , ▁which ▁was ▁val ued ▁at ▁. ▁ ▁Post - mer ger ▁develop ments ▁( 2 0 0 9 – present ) ▁ ▁Activ ision ▁Publishing ▁remains
▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Activ ision ▁Bl izz ard ▁following ▁the ▁mer ger , ▁and ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁developing , ▁producing , ▁and ▁distrib uting ▁games ▁from ▁its ▁internal ▁and ▁subs idi ary ▁stud ios . ▁Eric ▁H ers h berg ▁was ▁announced ▁as ▁Activ ision ▁Publishing ' s ▁CE O ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Activ ision ▁Publishing ▁established ▁S ledge ham mer ▁Games ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Form ed ▁earlier ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁Glen ▁Sch of ield ▁and ▁Michael ▁Cond rey , ▁former ▁Vis cer al ▁Games ▁leads ▁that ▁had ▁worked ▁on ▁Dead ▁Space , ▁S ledge ham mer ▁intended ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁Call ▁of ▁D ut y ▁spin - off ▁title ▁fashion ed ▁after ▁the ▁game play ▁in ▁Dead ▁Space . ▁However , ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁legal ▁issues ▁between ▁In fin ity ▁Ward ▁and ▁Activ ision ▁Bl izz ard ▁led ▁to ▁several ▁members ▁of ▁In fin ity ▁Ward ▁leaving , ▁and ▁Activ ision ▁assigned ▁S ledge ham mer ▁to ▁assist ▁In fin ity ▁Ward ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁major ▁Call ▁of ▁D ut y ▁title , ▁Modern ▁War fare ▁ 3 . ▁Since ▁then , ▁S ledge ham mer , ▁In fin ity ▁Ward , ▁and ▁Tre y arch ▁share ▁development ▁duties ▁for ▁the ▁flags hip ▁series , ▁with ▁support ▁from ▁R aven ▁and ▁other ▁stud ios ▁as ▁necessary . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Activ ision ▁Bl izz ard
▁reported ▁significant ▁losses ▁in ▁re venue ▁stem ming ▁from ▁a ▁slow ▁down ▁in ▁Gu itar ▁Hero ▁sales ▁and ▁from ▁its ▁more ▁cas ual ▁games . ▁Sub sequently , ▁Activ ision ▁Publishing ▁sh utter ed ▁Red ▁Oct ane , ▁Lux of l ux ▁and ▁Under ground ▁Development ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁laid ▁off ▁about ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁staff ▁at ▁Never soft . ▁Within ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁Activ ision ▁sh utter ed ▁Bud cat ▁Cre ations ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁and ▁B izar re ▁Cre ations ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Hir sh berg ▁left ▁the ▁CE O ▁position ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁position ▁remains ▁open ▁as ▁of ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Studios ▁▁ ▁Be en ox ▁in ▁Québec ▁City , ▁Québec , ▁Canada , ▁founded ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁acquired ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Dem on ware ▁in ▁both ▁Dublin , ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁and ▁V ancouver , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁High ▁Moon ▁Studios ▁in ▁Car ls bad , ▁California , ▁founded ▁as ▁Sam my ▁Corporation ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁acquired ▁by ▁Viv endi ▁Games ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁In fin ity ▁Ward ▁in ▁Wood land ▁Hills , ▁California , ▁founded
▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁R aven ▁Software ▁in ▁Mad ison , ▁Wisconsin , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁S ledge ham mer ▁Games ▁in ▁F oster ▁City , ▁California , ▁founded ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁To ys ▁for ▁Bob ▁in ▁Nov ato , ▁California , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁acquired ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Tre y arch ▁in ▁Santa ▁Mon ica , ▁California , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Vic ari ous ▁Vis ions ▁in ▁Men ands , ▁New ▁York , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Def unct ▁▁ ▁The ▁Bl ast ▁F urn ace ▁in ▁Le eds , ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁founded ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁as ▁Activ ision ▁Le eds , ▁changed ▁rename ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁closed ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Gray ▁M atter ▁Inter active ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California , ▁founded ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁as ▁X at rix ▁Entertainment , ▁acquired ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁merged ▁into ▁Tre y arch ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5
. ▁ ▁Info com ▁in ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts , ▁founded ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Lux of l ux ▁in ▁Santa ▁Mon ica , ▁California , ▁founded ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁closed ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Sh aba ▁Games ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California , ▁founded ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁and ▁closed ▁on ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Red Oct ane ▁in ▁Mountain ▁View , ▁California , ▁founded ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁closed ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Under ground ▁Development ▁in ▁Red wood ▁Sh ores , ▁California , ▁founded ▁as ▁Z - Axis ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁closed ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Bud cat ▁Cre ations ▁in ▁Iowa ▁City , ▁Iowa , ▁founded ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁acquired ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁closed ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ 7 ▁Studios ▁in
▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁acquired ▁on ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁closed ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁B izar re ▁Cre ations ▁in ▁Liverpool , ▁England , ▁founded ▁as ▁R ais ing ▁Hell ▁Produ ctions ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁changed ▁name ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁acquired ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁closed ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Rad ical ▁Entertainment ▁in ▁V ancouver , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁acquired ▁by ▁Viv endi ▁Games ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁laid ▁off ▁most ▁staff ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁While ▁studio ▁name ▁remains ▁active ▁within ▁Activ ision , ▁remaining ▁staff ▁support ▁other ▁projects ▁and ▁the ▁studio ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁an ▁on going ▁development . ▁ ▁Beach head ▁Studio ▁in ▁Santa ▁Mon ica , ▁California , ▁founded ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Never soft ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California , ▁founded ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁acquired ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁merged ▁into ▁In fin ity ▁Ward ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁was ▁officially ▁made ▁def unct ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Sold ▁▁ ▁W an ako ▁Games ▁in
▁Santiago , ▁Chile , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁acquired ▁by ▁Viv endi ▁Games ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁sold ▁to ▁Art ific ial ▁Mind ▁and ▁Mov ement ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Free Style G ames ▁in ▁Le am ington ▁Sp a , ▁War wick shire , ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁acquired ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁sold ▁to ▁U b iso ft ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁subsequently ▁renamed ▁U b iso ft ▁Le am ington . ▁ ▁S word fish ▁Studios ▁in ▁B irmingham , ▁England , ▁founded ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁acquired ▁by ▁Viv endi ▁Universal ▁Games ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁sold ▁to ▁Code master s ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Mass ive ▁Entertainment ▁in ▁Mal m ö , ▁Sweden , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁acquired ▁by ▁Viv endi ▁Universal ▁Games ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁sold ▁to ▁U b iso ft ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Notable ▁games ▁published ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁▁ ▁Fish ing ▁Derby ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁ ▁Box ing ▁( 1 9 8 0 ) ▁ ▁Ski ing ▁( 1
9 8 0 ) ▁ ▁Fre ew ay ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁Ice ▁Hockey ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁Kab oom ! ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁St amp ede ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁Las er ▁Bl ast ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁Tennis ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ ▁Meg am ania ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁Bar n st orm ing ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁End uro ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁Cho pper ▁Command ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁St arm aster ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁Pit fall ! ▁series ▁( 1 9 8 2 – 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁River ▁Ra id ▁series ▁( 1 9 8 2 – 1 9 8 8 ) ▁ ▁O ink ! ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁ ▁Be am r ider ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁ ▁H . E . R . O . ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁ ▁Little ▁Computer ▁People ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁ ▁H acker ▁series ▁( 1 9 8 5 – 1 9 8 6 ) ▁ ▁Shang hai ▁series ▁( 1 9 8 6 – 1 9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Trans form ers ▁series ▁( 1 9 8 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Last ▁Nin ja ▁series ▁( 1 9 8
7 – 1 9 8 8 ) ▁ ▁De at ht rack ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁Me ch W ar rior ▁series ▁( 1 9 8 9 – 1 9 9 6 ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁▁ ▁Hunter ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ ▁Z ork ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 3 – 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Dark ▁Re ign ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁He avy ▁G ear ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Qu ake ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Inter state ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Battle zone ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 8 – 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Si N ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Her etic ▁II ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁V ig il ante ▁ 8 ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Ten ch u ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Call ▁to ▁Power ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Star ▁Tre k ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Tony ▁Haw k ' s ▁series ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 1 5 ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 s
▁▁ ▁Sold ier ▁of ▁Fort une ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 0 – 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁X - Men ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 0 – 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Spider - Man ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Lost ▁Kingdom s ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Total ▁War ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Call ▁of ▁D ut y ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 3 – present ) ▁ ▁True ▁Crime ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Wolf en stein ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Do om ▁ 3 ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Mov ies ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Gun ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Gu itar ▁Hero ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Marvel : ▁Ult imate ▁Alliance ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁James ▁Bond ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Cr ash ▁Band ico ot ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 8 – present ) ▁ ▁Sp y ro ▁the ▁Dragon ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 8 – present ) ▁ ▁Pro totype ▁series ▁( 2 0 0 9 – 2 0 1 2 ) ▁▁ 2 0
1 0 s ▁▁ ▁Bl ur ▁ ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Sing ular ity ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁NAS C AR ▁The ▁Game ▁series ▁( 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Sky land ers ▁series ▁( 2 0 1 1 – present ) ▁ ▁Te en age ▁Mut ant ▁Nin ja ▁T urt les ▁series ▁( 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Dest iny ▁series ▁( 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Se ki ro : ▁Sh adows ▁Die ▁Tw ice ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁video ▁game ▁companies ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California ▁Category : A cademy ▁of ▁Inter active ▁Arts ▁& ▁Sciences ▁members ▁Category : American ▁br ands ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Santa ▁Mon ica , ▁California ▁Category : Form er ▁Viv endi ▁subs idi aries ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁development ▁companies ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁publish ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Il val a ▁() ▁and ▁V at api ▁were ▁ra k sh as as ▁and ▁brothers . ▁Leg end ▁has ▁it ▁that ▁both ▁were ▁van qu ished ▁by ▁the ▁s age ▁Ag ast ya . ▁ ▁Rak sh asa ▁
▁They ▁ruled ▁from ▁Bad ami , ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁V at api , ▁named ▁after ▁ra k sh asa ▁king ▁V at api . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Mah ā b h ā r ata , ▁V at api ▁ruled ▁the ▁area ▁along ▁with ▁Il val a . ▁▁ ▁Once ▁Il val a ▁hosted ▁a ▁tap as vi ▁Bra h min ▁with ▁rever ence ▁and ▁asked ▁him ▁to ▁grant ▁a ▁bo on . ▁He ▁desired ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁son ▁equal ▁to ▁Ind ra . ▁But ▁the ▁s age ▁did ▁not ▁ob lige . ▁Following ▁this , ▁his ▁anger ▁turned ▁to ▁hat red ▁against ▁all ▁Bra hm ins ▁and ▁m end ic ants . ▁Il val a ▁and ▁V at api ▁took ▁a ▁grud ge ▁against ▁all ▁s ages . ▁ ▁V at api ▁knew ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁transformation ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁change ▁into ▁any ▁life ▁form . ▁Il val a ▁knew ▁the ▁‘ M rit as an j iv ani ’ ▁mant ra ▁to ▁bring ▁back ▁the ▁dead . ▁They ▁used ▁these ▁powers ▁to ▁lo ot ▁and ▁kill . ▁Il val a ▁inv ite ▁a ▁bra h man ▁to ▁a ▁fe ast ▁and ▁V at api ▁would ▁turn ▁himself ▁into ▁a ▁Go at . ▁ ▁Enc ounter ▁with ▁Ag ast ya ▁I val a ▁invited ▁the ▁s age ▁Ag ast ya ▁and ▁received ▁him ▁with ▁rever ence ▁and ▁honour . ▁S age ▁Ag ast ya , ▁with ▁his ▁divine ▁power , ▁knew ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁the ▁hosts ▁and ▁wanted ▁to ▁end ▁their
▁trans gress ions . ▁Ag ast ya ▁a te ▁the ▁food ▁served ▁to ▁him . ▁As ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁s age ▁finished ▁e ating , ▁Il val a ▁called ," V at api ▁at rag ach a " ▁( V at api ▁come ▁here ). ▁Im medi ately , ▁Ag ast ya ▁passed ▁his ▁right ▁hand ▁over ▁his ▁st om ach ▁and ▁said ," V at api ▁Je ern ob h ava " ▁( V ata pe ▁got ▁dig ested ). ▁V at api ▁could ▁not ▁come ▁out ▁of ▁Ag ast ya ' s ▁st om ach ▁and ▁that ▁was ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁demon . ▁Il val a , ▁was ▁sc ared . ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁shout ing ▁" V at api ▁at rag ach a " ▁Ag ast ya ▁then ▁said , ▁" Oh , ▁you ▁w icked ▁Il val a , ▁you ▁wanted ▁to ▁kill ▁me , ▁but ▁your ▁brother ▁V at api ▁cannot ▁come ▁out ! ▁He ▁is ▁already ▁dig ested ". ▁Il val a ▁decided ▁to ▁take ▁reven ge ▁on ▁Ag ast ya ▁for ▁killing ▁his ▁brother ▁and ▁attacked ▁Ag ast ya . ▁With ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁his ▁tap as ▁( pen ance ), ▁Ag ast ya ▁reduced ▁Il val a ▁to ▁as hes . ▁ ▁This ▁happened ▁in ▁the ▁southern most ▁state ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁place ▁where ▁known ▁as ▁K onn ur ▁( where ▁V at api ▁and ▁IL val a ) ▁got ▁killed ▁by ▁s age ▁Ag ast ya ▁. ▁And ▁the ▁present ▁day
▁name ▁changed ▁to ▁Vill iv ak k am ▁in ▁ch en na i . ▁And ▁the ▁bur nt ▁place ▁is ▁Kol ath ur ▁in ▁ch en na i . ▁Both ▁places ▁has ▁sh iva ▁temple ▁installed ▁by ▁Ag ast ya . ▁ ▁In ▁Vill iv ak k am ▁S age ▁Ag ast ya ▁has ▁build ▁lord ▁sh iva ▁temple ▁to ▁for go ▁his ▁p ab ha ▁and ▁started ▁his ▁tap as ▁towards ▁lord ▁sh iva . ▁And ▁after ▁his ▁long ▁tap as ▁lord ▁Sh iva ▁appeared ▁in ▁before ▁him ▁on ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁A adi ▁in ▁T amil , ▁A ash ada ▁in ▁S ansk rit ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁t ues day , ▁After ▁that ▁he ▁received ▁lord ▁sh iva ▁bless ings ▁and ▁his ▁all ▁s ins ▁were ▁removed , ▁And ▁this ▁place ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁important ▁and ▁oldest ▁sh iva ▁temple ▁in ▁ch en na i . ▁People ▁from ▁several ▁places ▁do ▁visit ▁Ar ul m igu ▁Sri ▁Ag at he es war ar ▁ ▁Temple ▁in ▁vill iv ak k am ▁during ▁month ▁of ▁A adi / A ash ada . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : R ak sh asa ▁Category : Dan avas <0x0A> </s> ▁At el ier ▁L WD ▁was ▁an ▁architecture ▁studio ▁led ▁by ▁Guy ▁L agne au , ▁Jean ▁Dim it ri jev ic ▁and ▁Michel ▁We ill ▁that ▁was ▁active ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁It ▁later ▁took ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁" At el ier ▁d
' E t udes ▁Arch itect ur ales " ▁( ATE A ) ▁( Arch itect ural ▁Studies ▁Work shop ) ▁with ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁Paul ▁Cord ol iani , ▁Henri ▁C oul omb ▁( 1 9 2 7 – 2 0 0 6 ), ▁Ren zo ▁Mor o ▁and ▁Ivan ▁Se if ert ▁( 1 9 2 6 – 2 0 0 8 ). ▁ ▁The ▁studio ▁origin ated ▁many ▁public ▁buildings ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁Africa . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Guy ▁L agne au ▁( 1 9 1 5 – 1 9 9 6 ) ▁and ▁Michel ▁We ill ▁( 1 9 1 4 – 2 0 0 1 ) ▁met ▁in ▁the ▁studio ▁of ▁August e ▁Per ret ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁School ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁They ▁participated ▁with ▁Per ret ▁in ▁the ▁reconst ruction ▁of ▁Le ▁Hav re ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁work ▁that ▁was ▁later ▁declared ▁a ▁World ▁Heritage ▁Site ▁by ▁UN ES CO . ▁ ▁La igne au ▁was ▁particularly ▁influenced ▁by ▁Sc and in av ian ▁architecture , ▁especially ▁steel . ▁Jean ▁Dim it ri jev ic ▁( 1 9 2 6 – 2 0 1 0 ) ▁joined ▁the ▁ag ency ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁after ▁meeting ▁Guy ▁L agne au ▁in ▁a ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁work shop ▁he ▁was ▁running . ▁He ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁and ▁completed ▁his ▁training ▁at ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁in ▁ 1 9 5
9 . ▁He ▁then ▁became ▁a ▁partner ▁of ▁the ▁work shop . ▁ ▁The ▁architect s ▁created ▁the ▁A TE A ▁in ▁association ▁with ▁a ▁consult ing ▁firm , ▁Société ▁d ' ét udes ▁techniques ▁et ▁d ' am én ag ements ▁plan ifi és ▁( SET AP ). ▁A TE A - SET AP ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁many ▁planning ▁operations ▁in ▁Africa , ▁including ▁Guinea , ▁Maur it ania ▁and ▁Sen eg al . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁they ▁accepted ▁numerous ▁public ▁comm issions ▁from ▁museum s , ▁pre fect ures , ▁and ▁sho pping ▁cent ers ▁in ▁France . ▁L agne au ▁also ▁participated ▁as ▁an ▁individual ▁in ▁prepar ation ▁of ▁master ▁plans ▁and ▁urban ▁development ▁in ▁the ▁Paris ▁region ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁contrib uting ▁to ▁creation ▁of ▁new ▁towns . ▁ ▁On ▁many ▁occasions ▁the ▁ag ency ▁worked ▁with ▁Jean ▁Pr ouv é ▁in ▁creating ▁innov ative ▁metal ▁structures ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁designer ▁Charlotte ▁Per ri and ▁for ▁interior ▁design . ▁ ▁Key ▁achiev ements ▁ ▁The ▁partners ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁many ▁significant ▁projects , ▁including : ▁▁ 1 9 5 2 – 1 9 5 5 : ▁Paul ▁Bert ▁d ' A ple mont ▁School ▁group ▁in ▁Le ▁Hav re . ▁ 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 5 4 : ▁Hotel ▁de ▁France ▁( Con ak ry ) ▁with ▁Jean ▁Pr ouv é ▁and ▁Charlotte ▁Per ri and ▁ 1 9 5 5 – 1 9
6 1 : ▁Musée ▁des ▁Be aux - Ar ts ▁André ▁Mal ra ux ▁in ▁Le ▁Hav re ▁( with ▁Jean ▁Pr ouv é ▁and ▁Charlotte ▁Per ri and ) ▁ 1 9 5 7 : ▁O re ▁port ▁of ▁B ok é ▁in ▁Guinea . ▁ 1 9 5 7 : ▁Ta iba ▁M b aye ▁Sen eg al . ▁ 1 9 5 8 : ▁Pro totype ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁the ▁Sah ara ▁for ▁the ▁Ide al ▁Home ▁Ex hib ition ▁at ▁the ▁Grand ▁Pal ais ▁in ▁Paris ▁with ▁Jean ▁Pr ouve ▁and ▁Charlotte ▁Per ri and ▁( destroy ed ). ▁ 1 9 5 8 – 1 9 5 9 : ▁" Les ▁Buff ets " ▁housing ▁on ▁the ▁Avenue ▁du ▁Mare ch al ▁F och ▁in ▁Font en ay - aux - R oses ▁( H aut s - de - Se ine ), ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁John ▁Per rott et ▁ 1 9 5 8 : ▁City ▁of ▁C ans ado ▁in ▁Maur it ania . ▁ 1 9 6 0 : ▁Agency ▁office ▁building ▁for ▁Air ▁France , ▁rue ▁S cribe ▁in ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁district ▁of ▁Paris , ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Charlotte ▁Per ri and ▁ 1 9 6 1 : ▁The ▁town ▁of ▁M asp alom as , ▁Gran ▁Can aria , ▁Spain ▁ 1 9 6 3 : ▁Office ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁de ▁Trans ports ▁A éri ens ▁( UT A ) ▁Bou lev ard ▁M ales her bes ▁in ▁Paris
▁ 1 9 6 4 – 1 9 6 7 : ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Let ters ▁of ▁Nice ▁ 1 9 6 5 : ▁Primary ▁School ▁Bal iz y ▁in ▁Long j ume au ▁( E ss onne ) ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Jean ▁Pr ouv é ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 1 9 6 7 : ▁Normal ▁School ▁and ▁High ▁School ▁of ▁B am ako ▁in ▁M ali ▁( 1 2 0 0 ▁students ) ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 1 9 8 5 : ▁Administr ative ▁center ▁of ▁Ev ry ▁( E ss onne ) ▁( P ref ect ure , ▁County ▁Council , ▁Cour th ouse ). ▁ 1 9 7 1 – 1 9 7 6 : ▁Administr ative ▁offices , ▁joint ▁distribution ▁cent ers ▁E DF - G DF , ▁Val - d ' O ise ▁ 1 9 7 1 – 1 9 8 7 : ▁V ac ation ▁rent als ▁Mar ines ▁C og olin ▁ 1 9 7 2 – 1 9 8 5 : ▁Les ▁Qu atre ▁Tem ps ▁sho pping ▁center ▁at ▁La ▁Dé f ense ▁near ▁Paris . ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 1 9 8 2 : ▁Inner ▁station ▁of ▁Cer gy - P onto ise ▁( Val - d ' O ise ), ▁in ▁association ▁with ▁Ivan ▁Se if ert ▁ 1 9 8 1 – 1 9 8 5 : ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Bank ▁of ▁France ▁in ▁Mar ne - la - V all ée ▁( Se
ine - et - Mar ne ) ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Arch itecture ▁fir ms ▁of ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁O tag o ▁Gla cier ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁gla cier ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁na ut ical ▁miles ▁( 3 7 km ) ▁long ▁dra ining ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁side ▁of ▁Mount ▁Mark ham ▁and ▁entering ▁N im rod ▁Gla cier ▁just ▁east ▁of ▁S vat on ▁Pe aks . ▁N amed ▁by ▁the ▁northern ▁party ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Ge ological ▁Survey ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Ex ped ition ▁( N Z G SA E ) ▁( 1 9 6 1 – 6 2 ) ▁for ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁O tag o , ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁ ▁Category : G la ci ers ▁of ▁Sh ack leton ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁Herbert ▁Brad ley ▁( 1 8 8 8 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁football ▁outside ▁left ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁B ury , ▁Not ts ▁County ▁and ▁Pr eston ▁North ▁End . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁Brad ley ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁gun ner ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁G arrison ▁Art illery ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁He ▁died ▁of ▁d ys ent ery ▁while ▁a ▁prisoner ▁of ▁war ▁in ▁Germany ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁A ves nes - sur - Hel pe ▁Comm unal ▁C emetery , ▁France . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : English ▁football
ers ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁outside ▁for wards ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁P adi ham ▁Category : Col ne ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B ury ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Not ts ▁County ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : P adi ham ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Pr eston ▁North ▁End ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Gre at ▁Har wood ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : N el son ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Ro yal ▁G arrison ▁Art illery ▁soldiers ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁d ys ent ery ▁Category : B rit ish ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁Category : World ▁War ▁I ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁held ▁by ▁Germany ▁Category : B rit ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁killed ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I <0x0A> </s> ▁Gabriel ▁Ig na cio ▁Ro jas ▁Mu ñ oz ▁( born ▁ 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Chile an ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁forward ▁for ▁Primera ▁B ▁de ▁Chile ▁side ▁Santiago ▁W ander ers . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Club ▁Ro jas ▁signed ▁for ▁Santiago ▁W ander ers ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁After ▁five ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁youth ▁ranks , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁senior ▁debut ▁during ▁September ▁ 2 0
1 7 ▁in ▁a ▁Copa ▁Chile ▁win ▁versus ▁I ber ia . ▁A ▁month ▁later , ▁Ro jas ▁appeared ▁in ▁league ▁football ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁a ▁fi xture ▁with ▁Col o - Col o ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁October . ▁ ▁International ▁Intern ation ally , ▁Ro jas ▁played ▁for ▁Chile ▁U 1 6 s ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁selected ▁for ▁U 2 0 ▁training ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁. ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Santiago ▁W ander ers ▁Copa ▁Chile : ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Val para í so ▁Province ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁football ers ▁Category : Ch ile ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Ch ile an ▁Primera ▁División ▁players ▁Category : Prim era ▁B ▁de ▁Chile ▁players ▁Category : S anti ago ▁W ander ers ▁football ers ▁Category : S outh ▁American ▁Games ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Chile ▁Category : S outh ▁American ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁football ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁South ▁American ▁Games <0x0A> </s> ▁D ouw ▁Ger brand ▁Ste yn ▁( born ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 2 ), ▁is ▁a ▁South ▁African ▁billion aire ▁business man , ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁B GL ▁Group , ▁a ▁UK - based ▁ins urance
▁and ▁financial ▁services ▁company , ▁and ▁the ▁parent ▁of ▁Comp are th emark et . com . ▁Ste yn ▁has ▁links ▁to ▁South ▁African ▁politics , ▁having ▁hous ed ▁former ▁South ▁African ▁president ▁Nelson ▁Mand ela ▁at ▁the ▁Southern ▁Sun ▁Est ate ▁before ▁reported ly ▁purch asing ▁the ▁H ought on ▁Est ate ▁for ▁him . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁The ▁Sunday ▁Times ▁Rich ▁List ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Ste yn ▁is ▁worth ▁£ 9 0 0 ▁million . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁D ouw ▁Ger brand ▁Ste yn ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁school ▁in ▁L inden , ▁Johannes burg . ▁He ▁received ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁from ▁Pot che f st room ▁University ▁for ▁Christian ▁High er ▁Education . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ste yn ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁quantity ▁survey or ▁at ▁E sk om ▁M ega ▁W att ▁Park . ▁ ▁Ste yn ▁founded ▁B GL ▁Group ▁( which ▁was ▁founded ▁as ▁Bud get ▁In sur ance ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ), ▁a ▁UK - based ▁ins urance ▁and ▁financial ▁services ▁company , ▁and ▁the ▁parent ▁of ▁Comp are th emark et . com . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁married ▁Carol yn ▁at ▁the ▁Sax on ▁B out ique ▁Hotel , ▁where ▁guests ▁included ▁Gra ça ▁Mach el , ▁Tim othy ▁M olo i , ▁and ▁Michael ▁de ▁Pin na .
▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁billion aires ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁company ▁found ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Carl ton ▁Hay es ▁Hospital , ▁Nar borough , ▁Le ic esters hire ▁was ▁the ▁psych iat ric ▁hospital ▁of ▁Le ic esters hire ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁complex ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁the ▁designs ▁of ▁Samuel ▁Per kins ▁Pick ▁( 1 8 5 8 - 1 9 1 9 ), ▁a ▁well - known ▁Le ic ester ▁architect , ▁in ▁the ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁style ▁as ▁the ▁Le ic esters hire ▁County ▁As yl um ▁and ▁was ▁officially ▁opened ▁on ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁It ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Le ic esters hire ▁and ▁R ut land ▁M ental ▁Hospital ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁ ▁Sign ific ant ▁extensions ▁designed ▁by ▁William ▁Ke ay ▁were ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁It ▁became ▁Carl ton ▁Hay es ▁Hospital ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁National ▁Health ▁Service ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁Philip ▁L ark in ' s ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁patient ▁in ▁the ▁hospital ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 : ▁he ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁" large ▁and ▁d ing y ▁as ▁a ▁London ▁termin us ". ▁ ▁The ▁complex ▁was ▁demol ished ▁after ▁ 1 9 9 6
, ▁and ▁the ▁site ▁re develop ed ▁by ▁the ▁Alliance ▁& ▁Le ic ester ▁Building ▁Society ▁for ▁their ▁new ▁headquarters . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁psych iat ric ▁hosp it als ▁in ▁England ▁Category : H ospital ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Category : H osp it als ▁in ▁Le ic esters hire ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Le ic esters hire ▁Category : Def unct ▁hosp it als ▁in ▁England ▁Category : H osp it als ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : H osp it als ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Category : History ▁of ▁mental ▁health ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Western ▁Od ish a ▁Development ▁Council ▁spons ors ▁up coming ▁medical ▁colleg es ▁( also ▁called ▁W O DC ▁Medical ▁Colleg es ) ▁in ▁Bal ang ir , ▁Kal ah and i ▁and ▁S under gar h ▁district ▁of ▁Western ▁Od ish a . ▁These ▁medical ▁colleg es ▁are ▁partly ▁spons ored ▁by ▁the ▁Western ▁Od ish a ▁Development ▁Council ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁S ard ar ▁Raj as ▁Medical ▁College , ▁Hospital ▁& ▁Research ▁Centre ▁( B h aw an ip at na ) ▁For ▁a ▁medical ▁college ▁at ▁Bh aw an ip at na , ▁a ▁Mo U ▁was ▁signed ▁between ▁Sel v am ▁Edu c ational ▁and ▁Char itable
▁Trust , ▁T amil ▁N adu , ▁and ▁Western ▁Od ish a ▁Development ▁Council ▁( W O DC ). ▁After ▁a ▁long ▁public ▁ag itation ▁the ▁construction ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁started . ▁For ▁the ▁R s ▁ 1 0 0 - ▁cr ore ▁project , ▁it ▁was ▁agreed ▁that ▁W O DC ▁would ▁chip ▁in ▁with ▁R s ▁ 1 0 ▁cr ore ▁in ▁eight ▁install ments ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁progress ▁of ▁work ▁and ▁State ▁Government ▁would ▁provide ▁ 2 5 ▁acres ▁of ▁land ▁on ▁le ase . ▁ ▁Bal ang ir ▁Medical ▁College ▁Ear lier ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁R VS ▁Edu c ational ▁Trust ▁will ▁set ▁up ▁the ▁proposed ▁Medical ▁College ▁and ▁Hospital ▁in ▁Bal ang ir . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁mentioned ▁that ▁a ▁high - level ▁committee , ▁head ed ▁by ▁the ▁Development ▁Commission er ▁of ▁Od ish a ▁has ▁given ▁green ▁signal ▁to ▁the ▁Co imb atore - based ▁R VS ▁Group . ▁The ▁C M ▁of ▁Od ish a ▁had ▁asked ▁the ▁Western ▁Od ish a ▁Development ▁Council ▁( W O DC ) ▁to ▁go ▁ahead ▁with ▁the ▁memor and um ▁of ▁understanding . ▁However , ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁work ▁out . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁further ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁Od ish a ▁government ▁plans ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁Government ▁medical ▁college ▁at ▁Bal ang ir ▁as ▁the ▁P PP ▁method ▁is ▁not ▁working . ▁ ▁Government ▁Medical ▁College ▁and ▁Hospital , ▁Bal ang ir ▁ ▁Hi - T ech ▁Medical ▁Medical ▁College ▁( R
our k ela ) ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁H I - TE CH ▁Group ▁of ▁institutions , ▁which ▁is ▁probably ▁going ▁to ▁start ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁It ▁has ▁ 1 0 0 ▁M . B . B . S ▁seats ▁( Aff ili ated ▁by ▁S amb al pur ▁University ) ▁and ▁is ▁approved ▁by ▁M CI ▁to ▁give ▁ad mission ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ ▁el ig ible ▁students ▁qualified ▁in ▁O J EE ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁It ▁has ▁ 1 0 % ▁res ervation ▁seats ▁for ▁Western ▁Od ish a ▁candidates ▁and ▁the ▁college ▁will ▁be ▁spons ored ▁by ▁Western ▁Od ish a ▁Development ▁Council ( W O DC ). ▁ ▁F ak ir ▁Moh an ▁Medical ▁College ▁and ▁Hospital , ▁Bal as ore ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Western ▁Od ish a ▁Kal ah and i ▁Bal ang ir ▁Kor ap ut ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁B hab an ip at na ▁Medical ▁College ▁Bal ang ir ▁Medical ▁College ▁R our k ela ▁Medical ▁College ▁▁ ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Od ish a ▁Category : Med ical ▁colleg es ▁in ▁Od ish a <0x0A> </s> ▁Call ▁Out ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁military ▁comedy ▁released ▁by ▁R K O ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁It ▁stars ▁Victor ▁Mc L ag len ▁and ▁Edmund ▁L owe ▁playing ▁the ▁same ▁characters ▁with ▁different ▁names ▁that ▁they ▁played ▁in ▁What ▁Price ▁Gl ory ?
▁and ▁several ▁sequ els ; ▁however ▁the ▁original ▁film ▁tra iler ▁mentions ▁What ▁Price ▁Gl ory ? ▁and ▁The ▁C ock - E yed ▁World . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁features ▁extensive ▁stock ▁foot age ▁from ▁R K O ' s ▁Sold iers ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁that ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁appear ▁on ▁process ▁screens ▁that ▁the ▁actors ▁stand ▁in ▁front ▁of . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Ex - Mar ines ▁Jimmy ▁McG inn is ▁( V ict or ▁Mc L ag len ) ▁and ▁Harry ▁Curt is ▁( Ed mund ▁L owe ), ▁who ▁haven ' t ▁seen ▁each ▁other ▁for ▁fifteen ▁years , ▁meet ▁at ▁a ▁rac et rack . ▁ ▁They ▁both ▁immediately ▁drop ▁their ▁jobs ▁as ▁an ▁att endant ▁and ▁cleaner ▁to ▁re kind le ▁their ▁friendship ▁and ▁b raw l ▁over ▁which ▁one ▁will ▁have ▁V io let ▁( B inn ie ▁Bar nes ) ▁for ▁their ▁girl . ▁ ▁When ▁visit ing ▁a ▁clip ▁joint ▁called ▁the ▁Sh ore le ave ▁Ca fe ▁with ▁V io let , ▁they ▁meet ▁the ▁owner , ▁Jim ▁Bla ke ▁( Paul ▁Kelly ). ▁ ▁Bla ke ▁was ▁their ▁former ▁captain ; ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁Corps ▁under ▁a ▁cloud ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁bl amed ▁for ▁a ▁security ▁bre ach . ▁ ▁Bla ke ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁esp ion age , ▁arr anging ▁to ▁buy ▁the ▁plans ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁am ph ib ious ▁vehicle . ▁ ▁Jimmy ▁and ▁Harry ▁are ▁called ▁back ▁to ▁active ▁service ▁as ▁g unn ery ▁ser ge ants ▁with ▁the ▁
6 th ▁Mar ines ▁where ▁they ▁crash ▁the ▁sp y ▁ring . ▁ ▁The ▁fast - p ac ed ▁comedy ▁uses ▁the ▁sp y ▁plot ▁as ▁merely ▁an ▁exc use ▁for ▁five ▁musical ▁numbers ▁by ▁Harry ▁Re vel ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁comedy ▁sequences , ▁such ▁as ▁bar room ▁b raw ls ▁over ▁thrown ▁gar ters , ▁sp ies ▁and ▁polic emen ▁with ▁speech ▁imped iments , ▁and ▁je ep , ▁motor cycle ▁and ▁car ▁ch ases . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Victor ▁Mc L ag len ▁as ▁Jimmy ▁McG inn is ▁▁▁ ▁Edmund ▁L owe ▁as ▁Harry ▁Curt is ▁▁▁ ▁B inn ie ▁Bar nes ▁as ▁V io let ▁' V i ' ▁Hall ▁▁▁ ▁Paul ▁Kelly ▁as ▁Jim ▁Bla ke ▁▁▁ ▁Robert ▁Smith ▁as ▁P FC ▁Billy ▁Harrison ▁▁▁ ▁Dor othy ▁Lov ett ▁as ▁Mary ▁▁▁ ▁Franklin ▁P ang born ▁as ▁Wil bur ▁the ▁Wait er ▁▁▁ ▁Cor in na ▁M ura ▁as ▁Z ana ▁Zar anda ▁▁▁▁ ▁George ▁Cleveland ▁as ▁Bart ender ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁King ' s ▁Men ▁as ▁Quart et ▁▁▁▁ ▁N ora ▁Cec il ▁As ▁E lder ly ▁Woman ▁With ▁G lass es ▁ ▁Florence ▁Gill ▁As ▁E lder ly ▁Girl ▁Who ▁W ants ▁To ▁See ▁H ors es ▁ ▁Six ▁H its ▁and ▁a ▁Miss ▁as ▁Sing ing ▁Group ▁ ▁Production ▁With ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁cons cription ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁in ▁the ▁news , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁American ▁minor ▁and ▁major ▁film ▁stud ios ▁made ▁com ed ies ▁about ▁military ▁service . ▁R
K O ' s ▁Call ▁Out ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁had ▁a ▁trouble d ▁production ▁history ▁with ▁different ▁stars ▁and ▁techn icians ▁announced ▁in ▁trade ▁papers ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁for ▁the ▁film . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps , ▁which ▁had ▁initially ▁co oper ated ▁with ▁the ▁produ cers , ▁was ▁out rag ed ▁over ▁the ▁completed ▁film ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁ordered ▁the ▁film ▁sh el ved ▁as ▁" bad ▁for ▁mor ale ". ▁ ▁However ▁it ▁was ▁released ▁after ▁America ▁entered ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : R K O ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁humor ▁in ▁film ▁Category : American ▁sp y ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁sp y ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁sp y ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁William ▁Hamilton ▁( film ▁editor ) ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁war ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Anim als ' ▁Christmas ▁is ▁the ▁sixth ▁solo ▁studio ▁album ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁Christmas ▁album ▁by ▁vocal ist ▁Art ▁Gar f unk el , ▁released ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁by ▁Columbia ▁Records . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Web b ▁and ▁features ▁vocals ▁by ▁Gar f unk el , ▁Amy ▁Grant ,
▁and ▁W im ble don ▁King ' s ▁College ▁Ch oir . ▁The ▁Anim als ' ▁Christmas ▁tells ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁N ativity ▁of ▁Jesus ▁from ▁the ▁perspective ▁of ▁the ▁animals ▁present . ▁The ▁album ▁received ▁positive ▁reviews , ▁with ▁one ▁writer ▁calling ▁it ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁Christmas ▁albums ▁of ▁the ▁' 8 0 s ." ▁ ▁Background ▁During ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁Jimmy ▁Web b ▁began ▁writing ▁the ▁songs ▁that ▁would ▁become ▁The ▁Anim als ' ▁Christmas , ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁children ' s ▁book ▁about ▁the ▁N ativity ▁of ▁Jesus ▁by ▁Anne ▁Th ax ter ▁E aton . ▁Gar f unk el ▁became ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁project ▁because ▁he ▁felt ▁it ▁was ▁" born ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁love ▁of ▁a ▁musical ▁person ▁to ▁make ▁music ." ▁In ▁his ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁book , ▁Still ▁Water : ▁Pro se ▁Po ems , ▁Gar f unk el ▁wrote ▁about ▁his ▁experience ▁with ▁the ▁project . ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁Anim als ' ▁Christmas ▁was ▁recorded ▁between ▁December ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁December ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁The ▁or chestra ▁was ▁recorded ▁at ▁C TS ▁Studios ▁in ▁W emble y , ▁England . ▁The ▁boys ' ▁cho ir ▁was ▁recorded ▁at ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁Church ▁in ▁W im ble don , ▁England . ▁V oc als ▁were ▁recorded ▁at ▁Air ▁Studios ▁in ▁Mont ser rat , ▁West ▁Ind ies . ▁Amy
▁Grant ' s ▁vocals ▁were ▁recorded ▁at ▁Bul let ▁Rec ording ▁in ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee . ▁The ▁organ ▁was ▁recorded ▁at ▁the ▁C athedral ▁of ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Div ine ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Over d ubs ▁were ▁recorded ▁at ▁The ▁Hit ▁Factory ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁ ▁Pack aging ▁and ▁art work ▁The ▁original ▁album ▁contained ▁a ▁ 1 2 - page ▁book let ▁with ▁lyr ics ▁in ▁four ▁languages : ▁English , ▁Spanish , ▁French , ▁and ▁German . ▁The ▁album ▁cover ▁art ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁Abb y ▁Lev ine . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁W riter ▁David ▁A . ▁Mil berg ▁called ▁The ▁Anim als ' ▁Christmas ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁Christmas ▁albums ▁of ▁the ▁' 8 0 s ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁songs ▁were ▁written ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Web b , ▁except ▁where ▁indicated . ▁ ▁" The ▁Ann unci ation " ▁– ▁ 2 : 3 8 ▁" The ▁Cre atures ▁of ▁the ▁Field " ▁– ▁ 2 : 3 1 ▁" Just ▁a ▁Simple ▁Little ▁T une " ▁– ▁ 2 : 5 4 ▁" The ▁Dec ree " ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 5 ▁" In cred ible ▁Ph at " ▁– ▁ 4 : 5 9 ▁" The ▁Friend ly ▁Be asts " ▁( Tr ad itional , ▁Jimmy ▁Web b ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 4 ▁" The ▁Song ▁of ▁the ▁Cam els " ▁( El iz abeth ▁Co ats worth , ▁Jimmy ▁Web b ) ▁–
▁ 2 : 4 6 ▁" Word ▁from ▁an ▁Old ▁Spanish ▁Carol " ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 1 ▁" Car ol ▁of ▁the ▁Bird s " ▁– ▁ 2 : 0 0 ▁" The ▁F rog " ▁– ▁ 5 : 1 5 ▁" Her od " ▁– ▁ 4 : 2 1 ▁" W ild ▁Ge ese " ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 3 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Music ▁ ▁Art ▁Gar f unk el ▁– ▁vocals , ▁producer , ▁rem ix ing ▁ ▁Amy ▁Grant ▁– ▁vocals ▁ ▁Jimmy ▁Web b ▁– ▁piano , ▁producer , ▁composer , ▁arr anger ▁ ▁Carl ▁Davis ▁– ▁conduct or ▁ ▁Michael ▁Jenkins ▁– ▁cho ir ▁director ▁ ▁London ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra ▁– ▁or chestra ▁ ▁W im ble don ▁King ' s ▁College ▁Ch oir ▁– ▁cho ir , ▁ch orus ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Bay ly ▁– ▁vocals ▁ ▁Del ▁Cost ello ▁– ▁vocals ▁ ▁Nicholas ▁Dy kes ▁– ▁vocals ▁ ▁Jonathan ▁Jenkins ▁– ▁vocals ▁▁ ▁Michael ▁Lee ▁- ▁vocals ▁ ▁Paul ▁Hal ley ▁– ▁Hamm ond ▁organ ▁ ▁Rob ▁M oun sey ▁– ▁synth es izer ▁ ▁Elli ott ▁Rand all ▁– ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ ▁Eric ▁We iss berg ▁– ▁ban jo , ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar ▁ ▁George ▁Young ▁– ▁sa x oph one ▁ ▁Joe ▁Os born ▁– ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁Steve ▁G add ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁Gordon ▁Gott lie b ▁– ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Geoff ▁Emer ick ▁– ▁producer , ▁engineer , ▁rem ix ing ▁ ▁Roy ▁H ale
e ▁– ▁engineer ▁ ▁Jon ▁Kelly ▁– ▁engineer ▁ ▁Stuart ▁Bre ed ▁– ▁assistant ▁engineer , ▁rem ix ing ▁ ▁N icole ▁Graham ▁– ▁rem ix ing ▁ ▁Greg ▁Cal bi ▁– ▁master ing ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁Co ats worth ▁– ▁composer , ▁text ▁ ▁Anne ▁Th ax ter ▁E aton ▁– ▁compilation ▁ ▁Christopher ▁Aust op ch uk ▁– ▁art ▁direction ▁ ▁Abb y ▁Lev ine ▁( www . ab by art . com ) ▁– ▁artist ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁Christmas ▁albums ▁Category : A my ▁Grant ▁albums ▁Category : Art ▁Gar f unk el ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁arranged ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Web b ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁Web b ▁Category : Christ mas ▁albums ▁by ▁American ▁artists ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁Records ▁Christmas ▁albums ▁Category : V ocal ▁du et ▁albums ▁Category : Christ mas ▁cant at as ▁Category : Pop ▁Christmas ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Geoff ▁Emer ick <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁k enn el ▁is ▁a ▁structure ▁or ▁shelter ▁for ▁dogs ▁or ▁c ats . ▁U sed ▁in ▁the ▁pl ural , ▁the ▁k enn els , ▁the ▁term ▁means ▁any ▁building , ▁collection ▁of ▁buildings ▁or ▁a ▁property ▁in ▁which ▁dogs ▁or ▁c ats ▁are ▁hous ed , ▁maintained , ▁and ▁( though ▁not ▁in ▁all ▁cases ) ▁b red . ▁A ▁k enn el ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁out ▁of ▁various ▁materials , ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁being ▁wood ▁and ▁canvas . ▁ ▁Bre
eding ▁k enn els ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁formal ▁establishment ▁for ▁the ▁propag ation ▁of ▁animals , ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁they ▁are ▁actually ▁hous ed ▁in ▁a ▁separate ▁shed , ▁the ▁gar age , ▁a ▁state - of - the - art ▁facility , ▁or ▁the ▁family ▁dwell ing . ▁Lic ensed ▁bre eding ▁k enn els ▁are ▁heavily ▁reg ulated ▁and ▁must ▁follow ▁relevant ▁government ▁legisl ation . ▁Bre ed ▁club ▁members ▁are ▁expected ▁to ▁comp ly ▁with ▁general ▁Code ▁of ▁Eth ics ▁and ▁gu idel ines ▁applicable ▁to ▁the ▁bre ed ▁concerned . ▁Kenn el ▁clubs ▁may ▁also ▁st ip ulate ▁criteria ▁to ▁be ▁met ▁before ▁issu ing ▁registration ▁papers ▁for ▁pu pp ies ▁b red . ▁A ▁k enn el ▁name ▁or ▁k enn el ▁prefix ▁is ▁a ▁name ▁associated ▁with ▁each ▁bre eding ▁k enn el : ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁registered ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁pedig re ed ▁dog ▁which ▁was ▁b red ▁there . ▁Like wise , ▁a ▁cat ▁registry ▁is ▁an ▁organization ▁that ▁registers ▁c ats ▁for ▁exhibition ▁and ▁bre eding ▁purposes . ▁A ▁cat ▁registry ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁a ▁cat ▁club ▁or ▁bre ed ▁society ▁( th ese ▁may ▁be ▁affili ated ▁with ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁reg ist ries ▁with ▁whom ▁they ▁have ▁lod ged ▁bre ed ▁standards ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁exhib it ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁that ▁registry ). ▁ ▁Board ing ▁k enn els ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁place ▁where ▁dogs ▁or ▁c ats ▁are ▁hous
ed ▁tempor arily ▁for ▁a ▁fee , ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁using ▁a ▁pet ▁s itter . ▁ ▁Although ▁many ▁people ▁worry ▁about ▁the ▁stress ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁animal ▁by ▁being ▁put ▁in ▁an ▁un famil iar ▁and ▁most ▁likely ▁crow ded ▁environment , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁board ing ▁k enn els ▁work ▁to ▁reduce ▁stress . ▁Many ▁k enn els ▁offer ▁one - on - one ▁" play ▁times " ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁animal ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁k enn el ▁environment . ▁ ▁Famil iar ▁objects , ▁such ▁as ▁blank ets ▁and ▁to ys ▁from ▁home , ▁are ▁also ▁permitted ▁at ▁many ▁k enn els . ▁ ▁Similarly , ▁many ▁k enn els ▁offer ▁gro oming ▁and ▁training ▁services ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁board ing , ▁with ▁the ▁idea ▁being ▁that ▁the ▁k enn el ▁can ▁be ▁the ▁owner ' s ▁" one - stop ▁shop " ▁for ▁all ▁three ▁services . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁the ▁term ▁board ing ▁k enn el ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁board ing ▁c atter ies ▁and ▁lic ens ing ▁ag encies ▁do ▁not ▁always ▁differenti ate ▁between ▁commercial ▁board ing ▁k enn els ▁for ▁dogs ▁and ▁other ▁animal ▁or ▁cat ▁board ing ▁k enn els . ▁It ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁will ▁spend ▁$ 3 . 2 9 ▁billion ▁on ▁board ing ▁and ▁gro oming ▁services . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁actual ▁market ▁surve ys ▁showed ▁that ▁$ 3 . 0
▁billion ▁was ▁spent ▁on ▁these ▁services . ▁Ann ual ▁k enn el ▁board ing ▁exp enses ▁for ▁dog ▁own ers ▁was ▁$ 2 2 5 , ▁and ▁for ▁cat ▁own ers ▁was ▁$ 1 4 9 ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8 ▁survey . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Animal ▁shelter ▁Dog ▁camp ▁Dog house ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : D ogs ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁used ▁to ▁conf ine ▁animals <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Lady ▁of ▁All ▁Nations ▁is ▁a ▁Catholic ▁Marian ▁title ▁associated ▁with ▁alleg ed ▁appar itions ▁of ▁the ▁B less ed ▁Virgin ▁Mary ▁to ▁I da ▁Pe erde man ▁of ▁Amsterdam , ▁Netherlands . ▁Pe erde man ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁received ▁ 5 6 ▁vis ions ▁of ▁the ▁Lady ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁V ision ary ▁▁ ▁I da ▁Pe erde man ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Al k ma ar , ▁Netherlands , ▁the ▁young est ▁of ▁five ▁children . ▁She ▁was ▁an ▁ordinary ▁woman ▁who ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁secretary ▁in ▁Amsterdam . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁Pe erde man ▁reported ▁seeing ▁a ▁woman ▁surrounded ▁in ▁light ▁who ▁identified ▁herself ▁as ▁" The ▁Lady " ▁and ▁" M other ". ▁The ▁appar itions ▁continued ▁until ▁ 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁▁ ▁Pe erde man ' s ▁movement ▁received
▁support ▁from ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁wealth y ▁B ren n ink me ij er ▁family . ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁The ▁Lady ▁of ▁All ▁Nations ▁Foundation ▁purchased ▁property ▁in ▁Die pen bro ck stra at , ▁Amsterdam , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁appar ition ▁cult us , ▁and ▁where ▁Pe erde man ▁came ▁to ▁res ide . ▁She ▁spent ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁her ▁life ▁prom oting ▁the ▁messages ▁she ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁received . ▁She ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Mess ages ▁According ▁to ▁Pe erde man , ▁the ▁first ▁appar ition ▁occurred ▁at ▁her ▁home ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁when ▁she ▁saw ▁a ▁light ▁from ▁which ▁a ▁woman ▁appeared . ▁When ▁Pe erde man ▁asked ▁the ▁woman ▁if ▁she ▁was ▁Mary , ▁the ▁woman ▁replied , ▁" They ▁will ▁call ▁me ▁' The ▁Lady ' ." ▁The ▁initial ▁twenty - five ▁messages ▁were ▁generally ▁ap oc aly ptic ▁pron oun c ements ▁warning ▁of ▁d angers ▁such ▁as ▁commun ism ▁and ▁at he ism . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁prom ul g ation ▁of ▁the ▁dog ma ▁of ▁the ▁Ass umption ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁the ▁messages ▁changed . ▁ ▁" On ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁XII ▁proc laimed ▁the ▁dog ma ▁of ▁the ▁Ass umption ▁of ▁Mary ▁into ▁Heaven . ▁This ▁event ▁constit utes ▁a ▁not
ew orth y ▁point ▁within ▁the ▁messages , ▁for ▁from ▁here ▁they ▁take ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁direction . ▁In ▁this , ▁the ▁first ▁message ▁to ▁follow ▁the ▁pro clam ation ▁of ▁the ▁dog ma , ▁Mary ▁calls ▁herself ▁' The ▁Lady ▁of ▁All ▁Nations ' ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁In ▁the ▁succeed ing ▁messages ▁she ▁dict ates ▁her ▁prayer , ▁draw s ▁attention ▁to ▁her ▁image , ▁and ▁speak s ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁about ▁the ▁final ▁and ▁greatest ▁Marian ▁dog ma : ▁Mary ▁Cor ed empt rix , ▁Med iat rix ▁and ▁Adv oc ate ." ▁ ▁The ▁Lady ▁reported ly ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁the ▁Ass umption ▁had ▁brought ▁to ▁a ▁close ▁the ▁era ▁of ▁Marian ▁dog mas ▁having ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁Mary ' s ▁earth ly ▁life , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁" final ▁and ▁greatest " ▁Marian ▁dog ma ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁definition ▁of ▁the ▁heaven ly ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁Lady ▁of ▁All ▁Nations ▁under ▁the ▁titles ▁of ▁Cor ed empt rix , ▁Med iat rix ▁and ▁Adv oc ate . ▁Supp or ters ▁of ▁this ▁proposal ▁refer ▁to ▁it ▁as ▁" the ▁fifth ▁Marian ▁dog ma ," ▁since ▁it ▁would ▁theoret ically ▁follow ▁the ▁four ▁dog m atic ▁definitions ▁of ▁Mary ▁as ▁Mother ▁of ▁God , ▁Per pet ual ▁Virgin , ▁Im mac ul ately ▁Con ce ived , ▁and ▁Ass umed ▁into ▁Heaven . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁the ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁appar ition ▁reported ly ▁began ▁ident ifying ▁herself ▁in
▁a ▁different ▁way : ▁“ I ▁am ▁the ▁Lady , ▁Mary , ▁Mother ▁of ▁All ▁Nations . ▁You ▁may ▁say : ▁The ▁Lady ▁of ▁All ▁Nations ▁or ▁Mother ▁of ▁All ▁Nations , ▁who ▁once ▁was ▁Mary ." ▁The ▁following ▁month ▁the ▁lady ▁said , ▁" The ▁whole ▁world ▁is ▁deg ener ating , ▁and ▁because ▁of ▁this ▁the ▁Son ▁is ▁sending ▁the ▁Lady ▁of ▁All ▁Nations , ▁who ▁once ▁was ▁Mary ." ▁In ▁July , ▁she ▁explained , ▁" ‘ Who ▁once ▁was ▁Mary ’ ▁means : ▁many ▁people ▁have ▁known ▁Mary ▁as ▁Mary . ▁Now , ▁however , ▁in ▁this ▁new ▁era ▁which ▁is ▁about ▁to ▁begin , ▁I ▁wish ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁Lady ▁of ▁All ▁Nations ." ▁Pe erde man ' s ▁appar ition ▁messages ▁c ite ▁the ▁G ospel ▁of ▁John ▁as ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁this ▁dual ▁naming ▁of ▁Mary : ▁" At ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁the ▁Lord ▁Jesus ▁Christ , ▁He ▁gave ▁Mi ri am , ▁or ▁Mary , ▁to ▁the ▁nations ▁in ▁one ▁act , ▁giving ▁her ▁as ▁‘ The ▁Lady ▁of ▁All ▁Nations ’ . ▁For ▁He ▁spoke ▁the ▁words , ▁‘ W oman , ▁beh old ▁your ▁son ; ▁son , ▁beh old ▁your ▁mother .’ ▁One ▁act , ▁and ▁by ▁this ▁Mi ri am , ▁or ▁Mary , ▁received ▁this ▁new ▁title ." ▁ ▁The ▁Lady ▁asked ▁a ▁prayer ▁be ▁said ▁throughout ▁the ▁world : ▁ ▁" L ord ▁Jesus ▁Christ , ▁Son ▁of ▁the ▁Father , ▁send ▁now ▁Your ▁Spirit ▁over ▁the ▁earth .
▁Let ▁the ▁Holy ▁Spirit ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁hearts ▁of ▁all ▁nations , ▁that ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁preserved ▁from ▁deg ener ation , ▁dis aster ▁and ▁war . ▁May ▁the ▁Lady ▁of ▁All ▁Nations , ▁who ▁once ▁was ▁Mary , ▁be ▁our ▁Adv oc ate . ▁A men ." ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁phrase ▁" who ▁once ▁was ▁Mary " ▁was ▁immediately ▁controvers ial . ▁Pe erde man ' s ▁bishop ▁edited ▁the ▁prayer ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁phrase , ▁but ▁rel ented ▁after ▁Pe erde man ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁Lady ▁was ▁not ▁happy ▁with ▁this ▁change . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Cong reg ation ▁for ▁the ▁Do ctrine ▁of ▁the ▁Fa ith ▁ordered ▁that ▁the ▁phrase ▁" who ▁once ▁was ▁Mary " ▁be ▁replaced ▁with ▁the ▁phrase ▁" the ▁B less ed ▁Virgin ▁Mary " ▁for ▁past oral ▁reasons . ▁ ▁Development ▁The ▁appar ition ▁directed ▁that ▁a ▁picture ▁of ▁her ▁be ▁distributed ▁throughout ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁painting ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁by ▁artist ▁Heinrich ▁Rep ke . ▁Small ▁prints ▁were ▁widely ▁dis sem in ated . ▁The ▁picture ▁dep ict s ▁Mary ▁standing ▁before ▁a ▁large ▁wooden ▁cross . ▁Christ ▁is ▁not ▁represented . ▁According ▁to ▁Mar gry , ▁the ▁image ▁caused ▁controvers y ▁by ▁appearing ▁to ▁suggest ▁that ▁Mary ▁had ▁replaced ▁Christ ▁as ▁co - re dem pt ress . ▁Ad her ents ▁of ▁the ▁Amsterdam ▁cult us ▁began ▁to ▁press ▁for ▁the ▁prom ul g ation ▁of ▁a ▁fifth ▁dog ma

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