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▁Canada . ▁The ▁storage ▁of ▁ 1 2 GB ▁model ▁is ▁upgrad able ▁with ▁an ▁official ▁stand alone ▁ 2 5 0 GB ▁hard ▁drive . ▁A ▁vertical ▁stand ▁was ▁also ▁released ▁for ▁the ▁model . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁the ▁ 5 0 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 2 GB ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁Super ▁S lim ▁was ▁first ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁bund led ▁console . ▁The ▁ 2 5 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁bund led ▁with ▁the ▁Game ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁edition ▁of ▁Un chart ed ▁ 3 : ▁Dra ke ' s ▁De ception ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁and ▁the ▁ 5 0 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁bund led ▁with ▁Ass ass in ' s ▁Cre ed ▁III ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁In ▁Japan , ▁the ▁black ▁colored ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ; ▁and ▁the ▁white ▁colored ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁is ▁ 2 0 ▁percent ▁smaller ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁percent ▁l ighter ▁than ▁the ▁S |
lim ▁model ▁and ▁features ▁a ▁manual ▁sl iding ▁disc ▁cover ▁instead ▁of ▁a ▁motor ized ▁slot - loading ▁disc ▁cover ▁of ▁the ▁S lim ▁model . ▁The ▁white ▁colored ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Inst ant ▁Game ▁Collection ▁Bundle . ▁The ▁Gar net ▁Red ▁and ▁Az ur ite ▁Blue ▁colored ▁models ▁were ▁launched ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁The ▁Gar net ▁Red ▁version ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁God ▁of ▁War : ▁As c ension ▁bundle ▁with ▁ 5 0 0 ▁GB ▁storage ▁and ▁contained ▁God ▁of ▁War : ▁As c ension ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁God ▁of ▁War ▁S aga . ▁The ▁Az ur ite ▁Blue ▁model ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁a ▁Game Stop ▁exclusive ▁with ▁ 2 5 0 GB ▁storage . ▁ ▁Games ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁launched ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁with ▁ 1 4 ▁titles , ▁with ▁another ▁three ▁being ▁released ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁After ▁the ▁first ▁week ▁of ▁sales ▁it ▁was ▁confirmed ▁that ▁Res istance : ▁Fall ▁of ▁Man ▁from ▁Ins om nia c ▁Games ▁was ▁the ▁top - s elling ▁launch ▁game ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁heavily ▁pra ised ▁by ▁numerous ▁video ▁game |
▁websites , ▁including ▁Game Sp ot ▁and ▁I GN , ▁both ▁of ▁whom ▁awarded ▁it ▁their ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁Game ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁award ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Some ▁titles ▁missed ▁the ▁launch ▁window ▁and ▁were ▁delayed ▁until ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁E lder ▁Scroll s ▁IV : ▁O bl iv ion , ▁F . E . A . R . ▁and ▁Son ic ▁the ▁H edge h og . ▁During ▁the ▁Japanese ▁launch , ▁R idge ▁R ac er ▁ 7 ▁was ▁the ▁top - s elling ▁game , ▁while ▁Mobile ▁Su it ▁G und am : ▁Cross fire ▁also ▁f ared ▁well ▁in ▁sales , ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁offer ings ▁from ▁Nam co ▁Band ai ▁Games . ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁launched ▁in ▁Europe ▁with ▁ 2 4 ▁titles , ▁including ▁ones ▁that ▁were ▁not ▁offered ▁in ▁North ▁American ▁and ▁Japanese ▁launch es , ▁such ▁as ▁Formula ▁One ▁Championship ▁Edition , ▁Motor St orm ▁and ▁V irt ua ▁F ighter ▁ 5 . ▁Res istance : ▁Fall ▁of ▁Man ▁and ▁Motor St orm ▁were ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁titles ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁both ▁games ▁subsequently ▁received ▁sequ els ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁Res istance ▁ 2 ▁and ▁Motor St orm : ▁Pacific ▁R ift . ▁ ▁At ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Sony ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁show ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁their ▁up coming ▁video ▁games ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 , ▁including ▁Heaven |
ly ▁S word , ▁La ir , ▁R atch et ▁& ▁Cl ank ▁Future : ▁Tools ▁of ▁Dest ruction , ▁War h awk ▁and ▁Un chart ed : ▁Dra ke ' s ▁Fort une ; ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁fourth ▁qu arters ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁It ▁also ▁showed ▁off ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁titles ▁that ▁were ▁set ▁for ▁release ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁most ▁not ably ▁Kill zone ▁ 2 , ▁Inf am ous , ▁Gran ▁Tur ismo ▁ 5 ▁Pro log ue , ▁Little Big Plan et ▁and ▁SO COM : ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁SE AL s ▁Con front ation . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁third - party ▁exclus ives ▁were ▁also ▁shown , ▁including ▁the ▁highly ▁anticip ated ▁Metal ▁G ear ▁Sol id ▁ 4 : ▁G uns ▁of ▁the ▁Patri ots , ▁alongside ▁other ▁high - profile ▁third - party ▁titles ▁such ▁as ▁Grand ▁The ft ▁Auto ▁IV , ▁Call ▁of ▁D ut y ▁ 4 : ▁Modern ▁War fare , ▁Ass ass in ' s ▁Cre ed , ▁Dev il ▁May ▁Cry ▁ 4 ▁and ▁Res ident ▁Ev il ▁ 5 . ▁Two ▁other ▁important ▁titles ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 , ▁Final ▁Fant asy ▁XIII ▁and ▁Final ▁Fant asy ▁Vers us ▁XIII , ▁were ▁shown ▁at ▁T GS ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁appe ase ▁the ▁Japanese ▁market . ▁ ▁Sony ▁have ▁since ▁launched ▁their ▁budget ▁range |
▁of ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁titles , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Great est ▁H its ▁range ▁in ▁North ▁America , ▁the ▁Pl atin um ▁range ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁Australia ▁and ▁The ▁Best ▁range ▁in ▁Japan . ▁Among ▁the ▁titles ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁budget ▁range ▁include ▁Res istance : ▁Fall ▁of ▁Man , ▁Motor St orm , ▁Un chart ed : ▁D rak es ▁Fort une , ▁Rain bow ▁Six : ▁Veg as , ▁Call ▁Of ▁D ut y ▁ 3 , ▁Ass ass in ' s ▁Cre ed ▁and ▁Nin ja ▁Ga iden ▁S igma . ▁As ▁of ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Metal ▁G ear ▁Sol id ▁ 4 : ▁G uns ▁of ▁the ▁Patri ots , ▁R atch et ▁& ▁Cl ank ▁Future : ▁Tools ▁of ▁Dest ruction , ▁Dev il ▁May ▁Cry ▁ 4 , ▁Army ▁of ▁Two , ▁Battle field : ▁Bad ▁Company ▁and ▁Mid night ▁Club : ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁have ▁also ▁joined ▁the ▁list . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁ 5 9 5 ▁million ▁games ▁sold ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 . ▁The ▁best ▁s elling ▁PS 3 ▁games ▁are ▁Grand ▁The ft ▁Auto ▁V , ▁Gran ▁Tur ismo ▁ 5 , ▁The ▁Last ▁of ▁Us , ▁Un chart ed ▁ 3 : ▁Dra ke ' s ▁De ception ▁and ▁Un chart ed ▁ 2 : ▁Among ▁Th ieves . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁game ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁was ▁FIFA ▁ 1 9 , ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 |
8 . ▁ ▁S tere os cop ic ▁ 3 D ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁C TO ▁of ▁Bl itz ▁Games ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁bring ▁s tere os cop ic ▁ 3 D ▁g aming ▁and ▁movie ▁view ing ▁to ▁X box ▁ 3 6 0 ▁and ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁with ▁its ▁own ▁technology . ▁This ▁was ▁first ▁demonstrated ▁public ly ▁on ▁PS 3 ▁using ▁Sony ' s ▁own ▁technology ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁at ▁the ▁Cons umer ▁Electron ics ▁Show . ▁Journal ists ▁were ▁shown ▁Wi pe out ▁HD ▁and ▁Gran ▁Tur ismo ▁ 5 ▁Pro log ue ▁in ▁ 3 D ▁as ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁of ▁how ▁the ▁technology ▁might ▁work ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁implemented ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁F irm ware ▁update ▁ 3 . 3 0 ▁officially ▁allowed ▁PS 3 ▁titles ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁in ▁ 3 D , ▁requiring ▁a ▁compatible ▁display ▁for ▁use . ▁System ▁software ▁update ▁ 3 . 5 0 ▁prepared ▁it ▁for ▁ 3 D ▁films . ▁While ▁the ▁game ▁itself ▁must ▁be ▁program med ▁to ▁take ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 D ▁technology , ▁titles ▁may ▁be ▁patch ed ▁to ▁add ▁in ▁the ▁functionality ▁retro act ively . ▁Tit les ▁with ▁such ▁patch es ▁include ▁Wi pe out ▁HD , ▁P ain , ▁and ▁Super ▁St ard ust ▁HD . ▁ ▁Hard ware ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁is ▁convex ▁on ▁its ▁left ▁side , ▁with ▁the ▁Play Station ▁logo ▁u pr |
ight , ▁when ▁vertical ▁( the ▁top ▁side ▁is ▁convex ▁when ▁horizontal ) ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁gl oss y ▁black ▁finish . ▁Play Station ▁designer ▁Te iy u ▁G oto ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁Spider - Man - font - in sp ired ▁logo ▁" was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁elements ▁S CE I ▁president ▁Ken ▁K ut ar agi ▁decided ▁on ▁and ▁the ▁logo ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁motiv ating ▁force ▁behind ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁PS 3 ". ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁S CE ▁and ▁Stan ford ▁University ▁released ▁the ▁F old ing @ home ▁software ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 . ▁This ▁program ▁allows ▁PS 3 ▁own ers ▁to ▁l end ▁the ▁computing ▁power ▁of ▁their ▁cons oles ▁to ▁help ▁study ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁protein ▁fol ding ▁for ▁disease ▁research . ▁ ▁Use ▁in ▁super comput ing ▁ ▁PS 3 ' s ▁hardware ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁build ▁super comput ers ▁for ▁high - per formance ▁computing . ▁Fix st ars ▁Sol utions ▁s ells ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁Y ellow ▁Dog ▁Linux ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁( origin ally ▁sold ▁by ▁Terra ▁So ft ▁Sol utions ). ▁Rap id M ind ▁produced ▁a ▁stream ▁programming ▁package ▁for ▁PS 3 , ▁but ▁were ▁acquired ▁by ▁Intel ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Also , ▁on ▁January ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Dr . ▁Frank ▁Mu eller , ▁Associ ate ▁Professor ▁of ▁Computer ▁Science ▁at ▁N CS U |
, ▁cluster ed ▁ 8 ▁PS 3 s . ▁Mu eller ▁commented ▁that ▁the ▁ 2 5 6 MB ▁of ▁system ▁RAM ▁is ▁a ▁limitation ▁for ▁this ▁particular ▁application ▁and ▁is ▁considering ▁attempting ▁to ▁retro fit ▁more ▁RAM . ▁Software ▁includes : ▁Fed ora ▁Core ▁ 5 ▁Linux ▁pp c 6 4 , ▁M PI CH 2 , ▁Open MP ▁v ▁ 2 . 5 , ▁GNU ▁Comp iler ▁Collection ▁and ▁Cell SDK ▁ 1 . 1 . ▁As ▁a ▁more ▁cost - effect ive ▁alternative ▁to ▁conventional ▁super comput ers , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁military ▁has ▁purchased ▁clusters ▁of ▁PS 3 ▁units ▁for ▁research ▁purposes . ▁Ret ail ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁units ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁super comput ing , ▁because ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁la cks ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁boot ▁into ▁a ▁third - party ▁OS . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁hack ers ▁used ▁a ▁cluster ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁computers ▁to ▁crack ▁SSL ▁authentication . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ▁Research ▁Labor atory ▁( AF RL ) ▁created ▁a ▁powerful ▁super comput er ▁by ▁connecting ▁together ▁ 1 , 7 6 0 ▁Sony ▁PS 3 s ▁which ▁include ▁ 1 6 8 ▁separate ▁graph ical ▁processing ▁units ▁and ▁ 8 4 ▁coordin ating ▁servers ▁in ▁a ▁parallel ▁array ▁capable ▁of ▁performing ▁ 5 0 0 ▁tr ill ion ▁floating - point ▁operations ▁per ▁second ▁( 5 0 |
0 TF LO PS ). ▁As ▁built ▁the ▁Cond or ▁Cl uster ▁was ▁the ▁ 3 3 rd ▁largest ▁super comput er ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁would ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁analyze ▁high ▁definition ▁satellite ▁imag ery . ▁ ▁Techn ical ▁specific ations ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁features ▁a ▁slot - loading ▁ 2 x ▁speed ▁Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁drive ▁for ▁games , ▁Bl u - ray ▁mov ies , ▁DVD s , ▁and ▁CD s . ▁It ▁was ▁originally ▁available ▁with ▁hard ▁drives ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁and ▁ 6 0 GB ▁( 2 0 GB ▁model ▁was ▁not ▁available ▁in ▁P AL ▁regions ) ▁but ▁various ▁sizes ▁up ▁to ▁ 5 0 0 GB ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁available ▁since ▁then ▁( see : ▁model ▁comparison ). ▁All ▁PS 3 ▁models ▁have ▁user - up grade able ▁ 2 . 5 " ▁S ATA ▁hard ▁drives . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁uses ▁the ▁Cell ▁micro processor , ▁designed ▁by ▁Sony , ▁T os hib a ▁and ▁IBM , ▁as ▁its ▁CPU , ▁which ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁one ▁ 3 . 2 G Hz ▁Power PC - based ▁" Power ▁Process ing ▁Element " ▁( P PE ) ▁and ▁eight ▁Syn erg istic ▁Process ing ▁Element s ▁( S PE s ). ▁ ▁To ▁increase ▁yields ▁and ▁reduce ▁costs , ▁the ▁chip ▁has ▁ 8 ▁S PE s . ▁After ▁manufact ure , ▁every ▁chip ▁is ▁tested ▁and ▁a ▁defect ive ▁S PE ▁dis |
connected ▁using ▁las er ▁trim ming , ▁leaving ▁ 7 ▁S PE s . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁otherwise ▁disc arded ▁process ors ▁can ▁be ▁used , ▁reducing ▁costs ▁and ▁waste . ▁ ▁Only ▁six ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁S PE s ▁are ▁accessible ▁to ▁developers ▁as ▁the ▁sevent h ▁S PE ▁is ▁reserved ▁by ▁the ▁console ' s ▁operating ▁system . ▁Graphics ▁processing ▁is ▁handled ▁by ▁the ▁N vidia ▁R S X ▁' Re ality ▁Syn thes izer ', ▁which ▁can ▁produce ▁resolution s ▁from ▁ 4 8 0 i / 5 7 6 i ▁SD ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 8 0 p ▁HD . ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁has ▁ 2 5 6 MB ▁of ▁X DR ▁D RAM ▁main ▁memory ▁and ▁ 2 5 6 MB ▁of ▁G DD R 3 ▁video ▁memory ▁for ▁the ▁R S X . ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁has ▁Bl uetooth ▁ 2 . 0 ▁( with ▁support ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁seven ▁Bl uetooth ▁devices ), ▁G ig ab it ▁E ther net , ▁USB ▁ 2 . 0 ▁and ▁HD MI ▁ 1 . 4 ▁built ▁in . ▁Wi - Fi ▁networking ▁is ▁also ▁built - in ▁on ▁all ▁but ▁the ▁ 2 0 GB ▁models , ▁while ▁a ▁flash ▁card ▁reader ▁( compatible ▁with ▁Memory ▁St ick , ▁SD / MM C ▁and ▁Comp act Fl ash / M icro drive ▁media ) ▁is ▁built - in ▁on ▁ 6 0 GB ▁and ▁CE CH Ex x ▁ 8 0 |
GB ▁models . ▁ ▁Mod els ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁has ▁been ▁produced ▁in ▁various ▁models : ▁the ▁original , ▁the ▁S lim , ▁and ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim . ▁Success ive ▁models ▁have ▁added ▁or ▁removed ▁various ▁features , ▁reduced ▁the ▁console ' s ▁initial ▁purchase ▁price ▁and ▁weight , ▁and ▁increased ▁storage ▁capacity ▁( with ▁exceptions ). ▁ ▁Cont rollers ▁and ▁access ories ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁access ories ▁for ▁the ▁console ▁have ▁been ▁developed . ▁These ▁access ories ▁include ▁the ▁wireless ▁Six axis ▁and ▁D ual S ho ck ▁ 3 ▁controllers , ▁the ▁Log ite ch ▁D riv ing ▁Force ▁GT , ▁the ▁Log ite ch ▁Cord less ▁P rec ision ▁Controller , ▁the ▁B D ▁Rem ote , ▁the ▁Play Station ▁E ye ▁camera , ▁and ▁the ▁Play TV ▁D VB - T ▁tun er / dig ital ▁video ▁rec order ▁access ory . ▁ ▁At ▁Sony ' s ▁E 3 ▁press ▁conference ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁then ▁standard ▁wireless ▁Six axis ▁controller ▁was ▁announced . ▁The ▁controller ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁basic ▁design ▁as ▁the ▁Play Station 2 ' s ▁D ual S ho ck ▁ 2 ▁controller ▁but ▁was ▁wireless , ▁lack ed ▁v ibration ▁capabilities , ▁had ▁a ▁built - in ▁acceler ometer ▁( that ▁could ▁detect ▁motion ▁in ▁three ▁direction al ▁and ▁three ▁rot ational ▁axes ; ▁six ▁in ▁total , ▁hence ▁the ▁name ▁Six axis ) ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁few ▁cos met ic ▁twe aks . |
▁ ▁At ▁its ▁press ▁conference ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Tokyo ▁Game ▁Show , ▁Sony ▁announced ▁D ual S ho ck ▁ 3 ▁( tra dem ark ed ▁D U AL SH O CK ▁ 3 ), ▁a ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁controller ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁function ▁and ▁design ▁as ▁Six axis , ▁but ▁with ▁v ibration ▁cap ability ▁included . ▁H ands - on ▁accounts ▁describe ▁the ▁controller ▁as ▁being ▁notice ably ▁heav ier ▁than ▁the ▁standard ▁Six axis ▁controller ▁and ▁capable ▁of ▁v ibration ▁forces ▁compar able ▁to ▁D ual S ho ck ▁ 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Japan ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ; ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁on ▁April ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁in ▁Australia ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁on ▁May ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁in ▁main land ▁Europe ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁Ireland ▁on ▁July ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁During ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Sony ▁un ve iled ▁plans ▁to ▁release ▁a ▁motion ▁controller ▁later ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁Play Station ▁Move ▁at ▁G DC ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁in ▁Europe ; ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 |
0 1 0 , ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁October ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁in ▁Japan . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sony ▁announced ▁an ▁official ▁surr ound ▁sound ▁system ▁for ▁PS 3 ▁through ▁the ▁official ▁Play Station ▁YouTube ▁channel . ▁ ▁The ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁can ▁also ▁use ▁D ual S ho ck ▁ 4 ▁controller ▁initially ▁via ▁USB ▁cable , ▁but ▁F irm ware ▁update ▁ 4 . 6 0 ▁enabled ▁wireless ▁connection . ▁ ▁Statistics ▁regarding ▁reli ability ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Ar s ▁Techn ica , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁cons oles ▁that ▁have ▁experienced ▁failure ▁is ▁well ▁within ▁the ▁normal ▁failure ▁rates ▁in ▁the ▁consumer ▁electron ics ▁industry ; ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁study ▁by ▁Square Tra de , ▁a ▁war rant y ▁provider , ▁found ▁a ▁two - year ▁failure ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 0 % ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 s . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁BBC ' s ▁Watch dog ▁television ▁program ▁a ired ▁a ▁report ▁investig ating ▁the ▁issue , ▁calling ▁it ▁the ▁" yellow ▁light ▁of ▁death " ▁( Y LO D ). ▁Among ▁the ▁cons oles ▁that ▁experienced ▁the ▁failure , ▁they ▁found ▁that ▁it ▁usually ▁occurred ▁ 1 8 – 2 4 ▁months ▁after ▁purchase , ▁while ▁the ▁standard ▁Sony ▁war rant y ▁covers ▁one ▁year ▁after ▁purchase . ▁After ▁this ▁time ▁period , ▁Play Station ▁ 3 |
▁own ers ▁can ▁pay ▁Sony ▁a ▁fixed ▁fee ▁for ▁a ▁ref urb ished ▁console . ▁ ▁Sony ▁claimed ▁that , ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁statistics ▁of ▁returned ▁cons oles , ▁approximately ▁ 0 . 5 % ▁of ▁cons oles ▁were ▁reported ▁as ▁showing ▁the ▁Y LO D . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁tele vised ▁report , ▁Sony ▁issued ▁a ▁document ▁critic izing ▁the ▁program ' s ▁accuracy ▁and ▁conclus ions ; ▁specifically ▁that ▁the ▁fault s ▁were ▁evidence ▁of ▁a ▁manufact uring ▁defect . ▁The ▁document ▁also ▁compla ined ▁that ▁the ▁report ▁had ▁been ▁in app ropri ate ▁in ▁tone ▁and ▁might ▁damage ▁Sony ' s ▁brand ▁name . ▁ ▁Software ▁ ▁System ▁software ▁Sony ▁has ▁included ▁the ▁ability ▁for ▁the ▁operating ▁system , ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁System ▁Software , ▁to ▁be ▁updated . ▁The ▁updates ▁can ▁be ▁acquired ▁in ▁several ▁ways : ▁ ▁If ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁has ▁an ▁active ▁Internet ▁connection , ▁updates ▁may ▁be ▁downloaded ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁to ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁and ▁subsequently ▁installed . ▁Systems ▁with ▁active ▁Internet ▁will ▁automatically ▁check ▁online ▁for ▁software ▁updates ▁each ▁time ▁the ▁console ▁is ▁started . ▁ ▁Using ▁an ▁external ▁PC , ▁a ▁user ▁may ▁download ▁the ▁update ▁from ▁the ▁official ▁Play Station ▁website , ▁transfer ▁it ▁to ▁port able ▁storage ▁media ▁and ▁install ▁it ▁on ▁the ▁system . ▁ ▁Some ▁game ▁disc s ▁come ▁with ▁system ▁software ▁updates ▁on ▁the ▁disc . ▁This ▁may ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁game ▁requiring ▁the ▁update ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁run . |
▁If ▁so , ▁the ▁software ▁may ▁be ▁installed ▁from ▁the ▁disc . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁also ▁included ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁install ▁other ▁operating ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁Linux . ▁This ▁was ▁not ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁newer ▁sl im ▁models ▁and ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁all ▁older ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁cons oles ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁firm ware ▁update ▁ 3 . 2 1 ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁functionality ▁is ▁now ▁only ▁available ▁to ▁users ▁of ▁original ▁cons oles ▁who ▁choose ▁not ▁to ▁update ▁their ▁system ▁software ▁beyond ▁version ▁ 3 . 1 5 ▁or ▁who ▁have ▁installed ▁third - party , ▁modified ▁and ▁uno fficial ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁firm ware ▁instead . ▁ ▁Graph ical ▁user ▁interface ▁ ▁The ▁standard ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁X ross Media Bar ▁( pr on ounced ▁Cross ▁Media ▁Bar , ▁or ▁abbre vi ated ▁X MB ) ▁includes ▁nine ▁categories ▁of ▁options . ▁These ▁are : ▁Users , ▁Settings , ▁Ph oto , ▁Music , ▁Video , ▁TV / Video ▁Services , ▁Game , ▁Network , ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁and ▁Fri ends ▁( similar ▁to ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁media ▁bar ). ▁The TV / Video ▁Services ▁category ▁is ▁for ▁services ▁like ▁Net fli x ▁and / or ▁if ▁Play TV ▁or ▁tor ne ▁is ▁installed ; ▁the ▁first ▁category ▁in ▁this ▁section ▁is ▁" My ▁Ch annels ", ▁which ▁lets ▁users ▁download ▁various ▁streaming ▁services , ▁including ▁Sony ' s ▁own ▁streaming ▁services |
▁Cra ck le ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Vue . ▁By ▁default , ▁the ▁What ' s ▁New ▁section ▁of ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁is ▁displayed ▁when ▁the ▁system ▁starts ▁up . ▁PS 3 ▁includes ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁store ▁various ▁master ▁and ▁secondary ▁user ▁profiles , ▁manage ▁and ▁explore ▁photos ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁a ▁musical ▁slide ▁show , ▁play ▁music ▁and ▁copy ▁audio ▁CD ▁tracks ▁to ▁an ▁attached ▁data ▁storage ▁device , ▁play ▁mov ies ▁and ▁video ▁files ▁from ▁the ▁hard ▁disk ▁drive , ▁an ▁optical ▁disc ▁( B lu - ray ▁Disc ▁or ▁DVD - Video ) ▁or ▁an ▁optional ▁USB ▁mass ▁storage ▁or ▁Flash ▁card , ▁compatibility ▁for ▁a ▁USB ▁keyboard ▁and ▁mouse ▁and ▁a ▁web ▁browser ▁supporting ▁compatible - file ▁download ▁function . ▁Additionally , ▁UP n P ▁media ▁will ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁respective ▁audio / video / photo ▁categories ▁if ▁a ▁compatible ▁media ▁server ▁or ▁D L NA ▁server ▁is ▁detected ▁on ▁the ▁local ▁network . ▁The ▁Fri ends ▁menu ▁allows ▁mail ▁with ▁emot icon ▁and ▁attached ▁picture ▁features ▁and ▁video ▁chat ▁which ▁requires ▁an ▁optional ▁Play Station ▁E ye ▁or ▁E ye To y ▁web cam . ▁The ▁Network ▁menu ▁allows ▁online ▁sho pping ▁through ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁and ▁connect ivity ▁to ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁via ▁Rem ote ▁Play . ▁ ▁Digital ▁rights ▁management ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁console ▁protect s ▁certain ▁types ▁of ▁data ▁and ▁uses ▁digital ▁rights ▁management ▁to ▁limit ▁the ▁data ' s ▁use . ▁P urch ased ▁games ▁and ▁content ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network |
▁store ▁are ▁govern ed ▁by ▁Play Station ' s ▁Network ▁Digital ▁Rights ▁Management ▁( ND R M ). ▁The ▁N DR M ▁allows ▁users ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁data ▁from ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 ▁different ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ' s ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁activ ated ▁using ▁a ▁user ' s ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁ID . ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁also ▁limits ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁copy ▁protected ▁videos ▁downloaded ▁from ▁its ▁store ▁to ▁other ▁machines ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁copy ▁protected ▁video ▁" may ▁not ▁restore ▁correctly " ▁following ▁certain ▁actions ▁after ▁making ▁a ▁backup ▁such ▁as ▁downloading ▁a ▁new ▁copy ▁protected ▁movie . ▁ ▁Ph oto ▁management ▁Ph oto ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Ph oto ▁Gallery ▁is ▁an ▁optional ▁application ▁to ▁view , ▁create ▁and ▁group ▁photos ▁from ▁PS 3 , ▁which ▁is ▁installed ▁separately ▁from ▁the ▁system ▁software ▁at ▁ 1 0 5 MB . ▁It ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁system ▁software ▁version ▁ 2 . 6 0 ▁and ▁provides ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁tools ▁for ▁sorting ▁through ▁and ▁displaying ▁the ▁system ' s ▁pictures . ▁The ▁key ▁feature ▁of ▁this ▁application ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁organ ize ▁photos ▁into ▁groups ▁according ▁to ▁various ▁criteria . ▁Notable ▁categor izations ▁are ▁colors , ▁ages , ▁or ▁fa cial ▁expressions ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁photos . ▁Sl ides h ows ▁can ▁be ▁viewed ▁with ▁the ▁application , ▁along ▁with ▁music ▁and ▁play lists . ▁The ▁software ▁was ▁updated ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁system ▁software ▁version ▁ 3 . 4 0 ▁allowing ▁users ▁to ▁upload ▁and ▁brow se |
▁photos ▁on ▁Facebook ▁and ▁P icas a . ▁ ▁Play Mem ories ▁Studio ▁Play Mem ories ▁is ▁an ▁optional ▁s tere os cop ic ▁ 3 D ▁( and ▁also ▁standard ) ▁photo ▁view ing ▁application , ▁which ▁is ▁installed ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁at ▁ 9 5 6 MB . ▁The ▁application ▁is ▁dedicated ▁specifically ▁to ▁ 3 D ▁photos ▁and ▁features ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁zoom ▁into ▁ 3 D ▁environments ▁and ▁change ▁the ▁angle ▁and ▁perspective ▁of ▁pan or am as . ▁It ▁requires ▁system ▁software ▁ 3 . 4 0 ▁or ▁higher ; ▁ 3 D ▁photos ; ▁a ▁ 3 D ▁HD TV , ▁and ▁an ▁HD MI ▁cable ▁for ▁the ▁ 3 D ▁images ▁to ▁be ▁viewed ▁properly . ▁ ▁Video ▁services ▁Video ▁editor ▁and ▁upload er ▁A ▁new ▁application ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁system ▁software ▁version ▁ 3 . 4 0 ▁which ▁allows ▁users ▁to ▁edit ▁videos ▁on ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁and ▁upload ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁Internet . ▁The ▁software ▁features ▁basic ▁video ▁editing ▁tools ▁including ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁cut ▁videos ▁and ▁add ▁music ▁and ▁ca ptions . ▁Videos ▁can ▁then ▁be ▁rendered ▁and ▁uploaded ▁to ▁video ▁sharing ▁websites ▁such ▁as ▁Facebook ▁and ▁YouTube . ▁ ▁Video ▁on ▁demand ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁video ▁service ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁Sony ▁Entertainment ▁Network , ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁console ▁has ▁access ▁to ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁third ▁party ▁video ▁services , ▁dependent ▁on ▁region : ▁ ▁Since ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Vid |
Zone ▁has ▁offered ▁a ▁free ▁music ▁video ▁streaming ▁service ▁in ▁Europe , ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment ▁and ▁Net fli x ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁Net fli x ▁streaming ▁service ▁would ▁also ▁be ▁available ▁on ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁A ▁paid ▁Net fli x ▁subscription ▁was ▁required ▁for ▁the ▁service . ▁The ▁service ▁became ▁available ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Initial ly ▁users ▁had ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁free ▁Bl u - ray ▁disc ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁service ; ▁however , ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁requirement ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁disc ▁to ▁gain ▁access ▁was ▁removed . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁support ▁for ▁ML B . tv ▁was ▁added , ▁allowing ▁ML B . tv ▁subscri bers ▁to ▁watch ▁regular ▁season ▁games ▁live ▁in ▁HD ▁and ▁access ▁new ▁interactive ▁features ▁designed ▁exclus ively ▁for ▁PS N . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁video ▁and ▁social ▁networking ▁site ▁M UB I ▁was ▁enabled ▁for ▁European , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁and ▁Australian ▁users ; ▁the ▁service ▁integr ates ▁elements ▁of ▁social ▁networking ▁with ▁r ental ▁or ▁subscription ▁video ▁streaming , ▁allowing ▁users ▁to ▁watch ▁and ▁discuss ▁films ▁with ▁other ▁users . ▁Also ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁video ▁r ental ▁service ▁V U DU , ▁N HL ▁Game Center ▁Live , ▁and ▁subscription ▁service ▁H ulu ▁Plus ▁launched ▁on ▁Play |
Station ▁ 3 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Sony , ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁Dire c TV , ▁added ▁NFL ▁Sunday ▁T icket . ▁Then ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Best ▁Bu y ▁launched ▁an ▁app ▁for ▁its ▁Cinema Now ▁service . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Amazon . com ▁launched ▁an ▁Amazon ▁Video ▁app , ▁accessible ▁to ▁Amazon ▁Prime ▁subscri bers ▁( in ▁the ▁US ). ▁ ▁Upon ▁review ing ▁the ▁Play Station ▁and ▁Net fli x ▁collaboration , ▁P ocket - L int ▁said ▁" We ' ve ▁used ▁the ▁Net fli x ▁app ▁on ▁X box ▁too ▁and , ▁as ▁good ▁as ▁it ▁is , ▁we ▁think ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁version ▁might ▁have ▁the ▁edge ▁here ." ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁having ▁Net fli x ▁and ▁Love Fil m ▁on ▁Play Station ▁is ▁" mind - b low ingly ▁good ." ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Y upp TV ▁O TT ▁player ▁launched ▁its ▁brand ed ▁application ▁on ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁computer ▁entertain ment ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Other OS ▁support ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁initially ▁sh ipped ▁with ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁install ▁an ▁alternative ▁operating ▁system ▁alongside ▁the ▁main ▁system ▁software ; ▁Linux ▁and ▁other ▁Unix - based ▁operating ▁systems ▁were ▁available . ▁The ▁hardware ▁allowed ▁access ▁to ▁six ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁Syn erg istic ▁Process ing ▁Element s ▁of ▁the ▁Cell ▁micro processor , ▁but ▁not |
▁the ▁R S X ▁' Re ality ▁Syn thes izer ' ▁graphics ▁chip . ▁ ▁The ▁' Other OS ' ▁functionality ▁was ▁not ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁updated ▁PS ▁S lim ▁models , ▁and ▁the ▁feature ▁was ▁subsequently ▁removed ▁from ▁previous ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁machine ' s ▁firm ware ▁update ▁version ▁ 3 . 2 1 ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ; ▁Sony ▁c ited ▁security ▁concerns ▁as ▁the ▁r ationale . ▁The ▁firm ware ▁update ▁ 3 . 2 1 ▁was ▁mand atory ▁for ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network . ▁The ▁removal ▁caused ▁some ▁controvers y ; ▁as ▁the ▁update ▁removed ▁officially ▁advert ised ▁features ▁from ▁already ▁sold ▁products , ▁and ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁several ▁class ▁action ▁law su its ▁aim ed ▁at ▁making ▁Sony ▁return ▁the ▁feature ▁or ▁provide ▁compens ation . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁U . S . ▁District ▁Judge ▁Richard ▁Se eb org ▁dismiss ed ▁the ▁last ▁remaining ▁count ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁action ▁law suit ▁( other ▁claims ▁in ▁the ▁suit ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁dismiss ed ), ▁stating : ▁" As ▁a ▁legal ▁matter , ▁... ▁pla int iffs ▁have ▁failed ▁to ▁al lege ▁facts ▁or ▁art ic ulate ▁a ▁theory ▁on ▁which ▁Sony ▁may ▁be ▁held ▁li able ." ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁for ▁the ▁N inth ▁Circ uit ▁partially ▁revers ed ▁the ▁dismiss al ▁and ▁have |
▁sent ▁the ▁case ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁district ▁court . ▁ ▁Le ap ▁year ▁bug ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁( UTC ), ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁" f at " ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁models ▁world wide ▁were ▁experien cing ▁errors ▁related ▁to ▁their ▁internal ▁system ▁clock . ▁The ▁error ▁had ▁many ▁sympt oms . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁main ▁problem ▁seemed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁in ability ▁to ▁connect ▁to ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network . ▁However , ▁the ▁root ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁problem ▁was ▁un related ▁to ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network , ▁since ▁even ▁users ▁who ▁had ▁never ▁been ▁online ▁also ▁had ▁problems ▁playing ▁installed ▁off line ▁games ▁( which ▁quer ied ▁the ▁system ▁timer ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁startup ) ▁and ▁using ▁system ▁them es . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁many ▁users ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁console ' s ▁clock ▁had ▁gone ▁back ▁to ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁The ▁event ▁was ▁nick named ▁the ▁Ap oc aly PS 3 , ▁a ▁play ▁on ▁the ▁word ▁ap ocal yp se ▁and ▁PS 3 , ▁the ▁abbre viation ▁for ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁console . ▁ ▁The ▁error ▁code ▁displayed ▁was ▁typically ▁ 8 0 0 1 0 5 0 F ▁and ▁affected ▁users ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁sign ▁in , ▁play ▁games , ▁use ▁dynamic ▁them es ▁and ▁view / sync ▁tro ph ies . ▁The ▁problem ▁only ▁res ided ▁within ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁through ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁generation ▁original |
▁PS 3 ▁units ▁while ▁the ▁newer ▁" S lim " ▁models ▁were ▁una ffect ed ▁because ▁of ▁different ▁internal ▁hardware ▁for ▁the ▁clock . ▁ ▁Sony ▁confirmed ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁error ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁narrow ing ▁down ▁the ▁issue ▁and ▁were ▁continu ing ▁to ▁work ▁to ▁restore ▁service . ▁By ▁March ▁ 2 ▁( UTC ), ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁own ers ▁of ▁original ▁PS 3 ▁models ▁could ▁connect ▁to ▁PS N ▁successfully ▁and ▁the ▁clock ▁no ▁longer ▁showed ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Sony ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁affected ▁models ▁incorrectly ▁identified ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁as ▁a ▁le ap ▁year , ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁bug ▁in ▁the ▁B CD ▁method ▁of ▁storing ▁the ▁date . ▁However , ▁for ▁some ▁users , ▁the ▁hardware ' s ▁operating ▁system ▁clock ▁( main ly ▁updated ▁from ▁the ▁internet ▁and ▁not ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁internal ▁clock ) ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁updated ▁manually ▁or ▁by ▁re - sync ing ▁it ▁via ▁the ▁internet . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sony ▁released ▁PS 3 ▁system ▁software ▁update ▁ 3 . 4 0 , ▁which ▁improved ▁the ▁functionality ▁of ▁the ▁internal ▁clock ▁to ▁properly ▁account ▁for ▁le ap ▁years . ▁ ▁Fe atures ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁connect ivity ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁can ▁connect ▁with ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁in ▁many ▁ways , ▁including ▁in - game ▁connect ivity . ▁For ▁example , ▁Formula ▁One ▁Championship |
▁Edition , ▁a ▁racing ▁game , ▁was ▁shown ▁at ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁using ▁a ▁P SP ▁as ▁a ▁real - time ▁rear - view ▁mirror . ▁In ▁addition , ▁users ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁download ▁original ▁Play Station ▁format ▁games ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store , ▁transfer ▁and ▁play ▁them ▁on ▁P SP ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁PS 3 ▁itself . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁possible ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Rem ote ▁Play ▁feature ▁to ▁play ▁these ▁and ▁some ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁games , ▁rem ot ely ▁on ▁P SP ▁over ▁a ▁network ▁or ▁internet ▁connection . ▁ ▁Sony ▁has ▁also ▁demonstrated ▁P SP ▁playing ▁back ▁video ▁content ▁from ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁hard ▁disk ▁across ▁an ▁ad ▁h oc ▁wireless ▁network . ▁This ▁feature ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Rem ote ▁Play ▁located ▁under ▁the ▁browser ▁icon ▁on ▁both ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Port able . ▁Rem ote ▁play ▁has ▁since ▁expanded ▁to ▁allow ▁remote ▁access ▁to ▁PS 3 ▁via ▁P SP ▁from ▁any ▁wireless ▁access ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁is ▁the ▁un ified ▁online ▁multi player ▁g aming ▁and ▁digital ▁media ▁delivery ▁service ▁provided ▁by ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Port able , ▁announced ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Play Station ▁Business ▁Br ief ing ▁meeting ▁in ▁Tokyo . ▁The ▁service ▁is ▁always ▁connected , ▁free , ▁and ▁includes ▁multi player ▁support . ▁The ▁network ▁enables ▁online ▁g aming , ▁the ▁Play |
Station ▁Store , ▁Play Station ▁Home ▁and ▁other ▁services . ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁uses ▁real ▁currency ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁C ards ▁as ▁seen ▁with ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Home . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Plus ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Plus ▁( comm only ▁abbre vi ated ▁PS + ▁and ▁occasionally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁PS N ▁Plus ) ▁is ▁a ▁prem ium ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁subscription ▁service ▁that ▁was ▁officially ▁un ve iled ▁at ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁Jack ▁Tre tt on , ▁President ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁S CE A . ▁Rum ors ▁of ▁such ▁service ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁spec ulation ▁since ▁Kaz ▁H ira i ' s ▁announ cement ▁at ▁T GS ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁of ▁a ▁possible ▁paid ▁service ▁for ▁PS N ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁current ▁PS N ▁service ▁still ▁available . ▁La unch ed ▁alongside ▁PS 3 ▁firm ware ▁ 3 . 4 0 ▁and ▁P SP ▁firm ware ▁ 6 . 3 0 ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁paid - for ▁subscription ▁service ▁provides ▁users ▁with ▁en hanced ▁services ▁on ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network , ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁PS N ▁service ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁available ▁with ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁features . ▁These ▁enh anc ements ▁include ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁have ▁dem os ▁and ▁game ▁updates ▁download ▁automatically ▁to ▁Play Station ▁ 3 . ▁Sub scri bers ▁also ▁get ▁early ▁or ▁exclusive ▁access ▁to ▁some ▁bet as , ▁game ▁dem os , |
▁prem ium ▁download able ▁content ▁and ▁other ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁items . ▁North ▁American ▁users ▁also ▁get ▁a ▁free ▁subscription ▁to ▁Q ore . ▁Users ▁may ▁choose ▁to ▁purchase ▁either ▁a ▁one - year ▁or ▁a ▁three - month ▁subscription ▁to ▁Play Station ▁Plus . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁ ▁The ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁is ▁an ▁online ▁virtual ▁market ▁available ▁to ▁users ▁of ▁Sony ' s ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁( PS 3 ) ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Port able ▁( P SP ) ▁game ▁cons oles ▁via ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network . ▁The ▁Store ▁offers ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁download able ▁content ▁both ▁for ▁purchase ▁and ▁available ▁free ▁of ▁charge . ▁Av ailable ▁content ▁includes ▁full ▁games , ▁add - on ▁content , ▁play able ▁dem os , ▁them es ▁and ▁game ▁and ▁movie ▁tra ilers . ▁The ▁service ▁is ▁accessible ▁through ▁an ▁icon ▁on ▁the ▁X MB ▁on ▁PS 3 ▁and ▁P SP . ▁The ▁PS 3 ▁store ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁accessed ▁on ▁P SP ▁via ▁a ▁Rem ote ▁Play ▁connection ▁to ▁PS 3 . ▁The ▁P SP ▁store ▁is ▁also ▁available ▁via ▁the ▁PC ▁application , ▁Media ▁Go . ▁, ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁over ▁ 6 0 0 ▁million ▁download s ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁world wide . ▁ ▁The ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁is ▁updated ▁with ▁new ▁content ▁each ▁T ues day ▁in ▁North ▁America , ▁and ▁each ▁Wed nes day ▁in ▁P AL ▁regions . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁this ▁was ▁changed ▁from ▁Th urs days ▁to |
▁allow ▁P SP ▁games ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁digit ally , ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁time ▁they ▁are ▁released ▁on ▁U MD . ▁ ▁What ' s ▁New ▁ ▁What ' s ▁New ▁was ▁announced ▁at ▁Games com ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁with ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁system ▁software ▁ 3 . 0 . ▁The ▁feature ▁was ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁existing ▁[ Information ▁Board ], ▁which ▁displayed ▁news ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁website ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁user ' s ▁region . ▁The ▁concept ▁was ▁developed ▁further ▁into ▁a ▁major ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁feature , ▁which ▁interact s ▁with ▁the ▁[ Status ▁Ind icator ] ▁to ▁display ▁a ▁t icker ▁of ▁all ▁content , ▁ex cluding ▁recently ▁played ▁content ▁( current ly ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁Japan ▁only ). ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁displays ▁the ▁What ' s ▁New ▁screen ▁by ▁default ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁[ G ames ] ▁menu ▁( or ▁[ Video ] ▁menu , ▁if ▁a ▁movie ▁was ▁inserted ) ▁when ▁starting ▁up . ▁What ' s ▁New ▁has ▁four ▁sections : ▁" O ur ▁Pick ", ▁" Rec ently ▁Play ed ", ▁latest ▁information ▁and ▁new ▁content ▁available ▁in ▁Play Station ▁Store . ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁kinds ▁of ▁content ▁the ▁What ' s ▁New ▁screen ▁displays ▁and ▁links ▁to , ▁on ▁the ▁sections . ▁" Rec ently ▁Play ed " ▁displays ▁the ▁user ' s ▁recently ▁played ▁games ▁and ▁online ▁services ▁only , ▁whereas , ▁the ▁other ▁sections |
▁can ▁contain ▁website ▁links , ▁links ▁to ▁play ▁videos ▁and ▁access ▁to ▁selected ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store . ▁ ▁The ▁Play Station ▁Store ▁icons ▁in ▁the ▁[ Game ] ▁and ▁[ Video ] ▁section ▁act ▁similarly ▁to ▁the ▁What ' s ▁New ▁screen , ▁except ▁that ▁they ▁only ▁display ▁and ▁link ▁to ▁games ▁and ▁videos ▁in ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Store , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Home ▁ ▁Play Station ▁Home ▁was ▁a ▁virtual ▁ 3 D ▁social ▁networking ▁service ▁for ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network . ▁Home ▁allowed ▁users ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁custom ▁av atar , ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁gro omed ▁real ist ically . ▁Users ▁could ▁edit ▁and ▁decor ate ▁their ▁personal ▁apart ments , ▁av at ars , ▁or ▁club ▁houses ▁with ▁free , ▁prem ium , ▁or ▁won ▁content . ▁Users ▁could ▁shop ▁for ▁new ▁items ▁or ▁win ▁pri zes ▁from ▁PS 3 ▁games , ▁or ▁Home ▁activities . ▁Users ▁could ▁interact ▁and ▁connect ▁with ▁friends ▁and ▁custom ize ▁content ▁in ▁a ▁virtual ▁world . ▁Home ▁also ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁meeting ▁place ▁for ▁users ▁that ▁wanted ▁to ▁play ▁multi player ▁video ▁games ▁with ▁others . ▁ ▁A ▁closed ▁beta ▁began ▁in ▁Europe ▁from ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁expanded ▁to ▁other ▁territ ories ▁soon ▁after . ▁Home ▁was ▁delayed ▁and ▁expanded ▁several ▁times ▁before ▁initially ▁re le asing . ▁The ▁Open ▁B eta ▁test ▁was ▁started ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁It ▁remained ▁as ▁a ▁perpet ual ▁beta ▁until |
▁its ▁closure ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Home ▁was ▁available ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁X ross Media Bar . ▁M emb ership ▁was ▁free , ▁but ▁required ▁a ▁PS N ▁account . ▁ ▁Home ▁featured ▁places ▁to ▁meet ▁and ▁interact , ▁dedicated ▁game ▁spaces , ▁developer ▁spaces , ▁company ▁spaces , ▁and ▁events . ▁The ▁service ▁under w ent ▁a ▁week ly ▁maintenance ▁and ▁frequent ▁updates . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁closure ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Home ▁had ▁been ▁downloaded ▁by ▁over ▁ 4 1 ▁million ▁users . ▁ ▁Life ▁with ▁Play Station ▁ ▁Life ▁with ▁Play Station , ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁succeed ▁F old ing @ home , ▁was ▁retired ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Life ▁with ▁Play Station ▁used ▁virtual ▁glo be ▁data ▁to ▁display ▁news ▁and ▁information ▁by ▁city . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁F old ing @ home ▁functionality , ▁the ▁application ▁provided ▁access ▁to ▁three ▁other ▁information ▁" ch annels ", ▁the ▁first ▁being ▁the ▁Live ▁Channel ▁offering ▁news ▁head lines ▁and ▁weather ▁which ▁were ▁provided ▁by ▁Google ▁News , ▁The ▁We ather ▁Channel , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁Space ▁Science ▁and ▁Engineering ▁Center , ▁among ▁other ▁sources . ▁The ▁second ▁channel ▁was ▁the ▁World ▁Heritage ▁channel ▁which ▁offered ▁historical ▁information ▁about ▁historical ▁sites . ▁The ▁third ▁channel ▁was ▁the ▁United ▁Village ▁channel . ▁United ▁Village |
▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁share ▁information ▁about ▁communities ▁and ▁cult ures ▁world wide . ▁An ▁update ▁allowed ▁video ▁and ▁photo ▁view ing ▁in ▁the ▁application . ▁The ▁fourth ▁channel ▁was ▁the ▁U . S . ▁exclusive ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁Game ▁Tra ilers ▁Channel ▁for ▁direct ▁streaming ▁of ▁game ▁tra ilers . ▁ ▁Out age ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Sony ▁shut ▁down ▁the ▁Play Station ▁Network ▁and ▁Q ri ocity ▁for ▁a ▁prolong ed ▁interval , ▁reve aling ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 3 ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁" an ▁external ▁intr usion ▁on ▁our ▁system ". ▁Sony ▁later ▁revealed ▁that ▁the ▁personal ▁information ▁of ▁ 7 7 ▁million ▁users ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁taken , ▁including : ▁names ; ▁addresses ; ▁countries ; ▁email ▁addresses ; ▁birth dates ; ▁PS N / Q ri ocity ▁log ins , ▁passwords ▁and ▁handles / PS N ▁online ▁IDs . ▁It ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁possible ▁that ▁users ' ▁profile ▁data , ▁including ▁purchase ▁history ▁and ▁b illing ▁address , ▁and ▁Play Station ▁Network / Q ri ocity ▁password ▁security ▁answers ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁obtained . ▁There ▁was ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁any ▁credit ▁card ▁data ▁had ▁been ▁taken , ▁but ▁the ▁possibility ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁ruled ▁out , ▁and ▁Sony ▁ad vised ▁customers ▁that ▁their ▁credit ▁card ▁data ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁obtained . ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁credit ▁card ▁numbers ▁were ▁encrypted ▁and ▁Sony ▁never ▁collected ▁the ▁three ▁digit ▁C VC ▁or ▁C SC ▁number ▁from ▁the ▁back ▁of |
▁the ▁credit ▁cards ▁which ▁is ▁required ▁for ▁authentic ating ▁some ▁transactions . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁incident , ▁Sony ▁announced ▁a ▁" Wel come ▁Back " ▁program , ▁ 3 0 ▁days ▁free ▁membership ▁of ▁Play Station ▁Plus ▁for ▁all ▁PS N ▁members , ▁two ▁free ▁download able ▁PS 3 ▁games , ▁and ▁a ▁free ▁one - year ▁en roll ment ▁in ▁an ▁identity ▁the ft ▁protection ▁program . ▁ ▁Sales ▁and ▁production ▁costs ▁ ▁Although ▁its ▁Play Station ▁prede cess ors ▁had ▁been ▁very ▁dominant ▁against ▁the ▁competition ▁and ▁were ▁h ug ely ▁prof itable ▁for ▁Sony , ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁had ▁an ▁in aus p icious ▁start , ▁and ▁Sony ▁chairman ▁and ▁CE O ▁Sir ▁Howard ▁String er ▁initially ▁could ▁not ▁conv ince ▁invest ors ▁of ▁a ▁turn around ▁in ▁its ▁fort unes . ▁The ▁PS 3 ▁lack ed ▁the ▁unique ▁game play ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁afford able ▁W ii ▁which ▁became ▁that ▁generation ' s ▁most ▁successful ▁console ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁units ▁sold . ▁Furthermore , ▁PS 3 ▁had ▁to ▁comp ete ▁directly ▁with ▁X box ▁ 3 6 0 ▁which ▁had ▁a ▁market ▁head ▁start , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁the ▁platform ▁no ▁longer ▁had ▁exclusive ▁titles ▁that ▁the ▁PS 2 ▁enjoyed ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Grand ▁The ft ▁Auto ▁and ▁Final ▁Fant asy ▁series ▁( reg arding ▁cross - platform ▁games , ▁X box ▁ 3 6 0 ▁versions ▁were ▁generally ▁considered ▁superior ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁although ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the |
▁PS 3 ▁versions ▁had ▁reached ▁par ity ▁or ▁sur pass ed ), ▁and ▁it ▁took ▁longer ▁than ▁expected ▁for ▁PS 3 ▁to ▁enjoy ▁strong ▁sales ▁and ▁close ▁the ▁gap ▁with ▁X box ▁ 3 6 0 . ▁Sony ▁also ▁continued ▁to ▁lose ▁money ▁on ▁each ▁PS 3 ▁sold ▁through ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁although ▁the ▁red es igned ▁" sl im " ▁PS 3 ▁has ▁cut ▁these ▁losses ▁since ▁then . ▁ ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ' s ▁initial ▁production ▁cost ▁is ▁estimated ▁by ▁i Supp li ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁US $ 8 0 5 . 8 5 ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 GB ▁model ▁and ▁US $ 8 4 0 . 3 5 ▁for ▁the ▁ 6 0 GB ▁model . ▁However , ▁they ▁were ▁pr iced ▁at ▁US $ 4 9 9 ▁and ▁US $ 5 9 9 ▁respectively , ▁meaning ▁that ▁units ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁sold ▁at ▁an ▁estimated ▁loss ▁of ▁$ 3 0 6 ▁or ▁$ 2 4 1 ▁depending ▁on ▁model , ▁if ▁the ▁cost ▁estimates ▁were ▁correct , ▁and ▁thus ▁may ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁Sony ' s ▁games ▁division ▁posting ▁an ▁operating ▁loss ▁of ▁ ¥ 2 3 2 . 3 ▁billion ▁( US $ 1 . 9 7 ▁billion ) ▁in ▁the ▁fis cal ▁year ▁ending ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁soon ▁after ▁these ▁results ▁were ▁published , ▁Ken ▁K ut ar agi , ▁President ▁of ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment , ▁announced ▁plans |
▁to ▁ret ire . ▁Vari ous ▁news ▁ag encies , ▁including ▁The ▁Times ▁and ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁reported ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁poor ▁sales , ▁while ▁S CE I ▁maintain s ▁that ▁K ut ar agi ▁had ▁been ▁planning ▁his ▁ret irement ▁for ▁six ▁months ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁announ cement . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Kaz ▁H ira i , ▁CE O ▁of ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment , ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁console ▁may ▁start ▁making ▁a ▁profit ▁by ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁stating ▁that , ▁" the ▁next ▁fis cal ▁year ▁starts ▁in ▁April ▁and ▁if ▁we ▁can ▁try ▁to ▁achieve ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁fis cal ▁year ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁great ▁thing " ▁and ▁that ▁"[ pro fit ability ] ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁definite ▁commit ment , ▁but ▁that ▁is ▁what ▁I ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁shoot ▁for ". ▁However , ▁market ▁anal yst s ▁Nik ko ▁Cit igr oup ▁have ▁predicted ▁that ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁could ▁be ▁prof itable ▁by ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁In ▁a ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁interview , ▁H ira i ▁stated ▁that ▁his ▁objective ▁is ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁to ▁sell ▁ 1 5 0 ▁million ▁units ▁by ▁its ▁nin th ▁year , ▁sur pass ing ▁Play Station ▁ 2 ' s ▁sales ▁of ▁ 1 4 0 ▁million ▁in ▁its ▁nine ▁years ▁on ▁the ▁market . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Sony ▁announced ▁that ▁their |
▁g aming ▁division ▁was ▁prof itable ▁in ▁Q 3 ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁system ' s ▁launch , ▁production ▁costs ▁have ▁been ▁reduced ▁significantly ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁ph asing ▁out ▁the ▁Em otion ▁Engine ▁chip ▁and ▁falling ▁hardware ▁costs . ▁The ▁cost ▁of ▁manufact uring ▁Cell ▁micro process ors ▁has ▁fallen ▁dram atically ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁moving ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 5 nm ▁production ▁process , ▁and ▁Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁di odes ▁have ▁become ▁che aper ▁to ▁manufact ure . ▁As ▁of ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁each ▁unit ▁cost ▁around ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁to ▁manufact ure ; ▁by ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Sony ▁had ▁reduced ▁costs ▁by ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 7 0 %, ▁meaning ▁it ▁only ▁costs ▁Sony ▁around ▁$ 2 4 0 ▁per ▁unit . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁Early ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁reviews ▁after ▁launch ▁were ▁critical ▁of ▁its ▁high ▁price ▁and ▁lack ▁of ▁quality ▁games . ▁Game ▁developers ▁regarded ▁the ▁architecture ▁as ▁difficult ▁to ▁program ▁for . ▁PS 3 ▁was , ▁however , ▁comm ended ▁for ▁its ▁hardware ▁including ▁its ▁Bl u - ray ▁home ▁the ater ▁capabilities ▁and ▁graphics ▁potential . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁and ▁commercial ▁reception ▁to ▁PS 3 ▁improved ▁over ▁time , ▁after ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁price ▁revis ions , ▁Bl u - ray ' s ▁victory ▁over ▁HD ▁DVD , ▁and ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁several ▁well ▁received ▁titles . ▁Ar s ▁Techn icas ▁original ▁launch ▁review ▁gave |
▁PS 3 ▁only ▁a ▁ 6 / 1 0 , ▁but ▁second ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁console ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁r ated ▁it ▁a ▁ 9 / 1 0 . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁I GN ▁named ▁Play Station 3 ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁best ▁g aming ▁console ▁of ▁all ▁time , ▁behind ▁both ▁of ▁its ▁compet itors : ▁W ii ▁( 1 0 th ) ▁and ▁X box ▁ 3 6 0 ▁( 6 th ). ▁However , ▁PS 3 ▁has ▁won ▁I GN ' s ▁" Console ▁Show down " — based ▁on ▁which ▁console ▁offers ▁the ▁best ▁selection ▁of ▁games ▁released ▁during ▁each ▁year — in ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁years ▁since ▁it ▁began ▁( 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁with ▁X box ▁winning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ). ▁I GN ▁jud ged ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁best ▁game ▁line - up ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁review ▁scores ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁W ii ▁and ▁X box ▁ 3 6 0 . ▁In ▁a ▁comparison ▁piece ▁by ▁PC ▁Mag az ines ▁Will ▁Green wald ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁PS 3 ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁an ▁overall ▁better ▁console ▁compared ▁to ▁X box ▁ 3 6 0 . ▁P ocket - lint ▁said ▁of ▁the ▁console ▁" The ▁PS 3 ▁has ▁always ▁been ▁a ▁brilliant |
▁games ▁console ," ▁and ▁that ▁" For ▁now , ▁this ▁is ▁just ▁about ▁the ▁best ▁media ▁device ▁for ▁the ▁money ." ▁ ▁Original ▁model ▁PS 3 ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁number - e ight ▁spot ▁on ▁PC ▁World ▁magazine ' s ▁list ▁of ▁" The ▁Top ▁ 2 1 ▁Te ch ▁S cre w ups ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 ", ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁critic ized ▁for ▁being ▁" L ate , ▁Exp ensive ▁and ▁In compatible ". ▁Games Rad ar ▁ranked ▁PS 3 ▁as ▁the ▁top ▁item ▁in ▁a ▁feature ▁on ▁game - related ▁PR ▁dis aster s , ▁asking ▁how ▁Sony ▁managed ▁to ▁" take ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁anticip ated ▁game ▁systems ▁of ▁all ▁time ▁and — ▁within ▁the ▁space ▁of ▁a ▁year — ▁turn ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁hate ▁object ▁rev iled ▁by ▁the ▁entire ▁internet ", ▁but ▁added ▁that ▁despite ▁its ▁problems ▁the ▁system ▁has ▁" unt apped ▁potential ". ▁Business ▁Week ▁sum med ▁up ▁the ▁general ▁opinion ▁by ▁stating ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁" more ▁im pressed ▁with ▁what ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁could ▁do ▁than ▁with ▁what ▁it ▁currently ▁does ". ▁ ▁Develop ers ▁also ▁found ▁the ▁machine ▁difficult ▁to ▁program ▁for . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁G abe ▁New ell ▁of ▁Val ve ▁said ▁" The ▁PS 3 ▁is ▁a ▁total ▁dis aster ▁on ▁so ▁many ▁levels , ▁I ▁think ▁it ' s ▁really ▁clear ▁that ▁Sony ▁lost ▁track ▁of ▁what ▁customers ▁and ▁what ▁developers ▁wanted ". ▁He ▁continued ▁" I |
' d ▁say , ▁even ▁at ▁this ▁late ▁date , ▁they ▁should ▁just ▁cancel ▁it ▁and ▁do ▁a ▁do ▁over . ▁Just ▁say , ▁' This ▁was ▁a ▁hor rible ▁dis aster ▁and ▁we ' re ▁sorry ▁and ▁we ' re ▁going ▁to ▁stop ▁s elling ▁this ▁and ▁stop ▁trying ▁to ▁conv ince ▁people ▁to ▁develop ▁for ▁it ' ". ▁Doug ▁Lomb ardi ▁V P ▁of ▁Mark eting ▁for ▁Val ve ▁has ▁since ▁stated ▁that ▁Val ve ▁is ▁interested ▁in ▁developing ▁for ▁the ▁console ▁and ▁is ▁looking ▁to ▁h ire ▁tal ented ▁PS 3 ▁program mers ▁for ▁future ▁projects . ▁He ▁later ▁rest ated ▁Val ve ' s ▁position , ▁" U ntil ▁we ▁have ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁PS 3 ▁team ▁together , ▁until ▁we ▁find ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁want ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁Val ve ▁or ▁who ▁are ▁at ▁Val ve ▁who ▁want ▁to ▁work ▁on ▁that , ▁I ▁don ' t ▁really ▁see ▁us ▁moving ▁to ▁that ▁platform ". ▁At ▁Sony ' s ▁E 3 ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁press ▁conference , ▁New ell ▁made ▁a ▁live ▁appearance ▁to ▁rec ant ▁his ▁previous ▁statements , ▁cit ing ▁Sony ' s ▁move ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁system ▁more ▁developer ▁friendly , ▁and ▁to ▁announ ce ▁that ▁Val ve ▁would ▁be ▁developing ▁Portal ▁ 2 ▁for ▁the ▁system . ▁He ▁also ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁inclusion ▁of ▁Ste am works ▁( Val ve ' s ▁system ▁to ▁automatically ▁update ▁their ▁software ▁independently ) ▁would ▁help ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁version ▁of ▁Portal |
▁ 2 ▁the ▁best ▁console ▁version ▁on ▁the ▁market . ▁ ▁Activ ision ▁Bl izz ard ▁CE O ▁Bobby ▁Kot ick ▁has ▁critic ized ▁PS 3 ' s ▁high ▁development ▁costs ▁and ▁inferior ▁attach ▁rate ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁X box ▁ 3 6 0 ▁and ▁W ii . ▁He ▁bel ieves ▁these ▁factors ▁are ▁pushing ▁developers ▁away ▁from ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁console . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁The ▁Times ▁Kot ick ▁stated ▁" I ' m ▁getting ▁concerned ▁about ▁Sony ; ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁is ▁losing ▁a ▁bit ▁of ▁momentum ▁and ▁they ▁don ' t ▁make ▁it ▁easy ▁for ▁me ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁platform ." ▁He ▁continued , ▁" It ' s ▁expensive ▁to ▁develop ▁for ▁the ▁console , ▁and ▁the ▁W ii ▁and ▁the ▁X box ▁are ▁just ▁s elling ▁better . ▁Games ▁generate ▁a ▁better ▁return ▁on ▁inv ested ▁capital ▁( RO IC ) ▁on ▁the ▁X box ▁than ▁on ▁the ▁Play Station ." ▁Kot ick ▁also ▁claimed ▁that ▁Activ ision ▁Bl izz ard ▁may ▁stop ▁supporting ▁the ▁system ▁if ▁the ▁situation ▁is ▁not ▁addressed . ▁"[ S ony ▁has ] ▁to ▁cut ▁the ▁[ PS 3 ' s ▁ret ail ] ▁price , ▁because ▁if ▁they ▁don ' t , ▁the ▁attach ▁rates ▁are ▁likely ▁to ▁slow . ▁If ▁we ▁are ▁being ▁real istic , ▁we ▁might ▁have ▁to ▁stop ▁supporting ▁Sony ." ▁Kot ick ▁received ▁heavy ▁criticism ▁for ▁the ▁statement , ▁not ably ▁from ▁developer ▁Bio W are ▁who ▁question ed ▁the ▁wisdom ▁of ▁the |
▁threatened ▁move , ▁and ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁statement ▁as ▁" s illy ." ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁initial ▁negative ▁press , ▁several ▁websites ▁have ▁given ▁the ▁system ▁very ▁good ▁reviews ▁mostly ▁regarding ▁its ▁hardware . ▁C NET ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁pra ised ▁the ▁system ▁saying , ▁" the ▁PS 3 ▁is ▁a ▁vers atile ▁and ▁impress ive ▁piece ▁of ▁home - ent ertain ment ▁equipment ▁that ▁lives ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁h ype ▁[...] ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁is ▁well ▁worth ▁its ▁he fty ▁price ▁tag ." ▁C NET ▁awarded ▁it ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 8 . 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁voted ▁it ▁as ▁its ▁number ▁one ▁" must - have " ▁g ad get , ▁pra ising ▁its ▁robust ▁graph ical ▁capabilities ▁and ▁sty lish ▁exterior ▁design ▁while ▁critic izing ▁its ▁limited ▁selection ▁of ▁available ▁games . ▁In ▁addition , ▁both ▁Home ▁Theater ▁Magazine ▁and ▁Ult imate ▁AV ▁have ▁given ▁the ▁system ' s ▁Bl u - ray ▁play back ▁very ▁favor able ▁reviews , ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁play back ▁exceed s ▁that ▁of ▁many ▁current ▁stand alone ▁Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁players . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁interview , ▁K azu o ▁H ira i , ▁chairman ▁of ▁Sony ▁Computer ▁Entertainment ▁argued ▁for ▁the ▁choice ▁of ▁a ▁complex ▁architecture . ▁H ex us ▁G aming ▁review ed ▁the ▁P AL ▁version ▁and ▁sum med ▁the ▁review ▁up ▁by ▁saying , ▁" as ▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁m atures ▁and ▁developers ▁start ▁really ▁pushing ▁it , ▁we ' ll ▁see |
▁the ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁emer ge ▁as ▁the ▁console ▁of ▁choice ▁for ▁g aming ." ▁At ▁G DC ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Sh iny ▁Entertainment ▁founder ▁Dave ▁Perry ▁stated , ▁" I ▁think ▁that ▁Sony ▁has ▁made ▁the ▁best ▁machine . ▁It ' s ▁the ▁best ▁piece ▁of ▁hardware , ▁without ▁question ". ▁ ▁S lim ▁model ▁and ▁re brand ing ▁The ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁S lim ▁received ▁extremely ▁positive ▁reviews ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁boost ▁in ▁sales ; ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁after ▁its ▁announ cement , ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁took ▁the ▁number - one ▁best s eller ▁spot ▁on ▁Amazon . com ▁in ▁the ▁video ▁games ▁section ▁for ▁fifteen ▁consecutive ▁days . ▁It ▁reg ained ▁the ▁number - one ▁position ▁again ▁one ▁day ▁later . ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁also ▁received ▁pra ise ▁from ▁PC ▁World ▁giving ▁it ▁a ▁ 9 0 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁pra ising ▁its ▁new ▁rep ack aging ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁value ▁it ▁brings ▁at ▁a ▁lower ▁price ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁pra ising ▁its ▁quiet ness ▁and ▁the ▁reduction ▁in ▁its ▁power ▁consumption . ▁This ▁is ▁in ▁stark ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁PS 3 ' s ▁launch ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁given ▁position ▁number - e ight ▁on ▁their ▁" The ▁Top ▁ 2 1 ▁Te ch ▁S cre w ups ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 " ▁list . ▁ ▁C NET ▁awarded ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁four ▁out ▁of ▁five ▁stars ▁pra ising ▁its ▁Bl |
u - ray ▁capabilities , ▁ 1 2 0 GB ▁hard ▁drive , ▁free ▁online ▁g aming ▁service ▁and ▁more ▁afford able ▁pr icing ▁point , ▁but ▁compla ined ▁about ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁back ward ▁compatibility ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 2 ▁games . ▁Te ch Rad ar ▁gave ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁four ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁stars ▁out ▁of ▁five ▁pra ising ▁its ▁new ▁smaller ▁size ▁and ▁sum med ▁up ▁its ▁review ▁stating ▁" Over ▁all , ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁is ▁a ▁phenomen al ▁piece ▁of ▁k it . ▁It ' s ▁amaz ing ▁that ▁something ▁so ▁small ▁can ▁do ▁so ▁much ". ▁However , ▁they ▁critic ized ▁the ▁exterior ▁design ▁and ▁the ▁build ▁quality ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁model . ▁ ▁Euro g amer ▁called ▁it ▁" a ▁product ▁where ▁the ▁cost - cut ting ▁has ▁– ▁by ▁and ▁large ▁– ▁been ▁taste fully ▁done " ▁and ▁said ▁" It ' s ▁nothing ▁short ▁of ▁a ▁massive ▁win ▁for ▁Sony ." ▁ ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁The ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁of ▁PS 3 ▁has ▁received ▁positive ▁reviews . ▁G aming ▁website ▁Sp ong ▁pra ised ▁the ▁new ▁Super ▁S lim ' s ▁quiet ness , ▁stating ▁" The ▁most ▁notice able ▁noise ▁comes ▁when ▁the ▁drive ▁see ks ▁a ▁new ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁disc , ▁such ▁as ▁when ▁starting ▁to ▁load ▁a ▁game , ▁and ▁this ▁occurs ▁inf re qu ently ." ▁They ▁added ▁that ▁the ▁fans ▁are ▁qui eter ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁S lim , ▁and |
▁went ▁on ▁to ▁pra ise ▁the ▁new ▁smaller , ▁l ighter ▁size . ▁Crit ic ism ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁disc ▁loader , ▁stating : ▁" The ▁cover ▁can ▁be ▁moved ▁by ▁hand ▁if ▁you ▁wish , ▁there ' s ▁also ▁an ▁e ject ▁button ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁work ▁for ▁you , ▁but ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁software ▁e ject ▁from ▁the ▁triangle ▁button ▁men us ▁in ▁the ▁X ross ▁Media ▁Bar ▁( X MB ) ▁interface . ▁In ▁addition , ▁you ▁have ▁to ▁close ▁the ▁cover ▁by ▁hand , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁bit ▁f idd ly ▁if ▁it ' s ▁u pr ight , ▁and ▁the ▁PS 3 ▁won ' t ▁start ▁reading ▁a ▁disc ▁unless ▁you ▁do ▁[ close ▁the ▁cover ] ." ▁They ▁also ▁said ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁real ▁drop ▁in ▁ret ail ▁price . ▁ ▁Te ch ▁media ▁website ▁C NET ▁gave ▁new ▁Super ▁S lim ▁ 4 ▁out ▁of ▁ 5 ▁stars ▁(" Ex cell ent "), ▁saying ▁" The ▁Super ▁S lim ▁Play Station ▁ 3 ▁shr inks ▁a ▁powerful ▁g aming ▁machine ▁into ▁an ▁even ▁tin ier ▁package ▁while ▁maintain ing ▁the ▁same ▁features ▁as ▁its ▁prede cess ors : ▁a ▁great ▁g aming ▁library ▁and ▁a ▁strong ▁array ▁of ▁streaming ▁services ▁[...] ", ▁whilst ▁also ▁critic ising ▁the ▁" che ap " ▁design ▁and ▁disc - loader , ▁stating : ▁" S ometimes ▁[ the ▁cover ] ▁doesn ' t ▁catch ▁and ▁you ▁feel ▁like ▁you ' re ▁using ▁one ▁of ▁those ▁old ▁credit |
▁card ▁impr inter ▁machines . ▁In ▁short , ▁it ▁feels ▁cheap . ▁You ▁don ' t ▁realize ▁how ▁convenient ▁aut olo ading ▁disc ▁t ray s ▁are ▁until ▁they ' re ▁gone . ▁Whether ▁it ▁was ▁to ▁cut ▁costs ▁or ▁save ▁space , ▁this ▁move ▁is ▁ultimately ▁a ▁step ▁back ." ▁The ▁criticism ▁also ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁price , ▁stating ▁the ▁che apest ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁was ▁still ▁more ▁expensive ▁than ▁the ▁che apest ▁S lim ▁model , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁smaller ▁size ▁and ▁bigger ▁hard ▁drive ▁shouldn ' t ▁be ▁considered ▁an ▁upgrade ▁when ▁the ▁hard ▁drive ▁on ▁a ▁S lim ▁model ▁is ▁easily ▁removed ▁and ▁replaced . ▁They ▁did ▁pra ise ▁that ▁the ▁hard ▁drive ▁of ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁is ▁" the ▁easiest ▁yet . ▁Sim ply ▁sl iding ▁off ▁the ▁side ▁panel ▁reve als ▁the ▁drive ▁bay , ▁which ▁can ▁quickly ▁be ▁uns cre wed ." ▁They ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁whilst ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁any ▁way ▁an ▁upgrade , ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁an ▁indicator ▁as ▁to ▁what ' s ▁to ▁come . ▁" It ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁revolution ary , ▁but ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁PS 3 ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁impress ive ▁machine ▁in ▁a ▁much ▁smaller ▁package . ▁There ▁doesn ' t ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁any ▁reason ▁for ▁existing ▁PS 3 ▁own ers ▁to ▁upgrade , ▁but ▁for ▁the ▁pros pective ▁PS 3 ▁bu yer , ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁go ▁if ▁you ▁can ▁deal ▁with |
▁not ▁having ▁a ▁slot - loading ▁disc ▁drive ." ▁ ▁P ocket - L int ▁gave ▁Super ▁S lim ▁a ▁very ▁positive ▁review ▁saying ▁" It ' s ▁much ▁more ▁afford able , ▁brilliant ▁g aming , ▁second - to - none ▁video ▁and ▁media ▁player ." ▁They ▁think ▁it ▁is ▁" A ▁bl inding ▁good ▁console ▁and ▁one ▁that ▁will ▁serve ▁you ▁for ▁years ▁to ▁come ▁with ▁second - hand ▁games ▁and ▁even ▁new ▁releases . ▁Without ▁doubt , ▁if ▁you ▁don ' t ▁have ▁a ▁PS 3 , ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁time ▁to ▁buy ." ▁They ▁gave ▁Super ▁S lim ▁ 4 ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁stars ▁out ▁of ▁ 5 . ▁ ▁Technology ▁magazine ▁T 3 ▁gave ▁the ▁Super ▁S lim ▁model ▁a ▁positive ▁review , ▁stating ▁the ▁console ▁is ▁almost ▁" nost alg ic " ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁similar ities ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁" f at " ▁model , ▁" Wh ile ▁we ▁don ' t ▁know ▁whether ▁it ▁will ▁play ▁PS 3 ▁games ▁or ▁Bl u - ray ▁disc s ▁any ▁differently ▁yet , ▁the ▁look ▁and ▁feel ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁PS 3 ▁S lim ▁is ▁an ▁obvious ▁hom age ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁PS 3 , ▁minus ▁the ▁considerable ▁excess ▁weight . ▁Im medi ately ▁we ▁would ▁be ▁concerned ▁about ▁the ▁dur ability ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁loading ▁t ray ▁that ▁feels ▁like ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁y ank ed ▁straight ▁out ▁off ▁the ▁console , ▁but ▁ultimately ▁it ▁all ▁feels ▁like ▁Sony ' s ▁nost alg ic ▁way ▁of ▁signing |
▁off ▁the ▁current ▁generation ▁console ▁in ▁anticip ation ▁for ▁the ▁PS 4 ." ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁websites ▁ ▁Asia ▁ ▁Australia ▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁A ux ili ary ▁sites ▁by ▁Sony ▁ ▁Hard ware ▁press ▁images ▁ ▁User ' s ▁guide ▁ ▁Direct ories ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁to ys ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁to ys ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁video ▁games ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Back ward - compatible ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles ▁Category : B lu - ray ▁Disc ▁Category : Cell ▁BE ▁architecture ▁Category : Dis cont in ued ▁products ▁Category : Comput er - related ▁introdu ctions ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Category : Home ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles ▁Category : Play Station ▁( brand ) ▁▁ ▁Category : Products ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Category : Products ▁and ▁services ▁dis cont in ued ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Category : Region less ▁game ▁cons oles ▁Category : Se vent h - gener ation ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles ▁Category : S ony ▁cons oles <0x0A> </s> ▁C is ▁ ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Ś wię ta j no , ▁within ▁Sz czy t no ▁County , ▁W arm |
ian - M as ur ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁northern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁Ś wię ta j no , ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁Sz czy t no , ▁and ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁O ls zt yn . ▁ ▁Before ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁Germany ▁( E ast ▁Pr uss ia ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁C is <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Tar ▁He els ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina ▁at ▁Chap el ▁Hill ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁NCAA ▁Division ▁I - A ▁football ▁season . ▁The ▁Tar ▁He els ▁were ▁led ▁by ▁fifth - year ▁head ▁coach ▁Dick ▁C rum ▁and ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Ken an ▁Memorial ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Chap el ▁Hill , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁They ▁competed ▁as ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Coast ▁Conference , ▁finishing ▁in ▁third . ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : N orth ▁Carolina ▁Tar ▁He els ▁football ▁seasons ▁Category : S un ▁Bowl ▁champion ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ' ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁season ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁for ▁the ▁Rock ies . ▁They ▁tried ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁National ▁League ▁West . ▁Cl int ▁H urd le ▁was ▁the ▁manager . ▁They ▁played ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Co ors ▁Field . ▁They ▁finished ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 7 4 - 8 8 , ▁ 4 th |
▁in ▁the ▁N L ▁West . ▁ ▁Off season ▁November ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Mike ▁Ham pton ▁was ▁trad ed ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁with ▁Juan ▁Pierre ▁and ▁c ash ▁to ▁the ▁Florida ▁Mar l ins ▁for ▁Charles ▁Johnson , ▁Pr eston ▁Wilson , ▁Pablo ▁O z una , ▁and ▁Vic ▁Dar ens bourg . ▁January ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Chris ▁St yn es ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Agent ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁January ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Steve ▁Re ed ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Agent ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁José ▁Hern ández ▁and ▁Mark ▁S ween ey ▁were ▁signed ▁as ▁free ▁agents ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁February ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Dar ren ▁Oliver ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Agent ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁March ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Jack ▁C ust ▁was ▁trad ed ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁to ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁Ori oles ▁for ▁Chris ▁Richard . ▁ ▁Reg ular ▁season ▁ ▁Season ▁stand ings ▁ ▁National ▁League ▁West ▁ ▁Record ▁vs . ▁oppon ents ▁ ▁Notable ▁transactions ▁April ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Greg ▁V aug hn ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Agent ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 |
0 0 3 : ▁Ian ▁Stewart ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁amateur ▁draft . ▁Player ▁signed ▁June ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁June ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁José ▁Hern ández ▁was ▁trad ed ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁to ▁the ▁Chicago ▁C ubs ▁for ▁Mark ▁Bell horn . ▁June ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁G abe ▁Kap ler ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁Boston ▁Red ▁So x ▁from ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁July ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Ben ▁Pet rick ▁was ▁trad ed ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁to ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Tig ers ▁for ▁Adam ▁Bern ero . ▁August ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Gre gg ▁Za un ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Agent ▁by ▁the ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies . ▁ ▁Major ▁League ▁deb uts ▁Bat ters : ▁René ▁Re yes ▁( Jul ▁ 2 2 ) ▁Gar rett ▁At kins ▁( A ug ▁ 3 ) ▁Cl int ▁Bar mes ▁( S ep ▁ 5 ) ▁P itch ers : ▁J avier ▁López ▁( A pr ▁ 1 ) ▁Jason ▁Young ▁( May ▁ 1 2 ) ▁Matt ▁Miller ▁( J un ▁ 2 7 ) ▁Ch in - hui ▁T sa o ▁( Jul ▁ 2 5 ) ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁Game ▁log ▁ ▁{ | ▁class |
=" to cc ol ours ▁col laps ible " ▁width = 9 0 % ▁style =" clear : both ; ▁margin : 1 . 5 em ▁auto ; ▁text - align : center ;" ▁| - ▁! ▁col span = 2 ▁style =" background :# 6 E 8 B 3 D " ▁| ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Game ▁Log ▁| - ▁val ign =" top " ▁| A pril ▁( 1 5 - 1 2 ) ▁| - ▁| May ▁( 1 2 - 1 7 ) ▁| - ▁| J une ▁( 1 5 - 1 3 ) ▁| - ▁| J uly ▁( 1 4 - 1 3 ) ▁| - ▁| August ▁( 9 - 1 9 ) ▁| - ▁| Se ptember ▁( 9 - 1 4 ) ▁| } ▁ ▁Player ▁stats ▁ ▁Batt ing ▁ ▁Star ters ▁by ▁position ▁ ▁Note : ▁Pos ▁= ▁Position ; ▁G ▁= ▁Games ▁played ; ▁AB ▁= ▁At ▁b ats ; ▁H ▁= ▁H its ; ▁Av g . ▁= ▁Batt ing ▁average ; ▁H R ▁= ▁Home ▁runs ; ▁R BI ▁= ▁R uns ▁batt ed ▁in ▁ ▁Other ▁bat ters ▁ ▁Note : ▁G ▁= ▁Games ▁played ; ▁AB ▁= ▁At ▁b ats ; ▁H ▁= ▁H its ; ▁Av g . ▁= ▁Batt ing ▁average ; ▁H R ▁= ▁Home ▁runs ; ▁R BI ▁= ▁R uns ▁batt ed ▁in ▁ ▁P itch ing ▁ ▁Starting ▁pitch ers ▁ ▁Note : ▁G ▁= ▁Games ▁pitch ed ; |
▁IP ▁= ▁In nings ▁pitch ed ; ▁W ▁= ▁W ins ; ▁L ▁= ▁L oss es ; ▁E RA ▁= ▁E arn ed ▁run ▁average ; ▁SO ▁= ▁St rike outs ▁ ▁Other ▁pitch ers ▁ ▁Note : ▁G ▁= ▁Games ▁pitch ed ; ▁IP ▁= ▁In nings ▁pitch ed ; ▁W ▁= ▁W ins ; ▁L ▁= ▁L oss es ; ▁E RA ▁= ▁E arn ed ▁run ▁average ; ▁SO ▁= ▁St rike outs ▁ ▁Rel ief ▁pitch ers ▁ ▁Note : ▁G ▁= ▁Games ▁pitch ed ; ▁W ▁= ▁W ins ; ▁L ▁= ▁L oss es ; ▁SV ▁= ▁S aves ; ▁E RA ▁= ▁E arn ed ▁run ▁average ; ▁SO ▁= ▁St rike outs ▁ ▁Farm ▁system ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Rock ies ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁team ▁page ▁at ▁www . base ball - al man ac . com ▁ ▁Category : Color ado ▁Rock ies ▁seasons ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies ▁season ▁Colorado ▁Rock ies <0x0A> </s> ▁Julian ▁Mc D oug all ▁ ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁educational ist ▁and ▁media ▁the or ist . ▁He ▁special ises ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁contemporary ▁media ▁( part icular ly ▁media ▁ 2 . 0 ), ▁cre ative ▁arts ▁education ▁and ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁video ▁games ▁in ▁education . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ ▁Julian ▁Mc D oug all ▁is ▁Professor ▁in ▁Media ▁& ▁Education ▁in ▁the ▁Centre ▁for ▁Ex cell ence ▁in ▁Media ▁Pract ice |
▁at ▁B ourn em outh ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁runs ▁the ▁Doctor ate ▁in ▁Creative ▁and ▁Media ▁Education ▁and ▁super vis es ▁P HD ▁research ▁in ▁media ▁education , ▁liter acy ▁and ▁ped ag ogy . ▁▁ ▁Mc D oug all ▁took ▁his ▁Ph D ▁at ▁B irmingham ▁University ▁whilst ▁teaching ▁at ▁H ales ow en ▁College . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁he ▁took ▁up ▁a ▁Senior ▁L ect urer ▁post ▁in ▁Education ▁at ▁New man ▁University ▁College , ▁before ▁becoming ▁Head ▁of ▁Creative ▁Arts ▁and ▁then ▁Re ader ▁in ▁Education ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wol ver ham pton . He ▁is ▁Princi pal ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁High er ▁Education ▁Academy , ▁ed its ▁Media ▁Pract ice ▁and ▁Education ▁and ▁conven es ▁the ▁annual ▁International ▁Media ▁Education ▁Sum mit . ▁He ▁is ▁external ▁exam iner ▁for ▁B A ▁and ▁Ed ▁D ▁program mes ▁and ▁a ▁senior ▁exam iner ▁for ▁Media ▁Studies ▁A ▁Level ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁grant ▁rev iewer ▁for ▁several ▁international ▁pan els ▁including ▁the ▁European ▁Union . ▁In ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁media ▁education , ▁he ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁books , ▁articles , ▁chap ters ▁and ▁research ▁reports ▁and ▁has ▁provided ▁numerous ▁research ▁projects ▁for ▁external ▁fund ers , ▁char ities ▁and ▁non - pro fit ▁organis ations ▁including ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁Arts ▁and ▁Human ities ▁Research ▁Council , ▁S amsung , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Liter acy ▁Association , ▁US ▁Emb ass y ▁and ▁UK ▁DC MS |
. ▁He ▁has ▁given ▁ke yn ote ▁speech es ▁and ▁joined ▁invited ▁expert ▁pan els ▁on ▁media ▁education ▁and ▁media ▁liter acy ▁in ▁ 1 7 ▁countries . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁associated ▁with ▁New man ▁University , ▁B irmingham ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁B irmingham ▁ ▁https :// st aff pro files . b ourn em outh . ac . uk / display / jm cd oug all <0x0A> </s> ▁He ▁Ran ▁All ▁the ▁Way ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁American ▁film ▁no ir ▁crime ▁drama ▁directed ▁by ▁John ▁Ber ry , ▁st arring ▁John ▁Gar field ▁and ▁Sh elle y ▁Winter s . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁Gar field ' s ▁last , ▁as ▁accus ations ▁of ▁his ▁invol vement ▁with ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁and ▁a ▁ref us al ▁to ▁name ▁names ▁while ▁test ifying ▁before ▁the ▁H U AC ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁black list ing ▁in ▁Hollywood . ▁He ▁died ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁later , ▁at ▁age ▁thirty - n ine , ▁from ▁coron ary ▁th rom b osis ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁blood ▁cl ot ▁blocking ▁an ▁ar tery ▁in ▁his ▁heart . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁film ' s ▁initial ▁run , ▁director ▁John ▁Ber ry ▁and ▁writers ▁Dal ton ▁Tr um bo ▁and ▁Hugo ▁Butler ▁were ▁un cred ited ▁due ▁to ▁Hollywood ▁black list ing ▁during ▁the ▁Red ▁Sc are . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Pet |
ty ▁th ief ▁Nick ▁Rob ey ▁( John ▁Gar field ) ▁bot ches ▁a ▁rob ber y , ▁leaving ▁his ▁partner ▁Al ▁( N orm an ▁Lloyd ) ▁sever ely ▁wounded ▁as ▁Nick ▁esc apes ▁with ▁over ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁Me eting ▁b ak ery ▁worker ▁Peg ▁Dob bs ▁( Sh elle y ▁Winter s ) ▁in ▁friendly ▁conversation , ▁when ▁Peg ▁takes ▁Nick ▁to ▁her ▁family ' s ▁a partment , ▁he ▁dec ides ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁family ▁host age ▁until ▁he ▁can ▁escape . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁man h unt ▁for ▁Nick ▁begins ▁outside , ▁the ▁rob ber ▁becomes ▁increasing ly ▁par ano id . ▁Peg ' s ▁initial ▁att raction ▁to ▁Nick ▁is ▁over wh el med ▁by ▁his ▁ab us ive ▁behavior . ▁Her ▁mother ▁and ▁father ▁ple ad ▁with ▁Nick ▁to ▁leave , ▁to ▁no ▁avail . ▁He ▁perm its ▁Mr . ▁Dob bs ▁to ▁leave ▁for ▁work , ▁warning ▁him ▁of ▁the ▁consequences ▁should ▁the ▁police ▁be ▁contact ed . ▁ ▁Still ▁confident ▁that ▁Peg ▁will ▁run ▁away ▁with ▁him , ▁Nick ▁gives ▁her ▁$ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁to ▁buy ▁a ▁new ▁car . ▁He ▁ref uses ▁to ▁believe ▁her ▁when ▁Peg ▁returns ▁and ▁ins ists ▁the ▁car ▁will ▁be ▁delivered ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁door ▁because ▁she ▁doesn ' t ▁drive . ▁Nick ▁viol ently ▁drag s ▁her ▁down ▁the ▁st airs ▁toward ▁the ▁exit , ▁ter r ifying ▁her . ▁Wait ing ▁outside ▁is ▁her ▁father , ▁shooting ▁at |
▁Nick ▁with ▁a ▁gun . ▁When ▁his ▁own ▁gun ▁dro ps ▁beyond ▁his ▁reach ▁and ▁Nick ▁orders ▁Peg ▁to ▁hand ▁it ▁to ▁him , ▁she ▁sho ots ▁him ▁instead . ▁A ▁mort ally ▁wounded ▁Nick ▁craw ls ▁outside ▁to ▁the ▁cur b , ▁just ▁as ▁his ▁new ▁car ▁arriv es . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁John ▁Gar field ▁as ▁Nick ▁Rob ey ▁ ▁Sh elle y ▁Winter s ▁as ▁Peg ▁Dob bs ▁ ▁Wal lace ▁Ford ▁as ▁Mr . ▁Dob bs ▁ ▁Sel ena ▁Ro yle ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Dob bs ▁ ▁Glad ys ▁George ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁Rob ey ▁ ▁Norman ▁Lloyd ▁as ▁Al ▁Mol in ▁ ▁Bobby ▁Hy att ▁as ▁Tommy ▁Dob bs ▁ ▁Keith ▁H ether ington ▁as ▁Captain ▁of ▁Det ect ives ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁When ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁released , ▁film ▁critic ▁Bos ley ▁Crow ther ▁pra ised ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁actor ▁John ▁Gar field , ▁writing : ▁" John ▁Gar field ' s ▁stark ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁fug itive ▁who ▁des per ately ▁cont riv es ▁to ▁save ▁himself ▁briefly ▁from ▁capture ▁is ▁full ▁of ▁start ling ▁gl ints ▁from ▁start ▁to ▁end . ▁He ▁makes ▁a ▁most ▁odd ▁and ▁trouble d ▁creature , ▁un used ▁to ▁the ▁normal ▁flow ▁of ▁life , ▁unable ▁to ▁perce ive ▁the ▁moral ▁standards ▁of ▁decent ▁people ▁or ▁the ▁tent ative ▁advance ▁of ▁a ▁good ▁girl ' s ▁love . ▁And ▁in ▁Mr . ▁Gar field ' s ▁performance , ▁vis - a - vis ▁the ▁rest ▁of |
▁the ▁cast , ▁is ▁convey ed ▁a ▁small ▁measure ▁of ▁the ▁ir ony ▁and ▁the ▁pity ▁that ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁book ." ▁ ▁More ▁recently , ▁film ▁critic ▁Dennis ▁Schw art z ▁also ▁wrote ▁posit ively ▁of ▁Gar field ' s ▁performance , ▁writing : ▁" He ▁Ran ▁All ▁the ▁Way ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁film ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁brilliant ▁John ▁Gar field ▁... ▁Gar field ▁gives ▁a ▁ter r ific ▁ch illing ▁performance ▁as ▁someone ▁who ▁is ▁less ▁like ▁a ▁cold - blo oded ▁k iller ▁than ▁someone ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁rejected ▁all ▁his ▁life ▁by ▁family ▁and ▁the ▁outside ▁world , ▁and ▁like ▁a ▁wounded ▁animal ▁goes ▁on ▁the ▁run ▁as ▁a ▁des perate ▁man ▁in ▁search ▁of ▁someone ▁to ▁trust ▁in ▁this ▁cold ▁world ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁films ▁featuring ▁home ▁invas ions ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁He ▁Ran ▁All ▁the ▁Way ▁inform ational ▁site ▁and ▁DVD ▁review ▁at ▁DVD ▁Be aver ▁( includes ▁images ) ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : Fil m ▁no ir ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Franz ▁W ax man ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁American ▁nov els ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁John ▁Ber ry ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen plays ▁by ▁Dal ton ▁Tr um bo ▁Category : Un ited ▁Art ists ▁films |
<0x0A> </s> ▁General ▁the ▁Hon ou rable ▁Sir ▁John ▁Francis ▁G ath or ne - H ard y , ▁ ▁( 1 4 ▁January ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁General ▁officer ▁who ▁served ▁in ▁Italy ▁and ▁the ▁Western ▁Front . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁early ▁life ▁G ath or ne - H ard y ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁a ▁younger ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁Stewart ▁G ath or ne - H ard y , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁C ran bro ok ▁and ▁Cic ely ▁Mar guer ite ▁Wilhelm ina ▁R id g way . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁College , ▁Sand h urst . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁G ath or ne - H ard y ▁joined ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁as ▁a ▁commission ed ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁in ▁the ▁Gren ad ier ▁Gu ards ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁lieutenant ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁he ▁was ▁second ed ▁for ▁special ▁service ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁involved ▁with ▁Army ▁transport ▁duties ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁captain ▁on ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁During ▁later ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁he ▁served ▁with ▁the ▁L ovat ▁Sc outs , ▁and ▁only |
▁left ▁South ▁Africa ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁had ▁ended , ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁For ▁his ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁bre vet ▁rank ▁of ▁major ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 2 . ▁Following ▁his ▁return ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Super int endent ▁of ▁G ymnas ia ▁in ▁the ▁Home ▁District . ▁▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁General ▁Staff ▁Officer ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁After ▁commands ▁as ▁a ▁General ▁in ▁Egypt ▁and ▁India , ▁he ▁was ▁Commander ▁in ▁Chief ▁at ▁Northern ▁Command ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁and ▁at ▁Ald ers hot ▁Command ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁Family ▁G ath or ne - H ard y ▁married ▁Lady ▁I so bel ▁Const ance ▁Mary ▁Stanley , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Frederick ▁Stanley , ▁ 1 6 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Derby ▁and ▁Lady ▁Const ance ▁Vill iers , ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁| - ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁E ton ▁College ▁Category : Gr adu ates ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Military ▁College , ▁Sand h urst ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁gener als ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : K n ights ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Order |
▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁Category : K n ights ▁Grand ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Victor ian ▁Order ▁Category : Comp an ions ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁St ▁Michael ▁and ▁St ▁George ▁Category : Comp an ions ▁of ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Order ▁Category : G ren ad ier ▁Gu ards ▁officers ▁Category : You ng er ▁sons ▁of ▁ear ls <0x0A> </s> ▁T sq alt ub o ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁I mer eti . ▁Its ▁main ▁town ▁is ▁T sq alt ub o . ▁ ▁Population : ▁ 7 3 , 8 8 9 ▁( 2 0 0 2 ▁census ) ▁ ▁Area : ▁ 6 3 2 ▁km ² ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁municipal ities ▁in ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁District s ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁Stato ids . com ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁I mer eti <0x0A> </s> ▁T - cell ▁surface ▁g ly cop rote in ▁CD 3 ▁delta ▁chain ▁is ▁a ▁protein ▁that ▁in ▁humans ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁the ▁CD 3 D ▁gene . ▁ ▁Inter actions ▁CD 3 D ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁interact ▁with ▁CD 8 A . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁CD 3 ▁( imm un ology ) ▁ ▁Cl uster ▁of ▁different iation ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁P D Be - KB ▁provides ▁an ▁over view ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁structure ▁information ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁P DB ▁for ▁Human ▁T - cell ▁surface ▁g |
ly cop rote in ▁CD 3 ▁delta ▁chain ▁( CD 3 D ) ▁ ▁Category : Cl ust ers ▁of ▁different iation <0x0A> </s> ▁Sad rab ad ▁() ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁F asa , ▁F ars ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁Kaz er un , ▁F ars ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁Sh ira z , ▁F ars ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁An ar , ▁K erman ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁K osh k ui ye h , ▁Raf san jan ▁County , ▁K erman ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁Nu q , ▁Raf san jan ▁County , ▁K erman ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁Mark azi ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁Q az vin ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁N ish ap ur , ▁Raz avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁Sar ak hs , ▁Raz avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁S istan ▁and ▁Bal uch est an ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁S adu q , ▁Y az d ▁Province ▁ ▁Sad rab ad , ▁K hez rab ad , ▁S adu q ▁County , ▁Y az d ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁' Lou ie ' ▁is ▁a ▁hy brid ▁cultiv ar ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Ne or eg elia ▁in ▁the ▁B rom eli ad ▁family . ▁ ▁References ▁B SI ▁B CR ▁Entry ▁for ▁' Lou ie ' ▁ ▁Category : B rom elia ceae ▁cultiv |
ar <0x0A> </s> ▁Em ile ▁L ann ers ▁( A pril ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁– ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Luxemb ourg ian ▁g ymn ast ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Luxemb ourg ian ▁team ▁which ▁finished ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁team , ▁European ▁system ▁competition ▁and ▁fifth ▁in ▁the ▁team , ▁free ▁system ▁event . ▁In ▁the ▁individual ▁all - around ▁he ▁finished ▁ 2 4 th . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁death s ▁Category : L ux emb ourg ian ▁male ▁art istic ▁g ymn asts ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁g ymn asts ▁of ▁Luxemb ourg ▁Category : G ymn asts ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Mor elia ▁sp il ota ▁im br ic ata ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁s nake ▁found ▁in ▁southern ▁regions ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁and ▁western ▁South ▁Australia . ▁A ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁python ▁family , ▁it ▁is ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁South west ▁car pet ▁python . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁A ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Python idae , ▁M . ▁s . ▁im br ic ata ▁is ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁other ▁Australian ▁diam ond ▁or ▁car pet ▁p yth ons ▁( gen us ▁Mor elia ), ▁and ▁is ▁placed ▁as ▁a ▁sub species ▁of ▁Mor elia ▁sp il ota . ▁The |
▁abund ant ▁and ▁well ▁known ▁genus ▁Mor elia ▁contains ▁five ▁species ▁across ▁Australia , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁only ▁this ▁sub species ▁that ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁south west . ▁ ▁Description ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁up ▁to ▁, ▁ ▁from ▁sn out ▁to ▁vent ▁( SV L ). ▁This ▁species ▁has ▁a ▁well ▁defined ▁neck ▁and ▁small ▁scales ▁across ▁the ▁head . ▁M ales ▁may ▁be ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁weight , ▁females ▁may ▁be ▁four ▁times ▁heav ier ▁when ▁fully ▁grown . ▁Lar ger ▁individuals ▁have ▁been ▁given ▁as ▁ ▁in ▁total ▁length . ▁ ▁Several ▁other ▁similar ▁p yth ons ▁occur ▁in ▁its ▁range . ▁The ▁w oma , ▁Asp id ites ▁r ams ay i , ▁la cks ▁the ▁obvious ▁neck ▁of ▁M . ▁sp il ota ▁im br ic ata , ▁and ▁the ▁western ▁Stim son ' s ▁python , ▁Ant ares ia ▁stim son i ▁stim son i , ▁has ▁a ▁higher ▁number ▁of ▁vent ral ▁scales . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁The ▁habitat ▁is ▁coast al ▁areas , ▁wood land , ▁he ath land , ▁and ▁sem iar id ▁areas . ▁It ▁is ▁often ▁found ▁in ▁wood lands ▁of ▁Eu cal y pt ▁and ▁B anks ia , ▁or ▁amongst ▁grass es ▁or ▁low ▁growing ▁shr ubs . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁It ▁is ▁dis cre et ▁and ▁slow ▁moving , ▁sp ending ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁time ▁hidden , ▁though ▁occasionally ▁it ▁is ▁seen ▁attempting ▁to ▁cross ▁roads . ▁Typ ically ▁this ▁python ▁is ▁sed ent ary , ▁but |
▁females ▁in ▁a ▁survey ▁at ▁Garden ▁Island ▁were ▁noted ▁to ▁be ▁active ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁M . ▁sp il ota ▁im br ic ata ▁takes ▁up ▁residence ▁in ▁deep ▁cre v ices ▁or ▁holes ▁in ▁lim estone , ▁on ▁gran ite , ▁in ▁dense ▁he ath , ▁and ▁animal ▁bur rows . ▁ ▁Diet ▁This ▁sub species ▁e ats ▁ge ck os , ▁house ▁m ice , ▁birds , ▁and ▁mars up ial s , ▁including ▁the ▁Tam mar ▁wall aby . ▁The ▁young ▁of ▁bro oding ▁red - eared ▁fire t ails , ▁St agon ople ura ▁o cul ata , ▁were ▁taken ▁from ▁a ▁nest ▁being ▁observed . ▁ ▁Home ▁range ▁Ind ividual s ▁may ▁have ▁a ▁large ▁range , ▁occup ying ▁h ollow ▁logs ▁in ▁cool er ▁months ▁and ▁wand ering ▁across ▁areas ▁up ▁to ▁. ▁M ales ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁larger ▁range . ▁They ▁appear ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁sites , ▁even ▁after ▁long ▁abs ences , ▁which ▁may ▁contribute ▁to ▁a ▁threat ▁of ▁ext inction . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁Mor elia ▁sp il ota ▁im br ic ata ▁is ▁w ides p read ▁and ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁large ▁populations , ▁but ▁is ▁exposed ▁to ▁the ▁threaten ing ▁processes ▁of ▁its ▁distribution ▁range . ▁Not ed ▁in ▁the ▁assess ment ▁of ▁its ▁conservation ▁status ▁are ▁land ▁clear ing ▁and ▁alter ed ▁fire ▁reg imes , ▁as ▁it ▁typically ▁occup ies ▁a ▁large ▁und ist urbed ▁habitat . ▁The ▁impact ▁of ▁introduced ▁pred ators , ▁known |
▁to ▁be ▁fo xes ▁and ▁c ats , ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁ass essed . ▁Population ▁dens ities ▁have ▁decl ined ▁in ▁the ▁Es per ance ▁region . ▁ ▁The ▁various ▁threat ▁assess ments ▁have ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁near ▁threatened ▁( Red ▁list ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁and ▁' spe cially ▁protected ▁fa una ' ▁under ▁its ▁region ' s ▁Wild life ▁Conserv ation ▁Act . ▁The ▁h ollow ▁logs ▁fav ored ▁by ▁the ▁species ▁are ▁not ▁produced ▁by ▁alter ed ▁fire ▁reg imes ▁or ▁cleared ▁in ▁plant ations . ▁ ▁Geographic ▁range ▁It ▁occup ies ▁all ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁South west ▁Australia , ▁a ▁typical ▁med iter rane an ▁climate , ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁central ▁ar id ▁and ▁sem iar id ▁regions . ▁The ▁northern ▁extent ▁is ▁to ▁Ger ald ton ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁found ▁as ▁far ▁east ▁as ▁the ▁E y re ▁Pen ins ula . ▁The ▁python ▁also ▁occurs ▁on ▁islands ▁at ▁the ▁H out man ▁Ab rol hos , ▁Garden ▁Island , ▁and ▁the ▁Arch ip el ago ▁of ▁the ▁Re cher che . ▁There ▁are ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁sub species ▁beyond ▁the ▁eastern ▁main land ▁range ▁from ▁St ▁Francis ▁Island ▁in ▁South ▁Australia ' s ▁N uy ts ▁Arch ip el ago . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : Mor elia ▁( s nake ) ▁Category : S n akes ▁of ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁K aj sa ▁" E k is " ▁Ek man ▁( born ▁ |
1 9 8 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁journalist , ▁writer , ▁and ▁activ ist . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁works ▁about ▁the ▁financial ▁crisis , ▁women ' s ▁rights , ▁and ▁crit iques ▁of ▁capital ism . ▁She ▁writes ▁for ▁the ▁culture ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁daily ▁D agens ▁Ny h eter , ▁and ▁is ▁an ▁op - ed ▁column ist ▁at ▁the ▁left - wing ▁daily ▁E TC . ▁She ▁also ▁writes ▁for ▁the ▁Guardian , ▁Tr uth Dig , ▁and ▁Fem in ist ▁Current . ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁Her ▁book ▁Being ▁and ▁Being ▁B ought , ▁comp ares ▁the ▁sex ▁industry ▁and ▁the ▁sur rog acy ▁industry , ▁and ▁how ▁they ▁both ▁comm od ify ▁women ' s ▁bodies . ▁It ▁critic izes ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁" sex ▁work " ▁as ▁being ▁an ▁un hol y ▁al liance ▁between ▁the ▁ne oli ber al ▁right ▁and ▁the ▁post mod ern ▁left , ▁used ▁to ▁legit im ize ▁the ▁sex ▁industry . ▁She ▁also ▁arg ues ▁that ▁" tra de ▁un ions ▁for ▁sex ▁workers " ▁in ▁many ▁cases ▁are ▁fund ed ▁by ▁p im ps , ▁states , ▁and ▁academ ics , ▁and ▁have ▁very ▁little ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁labor ▁struggle . ▁The ▁book ▁has ▁been ▁translated ▁into ▁French , ▁English , ▁Spanish , ▁and ▁German . ▁▁ ▁Her ▁book ▁St olen ▁Spring ▁ ▁describes ▁the ▁euro c ris is ▁as ▁seen ▁from ▁Ath ens , ▁and ▁the ▁way ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁affected ▁the ▁Greek ▁economy . ▁Ek |
man ▁critic izes ▁the ▁view ▁that ▁the ▁euro c ris is ▁was ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁Greek ▁workers , ▁and ▁instead ▁traces ▁it ▁back ▁to ▁changes ▁in ▁capital ism . ▁She ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁prize ▁" S wed ish - G reek ▁of ▁the ▁Year " ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁for ▁her ▁solid ar ity ▁with ▁Greece . ▁▁ ▁Ek man ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁note ▁speak ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Festival ▁of ▁D anger ous ▁Ide as . ▁ ▁In ▁her ▁Ted ▁T alk , ▁" Every body ▁tal ks ▁about ▁Capital ism , ▁but ▁what ▁is ▁it ? ", ▁she ▁speak s ▁about ▁free ▁market ▁as ▁a ▁useful ▁tool , ▁but ▁capital ism ▁as ▁a ▁force ▁unable ▁of ▁moral ▁responsibility , ▁and ▁plan ▁for ▁the ▁climate , ▁the ▁country , ▁and ▁the ▁world . ▁She ▁suggests ▁reg ulation ▁of ▁the ▁fin ance ▁sector ▁to ▁avoid ▁cr ises , ▁and ▁suggests ▁" dem ocracy ▁in ▁all ▁se ctors ▁of ▁society , ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁working ▁place ". ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁participants ▁on ▁the ▁Fre edom ▁Fl ot illa ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁to ▁Gaz a . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Ek man ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁speak ▁at ▁a ▁conference ▁about ▁por n ography ▁and ▁prost itution ▁in ▁Goth enburg . ▁Her ▁talk ▁was ▁cancel led ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁stay ▁away ▁after ▁she ▁had ▁expressed ▁doub ts ▁about ▁thinking ▁of ▁gender ▁sole ly ▁as ▁a ▁social ▁construct ▁and |
▁suggested ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁und eni ably ▁a ▁bi ological ▁aspect ▁to ▁it ▁in ▁an ▁article ▁for ▁A ft on bl ad et ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁conference ▁began . ▁In ▁a ▁statement ▁on ▁their ▁website ▁the ▁organiz ers ▁of ▁the ▁conference , ▁R oks , ▁declared ▁this ▁incons istent ▁with ▁their ▁values ▁and ▁therefore ▁cancel led ▁the ▁talk . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ours ▁▁▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁The ▁Rob esp ierre ▁Prize ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁– ▁S ara ▁L id man - pr is et ▁▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁– ▁The ▁Len in ▁Award ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S wed ish ▁journal ists ▁Category : S wed ish ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : Li bert arian ▁social ists ▁Category : S wed ish ▁femin ists ▁Category : So cial ist ▁femin ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Ole ks andr ▁Vol kov ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Soviet ▁footballer ▁and ▁Ukrain ian ▁football ▁manager . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mari up ol ▁Category : S ov iet ▁football ers ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : FC ▁Mari up ol ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁S men a ▁K oms om ol sk - na |
- Am ure ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Tor ped o ▁Z apor iz h ia ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Z ir ka ▁K ropy v ny t sky i ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ele kt rom etal ur h - N Z F ▁Nik opol ▁players ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁man agers ▁Category : FC ▁Mari up ol ▁man agers ▁Category : FC ▁Ill ich iv ets - 2 ▁Mari up ol ▁man agers ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁football ▁man agers <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁K aw ag uch i ▁Japan , ▁November ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁He ▁died ▁January ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁Japan , ▁of ▁cancer . ▁ ▁A ▁high ▁profile ▁Tokyo ▁based ▁concept ual ▁artist , ▁music ian ▁and ▁scene ▁mak er , ▁H iro sh i ▁Og uch i ▁has ▁for ▁dec ades ▁been ▁influ ential ▁in ▁the ▁changing ▁att itudes ▁of ▁Japan ' s ▁youth . ▁As ▁a ▁drum mer ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁bands ▁The ▁Temp ters , ▁P yg ▁and ▁V od ka ▁Collins , ▁recording ▁many ▁albums . ▁He ▁also ▁owned ▁and ▁ran ▁his ▁own ▁fashion ▁company ▁Pract ice ▁of ▁Sil ence . ▁Og uch i ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁an ▁actor ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁films , ▁including ▁Sh ō gun , ▁Str ange ▁Circ us ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁Fre esia |
▁: I cy ▁T ears ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), The ▁S inking ▁Of ▁Japan ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁and ▁Sil k ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁popular ▁actress ▁Kim ie ▁Sh ing yo ji . ▁They ▁have ▁one ▁son , ▁G ento ▁Og uch i , ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁music ian ▁and ▁an ▁artist . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁Temp ters ▁English ▁language ▁website ▁ ▁V od ka ▁Collins ▁website ▁▁▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : J apan ese ▁mus icians ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁death s ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁cancer ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁S ait ama ▁Pref ect ure <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Bapt ist ▁Al ber tr and i ▁( in ▁Poland ▁known ▁as ▁Jan ▁Ch rz c ic iel , ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 1 7 3 1 ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 1 8 0 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish ▁Jes uit , ▁bishop ▁and ▁historian ▁of ▁Italian ▁extra ction , ▁born ▁in ▁Wars aw . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁He ▁entered ▁the ▁nov iti ate ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Jesus , ▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁ 1 7 4 8 , ▁and ▁left ▁the ▁Society ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁supp ression , ▁probably ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 , ▁for ▁his ▁name ▁is ▁not ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁catalog ▁of ▁ 1 7 7 0 . |
▁After ▁teaching ▁literature ▁for ▁twelve ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁various ▁Jes uit ▁colleg es ▁in ▁Poland , ▁he ▁was ▁entr usted ▁with ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁library ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Z alus ki ▁brothers ▁And r zej ▁and ▁Jó zef , ▁pre l ates ▁and ▁l itter ateurs , ▁who ▁had ▁rev ived ▁literature ▁in ▁Poland . ▁ ▁This ▁library ▁which ▁he ▁be que athed ▁to ▁Poland ▁was ▁seized ▁by ▁Russia ▁and ▁later ▁formed ▁the ▁nucle us ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Imperial ▁library . ▁Sub sequently ▁Al ber tr and i ▁accepted ▁the ▁charge ▁of ▁pre ceptor ▁to ▁the ▁nep hew ▁of ▁the ▁Pr imate , ▁Arch bishop ▁Lub ie ński . ▁With ▁his ▁pup il , ▁who ▁afterwards ▁became ▁Minister ▁of ▁Justice ▁in ▁Poland , ▁he ▁tra ve led ▁through ▁the ▁various ▁countries ▁of ▁Europe , ▁chief ly ▁Italy , ▁to ▁gather ▁material ▁for ▁a ▁great ▁history ▁of ▁Poland . ▁ ▁With ▁his ▁own ▁hand ▁he ▁copied ▁manuscript s ▁referring ▁to ▁Poland ▁wherever ▁he ▁found ▁them ▁and ▁in ▁three ▁years ▁am ass ed ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁one ▁hundred ▁and ▁ten ▁fol io ▁volumes . ▁Where ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁copy ▁he ▁read ▁and , ▁on ▁returning ▁home ▁in ▁the ▁evening , ▁wrote ▁out ▁what ▁his ▁pro dig ious ▁memory ▁retained . ▁Carlos ▁Sommer v og el ▁says ▁that ▁the ▁net ▁result ▁was ▁two ▁hundred ▁fol io ▁volumes . ▁Due ▁to ▁his ▁contributions ▁he ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁" Pol ish ▁Poly histor ". ▁ ▁His ▁style ▁is ▁rapid , ▁order |
ly , ▁and ▁method ical . ▁He ▁knew ▁Greek , ▁Latin , ▁Heb rew , ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁languages . ▁His ▁published ▁works ▁are : ▁Two ▁volumes ▁of ▁a ▁translation ▁of ▁Philippe ▁Mac quer ' s ▁Ann ales ▁Rom aines ; ▁and ▁ab rid ged ▁" An n als ▁of ▁Poland "; ▁a ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁articles ▁in ▁the ▁" Mon ite ur ", ▁a ▁journal ▁of ▁Wars aw . ▁He ▁also ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Father ▁Nar usz ew icz , ▁S . J ., ▁in ▁a ▁period ical ▁called ▁" Ag ree able ▁and ▁Use ful ▁Rec re ations ", ▁and ▁produced ▁a ▁work ▁on ▁num ism at ics , ▁besides ▁many ▁disc ourses ▁for ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Wars aw , ▁which ▁he ▁founded . ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁the ▁Society , ▁he ▁became ▁Royal ▁L ibr arian ▁and ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Z en opol is , ▁and ▁was ▁decor ated ▁with ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁St . ▁Stanis laus . ▁In ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁library , ▁he ▁not ▁only ▁published ▁a ▁catalog ▁in ▁ten ▁volumes ▁oct avo , ▁but ▁left ▁critical ▁remarks ▁in ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁books . ▁He ▁also ▁had ▁ready ▁for ▁publication ▁manuscript s ▁on ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁last ▁centuries ▁of ▁Poland , ▁explained ▁by ▁med als ; ▁Polish ▁ann als ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁W ład ys ław ▁IV ; ▁and ▁a ▁" History ▁of ▁Stephen ▁Bath ory ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁The odos ius ▁Wis lock i ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : |
1 7 3 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 0 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Pol ish ▁Jes uits ▁Category : Pol ish ▁li br ari ans ▁Category : Pol ish ▁people ▁of ▁Italian ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Man if esto ▁of ▁Fut ur ism ▁( Ital ian : ▁Man if esto ▁del ▁Fut ur ismo ) ▁is ▁a ▁manif esto ▁written ▁by ▁the ▁Italian ▁poet ▁Fil ipp o ▁T omm aso ▁Mar in etti ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁Mar in etti ▁express es ▁an ▁art istic ▁philosophy ▁called ▁Fut ur ism ▁that ▁was ▁a ▁re jection ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁and ▁a ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁speed , ▁mach in ery , ▁violence , ▁youth ▁and ▁industry . ▁It ▁also ▁advoc ated ▁the ▁modern ization ▁and ▁cultural ▁re ju ven ation ▁of ▁Italy . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁ ▁Mar in etti ▁wrote ▁the ▁manif esto ▁in ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁and ▁it ▁first ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁pre face ▁to ▁a ▁volume ▁of ▁his ▁po ems , ▁published ▁in ▁Milan ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁newspaper ▁Gaz zet ta ▁dell ' Em ilia ▁in ▁Bolog na ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁then ▁in ▁French ▁as ▁Man if este ▁du ▁fut ur isme ▁( Man if esto ▁of ▁Fut ur ism ) ▁in ▁the ▁newspaper ▁Le ▁Fig aro ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁ ▁Cont |
ents ▁ ▁The ▁limits ▁of ▁Italian ▁literature ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁Otto cent o ▁( 1 9 th ▁century ), ▁its ▁lack ▁of ▁strong ▁contents , ▁its ▁quiet ▁and ▁pass ive ▁la isse z - f aire , ▁are ▁fought ▁by ▁fut ur ists ▁( see ▁article ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 ▁and ▁ 3 ) ▁and ▁their ▁reaction ▁includes ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁excess es ▁intended ▁to ▁prove ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁a ▁dynamic ▁surv iving ▁Italian ▁intellectual ▁class . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁period ▁in ▁which ▁industry ▁is ▁of ▁growing ▁importance ▁in ▁all ▁Europe ▁fut ur ists ▁need ▁to ▁confirm ▁that ▁Italy ▁is ▁present , ▁has ▁an ▁industry , ▁has ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁experience ▁and ▁will ▁find ▁the ▁superior ▁ess ence ▁of ▁progress ▁in ▁its ▁major ▁symbols ▁like ▁the ▁car ▁and ▁its ▁speed ▁( see ▁article ▁ 4 ). ▁National ism ▁is ▁never ▁open ly ▁declared , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁evident . ▁ ▁Fut ur ists ▁ins ist ▁that ▁literature ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁over t aken ▁by ▁progress , ▁rather ▁it ▁will ▁abs orb ▁progress ▁in ▁its ▁evolution ▁and ▁will ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁such ▁progress ▁must ▁manifest ▁in ▁this ▁manner ▁because ▁man ▁will ▁use ▁this ▁progress ▁to ▁sin cer ely ▁let ▁his ▁instinct ive ▁nature ▁expl ode . ▁Man ▁is ▁react ing ▁against ▁the ▁potentially ▁over wh el ming ▁strength ▁of ▁progress ▁and ▁sh outs ▁out ▁his ▁central ity . ▁Man ▁will ▁use ▁speed , ▁not ▁the ▁opposite ▁( see ▁articles ▁ 5 ▁and ▁ 6 |
). ▁ ▁Po etry ▁will ▁help ▁man ▁to ▁consent ▁his ▁soul ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁all ▁that ▁( see ▁articles ▁ 6 ▁and ▁ 7 ), ▁indicating ▁a ▁new ▁concept ▁of ▁beauty ▁that ▁will ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁human ▁instinct ▁of ▁ag gression . ▁ ▁The ▁sense ▁of ▁history ▁cannot ▁be ▁neglect ed ▁as ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁moment , ▁many ▁things ▁are ▁going ▁to ▁change ▁into ▁new ▁forms ▁and ▁new ▁contents , ▁but ▁man ▁will ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁pass ▁through ▁these ▁variations ▁( see ▁article ▁ 8 ), ▁bringing ▁with ▁himself ▁what ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁civil ization . ▁ ▁In ▁article ▁ 9 , ▁war ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁necessity ▁for ▁the ▁health ▁of ▁human ▁spirit , ▁a ▁pur ification ▁that ▁allows ▁and ▁benefits ▁ideal ism . ▁Their ▁explicit ▁gl or ification ▁of ▁war ▁and ▁its ▁" h yg ien ic " ▁properties ▁influenced ▁the ▁ide ology ▁of ▁fasc ism . ▁Mar in etti ▁was ▁very ▁active ▁in ▁fasc ist ▁politics ▁until ▁he ▁with d rew ▁in ▁protest ▁of ▁the ▁" R oman ▁Grande ur " ▁which ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁domin ate ▁fasc ist ▁a est het ics . ▁ ▁Article ▁ 1 0 ▁states : ▁" We ▁want ▁to ▁demol ish ▁museum s ▁and ▁libraries , ▁fight ▁mor ality , ▁femin ism ▁and ▁all ▁opportun ist ▁and ▁util itar ian ▁cow ard ice ". ▁ ▁Mean ing ▁ ▁This ▁manif esto ▁was ▁published ▁well ▁before ▁the ▁occurrence ▁of ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁events ▁which ▁are ▁commonly |
▁suggested ▁as ▁a ▁potential ▁meaning ▁of ▁this ▁text . ▁Many ▁of ▁them ▁could ▁not ▁even ▁be ▁imag ined ▁yet . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution s ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁successfully ▁maintained ▁revolution ▁of ▁the ▁sort ▁described ▁by ▁article ▁ 1 1 . ▁The ▁series ▁of ▁smaller ▁scale ▁pe asant ▁u pr is ings ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution ▁previous ▁to ▁the ▁occurr ences ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁immediately ▁before ▁the ▁manif esto ' s ▁publication ▁and ▁inst ig ated ▁the ▁State ▁D uma ' s ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁Russian ▁constitution ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁manif esto ▁is ▁even ▁more ▁evident ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁version . ▁Not ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁words ▁used ▁is ▁cas ual ; ▁if ▁not ▁the ▁precise ▁form , ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁roots ▁of ▁these ▁words ▁recall ▁those ▁more ▁frequently ▁used ▁during ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges , ▁particularly ▁during ▁the ▁R in asc imento . ▁ ▁The ▁found ing ▁manif esto ▁did ▁not ▁contain ▁a ▁positive ▁art istic ▁programme , ▁which ▁the ▁Fut ur ists ▁attempted ▁to ▁create ▁in ▁their ▁subsequent ▁Techn ical ▁Man if esto ▁of ▁Fut ur ist ▁P ain ting ▁( 1 9 1 4 ). ▁This ▁committed ▁them ▁to ▁a ▁" univers al ▁dynam ism ", ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁directly ▁represented ▁in ▁painting . ▁Object s ▁in ▁reality ▁were ▁not ▁separate ▁from ▁one ▁another ▁or ▁from ▁their ▁surr ound ings : |
▁" The ▁six teen ▁people ▁around ▁you ▁in ▁a ▁rolling ▁motor ▁bus ▁are ▁in ▁turn ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁one , ▁ten ▁four ▁three ; ▁they ▁are ▁motion less ▁and ▁they ▁change ▁places . ▁... ▁The ▁motor ▁bus ▁r ush es ▁into ▁the ▁houses ▁which ▁it ▁passes , ▁and ▁in ▁their ▁turn ▁the ▁houses ▁throw ▁themselves ▁upon ▁the ▁motor ▁bus ▁and ▁are ▁bl ended ▁with ▁it ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Art ▁manif esto ▁ ▁Du ▁" C ub isme ", ▁the ▁Cub ist ▁manif esto ▁ ▁F asc ist ▁Man if esto ▁ ▁Fut ur ist ▁P ain ting : ▁Techn ical ▁Man if esto ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁" The ▁Found ing ▁and ▁Man if esto ▁of ▁Fut ur ism " ▁ ▁" The ▁Fut ur ist ▁Man if esto " ▁ ▁Fut ur ist ▁manifest os , ▁ 1 9 0 9 – 1 9 3 3 ▁ ▁F éli x ▁Del ▁Mar le , ▁Le ▁Man if este ▁fut ur iste ▁à ▁Mont mart re , ▁Como edia , ▁ 1 8 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁( F rench ) ▁ ▁Giovanni ▁Lista , ▁Fut ur isme . ▁Man ifest es , ▁pro clam ations , ▁documents , ▁L ' Â ge ▁d ' Hom me , ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁ ▁Category : F ut ur ism ▁Category : Ital ian ▁culture ▁Category : Art ▁manifest os ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁documents ▁Category : Work s |
▁by ▁Fil ipp o ▁T omm aso ▁Mar in etti ▁Category : Work s ▁originally ▁published ▁in ▁Le ▁Fig aro ▁Category : 1 9 0 9 ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Ital ian ▁literary ▁movements <0x0A> </s> ▁Ab solute ▁ 1 0 0 ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Ser bian ▁film ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁S rd an ▁Gol ub ović . ▁It ▁stars ▁V uk ▁Kost ić , ▁Sr đ an ▁Tod or ović ▁and ▁Bog dan ▁D ik li ć . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁character ▁Sa š a ▁G ord ić ▁( V uk ▁Kost ić ) ▁is ▁a ▁tal ented ▁shoot er ▁who ▁went ▁foot steps ▁of ▁older ▁brother ▁Ig or ▁G ord ić ▁( S r đ an ▁Tod or ović ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Junior ▁European ▁shooting ▁gold ▁med all ist . ▁However , ▁Ig or ▁has ▁volunt arily ▁gone ▁to ▁war ▁in ▁former ▁Y ug oslav ia , ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁returned ▁as ▁a ▁drug ▁add ict . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁rep ay ▁deb t ▁of ▁local ▁deal ers , ▁Ig or ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁sale ▁their ▁property ▁sales , ▁which ▁their ▁parents ▁left ▁them . ▁So ▁Sa š a ▁dec ides ▁to ▁get ▁reven ge ▁on ▁everyone ▁who ▁destroyed ▁life ▁of ▁his ▁brother . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Release ▁dates ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁nomin ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁films ▁Category : Ser bian ▁films ▁Category : Ser bian ▁action ▁films |
▁Category : Ser bian - language ▁films ▁Category : Ser bian ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Ser bian ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Bel grade ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁M af ia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Finn ish ▁Ste am ▁Lo comot ive ▁Class ▁C 5 ▁were ▁ordered ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁by ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁State ▁Rail ways ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁German ▁Han om ag ▁factory ▁for ▁the ▁T amp ere - V a asa ▁railway ▁line . ▁The ▁locomot ives ▁were ▁completed ▁between ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁– ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁and ▁received ▁the ▁Class ▁design ation ▁C 5 . ▁The ▁C 5 ▁locomot ives ▁had ▁inside ▁cyl ind ers , ▁as ▁in ▁other ▁C - series ▁locomot ives . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁it ▁was ▁planned ▁that ▁the ▁locomot ives ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁both ▁fre ight ▁and ▁passenger ▁duties . ▁But ▁passenger ▁locomot ives ▁were ▁considered ▁unnecessary , ▁because ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁the ▁maximum ▁speed ▁of ▁trains ▁on ▁the ▁T amp ere ▁and ▁Va asa ▁railway ▁line ▁was ▁only ▁ 2 6 . 7 ▁kilom eters ▁per ▁hour . ▁C 5 ▁locomot ives ▁soon ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁ins u fficient ly ▁powerful ▁for ▁the ▁grad ients ▁of ▁the ▁T amp ere ▁and ▁Va asa ▁railway ▁line . ▁C 5 ▁locomot ives ▁were ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁fl atter ▁Sein ä j oki - O ulu ▁line , ▁where ▁they ▁performed ▁satisf actor ily |
. ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁the ▁C 5 ▁locomot ives ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁sh un ting ▁duties ▁in ▁the ▁mar sh alling ▁yards ▁of ▁various ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ▁around ▁Finland . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁ag ile ▁and ▁therefore ▁suitable ▁for ▁sh un ting ▁duties . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁ag ility ▁of ▁the ▁C 5 ▁locomot ive ▁it ▁was ▁nick named ▁" B lik st i " ▁or ▁a ▁“ g limp se ”. ▁Today ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁Railway ▁Museum ▁has ▁a ▁class ▁C 5 ▁on ▁display . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Finn ish ▁Railway ▁Museum ▁Ste am ▁Lo comot ives ▁in ▁Finland ▁In cluding ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁Railway ▁Museum ▁ ▁Category : V R ▁locomot ives ▁C 5 ▁Category : R ail way ▁locomot ives ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁Category : H an om ag ▁locomot ives ▁Category : 0 - 6 - 0 ▁locomot ives ▁Category : 5 ▁ft ▁gauge ▁locomot ives <0x0A> </s> ▁T IS ▁( Th ailand - Ind ones ia - Sing ap ore ) ▁is ▁a ▁sub marine ▁tele communic ations ▁cable ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁China ▁Sea ▁linking ▁Th ailand , ▁Singapore , ▁and ▁Indones ia ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁landing ▁points ▁in : ▁Song kh la , ▁Song kh la ▁Province , ▁Th ailand ▁Ch ang i , ▁Singapore ▁Bat am , ▁R ia u ▁Islands , ▁Indones ia ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁initial ▁transmission ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁G bit / s , |
▁upgrade able ▁to ▁ 3 2 0 ▁G bit / s , ▁and ▁a ▁total ▁cable ▁length ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 1 , 1 0 0 km . ▁ ▁It ▁started ▁operation ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sub marine ▁communic ations ▁c ables ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁Category : Ind ones ia – Th ailand ▁relations ▁Category : Sing ap ore – Th ailand ▁relations ▁Category : Ind ones ia – Sing ap ore ▁relations <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁Em ment al ▁in ▁the ▁canton ▁of ▁Bern ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁History ▁▁▁▁ ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁is ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 7 ▁as ▁True bers ch achen . ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁grew ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁cluster ▁of ▁six ▁far ms ▁along ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Il f is ▁river ▁during ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges . ▁ ▁The ▁par ishes ▁of ▁Lang n au ▁im ▁Em ment al ▁and ▁Tr ub ▁both ▁claimed ▁the ▁farm ▁houses . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 6 6 ▁they ▁were ▁divided , ▁with ▁three ▁going ▁to ▁each ▁parish . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁settlement ▁grew ▁and ▁the ▁situation ▁in ▁surrounding ▁municipal ities ▁changed , ▁the ▁far ms ▁were ▁too ▁far ▁from ▁either ▁municipality . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 2 7 ▁the ▁far ms ▁began ▁to ▁exercise ▁limited ▁self - g overn ment , ▁passing ▁laws ▁regarding ▁the ▁poor ▁and ▁citizens hip . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 |
7 3 7 ▁a ▁school ▁opened ▁in ▁the ▁community , ▁which ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁Sch achen ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁establish ing ▁a ▁village ▁police ▁force ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 3 ▁and ▁collect ing ▁tax es ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 5 - 7 7 . ▁ ▁An ▁ein wo hner gemeinde ▁or ▁citiz en ' s ▁community ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁though ▁it ▁was ▁called ▁Inner er ▁Lau pers w il v iert el ▁until ▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁ ▁It ▁became ▁an ▁independent ▁parish ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁and ▁the ▁parish ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 - 9 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁political ▁municipality ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁from ▁parts ▁of ▁Tr ub ▁and ▁Lang n au . ▁ ▁Trad itionally ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁raised ▁cro ps ▁on ▁the ▁valley ▁floor . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁they ▁began ▁we aving ▁canvas ▁and ▁processing ▁milk ▁into ▁che ese . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁che ese ▁factory ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁there ▁were ▁five ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁Today ▁that ▁number ▁has ▁shr unk ▁to ▁only ▁two . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁the ▁Bern - L uc erne ▁rail road ▁connected ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁to ▁the ▁growing ▁Swiss ▁rail ▁network ▁and ▁brought ▁industry ▁into ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁In |
▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁the ▁K amb ly ▁B isc uit ▁factory ▁opened ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁largest ▁employ er . ▁ ▁Other ▁indust ries ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Today ▁tour ism ▁is ▁a ▁small , ▁but ▁significant ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁economy ▁and ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁painting ▁exhib itions ▁draw ▁many ▁tour ists ▁to ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Re formed ▁parish , ▁various ▁Bapt ist ▁con greg ations ▁exist ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁New ▁Apost ol ic ▁con greg ation ▁with ▁a ▁church ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁or ▁ 5 1 . 0 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁agricult ural ▁purposes , ▁while ▁ ▁or ▁ 4 2 . 7 % ▁is ▁for ested . ▁▁ ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁municipality ▁is ▁ ▁or ▁ 4 . 9 % ▁is ▁settled ▁( build ings ▁or ▁roads ), ▁ ▁or ▁ 1 . 0 % ▁is ▁either ▁rivers ▁or ▁la kes ▁and ▁ ▁or ▁ 0 . 3 % ▁is ▁un product ive ▁land . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁housing ▁and ▁buildings ▁made ▁up ▁ 2 . 6 % ▁and ▁transport ation ▁infrastr ucture ▁made ▁up ▁ 1 . 8 %. ▁ ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 0 . 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁land ▁area ▁is |
▁heavily ▁for ested ▁and ▁ 2 . 5 % ▁is ▁covered ▁with ▁orch ards ▁or ▁small ▁clusters ▁of ▁trees . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁agricult ural ▁land , ▁ 5 . 6 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁growing ▁cro ps ▁and ▁▁ 2 9 . 3 % ▁is ▁past ur age ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 4 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁al pine ▁past ures . ▁ ▁All ▁the ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁is ▁flow ing ▁water . ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁includes ▁the ▁confl u ence ▁of ▁the ▁Tr ub ▁into ▁the ▁Il f is ▁rivers , ▁the ▁land ▁around ▁the ▁Il f is ▁and ▁the ▁peak ▁of ▁the ▁B lap bach , ▁at ▁about ▁. ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁and ▁scattered ▁farm ▁houses ▁along ▁the ▁river ▁and ▁up ▁the ▁B lap bach . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Amts bez irk ▁Sign au , ▁the ▁municipality ' s ▁former ▁district , ▁was ▁dissol ved . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁following ▁day , ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁it ▁joined ▁the ▁newly ▁created ▁Verwalt ung sk re is ▁Em ment al . ▁ ▁Co at ▁of ▁arms ▁The ▁bla zon ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁is ▁Per ▁f ess ▁Or ▁two ▁Mul lets ▁Azure ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁a ▁T au ▁Cross ▁coup ed ▁of ▁the ▁first . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁() ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁, ▁ 9 . |
5 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁are ▁resident ▁foreign ▁national s . ▁ ▁Between ▁the ▁last ▁ 2 ▁years ▁( 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 2 ) ▁the ▁population ▁changed ▁at ▁a ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 . 1 %. ▁ ▁M igration ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 0 . 6 %, ▁while ▁birth s ▁and ▁death s ▁account ed ▁for ▁- 0 . 5 %. ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁() ▁speak s ▁German ▁( 1 , 4 3 7 ▁or ▁ 9 2 . 0 %) ▁as ▁their ▁first ▁language , ▁Alban ian ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁common ▁( 2 8 ▁or ▁ 1 . 8 %) ▁and ▁Turkish ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁( 8 ▁or ▁ 0 . 5 %). ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 ▁people ▁who ▁speak ▁French , ▁ 3 ▁people ▁who ▁speak ▁Italian . ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 9 . 4 % ▁male ▁and ▁ 5 0 . 6 % ▁female . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 6 3 6 ▁Swiss ▁men ▁( 4 5 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁and ▁ 5 8 ▁( 4 . 1 %) ▁non - Sw iss ▁men . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 6 5 1 ▁Swiss ▁women ▁( 4 6 . 4 %) ▁and ▁ 5 9 ▁( 4 . 2 %) ▁non - Sw iss ▁women . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁population ▁in ▁the ▁municipality , ▁ 5 8 8 ▁or ▁about ▁ 3 7 . 6 % ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁Tr ub |
sch achen ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 6 1 8 ▁or ▁ 3 9 . 6 % ▁who ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁canton , ▁while ▁ 1 6 1 ▁or ▁ 1 0 . 3 % ▁were ▁born ▁somewhere ▁else ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁and ▁ 1 4 4 ▁or ▁ 9 . 2 % ▁were ▁born ▁outside ▁of ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁, ▁children ▁and ▁te en agers ▁( 0 – 1 9 ▁years ▁old ) ▁make ▁up ▁ 2 0 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁while ▁adult s ▁( 2 0 – 6 4 ▁years ▁old ) ▁make ▁up ▁ 5 6 . 6 % ▁and ▁sen iors ▁( over ▁ 6 4 ▁years ▁old ) ▁make ▁up ▁ 2 2 . 6 %. ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 6 8 2 ▁people ▁who ▁were ▁single ▁and ▁never ▁married ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 7 5 2 ▁married ▁individuals , ▁ 9 9 ▁wid ows ▁or ▁wid ow ers ▁and ▁ 2 9 ▁individuals ▁who ▁are ▁divor ced . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 8 4 ▁households ▁that ▁consist ▁of ▁only ▁one ▁person ▁and ▁ 4 9 ▁households ▁with ▁five ▁or ▁more ▁people . ▁ ▁, ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 5 8 0 ▁apart ments ▁( 8 9 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ) ▁were ▁perman ently ▁occupied , ▁while ▁ 3 7 ▁apart ments ▁( 5 . 7 %) ▁were ▁season ally ▁occupied ▁and ▁ |
3 2 ▁apart ments ▁( 4 . 9 %) ▁were ▁empty . ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁construction ▁rate ▁of ▁new ▁housing ▁units ▁was ▁ 9 . 2 ▁new ▁units ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁residents . ▁ ▁The ▁vac ancy ▁rate ▁for ▁the ▁municipality , ▁, ▁was ▁ 1 . 3 %. ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁single ▁family ▁homes ▁made ▁up ▁ 2 9 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁housing ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁The ▁historical ▁population ▁is ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁chart : ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁, ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁had ▁an ▁un emp loyment ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 . 2 9 %. ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 9 8 7 ▁people ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁Of ▁these , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 7 0 ▁people ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁economic ▁sector ▁and ▁about ▁ 5 5 ▁business es ▁involved ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁▁ 5 4 0 ▁people ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁secondary ▁sector ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 0 ▁business es ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁▁ 2 7 7 ▁people ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector , ▁with ▁ 4 8 ▁business es ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 8 2 1 ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁municipality ▁who ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁some ▁capacity , ▁of ▁which ▁females ▁made ▁up ▁ 4 1 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁work force . ▁▁ ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 7 7 8 ▁full - time |
▁equivalent ▁jobs . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁jobs ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁sector ▁was ▁ 1 0 4 , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁agricult ure . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁jobs ▁in ▁the ▁secondary ▁sector ▁was ▁ 4 6 9 ▁of ▁which ▁ 4 0 7 ▁or ▁( 8 6 . 8 %) ▁were ▁in ▁manufact uring ▁and ▁ 6 2 ▁( 1 3 . 2 %) ▁were ▁in ▁construction . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁jobs ▁in ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector ▁was ▁ 2 0 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector ; ▁ 3 2 ▁or ▁ 1 5 . 6 % ▁were ▁in ▁wh oles ale ▁or ▁ret ail ▁sales ▁or ▁the ▁repair ▁of ▁motor ▁vehicles , ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁ 4 . 9 % ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁movement ▁and ▁storage ▁of ▁goods , ▁ 3 8 ▁or ▁ 1 8 . 5 % ▁were ▁in ▁a ▁hotel ▁or ▁restaurant , ▁ 1 4 ▁or ▁ 6 . 8 % ▁were ▁technical ▁profession als ▁or ▁scient ists , ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁ 4 . 9 % ▁were ▁in ▁education ▁and ▁ 7 5 ▁or ▁ 3 6 . 6 % ▁were ▁in ▁health ▁care . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 5 2 7 ▁workers ▁who ▁comm uted ▁into ▁the ▁municipality ▁and ▁ 3 8 7 ▁workers ▁who ▁comm uted ▁away . ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁is ▁a ▁net ▁im porter ▁of ▁workers , ▁with ▁about ▁ 1 . 4 ▁workers ▁entering ▁the ▁municipality ▁for ▁every |
▁one ▁leaving . ▁ ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 3 4 ▁workers ▁( 4 5 . 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 6 1 ▁total ▁workers ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ) ▁both ▁lived ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁working ▁population , ▁ 1 1 . 4 % ▁used ▁public ▁transport ation ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁work , ▁and ▁ 4 0 . 2 % ▁used ▁a ▁private ▁car . ▁ ▁The ▁local ▁and ▁cant onal ▁tax ▁rate ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁lowest ▁in ▁the ▁canton . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁average ▁local ▁and ▁cant onal ▁tax ▁rate ▁on ▁a ▁married ▁resident , ▁with ▁two ▁children , ▁of ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁making ▁ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁CH F ▁was ▁ 1 2 . 5 %, ▁while ▁an ▁un mar ried ▁resident ' s ▁rate ▁was ▁ 1 8 . 7 %. ▁ ▁For ▁comparison , ▁the ▁average ▁rate ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁canton ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁was ▁ 1 4 . 2 % ▁and ▁ 2 2 . 0 %, ▁while ▁the ▁nation wide ▁average ▁was ▁ 1 2 . 3 % ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 1 % ▁respectively . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 5 7 7 ▁tax ▁pay ers ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁Of ▁that ▁total , ▁ 1 2 4 ▁made ▁over ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁CH |
F ▁per ▁year . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 6 ▁people ▁who ▁made ▁between ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁per ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁greatest ▁number ▁of ▁workers , ▁ 1 7 7 , ▁made ▁between ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁CH F ▁per ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁income ▁of ▁the ▁over ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁CH F ▁group ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁was ▁ 1 0 8 , 2 6 5 ▁CH F , ▁while ▁the ▁average ▁across ▁all ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁was ▁ 1 3 1 , 2 4 4 ▁CH F . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 . 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁received ▁direct ▁financial ▁assistance ▁from ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁federal ▁election ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁party ▁was ▁the ▁Swiss ▁People ' s ▁Party ▁( SV P ) ▁which ▁received ▁ 3 5 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁ ▁The ▁next ▁three ▁most ▁popular ▁parties ▁were ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( B DP ) ▁( 3 0 . 8 % ), ▁the ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( SP ) ▁( 1 0 . 2 %) ▁and ▁the ▁Green ▁Party ▁( 8 . 6 %). ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁federal ▁election , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 5 5 9 ▁votes ▁were ▁cast , ▁and ▁the ▁vot er ▁turn out ▁was |
▁ 5 2 . 0 %. ▁ ▁Religion ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁, ▁ 1 , 1 6 3 ▁or ▁ 7 4 . 5 % ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Re formed ▁Church , ▁while ▁ 8 0 ▁or ▁ 5 . 1 % ▁were ▁Roman ▁Catholic . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁there ▁were ▁ 7 ▁members ▁of ▁an ▁Orth odox ▁church ▁( or ▁about ▁ 0 . 4 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ), ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 3 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 5 . 3 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁another ▁Christian ▁church . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 4 7 ▁( or ▁about ▁ 3 . 0 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁who ▁were ▁Muslim . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 3 ▁individuals ▁who ▁were ▁Buddh ist , ▁ 6 3 ▁individuals ▁who ▁were ▁H indu ▁and ▁ 4 ▁individuals ▁who ▁belonged ▁to ▁another ▁church . ▁▁ 4 8 ▁( or ▁about ▁ 3 . 0 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁belonged ▁to ▁no ▁church , ▁are ▁ag nost ic ▁or ▁at he ist , ▁and ▁ 6 4 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 4 . 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁did ▁not ▁answer ▁the ▁question . ▁ ▁Education ▁In ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁about ▁ 4 8 . 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁have ▁completed ▁non - m and atory ▁upper ▁secondary ▁education , ▁and ▁ 1 1 . 5 % ▁have ▁completed ▁additional ▁higher ▁education ▁( e |
ither ▁university ▁or ▁a ▁Fach ho ch schule ). ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁ 1 0 4 ▁who ▁had ▁completed ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁t ert i ary ▁school ing ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁census , ▁ 7 4 . 0 % ▁were ▁Swiss ▁men , ▁ 1 8 . 3 % ▁were ▁Swiss ▁women , ▁ 4 . 8 % ▁were ▁non - Sw iss ▁men . ▁ ▁The ▁C anton ▁of ▁Bern ▁school ▁system ▁provides ▁one ▁year ▁of ▁non - ob lig atory ▁Kinder g arten , ▁followed ▁by ▁six ▁years ▁of ▁Primary ▁school . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁followed ▁by ▁three ▁years ▁of ▁oblig atory ▁lower ▁Second ary ▁school ▁where ▁the ▁students ▁are ▁separated ▁according ▁to ▁ability ▁and ▁apt itude . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁lower ▁Second ary ▁students ▁may ▁attend ▁additional ▁school ing ▁or ▁they ▁may ▁enter ▁an ▁app rent ices hip . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 ▁school ▁year , ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 5 6 ▁students ▁att ending ▁classes ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁students ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁language ▁kind erg arten ▁classes ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁kind erg arten ▁students , ▁ 1 2 . 5 % ▁were ▁permanent ▁or ▁temporary ▁residents ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁( not ▁citizens ) ▁and ▁ 2 0 . 8 % ▁have ▁a ▁different ▁mother ▁language ▁than ▁the ▁class room ▁language . ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ' s ▁primary ▁school ▁had ▁ 9 5 ▁students ▁in |
▁German ▁language ▁classes . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁primary ▁students , ▁ 2 2 . 1 % ▁were ▁permanent ▁or ▁temporary ▁residents ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁( not ▁citizens ) ▁and ▁ 3 4 . 7 % ▁have ▁a ▁different ▁mother ▁language ▁than ▁the ▁class room ▁language . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁lower ▁secondary ▁school ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 3 7 ▁students . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 6 . 2 % ▁who ▁were ▁permanent ▁or ▁temporary ▁residents ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁( not ▁citizens ) ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 6 % ▁have ▁a ▁different ▁mother ▁language ▁than ▁the ▁class room ▁language . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 9 5 ▁students ▁att ending ▁any ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁Of ▁those , ▁ 7 1 ▁both ▁lived ▁and ▁attended ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁municipality , ▁while ▁ 2 4 ▁students ▁came ▁from ▁another ▁municipality . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁ 1 5 4 ▁residents ▁attended ▁schools ▁outside ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁Sister ▁C ities ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁of ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁is ▁a ▁sister ▁city ▁with ▁Mid way , ▁in ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Ut ah , ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁▁ ▁Georges ▁H uber ▁( 1 9 1 0 ▁in ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁a ▁Swiss ▁journalist ▁who ▁wrote ▁many ▁publications ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Sister ▁City ▁- ▁City ▁of ▁Mid way , ▁Ut ah ▁▁ ▁Sister ▁City |
▁- ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁Tr ub sch achen ▁▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁the ▁canton ▁of ▁Bern <0x0A> </s> ▁As can io ▁U g ol ini ▁( d ied ▁ 1 6 6 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁pre late ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁M uro ▁Luc ano ▁( 1 6 5 2 – 1 6 6 0 ). ▁ ▁Biography ▁On ▁ 9 ▁Feb ▁ 1 6 5 2 , ▁As can io ▁U g ol ini ▁was ▁appointed ▁during ▁the ▁pap acy ▁of ▁Pope ▁In noc ent ▁X ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁M uro ▁Luc ano . ▁On ▁ 3 ▁Mar ▁ 1 6 5 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁consec r ated ▁bishop ▁by ▁Fab io ▁Ch igi , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State , ▁with ▁Gi rol amo ▁Bon comp ag ni , ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Bolog na , ▁and ▁Ran uc cio ▁Scott i ▁Douglas , ▁Bishop ▁Emer it us ▁of ▁Borg o ▁San ▁D onn ino , ▁serving ▁as ▁co - con sec rat ors . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁M uro ▁Luc ano ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 6 6 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁and ▁additional ▁sources ▁ ▁( for ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁B ish ops ) ▁▁ ▁( for ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁B ish ops ) ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : B ish ops ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁In noc ent ▁X ▁Category : 1 6 6 0 |
▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Cru ze ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁Cru ze ▁Cup ▁will ▁start ▁on ▁the ▁gr ids ▁of ▁Ass en . ▁ 1 4 ▁D ri vers ▁will ▁comp ete ▁for ▁the ▁Cru ze ▁Cup ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Championship . ▁The ▁Cru ze ▁Cup ▁is ▁a ▁star ters / G ent le men ' s ▁cup ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁enter ▁with ▁just ▁a ▁racing ▁license ▁and ▁a ▁Che v ro let ▁Cru ze . ▁ ▁www . c ru zec up . nl ▁Tour ing ▁car ▁racing ▁ ▁Category : One - make ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁St ▁Mary ▁Mag dal ene ' s ▁Church ▁is ▁in ▁Rib ble ton ▁Avenue , ▁Rib ble ton , ▁Pr eston , ▁Lanc ash ire , ▁England . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁active ▁Ang lic an ▁parish ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁de an ery ▁of ▁Pr eston , ▁the ▁arch de acon ry ▁of ▁Lanc aster , ▁and ▁the ▁dioc ese ▁of ▁Black burn . ▁ ▁Its ▁benef ice ▁is ▁un ited ▁with ▁that ▁of ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁As c ension , ▁Rib ble ton . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 – 9 1 ▁to ▁a ▁design ▁by ▁R . K n ill ▁Fre eman . ▁ ▁Add itions ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁it ▁in ▁about ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁by ▁the ▁Lanc aster ▁architect s ▁Austin ▁and |
▁Pale y , ▁and ▁again ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁architect ural ▁practice ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 – 4 1 , ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁ch an cel , ▁chap el , ▁a is les ▁and ▁vest ries . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁is ▁constructed ▁in ▁red ▁sand stone ▁with ▁dress ings ▁in ▁yellow ▁sand stone . ▁ ▁It ▁contains ▁features ▁in ▁Dec or ated ▁style . ▁ ▁Its ▁plan ▁includes ▁short ▁a is les , ▁and ▁tr anse pts ▁of ▁two ▁une qual ▁b ays . ▁ ▁Al ong ▁the ▁a is les ▁are ▁par ap ets ▁hiding ▁the ▁roof . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁rose ▁windows ▁in ▁each ▁tr anse pt . ▁ ▁The ▁authors ▁of ▁the ▁Build ings ▁of ▁England ▁series ▁describe ▁it ▁as ▁" an ▁odd ▁building " ▁that ▁" was ▁never ▁finished ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ecc les iast ical ▁works ▁by ▁Austin ▁and ▁Pale y ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 1 4 ) ▁List ▁of ▁ecc les iast ical ▁works ▁by ▁Austin ▁and ▁Pale y ▁( 1 9 1 6 – 4 4 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ch urch ▁of ▁England ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁Lanc ash ire ▁Category : G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁church ▁buildings ▁in ▁England ▁Category : G oth ic ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁Lanc ash ire ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : Di oc ese ▁of ▁Black burn ▁Category : A ust |
in ▁and ▁Pale y ▁buildings ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Pr eston ▁St ▁Mary ▁Mag dal ene ' s ▁Church <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁R ies berg ▁( born ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Colorado ▁In sur ance ▁Commission er . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁by ▁Colorado ▁Governor ▁John ▁H icken lo oper ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁Division ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁He ▁res igned ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁R ies berg ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁former ▁Colorado ▁legisl ator . ▁Elect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Colorado ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁as ▁a ▁Dem ocrat ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁R ies berg ▁represented ▁House ▁District ▁ 5 0 , ▁which ▁en comp ass ed ▁eastern ▁Gree ley ▁and ▁Evans , ▁Colorado . ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁election ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁R ies berg ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁seek ▁a ▁third ▁term ▁in ▁the ▁legisl ature ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁legisl ative ▁elections . ▁ ▁R ies berg ▁was ▁un anim ously ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁term ▁by ▁W eld ▁County ▁Democr ats ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁legisl ative ▁session ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁session ▁of ▁the ▁Colorado ▁General ▁Assembly , ▁R ies berg ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁House ▁App ropri ations |
▁Committee ▁and ▁the ▁House ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Services ▁Committee , ▁and ▁was ▁vice - ch air man ▁of ▁the ▁J oint ▁Capital ▁Development ▁Committee . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁session ▁of ▁the ▁Colorado ▁General ▁Assembly , ▁R ies berg ▁sat ▁on ▁the ▁House ▁App ropri ations ▁Committee ▁and ▁the ▁House ▁Health ▁and ▁Environment ▁Committee . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁election ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁R ies berg ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁his ▁fourth ▁term ▁as ▁State ▁House ▁Represent ative ▁to ▁District ▁ 5 0 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁primary ▁election ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁R ies berg ▁ran ▁for ▁the ▁Democratic ▁party ▁nom ination ▁to ▁the ▁State ▁House ▁District ▁ 5 0 ▁race . ▁He ▁lost ▁this ▁race ▁to ▁ch allen ger ▁Ro ch elle ▁Gal indo , ▁ 5 7 ▁percent ▁to ▁ 4 3 ▁percent . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Den ver ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Colorado ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : Color ado ▁Democr ats ▁Category : State ▁ins urance ▁commission ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁Ant ▁Project ' s ▁first ▁studio ▁album , ▁released ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A li ▁Project ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch h |
au pad i ▁( ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁men stru al ▁tab oo ▁which ▁prohib its ▁H indu ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁from ▁particip ating ▁in ▁normal ▁family ▁activities ▁while ▁men stru ating , ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁considered ▁" imp ure ". ▁Ch h au pad i ▁is ▁pract iced ▁primarily ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁Nep al . ▁▁ ▁During ▁ch h au pad i , ▁women ▁are ▁b anned ▁from ▁the ▁house ▁and ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁a ▁cattle ▁shed , ▁or ▁a ▁makes h ift ▁dwell ing ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁men stru ation ▁h ut , ▁for ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁their ▁period . ▁Child b irth ▁in ▁Nep al ▁also ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁form ▁of ▁conf in ement . ▁During ▁men stru ation , ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁are ▁restricted ▁from ▁particip ating ▁in ▁every day ▁life ▁events , ▁and ▁from ▁interact ing ▁with ▁their ▁communities . ▁ ▁Origin ▁The ▁practice ▁of ▁ch h au pad i ▁origin ates ▁from ▁the ▁super st ition ▁that ▁men stru ation ▁causes ▁women ▁to ▁be ▁tempor arily ▁imp ure . ▁This ▁super st ition ▁arose ▁from ▁a ▁myth ▁that ▁Ind ra ▁created ▁men stru ation ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁a ▁cur se . ▁In ▁this ▁belief ▁system , ▁it ▁is ▁thought ▁that ▁if ▁a ▁men stru ating ▁woman ▁touch es ▁a ▁tree , ▁it ▁will ▁never ▁again ▁bear ▁fruit ; ▁if ▁she ▁cons umes ▁milk , ▁the ▁cow ▁will ▁not ▁give ▁any ▁more ▁milk ; ▁if ▁she ▁reads ▁a ▁book |
, ▁Sar as w ati , ▁the ▁god dess ▁of ▁education , ▁will ▁become ▁angry ; ▁if ▁she ▁touch es ▁a ▁man , ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁ill . ▁ ▁The ▁practice ▁pers ists ▁in ▁rural ▁areas ▁primarily ▁in ▁Western ▁Nep al . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁called ▁‘ ch h ue ’ ▁or ▁‘ bah ir h un u ’ ▁in ▁D ad eld h ura , ▁B ait adi ▁and ▁D arch ula , ▁‘ ch h au pad i ’ ▁in ▁Ach ham , ▁and ▁‘ ch au k ulla ’ ▁or ▁‘ ch au k udi ’ ▁in ▁B aj hang ▁district . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁tradition ▁begins ▁with ▁an ▁ad oles cent ▁girl ' s ▁first ▁men stru al ▁cycle , ▁during ▁which ▁she ▁remains ▁in ▁the ▁shed ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁four teen ▁days ; ▁afterwards , ▁she ▁must ▁spend ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁each ▁month ly ▁period ▁in ▁the ▁shed , ▁until ▁she ▁reaches ▁men op ause . ▁Additionally , ▁women ▁who ▁have ▁just ▁given ▁birth ▁must ▁stay ▁in ▁the ▁shed ▁with ▁their ▁children ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁two ▁weeks . ▁▁ ▁Men stru ating ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁remain ▁isolated ▁from ▁their ▁family , ▁and ▁are ▁forb idden ▁from ▁entering ▁homes , ▁k itch ens , ▁schools , ▁and ▁tem ples . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁they ▁remain ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁often ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁men stru ation ▁h ut , ▁which ▁is ▁usually ▁made ▁from ▁wood ▁or ▁stone . ▁In ▁some ▁locations , ▁women ▁may ▁stay |
▁isolated ▁from ▁their ▁family ▁in ▁a ▁separate ▁room ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁house , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁shed ▁used ▁for ▁storing ▁tools . ▁F urn ish ings ▁are ▁sparse , ▁so ▁the ▁women ▁often ▁sleep ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁rug ▁for ▁warm th . ▁They ▁may ▁not ▁touch ▁family ▁members , ▁especially ▁male ▁family ▁members , ▁and ▁food ▁and ▁water ▁is ▁passed ▁to ▁them ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁way ▁as ▁to ▁prevent ▁touch ing . ▁Men stru ating ▁women ▁are ▁also ▁restricted ▁from ▁particip ating ▁in ▁family , ▁religious ▁or ▁social ▁functions , ▁such ▁as ▁att ending ▁the ▁temple ▁or ▁going ▁to ▁wed d ings , ▁and ▁girls ▁are ▁prevent ed ▁from ▁going ▁to ▁school . ▁ ▁Women ▁who ▁are ▁men stru ating ▁are ▁bar red ▁from ▁cons uming ▁milk , ▁y og urt , ▁but ter , ▁meat , ▁and ▁other ▁nut rit ious ▁food s , ▁for ▁fear ▁that ▁their ▁imp urity ▁will ▁cause ▁c ows ▁to ▁become ▁ill . ▁The ▁typical ▁di et ▁during ▁men stru ation ▁includes ▁dry ▁food s , ▁salt , ▁and ▁rice . ▁Men stru ating ▁women ▁are ▁also ▁bar red ▁from ▁using ▁community ▁water ▁sources ▁or ▁performing ▁daily ▁functions ▁like ▁bath ing ▁or ▁was hing ▁cl othing . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁social ▁isol ation ▁of ▁ch h au pad i , ▁women ▁must ▁still ▁work , ▁often ▁in ▁the ▁fields , ▁during ▁men stru ation . ▁ ▁Health ▁and ▁safety ▁ris ks ▁ ▁Women ▁are ▁exposed ▁to ▁multiple ▁health ▁and ▁safety ▁ris ks ▁while |
▁pract ising ▁ch h au pad i . ▁H uts ▁are ▁often ▁poor ly ▁constructed ▁and ▁lack ▁heat ▁or ▁vent ilation , ▁leaving ▁women ▁exposed ▁to ▁the ▁elements ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁extreme ▁temper atures ▁during ▁different ▁times ▁of ▁year . ▁Women ▁are ▁at ▁risk ▁of ▁developing ▁ill ness es ▁such ▁as ▁p neum onia ▁or ▁di arr he a ▁while ▁pract icing ▁ch h au pad i , ▁and ▁are ▁also ▁vulner able ▁to ▁attack ▁by ▁sn akes ▁and ▁other ▁animals . ▁R isk ▁of ▁as phy xi ation ▁is ▁high ▁if ▁a ▁woman ▁starts ▁a ▁fire ▁in ▁the ▁h ut ▁to ▁keep ▁warm ▁during ▁the ▁winter . ▁Women ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁ra ped ▁while ▁pract ising ▁ch h au pad i . ▁In ▁addition , ▁a ▁study ▁by ▁Ran ab hat ▁et . ▁al ▁of ▁women ▁aged ▁ 1 2 - 4 9 ▁in ▁the ▁B ardi ya ▁and ▁K ail ali ▁provinces ▁of ▁Nep al ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁ch h au pad i ▁is ▁significantly ▁correl ated ▁with ▁re product ive ▁health ▁problems ▁such ▁as ▁d ys uria ▁and ▁gen ital ▁it ch ing . ▁ ▁While ▁exact ▁numbers ▁are ▁not ▁available , ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁die ▁every ▁year ▁while ▁performing ▁ch h au pad i . ▁Part icular ly ▁in ▁the ▁far ▁and ▁mid - western ▁regions ▁of ▁Nep al , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁death s ▁have ▁been ▁directly ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁these ▁h uts . ▁C aus es ▁range ▁from ▁being ▁attacked ▁by ▁animals , |
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