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▁phot ography . ▁A ▁review ▁in ▁Black + White '' ▁magazine ▁stated , ▁" And rew ▁St ark ' s ▁id iom atic ▁and ▁w ry ly ▁observed ▁urban ▁photograph s ▁of ▁Sydney , ▁Australia , ▁represent ▁a ▁vital ▁continu ation ▁of ▁document ary ▁street ▁phot ography , ▁reflect ing ▁similar ▁social ▁concerns ▁and ▁the ▁same ▁a est h etic ▁ir ony ▁as ▁Robert ▁Frank , ▁William ▁Klein ▁and ▁Gar ry ▁Win og rand ." ▁St ark ▁currently ▁lives ▁on ▁the ▁NS W ▁Central ▁Coast . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁" Down ▁South " ▁exhibition ▁ ▁Sa atch i ▁Gallery , ▁London ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁interview ▁with ▁we A RE the IMAGE m akers ▁( w at im . com ) ▁ ▁Ph oto ▁Qu otes ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁photograph ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sydney ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁New ington ▁College <0x0A> </s> ▁An ▁ancient ▁document , ▁in ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁evidence , ▁refers ▁to ▁both ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁authentication ▁for ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁document ary ▁evidence , ▁and ▁an ▁exception ▁to ▁the ▁he ars ay ▁rule . ▁ ▁Authentication ▁With ▁respect ▁to ▁authentication , ▁an ▁" anci ent ▁document " ▁is ▁one ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁de emed ▁authentic ▁without ▁a ▁witness ▁to ▁att est ▁to ▁the ▁circumstances ▁of ▁its ▁creation ▁because ▁its ▁age ▁suggests ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁unlikely ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁f als ified ▁in ▁anticip ation ▁of |
▁the ▁lit ig ation ▁in ▁which ▁it ▁is ▁introduced . ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁American ▁Federal ▁R ules ▁of ▁Ev idence ▁(" F RE "), ▁a ▁document ▁is ▁de emed ▁authentic ▁if ▁it ▁is : ▁at ▁least ▁twenty ▁years ▁old ; ▁in ▁a ▁condition ▁that ▁makes ▁it ▁free ▁from ▁susp icion ▁concerning ▁its ▁authentic ity ; ▁and ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁place ▁where ▁such ▁a ▁writing ▁was ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁kept . ▁Many ▁states ▁have ▁similar ▁rules , ▁but ▁may ▁limit ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁doctrine ▁to ▁specific ▁kinds ▁of ▁documents ▁such ▁as ▁dispos itive ▁instruments ▁( prim arily ▁convey ances , ▁de eds , ▁and ▁will s ), ▁and ▁may ▁require ▁the ▁documents ▁to ▁be ▁even ▁older . ▁ ▁By ▁adm itting ▁an ▁ancient ▁document ▁into ▁evidence , ▁it ▁is ▁pres umed ▁only ▁that ▁the ▁document ▁is ▁what ▁it ▁pur ports ▁to ▁be , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁pres um ptions ▁about ▁the ▁truth ▁of ▁the ▁document ' s ▁contents . ▁ ▁A ▁j ury ▁can ▁still ▁decide ▁that ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁document ▁was ▁lying ▁or ▁mistaken ▁when ▁the ▁author ▁wrote ▁it . ▁ ▁H ears ay ▁An cient ▁documents ▁also ▁present ▁an ▁exception ▁to ▁the ▁he ars ay ▁rule . ▁F RE ▁ 8 0 3 ( 1 6 ) ▁applies ▁this ▁exception ▁to ▁all ▁documents ▁over ▁twenty ▁years ▁old . ▁Because ▁of ▁their ▁age , ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁presented ▁as ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁truth ▁of ▁any ▁statements ▁contained ▁there in . ▁Many ▁states ▁follow ▁this ▁rule ▁as ▁well , ▁but ▁again |
▁most ▁limit ▁it ▁to ▁documents ▁that ▁dispose ▁of ▁property . ▁ ▁Category : E v idence ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁Bro d mann ▁area ▁ 5 ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁Bro d mann ' s ▁cy to arch itect ural ▁defined ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁brain . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁som atos ens ory ▁processing , ▁movement ▁and ▁association , ▁and ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁posterior ▁par iet al ▁cor tex . ▁ ▁Human ▁Bro d mann ▁area ▁ 5 ▁is ▁a ▁sub div ision ▁of ▁the ▁par iet al ▁cor tex , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁cor tex ▁in ▁the ▁human ▁brain . ▁B A 5 ▁is ▁the ▁superior ▁par iet al ▁lo b ule ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁post central ▁g yrus . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁immediately ▁posterior ▁to ▁the ▁primary ▁som atos ens ory ▁cor tex . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁bounded ▁cy to arch itect ur ally ▁by ▁Bro d mann ▁area ▁ 2 , ▁Bro d mann ▁area ▁ 7 , ▁Bro d mann ▁area ▁ 4 , ▁and ▁Bro d mann ▁area ▁ 3 1 . ▁ ▁Mon key ▁ ▁In ▁gu en on ▁Bro d mann ▁area ▁ 5 ▁is ▁a ▁sub div ision ▁of ▁the ▁par iet al ▁lo be ▁defined ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁cy to architecture . ▁It ▁occup ies ▁primarily ▁the ▁superior ▁par iet al ▁lo b ule . ▁Bro d mann - 1 9 0 9 ▁considered ▁it ▁top olog ically ▁and ▁cy to arch itect ur ally ▁hom olog ous ▁to ▁the ▁prepar |
iet al ▁area ▁ 5 ▁of ▁the ▁human . ▁Dist inct ive ▁features ▁( B rod mann - 1 9 0 5 ): ▁compared ▁to ▁area ▁ 4 ▁of ▁Bro d mann - 1 9 0 9 ▁area ▁ 5 ▁has ▁a ▁thick ▁self - cont ained ▁internal ▁gran ular ▁layer ▁( IV ); ▁la cks ▁a ▁distinct ▁internal ▁py ram idal ▁layer ▁( V ); ▁has ▁a ▁marked ▁sub layer ▁ 3 b ▁of ▁py ram idal ▁cells ▁in ▁the ▁external ▁py ram idal ▁layer ▁( III ); ▁has ▁a ▁distinct ▁boundary ▁between ▁the ▁internal ▁py ram idal ▁layer ▁( V ) ▁and ▁the ▁mult iform ▁layer ▁( VI ); ▁and ▁has ▁gang l ion ▁cells ▁in ▁layer ▁V ▁beneath ▁its ▁boundary ▁with ▁layer ▁IV ▁that ▁are ▁separated ▁from ▁layer ▁VI ▁by ▁a ▁wide ▁clear ▁zone . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mac aque ▁mon key ▁the ▁area ▁P E ▁corresponds ▁to ▁B A 5 . ▁ ▁Add itional ▁images ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Bro d mann ▁area ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁regions ▁in ▁the ▁human ▁brain ▁ ▁Post er ior ▁par iet al ▁cor tex ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Vis it ▁Bra in Info ▁for ▁Ne uro an atom y ▁of ▁this ▁area ▁▁▁▁ 0 5 ▁Category : P ari etal ▁lo be <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁C oven ant ▁Progress ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁full - length ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁Swedish ▁group ▁C rim son ▁Moon light . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁on ▁R ivel ▁Records . |
▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁H M ▁Magazine ▁ranked ▁it ▁# 5 2 ▁on ▁the ▁Top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Christian ▁metal ▁albums ▁of ▁all ▁time ▁list ▁with ▁Beck ▁stating ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁" Well - produ ced ▁sym ph onic ▁black ▁metal ▁that ▁riv als ▁the ▁best ▁any ▁other ▁band ▁( Christ ian ▁or ▁sec ular ) ▁in ▁this ▁sub gen re ▁can ▁offer ." ▁ ▁Rec ording ▁history ▁The ▁C oven ant ▁Progress ▁was ▁recorded ▁at ▁Dream ▁Factory ▁by ▁Carl ▁Johan ▁Gr im mark ▁and ▁at ▁Studio ▁Res ound ▁by ▁Tom as ▁Joh ans son ▁in ▁January ▁and ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Tom as ▁Joh ans son ▁and ▁C rim son ▁Moon light . ▁The ▁C oven ant ▁Progress ▁was ▁master ed ▁at ▁C riteria ▁Master ing ▁by ▁Tom as ▁Joh ans son . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁March ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁album ▁still ▁contains ▁some ▁key boards , ▁the ▁musical ▁direction ▁went ▁for ▁a ▁more ▁mel od ic ▁black ▁metal ▁style ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁EP . ▁" E ternal ▁Emperor " ▁is ▁a ▁re vised ▁version ▁of ▁that ▁EP ' s ▁title ▁song . ▁The ▁lyr ics ▁talk ▁poet ically ▁about ▁Sc and in av ian ▁winter y ▁land sc apes . ▁" The ▁C oven ant " ▁is ▁an ▁atmos pher ic , ▁instrument al ▁keyboard - dri ven ▁song . ▁ ▁The ▁C oven ant ▁Progress ▁received ▁a |
▁positive ▁reception ▁and ▁several ▁mag az ines ▁and ▁online ▁sites ▁gave ▁it ▁good ▁reviews . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁biggest ▁Finn ish ▁metal ▁music ▁website ▁Imper ium i . net ▁cred its ▁the ▁band ▁for ▁" play ing ▁black ▁metal ▁better ▁than ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁anti - Christ ian ▁colle agues ." ▁The ▁same ▁rev iewer ▁writes ▁that ▁the ▁debut ▁album ▁" The ▁C oven ant ▁Progress ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁a ▁master pie ce ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁dam n ▁good ▁mel od ic ▁black ▁metal ." ▁By ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁the ▁album ▁had ▁sold ▁over ▁ 2 3 0 0 ▁copies , ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁bands ▁by ▁far ▁most ▁successful ▁release . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" M ist ▁of ▁the ▁Spirit ual ▁Dim ension " ▁- ▁ 0 4 : 1 1 ▁" The ▁Pil gr image " ▁- ▁ 0 5 : 2 9 ▁ ▁" Path ▁of ▁P ain " ▁- ▁ 0 7 : 3 2 ▁" Th y ▁W ilder ness " ▁- ▁ 0 6 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" E ternal ▁Emperor " ▁- ▁( re vised ▁version ) ▁ 0 3 : 4 8 ▁ ▁" A ▁P ain ting ▁in ▁Dark " ▁- ▁ 0 4 : 5 2 ▁ ▁" E yes ▁of ▁Beaut y " ▁- ▁ 0 4 : 4 8 ▁ ▁" A ▁Th orn ▁in ▁My ▁Heart " ▁- ▁ 0 5 : 5 5 ▁ ▁" The ▁C oven ant " ▁- ▁ 0 7 : |
0 3 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Simon ▁“ P il gr im ” ▁Ros én ▁- ▁vocals ▁Pet ter ▁St en marker ▁- ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁Per ▁Sund berg ▁- ▁guitar ▁Hub ert us ▁Lil j eg ren ▁- ▁bass , ▁vocals ▁Gustav ▁E low sson ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C rim son ▁Moon light ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁debut ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁W MAN - FM ▁( 9 8 . 3 ▁FM ) ▁is ▁a ▁radio ▁station ▁broadcast ing ▁a ▁news / t alk ▁format ▁as ▁a ▁sim ul cast ▁of ▁W MAN ▁( 1 4 0 0 ▁AM ). ▁Lic ensed ▁to ▁Frederick town , ▁Ohio , ▁W MAN - FM ▁serves ▁the ▁Ash land / M ans field / Mount ▁Vern on ▁Mid - Oh io ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁currently ▁owned ▁by ▁i He art Media , ▁Inc . ▁and ▁features ▁program ing ▁from ▁Fox ▁News ▁Radio , ▁Fox ▁Sports ▁Radio ▁and ▁Prem iere ▁Network s . ▁ ▁W MAN - FM ▁( then ▁W W MM )' s ▁sim ul cast ▁of ▁W MAN ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁trim ul cast ▁with ▁W MAN - FM ▁( now ▁W S WR ) ▁which ▁ended ▁on ▁Th urs day , ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁no on . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁W XX R , ▁which , ▁along ▁with ▁Sh el by - lic ensed ▁W S WR |
▁( 1 0 0 . 1 ▁FM ), ▁program med ▁a ▁classic ▁hits ▁format ▁brand ed ▁as ▁" My ▁ 1 0 0 . 1 / 9 8 . 3 ." ▁W S WR ▁also ▁featured ▁an ▁old ies ▁format ▁as ▁" C rus in ' ▁ 1 0 0 ." ▁The ▁W MAN ▁sim ul cast ▁began ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁The ▁first ▁local ▁program ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁FM ▁signal ▁was ▁a ired ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 6 ▁" R ust y ▁C ates ▁& ▁the ▁W MAN ▁Mor ning ▁News ". ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁live ▁high ▁school ▁sports ▁broadcast ▁on ▁the ▁FM ▁signal ▁was ▁a ired ▁on ▁Th urs day ▁December ▁ 2 9 , ▁a ▁girls ▁basketball ▁game ▁played ▁between ▁Clear ▁F ork ▁and ▁Lex ington ▁with ▁Josh ▁Bow man ▁on ▁play ▁by ▁play ▁and ▁Rick ▁Dur kin ▁as ▁the ▁color ▁comment ator . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁W MAN - FM ▁ 1 0 0 . 1 ▁has ▁split ▁from ▁its ▁sim ul cast ▁revert ed ▁to ▁its ▁previous ▁classic ▁hits ▁format ▁as ▁" My ▁ 1 0 0 . 1 ," ▁with ▁the ▁W S WR ▁calls . ▁W W MM ▁subsequently ▁took ▁the ▁W MAN - FM ▁call ▁letters . ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁W MAN ▁W MAN - FM ▁began ▁as ▁W WM Z ▁granted ▁to ▁Frederick town ▁Ohio ▁under ▁the ▁ownership ▁of ▁K ok osing ▁Communic ations . ▁In ▁ 1 |
9 8 6 , ▁the ▁call ▁letters ▁were ▁changed ▁to ▁W J MR ▁before ▁signing ▁on ▁as ▁an ▁Ad ult ▁Contempor ary ▁formatted ▁radio ▁station . ▁K ok osing ▁would ▁later ▁sell ▁W J MR ▁to ▁Boh mar ▁Communic ations ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁for ▁$ 3 2 5 , 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁station ▁changed ▁from ▁Ad ult ▁Contempor ary ▁to ▁Country ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁ownership ▁and ▁would ▁adopt ▁the ▁call ▁letters ▁W W B K ▁using ▁the ▁K - Country ▁mon iker . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Dean ▁St ampf li ▁and ▁his ▁Ash land / K no x ▁Broadcast ing ▁who ▁also ▁owned ▁W FX N - FM / G alion , ▁W Q IO - FM / M t . ▁Vern on , ▁WM VO - AM / M t . ▁Vern on , ▁W N CO - FM / A sh land , ▁W N CO - AM / A sh land , ▁W XX F - FM / L oud on ville . ▁Ash land / K no x ▁Broadcast ing ▁would ▁later ▁become ▁Ohio ▁Radio ▁and ▁keep ▁the ▁K - Country ▁brand ▁in ▁place ▁until ▁the ▁sale ▁to ▁Clear ▁Channel ▁Communic ations ▁for ▁$ 3 2 ▁Mill ion ▁where ▁ 9 8 . 3 ▁W W B K ▁Mount ▁Vern on / M ans field ▁and ▁W B Z W ▁Ash land / W o oster ▁would ▁become ▁K I SS - FM ▁Mid |
▁Ohio ▁changing ▁to ▁a ▁Top ▁ 4 0 ▁Format . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁M AN - FM ▁Category : News ▁and ▁talk ▁radio ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Category : I He art Media ▁radio ▁stations <0x0A> </s> ▁Ivan ▁Kar ach ol ov ▁( born ▁ 1 7 ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Bulgar ian ▁lug er . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B ul gar ian ▁male ▁lug ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁lug ers ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁Category : L ug ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : L ug ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Top ol ov grad <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Tennessee ▁Vol unte ers ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tennessee ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁Southern ▁Inter col leg iate ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁football ▁season . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁its ▁fourth ▁new ▁coach ▁in ▁six ▁years , ▁Sax ▁C raw ford , ▁who ▁co ached ▁the ▁team ▁for ▁a ▁single ▁season . ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 4 , ▁Tennessee ▁beat ▁Alabama ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁school ▁history . ▁Full |
back ▁Sam ▁Mc All ester ▁wore ▁a ▁bel t ▁with ▁handles , ▁and ▁was ▁thrown ▁by ▁team m ates ▁for ▁a ▁touch down . ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Tennessee ▁Category : T ennessee ▁Vol unte ers ▁football ▁seasons ▁Tennessee ▁Football <0x0A> </s> ▁B ø ver f j orden ▁( s ometimes ▁B æ ver f j ord ▁or ▁B ø ver f j ord ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁S urn adal ▁in ▁M ø re ▁og ▁R oms dal ▁county , ▁Norway . ▁It ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁shore ▁of ▁Ham nes f j ord ▁along ▁County ▁Road ▁ 6 5 ▁where ▁the ▁B ø v ra ▁River ▁em pt ies ▁into ▁the ▁f j ord . ▁ ▁Name ▁Loc ally , ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁is ▁pron ounced ▁B ø ff j orn . ▁The ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁Old ▁Nor se ▁B if rar f j ǫ r ð r ▁' be aver ▁f j ord ' ▁with ▁substitution ▁of ▁the ▁Nor se ▁first ▁element ▁by ▁Low ▁German ▁be ver . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁B ø ver f j orden ▁at ▁N org esk art ▁ ▁Category : S urn adal ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁M ø re ▁og ▁R oms dal <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁physics , ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁are ▁correl ations ▁between ▁identical ▁bos ons . ▁They ▁have ▁important ▁applications ▁in ▁astronom y , ▁opt ics , ▁particle ▁and ▁nuclear ▁physics . ▁ ▁From |
▁intensity ▁inter fer ometry ▁to ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁▁ ▁The ▁inter ference ▁between ▁two ▁( or ▁more ) ▁waves ▁establish es ▁a ▁correlation ▁between ▁these ▁waves . ▁In ▁particle ▁physics , ▁in ▁particular , ▁where ▁to ▁each ▁particle ▁there ▁is ▁associated ▁a ▁wave , ▁we ▁encounter ▁thus ▁inter ference ▁and ▁correl ations ▁between ▁two ▁( or ▁more ) ▁particles , ▁described ▁mathemat ically ▁by ▁second ▁or ▁higher ▁order ▁correlation ▁functions . ▁These ▁correl ations ▁have ▁quite ▁specific ▁properties ▁for ▁identical ▁particles . ▁We ▁then ▁distinguish ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁for ▁bos ons ▁and ▁F erm i – Di rac ▁correl ations ▁for ▁ferm ions . ▁While ▁in ▁F erm i – Di rac ▁second ▁order ▁correl ations ▁the ▁particles ▁are ▁ant ib unch ed , ▁in ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁( B EC ) ▁they ▁are ▁bunch ed . ▁Another ▁distinction ▁between ▁B ose – E in stein ▁and ▁F erm i – Di rac ▁correlation ▁is ▁that ▁only ▁B EC ▁can ▁present ▁quantum ▁coh er ence ▁( cf . ▁below ). ▁ ▁In ▁opt ics ▁two ▁be ams ▁of ▁light ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁inter f ere ▁coh er ently , ▁when ▁the ▁phase ▁difference ▁between ▁their ▁waves ▁is ▁constant ; ▁if ▁this ▁phase ▁difference ▁is ▁random ▁or ▁changing ▁the ▁be ams ▁are ▁in co her ent . ▁ ▁The ▁coh er ent ▁super position ▁of ▁wave ▁amplit udes ▁is ▁called ▁first ▁order ▁inter ference . ▁In ▁anal ogy ▁to |
▁that ▁we ▁have ▁intensity ▁or ▁second ▁order ▁Han bury ▁Brown ▁and ▁Tw iss ▁( H B T ) ▁inter ference , ▁which ▁general izes ▁the ▁inter ference ▁between ▁amplit udes ▁to ▁that ▁between ▁squares ▁of ▁amplit udes , ▁i . e . ▁between ▁intens ities . ▁ ▁In ▁opt ics ▁amplitude ▁inter fer ometry ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁determ ination ▁of ▁lengths , ▁surface ▁irregular ities ▁and ▁indexes ▁of ▁ref raction ; ▁intensity ▁inter fer ometry , ▁besides ▁present ing ▁in ▁certain ▁cases ▁technical ▁advantages ▁( like ▁stability ) ▁as ▁compared ▁with ▁amplitude ▁inter fer ometry , ▁allows ▁also ▁the ▁determ ination ▁of ▁quantum ▁coh er ence ▁of ▁sources . ▁ ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁and ▁quantum ▁coh er ence ▁▁ ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁ ▁higher ▁order ▁or ▁quantum ▁coh er ence ▁of ▁sources ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁quantum ▁opt ics ▁by ▁Gla uber . ▁While ▁initially ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁mainly ▁to ▁explain ▁the ▁function ing ▁of ▁mas ers ▁and ▁las ers , ▁it ▁was ▁soon ▁realized ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁important ▁applications ▁in ▁other ▁fields ▁of ▁physics , ▁as ▁well : ▁under ▁appropriate ▁conditions ▁quantum ▁coh er ence ▁leads ▁to ▁B ose – E in stein ▁cond ens ation . ▁As ▁the ▁names ▁suggest ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁and ▁B ose – E in stein ▁cond ens ation ▁are ▁both ▁consequences ▁of ▁B ose – E in stein ▁statistics ▁and ▁thus ▁applicable ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁phot ons ▁but ▁to ▁any ▁kind ▁of ▁bos ons . ▁Thus |
▁B ose – E in stein ▁cond ens ation ▁is ▁at ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁such ▁important ▁cond ensed ▁matter ▁phen omena ▁as ▁super con duct ivity ▁and ▁super fl uid ity , ▁and ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁manifest ▁themselves ▁also ▁in ▁had ron ▁inter fer ometry . ▁ ▁Al most ▁in ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁in vention ▁by ▁Han bury - B rown ▁and ▁Tw iss ▁of ▁intensity ▁inter fer ometry ▁in ▁opt ics ▁G erson ▁Gold hab er , ▁Sul am ith ▁Gold hab er , ▁W ony ong ▁Lee , ▁and ▁Abraham ▁P ais ▁( G GL P ) ▁discovered ▁that ▁ident ically ▁charged ▁p ions ▁produced ▁in ▁ant ip ro ton - pro ton ▁anni h ilation ▁processes ▁were ▁bunch ed , ▁while ▁p ions ▁of ▁opposite ▁charges ▁were ▁not . ▁They ▁interpreted ▁this ▁effect ▁as ▁due ▁to ▁B ose – E in stein ▁statistics . ▁Sub sequently ▁it ▁was ▁realized ▁that ▁the ▁H B T ▁effect ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correlation ▁effect , ▁that ▁of ▁identical ▁phot ons . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁general ▁theoretical ▁formal ism ▁for ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁in ▁sub n uc lear ▁physics ▁is ▁the ▁quantum ▁statistical ▁approach , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁classical ▁current ▁and ▁coh er ent ▁state , ▁formal ism : ▁it ▁includes ▁quantum ▁coh er ence , ▁correlation ▁lengths ▁and ▁correlation ▁times . ▁ ▁Starting ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁B EC ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁subject ▁of |
▁current ▁interest ▁in ▁high - energy ▁physics ▁and ▁at ▁present ▁meet ings ▁entirely ▁dedicated ▁to ▁this ▁subject ▁take ▁place . ▁One ▁reason ▁for ▁this ▁interest ▁is ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁B EC ▁are ▁up ▁to ▁now ▁the ▁only ▁method ▁for ▁the ▁determ ination ▁of ▁sizes ▁and ▁lif et imes ▁of ▁sources ▁of ▁elementary ▁particles . ▁This ▁is ▁of ▁particular ▁interest ▁for ▁the ▁on going ▁search ▁of ▁qu ark ▁matter ▁in ▁the ▁labor atory : ▁To ▁reach ▁this ▁phase ▁of ▁matter ▁a ▁critical ▁energy ▁density ▁is ▁necessary . ▁To ▁measure ▁this ▁energy ▁density ▁one ▁must ▁determine ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁fire ball ▁in ▁which ▁this ▁matter ▁is ▁supposed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁generated ▁and ▁this ▁means ▁the ▁determ ination ▁of ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁source ; ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁achieved ▁by ▁the ▁method ▁of ▁intensity ▁inter fer ometry . ▁Furthermore , ▁a ▁phase ▁of ▁matter ▁means ▁a ▁quasi - stable ▁state , ▁i . e . ▁a ▁state ▁which ▁lives ▁longer ▁than ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁collision ▁that ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁this ▁state . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁we ▁have ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁lifetime ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁system , ▁which ▁can ▁again ▁be ▁obtained ▁by ▁B EC ▁only . ▁ ▁Quant um ▁coh er ence ▁in ▁strong ▁interactions ▁▁ ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁of ▁had rons ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁determ ination ▁of ▁quantum ▁coh er ence ▁in ▁strong ▁interactions . ▁To ▁detect ▁and ▁measure ▁coh er ence ▁in ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁in ▁nuclear ▁and ▁particle |
▁physics ▁has ▁been ▁quite ▁a ▁difficult ▁task , ▁because ▁these ▁correl ations ▁are ▁rather ▁ins ens itive ▁to ▁even ▁large ▁ad mi xt ures ▁of ▁coh er ence , ▁because ▁of ▁other ▁compet ing ▁processes ▁which ▁could ▁simulate ▁this ▁effect ▁and ▁also ▁because ▁often ▁experimental ists ▁did ▁not ▁use ▁the ▁appropriate ▁formal ism ▁in ▁the ▁interpretation ▁of ▁their ▁data . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁clear ▁evidence ▁for ▁coh er ence ▁in ▁B EC ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁measurement ▁of ▁higher ▁order ▁correl ations ▁in ▁ant ip ro ton - pro ton ▁re actions ▁at ▁the ▁C ER N ▁S PS ▁coll ider ▁by ▁the ▁U A 1 - Min ium ▁B ias ▁collaboration . ▁This ▁experiment ▁has ▁also ▁a ▁particular ▁significance ▁because ▁it ▁tests ▁in ▁quite ▁an ▁unusual ▁way ▁the ▁predictions ▁of ▁quantum ▁statistics ▁as ▁applied ▁to ▁B EC : ▁it ▁represents ▁an ▁un success ful ▁attempt ▁of ▁f als ification ▁of ▁the ▁theory ▁[ 1 ]. ▁Besides ▁these ▁practical ▁applications ▁of ▁B EC ▁in ▁inter fer ometry , ▁the ▁quantum ▁statistical ▁approach ▁[ 1 0 ] ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁quite ▁an ▁unexpected ▁he ur istic ▁application , ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁identical ▁particles , ▁the ▁fundamental ▁starting ▁point ▁of ▁B EC . ▁ ▁B ose - E in stein ▁correl ations ▁and ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁identical ▁particles ▁in ▁particle ▁physics ▁▁ ▁As ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁particles ▁of ▁a ▁quantum ▁system ▁is ▁fixed ▁the ▁system ▁can ▁be ▁described ▁by ▁a ▁wave ▁function , ▁which ▁contains ▁all ▁the ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁state ▁of |
▁that ▁system . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁quant isation ▁approach ▁and ▁histor ically ▁B ose – E in stein ▁and ▁F erm i – Di rac ▁correl ations ▁were ▁derived ▁through ▁this ▁wave ▁function ▁formal ism . ▁In ▁high - energy ▁physics , ▁however , ▁one ▁is ▁faced ▁with ▁processes ▁where ▁particles ▁are ▁produced ▁and ▁absor bed ▁and ▁this ▁dem ands ▁a ▁more ▁general ▁field ▁theoretical ▁approach ▁called ▁second ▁quant isation . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁approach ▁on ▁which ▁quantum ▁opt ics ▁is ▁based ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁only ▁through ▁this ▁more ▁general ▁approach ▁that ▁quantum ▁statistical ▁coh er ence , ▁las ers ▁and ▁cond ens ates ▁ ▁could ▁be ▁interpreted ▁or ▁discovered . ▁Another ▁more ▁recent ▁phenomen on ▁discovered ▁via ▁this ▁approach ▁is ▁the ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correlation ▁between ▁particles ▁and ▁anti - part icles . ▁ ▁The ▁wave ▁function ▁of ▁two ▁identical ▁particles ▁is ▁symmetric ▁or ▁ant is ym metric ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁permut ation ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁particles , ▁depending ▁whether ▁one ▁cons iders ▁identical ▁bos ons ▁or ▁identical ▁ferm ions . ▁For ▁non - ident ical ▁particles ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁permut ation ▁symmetry ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁wave ▁function ▁formal ism ▁there ▁should ▁be ▁no ▁B ose – E in stein ▁or ▁F erm i – Di rac ▁correlation ▁between ▁these ▁particles . ▁ ▁This ▁applies ▁in ▁particular ▁for ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁particles ▁made ▁of ▁a ▁positive ▁and ▁a ▁negative ▁p ion . ▁However ▁this ▁is ▁true ▁only ▁in ▁a ▁first ▁approximation : ▁If ▁one ▁cons iders |
▁the ▁possibility ▁that ▁a ▁positive ▁and ▁a ▁negative ▁p ion ▁are ▁virt ually ▁related ▁in ▁the ▁sense ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁anni h il ate ▁and ▁transform ▁into ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁two ▁neutral ▁p ions ▁( or ▁two ▁phot ons ), ▁i . e . ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁identical ▁particles , ▁we ▁are ▁faced ▁with ▁a ▁more ▁complex ▁situation , ▁which ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁handled ▁within ▁the ▁second ▁quant isation ▁approach . ▁This ▁leads , ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁kind ▁of ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations , ▁namely ▁between ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁p ions , ▁al beit ▁much ▁we aker ▁than ▁that ▁between ▁two ▁positive ▁or ▁two ▁negative ▁p ions . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁such ▁correlation ▁between ▁a ▁charged ▁and ▁a ▁neutral ▁p ion . ▁Lo os ely ▁speaking ▁a ▁positive ▁and ▁a ▁negative ▁p ion ▁are ▁less ▁une qual ▁than ▁a ▁positive ▁and ▁a ▁neutral ▁p ion . ▁Similarly ▁the ▁B EC ▁between ▁two ▁neutral ▁p ions ▁are ▁somewhat ▁stronger ▁than ▁those ▁between ▁two ▁ident ically ▁charged ▁ones : ▁in ▁other ▁words ▁two ▁neutral ▁p ions ▁are ▁“ more ▁identical ” ▁than ▁two ▁negative ▁( pos itive ) ▁p ions . ▁ ▁The ▁surprising ▁nature ▁of ▁these ▁special ▁B EC ▁effects ▁made ▁head lines ▁in ▁the ▁literature . ▁These ▁effects ▁illustrate ▁the ▁superior ity ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁theoretical ▁second ▁quant isation ▁approach ▁as ▁compared ▁with ▁the ▁wave ▁function ▁formal ism . ▁They ▁also ▁illustrate ▁the ▁limitations ▁of ▁the ▁anal ogy ▁between ▁optical ▁and ▁particle ▁physics ▁inter |
fer ometry : ▁They ▁prove ▁that ▁B ose – E in stein ▁correl ations ▁between ▁two ▁phot ons ▁are ▁different ▁from ▁those ▁between ▁two ▁ident ically ▁charged ▁p ions , ▁an ▁issue ▁which ▁had ▁led ▁to ▁misunder stand ings ▁in ▁the ▁theoretical ▁literature ▁and ▁which ▁was ▁el uc id ated ▁in ▁. ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Part icle ▁physics ▁Category : Al bert ▁Ein stein ▁Category : B os ons <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁television ▁timeout ▁( altern ately ▁TV ▁timeout ▁or ▁media ▁timeout ) ▁is ▁a ▁break ▁in ▁a ▁tele vised ▁live ▁event ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁television ▁broadcast ing . ▁This ▁allows ▁commercial ▁broad c aster s ▁to ▁take ▁an ▁advert ising ▁break , ▁or ▁issue ▁their ▁required ▁hour ly ▁station ▁identification , ▁without ▁causing ▁view ers ▁to ▁miss ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁action . ▁ ▁Program s ▁making ▁use ▁of ▁timeout s ▁are ▁usually ▁live - action ▁sport ing ▁events . ▁However , ▁other ▁live ▁programs ▁occasionally ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁timeout s ▁for ▁advert ising ▁purposes , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Academy ▁Awards ▁and ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est . ▁ ▁Use ▁by ▁sport ▁ ▁American ▁football ▁( N FL ): ▁The ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁requires ▁twenty ▁commercial ▁breaks ▁per ▁game ▁or ▁ 1 6 ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁season , ▁with ▁ten ▁or ▁ 8 ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁season ▁in ▁each ▁half . ▁( Exception s ▁to ▁this ▁are ▁over time ▁periods , ▁which ▁have ▁none .) ▁These ▁breaks |
▁run ▁either ▁a ▁minute , ▁or ▁two ▁minutes ▁in ▁length . ▁Of ▁the ▁ten ▁commercial ▁breaks ▁per ▁half ▁or ▁ 8 ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁season , ▁two ▁are ▁mand atory : ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁or ▁third ▁quarter , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁two - min ute ▁warning ▁for ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁half . ▁The ▁remaining ▁eight ▁or ▁ 6 ▁breaks ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁season ▁are ▁optional . ▁The ▁timeout s ▁can ▁be ▁applied ▁after ▁field ▁goal ▁tries , ▁conversion ▁attempts ▁for ▁both ▁one ▁and ▁two ▁points ▁following ▁touch down s , ▁changes ▁in ▁possession ▁either ▁by ▁pun ts ▁or ▁turno vers , ▁and ▁kick offs ▁( except ▁for ▁the ▁ones ▁that ▁start ▁each ▁half , ▁or ▁are ▁within ▁the ▁last ▁five ▁minutes ). ▁The ▁breaks ▁are ▁also ▁called ▁during ▁sto pp ages ▁due ▁to ▁injury , ▁instant ▁re play ▁challeng es , ▁when ▁either ▁of ▁the ▁particip ating ▁teams ▁uses ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁set ▁of ▁timeout s , ▁and ▁if ▁the ▁network ▁needs ▁to ▁catch ▁up ▁on ▁its ▁commercial ▁advert is ement ▁schedule . ▁The ▁arrangement ▁for ▁college ▁football ▁cont ests ▁is ▁the ▁same , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁the ▁two - min ute ▁warning . ▁Association ▁football ▁( S occer ): ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁continuous ▁live ▁action ▁from ▁opening ▁kick ▁throughout ▁a ▁half ▁to ▁the ▁wh ist le ▁at ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁sto pp age ▁time , ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁formal ▁television ▁timeout s ▁or ▁commercial ▁breaks ; |
▁however , ▁the ▁interval ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁hal ves ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 1 5 ▁minutes . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁commercial ▁breaks ▁during ▁any ▁extra ▁periods ▁or ▁during ▁any ▁penalty ▁shoot outs ▁in ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁matches ; ▁however , ▁a ▁television ▁timeout ▁may ▁happen ▁between ▁the ▁second ▁period ▁of ▁extra ▁time ▁and ▁the ▁penalty ▁shoot out , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁broad c aster . ▁ ▁Baseball : ▁No ▁formal ▁television ▁timeout , ▁but ▁the ▁interval ▁between ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁half - in ning ▁is ▁set ▁between ▁two ▁and ▁three ▁minutes ▁for ▁tele vised ▁games , ▁and ▁during ▁pitch ing ▁changes ▁that ▁happen ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁an ▁in ning ▁for ▁the ▁pitch er ▁to ▁warm ▁up . ▁ ▁Basketball ▁ ▁College ▁men : ▁At ▁the ▁first ▁dead ▁ball ▁after ▁ 4 - min ute ▁intervals ▁( be yond ▁the ▁ 1 6 : 0 0 , ▁ 1 2 : 0 0 , ▁ 8 : 0 0 ▁and ▁ 4 : 0 0 ▁minute ▁mark ▁of ▁each ▁half ). ▁Additionally , ▁the ▁first ▁ 3 0 - second ▁team ▁timeout ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁is ▁expanded ▁to ▁a ▁television ▁timeout . ▁If ▁free ▁throws ▁are ▁to ▁be ▁shot , ▁a ▁timeout ▁is ▁taken ▁first . ▁Effect ive ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season , ▁when ▁a ▁team ▁calls ▁a ▁timeout ▁within ▁the ▁ 3 0 - second ▁window ▁before ▁the ▁next ▁scheduled ▁TV ▁timeout ▁break , ▁the ▁called ▁timeout ▁takes ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁scheduled |
▁TV ▁timeout . ▁A ▁similar ▁rule ▁in ▁the ▁NBA ▁is ▁used ▁when ▁a ▁ 2 0 - second ▁timeout ▁is ▁called ▁but ▁a ▁team ' s ▁mand atory ▁timeout ▁point ▁has ▁been ▁reached . ▁ ▁College ▁women ▁and ▁FI BA : ▁Media ▁timeout s ▁are ▁taken ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁dead ▁ball ▁after ▁the ▁ 5 : 0 0 ▁mark ▁in ▁each ▁quarter . ▁Any ▁called ▁timeout ▁before ▁the ▁ 5 - min ute ▁mark ▁of ▁a ▁quarter ▁becomes ▁the ▁media ▁timeout . ▁ ▁Organ is ers ▁have ▁the ▁option ▁in ▁FI BA ▁play ▁to ▁implement ▁a ▁television ▁timeout ▁at ▁the ▁next ▁dead ▁ball ▁following ▁the ▁same ▁point . ▁ ▁NBA : ▁There ▁must ▁be ▁two ▁timeout s ▁in ▁each ▁quarter . ▁In ▁each ▁quarter , ▁if ▁no ▁team ▁has ▁called ▁a ▁timeout ▁before ▁the ▁ 6 : 5 9 ▁mark , ▁a ▁timeout ▁is ▁charged ▁to ▁the ▁home ▁team , ▁and ▁if ▁no ▁subsequent ▁timeout ▁is ▁taken ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 : 5 9 ▁mark , ▁a ▁timeout ▁is ▁charged ▁to ▁the ▁team ▁not ▁previously ▁charged ▁with ▁a ▁timeout . ▁The ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁timeout s ▁in ▁each ▁quarter ▁are ▁two ▁minutes ▁ 4 5 ▁seconds ▁for ▁locally ▁tele vised ▁games , ▁and ▁three ▁minutes ▁ 1 5 ▁seconds ▁for ▁nation ally ▁tele vised ▁games . ▁Other ▁timeout s ▁in ▁a ▁quarter ▁are ▁one ▁minute ▁ 1 5 ▁seconds ▁in ▁length . ▁ ▁Bow ling : ▁V aries . ▁▁ ▁Cr icket : ▁ ▁Gener ally ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁some ▁o |
vers ▁as ▁the ▁field ▁switch es ▁around , ▁when ▁a ▁w icket ▁falls , ▁during ▁drink s ▁breaks ▁and ▁during ▁intervals . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Premier ▁League ▁of ▁Tw enty 2 0 ▁cr icket , ▁the ▁half way ▁point ▁of ▁each ▁inn ings ▁contained ▁a ▁seven - and - a - half ▁minute ▁sto pp age ▁of ▁play , ▁two - third s ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁devoted ▁to ▁advert ising ▁time . ▁After ▁compla ints ▁by ▁view ers ▁and ▁players ▁( crit ic izing ▁its ▁use ▁as ▁an ▁extended ▁commercial ▁break , ▁and ▁for ▁breaking ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁the ▁game ), ▁these ▁breaks ▁were ▁replaced ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁by ▁two ▁comp uls ory ▁" str ateg ic ▁timeout s " ▁of ▁two - and - a - half ▁minutes ▁per ▁inn ings . ▁One ▁must ▁be ▁taken ▁by ▁the ▁bow ling ▁team ▁between ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁to ▁ 1 0 th ▁o vers , ▁and ▁the ▁batt ing ▁team ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁to ▁ 1 6 th ▁o vers . ▁▁ ▁Cur ling : ▁at ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁each ▁end . ▁The ▁game ▁generally ▁res umes ▁before ▁the ▁commercial ▁break ▁ends , ▁so ▁when ▁the ▁broadcast ▁comes ▁back ▁on ▁a ▁few ▁rocks ▁will ▁have ▁already ▁been ▁thrown . ▁ ▁Ice ▁hockey ▁ ▁N HL : ▁Com mer cial ▁time - outs ▁are ▁taken ▁after ▁ 4 - min ute ▁intervals ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁sto pp ages ▁of ▁play ▁after ▁the |
▁ 1 4 : 0 0 , ▁ 1 0 : 0 0 ▁and ▁ 6 : 0 0 ▁marks ▁in ▁each ▁period ▁when ▁both ▁teams ▁are ▁at ▁even ▁strength . ▁However , ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁commercial ▁time - outs ▁after ▁a ▁goal , ▁after ▁an ▁ic ing , ▁during ▁a ▁power - play , ▁during ▁the ▁last ▁ 3 0 ▁seconds ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁period ▁or ▁last ▁two ▁minutes ▁of ▁the ▁third ▁period . ▁ ▁Also , ▁there ▁must ▁be ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁minute ▁of ▁play ▁between ▁commercial ▁time - outs ▁and ▁an ▁effort ▁must ▁be ▁done ▁to ▁identify ▁the ▁situations ▁where ▁a ▁video ▁review ▁might ▁happen ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁NOT ▁go ▁into ▁a ▁commercial ▁time - out . ▁During ▁out door ▁games , ▁a ▁hard ▁TV ▁timeout ▁is ▁called ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 0 : 0 0 ▁mark ▁of ▁the ▁third ▁period , ▁and ▁play ▁is ▁immediately ▁stopped ▁( as ▁they ▁need ▁to ▁change ▁ends ▁of ▁the ▁ice ▁to ▁ensure ▁fair ness ). ▁Additionally ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁timeout s , ▁commercial ▁or ▁team , ▁granted ▁during ▁a ▁shoot out . ▁Due ▁to ▁these ▁restrictions , ▁it ▁is ▁ ▁possible ▁that ▁not ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁scheduled ▁breaks ▁are ▁taken , ▁in ▁which ▁case ▁sometimes ▁a ▁network ▁will ▁take ▁a ▁timeout ▁at ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁to ▁make ▁up ▁for ▁it ▁before ▁signing ▁off ▁on ▁the ▁broadcast . ▁During ▁over time , ▁television ▁timeout s ▁are ▁taken ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁situations : ▁In ▁the ▁pr ese ason ▁and ▁the |
▁regular ▁season , ▁between ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁over time ▁period ▁and ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁shoot out . ▁No ▁television ▁timeout s ▁are ▁taken ▁during ▁the ▁over time ▁period . ▁In ▁the ▁post season , ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁sto pp age ▁of ▁play ▁after ▁the ▁half way ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁over time ▁period . ▁Mot ors ports : ▁Most ▁races ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁television ▁timeout s , ▁but ▁certain ▁events , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁NAS C AR ▁Camp ing ▁World ▁T ruck ▁Series , ▁events ▁are ▁struct ured ▁with ▁a ▁safety ▁car ▁after ▁ 2 0 ▁minutes ▁of ▁green ▁flag ▁action ▁to ▁help ▁in ex per ien ced ▁drivers ▁acc lim ate ▁themselves ▁with ▁pit ▁stops ▁( full ▁green ▁flag ▁pit ▁stops ▁are ▁disc ou rag ed ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁help ▁younger ▁drivers ▁gain ▁experience ▁with ▁live ▁pit ▁stops ▁in ▁a ▁more ▁controlled ▁environment ). ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁alle vi ate ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁television ▁timeout ▁periods , ▁technology ▁such ▁as ▁Side - By - Side ▁has ▁been ▁introduced . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁S print ▁All - Star ▁Race , ▁commer ci als ▁are ▁only ▁taken ▁between ▁periods ▁after ▁the ▁pit ▁stop , ▁or ▁during ▁safety ▁car ▁situations . ▁ ▁Tennis : ▁during ▁the ▁break ▁after ▁odd - number ed ▁games ▁when ▁players ▁change ▁ends . ▁ ▁Vol ley ball ▁and ▁beach ▁vol ley ball : ▁in ▁vol ley ball ▁games ▁govern ed ▁by ▁F IV B , ▁television ▁timeout s ▁are ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁technical ▁time - outs |
▁and ▁occur ▁during ▁each ▁non - t ie - bre aking ▁set . ▁ ▁Use ▁by ▁other ▁live ▁events ▁ ▁The ▁Academy ▁Awards ▁and ▁other ▁award ▁cer emon ies ▁that ▁are ▁broadcast ▁live ▁have ▁media ▁timeout s ▁at ▁regular ▁intervals . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁audience ▁may ▁vac ate ▁their ▁seats ▁for ▁various ▁reasons ▁( such ▁as ▁getting ▁refresh ments , ▁going ▁to ▁the ▁bath room , ▁going ▁back stage ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁presentation , ▁etc .) ▁and ▁seat ▁fill ers ▁then ▁sc ram ble ▁to ▁make ▁sure ▁the ▁entire ▁the ater ▁or ▁ven ue ▁remains ▁full ▁for ▁the ▁TV ▁cam eras . ▁ ▁Each ▁particip ating ▁broad c aster ▁of ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁is ▁required ▁to ▁broadcast ▁the ▁show ▁in ▁its ▁entire ty : ▁including ▁all ▁songs , ▁rec ap , ▁voting ▁and ▁repr ise , ▁ski pping ▁only ▁the ▁interval ▁act ▁for ▁advert ising ▁breaks ▁if ▁they ▁wish . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁broad c aster s ▁who ▁wished ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁were ▁given ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁take ▁more ▁advert ising ▁breaks ▁as ▁short , ▁non - ess ential ▁hi atus es ▁were ▁introduced . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Time out ▁Time out ▁Category : Term in ology ▁used ▁in ▁multiple ▁sports <0x0A> </s> ▁Par co ▁natur ale ▁del ▁S asso ▁Sim one ▁e ▁Simon cel lo ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁regional ▁park ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁Is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁par ks ▁established ▁by ▁Mar che . |
▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Geography ▁The ▁landscape ▁presents ▁hills ▁and ▁low ▁mountains . ▁The ▁highest ▁sum mit ▁is ▁Mount ▁Car p eg na , ▁ 1 4 1 5 ▁meters ▁above ▁the ▁sea ▁level . ▁ ▁Anim als ▁ ▁Bird s ▁ ▁Pl ants ▁ ▁Municipal ities ▁The ▁park ▁is ▁across ▁the ▁following ▁municipal ities : ▁Car p eg na , ▁Front ino , ▁Monte cop i olo , ▁P enn ab illi , ▁Pi and ime le to , ▁Piet rar ub bia . ▁ ▁Activ ities ▁Many ▁out door ▁activities ▁are ▁possible ▁within ▁the ▁park ▁including , ▁Tre kk ing ▁Cy cling ▁Bird ▁watching ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Mar che ▁S asso ▁Sim one ▁e ▁Simon cel lo ▁S asso ▁Sim one ▁e ▁Simon cel lo ▁S asso ▁Sim one ▁e ▁Simon cel lo ▁S asso ▁Sim one ▁e ▁Simon cel lo ▁Category : Mon te f elt ro <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁Donald ▁Trump , ▁the ▁ 4 5 th ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁occurred ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁when ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁approved ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁ab use ▁of ▁power ▁and ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁Congress . ▁Trump ▁was ▁acqu itted ▁by ▁the ▁Senate ▁on ▁these ▁two ▁counts ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁on ▁February ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁Trump ' s ▁im pe achment ▁came ▁after ▁a ▁formal ▁House ▁inqu iry ▁alleg ed ▁that |
▁he ▁had ▁solic ited ▁foreign ▁inter ference ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁U . S . ▁president ial ▁election ▁to ▁help ▁his ▁re - e lection ▁bid , ▁and ▁then ▁ob struct ed ▁the ▁inqu iry ▁itself ▁by ▁telling ▁his ▁administration ▁officials ▁to ▁ignore ▁sub po enas ▁for ▁documents ▁and ▁testim ony . ▁The ▁inqu iry ▁reported ▁that ▁Trump ▁with h eld ▁military ▁aid ▁and ▁an ▁inv itation ▁to ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁to ▁Ukrain ian ▁president ▁Vol od ym yr ▁Zel ens ky ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁influence ▁Ukraine ▁to ▁announ ce ▁an ▁investigation ▁into ▁one ▁of ▁Trump ' s ▁political ▁oppon ents , ▁Joe ▁B iden , ▁and ▁to ▁promote ▁a ▁dis cred ited ▁consp i racy ▁theory ▁that ▁Ukraine , ▁not ▁Russia , ▁was ▁behind ▁inter ference ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁president ial ▁election . ▁ ▁The ▁inqu iry ▁stage ▁of ▁Trump ' s ▁im pe achment ▁last ed ▁from ▁September ▁to ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁an ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁wh ist leb lower ▁compla int ▁alleg ing ▁Trump ' s ▁ab use ▁of ▁power . ▁In ▁October , ▁three ▁con gression al ▁comm itte es ▁( Int elligence , ▁O vers ight , ▁and ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ) ▁de posed ▁witness es . ▁In ▁November , ▁the ▁House ▁Int elligence ▁Committee ▁held ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁public ▁hear ings ▁in ▁which ▁witness es ▁test ified ▁public ly ; ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 , ▁the ▁committee ▁voted ▁ |
1 3 – 9 ▁along ▁party ▁lines ▁to ▁adopt ▁a ▁final ▁report . ▁A ▁set ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁hear ings ▁before ▁the ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁began ▁on ▁December ▁ 4 ; ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 3 , ▁it ▁voted ▁ 2 3 – 1 7 ▁along ▁party ▁lines ▁to ▁recommend ▁two ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment , ▁for ▁ab use ▁of ▁power ▁and ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁Congress . ▁The ▁committee ▁released ▁a ▁length y ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁articles ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 6 . ▁Two ▁days ▁later , ▁the ▁full ▁House ▁approved ▁both ▁articles ▁in ▁a ▁mostly ▁party - line ▁vote , ▁with ▁all ▁Republic ans ▁oppos ing ▁along ▁with ▁three ▁Democr ats . ▁This ▁made ▁Trump ▁the ▁third ▁U . S . ▁president ▁in ▁history ▁to ▁be ▁im pe ached ▁and ▁marked ▁the ▁first ▁fully ▁part isan ▁im pe achment ▁where ▁a ▁U . S . ▁president ▁was ▁im pe ached ▁without ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁President ' s ▁own ▁party ▁( though ▁independent ▁representative ▁Justin ▁Am ash , ▁who ▁voted ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁on ▁both ▁articles , ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁a ▁Republican ▁until ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 ). ▁ ▁The ▁articles ▁were ▁submitted ▁to ▁the ▁Senate ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁initi ating ▁the ▁trial . ▁The ▁trial ▁saw ▁no ▁witness es ▁or ▁documents ▁being ▁sub po ena ed , ▁as ▁Republican ▁sen ators ▁rejected ▁attempts ▁to ▁introduce ▁sub po enas ▁on ▁January ▁ |
2 1 ▁while ▁arr anging ▁for ▁trial ▁procedures , ▁and ▁then ▁on ▁January ▁ 3 1 ▁after ▁a ▁debate . ▁On ▁February ▁ 5 , ▁Trump ▁was ▁acqu itted ▁on ▁both ▁counts ▁by ▁the ▁Senate ▁as ▁neither ▁count ▁received ▁ 6 7 ▁votes ▁to ▁conv ict . ▁On ▁Article ▁I , ▁ab use ▁of ▁power , ▁ 4 8 ▁sen ators ▁voted ▁for ▁conv iction , ▁while ▁ 5 2 ▁sen ators ▁voted ▁for ▁acqu itt al . ▁On ▁Article ▁II , ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁Congress , ▁ 4 7 ▁sen ators ▁voted ▁for ▁conv iction , ▁while ▁ 5 3 ▁sen ators ▁voted ▁to ▁acqu it . ▁Republican ▁Mitt ▁Rom ney , ▁the ▁only ▁sen ator ▁to ▁break ▁party ▁lines , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁U . S ▁sen ator ▁to ▁vote ▁to ▁conv ict ▁a ▁president ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁party ▁in ▁an ▁im pe achment ▁trial , ▁as ▁he ▁voted ▁for ▁conv iction ▁on ▁ab use ▁of ▁power . ▁ ▁Two ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁acqu itt al , ▁Trump ▁fired ▁two ▁witness es , ▁Gordon ▁S ond land ▁and ▁Alexander ▁V ind man , ▁who ▁had ▁in ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry ▁test ified ▁about ▁his ▁conduct . ▁V ind man ' s ▁brother ▁was ▁also ▁fired . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Donald ▁Trump ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁U . S . ▁president ▁to ▁be ▁im pe ached ▁by ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives , ▁after ▁Andrew ▁Johnson ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 ▁and ▁Bill ▁Cl inton ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 |
. ▁Before ▁Trump , ▁Johnson ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁president ▁to ▁be ▁im pe ached ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁term . ▁The ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁also ▁voted ▁to ▁adopt ▁three ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁against ▁Richard ▁N ixon , ▁but ▁he ▁res igned ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁House ▁vote . ▁The ▁Senate ▁voted ▁to ▁acqu it ▁both ▁Johnson ▁and ▁Cl inton ▁in ▁their ▁tri als . ▁ ▁Congress ' ▁first ▁efforts ▁to ▁im pe ach ▁Trump ▁were ▁initi ated ▁by ▁Democratic ▁represent atives ▁Al ▁Green ▁and ▁Brad ▁Sh erman ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁an ▁im pe achment ▁resolution ▁failed ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁with ▁a ▁ 5 8 – 3 6 4 ▁vote ▁margin . ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁elections , ▁the ▁Democr ats ▁gained ▁a ▁majority ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁and ▁launched ▁multiple ▁investig ations ▁into ▁Trump ' s ▁actions ▁and ▁fin ances . ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Nancy ▁Pel osi ▁initially ▁resist ed ▁calls ▁for ▁im pe achment . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁however , ▁she ▁indicated ▁that ▁Trump ' s ▁continued ▁actions , ▁which ▁she ▁character ized ▁as ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁justice ▁and ▁ref us al ▁to ▁honor ▁con gression al ▁sub po enas , ▁might ▁make ▁an ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry ▁necessary . ▁ ▁Investig ations ▁into ▁various ▁sc and als ▁in ▁the ▁Trump ▁administration , ▁which ▁might ▁lead ▁to ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment , ▁were ▁initi ated ▁by |
▁various ▁house ▁con gression al ▁comm itte es , ▁led ▁by ▁Nancy ▁Pel osi , ▁and ▁began ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁A ▁formal ▁im pe achment ▁investigation ▁began ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁and ▁several ▁sub po enas ▁were ▁issued ; ▁while ▁most ▁were ▁hon ored , ▁several ▁were ▁not . ▁The ▁Trump ▁administration ▁assert ed ▁executive ▁privile ge , ▁and ▁this ▁led ▁to ▁several ▁law su its , ▁including ▁In ▁re : ▁Don ▁McG ahn . ▁ ▁Trump – U k raine ▁sc andal ▁ ▁The ▁Trump – U k raine ▁sc andal ▁revol ves ▁around ▁alleg ed ▁efforts ▁by ▁U . S . ▁president ▁Donald ▁Trump ▁to ▁il leg ally ▁co er ce ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁other ▁foreign ▁countries ▁into ▁providing ▁dam aging ▁narr atives ▁about ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁president ial ▁primary ▁candidate ▁Joe ▁B iden ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁information ▁rel ating ▁to ▁Russian ▁inter ference ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁United ▁States ▁elections . ▁Trump ▁alleg edly ▁en list ed ▁sur rog ates ▁within ▁and ▁outside ▁his ▁official ▁administration , ▁including ▁his ▁personal ▁lawyer ▁Rud y ▁Giul iani ▁and ▁Att orney ▁General ▁William ▁Bar r , ▁to ▁pressure ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁other ▁foreign ▁govern ments ▁to ▁co oper ate ▁in ▁investig ating ▁consp i racy ▁theories ▁concerning ▁American ▁politics . ▁Trump ▁blocked ▁but ▁later ▁released ▁payment ▁of ▁a ▁con gression ally ▁mand ated ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁million ▁military ▁aid ▁package ▁to ▁alleg edly ▁obtain ▁qu id ▁pro ▁qu |
o ▁co operation ▁from ▁Vol od ym yr ▁Zel ens ky , ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁Ukraine . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁contacts ▁were ▁established ▁between ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁and ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Ukraine , ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁a ▁phone ▁call ▁between ▁Trump ▁and ▁Zel ens ky ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Less ▁than ▁two ▁hours ▁later , ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁the ▁president , ▁senior ▁executive ▁budget ▁official ▁Michael ▁D uff ey ▁dis cre et ly ▁instruct ed ▁the ▁Pent agon ▁to ▁continue ▁with hold ing ▁military ▁aid ▁to ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁The ▁sc andal ▁reached ▁public ▁attention ▁in ▁mid - Se ptember ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁wh ist leb lower ▁compla int ▁made ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁The ▁compla int ▁raised ▁concerns ▁about ▁Trump ▁using ▁president ial ▁powers ▁to ▁solic it ▁foreign ▁elect oral ▁inter vention ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁U . S . ▁president ial ▁election . ▁The ▁Trump ▁White ▁House ▁has ▁cor ro bor ated ▁several ▁alleg ations ▁raised ▁by ▁the ▁wh ist leb lower . ▁A ▁non - ver bat im ▁trans cript ▁of ▁the ▁Trump – Z el ens ky ▁call ▁confirmed ▁that ▁Trump ▁requested ▁investig ations ▁into ▁Joe ▁B iden ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁Hunter , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁dis cred ited ▁consp i racy ▁theory ▁involving ▁a ▁Democratic ▁National ▁Committee ▁server , ▁while ▁repeatedly ▁ur ging ▁Zel ens ky ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁Giul iani ▁and ▁Bar r ▁on |
▁these ▁matters . ▁The ▁White ▁House ▁also ▁confirmed ▁that ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁the ▁call ▁had ▁been ▁stored ▁in ▁a ▁highly ▁restricted ▁system . ▁White ▁House ▁acting ▁chief ▁of ▁staff ▁M ick ▁Mul van ey ▁said ▁one ▁reason ▁why ▁Trump ▁with h eld ▁military ▁aid ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁was ▁Ukrain ian ▁" cor ruption ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁D NC ▁server ", ▁referring ▁to ▁a ▁deb unk ed ▁theory ▁that ▁Uk ra ini ans ▁fr amed ▁Russia ▁for ▁hack ing ▁into ▁the ▁D NC ▁computer ▁system . ▁After ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry ▁began , ▁Trump ▁public ly ▁ur ged ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁China ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁B id ens . ▁The ▁Trump ▁administration ' s ▁top ▁diplom at ▁to ▁Ukraine , ▁Bill ▁Taylor , ▁test ified ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁told ▁U . S . ▁military ▁aid ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁a ▁Trump – Z el ens ky ▁White ▁House ▁meeting ▁were ▁condition ed ▁on ▁Zel ens ky ▁public ly ▁announ cing ▁investig ations ▁into ▁the ▁B id ens ▁and ▁alleg ed ▁Ukrain ian ▁inter ference ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁U . S . ▁elections . ▁United ▁States ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁Gordon ▁S ond land ▁test ified ▁that ▁he ▁worked ▁with ▁Giul iani ▁at ▁Trump ' s ▁" express ▁direction " ▁to ▁ar range ▁a ▁qu id ▁pro ▁qu o ▁with ▁the ▁Ukraine ▁government . ▁ ▁In qu iry ▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁September ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Pel osi ▁announced ▁that ▁six ▁comm |
itte es ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁would ▁begin ▁a ▁formal ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry ▁into ▁President ▁Trump . ▁Pel osi ▁accused ▁Trump ▁of ▁bet ray ing ▁his ▁o ath ▁of ▁office , ▁U . S . ▁national ▁security , ▁and ▁the ▁integrity ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁elections . ▁The ▁six ▁comm itte es ▁charged ▁with ▁the ▁task ▁were ▁those ▁on ▁Fin an cial ▁Services , ▁the ▁Jud ici ary , ▁Int elligence , ▁Foreign ▁Affairs , ▁O vers ight ▁and ▁Reform , ▁and ▁W ays ▁and ▁Me ans . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁three ▁con gression al ▁comm itte es ▁( Int elligence , ▁O vers ight , ▁and ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ) ▁de posed ▁witness es ▁including ▁Amb assador ▁Taylor , ▁Laura ▁Cooper ▁( the ▁deput y ▁assistant ▁secretary ▁of ▁defense ▁for ▁Russian , ▁Ukrain ian ▁and ▁E uras ian ▁affairs ), ▁and ▁former ▁White ▁House ▁official ▁F iona ▁Hill . ▁Wit ness es ▁test ified ▁that ▁they ▁believed ▁that ▁President ▁Trump ▁wanted ▁Zel ens ky ▁to ▁public ly ▁announ ce ▁investig ations ▁into ▁the ▁B id ens ▁and ▁Bur is ma ▁( a ▁Ukrain ian ▁natural ▁gas ▁company ▁on ▁whose ▁board ▁Hunter ▁B iden ▁had ▁served ) ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁election ▁inter ference . ▁On ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁White ▁House ▁coun sel ▁Pat ▁C ip oll one ▁to ▁House ▁speaker ▁Pel osi , ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁officially ▁respond ed ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁not ▁co oper ate |
▁with ▁the ▁investigation ▁due ▁to ▁concerns ▁including ▁that ▁there ▁had ▁not ▁yet ▁been ▁a ▁vote ▁of ▁the ▁full ▁House ▁and ▁that ▁inter views ▁of ▁witness es ▁were ▁being ▁conducted ▁behind ▁closed ▁doors . ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 7 , ▁Mul van ey ▁said , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁rep orter ' s ▁alleg ation ▁of ▁qu id ▁pro ▁qu o : ▁" We ▁do ▁that ▁all ▁the ▁time ▁with ▁foreign ▁policy . ▁Get ▁over ▁it ." ▁He ▁walked ▁back ▁his ▁comments ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁day , ▁as ser ting ▁that ▁there ▁had ▁been ▁" ab sol utely ▁no ▁qu id ▁pro ▁qu o " ▁and ▁that ▁Trump ▁had ▁with h eld ▁military ▁aid ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁over ▁concerns ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁cor ruption . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Massachusetts ▁representative ▁Jim ▁McG overn ▁introduced ▁a ▁resolution , ▁referred ▁to ▁House ▁R ules ▁Committee , ▁which ▁set ▁forth ▁the ▁" format ▁of ▁open ▁hear ings ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁Int elligence ▁Committee , ▁including ▁staff - led ▁question ing ▁of ▁witness es , ▁and ▁[ author ization ▁for ] ▁the ▁public ▁release ▁of ▁de position ▁trans cript s ". ▁This ▁resolution , ▁formally ▁author izing ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry , ▁was ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁House ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁by ▁a ▁vote ▁of ▁ 2 3 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁House ▁Int elligence |
▁Committee ▁held ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁public ▁hear ings ▁in ▁which ▁witness es ▁test ified ▁public ly . ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁Taylor ▁and ▁Kent ▁test ified ▁public ly . ▁Amb assador ▁Marie ▁Y ovan ov itch ▁test ified ▁before ▁the ▁committee ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Alexander ▁V ind man , ▁the ▁National ▁Security ▁Council ' s ▁head ▁of ▁European ▁affairs , ▁and ▁Jenn ifer ▁Williams , ▁Vice ▁President ▁Mike ▁P ence ' s ▁chief ▁European ▁security ▁advis er , ▁test ified ▁together ▁on ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Later ▁the ▁same ▁day , ▁Kurt ▁Vol ker , ▁the ▁former ▁U . S . ▁special ▁representative ▁for ▁Ukraine , ▁and ▁Tim ▁Mor r ison , ▁the ▁former ▁national ▁security ▁president ial ▁advis er ▁on ▁Europe ▁and ▁Russia , ▁gave ▁public ▁testim ony ▁before ▁the ▁House ▁Int elligence ▁Committee . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Amb assador ▁S ond land ▁test ified ▁that ▁he ▁conducted ▁his ▁work ▁with ▁Giul iani ▁at ▁the ▁" express ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁president ", ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁understood ▁a ▁potential ▁White ▁House ▁inv itation ▁for ▁Zel ens ky ▁to ▁be ▁cont ing ent ▁on ▁Ukraine ▁announ cing ▁investig ations ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁elections ▁and ▁Bur is ma . ▁Later ▁the ▁same ▁day , ▁Cooper ▁and ▁David ▁H ale , ▁who ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁under ▁secretary ▁of ▁state |
▁for ▁political ▁affairs , ▁test ified ▁joint ly ▁before ▁the ▁committee . ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁F iona ▁Hill who ▁until ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁was ▁the ▁top ▁Russia ▁expert ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Security ▁Council crit ic ized ▁Republic ans ▁for ▁prom ul g ating ▁the ▁" f ict ional ▁narr ative " ▁that ▁Ukraine ▁rather ▁than ▁Russia ▁inter fer ed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁election , ▁as ser ting ▁that ▁the ▁theory ▁was ▁plant ed ▁by ▁Russia ▁and ▁played ▁into ▁its ▁hands . ▁Test ifying ▁alongside ▁Hill ▁was ▁the ▁current ▁head ▁of ▁political ▁affairs ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Emb ass y ▁in ▁Ukraine , ▁David ▁Hol mes . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 3 , ▁the ▁House ▁Int elligence ▁Committee ▁voted ▁ 1 3 – 9 ▁along ▁party ▁lines ▁to ▁adopt ▁a ▁final ▁report ▁and ▁also ▁send ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee . ▁The ▁report ' s ▁pre face ▁states :[ T ] he ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry ▁has ▁found ▁that ▁President ▁Trump , ▁personally ▁and ▁acting ▁through ▁agents ▁within ▁and ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁government , ▁solic ited ▁the ▁inter ference ▁of ▁a ▁foreign ▁government , ▁Ukraine , ▁to ▁benefit ▁his ▁re e lection . ▁In ▁further ance ▁of ▁this ▁scheme , ▁President ▁Trump ▁condition ed ▁official ▁acts ▁on ▁a ▁public ▁announ cement ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁Ukrain ian ▁President , ▁Vol od ym yr ▁Zel ens ky , ▁of ▁polit |
ically - mot iv ated ▁investig ations , ▁including ▁one ▁into ▁President ▁Trump ' s ▁domestic ▁political ▁oppon ent . ▁In ▁press uring ▁President ▁Zel ens ky ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁his ▁demand , ▁President ▁Trump ▁with h eld ▁a ▁White ▁House ▁meeting ▁des per ately ▁sought ▁by ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁President , ▁and ▁critical ▁U . S . ▁military ▁assistance ▁to ▁fight ▁Russian ▁ag gression ▁in ▁eastern ▁Ukraine . ▁The ▁Republic ans ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁comm itte es ▁had ▁released ▁a ▁counter ing ▁report ▁the ▁previous ▁day , ▁saying ▁in ▁part ▁that ▁the ▁evidence ▁does ▁not ▁support ▁accus ations . ▁" The ▁evidence ▁presented ▁does ▁not ▁prove ▁any ▁of ▁these ▁Dem ocrat ▁alleg ations , ▁and ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁Democr ats ' ▁witness es ▁test ified ▁to ▁having ▁evidence ▁of ▁b ri ber y , ▁ext ort ion , ▁or ▁any ▁high ▁crime ▁or ▁mis de mean or ," ▁said ▁the ▁draft ▁report . ▁This ▁report ▁also ▁painted ▁the ▁push ▁to ▁im pe achment ▁as ▁sole ly ▁polit ically ▁motiv ated . ▁" The ▁Democr ats ▁are ▁trying ▁to ▁im pe ach ▁a ▁d uly ▁elected ▁President ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁accus ations ▁and ▁assumptions ▁of ▁une lect ed ▁b ureau cr ats ▁who ▁disag re ed ▁with ▁President ▁Trump ' s ▁policy ▁initi atives ▁and ▁processes ," ▁the ▁report ' s ▁executive ▁summary ▁states . ▁During ▁the ▁inqu iry , ▁the ▁Trump ▁administration ' s ▁public ▁arguments ▁were ▁limited ▁to ▁assert ions ▁the ▁president ▁had ▁done ▁nothing ▁wrong ▁and ▁the ▁process ▁was ▁unf |
air . ▁ ▁Im pe achment ▁ ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁hear ings ▁▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 5 , ▁Spe aker ▁Pel osi ▁author ized ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁to ▁begin ▁draft ing ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment . ▁ ▁A ▁set ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁hear ings ▁was ▁brought ▁before ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee , ▁with ▁Trump ▁and ▁his ▁law y ers ▁being ▁invited ▁to ▁attend . ▁The ▁administration ▁decl ined , ▁as ▁the ▁president ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁attend ▁a ▁NAT O ▁sum mit ▁in ▁London . ▁In ▁a ▁second ▁letter ▁on ▁December ▁ 6 , ▁C ip oll one ▁again ▁said ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁will ▁not ▁offer ▁a ▁defense ▁or ▁otherwise ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry , ▁writing ▁to ▁chairman ▁Jerry ▁Nad ler , ▁" As ▁you ▁know , ▁your ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry ▁is ▁completely ▁bas eless ▁and ▁has ▁viol ated ▁basic ▁principles ▁of ▁due ▁process ▁and ▁fundamental ▁fair ness ." ▁Nad ler ▁respond ed ▁in ▁a ▁statement , ▁" We ▁gave ▁President ▁Trump ▁a ▁fair ▁opportunity ▁to ▁question ▁witness es ▁and ▁present ▁his ▁own ▁to ▁address ▁the ▁over wh el ming ▁evidence ▁before ▁us . ▁After ▁listening ▁to ▁him ▁comp lain ▁about ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁process , ▁we ▁had ▁hoped ▁that ▁he ▁might ▁accept ▁our ▁inv itation ." ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁hearing , ▁held ▁on ▁December ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁was ▁an ▁academic ▁discussion ▁on ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁an ▁im pe ach able ▁off ense . |
▁The ▁witness es ▁invited ▁by ▁Democr ats ▁were ▁law ▁profess ors ▁No ah ▁Feld man ▁from ▁Harvard , ▁Pam ela ▁S . ▁Kar lan ▁from ▁Stan ford , ▁and ▁Michael ▁Ger hardt ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁Republic ans ▁invited ▁Jonathan ▁Tur ley , ▁a ▁constitution al ▁scholar ▁at ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ; ▁Tur ley , ▁who ▁had ▁test ified ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁President ▁Bill ▁Cl inton ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁test ified ▁against ▁im pe aching ▁Trump , ▁cit ing ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁evidence . ▁It ▁was ▁observed ▁that ▁he ▁contrad icted ▁his ▁own ▁opinion ▁on ▁im pe achment ▁from ▁when ▁Cl inton ▁was ▁on ▁trial . ▁ ▁Pot ential ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁out lined ▁during ▁the ▁hearing ▁include : ▁ab use ▁of ▁power ▁for ▁arr anging ▁a ▁qu id ▁pro ▁qu o ▁with ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁Ukraine , ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁Congress ▁for ▁h ind ering ▁the ▁House ' s ▁investigation , ▁and ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁justice ▁for ▁attempting ▁to ▁dismiss ▁Robert ▁Mu eller ▁during ▁his ▁investigation ▁of ▁Russian ▁inter ference ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁election . ▁On ▁December ▁ 5 , ▁Pel osi ▁requested ▁the ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁draft ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment . ▁After ▁the ▁vote , ▁Pel osi ▁said ▁that ▁while ▁this ▁was ▁" a ▁great ▁day ▁for ▁the ▁Constitution " ▁it ▁was ▁" a ▁sad ▁day ▁for ▁America ". ▁She ▁also ▁said , ▁" I ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁pr |
ou der ▁or ▁more ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁moral ▁courage ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Democr ats . ▁We ▁never ▁asked ▁one ▁of ▁them ▁how ▁they ▁were ▁going ▁to ▁vote . ▁We ▁never ▁wh ipped ▁this ▁vote ." ▁ ▁Articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Democr ats ▁on ▁the ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁le vy ▁two ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment , ▁designated ▁H . ▁Res . ▁ 7 5 5 : ▁( 1 ) ▁ab use ▁of ▁power , ▁and ▁( 2 ) ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁Congress , ▁in ▁its ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁President ' s ▁conduct ▁regarding ▁Ukraine . ▁D raft ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁articles ▁was ▁released ▁later ▁that ▁day , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁report ▁by ▁the ▁jud ici ary ▁committee ▁out lin ing ▁the ▁constitution al ▁case ▁for ▁im pe achment ▁and ▁as ser ting ▁that ▁" im pe achment ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁dem ocr atic ▁govern ance ." ▁The ▁committee ▁planned ▁to ▁vote ▁on ▁the ▁articles ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 2 , ▁but ▁post pon ed ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁day ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 4 - hour ▁part isan ▁debate ▁on ▁the ▁final ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁articles ▁last ed ▁until ▁after ▁ 1 1 : 0 0 p . m . ▁E ST . ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 3 , ▁the ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁voted ▁along ▁party ▁lines ▁to ▁pass ▁both ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ; ▁both ▁articles ▁passed ▁ |
2 3 – 1 7 , ▁with ▁all ▁Democr ats ▁present ▁voting ▁in ▁support ▁and ▁all ▁Republic ans ▁voting ▁in ▁opposition . ▁Dem ocrat ▁Ted ▁Lie u ▁was ▁ill ▁and ▁not ▁present ▁to ▁vote . ▁ ▁The ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁released ▁a ▁ 6 5 8 - page ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 6 . ▁It ▁spec ifies ▁criminal ▁b ri ber y ▁and ▁wire ▁fra ud ▁charges ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ab use ▁of ▁power ▁article . ▁ ▁The ▁articles ▁were ▁forward ed ▁to ▁the ▁full ▁House ▁for ▁debate ▁and ▁a ▁vote ▁on ▁whether ▁to ▁im pe ach ▁the ▁president ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 8 . ▁ ▁House ▁vote ▁ ▁Article ▁I , ▁Section ▁ 2 , ▁Cla use ▁ 5 ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution ▁stated ▁that ▁" The ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ... ▁shall ▁have ▁the ▁sole ▁Power ▁of ▁Im pe achment ." ▁ ▁The ▁House ▁R ules ▁Committee ▁held ▁a ▁hearing ▁to ▁write ▁the ▁rules ▁gover ning ▁the ▁debate ▁over ▁im pe achment ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 7 . ▁The ▁first ▁of ▁three ▁votes ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁rules ▁gover ning ▁debate : ▁ 2 2 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 , ▁with ▁all ▁Republic ans ▁and ▁two ▁Democr ats ▁voting ▁no . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁six ▁hours ▁of ▁debate . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁highlight s ▁of ▁this ▁content ious ▁event ▁was ▁Georgia ▁representative ▁Barry ▁Lou der mil k ▁comparing ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry ▁of ▁President |
▁Trump ▁to ▁the ▁trial ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁Christian ▁sav ior ▁was ▁treated ▁far ▁better ▁by ▁the ▁authorities . ▁Maryland ▁representative ▁St eny ▁Ho yer ▁contributed ▁closing ▁arguments ▁“ All ▁of ▁us ▁feel ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁loyal ty ▁to ▁party ▁... ▁It ’ s ▁what ▁makes ▁our ▁two - party ▁system ▁function . ▁It ’ s ▁what ▁helps ▁hold ▁pres idents ▁and ▁major ities ▁account able . ▁But ▁party ▁loyal ty ▁must ▁have ▁its ▁limits .” ▁ ▁The ▁formal ▁im pe achment ▁vote ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁ 8 : 3 0 ▁pm ▁E ST , ▁both ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁passed . ▁The ▁votes ▁for ▁the ▁charge ▁of ▁ab use ▁of ▁power ▁were ▁ 2 3 0 ▁in ▁favor , ▁ 1 9 7 ▁against , ▁and ▁ 1 ▁present : ▁House ▁Democr ats ▁all ▁voted ▁in ▁support ▁except ▁Col lin ▁Pet erson ▁and ▁Jeff ▁Van ▁D rew , ▁who ▁voted ▁against , ▁and ▁Tul si ▁G abb ard , ▁who ▁voted ▁" present "; ▁all ▁House ▁Republic ans ▁voted ▁against , ▁although ▁Justin ▁Am ash ▁( an ▁independent ▁who ▁was ▁previously ▁Republican ) ▁voted ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁both ▁articles . ▁The ▁votes ▁for ▁the ▁charge ▁of ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁Congress ▁were ▁ 2 2 9 ▁in ▁favor , ▁ 1 9 8 ▁against , ▁and ▁ 1 ▁present : ▁all ▁Democr ats ▁voted ▁in ▁support ▁except ▁Pet erson , |
▁Van ▁D rew , ▁and ▁J ared ▁Golden , ▁who ▁voted ▁against ; ▁and ▁G abb ard , ▁who ▁again ▁voted ▁" present "; ▁all ▁Republic ans ▁voted ▁against . ▁ ▁Three ▁represent atives ▁pending ▁ret irement ▁did ▁not ▁vote : ▁Dun can ▁D . ▁Hunter , ▁who ▁was ▁b anned ▁from ▁voting ▁under ▁the ▁House ' s ▁rules ▁after ▁ple ading ▁guilty ▁to ▁il leg ally ▁using ▁campaign ▁funds ; ▁José ▁E . ▁Ser rano , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁health ▁set back ▁after ▁being ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁Park inson ' s ▁disease ▁earlier ▁in ▁the ▁year ; ▁and ▁John ▁Sh im k us , ▁who ▁was ▁visit ing ▁his ▁son ▁in ▁T anz ania . ▁ ▁Im mediate ▁response ▁ ▁The ▁day ▁after ▁Trump ' s ▁im pe achment , ▁the ▁evangel ical ▁magazine ▁Christian ity ▁Today ▁published ▁an ▁editor ial ▁calling ▁for ▁his ▁removal ▁from ▁office , ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁president ▁" att empt ed ▁to ▁use ▁his ▁political ▁power ▁to ▁co er ce ▁a ▁foreign ▁leader ▁to ▁har ass ▁and ▁dis cred it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁president ' s ▁political ▁oppon ents . ▁That ▁is ▁not ▁only ▁a ▁viol ation ▁of ▁the ▁Constitution ; ▁more ▁important ly , ▁it ▁is ▁prof ound ly ▁imm oral ." ▁On ▁December ▁ 2 1 , ▁conserv ative ▁Bill ▁Krist ol ▁and ▁a ▁group ▁calling ▁itself ▁" Rep ublic ans ▁for ▁the ▁Rule ▁of ▁Law " ▁released ▁an ▁ad ▁encourag ing ▁view ers ▁to ▁call ▁their ▁sen ators ▁to ▁demand ▁top ▁Trump ▁officials ▁be |
▁forced ▁to ▁test ify ▁in ▁his ▁im pe achment ▁trial . ▁ ▁Trump ▁has ▁question ed ▁the ▁valid ity ▁of ▁the ▁im pe achment , ▁cit ing ▁Harvard ▁law ▁professor ▁No ah ▁Feld man , ▁who ▁arg ues ▁that ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁has ▁techn ically ▁not ▁taken ▁place ▁until ▁the ▁articles ▁are ▁handed ▁to ▁the ▁Senate . ▁Jonathan ▁Tur ley ▁later ▁ref uted ▁this ▁argument ▁in ▁an ▁op - ed . ▁Trump ▁twe et ed ▁or ▁ret weet ed ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁messages ▁critic izing ▁Pel osi ' s ▁handling ▁of ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁week ▁of ▁his ▁hol iday ▁vac ation ▁to ▁Mar - a - L ago . ▁On ▁Christmas ▁Day , ▁he ▁twe et ed : ▁ ▁Att orney ▁George ▁T . ▁Con way ▁III ▁and ▁others ▁have ▁noted ▁that ▁if ▁the ▁relevant ▁witness es ▁are ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁test ify , ▁Trump ' s ▁def enders ▁will ▁be ▁neg atively ▁affected ▁by ▁" the ▁very ▁evidence ▁they ▁sought ▁to ▁suppress ". ▁ ▁Imp asse ▁and ▁final ▁vote ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁im pe achment ▁vote , ▁both ▁Mc Con nell ▁and ▁Senate ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁chairman ▁Lind sey ▁Graham ▁expressed ▁their ▁intent ions ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁im partial ▁jur ors , ▁contrary ▁to ▁the ▁o ath ▁they ▁must ▁take . ▁Mc Con nell ▁said , ▁" I ' m ▁not ▁an ▁im partial ▁jur or . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁political ▁process . ▁There ▁is ▁not ▁anything ▁jud icial ▁about ▁it . ▁Im pe |
achment ▁is ▁a ▁political ▁decision ." ▁Graham ▁said , ▁" I ▁am ▁trying ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁pretty ▁clear ▁signal ▁I ▁have ▁made ▁up ▁my ▁mind . ▁I ' m ▁not ▁trying ▁to ▁pret end ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁fair ▁jur or ▁here ... ▁I ▁will ▁do ▁everything ▁I ▁can ▁to ▁make ▁[ the ▁im pe achment ▁trial ] ▁die ▁quickly ." ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 5 ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁all ▁ 4 7 ▁Senate ▁Democr ats , ▁Senate ▁Minor ity ▁Le ader ▁Charles ▁Sch umer ▁wrote ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁Mc Con nell ▁calling ▁for ▁M ick ▁Mul van ey , ▁Robert ▁Bla ir , ▁John ▁Bol ton , ▁and ▁Michael ▁D uff ey ▁to ▁test ify , ▁and ▁suggested ▁that ▁pre - tri al ▁proceed ings ▁take ▁place ▁on ▁January ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁Two ▁days ▁later , ▁Mc Con nell ▁rejected ▁the ▁call ▁for ▁witness es ▁to ▁test ify , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁Senate ' s ▁role ▁is ▁simply ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁" jud ge ▁and ▁j ury ", ▁not ▁to ▁aid ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁process . ▁He ▁also ▁suggested ▁that ▁witness es ▁be ▁called ▁during ▁the ▁trial , ▁as ▁happened ▁after ▁Cl inton ' s ▁im pe achment . ▁Sch umer ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁" did ▁not ▁hear ▁a ▁single ▁sentence , ▁a ▁single ▁argument ▁as ▁to ▁why ▁the ▁witness es ▁I ▁suggested ▁should ▁not ▁give ▁testim ony ", ▁cit ing ▁b ipart isan ▁public ▁support ▁for ▁testim ony ▁which ▁could ▁fill ▁in |
▁g aps ▁caused ▁by ▁Trump ▁having ▁prevent ed ▁his ▁staff ▁from ▁test ifying ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁investigation . ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Sch umer ▁called ▁newly ▁un red act ed ▁emails ▁from ▁Trump ▁administration ▁officials ▁" a ▁dev ast ating ▁blow ▁to ▁Senator ▁Mc Con nell ' s ▁push ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁trial ▁without ▁the ▁documents ▁and ▁witness es ▁we ' ve ▁requested ". ▁At ▁least ▁four ▁Republican ▁sen ators ▁needed ▁to ▁vote ▁with ▁Democr ats ▁for ▁witness es ▁to ▁be ▁called . ▁Republic ans ▁have ▁suggested ▁calling ▁Joe ▁and ▁Hunter ▁B iden ▁to ▁test ify ; ▁the ▁former ▁stated ▁his ▁ob jection ▁to ▁this ▁but ▁said ▁he ▁would ▁obey ▁a ▁sub po ena . ▁Rud y ▁Giul iani ▁has ▁stated ▁his ▁willing ness ▁to ▁test ify ▁or ▁even ▁try ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁" as ▁a ▁ra ck ete ering ▁case " ▁despite ▁being ▁Trump ' s ▁personal ▁att orney ▁and ▁alleg edly ▁attempting ▁to ▁help ▁him ▁polit ically ▁while ▁searching ▁for ▁evidence ▁against ▁the ▁B id ens ▁in ▁Ukraine . ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Trump ▁told ▁Fox ▁News ' s ▁Laura ▁In gra ham ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁likely ▁invoke ▁executive ▁privile ge ▁to ▁keep ▁Bol ton ▁from ▁test ifying ▁" for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁the ▁office ". ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁im pe achment , ▁Pel osi ▁decl ined ▁to ▁comment ▁on ▁when |
▁the ▁im pe achment ▁resolution ▁would ▁be ▁transm itted ▁to ▁the ▁Senate , ▁saying , ▁" So ▁far ▁we ▁haven ' t ▁seen ▁anything ▁that ▁looks ▁fair ▁to ▁us ." ▁The ▁following ▁day , ▁Mc Con nell ▁met ▁with ▁Sch umer ▁briefly ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁trial . ▁After ▁the ▁Senate ▁recon ven ed ▁from ▁its ▁hol iday ▁break , ▁Lind sey ▁Graham ▁proposed ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁Mc Con nell ▁" change ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁so ▁we ▁could ▁start ▁the ▁trial ▁without ▁[ P el osi ], ▁if ▁necessary ". ▁On ▁January ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Mc Con nell ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁c au cus ▁backing ▁to ▁pass ▁a ▁blue print ▁for ▁the ▁trial , ▁which ▁discuss es ▁witness es ▁and ▁evidence ▁after ▁the ▁opening ▁arguments . ▁Pel osi ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁resolution ▁to ▁be ▁published ▁before ▁she ▁could ▁proceed ▁with ▁the ▁next ▁steps , ▁but ▁Mc Con nell ▁assert ed ▁that ▁the ▁House ▁had ▁no ▁le verage ▁and ▁that ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁no ▁negoti ating ▁over ▁the ▁trial . ▁This ▁prompt ed ▁several ▁Democratic ▁sen ators ▁to ▁voice ▁their ▁read iness ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁trial ▁begin . ▁On ▁January ▁ 9 , ▁Pel osi ▁said ▁she ▁would ▁deliver ▁the ▁articles ▁soon , ▁but ▁continued ▁to ▁c ite ▁a ▁need ▁for ▁Republican ▁trans par ency ▁in ▁the ▁Senate ; ▁the ▁same ▁day , ▁Mc Con nell ▁informed ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁c au cus ▁that ▁he ▁expected ▁the ▁trial ▁to ▁begin ▁next ▁week , ▁and ▁Senator |
▁Josh ▁Haw ley ▁announced ▁that ▁Mc Con nell ▁had ▁signed ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁co - sp ons or ▁to ▁his ▁resolution ▁to ▁dismiss ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁not ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Senate ▁within ▁ 2 5 ▁days . ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 0 , ▁Pel osi ▁announced ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁" ask ed ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee ▁Chair man ▁Jerry ▁Nad ler ▁to ▁be ▁prepared ▁to ▁bring ▁to ▁the ▁F loor ▁next ▁week ▁a ▁resolution ▁to ▁appoint ▁man agers ▁and ▁transmit ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁to ▁the ▁Senate ". ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Pel osi ▁announced ▁the ▁House ▁man agers ▁who ▁will ▁pro sec ute ▁the ▁case ▁in ▁the ▁Senate . ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 5 , ▁the ▁House ▁voted ▁on ▁Resol ution ▁ 7 9 8 , ▁which ▁appointed ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁man agers ▁and ▁approved ▁the ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁to ▁be ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Senate . ▁Later ▁that ▁afternoon , ▁Pel osi ▁held ▁a ▁rare ▁public ▁eng ross ment ▁ceremony , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁stat ely ▁process ion ▁of ▁the ▁man agers ▁and ▁other ▁House ▁officers ▁across ▁the ▁Capit ol ▁building ▁where ▁the ▁third ▁im pe achment ▁of ▁a ▁US ▁president ▁was ▁announced ▁to ▁the ▁sen ate . ▁With ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁the ▁man agers , ▁who ▁would ▁conduct ▁the ▁trial , ▁the ▁House ' s ▁invol vement ▁in ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁process ▁came ▁to ▁an ▁end . ▁ ▁Tri al ▁ ▁Pre par ation ▁ |
▁While ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry ▁was ▁under way , ▁Senate ▁majority ▁leader ▁Mitch ▁Mc Con nell ▁started ▁planning ▁a ▁possible ▁trial . ▁On ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁led ▁a ▁meeting ▁on ▁the ▁subject , ▁advis ing ▁his ▁c au cus ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁they ▁opposed ▁the ▁House ▁process ▁and ▁as ▁little ▁else ▁as ▁possible . ▁In ▁November , ▁he ▁shot ▁down ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁the ▁articles ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁should ▁be ▁dismiss ed , ▁saying , ▁" The ▁rules ▁of ▁im pe achment ▁are ▁very ▁clear , ▁we ' ll ▁have ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁trial ." ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 2 , ▁as ▁the ▁articles ▁were ▁being ▁considered ▁by ▁the ▁House ▁Jud ici ary ▁Committee , ▁Mc Con nell ▁met ▁with ▁White ▁House ▁coun sel ▁Pat ▁C ip oll one ▁and ▁Director ▁of ▁Legisl ative ▁Affairs ▁Eric ▁U eland . ▁Mc Con nell ▁stated ▁later ▁that ▁day , ▁" Every thing ▁I ▁do ▁during ▁this ▁I ' m ▁coordin ating ▁with ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁coun sel . ▁There ▁will ▁be ▁no ▁difference ▁between ▁the ▁president ' s ▁position ▁and ▁[ ours ] ", ▁and , ▁" I ' m ▁going ▁to ▁take ▁my ▁c ues ▁from ▁the ▁president ' s ▁law y ers ." ▁Mc Con nell ▁added ▁that ▁the ▁coord ination ▁with ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁would ▁also ▁per tain ▁to ▁whether ▁witness es ▁would ▁be ▁allowed ▁to ▁test ify , ▁and ▁told ▁Fox ▁News ' s ▁Se an ▁Hann ity ▁that ▁there |
▁was ▁no ▁chance ▁that ▁Trump ▁would ▁be ▁conv icted , ▁express ing ▁his ▁hope ▁that ▁all ▁Senate ▁Republic ans ▁would ▁acqu it ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁both ▁charges . ▁Two ▁Republican ▁sen ators , ▁Lisa ▁Mur kow ski ▁and ▁Susan ▁Collins , ▁critic ized ▁Mc Con nell ' s ▁comments ▁regarding ▁coordin ating ▁with ▁the ▁White ▁House . ▁Collins ▁has ▁been ▁critical ▁of ▁Democratic ▁sen ator ▁Elizabeth ▁Warren ▁for ▁pre jud ging ▁the ▁trial . ▁ ▁Offic ers ▁ ▁The ▁U . S . ▁Constitution ▁st ip ulated ▁that ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ' s ▁chief ▁justice ▁pres ides ▁over ▁im pe achment ▁proceed ings . ▁The ▁current ▁chief ▁justice ▁was ▁John ▁Roberts , ▁who ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁House ▁man agers , ▁acting ▁as ▁pro sec utors ▁for ▁the ▁case , ▁were ▁several ▁Democratic ▁represent atives , ▁which ▁consisted ▁of : ▁Adam ▁Schiff ▁as ▁lead ▁manager , ▁Jerry ▁Nad ler , ▁Z oe ▁L of gren , ▁H ake em ▁Jeff ries , ▁Val ▁Dem ings , ▁Jason ▁Crow , ▁and ▁Syl via ▁Gar cia . ▁Trump ▁named ▁a ▁defense ▁team ▁led ▁by ▁White ▁House ▁coun sel ▁Pat ▁C ip oll one ▁and ▁his ▁private ▁att orney ▁Jay ▁Se k ul ow . ▁Se k ul ow ▁previously ▁represented ▁Trump ▁in ▁the ▁Russia ▁investigation . ▁ ▁Process ▁and ▁schedule ▁ ▁Article ▁I , ▁Section ▁ 3 , ▁Cla use ▁ 6 ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution ▁stated ▁that ▁"[ t ] |
he ▁Senate ▁shall ▁have ▁the ▁sole ▁Power ▁to ▁try ▁all ▁Im pe ach ments ." ▁Per ▁the ▁Senate ' s ▁im pe achment ▁rules ▁adopted ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁the ▁submission ▁of ▁the ▁articles ▁to ▁the ▁Senate ▁initi ated ▁the ▁trial . ▁The ▁articles ▁were ▁formally ▁delivered ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁and ▁were ▁presented ▁on ▁the ▁following ▁day . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁January ▁ 2 1 ▁session , ▁the ▁Senate ▁voted ▁along ▁party ▁lines ▁to ▁pass ▁Mc Con nell ' s ▁proposed ▁trial ▁rules ▁and ▁reject ▁ 1 1 ▁am end ments ▁proposed ▁by ▁Democr ats . ▁Mc Con nell ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁wants ▁to ▁follow ▁the ▁rules ▁laid ▁down ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁which ▁had ▁the ▁morning ▁reserved ▁for ▁Senate ▁business ▁and ▁the ▁afternoon ▁hours ▁reserved ▁for ▁the ▁trial , ▁but ▁his ▁resolution ▁increased ▁the ▁hours ▁spent ▁per ▁day ▁on ▁opening ▁arguments ▁from ▁ 6 ▁to ▁ 8 ▁hours . ▁The ▁resolution ▁also ▁includes ▁prov isions ▁for ▁a ▁vote ▁on ▁whether ▁to ▁sub po ena ▁witness es ▁or ▁documents ▁after ▁opening ▁arguments . ▁ ▁The ▁pro sec ution ' s ▁opening ▁arguments ▁and ▁presentation ▁of ▁evidence ▁took ▁place ▁between ▁January ▁ 2 2 – 2 4 . ▁On ▁the ▁first ▁day , ▁Sch umer ▁called ▁the ▁previous ▁evening ▁a ▁" dark ▁night ▁for ▁the ▁Senate ", ▁when ▁the ▁White ▁House , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁Information ▁Act ▁law suit , ▁released |
▁new ▁evidence ▁including ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁heavily ▁red act ed ▁emails ▁reve aling ▁details ▁about ▁how ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁Management ▁and ▁Bud get ▁fro ze ▁aid ▁to ▁Ukraine . ▁Trump ' s ▁defense ▁presentation ▁began ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 5 . ▁The ▁primary ▁arguments ▁were ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁direct ▁evidence ▁of ▁wrong do ing , ▁and ▁that ▁Democr ats ▁were ▁attempting ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁to ▁ste al ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁election . ▁Professor ▁Alan ▁D ers how itz ▁argued ▁that ▁while ▁a ▁president ▁can ▁be ▁im pe ached ▁for ▁comm itting ▁a ▁criminal ▁act , ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁mot ive , ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁' qu id ▁pro ▁qu o ' ▁being ▁a ▁basis ▁for ▁removal ▁from ▁office ▁requires ▁that ▁the ▁' qu o ' ▁be ▁something ▁illegal , ▁and ▁that ▁simply ▁having ▁mixed ▁mot ives ▁for ▁request ing ▁a ▁legal ▁act ▁( an ▁investigation ▁into ▁alleg ed ▁cor ruption ) ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁sufficient ▁grounds ▁for ▁im pe achment . ▁ ▁He ▁observed ▁that ▁all ▁polit icians ▁act ▁with ▁an ▁eye ▁and ▁mot ive ▁toward ▁re - e lection ▁and ▁that ▁such ▁mot ive ▁neither ▁makes ▁illegal ▁acts ▁law ful , ▁nor ▁un law ful ▁act ▁legal . ▁This ▁position ▁was ▁critic ized ▁by ▁Democratic ▁political ▁consult ant ▁and ▁comment ator , ▁Paul ▁Beg ala ▁in ▁an ▁editor ial ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁address ▁the ▁leg ality / il leg ality ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁analysis . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 3 1 , ▁after ▁a |
▁planned ▁debate ▁session , ▁the ▁Senate ▁voted ▁against ▁allowing ▁sub po enas ▁to ▁call ▁witness es , ▁including ▁former ▁national ▁security ▁ad visor ▁John ▁Bol ton ▁who ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁forth coming ▁book ▁mention ing ▁Ukraine ▁aid ▁free zing , ▁or ▁documents ▁with ▁a ▁ 5 1 – 4 9 ▁vote . ▁ 5 1 ▁Republican ▁sen ators ▁voted ▁against ▁calling ▁witness es , ▁while ▁ 4 5 ▁Democratic ▁sen ators , ▁two ▁independ ents ▁who ▁typically ▁vote ▁Democratic , ▁and ▁two ▁Republic ans ▁( M itt ▁Rom ney ▁and ▁Susan ▁Collins ) ▁voted ▁for ▁witness es . ▁ ▁Ac qu itt al ▁Under ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution , ▁a ▁two - third s ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁Senate ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁conv ict ▁the ▁president . ▁The ▁possible ▁pen alt ies ▁were ▁the ▁removal ▁from ▁office ▁and ▁dis qual ification ▁from ▁holding ▁office ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁On ▁February ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁the ▁Senate ▁acqu itted ▁Trump ▁on ▁both ▁counts . ▁The ▁votes ▁were ▁ 5 2 – 4 8 ▁to ▁acqu it ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁count ▁and ▁ 5 3 – 4 7 ▁to ▁acqu it ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁count . ▁The ▁votes ▁were ▁sharp ly ▁divided ▁along ▁party ▁lines . ▁Mitt ▁Rom ney ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁sen ator ▁in ▁history ▁from ▁an ▁im pe ached ▁president ' s ▁party ▁to ▁vote ▁to ▁conv ict , ▁voting ▁' gu ilty ' ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁count . ▁ ▁Public ▁opinion ▁▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁trial , |
▁in ▁mid - J anu ary ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Americans ▁were ▁sharp ly ▁divided ▁on ▁whether ▁Trump ▁should ▁be ▁removed ▁from ▁office , ▁with ▁Democr ats ▁largely ▁supporting ▁removal , ▁Republic ans ▁largely ▁oppos ing , ▁and ▁independ ents ▁divided . ▁A ▁USA ▁Today / S uff olk ▁University ▁poll ▁conducted ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 0 – 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁found ▁that ▁ 4 5 % ▁of ▁respond ents ▁supported ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁and ▁removal ▁of ▁Trump ▁from ▁office , ▁while ▁ 5 1 % ▁opposed ▁it . ▁A ▁CNN ▁poll ▁conducted ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 2 – 1 5 ▁also ▁found ▁ 4 5 % ▁supported ▁im pe achment ▁and ▁removal , ▁compared ▁to ▁ 4 7 % ▁who ▁opposed ▁the ▁idea . ▁A ▁Gall up ▁poll ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁Trump ' s ▁im pe achment ▁found ▁that ▁Trump ' s ▁appro val ▁rating ▁increased ▁by ▁ 6 ▁points ▁during ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁process , ▁while ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁fell . ▁Another ▁CNN ▁poll ▁conducted ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 6 – 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁found ▁that ▁ 5 1 % ▁supported ▁Trump ' s ▁removal ▁from ▁office , ▁compared ▁to ▁ 4 5 % ▁who ▁opposed ▁the ▁idea . ▁An ▁N BC / The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁poll ▁released ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁showed ▁ 4 6 % ▁fav ored ▁removal ▁from ▁office ▁and |
▁ 4 9 % ▁opposed , ▁with ▁the ▁in ▁favor / opp osed ▁being ▁almost ▁exclus ively ▁along ▁party ▁lines . ▁ ▁After math ▁▁ ▁Two ▁days ▁after ▁Trump ▁was ▁acqu itted ▁by ▁the ▁Senate ▁in ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁trial , ▁he ▁fired ▁two ▁witness es ▁who ▁test ified ▁in ▁the ▁im pe achment ▁inqu iry ▁about ▁his ▁conduct . ▁On ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁Gordon ▁S ond land ' s ▁amb assador ship ▁was ▁terminated , ▁while ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Alexander ▁V ind man ▁was ▁esc orted ▁from ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁after ▁a ▁dismiss al ▁from ▁his ▁job ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Security ▁Council . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁V ind man ' s ▁tw in ▁brother , ▁Y ev gen y , ▁like wise ▁an ▁Army ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Security ▁Council , ▁was ▁also ▁dismiss ed . ▁Short ly ▁before ▁the ▁fir ings , ▁Trump ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁" not ▁happy " ▁with ▁Alexander ▁V ind man ; ▁after ▁the ▁fir ings , ▁Trump ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁" did n ' t ▁know " ▁Alexander ▁V ind man ▁but ▁" he ▁was ▁very ▁in sub ordinate ". ▁Alexander ▁V ind man ' s ▁lawyer ▁respond ed ▁that ▁his ▁client ▁" was ▁asked ▁to ▁leave ▁for ▁telling ▁the ▁truth . ▁His ▁honor , ▁his ▁commit ment ▁to ▁right , ▁fright ened ▁the ▁powerful ." ▁S ond land ▁react ed ▁by ▁stating ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁" gr ateful ▁to ▁President ▁Trump " ▁for ▁the ▁" o pport unity ▁to ▁serve |
". ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁Trump ▁fired ▁Michael ▁K . ▁At kin son , ▁the ▁inspect or ▁general ▁of ▁the ▁intelligence ▁community . ▁When ▁Trump ▁was ▁asked ▁about ▁the ▁firing ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁he ▁critic ized ▁At kin son ▁as ▁having ▁done ▁a ▁" ter rible ▁job ": ▁" to ok ▁a ▁fake ▁report ▁and ▁he ▁brought ▁it ▁to ▁Congress ", ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁wh ist leb lower ▁compla int ▁of ▁the ▁Trump – U k raine ▁sc andal , ▁which ▁was ▁actually ▁largely ▁verified ▁by ▁other ▁testim ony ▁and ▁evidence . ▁Trump ▁further ▁compla ined ▁that ▁At kin son ▁" ne ver ▁even ▁came ▁in ▁to ▁see ▁me . ▁How ▁can ▁you ▁[ forward ▁the ▁compla int ] ▁without ▁seeing ▁the ▁person ?" ▁Trump ▁concluded ▁that ▁At kin son ▁was ▁" not ▁a ▁big ▁Trump ▁fan ". ▁At kin son ▁respond ed ▁that ▁he ▁believed ▁Trump ▁had ▁fired ▁him ▁for ▁" h aving ▁faith fully ▁dis charg ed ▁my ▁legal ▁oblig ations ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁and ▁im partial ▁Ins pect or ▁General , ▁and ▁from ▁my ▁commit ment ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁do ▁so ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Im pe achment ▁of ▁Andrew ▁Johnson ▁ ▁Im pe achment ▁process ▁against ▁Richard ▁N ixon ▁ ▁Im pe achment ▁of ▁Bill ▁Cl inton ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁federal ▁political ▁sc and als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁House ▁im pe aches ▁President ▁Trump ▁– ▁live - stream ▁archive ▁via ▁C - |
SP AN ▁ ▁How ▁each ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁voted ▁on ▁im pe achment ▁— ▁via ▁CNN ▁▁▁ ▁Real ▁Clear ▁Polit ics ▁pol ling ▁history : ▁Trump ▁Im pe achment ▁and ▁Rem oval ▁From ▁Office : ▁Support / O pp ose ▁ ▁Trump , ▁Donald ▁Category : 1 1 6 th ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁controvers ies ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 ▁controvers ies ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁American ▁politics ▁Category : 2 0 2 0 ▁in ▁American ▁politics ▁Category : Donald ▁Trump ▁controvers ies ▁Category : Donald ▁Trump ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁cor ruption ▁investig ations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Tr ump ▁administration ▁controvers ies ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁president ial ▁history ▁▁ ▁Category : Tr ump – U k raine ▁sc andal <0x0A> </s> ▁" Get ▁Your ▁Dream " ▁is ▁the ▁thirty - fif th ▁single ▁by ▁the ▁Japanese ▁band ▁Tok io ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁It ▁reached ▁second ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁Or icon ▁charts . ▁The ▁song ▁" Get ▁Your ▁Dream " ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁Japan ▁as ▁the ▁theme ▁song ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" Get ▁Your ▁Dream " ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁three ▁different ▁versions : ▁ ▁CD ▁Normal ▁Edition ▁ ▁Special ▁Edition ▁A ▁ ▁Special ▁Edition ▁B ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁singles |
▁Category : T ok io ▁( band ) ▁songs <0x0A> </s> ▁La ▁B aj ada ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Santa ▁Fe ▁County , ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁History ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁called ▁La ▁B aj ada ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁La ▁B aj ada ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁Spanish ▁meaning ▁" the ▁descent ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Santa ▁Fe ▁County , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁New ▁Mexico <0x0A> </s> ▁Stephen ▁Nicholas ▁Em ery ▁Eg on ▁F az ek as ▁de ▁St ▁Gro th ▁is ▁a ▁Hung arian - Austral ian ▁micro bi ologist . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁education ▁in ▁Hung ary ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Australia ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁where ▁he ▁research ed ▁with ▁Frank ▁Mac far lane ▁Burn et ▁at ▁the ▁Walter ▁and ▁El iza ▁Hall ▁Institute ▁of ▁Medical ▁Research ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁John ▁Curt in ▁School ▁of ▁Medical ▁Research ▁and ▁C SI RO ▁in ▁Can ber ra . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bright S par cs . ▁F az ek as ▁de ▁St ▁Gro th , ▁Stephen ▁Nicholas ▁Em ery ▁Eg on ▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁micro bi olog ists ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : W alter ▁and ▁El |
iza ▁Hall ▁Institute ▁of ▁Medical ▁Research ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁F ate ▁for ▁Break fast ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁solo ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Art ▁Gar f unk el ▁released ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁on ▁Columbia ▁Records . ▁It ▁was ▁his ▁first ▁album ▁to ▁miss ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Billboard ▁Top ▁ 4 0 ▁and ▁his ▁first ▁album ▁containing ▁no ▁U . S . ▁Top ▁ 4 0 ▁singles . ▁However , ▁the ▁European ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁does ▁include ▁a ▁different ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁" B right ▁E yes ", ▁which ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁novel ▁W aters hip ▁Down , ▁and ▁reached ▁the ▁number - one ▁spot ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁biggest - s elling ▁single ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁there . ▁Like wise , ▁the ▁album ▁itself ▁gar ner ed ▁international ▁success , ▁reaching ▁the ▁top - ten ▁in ▁some ▁European ▁countries . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁issued ▁in ▁six ▁different ▁sle e ves , ▁each ▁with ▁a ▁different ▁shot ▁of ▁Art ▁Gar f unk el ▁at ▁the ▁breakfast ▁table . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁Side ▁ 1 : ▁" In ▁a ▁Little ▁While ▁( I ' ll ▁Be ▁on ▁My ▁Way )" ▁( D ennis ▁B elf ield ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 7 ▁" Since ▁I ▁Don ' t ▁Have ▁You " ▁( Jose ph ▁Rock , ▁Jimmy ▁Be aum ont , ▁Len ny ▁Martin ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 9 ▁" And ▁I |
▁Know " ▁( Michael ▁S emb ello , ▁David ▁Bat te au ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 0 ▁" S ail ▁on ▁a ▁Rain bow " ▁( Ste phen ▁Bishop ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 5 ▁" Miss ▁You ▁N ights " ▁( D ave ▁Town send ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 7 ▁Side ▁ 2 : ▁" B right ▁E yes " ▁( M ike ▁Batt ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 0 0 ▁— ▁( Not ▁included ▁on ▁U . S . ▁album ▁release ) ▁" Fin ally ▁Found ▁a ▁Re ason " ▁( S emb ello , ▁Bat te au , ▁Craig ▁B ick hardt , ▁Rick ▁Bell ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 1 ▁" B ey ond ▁the ▁T ears " ▁( J eff rey ▁Com an or , ▁Robert ▁G und ry ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 3 ▁" Oh ▁How ▁Happy " ▁( Char les ▁H atch er ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 1 ▁" When ▁Some one ▁Does n ' t ▁W ant ▁You " ▁( J eff rey ▁Stat on ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 4 ▁" Take ▁Me ▁A way " ▁( Gr ant ▁Gul lick son , ▁L ance ▁Gul lick son ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 0 4 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Art ▁Gar f unk el ▁– ▁vocals , ▁harm ony ▁vocals ▁ ▁Pen ny ▁Nich ols , ▁Bobby ▁Aless i , ▁Carol yn ▁Dennis , ▁Le ah ▁K unk el , ▁Jim ▁Gil strap |
, ▁Billy ▁Aless i , ▁Max ine ▁Anderson ▁– ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Bishop ▁– ▁guitar , ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Michael ▁Bre cker , ▁Tom ▁Scott ▁– ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁ ▁Rob ▁M oun sey ▁– ▁synth es izer , ▁piano , ▁cla vin et , ▁F ender ▁Rh odes , ▁key boards ▁ ▁Chris ▁Sp ed ding ▁– ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar ▁ ▁Gene ▁Page ▁– ▁arr anger ▁ ▁Simon ▁Phill ips , ▁Steve ▁G add , ▁Roy ▁J . ▁Morgan , ▁Mike ▁B air d ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁Louis ▁Sh el ton ▁– ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁Dennis ▁B elf ield , ▁L yle ▁Har per , ▁Les ▁H urd le , ▁Neil ▁Jason , ▁Neil ▁Johnson , ▁Ed win ▁Ro x burgh ▁– ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁Ray ▁Cooper , ▁Er rol ▁" Cr ush er " ▁Ben nett , ▁Alan ▁Est es , ▁L yle ▁Form an ▁– ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Roland ▁H ark er ▁– ▁l ute ▁ ▁Larry ▁K ne cht el ▁– ▁piano ▁ ▁Del ▁New man ▁– ▁string ▁arrangement ▁ ▁Lee ▁R iten our , ▁Rich ie ▁Z ito , ▁Hugh ▁McC ra cken ▁– ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ ▁Larry ▁Rol ando ▁– ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar , ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ ▁Jeff rey ▁Stat on ▁– ▁ac oust ic ▁guitar , ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Richard ▁Te e ▁– ▁piano , ▁F ender ▁Rh odes ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Week ly ▁charts ▁ ▁Year - end ▁charts ▁ ▁Cert ifications ▁ |
▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁albums ▁Category : Art ▁Gar f unk el ▁albums ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁W ow ow ill ie ▁was ▁a ▁Philipp ine ▁no on ▁time ▁variety ▁show ▁a ired ▁by ▁TV 5 . ▁The ▁show ▁premier ed ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁and ▁was ▁broadcast ▁live ▁from ▁TV 5 ' s ▁D elta ▁Studio ▁in ▁Que zon ▁City , ▁with ▁its ▁main ▁host ▁and ▁producer , ▁Will ie ▁Rev ill ame . ▁The ▁show ▁earned ▁the ▁distinction ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁only ▁no ont ime ▁program ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁Str ong ▁Par ental ▁Gu id ance ▁rating ▁from ▁the ▁M TR CB , ▁which ▁was ▁im posed ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁d anc ers ' ▁provoc ative ▁out f its . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Rev ill ame ▁admitted ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁that ▁the ▁show ' s ▁ratings ▁" f ell ▁below ▁expect ations ", ▁and ▁cont empl ated ▁on ▁a ▁possible ▁can cellation . ▁The ▁show ▁a ired ▁its ▁final ▁episode ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁nearly ▁ 9 ▁months ▁after ▁its ▁debut . ▁It ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁S ine ▁Ko ▁ 5 ing ko ▁H ap on ▁on ▁week days ▁and ▁ ▁Sab ado ▁S iner ama ▁on ▁S atur days . ▁ ▁History ▁Rev ill ame ' s ▁previous ▁show ▁Wil ▁Time ▁Big time ▁ended ▁its ▁run ▁on ▁January ▁ |
5 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁he ▁announced ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁no ont ime ▁slot ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁W ow ow ill ie . ▁It ▁premier ed ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁to ▁co inci de ▁with ▁the ▁host ' s ▁birth day ▁the ▁day ▁after . ▁ ▁Can cellation ▁C iting ▁competition ▁from ▁rival ▁variety ▁shows ▁It ' s ▁Show time ▁and ▁E at ▁Bul aga !, ▁TV 5 ▁confirmed ▁Rev ill ame ' s ▁announ cement ▁express ing ▁his ▁intent ▁on ▁can cell ing ▁W ow ow ill ie ▁and ▁foc using ▁on ▁other ▁commit ments , ▁as ▁the ▁show ▁strugg led ▁to ▁gain ▁a ▁significant ▁audience ▁share . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁W ow ow ill ie ▁a ired ▁its ▁final ▁episode , ▁with ▁Rev ill ame ▁b idd ing ▁fare well ▁to ▁his ▁audience ▁and ▁crew ▁in ▁a ▁speech . ▁No ▁further ▁plans ▁were ▁announced ▁regarding ▁a ▁possible ▁replacement ▁to ▁the ▁program . ▁ ▁New ▁TV ▁show ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Rev ill ame ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁sign ▁a ▁program ▁contract ▁with ▁G MA ▁Network ▁to ▁air ▁a ▁new ▁program , ▁W ow ow in . ▁The ▁program ▁would ▁be ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁ ▁television ▁after ▁he ▁went ▁on ▁hi atus . ▁W ow ow in ▁will ▁be ▁self - produ ced ▁by ▁Rev |
ill ame ' s ▁W BR ▁Entertainment ▁Produ ctions , ▁and ▁former ▁W ow ow ill ie ▁host ▁and ▁friend ▁R andy ▁Santiago ▁will ▁serve ▁as ▁the ▁program ' s ▁director . ▁Also , ▁the ▁program ▁marks ▁Rev ill ame ' s ▁return ▁to ▁his ▁original ▁mother ▁network , ▁G MA ▁Network , ▁after ▁hosting ▁L unch ▁Date ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁with ▁R andy ▁Santiago . ▁W ow ow in ▁premier ed ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁May ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁on ▁the ▁Sunday ▁afternoon ▁block ▁of ▁G MA ▁Network ▁and ▁was ▁a ired ▁intern ation ally ▁via ▁G MA ▁P ino y ▁TV . ▁ ▁Host s ▁ ▁Main ▁hosts ▁ ▁Will ie ▁Rev ill ame ▁ ▁R andy ▁Santiago ▁ ▁Co - hosts ▁ ▁Mar iel ▁Rod rig uez ▁ ▁Grace ▁Lee ▁ ▁Camil le ▁Vill ar ▁ ▁Ar ci ▁Mu ñ oz ▁ ▁Eth el ▁Bo oba ▁ ▁A te ▁Gay ▁ ▁R uf a ▁Ma e ▁Qu into ▁ ▁N ina ▁Gir ado ▁ ▁Ab ra ▁ ▁Lov ely ▁Ab ella ▁ ▁A va ▁Jug u eta ▁ ▁Fe aturing ▁Anna ▁Fel ic iano ▁O wen ▁Er cia ▁Jeff ▁Vas quez ▁DJ ▁C oki ▁W ow ow ill ie ▁M oney ▁Girls ▁A J ▁S ull er ▁as ▁Lig aya ▁Sand y ▁Tol ent ino ▁( of ▁Sex B omb ▁Girls ) ▁as ▁Li way way ▁W ow ow ill ie ▁Girls ▁ ▁Seg ments ▁▁ ▁B iga T |
EN ▁ka ! ▁ ▁Rock ▁' n ▁Rol lin ' ▁ ▁T ut ok ▁to ▁Win ▁ ▁J OK ▁Sing ▁ ▁M ini ▁Cons yer to ▁ ▁Put uk an ▁Na ! ▁ ▁AT N ▁( A y os ▁The ▁Number ) ▁ ▁Inst a J AM ▁( every ▁Saturday ) ▁ ▁Will ie ▁of ▁Fort une ▁ ▁P era ▁S ' ▁Wil ▁ ▁Jack pot ▁Sa ▁Sur f ▁ ▁C ash ▁Sal o ▁ ▁Studios ▁ ▁TV 5 ▁D elta ▁Studio ▁- ▁Que zon ▁Avenue , ▁Que zon ▁City ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Rat ings ▁W ow ow ill ie ▁failed ▁to ▁sur pass ▁expect ations ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁TV ▁ratings . ▁His ▁programs ' ▁ratings ▁were ▁r anging ▁from ▁ 3 - 5 % ▁and ▁sometimes ▁falling ▁below ▁ 3 %. ▁While ▁riv als , ▁G MA ▁Network ' s ▁E at ▁Bul aga ! ▁and ▁A BS - CB N ' s ▁It ' s ▁Show time ▁ratings ▁were ▁r anging ▁from ▁ 1 3 - 1 6 % ▁based ▁on ▁Kant ar ▁Media ▁Philippines . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁programs ▁a ired ▁by ▁The ▁ 5 ▁Network ▁ ▁Wil ▁Time ▁Big time ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Ph ili pp ine ▁variety ▁television ▁shows ▁Category : The ▁ 5 ▁Network ▁shows ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁Philipp ine ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁Philipp ine ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁category : Will ie ▁Rev ill |
ame ▁Category : Fil ip ino - language ▁television ▁programs <0x0A> </s> ▁Leopold ▁Maxim ilian ▁Graf ▁von ▁F irm ian ▁( 1 1 ▁October ▁ 1 7 6 6 , ▁Tr ento ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁ 1 8 3 1 , ▁Vienna ) ▁was ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁in ▁Pass au ▁and ▁Tit ular ▁Bishop ▁of ▁T iber ias ▁from ▁ 1 7 9 7 , ▁from ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Lav ant , ▁was ▁appointed ▁ ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Sal zburg ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁was ▁only ▁confirmed ▁as ▁administrator ▁of ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Sal zburg . ▁From ▁ 1 8 2 2 ▁to ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁he ▁was ▁Prince - Arch bishop ▁of ▁Vienna . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Com ing ▁from ▁the ▁Ty role an ▁nob ility ▁of ▁F irm ian , ▁he ▁was ▁canon ▁of ▁Sal zburg ▁and ▁Pass au ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 0 . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁September ▁ 1 7 9 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁ord ained ▁a ▁priest ▁in ▁Sal zburg . ▁ ▁Five ▁years ▁later , ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁ 1 7 9 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁in ▁Pass au ▁and ▁Tit ular ▁Bishop ▁of ▁T iber ias . ▁The ▁epis cop al ▁consec r ation ▁was ▁best owed ▁upon ▁him ▁on ▁ 5 ▁November ▁ 1 7 9 |
7 ▁by ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Pass au , ▁Leopold ▁Leon hard ▁von ▁Th un . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Lav ant ▁and , ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 6 , ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Sal zburg . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁unclear ▁political ▁conditions , ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁confirmed ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁as ▁the ▁dioc es an ▁administrator . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁January ▁ 1 8 2 2 , ▁Emperor ▁Francis ▁I ▁appointed ▁him ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Vienna , ▁the ▁Pap al ▁confirm ation ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁port rayed ▁as ▁a ▁pra is ew elling ▁church ▁prince ▁who ▁ful filled ▁the ▁will ▁of ▁the ▁Emperor ▁in ▁his ▁dioc ese ▁and ▁allowed ▁the ▁inter vent ions ▁of ▁late ▁Joseph in ism ▁in ▁church ▁life . ▁He ▁stro ve ▁for ▁the ▁church ▁song ▁and ▁had ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁created ▁a ▁directory ▁of ▁all ▁songs ▁that ▁were ▁s ung ▁in ▁the ▁par ishes . ▁During ▁his ▁ten ure ▁came ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁the ▁Leopold ine ▁Society ▁of ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Empire ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁miss ions ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁ 1 8 2 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁Fir mi ang asse ▁in ▁Vienna - H iet zing ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁him . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Franz ▁L oid l : ▁Geschichte ▁des ▁Erz b ist ums ▁Wien . |
▁Her old , ▁Wien ▁u . ▁a . ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁. ▁ ▁Ernst ▁T ome k : ▁Kirch eng esch ichte ▁Österreich s . ▁Band ▁ 3 : ▁Das ▁Ze ital ter ▁der ▁Auf klär ung ▁und ▁des ▁Ab sol ut ismus . ▁Ty rol ia , ▁In ns b ruck ▁u . ▁a . ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁Josef ▁W od ka : ▁Kirche ▁in ▁Österreich . ▁Weg we iser ▁durch ▁ihre ▁Geschichte . ▁Her der , ▁Wien ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 3 1 ▁death s ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : Arch b ish ops ▁of ▁Vienna ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : A ust rian ▁b ish ops <0x0A> </s> ▁Lok man ya ▁T il ak ▁Term inus ▁- ▁K ara ikal ▁Week ly ▁Express ▁is ▁an ▁express ▁train ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Rail ways ▁connecting ▁Lok man ya ▁T il ak ▁Term inus ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁and ▁K ara ikal ▁of ▁Union ▁Territ ory ▁of ▁P ud uch er ry . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁being ▁operated ▁with ▁ 1 1 0 1 7 / 1 1 0 1 8 ▁train ▁numbers ▁on ▁week ly ▁basis . ▁ ▁Service ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 1 0 1 7 / M umb ai ▁L TT ▁- ▁K ara ikal ▁Week ly |
▁Express ▁has ▁aver ages ▁speed ▁of ▁ 5 3 km / hr ▁and ▁covers ▁ 1 6 2 8 km ▁in ▁ 3 0 ▁h rs ▁ 4 0 ▁m ins . ▁ 1 1 0 1 8 / K ara ikal ▁- ▁M umb ai ▁L TT ▁Week ly ▁Express ▁has ▁aver ages ▁speed ▁of ▁ 4 8 km / hr ▁and ▁ 1 6 2 8 km ▁in ▁ 3 3 ▁h rs ▁ 4 5 ▁m ins . ▁ ▁Route ▁and ▁hal ts ▁▁ ▁The ▁important ▁hal ts ▁of ▁the ▁train ▁are : ▁ ▁Co ach ▁composite ▁ ▁The ▁train ▁has ▁standard ▁L H B ▁ra kes ▁with ▁max ▁speed ▁of ▁ 1 3 0 ▁km ph . ▁The ▁train ▁consist ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁coach es : ▁▁▁ 1 ▁AC ▁First - class ▁▁ 3 ▁AC ▁II ▁Tier ▁▁ 1 3 ▁S le eper ▁Co aches ▁▁ 4 ▁General ▁▁ 2 ▁Second - class ▁L ugg age / par cel ▁van ▁ ▁Tra ction ▁ ▁Both ▁trains ▁are ▁ha u led ▁by ▁a ▁Kal yan ▁Loc o ▁Sh ed ▁based ▁W DM ▁ 3 D ▁or ▁W DP ▁ 4 D ▁dies el ▁locomot ive ▁from ▁Kur la ▁to ▁Kar ikal . ▁ ▁R ake ▁Sh aring ▁▁ ▁The ▁train ▁shares ▁its ▁ra ke ▁with ▁ 1 1 0 1 1 / 1 2 ▁Lok man ya ▁T il ak ▁Term inus ▁- ▁Haz ur ▁Sah ib ▁N and ed ▁Express ▁ ▁D irection ▁Re |
vers al ▁ ▁Train ▁Re vers es ▁its ▁direction ▁ 1 ▁times : ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ 1 1 0 1 7 ▁K ara ikal ▁Express ▁▁ 1 1 0 1 8 ▁K ara ikal ▁Express ▁▁ 1 1 0 1 7 / M umb ai ▁L TT ▁- ▁K ara ikal ▁Week ly ▁Express ▁▁ 1 1 0 1 8 / K ara ikal ▁- ▁M umb ai ▁L TT ▁Week ly ▁Express ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Express ▁trains ▁in ▁India ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁K arn ata ka ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁P ud uch er ry ▁Category : Transport ▁in ▁K ara ikal ▁Category : Transport ▁in ▁M umb ai ▁Category : R ail way ▁services ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁( US NR ), ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁is ▁the ▁Reserve ▁Component ▁( RC ) ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy . ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Navy ▁Reserve , ▁called ▁res erv ists , ▁are ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁Selected ▁Reserve ▁( SE L RES ), ▁the ▁Ind ividual ▁Re ady ▁Reserve ▁( IR R ), ▁the ▁Full ▁Time ▁Support ▁( FT S |
), ▁or ▁the ▁Ret ired ▁Reserve ▁program . ▁ ▁Organ ization ▁The ▁mission ▁of ▁the ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁is ▁to ▁provide ▁strateg ic ▁depth ▁and ▁deliver ▁oper ational ▁capabilities ▁to ▁the ▁Navy ▁and ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁team , ▁and ▁J oint ▁forces , ▁in ▁the ▁full ▁range ▁of ▁military ▁operations ▁from ▁peace ▁to ▁war . ▁ ▁The ▁Reserve ▁consists ▁of ▁ 1 0 8 , 7 1 8 ▁( 6 4 , 7 1 5 ▁SE L RES ▁and ▁ 4 4 , 0 0 3 ▁IR R ) ▁officers ▁and ▁en list ed ▁personnel ▁who ▁serve ▁in ▁every ▁state ▁and ▁territory ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁over se as ▁as ▁of ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Selected ▁Reserve ▁( SE L RES ) ▁▁ ▁The ▁largest ▁coh ort , ▁the ▁SE L RES , ▁have ▁tradition ally ▁d ril led ▁one ▁week end ▁a ▁month ▁and ▁two ▁weeks ▁of ▁annual ▁training ▁during ▁the ▁year , ▁receiving ▁base ▁pay ▁and ▁certain ▁special ▁pays ▁( i . e ., ▁flight ▁pay , ▁d ive ▁pay , ▁etc .) ▁when ▁performing ▁In active ▁D ut y ▁Training ▁( ID T , ▁a ka ▁" dr ills "), ▁and ▁full ▁pay ▁and ▁allow ances ▁while ▁on ▁active ▁duty ▁for ▁Ann ual ▁Training ▁( AT ), ▁Active ▁D ut y ▁for ▁Training ▁( AD T ), ▁Active ▁D ut y ▁for ▁Oper ational ▁Support ▁( AD OS ), ▁Active ▁D ut y ▁for ▁Special ▁Work ▁( AD SW ), ▁or ▁under ▁M obil ization ▁( MO B ) |
▁orders ▁or ▁otherwise ▁re called ▁to ▁full ▁active ▁duty . ▁ ▁Every ▁state , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Gu am ▁and ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁has ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁Navy ▁Oper ational ▁Support ▁Center ▁( N OS C , ▁formerly ▁the ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁Center ), ▁staff ed ▁by ▁Full ▁Time ▁Support ▁( FT S ) ▁personnel , ▁where ▁the ▁SE L RES ▁sail ors ▁come ▁to ▁do ▁their ▁week end ▁dr ills . ▁The ▁size ▁of ▁these ▁cent ers ▁var ies ▁greatly , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁assigned ▁res erv ists . ▁They ▁are ▁intended ▁mostly ▁to ▁handle ▁administrative ▁functions ▁and ▁class room ▁style ▁training . ▁However , ▁some ▁N OS C s ▁have ▁more ▁extensive ▁training ▁facilities , ▁including ▁damage ▁control ▁train ers ▁and ▁small ▁boat ▁units . ▁Some ▁N OS C s ▁are ▁co - located ▁on ▁existing ▁military ▁facilities , ▁but ▁most ▁are ▁" out side - the - wire ", ▁stand ▁alone ▁facilities ▁that ▁are ▁often ▁the ▁only ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁representation ▁in ▁their ▁communities ▁or ▁even ▁the ▁entire ▁state . ▁Because ▁of ▁this , ▁N OS C s ▁outside ▁the ▁fleet ▁concentration ▁areas ▁are ▁also ▁heavily ▁task ed ▁to ▁provide ▁personnel , ▁both ▁F TS ▁staff ▁and ▁SE L RES , ▁for ▁participation ▁in ▁Fun eral ▁Hon ors ▁Details . ▁This ▁service ▁provided ▁to ▁the ▁local ▁community ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁N OS C ' s ▁top ▁two ▁priority ▁miss ions ▁( the ▁other ▁being ▁training ▁and ▁mobil ization ▁of ▁SE L RES ). ▁ ▁Those ▁SE |
L RES ▁assigned ▁to ▁front - line ▁oper ational ▁units , ▁such ▁as ▁Naval ▁A vi ators , ▁Naval ▁Fl ight ▁Offic ers , ▁Naval ▁Fl ight ▁Sur ge ons ▁and ▁en list ed ▁personnel ▁assigned ▁to ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁or ▁Active - Res erve ▁Integr ated ▁( AR I ) ▁av iation ▁squad rons ▁and ▁wings , ▁or ▁personnel ▁assigned ▁to ▁major ▁combat ant ▁command , ▁Fle et ▁and ▁other ▁major ▁staff ▁positions , ▁are ▁typically ▁fund ed ▁for ▁far ▁more ▁duty ▁than ▁the ▁week end ▁per ▁month / two ▁weeks ▁per ▁year ▁construct , ▁often ▁well ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 - man - days ▁per ▁year . ▁SE L RES ▁have ▁also ▁performed ▁additional ▁duty ▁in ▁times ▁of ▁war ▁or ▁national ▁crisis , ▁often ▁being ▁re called ▁to ▁full - time ▁active ▁duty ▁for ▁one , ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁or ▁more ▁years ▁and ▁deploy ing ▁to ▁over se as ▁locations ▁or ▁ab o ard ▁war ships , ▁as ▁has ▁been ▁recently ▁seen ▁during ▁Oper ations ▁End uring ▁Fre edom ▁and ▁Ira qi ▁Fre edom . ▁ ▁Full ▁Time ▁Support ▁ ▁F TS , ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁T AR ▁( Tra ining ▁and ▁Administration ▁of ▁the ▁Reserve ), ▁serve ▁in ▁uniform ▁all ▁year ▁round ▁and ▁provide ▁administrative ▁support ▁to ▁SE L RES ▁and ▁oper ational ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁Navy . ▁They ▁are ▁full - time ▁career ▁active ▁duty ▁personnel , ▁but ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁Reserve ▁Component ▁( RC ), ▁and ▁perform ▁a ▁role ▁similar ▁to ▁Active ▁Guard ▁and ▁Reserve |
▁( AG R ), ▁Air ▁Reserve ▁Techn ician ▁( ART ) ▁and ▁Army ▁Reserve ▁Techn ician ▁in ▁the ▁Air ▁Force ▁Reserve ▁Command , ▁the ▁Air ▁National ▁Guard , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁Reserve , ▁and ▁the ▁Army ▁National ▁Guard . ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁Re ady ▁Reserve ▁▁ ▁The ▁Ind ividual ▁Re ady ▁Reserve ▁( IR R ) ▁do ▁not ▁typically ▁dr ill ▁or ▁train ▁regularly , ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁re called ▁to ▁service ▁in ▁a ▁full ▁mobil ization ▁( re qu iring ▁a ▁President ial ▁order ). ▁Some ▁IR R ▁personnel ▁who ▁are ▁not ▁currently ▁assigned ▁to ▁SE L RES ▁b illet s , ▁typically ▁senior ▁commission ed ▁officers ▁in ▁the ▁ranks ▁of ▁commander ▁or ▁captain ▁for ▁whom ▁SE L RES ▁b illet s ▁are ▁limited , ▁will ▁serve ▁in ▁Vol unte er ▁Training ▁Units ▁( V T U ) ▁or ▁will ▁be ▁support ▁assigned ▁to ▁established ▁active ▁duty ▁or ▁reserve ▁commands ▁while ▁in ▁a ▁V T U ▁status . ▁These ▁personnel ▁will ▁dr ill ▁for ▁points ▁but ▁no ▁pay ▁and ▁are ▁not ▁el ig ible ▁for ▁Ann ual ▁Training ▁with ▁pay . ▁However , ▁they ▁remain ▁el ig ible ▁for ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁active ▁duty ▁with ▁pay ▁and ▁mobil ization . ▁ ▁The ▁largest ▁source ▁of ▁IR R ▁Offic ers ▁in ▁the ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁are ▁commission ed ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Mer chant ▁Marine ▁Academy ▁and ▁compr ise ▁more ▁than ▁ 7 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁Navy ' s ▁Str ateg ic ▁Se al ift ▁Officer ▁Community ▁which ▁is ▁focused |
▁on ▁strateg ic ▁se al ift ▁and ▁sea - based ▁log istics . ▁ ▁M obil ization ▁ ▁Res erv ists ▁are ▁called ▁to ▁active ▁duty , ▁or ▁mobil ized , ▁as ▁needed ▁and ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁sign ▁paper work ▁acknowled ging ▁this ▁possibility ▁upon ▁en roll ment ▁in ▁the ▁reserve ▁program . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁attacks ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Res erv ists ▁were ▁mobil ized ▁to ▁support ▁combat ▁operations . ▁The ▁War ▁on ▁T error ism ▁has ▁even ▁seen ▁the ▁activation ▁of ▁a ▁Reserve ▁squad ron , ▁the ▁V FA - 2 0 1 ▁Hun ters , ▁flying ▁F / A - 1 8 ▁Hor net ▁aircraft , ▁which ▁deployed ▁on ▁board ▁the ▁USS ▁The odore ▁Ro ose vel t ▁( CV N - 7 1 ). ▁Additionally , ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 2 , 0 0 0 ▁Navy ▁Res erv ists ▁have ▁been ▁mobil ized ▁and ▁deployed ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁Ira q ▁and ▁Afghan istan , ▁including ▁more ▁than ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁who ▁have ▁done ▁a ▁second ▁combat ▁tour . ▁They ▁have ▁served ▁alongside ▁Army , ▁Marine , ▁Air ▁Force , ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁and ▁service ▁personnel ▁from ▁other ▁countries , ▁performing ▁such ▁miss ions ▁as ▁counter ing ▁dead ly ▁impro vised ▁explos ive ▁devices , ▁construct ing ▁military ▁bases , ▁esc ort ing ▁ground ▁con vo ys , ▁operating ▁hosp it als , ▁performing ▁intelligence ▁analysis , ▁guard ing ▁prisoners , ▁and ▁doing ▁custom s ▁ins pe ctions ▁for ▁units |
▁returning ▁from ▁deploy ments . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Ref lect ing ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁Res erv ists ▁in ▁the ▁naval ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁first ▁citiz en ▁sail ors ▁put ▁to ▁sea ▁even ▁before ▁the ▁Cont inental ▁Congress ▁created ▁the ▁Cont inental ▁Navy , ▁for er un ner ▁of ▁today ' s ▁U . S . ▁Navy . ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁ 1 7 7 5 , ▁inspired ▁to ▁act ▁after ▁hearing ▁the ▁news ▁of ▁Min ut emen ▁and ▁British ▁regular s ▁batt ling ▁on ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁Lex ington ▁and ▁Con cord , ▁citizens ▁of ▁the ▁se as ide ▁town ▁of ▁Mach ias , ▁Maine , ▁comm ande ered ▁the ▁sch oon er ▁Unity ▁and ▁engaged ▁the ▁British ▁war ship ▁HMS ▁Marg are tta , ▁board ing ▁her ▁and ▁forcing ▁her ▁surrender ▁after ▁bitter ▁close ▁qu arters ▁combat . ▁In ▁the ▁en su ing ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution , ▁the ▁small ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁Cont inental ▁Navy ▁necess itated ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁citiz en ▁sail ors , ▁who ▁put ▁to ▁sea ▁man ning ▁private ers , ▁their ▁far - fl ung ▁ra ids ▁against ▁the ▁British ▁merchant ▁fleet ▁as ▁important ▁as ▁the ▁sea ▁batt les ▁of ▁John ▁Paul ▁Jones ▁in ▁establish ing ▁the ▁American ▁naval ▁tradition . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution , ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁maintain ing ▁a ▁standing ▁n avy ▁was ▁de emed ▁too ▁great , ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁s elling ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁Cont inental ▁Navy ▁ship ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 |
5 . ▁However , ▁attacks ▁by ▁Barb ary ▁pir ates ▁against ▁American ▁merchant ▁vessels ▁in ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁Sea ▁prompt ed ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁course ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 4 . ▁A ▁n avy ▁that ▁helped ▁give ▁birth ▁to ▁the ▁nation ▁was ▁now ▁de emed ▁essential ▁to ▁pres erving ▁its ▁security , ▁which ▁faced ▁its ▁most ▁serious ▁threat ▁during ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 . ▁Not ▁only ▁did ▁res erv ists ▁ra id ▁British ▁commerce ▁on ▁the ▁high ▁se as , ▁but ▁they ▁also ▁out f itted ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁b arg es ▁called ▁the ▁Ch es ape ake ▁Bay ▁Fl ot illa ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁defend ▁that ▁vital ▁body ▁of ▁water ▁against ▁British ▁invasion . ▁Though ▁over wh el med ▁by ▁an ▁enemy ▁superior ▁in ▁numbers , ▁these ▁men , ▁most ▁rec ru ited ▁from ▁Baltimore , ▁continued ▁to ▁w age ▁war ▁on ▁land , ▁joining ▁in ▁the ▁defense ▁of ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁Having ▁fought ▁against ▁a ▁foreign ▁power , ▁naval ▁res erv ists ▁faced ▁a ▁much ▁different ▁struggle ▁with ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War , ▁which ▁divided ▁a ▁n avy ▁and ▁a ▁nation . ▁Within ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁attack , ▁President ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln ▁author ized ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁personnel ▁levels ▁of ▁the ▁Navy , ▁which ▁assumed ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁strategy ▁to ▁defeat ▁the ▁Confeder acy ▁with ▁a ▁block ade ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁and ▁a ▁campaign ▁to ▁secure ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River . ▁By ▁war ' |
s ▁end ▁the ▁Navy ▁had ▁grown ▁from ▁a ▁force ▁number ing ▁ 9 , 9 4 2 ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁to ▁one ▁man ned ▁by ▁ 5 8 , 2 9 6 ▁sail ors . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 0 1 , 2 0 7 ▁men ▁from ▁twenty - one ▁states ▁en list ed ▁during ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁volunte ers ▁were ▁present ▁during ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁stor ied ▁naval ▁engag ements ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War , ▁including ▁serving ▁in ▁Mon itor ▁during ▁her ▁battle ▁with ▁CSS ▁Virginia ▁and ▁the ▁d aring ▁mission ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁iron cl ad ▁CSS ▁Al ber mar le . ▁The ▁latter ▁action ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁award ing ▁of ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁to ▁six ▁reserve ▁en list ed ▁men . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁any ▁major ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁the ▁post - C ivil ▁War ▁years , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁took ▁on ▁the ▁appearance ▁and ▁miss ions ▁of ▁the ▁force ▁it ▁had ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 . ▁Then ▁came ▁publication ▁of ▁naval ▁the or ist ▁Captain ▁Alfred ▁Th ayer ▁Mah an ' s ▁land mark ▁study ▁The ▁In flu ence ▁of ▁Sea ▁Power ▁Upon ▁History , ▁which ▁in ▁part ▁prompt ed ▁a ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁fleet ▁and ▁brought ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁calls ▁for ▁an ▁organized ▁naval ▁reserve ▁to ▁help ▁man ▁these ▁more ▁advanced ▁ships . ▁In ▁the ▁meant ime , ▁state ▁naval ▁milit ias ▁represented ▁the |
▁Navy ' s ▁man power ▁reserve , ▁demonstr ating ▁their ▁capabilities ▁during ▁the ▁Spanish – American ▁War ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁assist ed ▁in ▁coast al ▁defense ▁and ▁served ▁ab o ard ▁ship . ▁Milit iam en ▁from ▁Massachusetts , ▁New ▁York , ▁Michigan , ▁and ▁Maryland ▁man ned ▁four ▁auxili ary ▁cru is ers — P ra irie , ▁Yan kee , ▁Y os em ite , ▁and ▁D ix ie — see ing ▁action ▁off ▁Cuba . ▁All ▁told , ▁some ▁ 2 6 3 ▁officers ▁and ▁ 3 , 8 3 2 ▁en list ed ▁men ▁of ▁various ▁state ▁naval ▁milit ias ▁answered ▁the ▁call ▁to ▁arms . ▁ ▁As ▁successful ▁as ▁the ▁state ▁naval ▁milit ias ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish – American ▁War , ▁which ▁made ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁a ▁world ▁power , ▁events ▁unfold ing ▁in ▁Europe ▁following ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁century ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁a ▁modern ▁war ▁at ▁sea ▁required ▁a ▁federal ▁naval ▁reserve ▁force . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁formally ▁fund ed ▁naval ▁reserve ▁force ▁was ▁organized ▁around ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Mer chant ▁Marine ▁with ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Mer chant ▁Marine ▁Reserve , ▁then ▁called ▁the ▁Naval ▁A ux ili ary ▁Reserve , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Navy ▁Joseph us ▁Daniel s ▁and ▁his ▁assistant , ▁a ▁young ▁New ▁York er ▁named ▁Franklin ▁D . ▁Ro ose vel t , ▁launched ▁a ▁campaign ▁in |
▁Congress ▁to ▁appropriate ▁fund ing ▁for ▁such ▁a ▁force . ▁Their ▁efforts ▁brought ▁passage ▁of ▁legisl ation ▁on ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁creating ▁the ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁Force , ▁whose ▁members ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁co ck p its ▁of ▁bi plan es ▁and ▁h unted ▁enemy ▁U - bo ats ▁during ▁the ▁Great ▁War . ▁ ▁Though ▁the ▁financial ▁difficulties ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁De pression ▁and ▁inter war ▁isol ation ism ▁translated ▁into ▁difficult ▁times ▁for ▁the ▁Naval ▁Reserve , ▁the ▁organiz ational ▁structure ▁per se ver ed ▁and ▁expanded ▁with ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁Naval ▁A viation ▁Cad et ▁program ▁and ▁the ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁Officer ▁Training ▁Corps . ▁When ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁er upt ed ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁the ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁was ▁ready . ▁By ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁virt ually ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁members ▁were ▁serving ▁on ▁active ▁duty , ▁their ▁numbers ▁dest ined ▁to ▁sw ell ▁when ▁Japanese ▁plan es ▁ro ared ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁clear ▁blue ▁sky ▁over ▁Pear l ▁Har bor ▁on ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁Navy ▁reserve ▁sail ors ▁from ▁Minnesota ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁USS ▁Ward ▁fired ▁the ▁first ▁U . S . ▁sh ots ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁by ▁s inking ▁a ▁Japanese ▁mini - sub marine ▁outside ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁Pear l ▁Har bor . ▁Over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁en su ing ▁four ▁years , ▁the ▁Navy ▁would ▁grow ▁from ▁a ▁force ▁of |
▁ 3 8 3 , 1 5 0 ▁to ▁one ▁that ▁at ▁its ▁peak ▁number ed ▁ 3 , 4 0 5 , 5 2 5 , ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁them ▁res erv ists , ▁including ▁five ▁future ▁U . S . ▁pres idents . ▁ ▁The ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁brought ▁a ▁different ▁struggle ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War , ▁which ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁nearly ▁five ▁dec ades ▁was ▁w aged ▁with ▁the ▁ha un ting ▁spect er ▁of ▁nuclear ▁war . ▁Cold ▁War ▁battle ground s ▁took ▁naval ▁res erv ists ▁to ▁Korea , ▁where ▁a ▁massive ▁mobil ization ▁of ▁" Week end ▁War riors " ▁filled ▁out ▁the ▁comple ments ▁of ▁ships ▁pulled ▁from ▁moth ball s ▁and ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁sent ▁carri ers ▁to ▁sea ▁with ▁almost ▁their ▁entire ▁emb ark ed ▁air ▁groups ▁consisting ▁of ▁Reserve ▁squad rons . ▁Other ▁calls ▁came ▁during ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Cris is ▁and ▁Vietnam , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁defense ▁build - up ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁pres ided ▁over ▁by ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Navy ▁John ▁Le h man , ▁a ▁naval ▁res erv ist , ▁the ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁not ▁only ▁expanded , ▁but ▁also ▁took ▁steps ▁towards ▁greater ▁inter oper ability ▁with ▁the ▁active ▁component ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁equipment . ▁Yet , ▁the ▁divisions ▁between ▁the ▁active ▁and ▁reserve ▁cult ures ▁remained ▁distinct . ▁ ▁This ▁began ▁to ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁as ▁over ▁ 2 1 , |
0 0 0 ▁Naval ▁Res erv ists ▁supported ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁G ulf ▁War ' s ▁Oper ations ▁Des ert ▁Sh ield ▁and ▁Des ert ▁Storm , ▁which ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁the ▁on going ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁Since ▁that ▁time , ▁whether ▁respond ing ▁to ▁the ▁eth nic ▁cle ans ing ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁or ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁world ▁terror ism , ▁the ▁latter ▁coming ▁to ▁the ▁fore front ▁in ▁the ▁attacks ▁against ▁the ▁World ▁Trade ▁Center ▁and ▁the ▁Pent agon ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁recently ▁renamed ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁has ▁transformed ▁from ▁a ▁force ▁in ▁waiting ▁for ▁massive ▁mobil ization ▁to ▁an ▁integral ▁component ▁in ▁carrying ▁out ▁the ▁mission ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy . ▁As ▁Admir al ▁William ▁J . ▁Fall on ▁stated , ▁" We ▁must ▁remember ▁that ▁the ▁Res erves , ▁which ▁represent ▁twenty ▁percent ▁of ▁our ▁war f ight ing ▁force , ▁are ▁absolutely ▁vital ▁to ▁our ▁Navy ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁fight ▁and ▁win ▁wars ▁now ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁future ." ▁ ▁Command ers ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁Director ▁of ▁Naval ▁Reserve , ▁with ▁the ▁cons olid ation ▁of ▁the ▁Navy ▁Air ▁and ▁Sur face ▁Reserve ▁headquarters ▁organizations ▁at ▁the ▁Naval ▁Support ▁Activity , ▁NAS ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁Louisiana ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁En list ed ▁entry ▁and ▁service ▁ ▁Pers ons ▁who ▁en list ▁in ▁the ▁Active ▁duty ▁program |
▁first ▁sign ▁a ▁contract ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁Re ady ▁Reserve ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁that ▁coinc ides ▁with ▁time ▁served ▁as ▁Active ▁D ut y . ▁Upon ▁separation ▁from ▁Active ▁D ut y , ▁members ▁may ▁still ▁be ▁oblig ated ▁by ▁their ▁reserve ▁contract ▁if ▁it ▁has ▁not ▁exp ired . ▁The ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁contract ▁may ▁be ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Selected ▁Reserve ▁or ▁the ▁Ind ividual ▁Re ady ▁Reserve . ▁ ▁Prior ▁service ▁en l iste es ▁may ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁affili ate ▁with ▁the ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁in ▁their ▁active ▁duty ▁rating ▁( job ▁special ty ) ▁and ▁pay grade . ▁ ▁Non - p rior ▁service ▁en l iste es ▁are ▁sent ▁to ▁Initial ▁Active ▁D ut y ▁Training ▁( I AD T ), ▁also ▁called ▁boot ▁camp , ▁located ▁at ▁Naval ▁Station ▁Great ▁L akes ▁in ▁Illinois ▁( same ▁location ▁as ▁Active ▁D ut y ▁training ) ▁and ▁qual ify ▁for ▁a ▁specific ▁b illet ▁( job ) ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁make ▁their ▁rate ▁permanent . ▁Very ▁few ▁ratings ▁are ▁available ▁to ▁non - p rior ▁service ▁personnel . ▁Based ▁upon ▁their ▁skill ▁sets , ▁members ▁will ▁enter ▁into ▁service ▁at ▁pay gr ades ▁E - 1 ▁through ▁E - 3 . ▁Although ▁non - p rior ▁service ▁rec ruits ▁are ▁paid ▁from ▁their ▁first ▁day ▁at ▁the ▁advanced ▁pay ▁grade , ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁entitled ▁to ▁wear ▁the ▁ins ign ia ▁sign ifying ▁their ▁rank ▁until ▁they ▁successfully ▁complete ▁boot ▁camp . ▁After ▁gradu ating |
▁from ▁boot ▁camp , ▁the ▁res erv ist ▁usually ▁trains ▁at ▁a ▁Navy ▁Oper ational ▁Support ▁Center ▁( N OS C ) ▁again ▁to ▁complete ▁the ▁final ▁" Ph ase ▁IV " ▁requirements . ▁After ▁that , ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁is ▁sent ▁to ▁a ▁reserve ▁unit . ▁ ▁Typ ically , ▁the ▁Res erv ist ▁is ▁required ▁to ▁dr ill ▁one ▁week end ▁every ▁month ▁and ▁spend ▁a ▁consecutive ▁two - week ▁period ▁every ▁year ▁at ▁a ▁regular ▁Navy ▁base ▁or ▁on ▁board ▁a ▁ship . ▁While ▁training ▁either ▁for ▁just ▁a ▁week end ▁or ▁during ▁the ▁two ▁weeks , ▁the ▁Res erv ist ▁is ▁on ▁active ▁duty ▁and ▁the ▁full ▁spectrum ▁of ▁rules ▁and ▁reg ulations , ▁including ▁the ▁Un iform ▁Code ▁of ▁Military ▁Justice , ▁apply . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁res erv ists ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁serve ▁simultaneously ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁naval ▁milit ia ▁of ▁their ▁state ▁of ▁residence ; ▁however , ▁when ▁called ▁into ▁federal ▁service , ▁res erv ists ▁are ▁rel ieved ▁from ▁service ▁and ▁duty ▁in ▁the ▁naval ▁milit ia ▁until ▁released ▁from ▁active ▁duty . ▁ ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁benefits ▁Medical ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁new ▁system , ▁dr illing ▁res erv ists ▁will ▁pay ▁$ 4 7 . 9 0 ▁a ▁month ▁for ▁self - only ▁coverage , ▁or ▁$ 2 1 0 . 8 3 ▁a ▁month ▁for ▁self ▁and ▁family ▁coverage . ▁This ▁rep laces ▁the ▁complex ▁qual ification ▁rules ▁previously ▁in ▁place ▁for ▁Res erv ists ▁receiving ▁Tr |
ic are ▁coverage . ▁With ▁the ▁new ▁rule , ▁the ▁only ▁requirement ▁is ▁being ▁in ▁Sel Res , ▁meaning ▁the ▁sail or ▁dr ills ▁one ▁week end ▁each ▁month . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Navy ▁Res erv ists ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁Mont gom ery ▁G . I . ▁Bill , ▁which ▁covers ▁gradu ate ▁and ▁under grad uate ▁degrees , ▁voc ational ▁and ▁technical ▁school ▁training ▁offered ▁by ▁an ▁inst itute ▁for ▁higher ▁learning ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁approved ▁for ▁G . I . ▁Bill ▁benefits , ▁tu ition ▁assistance , ▁and ▁lic ens ing ▁and ▁cert ification ▁testing ▁re imb urs ement . ▁On - the - job ▁training , ▁app rent ices hip , ▁correspond ence , ▁flight , ▁and ▁prepar atory ▁courses ▁might ▁also ▁be ▁covered . ▁With ▁more ▁than ▁ 9 0 ▁days ▁of ▁qual ifying ▁accum ulated ▁active ▁duty ▁service , ▁Navy ▁Res erv ists ▁can ▁qual ify ▁for ▁benefits ▁under ▁the ▁Post - 9 / 1 1 ▁G I ▁Bill . ▁ ▁In sur ance ▁Family ▁Serv ic em embers ' ▁Group ▁Life ▁In sur ance ▁( FS G LI ) ▁is ▁a ▁program ▁extended ▁to ▁the ▁sp ouses ▁and ▁dependent ▁children ▁of ▁members ▁ins ured ▁under ▁the ▁S G LI ▁program . ▁F SG LI ▁provides ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁$ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁of ▁ins urance ▁coverage ▁for ▁sp ouses , ▁not ▁to ▁exceed ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁S G LI ▁the ▁ins ured ▁member ▁has ▁in ▁force , ▁and ▁$ 1 |
0 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁dependent ▁children . ▁Sp ous al ▁coverage ▁is ▁issued ▁in ▁incre ments ▁of ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Comm iss ary ▁and ▁Exchange ▁Use ▁Res erv ists ▁and ▁immediate ▁family ▁members ▁with ▁dependent ▁ID ▁cards ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁shop ▁at ▁all ▁U . S . ▁military ▁base ▁comm iss aries ▁( super ▁mark ets ) ▁and ▁base / post ▁ex changes . ▁ ▁Tax ▁benefits ▁The ▁Hero es ▁Ear ning ▁Ass istance ▁and ▁Rel ief ▁Tax ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁( HE ART ) ▁makes ▁permanent ▁two ▁important ▁tax ▁code ▁prov isions ▁contained ▁in ▁the ▁P ension ▁Prote ction ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁first ▁provision ▁created ▁an ▁exception ▁for ▁mobil ized ▁Res erv ists ▁to ▁make ▁early ▁withdraw als ▁from ▁ret irement ▁plans ▁without ▁trigger ing ▁an ▁early ▁withdraw al ▁tax . ▁The ▁second ▁provision ▁allows ▁a ▁Res erv ist ▁who ▁received ▁a ▁qualified ▁distribution ▁to ▁contribute ▁the ▁funds ▁to ▁an ▁Ind ividual ▁Ret irement ▁Account ▁( I RA ), ▁during ▁the ▁two - year ▁period ▁beginning ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁active ▁duty ▁period . ▁The ▁I RA ▁doll ar ▁limitations ▁will ▁not ▁apply ▁to ▁any ▁contribution ▁made ▁following ▁this ▁special ▁rep ay ment ▁rule . ▁ ▁Job ▁security ▁ ▁The ▁Un iform ed ▁Services ▁Emp loyment ▁and ▁Re emp loyment ▁Rights ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁( USER RA ) ▁is ▁a ▁federal ▁law ▁intended ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁persons |
▁who ▁serve ▁or ▁have ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces , ▁Res erves , ▁National ▁Guard ▁or ▁other ▁" uniform ed ▁services " ▁are ▁not ▁dis adv ant aged ▁in ▁their ▁civil ian ▁care ers ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁service ; ▁are ▁prompt ly ▁re emp loy ed ▁in ▁their ▁civil ian ▁jobs ▁upon ▁their ▁return ▁from ▁duty ; ▁and ▁are ▁not ▁disc rimin ated ▁against ▁in ▁employ ment ▁based ▁on ▁past , ▁present , ▁or ▁future ▁military ▁service . ▁The ▁federal ▁government ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁" model ▁employ er " ▁under ▁US ER RA . ▁ ▁Prom ot ions ▁ ▁Res erv ists ▁receive ▁the ▁same ▁promotion ▁opportun ities ▁as ▁active ▁duty ▁sail ors ▁except ▁they ▁comp ete ▁against ▁other ▁Res erv ists . ▁ ▁Dis count s ▁Res erv ists ▁holding ▁their ▁military ▁ID ▁cards ▁are ▁also ▁entitled ▁to ▁receive ▁military ▁disc ount s ▁at ▁air lines , ▁restaur ants , ▁home ▁improvement ▁stores , ▁etc . ▁like ▁their ▁active ▁duty ▁counter parts . ▁ ▁Ret irement ▁ ▁Ret ired ▁Navy ▁Res erv ists ▁qual ify ▁for ▁V eter ans ▁Pre ference ▁if ▁mobil ized ▁under ▁US ▁Code , ▁Title ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁if ▁they ▁have ▁completed ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 8 0 ▁days ▁of ▁continuous ▁active ▁duty . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁At ▁least ▁three ▁characters ▁in ▁popular ▁TV ▁shows ▁were ▁officers ▁in ▁the ▁Navy ▁Reserve . ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁L t . Comm ander ▁Steve ▁McG ar rett ▁of ▁Hawai i ▁Five - O , ▁Captain ▁R . |
▁Qu in cy ▁of ▁Qu in cy , ▁M . E ., ▁and ▁L t . Comm ander ▁Thomas ▁Mag num ▁of ▁Mag num ▁P I . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁veter ans ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁the ▁Korean ▁War , ▁and ▁Vietnam , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁United ▁States ▁Military ▁Reserve ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Reserve ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁Reserve ▁United ▁States ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁Reserve ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁Reserve ▁United ▁States ▁National ▁Guard ▁Army ▁National ▁Guard ▁ ▁Air ▁National ▁Guard ▁Naval ▁and ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁Reserve ▁Center ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Today ' s ▁Military ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁The ▁U . S . ▁Un iform ed ▁Services ▁Bl ended ▁Ret irement ▁System ▁- ▁Reserve ▁Component ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁Rec ruit ing ▁Navy ▁Reserve ▁Official ▁Site ▁Navy ▁Person nel ▁Command ▁United ▁States ▁Mer chant ▁Marine ▁Academy ▁Emp loy er ▁Support ▁of ▁the ▁Guard ▁and ▁Reserve ▁( ES GR ) ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Ass istant ▁Secretary ▁of ▁Def ense ▁Reserve ▁Affairs ▁TR IC A RE ▁V eter ans ▁Affairs ▁Th rift ▁Sav ings ▁Plan ▁Mont gom ery ▁G . I . ▁Bill ▁Un iform ed ▁Services ▁Emp loyment ▁and ▁Re emp loyment ▁Rights ▁Act ▁" The ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁Dr ill " ▁( The ▁Illustr ated ▁American , ▁ 8 ▁August ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁article ▁describing ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁Naval ▁Reserve ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁and ▁first ▁New ▁York ▁dr ill ▁with ▁Navy .) ▁ ▁Reserve ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Navy ▁Reserve <0x0A> </s> ▁The |
▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁season ▁was ▁the ▁ 8 5 th ▁year ▁of ▁compet itive ▁s occer ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁National ▁team ▁ ▁Record ▁ ▁Results ▁The ▁home ▁team ▁or ▁the ▁team ▁that ▁is ▁designated ▁as ▁the ▁home ▁team ▁is ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁column ; ▁the ▁away ▁team ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁right ▁column . ▁ ▁Go als cor ers ▁ ▁League ▁tables ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Major ▁League ▁Soccer ▁▁ ▁Play offs ▁ ▁Best ▁of ▁Three ▁series ▁w inners ▁will ▁advance . ▁ ▁M LS ▁Cup ▁ ▁A - Le ague ▁▁ ▁N ortheast ▁Division ▁ ▁Atlantic ▁Division ▁ ▁Central ▁Division ▁ ▁Pacific ▁Division ▁ ▁L amar ▁H unt ▁U . S . ▁Open ▁Cup ▁ ▁Bra cket ▁Home ▁teams ▁listed ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁bra cket ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁American ▁clubs ▁in ▁international ▁compet itions ▁ ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Gal axy ▁ ▁D . C . ▁United ▁ ▁Seattle ▁Sound ers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁American ▁compet itions ▁at ▁R SS SF ▁ ▁American ▁national ▁team ▁matches ▁at ▁R SS SF ▁ ▁CON C AC AF ▁Champions ' ▁Cup ▁at ▁R SS SF ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 9 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Ind ividual ▁Long ▁Track ▁World ▁Championship ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁F IM ▁speed way ▁Ind ividual ▁Long ▁Track ▁World ▁Championship . ▁The ▁event ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁M üh ld orf , ▁West ▁Germany . ▁ ▁The ▁world ▁title ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Ivan ▁Mau |
ger ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁success ive ▁year . ▁ ▁Final ▁Classification ▁▁ ▁Key ▁ ▁E ▁= ▁El imin ated ▁( no ▁further ▁ride ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁West ▁Germany ▁Category : S ports ▁compet itions ▁in ▁West ▁Germany ▁Motor ▁Motor <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁No ble ▁M 1 5 ▁is ▁a ▁sports ▁car ▁designed ▁and ▁developed ▁by ▁No ble ▁Autom ot ive , ▁a ▁high - per formance ▁sports ▁car ▁manufact urer ▁based ▁in ▁Le ic esters hire , ▁England . ▁ ▁Production ▁of ▁the ▁M 1 5 ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁begin ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁No ble ▁M 1 5 ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁appeal ▁to ▁a ▁far ▁bro ader ▁market ▁than ▁the ▁M 1 2 - G TO 3 R ▁or ▁the ▁M 4 0 0 ▁and ▁comp ete ▁directly ▁with ▁the ▁Por sche ▁ 9 1 1 ▁Tur bo / GT - 3 ▁and ▁Ferr ari ▁F 4 3 0 . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁No ble ▁M 1 5 ▁has ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁features ▁not ▁previously ▁found ▁on ▁Nob les ▁such ▁as ▁satellite ▁navigation , ▁tra ction ▁control , ▁electric ▁windows ▁and ▁A BS . ▁ ▁No ble ▁founder ▁Lee ▁No ble ▁has ▁been ▁quoted ▁in ▁indicating ▁" the ▁M 1 2 ▁is ▁a ▁great ▁car , ▁but ▁it ' s ▁very ▁focused ▁and ▁[ he ] ▁wanted ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁super car ▁people ▁could ▁use ▁every ▁day ... ▁It ▁was ▁time ▁for |
▁No ble ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁big ▁step ▁up ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁ref in ement , ▁practical ity ▁and ▁style ." ▁ ▁Despite ▁increased ▁comfort ▁and ▁us ability ▁compared ▁to ▁previous ▁No ble ▁cars , ▁Lee ▁No ble ▁has ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁M 1 5 ▁is ▁significantly ▁quick er ▁than ▁the ▁M 4 0 0 ▁around ▁a ▁race ▁track . ▁ ▁The ▁car ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁brand ▁new ▁platform ▁with ▁a ▁longitud in ally - mount ed ▁engine ▁connected ▁to ▁a ▁bes po ke ▁g ear box ▁created ▁by ▁Gra z iano . ▁The ▁double ▁wish bone ▁susp ension ▁is ▁a ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁mounted ▁on ▁the ▁M 4 0 0 . ▁Mount ing ▁the ▁engine ▁longitud in ally ▁( r ather ▁than ▁trans vers ely ▁as ▁on ▁the ▁M 4 0 0 ) ▁allowed ▁the ▁engine ▁design ers ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁cool ing ▁flow ▁to ▁the ▁engine , ▁which ▁allows ▁the ▁ ▁tw in - t ur bo ▁Ford ▁Dur ate c ▁V 6 ▁engine ▁to ▁develop ▁. ▁The ▁engine ▁has ▁been ▁designed ▁to ▁meet ▁European ▁emission ▁standards ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁steel / al umin ium ▁space ▁frame ▁has ▁been ▁designed ▁with ▁a ▁view ▁to ▁passing ▁crash ▁test ▁reg ulations ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁M 1 5 ▁is ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁No ble ▁which ▁g ains ▁European ▁and ▁US ▁type ▁appro val . ▁ ▁Like ▁all ▁the ▁No ble ▁M ▁models , ▁the ▁M 1 5 ▁has ▁a ▁steel ▁space frame ▁and ▁roll ▁c age ▁covered ▁with |
▁graph ite - re in for ced ▁pl astic ▁body ▁pan elling , ▁vent il ated ▁disc ▁bra kes ▁front ▁and ▁rear , ▁but ▁unlike ▁the ▁previous ▁models ▁is ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁grand ▁tour er / every day ▁sports ▁car ▁( an ▁example ▁of ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁now - def unct ▁H onda ▁NS X ) ▁rather ▁than ▁an ▁all - out ▁track ▁day ▁car . ▁ ▁The ▁No ble ▁M 1 5 ▁acceler ates ▁from ▁ 0 - ▁in ▁ 3 . 4 ▁seconds ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁top ▁speed ▁of ▁. ▁Its ▁body ▁shape ▁is ▁a ▁coup é ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁ 2 ▁seats . ▁In ▁Britain ▁it ▁costs ▁£ 7 4 , 9 5 0 . ▁ ▁When ▁it ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁popular ▁British ▁car ▁TV ▁show ▁Top ▁G ear , ▁it ▁was ▁driven ▁by ▁Richard ▁Hamm ond ▁who ▁pra ised ▁its ▁handling ▁(" it ▁just ▁g ri ps ▁and ▁g ri ps , ▁and ▁then ▁there ' s ▁a ▁tiny ▁little ▁bit ▁of ▁under ste er ▁to ▁tell ▁you ▁you ' re ▁being ▁a ▁bit ▁of ▁a ▁sp anner .") ▁When ▁it ▁was ▁handed ▁over ▁to ▁Top ▁G ear ' s ▁' t ame ▁racing ▁driver ', ▁The ▁St ig , ▁it ▁completed ▁a ▁lap ▁of ▁their ▁circuit ▁in ▁ 1 : 2 2 . 5 , ▁a ▁time ▁faster ▁than ▁a ▁Ferr ari ▁F 4 3 0 ▁( 1 : 2 2 . 9 ), ▁and ▁an ▁A udi ▁R 8 ▁( 1 : 2 |
4 . 4 ). ▁It ▁was ▁pra ised ▁by ▁Jer emy ▁Clark son , ▁who ▁called ▁it ▁" one ▁of ▁those ▁Gi ant ▁Kill ers ." ▁ ▁The ▁M 1 5 ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁No ble ▁M 6 0 0 ▁in ▁mid - 2 0 1 1 , ▁when ▁all ▁production ▁on ▁the ▁M 1 5 ▁stopped . ▁ ▁D riv et rain ▁This ▁No ble ▁M 1 5 ▁has ▁a ▁longitud in ally - mount ed ▁rear ▁mid - engine , ▁rear - w heel - drive ▁layout ; ▁ch ass is ▁made ▁of ▁composite ▁body ▁steel ▁space ▁frame ; ▁double ▁wish bone ▁susp ension , ▁co il ▁spr ings , ▁gas ▁press ur ised ▁d amp ers ; ▁ste ering ▁ra ck - and - pin ion , ▁power ▁assist ed , ▁speed ▁sensitive ; ▁vent il ated ▁disc ▁bra kes ▁all - round ; ▁weight ▁; ▁L ength ▁/ ▁Width ▁/ ▁Height ▁ 4 , 2 7 0 ▁mm ▁( 1 6 8 . 1 ▁in ) ▁/ ▁ 1 , 8 5 0 ▁mm ▁( 7 2 . 8 ▁in ) ▁/ ▁ 1 , 1 1 6 ▁mm ▁( 4 3 . 9 ▁in ); ▁W heel base ▁/ ▁Track ▁( fr / r ) ▁ 2 , 4 3 8 ▁mm ▁( 9 6 ▁in ) ▁/ ▁ 1 , 5 9 4 ▁mm ▁( 6 2 . 8 ▁in ) ▁/ ▁ 1 , 5 0 3 ▁mm ▁( 5 9 . 2 ▁in ). |
▁ ▁Engine ▁The ▁No ble ▁M 1 5 ▁has ▁a ▁tw in - t ur bo ▁ ▁Ford ▁Dur ate c ▁V 6 ▁which ▁produces ▁ ▁at ▁ 6 8 0 0 ▁r pm ▁and ▁ ▁at ▁ 4 8 0 0 ▁r pm ▁of ▁tor que , ▁can ▁acceler ate ▁it ▁from ▁ 0 - ▁in ▁ 3 . 3 ▁seconds ▁and ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁a ▁top ▁speed ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Trans mission ▁The ▁car ▁has ▁a ▁ 6 - speed ▁manual ▁transmission ▁as ▁standard . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁M 1 5 ▁home page ▁ ▁M 1 5 ▁Category : S ports ▁cars ▁Category : C ars ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Category : R ear ▁mid - engine , ▁rear - w heel - drive ▁vehicles <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁dioc ese ▁is ▁the ▁basic ▁regional ▁unit ▁of ▁many ▁churches . ▁The ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁( each ▁head ed ▁by ▁a ▁Bishop ▁of ▁New ▁York ) ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Epis cop al ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁in ▁America ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁S emp ill , ▁ 2 nd ▁Lord ▁S emp ill ▁( d ied ▁ 1 5 5 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish ▁lord ▁and ▁Sher iff ▁of ▁Ren f rew shire . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁William ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁S emp ill , ▁ 1 st ▁Lord ▁S emp |
ill ▁and ▁Margaret ▁Col ville , ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁La ird ▁of ▁O ch ilt ree . ▁John ▁was ▁killed ▁at ▁Fl od den ▁in ▁ 1 5 1 3 , ▁while ▁William ▁was ▁still ▁a ▁minor ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁made ▁Lord ▁S emp ill ▁until ▁ 1 5 1 5 . ▁ ▁Fe ud ing ▁When ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁Alb any ▁returned ▁to ▁Scotland ▁as ▁governor ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 5 2 3 , ▁he ▁sent ▁from ▁D umb art on ▁Castle ▁to ▁Lord ▁S emp ill ▁for ▁ox en ▁to ▁pull ▁the ▁new ▁guns ▁brought ▁from ▁France . ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁father , ▁William ▁continued ▁a ▁fe ud ▁with ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁Glen ca ir n ▁and ▁the ▁C unning ham ▁family . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 5 2 7 , ▁he ▁and ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁Cass ill is ▁were ▁declared ▁tra itors . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 0 , ▁William ▁had ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁Lord ▁High ▁Tre as urer ▁of ▁Scotland ▁£ 6 6 - 1 3 s - 4 d ▁as ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁a ▁p ardon ▁or ▁a ▁rem ission ▁for ▁a ▁crime ▁committed ▁by ▁himself ▁and ▁his ▁friends . ▁ ▁Family ▁William ' s ▁first ▁wife , ▁was ▁Lady ▁Margaret ▁Mont gom ery , ▁el dest ▁daughter ▁of ▁Hugh ▁Mont gom erie , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁E gl inton . ▁Margaret ▁Mont gom ery ▁was ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Robert ▁II ▁of ▁Scotland ▁through ▁ 5 ▁gener ations . ▁So |
▁descend ants ▁of ▁this ▁marriage ▁are ▁desc ended ▁from ▁many ▁Scottish ▁monarch s ▁up ▁to ▁Robert ▁II , ▁and ▁also ▁from ▁Ang lo - S ax on ▁k ings ▁( through ▁the ▁marriage ▁of ▁Mal col m ▁III ▁of ▁Scotland ▁to ▁Saint ▁Margaret ▁of ▁Scotland ). ▁ ▁The ▁marriage ▁was ▁comm emor ated ▁with ▁car ved ▁stone ▁her ald ry ▁at ▁Castle ▁Sem ple ▁Colleg iate ▁Church . ▁Second ly , ▁William ▁married ▁Elizabeth ▁Ar not , ▁third ly ▁William ▁married ▁Mari ota ▁or ▁Mar ion ▁Mont gom ery , ▁daughter ▁of ▁John ▁Mont gom erie ▁of ▁H ess il head . ▁ ▁Mar ion ▁Mont gom ery ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁married ▁to ▁C raw f urd ▁of ▁Auch in arm es , ▁her ▁el dest ▁son ▁John ▁C raw f urd ▁was ▁killed ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁P ink ie ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 7 . ▁After ▁William ▁S emp ill ' s ▁death , ▁she ▁married ▁John ▁Campbell ▁of ▁Sk ip n ish , ▁their ▁daughter ▁Jean ▁was ▁an ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁Mar quis ▁of ▁B ute . ▁ ▁William ' s ▁el dest ▁son ▁with ▁Lady ▁Margaret , ▁Robert , ▁Master ▁of ▁S emp ill , ▁served ▁at ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁James ▁V ▁of ▁Scotland ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁first ▁cousin ▁William , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Gabriel ▁S emp ill ▁of ▁Lad ym ure ▁and ▁C ath cart . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 5 3 4 ▁Robert ▁had ▁reached ▁his ▁majority , ▁and ▁James ▁V ▁exact ed ▁a ▁financial |
▁penalty ▁for ▁his ▁" non - entry " ▁to ▁the ▁Sem ple ▁lands . ▁ ▁Other ▁children ▁include ; ▁ ▁David ▁S emp ill ▁of ▁Cra igin fe och ▁ ▁Helen ▁S emp ill , ▁married ▁All an , ▁Lord ▁C ath cart , ▁who ▁was ▁killed ▁at ▁P ink ie . ▁ ▁Mar ion ▁S emp ill , ▁married ▁St ir ling ▁of ▁Ke ir . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 5 2 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Scottish ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁unknown ▁Category : L ords ▁of ▁Parliament ▁( pre - 1 7 0 7 ) ▁Category : L ords ▁S emp ill <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Clark ▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Scottish ▁s occer ▁coach ▁and ▁former ▁professional ▁player ▁who ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Washington . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁James ▁" J am ie " ▁Clark ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁in ▁Aber de en , ▁Scotland . ▁His ▁father ▁is ▁former ▁player ▁Bobby ▁Clark . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁College ▁career ▁Clark , ▁a ▁def ender , ▁played ▁his ▁fresh man ▁season ▁of ▁college ▁s occer ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁before ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁Stan ford ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁Clark ▁was ▁selected ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁M LS ▁College ▁D raft ▁by ▁the |
▁San ▁Jose ▁Cl ash . ▁Clark ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁San ▁Jose ▁before ▁he ▁had ▁graduated ▁from ▁college , ▁and ▁played ▁in ▁twenty ▁consecutive ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁during ▁his ▁first ▁season . ▁Clark ▁made ▁ 3 4 ▁league ▁appearances ▁in ▁total ▁for ▁San ▁Jose . ▁While ▁at ▁San ▁Jose , ▁Clark ▁spent ▁a ▁brief ▁loan ▁spell ▁at ▁Scottish ▁side ▁Aber de en , ▁although ▁he ▁never ▁made ▁a ▁league ▁appearance ▁at ▁the ▁club . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁one ▁game ▁on ▁loan ▁to ▁M LS ▁Pro ▁ 4 0 ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁US L ▁A - Le ague ▁season . ▁Clark ▁spent ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁two - and - a - half ▁seasons ▁playing ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Soccer , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Scotland ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁F alk irk ▁and ▁Ra ith ▁Ro vers , ▁before ▁being ▁forced ▁to ▁ret ire ▁from ▁playing ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁gro in ▁injury . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁career ▁Clark ▁was ▁an ▁assistant ▁coach ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Mexico ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁and ▁an ▁assistant ▁coach ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Clark ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁Harvard ▁University ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁led ▁the ▁C rim son ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 6 – 1 0 – 1 ▁record ▁in ▁his ▁two ▁years ▁there , ▁ear ning ▁b ids ▁to ▁the ▁NCAA |
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