text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
iente ering ▁compet itor ▁H å vard ▁V ad ▁Peters son ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁Norwegian ▁cur ler ▁ ▁S urname : ▁Alexandre ▁Hav ard , ▁author ▁of ▁V irt uous ▁Le ad ership ▁— ▁An ▁Ag enda ▁for ▁Personal ▁Ex cell ence ▁D ai ▁Hav ard ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 0 ), ▁British ▁Labour ▁Party ▁politician ▁and ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁F loyd ▁Hav ard ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁British ▁super - fe ather weight ▁box ing ▁champion ▁Ken ny ▁Hav ard ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ), ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Louisiana ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Michel ▁Hav ard ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁France ▁Peter ▁Hav ard - Will iams ▁( 1 9 2 2 – 1 9 9 5 ), ▁Wel sh ▁li br arian ▁and ▁library ▁educ ator ▁René ▁Hav ard ▁( 1 9 2 3 – 1 9 8 7 ), ▁French ▁film ▁actor ▁Robert ▁Hav ard ▁( 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 8 5 ), ▁the ▁phys ician ▁of ▁C . S . ▁Lewis ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Joy ▁G res ham ▁Val ery ▁Hav ard ▁( 1 8 4 6 – 1 9 2 7 ), ▁career ▁army ▁officer , ▁phys ician , ▁author , ▁and ▁botan ist ▁William ▁Thomas ▁Hav ard ▁MC ▁( 1 8 8 9 – 1 9 5 6 ), ▁Wel sh ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁military ▁chap lain ▁and ▁rugby ▁union ▁international |
▁player ▁ ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁mascul ine ▁given ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁K EE F - TV , ▁channel ▁ 6 8 , ▁was ▁a ▁short - l ived ▁public ▁television ▁station ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California . ▁It ▁operated ▁briefly ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁but ▁was ▁shut ▁down ▁after ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁of ▁operation ▁and ▁its ▁non - com mer cial ▁educational ▁broadcast ▁license ▁ultimately ▁rev oked . ▁ ▁It ▁replaced ▁K V ST - TV , ▁a ▁television ▁broad c aster ▁which ▁broadcast ▁on ▁channel ▁ 6 8 ▁for ▁less ▁than ▁two ▁years . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁As ▁K V ST - TV ▁ ▁Channel ▁ 6 8 ▁was ▁used ▁originally ▁by ▁the ▁V iewer ▁Sp ons ored ▁Television ▁Foundation ▁as ▁K V ST - TV : ▁a ▁television ▁station ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁which ▁broadcast ▁from ▁May ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁through ▁December ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁After ▁K C ET ▁originally ▁went ▁on ▁the ▁air ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁its ▁own ers , ▁Community ▁Television ▁of ▁Southern ▁California , ▁had ▁sought ▁Los ▁Angeles ' ▁second ▁non - com mer cial ▁television ▁allocation ▁on ▁U H F ▁channel ▁ 5 8 . ▁The ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Un ified ▁School ▁District ▁and ▁the ▁V iewer ▁Sp ons ored ▁Television ▁Foundation ▁had ▁also ▁file d ▁applications ▁for ▁the ▁channel . ▁Event ually , ▁the ▁F CC ▁gave ▁the ▁construction ▁permit ▁for ▁channel ▁ 5 8 |
▁to ▁the ▁School ▁District ▁to ▁build ▁K L CS , ▁a ▁secondary ▁P BS ▁member ▁station ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁F CC , ▁however , ▁was ▁im pressed ▁with ▁the ▁public ▁television ▁concept ▁of ▁the ▁V iewer ▁Sp ons ored ▁Television ▁Foundation ▁and ▁allocated ▁a ▁third ▁non - com mer cial ▁channel ▁( U H F ▁ 6 8 ) ▁to ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁so ▁that ▁a ▁construction ▁permit ▁could ▁be ▁awarded ▁to ▁build ▁and ▁launch ▁K V ST . ▁ ▁K V ST ▁signed ▁on ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁Bil led ▁as ▁a ▁significant ▁experiment ▁in ▁using ▁television ▁to ▁promote ▁social ▁change , ▁K V ST - TV ▁operated ▁by ▁checking ▁out ▁port able ▁video ▁record ers ▁( the ▁only ▁type ▁which ▁existed ▁then ▁was ▁the ▁Sony ▁Port ap ak , ▁a ▁ 1 / 2 " ▁re el - to - re el ▁machine ▁with ▁a ▁separate ▁camera ) ▁to ▁community ▁organizations ▁which ▁were ▁" on ▁the ▁cutting ▁edge ▁of ▁social ▁change ". ▁M embers ▁of ▁these ▁organizations ▁would ▁document ▁their ▁meet ings ▁and ▁pro active ▁solutions ▁to ▁various ▁issues ▁within ▁the ▁communities ▁which ▁they ▁served . ▁This ▁material ▁would ▁then ▁be ▁edited ▁into ▁view able ▁TV ▁programs ▁for ▁broadcast . ▁ ▁The ▁aim ▁was ▁to ▁" put ▁television ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁people " ▁inside ▁a ▁major ▁TV ▁market , ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁a ▁for er un ner ▁of ▁today ' s ▁public - access ▁television . ▁Trad itionally , ▁such |
▁programming ▁could ▁be ▁found ▁mainly ▁on ▁local ▁cable ▁TV . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁K V ST ' s ▁notable ▁programs ▁included ▁the ▁first ▁television ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁wave ▁rock ▁group ▁O ingo ▁Bo ingo ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁technical ▁problems ▁( such ▁as ▁transm itting ▁the ▁audio ▁channel ▁too ▁high ▁from ▁the ▁video ▁channel ), ▁under fund ing ▁and ▁constant ▁internal ▁political ▁str ife ▁( the ▁station ▁went ▁through ▁three ▁man ag ements ▁in ▁its ▁short ▁lif es pan ), ▁K V ST ▁signed - off ▁after ▁only ▁ 1 9 ▁months ▁on ▁the ▁air . ▁The ▁channel ▁would ▁remain ▁dark ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁de cade . ▁ ▁As ▁K EE F - TV ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁Federal ▁Communic ations ▁Commission ▁( F CC ) ▁author ized ▁the ▁Black ▁Television ▁Work shop ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁non - com mer cial ▁TV ▁station ▁on ▁channel ▁ 6 8 ▁in ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁area . ▁The ▁station , ▁which ▁was ▁orient ed ▁to ▁black ▁and ▁His pan ic ▁view ers , ▁went ▁on ▁the ▁air ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁as ▁K D DE , ▁changed ▁its ▁call ▁letters ▁to ▁K EE F - TV ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁shut ▁down ▁on ▁August ▁ 8 ▁by ▁the ▁F CC ' s ▁Mass ▁Media ▁Bureau . ▁ ▁Most ▁view ers ▁were ▁una ware ▁of ▁K D DE / KE EF , ▁as ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁never ▁listed |
▁in ▁TV ▁Guide ▁or ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times ▁TV ▁list ings . ▁ ▁The ▁Bureau ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁the ▁station ▁had ▁used ▁different ▁anten nas ▁and ▁anten na ▁height ▁than ▁what ▁was ▁author ized ▁by ▁the ▁F CC . ▁Later , ▁other ▁questions ▁about ▁the ▁broad c aster ▁arose ▁( including ▁a ▁dispute ▁over ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁station ), ▁and ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Black ▁Television ▁Work shop ' s ▁permit ▁was ▁rev oked . ▁ ▁Dem ise ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁an ▁article ▁appearing ▁in ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times ▁Calendar ▁section , ▁un success ful ▁efforts ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁to ▁restart ▁Channel ▁ 6 8 ▁as ▁a ▁His pan ic ▁Christian ▁TV ▁station . ▁ ▁Channel ▁ 6 8 ▁was ▁last ▁used ▁in ▁Southern ▁California ▁by ▁K R CA - DT , ▁a ▁digital ▁sim ul cast ▁of ▁K R CA ▁( channel ▁ 6 2 ) ▁in ▁R ivers ide , ▁California . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁digital ▁television ▁transition , ▁channel ▁ 6 8 ▁was ▁outside ▁the ▁author ized ▁band ▁for ▁television ▁broadcast ing ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ; ▁K R CA ▁now ▁transm its ▁on ▁channel ▁ 3 5 . ▁ ▁Pl ans ▁for ▁the ▁digital ▁transition ▁did ▁not ▁include ▁a ▁digital ▁replacement ▁channel ▁for ▁the ▁former ▁channel ▁ 6 8 ▁allocation ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁F CC ▁review ▁denied ▁- ▁ 1 |
9 9 4 ▁ ▁E EF - TV ▁Category : Def unct ▁terrest rial ▁television ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh endi ▁Airport ▁is ▁an ▁air port ▁serving ▁Sh endi ▁in ▁Sud an . ▁ ▁Category : A ir ports ▁in ▁Sud an <0x0A> </s> ▁P uy - du - L ac ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Char ente - Mar itime ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁Nouvelle - A qu itaine ▁region ▁in ▁south western ▁France . ▁ ▁Geography ▁The ▁river ▁B out onne ▁forms ▁the ▁commune ' s ▁sout he astern ▁and ▁southern ▁borders . ▁ ▁Population ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁Char ente - Mar itime ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁P uy - du - L ac ▁on ▁the ▁Qu id ▁site ▁ ▁Location ▁of ▁P uy - du - L ac ▁on ▁the ▁map ▁of ▁France ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Char ente - Mar itime ▁Category : Char ente - Mar itime ▁communes ▁articles ▁need ing ▁translation ▁from ▁French ▁Wikipedia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁Australia , ▁officially ▁called ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Co at ▁of ▁Ar ms , ▁is ▁the ▁formal ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Australia . ▁A ▁shield , ▁dep ict ing ▁symbols ▁of ▁Australia ' s ▁six ▁states , ▁is ▁held ▁up ▁by |
▁the ▁native ▁Australian ▁animals ▁the ▁k ang ar oo ▁and ▁the ▁em u . ▁The ▁seven - point ed ▁Commonwealth ▁Star ▁sur mount ing ▁the ▁cr est ▁also ▁represents ▁the ▁states ▁and ▁territ ories , ▁while ▁fl oral ▁em blem s ▁appear ▁below ▁the ▁shield . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁arms ▁were ▁author ised ▁by ▁King ▁Edward ▁VII ▁on ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁version ▁by ▁King ▁George ▁V ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁although ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁version ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁some ▁context s , ▁not ably ▁appearing ▁on ▁the ▁reverse ▁of ▁the ▁six pen ny ▁coin . ▁ ▁Design ▁The ▁esc ut che on ▁is ▁the ▁foc al ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁coat ▁of ▁arms , ▁contained ▁within ▁is ▁the ▁bad ge ▁of ▁each ▁Australian ▁state , ▁the ▁whole ▁surrounded ▁by ▁an ▁er mine ▁border ▁representing ▁the ▁feder ation ▁of ▁the ▁states . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁top ▁half , ▁from ▁left ▁to ▁right , ▁the ▁states ▁represented ▁are : ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Victoria ▁and ▁Queensland . ▁In ▁the ▁bottom ▁half , ▁from ▁left ▁to ▁right : ▁South ▁Australia , ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁and ▁Tas mania . ▁A bove ▁the ▁shield ▁is ▁the ▁seven - point ed ▁Commonwealth ▁Star ▁or ▁Star ▁of ▁Federation ▁above ▁a ▁blue ▁and ▁gold ▁w re ath , ▁forming ▁the ▁cr est . ▁Six ▁of ▁the ▁points ▁on ▁the ▁star ▁represent ▁the ▁original ▁six ▁states , ▁while ▁the ▁sevent h ▁point |
▁represents ▁the ▁combined ▁territ ories ▁and ▁any ▁future ▁states ▁of ▁Australia . ▁In ▁its ▁entire ty ▁the ▁shield ▁represents ▁the ▁feder ation ▁of ▁Australia . ▁ ▁The ▁red ▁K ang ar oo ▁and ▁em u ▁that ▁support ▁the ▁shield ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁designated ▁as ▁official ▁animal ▁em blem s ▁of ▁the ▁nation . ▁They ▁o we ▁their ▁uno fficial ▁recognition ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁en demic ▁Australian ▁fa una ▁( found ▁only ▁on ▁that ▁continent ), ▁and ▁likely ▁chosen ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁well - known ▁native ▁Australian ▁animals ▁large ▁enough ▁to ▁be ▁position ed ▁together ▁in ▁scale ▁holding ▁up ▁the ▁shield . ▁They ▁were ▁chosen ▁to ▁symbol ise ▁a ▁nation ▁moving ▁forward , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁neither ▁animal ▁can ▁move ▁backwards ▁easily ▁– ▁i . e . ▁symbol ising ▁progress . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁k ang ar oo ▁is , ▁and ▁must ▁be ▁seen ▁to ▁be , ▁male . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁background ▁is ▁w re ath ▁of ▁golden ▁w attle , ▁the ▁official ▁national ▁fl oral ▁em blem , ▁though ▁the ▁representation ▁of ▁the ▁species ▁is ▁not ▁botan ically ▁accurate . ▁At ▁the ▁bottom ▁is ▁a ▁scroll ▁that ▁contains ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁nation . ▁Ne ither ▁the ▁w re ath ▁of ▁w attle ▁nor ▁the ▁scroll ▁are ▁techn ically ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁design , ▁because ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁described ▁on ▁the ▁Royal ▁W arr ant ▁that ▁gr ants ▁the ▁arm orial ▁design . ▁ ▁Bla zon ▁ ▁The ▁official ▁bla zon ▁of |
▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁ ▁was ▁included ▁within ▁a ▁Royal ▁W arr ant ▁of ▁King ▁George ▁V ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁making ▁the ▁Ar ms ▁officially ▁adopted . ▁The ▁bla zon ▁is ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁feder ation ▁of ▁Australia , ▁the ▁first ▁official ▁ ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁Australia ▁was ▁granted ▁by ▁King ▁Edward ▁VII ▁on ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁The ▁original ▁design ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 8 0 5 ▁Bow man ▁Flag , ▁which ▁showed ▁the ▁rose , ▁sh am rock ▁and ▁th ist le ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁k ang ar oo ▁and ▁em u . ▁▁ ▁It ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁shield ▁in ▁the ▁centre , ▁the ▁seven ▁pointed ▁star ▁on ▁a ▁w re ath ▁as ▁the ▁cr est ▁above ▁it , ▁and ▁a ▁k ang ar oo ▁and ▁an ▁em u ▁using ▁its ▁foot ▁to ▁help ▁the ▁k ang ar oo ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁shield , ▁all ▁on ▁a ▁bed ▁of ▁green ▁grass ▁with ▁a ▁scroll ▁containing ▁the ▁mot to ▁" Ad v ance ▁Australia ". ▁The ▁selection ▁of ▁the ▁k ang ar oo , ▁the ▁em u ▁and ▁the ▁words , ▁" Ad v ance ▁Australia " ▁was ▁tied ▁together ▁symbol ically . ▁The ▁shield ▁had ▁a ▁white ▁background , ▁with ▁a ▁red ▁cross ▁of ▁Saint ▁George , ▁blue ▁lines ▁outside ▁the ▁cross , ▁and ▁a ▁blue ▁border ▁containing ▁six ▁in es cut che ons ▁featuring ▁a ▁red ▁che |
v ron ▁on ▁white , ▁representing ▁the ▁six ▁states . ▁The ▁Scottish ▁Patri otic ▁Association ▁was ▁voc ally ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁shield ' s ▁design , ▁not ing ▁that ▁it ▁should ▁display ▁the ▁Union ▁Jack ▁to ▁represent ▁British ▁and ▁Irish ▁sett lers . ▁These ▁arms ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁and ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁six p ence ▁coin ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁and ▁the ▁three p ence , ▁sh illing ▁and ▁flor in ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁arms ▁were ▁red es igned ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁and ▁officially ▁granted ▁by ▁George ▁V ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 2 . ▁The ▁red es ign ▁sp ur red ▁much ▁debate ▁in ▁Parliament . ▁The ▁Member ▁for ▁W ent worth , ▁Will ie ▁Kelly , ▁said : ▁" The ▁em u ▁and ▁k ang ar oo ▁are ▁so ▁built ▁that ▁they ▁hardly ▁fit ▁into ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁atmosphere , ▁and ▁I ▁think ▁we ▁make ▁ourselves ▁rid icul ous ▁when ▁we ▁endeav our ▁to ▁carry ▁on ▁the ▁trad itions ▁of ▁the ▁Old ▁World ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁wild ▁cre ations ▁of ▁our ▁Australian ▁fa una ." ▁ ▁Despite ▁ob jections , ▁the ▁k ang ar oo ▁and ▁em u ▁now ▁not ▁having ▁its ▁leg ▁up ▁remained ▁the ▁shield ▁bear ers ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁and ▁were ▁modified ▁to ▁appear ▁more ▁real istic |
. ▁The ▁principal ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁red es ign ▁was ▁the ▁concern ▁that ▁Australia ' s ▁states ▁were ▁not ▁individually ▁represented ; ▁that ▁was ▁achieved ▁by ▁showing ▁each ▁state ' s ▁her ald ic ▁bad ge ▁on ▁the ▁shield . ▁The ▁new ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁removed ▁the ▁bed ▁of ▁grass ▁beneath ▁the ▁shield ▁and ▁changed ▁the ▁scroll ▁to ▁read ▁simply ▁" Austral ia ". ▁The ▁colours ▁in ▁the ▁w re ath ▁were ▁also ▁changed ▁from ▁blue ▁and ▁white ▁to ▁blue ▁and ▁gold . ▁A ▁background ▁of ▁two ▁sp ray s ▁of ▁golden ▁w attle ▁was ▁added , ▁but ▁it ▁has ▁never ▁been ▁an ▁official ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁arm orial ▁bear ings , ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁golden ▁w attle ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁Australia ' s ▁national ▁flower ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁by ▁the ▁Governor - General ▁Sir ▁Nin ian ▁Stephen . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁each ▁state ' s ▁bad ge ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Great ▁Se al ▁of ▁Australia , ▁introduced ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁where ▁they ▁surrounded ▁the ▁UK ▁Royal ▁Ar ms ; ▁according ▁to ▁Charles ▁R . ▁W yl ie , ▁bad ges ▁were ▁used ▁because ▁South ▁Australia ▁and ▁Western ▁Australia ▁did ▁not ▁yet ▁have ▁co ats ▁of ▁arms . ▁ ▁Use ▁The ▁Commonwealth ▁Co at ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁is ▁the ▁formal ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Australia ▁that ▁sign ifies ▁Commonwealth ▁authority ▁and ▁ownership . ▁The ▁Ar ms ▁are ▁used ▁by ▁Australian ▁Government ▁depart |
ments ▁and ▁ag encies , ▁stat ut ory ▁and ▁non - stat ut ory ▁authorities , ▁the ▁Parliament ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁courts ▁and ▁trib un als . ▁Sen ators ▁and ▁Federal ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Parliament ▁may ▁also ▁use ▁the ▁Ar ms ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁their ▁duties ▁as ▁Parliament ari ans . ▁The ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁should ▁never ▁be ▁used ▁where ▁it ▁could ▁wrong ly ▁imply ▁a ▁formal ▁guarantee , ▁spons or ship ▁or ▁end ors ement ▁by ▁the ▁Commonwealth . ▁Use ▁of ▁the ▁arms ▁by ▁private ▁citizens ▁or ▁organis ations ▁is ▁rarely ▁permitted ; ▁however , ▁there ▁are ▁prov isions ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁sport ing ▁bodies ▁and ▁in ▁educational ▁publications . ▁Use ▁of ▁the ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁without ▁permission ▁may ▁be ▁in ▁bre ach ▁of ▁Se ctions ▁ 5 3 ▁( c ) ▁( d ) ▁and ▁( e ) ▁of ▁the ▁Trade ▁Pract ices ▁Act ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁Section ▁ 1 4 5 . 1 ▁of ▁the ▁C riminal ▁Code ▁Act ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁or ▁Section ▁ 3 9 ( 2 ) ▁of ▁the ▁Trade ▁Mark s ▁Act ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁The ▁import ▁of ▁goods ▁bearing ▁the ▁arms ▁is ▁also ▁illegal ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Custom s ▁( Pro hib ited ▁Im ports ) ▁Reg ulations . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁full ▁colour ▁version ▁and ▁nine ▁her ald ically ▁correct ▁official ▁versions ▁exist ▁for ▁single - col our ▁reprodu ction . ▁ ▁The ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁is ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ' |
s ▁Personal ▁Australian ▁Flag , ▁and ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁a ▁slightly ▁modified ▁version ▁has ▁formed ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Se al ▁of ▁Australia . ▁ ▁The ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁bad ge ▁of ▁rank ▁for ▁W arr ant ▁Offic ers ▁Class ▁ 1 ▁( Ar my ) ▁and ▁W arr ant ▁Officer ▁( N avy ▁and ▁Air ▁Force ). ▁A ▁more ▁st yl ised ▁version ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁bad ge ▁of ▁rank ▁for ▁W arr ant ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Navy , ▁Regiment al ▁Serge ant ▁Major ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁and ▁W arr ant ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Air ▁Force . ▁ ▁States ▁and ▁territ ories ▁ ▁C ities ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Ab original ▁flag ▁ ▁Flag ▁of ▁Australia ▁ ▁National ▁colours ▁of ▁Australia ▁ ▁R ising ▁Sun ▁( bad ge ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁with ▁more ▁information ▁ ▁National ▁Archives ▁of ▁Australia . ▁Pap ers ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Co at ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁ ▁Online ▁Ex hib ition ▁comm emor ating ▁the ▁Cent en ary ▁of ▁the ▁NS W ▁Co at ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁ 1 9 0 6 – 2 0 0 6 ▁The ▁designer ▁of ▁the ▁NS W ▁Co at ▁of ▁Ar ms , ▁William ▁Gul lick , ▁was ▁also ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Co at ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁ ▁Australia ▁Australia ▁Category : National ▁symbols ▁of ▁Australia ▁Australia ▁Australia ▁Australia ▁Australia ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁Mod er ation ▁and ▁Development ▁Party ▁() ▁is ▁a |
▁political ▁party ▁in ▁Iran . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁p rag m atic - cent rist ▁political ▁party ▁which ▁held ▁its ▁first ▁con gress ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Platform ▁The ▁party ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁fa ction ▁called ▁" mod ern ist ▁right ", ▁" mod er ate ▁reform ists " ▁and ▁" techn ocr ats " ▁that ▁draw s ▁from ▁upper - level ▁b ureau cr ats , ▁industrial ists ▁and ▁man agers . ▁It ▁de als ▁with ▁a ▁platform ▁on ▁modern ization ▁and ▁economic ▁growth ▁rather ▁than ▁social ▁justice , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Exec ut ives ▁of ▁Const ruction ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁Labour ▁Party . ▁ ▁The ▁party ▁has ▁been ▁al lied ▁with ▁Popular ▁Co al ition ▁of ▁Re forms ▁and ▁Per vas ive ▁Co al ition ▁of ▁Reform ists ▁in ▁parliament ary ▁elections ▁and ▁has ▁had ▁good ▁relations ▁with ▁both ▁Moh amm ad ▁K hat ami ’ s ▁reform ▁program ▁and ▁Ak bar ▁Hash emi ▁Raf san j ani . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁party ▁joined ▁the ▁supre me ▁polic ym aking ▁council ▁of ▁reform ists . ▁ ▁Some ▁sources ▁brand ed ▁them ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁conserv ative ▁camp ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁or ▁reform ists ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Ak bar ▁Hash emi ▁Raf san j ani . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁party ' s ▁sp ok esp erson ▁wrote ▁in ▁Ham sh ah ri ▁that ▁the ▁party ▁regards ▁itself |
▁among ▁" true ▁reform ists ", ▁who ▁are ▁ideal ists ▁considering ▁" social ▁real ities " ▁interpreted ▁with ▁the ▁" pr inci ple ▁of ▁moder ation ". ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Ali ▁Af sh ari , ▁the ▁party ▁prior it izes ▁economic ▁expansion ▁and ▁follows ▁free ▁market ▁policies , ▁however ▁a ▁minor ity ▁fa ction ▁represented ▁by ▁members ▁such ▁as ▁Nob ak ht , ▁advoc ate ▁institution al ized ▁economy ▁and ▁maintain ▁that ▁the ▁government ▁should ▁inter f ere ▁to ▁reg ulate ▁mark ets ▁to ▁a ▁limited ▁extent . ▁They ▁support ▁limited ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁transformations , ▁and ▁believe ▁political ▁activ ism ▁should ▁only ▁be ▁within ▁the ▁frameworks ▁of ▁the ▁constitution . ▁The ▁party ▁also ▁em bra ces ▁Vel ay at ▁Fa q ih . ▁ ▁President ial ▁candidates ▁ ▁M embers ▁ ▁Current ▁office hold ers ▁▁ ▁Cab inet ▁ ▁Hass an ▁Rou h ani , ▁President ▁of ▁Iran ▁ ▁Mah m oud ▁V ae zi , ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁ ▁Moh amm ad ▁Bag her ▁Nob ak ht , ▁Vice ▁President ▁for ▁Str ategy ▁ ▁Mas oud ▁Sol tan if ar , ▁Minister ▁of ▁Sports ▁Parliament ▁ ▁Bah ram ▁Par s ae i ▁( Sh ira z ) ▁ ▁Z ah ra ▁S ae i ▁( Tab riz , ▁O sku ▁and ▁Az ar sh ahr ) ▁ ▁Ali ▁Nob ak ht ▁( Te h ran , ▁Rey , ▁Sh em ir an at ▁and ▁E sl am sh ahr ) ▁ ▁R ame zan ali ▁Sob han if ar ▁( S |
ab ze var , ▁J og h ata i ▁and ▁J ove yn ) ▁ ▁H adi ▁Bah ador i ▁( U rm ia ) ▁ ▁Sak ine h ▁Al m asi ▁( K ang an , ▁Jam , ▁Day yer ▁and ▁As alu ye h ) ▁ ▁Ras oul ▁K hez ri ▁( P ir ans h ahr ▁and ▁S ard as ht ) ▁ ▁Sh ad me hr ▁Kaz em za de h ▁( De hl or an , ▁Dar resh ahr ▁and ▁Abd an an ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C entr ism ▁in ▁Iran ▁Category : Re form ist ▁political ▁groups ▁in ▁Iran ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁parties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Iran ▁Category : Cent rist ▁parties ▁in ▁Iran <0x0A> </s> ▁Royal ▁Charles ▁was ▁an ▁ 8 0 - gun ▁first - rate ▁three - de cker ▁ship ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁Navy . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁Peter ▁P ett ▁and ▁launched ▁at ▁W ool wich ▁D ock yard ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 5 , ▁for ▁the ▁n avy ▁of ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁England . ▁She ▁was ▁originally ▁called ▁N ase by , ▁named ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Fair f ax ' s ▁decis ive ▁ 1 6 4 5 ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁Royal ist ▁forces ▁during ▁the ▁English ▁Civil ▁Wars . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁ordered ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 4 ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁programme ▁of |
▁four ▁second ▁rates , ▁intended ▁to ▁carry ▁ 6 0 ▁guns ▁each . ▁ ▁However , ▁she ▁was ▁alter ed ▁during ▁construction ▁to ▁mount ▁a ▁complete ▁battery ▁of ▁guns ▁along ▁the ▁upper ▁deck ▁( comp ared ▁with ▁the ▁partial ▁battery ▁on ▁this ▁deck ▁of ▁her ▁intended ▁sister s , ▁on ▁which ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁gun ports ▁in ▁the ▁wa ist ▁along ▁this ▁deck ), ▁and ▁so ▁was ▁rec lass ed ▁as ▁a ▁first ▁rate . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁run - up ▁to ▁the ▁Rest oration ▁of ▁the ▁mon archy ▁in ▁May ▁( J une , ▁New ▁Style ) ▁of ▁ 1 6 6 0 , ▁she ▁was ▁anch ored ▁in ▁The ▁Down s ▁off ▁De al , ▁where ▁her ▁la ure l - c rown ed ▁figure head ▁of ▁Oliver ▁C rom well ▁was ▁removed ▁before ▁sail ing ▁to ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Republic ▁at ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁fleet ▁sent ▁to ▁bring ▁King ▁Charles ▁II ▁back ▁to ▁England , ▁capt ained ▁by ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Mont agu ▁and ▁still ▁under ▁her ▁Parliament ary ▁name . ▁On ▁arrival ▁in ▁Sch even ingen ▁she ▁took ▁Charles ▁and ▁his ▁ent ou rage ▁( including ▁Samuel ▁P ep ys ) ▁on ▁board . ▁ ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 1 6 6 0 ▁the ▁King ▁and ▁the ▁Duke ▁renamed ▁her ▁from ▁N ase by ▁to ▁HMS ▁Royal ▁Charles . ▁The ▁ship ▁land ed ▁them ▁at ▁D over ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁May .. ▁ ▁Under ▁her ▁new ▁name , ▁she ▁joined ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy , ▁which ▁formally ▁came |
▁into ▁being ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 0 . ▁At ▁ 1 , 2 2 9 ▁tons , ▁N ase by ▁was ▁larger ▁than ▁ ▁built ▁by ▁Ph ine as ▁P ett , ▁Peter ' s ▁father . ▁Un like ▁S over eign ▁of ▁the ▁Se as , ▁which ▁was ▁in ▁service ▁from ▁ 1 6 3 7 ▁to ▁ 1 6 9 7 , ▁N ase by ▁was ▁to ▁enjoy ▁only ▁twelve ▁years ▁in ▁service . ▁ ▁As ▁Royal ▁Charles ▁she ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Ang lo - D utch ▁War . ▁In ▁ 1 6 6 5 , ▁she ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Low esto ft ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁Lord ▁High ▁Admir al , ▁James ▁Stuart , ▁Duke ▁of ▁York , ▁her ▁captain ▁being ▁Sir ▁William ▁P enn . ▁During ▁that ▁battle ▁she ▁probably ▁destroyed ▁the ▁Dutch ▁flags hip ▁E end racht . ▁In ▁ 1 6 6 6 , ▁she ▁participated ▁in ▁two ▁further ▁actions , ▁the ▁Four ▁Days ▁Battle ▁and ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁Admir al ▁Mich iel ▁de ▁R uy ter ▁in ▁the ▁St . ▁James ' s ▁Day ▁Battle ▁off ▁the ▁North ▁For eland . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 6 7 , ▁flag ging ▁English ▁national ▁mor ale ▁was ▁further ▁de pressed ▁by ▁the ▁Ra id ▁on ▁the ▁Med way ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁Dutch ▁fleet ▁inv aded ▁the ▁Th ames ▁and ▁Med way ▁rivers ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁captured ▁the ▁un comm ission ed ▁Royal ▁Charles , ▁removing ▁her ▁with ▁great |
▁skill ▁to ▁H elle vo ets l uis ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Provin ces . ▁The ▁Dutch ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁her ▁into ▁naval ▁service ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁considered ▁that ▁she ▁drew ▁too ▁much ▁water ▁for ▁general ▁use ▁on ▁the ▁Dutch ▁coast . ▁Instead ▁the ▁Royal ▁Charles ▁was ▁perman ently ▁dry d ock ed ▁near ▁H elle vo ets l uis ▁as ▁a ▁tour ist ▁att raction , ▁with ▁day ▁tri ps ▁being ▁organ ised ▁for ▁large ▁parties , ▁often ▁of ▁foreign ▁state ▁guests . ▁After ▁veh ement ▁protest s ▁by ▁Charles ▁that ▁this ▁ins ult ed ▁his ▁honour , ▁the ▁official ▁vis its ▁were ▁ended ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁au ction ed ▁for ▁sc rap ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁wooden ▁car ving ▁showing ▁the ▁royal ▁arms , ▁originally ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁trans om , ▁was , ▁however , ▁preserved . ▁After ▁remaining ▁at ▁H elle vo ets l uis ▁for ▁a ▁while , ▁it ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁a ▁naval ▁ship building ▁yard ▁in ▁Rot ter dam ▁in ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Dutch ▁n avy ' s ▁model ▁collection . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁on ▁display ▁in ▁the ▁R ij ks museum ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁which ▁took ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁naval ▁collection ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁La very , ▁Brian ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁The ▁Sh ip ▁of ▁the ▁Line ▁- ▁Volume ▁ 1 |
: ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁battle f le et ▁ 1 6 5 0 – 1 8 5 0 . ▁Con way ▁Mar itime ▁Press . ▁. ▁▁ ▁- ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 6 5 9 / 6 0 ▁– ▁ 3 0 ▁March ▁ 1 6 6 0 / 1 ▁Royal ▁Charles ▁stern ▁piece , ▁preserved ▁at ▁the ▁R ij ks museum ▁in ▁Amsterdam . ▁▁ ▁Category : Sh ips ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁Category : 1 6 5 0 s ▁ships ▁Category : Capt ured ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁H oul gate ▁battery ▁( also ▁called ▁the ▁B atter y ▁de ▁Tour ne b ride ) ▁was ▁a ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁German ▁art illery ▁battery ▁constructed ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁village ▁of ▁H oul gate ▁in ▁the ▁Cal v ados ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁Lower ▁Norm andy ▁region . ▁Bu ilt ▁into ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁a ▁ ▁cl iff , ▁the ▁b unker ▁complex ▁was ▁created ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁western ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁River ▁Seine ▁and ▁was ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Norm andy ▁landing ▁beach ▁S word ▁which ▁it ▁sh elled . ▁The ▁former ▁fire ▁control ▁post ▁has ▁been ▁turned ▁into ▁an ▁orientation ▁table . ▁The ▁battery ▁is ▁ 8 km ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Mont ▁Can isy ▁battery . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁The ▁Organisation ▁Tod t ▁constructed ▁concrete ▁p its ▁to ▁protect ▁six ▁ 1 5 5 mm ▁K 4 2 0 ▁can n ons ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁Each ▁pit |
▁was ▁linked ▁via ▁t unn els ▁to ▁am mun ition ▁stores ▁and ▁by ▁tele phone ▁to ▁a ▁range - find ing ▁post . ▁The ▁Germ ans ▁aim ed ▁to ▁place ▁all ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁v int age ▁French ▁guns ▁inside ▁H 6 7 9 ▁cas ements ▁but ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Norm andy ▁land ings ▁only ▁two ▁had ▁been ▁completed . ▁ ▁G arrison ▁The ▁H oul gate ▁battery ▁was ▁g arrison ed ▁by ▁the ▁ 3 ▁Company ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 5 5 ▁He eres - K ü sten - Art iller ie - Ab teilung ▁( H K AA ) ▁and ▁commanded ▁by ▁Major ▁Fritz ▁Gün ther . ▁ ▁Operation ▁S unst ar ▁The ▁battery ▁was ▁the ▁target ▁of ▁an ▁ra id ▁by ▁British ▁command os ▁of ▁No . ▁ 9 ▁Comm ando ▁in ▁late ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁Their ▁attempt ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁battery ▁failed . ▁ ▁D - Day ▁and ▁Norm andy ▁land ings ▁Two ▁weeks ▁prior ▁to ▁D - Day , ▁the ▁battery ▁was ▁bom bed ▁by ▁B - 2 6 ▁Mar aud ers . ▁Over ▁ 5 0 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁bomb s ▁land ed ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁and ▁two ▁guns ▁were ▁made ▁in oper able ▁by ▁the ▁attack . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁June ▁the ▁R AF ▁bom bed ▁the ▁battery ▁but ▁caused ▁minimal ▁damage . ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁the ▁battery ▁sh elled ▁the ▁Al lied ▁landing ▁beach ▁S word |
. ▁The ▁officer ▁command ing ▁the ▁Mer ville ▁battery ▁called ▁in ▁fire ▁from ▁H oul gate ▁onto ▁his ▁own ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁being ▁attacked ▁by ▁par atro op ers . ▁ ▁At ▁ 0 5 2 3 ▁on ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁, ▁HMS ▁Roberts ▁engaged ▁the ▁battery ▁from ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁yards ▁with ▁her ▁ ▁guns ▁but ▁the ▁ 2 7 ▁r ounds ▁fired ▁caused ▁minimal ▁damage . ▁In ▁late ▁June , ▁the ▁b unker ▁was ▁sh elled ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 5 ▁in ch ▁guns ▁of ▁HMS ▁E re bus . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁ev acu ated ▁the ▁battery ▁and ▁moved ▁the ▁remaining ▁guns ▁in land ▁for ▁safety . ▁ ▁Operation ▁F rog ▁The ▁H oul gate ▁battery ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁serious ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁landing ▁be aches ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁initially ▁considered ▁as ▁a ▁target ▁for ▁No . ▁ 4 ▁Comm ando . ▁However , ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁command os ▁in ▁the ▁immediate ▁vic inity ▁of ▁the ▁landing ▁be aches ▁and ▁the ▁confidence ▁of ▁the ▁R AF ▁and ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁to ▁silence ▁the ▁battery ▁saw ▁this ▁cancel led . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : At l antic ▁Wall ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁history ▁of ▁France ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁history ▁of ▁Norm andy ▁Category : F ort ifications ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Oscar ▁Natal io ▁" R ingo " |
▁Bon av ena ▁( Se ptember ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁– ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Argent ine ▁heavy weight ▁professional ▁box er ▁with ▁a ▁career ▁record ▁of ▁ 5 8 ▁wins , ▁ 9 ▁losses ▁and ▁ 1 ▁draw . ▁A ▁rug ged , ▁wild - swing ing ▁p unch er , ▁he ▁was ▁nick named ▁" R ingo " ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁Beat les ▁ha irc ut , ▁and ▁enjoyed ▁professional ▁success ▁in ▁both ▁Argentina ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁is ▁remembered ▁for ▁giving ▁Joe ▁Fra z ier ▁and ▁Muhammad ▁Ali ▁hard ▁fought ▁b outs . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁pro ▁career ▁Oscar ▁Natal io ▁Bon av ena ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁to ▁two ▁Italian ▁imm igr ants . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁box er , ▁Argent in ian ▁and ▁South ▁American ▁champion . ▁He ▁also ▁participated ▁in ▁several ▁Argent in ian ▁TV ▁programs ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Pe pe ▁B ion di ▁Show . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁Bon av ena ▁began ▁his ▁early ▁career ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁under ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁hero ▁and ▁dent ist ▁Mar vin ▁Gold berg . ▁He ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁" The ▁Argent ine ▁Str ong - Bo y ". ▁ ▁His ▁pro ▁debut ▁was ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁He ▁soon ▁ra ck ed ▁up ▁a ▁quick ▁string ▁of ▁early ▁knock outs , ▁but ▁was ▁over match ed ▁early , ▁sometimes ▁fighting |
▁twice ▁a ▁month , ▁and ▁lost ▁by ▁a ▁decision ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁to ▁then ▁highly ▁r ated ▁Z ora ▁Fol ley . ▁Bon av ena ▁was ▁in ▁only ▁his ▁ 1 5 th ▁contest ▁and ▁was ▁far ▁too ▁in ex per ien ced ▁to ▁then ▁really ▁tack le ▁a ▁top ▁veter an ▁like ▁Fol ley . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁one ▁s ided ▁contest ▁with ▁Bon av ena ▁getting ▁up ▁off ▁the ▁deck ▁from ▁a ▁w icked ▁right ▁hand . ▁Even ▁courage ous ▁Oscar ▁looked ▁disc ou rag ed ▁and ▁sh aken ▁at ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁later ▁r ounds . ▁However , ▁three ▁years ▁later ▁with ▁far ▁more ▁experience ▁and ▁training ▁he ▁won ▁their ▁rem atch ▁by ▁decision . ▁ ▁After ▁that , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Argentina , ▁where ▁his ▁winning ▁and ▁knock out ▁stre ak ▁continued . ▁But ▁in ▁mid ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁he ▁was ▁ent iced ▁back ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁for ▁a ▁match ▁with ▁rug ged ▁cont ender ▁George ▁Ch u val o . ▁ ▁The ▁free - swing ing ▁Bon av ena ▁soon ▁ran ▁into ▁trouble ▁outside ▁the ▁ring . ▁He ▁called ▁Muhammad ▁Ali ▁a ▁black ▁k ang ar oo ▁and ▁even ▁a ▁ch icken ▁for ▁draft ▁dod ging . ▁Ali ▁was ▁fur ious . ▁Oscar ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁people ▁to ▁up stage ▁Ali ▁in ▁pre - f ight ▁press ▁con ferences . ▁When , ▁much ▁later , ▁he ▁saw ▁Ali ▁se ated ▁rings ide ▁at ▁the ▁George ▁For eman – K en |
▁N orton ▁fight , ▁he ▁went ▁over ▁and ▁started ▁a ▁big ▁sl anging ▁match . ▁In ▁his ▁pre - f ight ▁press ▁conference ▁with ▁Fra z ier , ▁Bon av ena ▁need led ▁effectively ▁by ▁imp lying ▁that ▁Fra z ier ▁had ▁a ▁personal ▁h yg iene ▁problem . ▁He ▁would ▁start ▁sn iff ing ▁and ▁gr im ace . ▁Law su its ▁were ▁brought ▁about ▁by ▁rep or ters ▁with ▁broken ▁cam eras ; ▁and ▁other ▁such ▁" color ful " ▁behavior . ▁He ▁was ▁always ▁vol atile , ▁as ▁train ers ▁soon ▁discovered . ▁ ▁Big ▁name ▁cont ests , ▁Ch u val o ▁and ▁Fra z ier ▁Bon av ena ▁first ▁came ▁to ▁wide ▁public ▁attention ▁after ▁a ▁fine ▁performance ▁defe ating ▁r ated ▁cont ender ▁and ▁Canadian ▁champion ▁George ▁Ch u val o , ▁box ing ▁techn ically ▁better ▁than ▁expected ▁and ▁later ▁going ▁the ▁distance ▁against ▁the ▁young ▁hard - h itting ▁great ▁Joe ▁Fra z ier . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁their ▁first ▁fight , ▁Bon av ena ▁had ▁the ▁future ▁champion ▁down ▁twice ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁before ▁Fra z ier ▁r al lied ▁to ▁win ▁by ▁decision ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁round . ▁ ▁W BA ▁elim ination ▁cont ests ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁after ▁the ▁World ▁Box ing ▁Association ▁stri pped ▁Muhammad ▁Ali ▁of ▁the ▁title ▁for ▁ref using ▁to ▁be ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁U . S . ▁military , ▁Bon av ena ▁participated ▁in ▁that ▁san ction ing |
▁body ' s ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁tournament ▁to ▁crown ▁a ▁new ▁heavy weight ▁champion . ▁In ▁a ▁strong ▁performance ▁he ▁deck ed ▁fav oured ▁European ▁champion ▁Karl ▁M ild en berger ▁four ▁times , ▁winning ▁by ▁a ▁decision ▁in ▁Frankfurt , ▁West ▁Germany . ▁But ▁he ▁was ▁himself ▁knock ed ▁down ▁twice ▁and ▁clearly ▁out box ed ▁by ▁event ual ▁tournament ▁winner ▁Jimmy ▁Ell is ▁in ▁the ▁semi - final s ▁in ▁Louis ville , ▁losing ▁by ▁un anim ous ▁decision ▁in ▁an ▁ups et . ▁Many ▁de emed ▁it ▁the ▁best ▁win ▁of ▁Ell is ' s ▁career . ▁Inc ident ally , ▁Bon av ena ▁had ▁been ▁scheduled ▁to ▁fight ▁Ali ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁but ▁the ▁bout ▁was ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁when ▁Ali ▁was ▁stri pped ▁of ▁his ▁title . ▁They ' d ▁match ▁later . ▁ ▁World ▁Title ▁shot , ▁the ▁Fra z ier ▁rem atch ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁after ▁out point ing ▁Le ot is ▁Martin , ▁he ▁got ▁a ▁rem atch ▁with ▁Fra z ier ▁for ▁the ▁heavy weight ▁title ▁in ▁Philadelphia . ▁After ▁a ▁gru eling ▁fifteen ▁r ounds ▁Bon av ena ▁lost ▁the ▁rem atch ▁by ▁decision , ▁fighting ▁more ▁def ens ively ▁than ▁previous . ▁He ▁did ▁leave ▁with ▁a ▁seriously ▁batter ed ▁face ▁photograph ed ▁in ▁the ▁Ring ▁magazine . ▁However , ▁he ▁had ▁won ▁respect . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁he ▁got |
▁a ▁draw ▁in ▁a ▁rem atch ▁with ▁tal ented ▁Greg orio ▁Per al ta , ▁who ▁he ' d ▁out point ed ▁four ▁years ▁earlier ▁for ▁the ▁Argent ine ▁title , ▁and ▁won ▁his ▁three ▁other ▁cont ests ▁by ▁knock ▁out . ▁ ▁Vers us ▁Ali ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁he ▁fought ▁Ali ▁at ▁Mad ison ▁Square ▁Garden , ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁champ ' s ▁second ▁bout ▁after ▁his ▁three - year ▁lay off . ▁Bon av ena ▁absor bed ▁pun ishment ▁throughout ▁but ▁fought ▁well , ▁getting ▁through ▁with ▁various ▁head ▁and ▁body ▁p unch es . ▁With ▁just ▁under ▁ 1 : 3 0 ▁left ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁final ▁round , ▁Ali ▁caught ▁Oscar ▁r ushing ▁in ▁and ▁deck ed ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁perfectly ▁placed ▁left ▁hook . ▁Bon av ena ▁got ▁up , ▁but ▁was ▁clearly ▁not ▁fully ▁recovered . ▁Ali ▁deck ed ▁him ▁twice ▁more , ▁and ▁the ▁fight ▁was ▁automatically ▁stopped ▁under ▁the ▁three ▁knock down ▁rule , ▁giving ▁Ali ▁a ▁T K O ▁( techn ical ▁knock out ). ▁The ▁ending ▁was ▁somewhat ▁controvers ial , ▁as ▁Ali ▁stood ▁over ▁Bon av ena ▁as ▁Bon av ena ▁was ▁getting ▁up , ▁never ▁going ▁to ▁a ▁neutral ▁corner ▁as ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁box ing ▁require , ▁which ▁allowed ▁Ali ▁to ▁quickly ▁knock down ▁Bon av ena ▁twice ▁more ▁and ▁automatically ▁end ▁the ▁fight . ▁After ▁the ▁second ▁knock down , ▁the ▁ref eree ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁attempting ▁to ▁guide ▁Ali |
▁to ▁a ▁neutral ▁corner , ▁but ▁Ali ▁br ush es ▁the ▁ref eree ' s ▁arm ▁away ▁and ▁purs ues ▁a ▁wob b ly ▁Bon av ena . ▁The ▁knock out ▁by ▁Ali ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁time ▁in ▁Bon av ena ' s ▁career ▁he ▁lost ▁by ▁a ▁knock out . ▁ ▁Other ▁matches ▁After ▁the ▁loss ▁to ▁Ali ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁brut ally ▁t ough ▁match ▁with ▁under r ated ▁Al vin ▁Lewis . ▁Bon av ena ▁fought ▁inter mitt ently ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁years . ▁A ▁gre g ari ous ▁party ▁man , ▁he ▁enjoyed ▁life ▁fully . ▁ ▁Event ually ▁losses ▁to ▁F loyd ▁P atter son ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁and ▁Ron ▁L yle ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁effectively ▁put ▁him ▁to ▁lower ▁ranking ▁cont ender ▁status , ▁although ▁he ▁did ▁well ▁enough ▁in ▁both ▁these ▁matches . ▁In ▁the ▁P atter son ▁fight ▁he ▁broke ▁his ▁left ▁hand ▁early , ▁possibly ▁after ▁deck ing ▁P atter son ▁in ▁the ▁fourth , ▁and ▁remained ▁an ▁adv ancing ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁bell . ▁It ▁was ▁around ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁a ▁possible ▁match ▁with ▁a ▁then ▁on ▁the ▁rise ▁Ken ▁N orton ▁was ▁being ▁planned ▁but , ▁unfortunately ▁for ▁fans , ▁it ▁never ▁material ised . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁over weight ▁and ▁sl ugg ish ▁Bon av ena ▁fought ▁what ▁would ▁be ▁his ▁last ▁fight , ▁winning |
▁a ▁ten - round ▁decision ▁over ▁the ▁un rank ed ▁Billy ▁Jo iner ▁in ▁Ren o . ▁ ▁Death ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Bon av ena ▁was ▁shot ▁dead ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 3 ▁by ▁a ▁security ▁guard ▁at ▁the ▁Must ang ▁R anch ▁near ▁Ren o , ▁Nev ada , ▁after ▁having ▁become ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁conflict ▁with ▁its ▁owner . ▁His ▁body ▁was ▁returned ▁to ▁Argentina ▁to ▁lie ▁in ▁state ▁at ▁the ▁L una ▁Park ▁sports ▁ar ena ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires , ▁where ▁ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁file d ▁by , ▁afterwards ▁being ▁buried ▁in ▁La ▁Ch ac ar ita ▁C emetery ▁in ▁Buenos ▁Aires . ▁ ▁Professional ▁box ing ▁record ▁ ▁| ▁style =" text - align : center ;" ▁col span =" 8 " | 5 8 ▁W ins ▁( 4 4 ▁Kno ck outs ), ▁ 9 ▁De fe ats , ▁ 1 ▁Draw ▁| - ▁ ▁style =" text - align : center ; ▁background :# e 3 e 3 e 3 ;" ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Res . ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Record ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | O pp on ent ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Type ▁| ▁ ▁style |
=" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | R d ., ▁Time ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Date ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Location ▁| ▁ ▁style =" border - style : none ▁none ▁solid ▁solid ; ▁" | Not es ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 8 - 9 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Billy ▁Jo iner ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 7 - 9 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Re inal do ▁Gor os ito ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 6 - 9 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Man i ▁V aka ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 5 - 9 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Oliver ▁Wright ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 4 - 9 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Bob ▁M ash burn ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 |
3 - 9 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Larry ▁Rena ud ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 2 - 9 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Larry ▁Middle ton ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 5 1 - 9 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Ron ▁L yle ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 1 - 8 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Terry ▁Sor rell ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 0 - 8 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Lou ▁Ba iley ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 9 - 8 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Roy ▁Wal lace ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 8 - 8 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁L ero y ▁C ald well ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 4 7 - 8 |
- 1 ▁| align = left | ▁F loyd ▁P atter son ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 7 - 7 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Al vin ▁Lewis ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 4 6 - 7 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Muhammad ▁Ali ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 6 - 6 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Luis ▁P ires ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 5 - 6 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁James ▁J ▁Wo ody ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 4 - 6 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Manuel ▁Ram os ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 3 - 6 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁José ▁Men no ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 2 - 6 - 1 ▁| align = |
left | ▁Santiago ▁Lov ell ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 4 1 - 6 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Miguel ▁Angel ▁Pa ez ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 1 - 5 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Santiago ▁Lov ell ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| style =" background :# abc def ;" | Draw ▁| 4 0 - 5 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Greg orio ▁Per al ta ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 0 - 5 ▁| align = left | ▁Wilhelm ▁Von ▁Hom burg ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 9 - 5 ▁| align = left | ▁Luis ▁P ires ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 3 8 - 5 ▁| align = left | ▁Joe ▁Fra z ier ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 8 - 4 ▁| align = left |
| ▁Jim ▁F let cher ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 7 - 4 ▁| align = left | ▁Le ot is ▁Martin ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 6 - 4 ▁| align = left | ▁Z ora ▁Fol ley ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 5 - 4 ▁| align = left | ▁Roberto ▁Dav ila ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 4 - 4 ▁| align = left | ▁Lee ▁Car r ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 3 - 4 ▁| align = left | ▁Alberto ▁Ben ass i ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 2 - 4 ▁| align = left | ▁F eli pe ▁Pedro ▁Mar ich ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 3 1 - 4 ▁| align = left | ▁Jimmy ▁Ell is ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align |
= left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 1 - 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Karl ▁M ild en berger ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 0 - 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Carlos ▁V az quez ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 9 - 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Luis ▁P ires ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 8 - 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Pablo ▁S ag ris p anti ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 7 - 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Hub ert ▁Hil ton ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 6 - 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Jose ▁G ior get ti ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 5 - 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Roberto ▁Vel iz ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 4 |
- 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Alberto ▁Ben ass i ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 3 - 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Am os ▁Johnson ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 2 - 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Alberto ▁Ben ass i ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 2 1 - 3 ▁| align = left | ▁Joe ▁Fra z ier ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 1 - 2 ▁| align = left | ▁George ▁Ch u val o ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 0 - 2 ▁| align = left | ▁Jose ▁G ior get ti ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 1 9 - 2 ▁| align = left | ▁Jose ▁G ior get ti ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 9 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Bruno ▁Seg ura ▁| |
▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 8 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Billy ▁Daniel s ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 7 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁H ector ▁Wilson ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 6 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Pablo ▁S ag ris p anti ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 5 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Greg orio ▁Per al ta ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 4 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Alberto ▁Gonz ales ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 3 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Edu ardo ▁Cart elli ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 2 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Rod ol fo ▁Dia z ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - |
▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 1 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Rog el io ▁Greg or ut ti ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 0 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Carlos ▁V az quez ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 9 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁R ene ▁S osa ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| L oss ▁| 8 - 1 ▁| align = left | ▁Z ora ▁Fol ley ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 8 - 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Billy ▁Ste phan ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 7 - 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Dick ▁W ipp erman ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 6 - 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Tom ▁Mc N ee ley ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 5 - 0 ▁| align = left | ▁By ron |
▁Sto imen ides ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 4 - 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Les lie ▁B orden ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 3 - 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Wend ell ▁Newton ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 2 - 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Ever ett ▁Cop eland ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| - ▁align = center ▁| Win ▁| 1 - 0 ▁| align = left | ▁Lou ▁H icks ▁| ▁| ▁| ▁| align = left | ▁| align = left | ▁| } ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Luis ▁Áng el ▁Fir po ▁José ▁María ▁G atica ▁Just o ▁Su á rez ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Nev ada ' s ▁Most ▁Inf am ous ▁Bro th el , ▁Must ang ▁R anch , ▁Back ▁In ▁Business , ▁Fox ▁News ▁ ▁Woman ▁Who ▁Oper ated ▁Must ang ▁R anch ▁Dies , ▁Sp okes man - Re view , ▁September ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁death s ▁Category : He avy weight ▁box ers ▁Category : Box ers ▁from ▁Buenos ▁Aires |
▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁people ▁of ▁Italian ▁descent ▁Category : M ur der ed ▁box ers ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁people ▁murder ed ▁abroad ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁murder ▁vict ims ▁Category : Pe ople ▁murder ed ▁in ▁Nev ada ▁Category : De ath s ▁by ▁fire arm ▁in ▁Nev ada ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁La ▁Ch ac ar ita ▁C emetery ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁male ▁box ers <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Cec il ▁Ross ▁( May ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁– ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁politician ▁in ▁Man it oba , ▁Canada , ▁and ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁that ▁province ' s ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁until ▁his ▁ret irement ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁Ross ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁a ▁sec ular ▁Jewish ▁family ▁that ▁moved ▁from ▁the ▁Ukraine ▁to ▁W inn ip eg , ▁Man it oba , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁originally ▁named ▁Cec il ▁Zu ken , ▁but ▁leg ally ▁changed ▁his ▁name ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁( in ▁part ▁to ▁protect ▁his ▁family ▁from ▁anti - Comm un ist ▁har ass ment ). ▁ ▁His ▁brother ▁Joseph ▁Zu ken ▁also ▁became ▁a ▁Commun ist ▁politician , ▁and ▁was ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁a ▁prominent ▁al der man ▁from ▁W inn |
ip eg ' s ▁working - class ▁North ▁End . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁editor ial ▁backing ▁of ▁D os ▁Y idd is he ▁V ort ▁( a ▁local ▁Jewish ▁newspaper ), ▁Ross ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁W inn ip eg ▁school ▁board ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁and ▁served ▁in ▁that ▁capacity ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁active ▁in ▁labour ▁organization ▁outside ▁the ▁city , ▁and ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁for ▁six ▁months ▁on ▁sed ition ▁charges ▁after ▁leading ▁a ▁strike ▁in ▁F lin ▁Fl on . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁Ross ▁campaign ed ▁for ▁Les lie ▁Morris ▁in ▁the ▁federal ▁r iding ▁of ▁W inn ip eg ▁North , ▁and ▁thereby ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁Co - oper ative ▁Commonwealth ▁Federation ▁inc umb ent ▁Abraham ▁Albert ▁He aps , ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁Jewish ▁politician ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁Ross ▁first ▁ran ▁for ▁provincial ▁office ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁election , ▁campaign ing ▁for ▁the ▁" L abor - Progress ive ▁Party " ▁( as ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁had ▁renamed ▁itself ) ▁in ▁the ▁r iding ▁of ▁Ass in ib o ia . ▁ ▁He ▁finished ▁well ▁behind ▁the ▁winner , ▁Ernest ▁Dra ff in ▁of ▁the ▁Man it oba ▁C CF . ▁ ▁Ross ▁became ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁provincial ▁L PP ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁being ▁elected ▁by ▁acc lam ation ▁after ▁former ▁leader ▁Bill ▁K ard ash |
▁res igned ▁due ▁to ▁health ▁concerns . ▁ ▁Ross ▁did ▁not ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁decision ▁by ▁the ▁party ▁to ▁concent rate ▁its ▁resources — the ▁L PP ▁ran ▁only ▁two ▁candidates , ▁one ▁of ▁whom ▁was ▁elected . ▁ ▁Ross ▁continued ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁L PP ▁( which ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁for ▁thirty - three ▁years , ▁though ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁prevent ▁it ▁from ▁decl ining ▁to ▁a ▁marg inal ▁political ▁force . ▁ ▁Ross ▁and ▁Joseph ▁Zu ken ▁had ▁a ▁stra ined ▁relationship ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁due ▁to ▁Zu ken ' s ▁frequent ▁critic isms ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁official ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁policy . ▁ ▁While ▁Zu ken ▁vo iced ▁concerns ▁about ▁anti - S emit ism ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁restrictions ▁on ▁Jewish ▁travel , ▁Ross ▁was ▁unw illing ▁to ▁make ▁public ▁statements ▁which ▁viol ated ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁party ▁unity . ▁ ▁Ross ▁def ended ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁government ▁of ▁Czech oslov ak ia ▁against ▁accus ations ▁of ▁anti - S emit ism ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁following ▁the ▁tri als ▁of ▁Rudolf ▁Sl án ský ▁and ▁others . ▁ ▁Despite ▁their ▁differences , ▁the ▁brothers ▁remained ▁close ▁throughout ▁their ▁lives . ▁ ▁Ross ▁played ▁a ▁prominent ▁role ▁at ▁Zu ken ' s ▁fun eral ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 |
9 8 0 s , ▁Ross ▁wrote ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁the ▁W inn ip eg ▁School ▁Board ' s ▁education ▁policy ▁concerning ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁fam ine ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁ ▁Ross ▁acknowled ged ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁millions , ▁but ▁denied ▁that ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Joseph ▁St alin ▁had ▁cons ci ously ▁planned ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁gen o cide ▁against ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁people . ▁ ▁( M ary ▁K ard ash , ▁a ▁W inn ip eg ▁school ▁trust ee ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁background , ▁made ▁essentially ▁the ▁same ▁arguments ▁as ▁Ross ▁during ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁these ▁deb ates ). ▁ ▁Ross ' s ▁wife , ▁Anne ▁Ross , ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁public ▁figure , ▁serving ▁as ▁an ▁administrator ▁at ▁the ▁Mount ▁Car mel ▁C lin ic ▁in ▁W inn ip eg . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁this ▁clin ic ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁public ▁controvers y ▁over ▁its ▁decision ▁to ▁offer ▁abort ion ▁refer ral ▁services . ▁ ▁Ross ▁campaign ed ▁for ▁federal ▁and ▁provincial ▁office ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁four teen ▁times . ▁ ▁As ide ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁campaign ▁mentioned ▁above , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁candidate ▁in : ▁ ▁W inn ip eg ▁Ward ▁Two ▁( m unicip al ), ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁W inn ip eg ▁election , ▁( 6 3 5 ▁votes ) ▁W inn ip eg ▁North ▁Centre ▁( f eder al ), ▁ 1 9 5 3 |
▁( 1 6 0 6 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁Stanley ▁Know les ▁( CC F ) ▁W inn ip eg ▁North ▁( f eder al ), ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁( 1 5 7 9 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁Al ist air ▁Stewart ▁( CC F ) ▁W inn ip eg ▁North ▁( f eder al ), ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁( 1 5 0 3 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁Murray ▁Smith ▁( PC ) ▁Bur rows ▁( pro vin cial ), ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁( 6 7 5 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁John ▁Haw ry l uk ▁( CC F ) ▁W inn ip eg ▁North ▁( f eder al ), ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁( 1 5 0 4 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁David ▁Or lik ow ▁( ND P ) ▁In k ster ▁( pro vin cial ), ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁( 3 1 2 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁Sid ney ▁Green ▁( ND P ) ▁W inn ip eg ▁North ▁( f eder al ), ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁( 8 6 9 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁David ▁Or lik ow ▁( ND P ) ▁W inn ip eg ▁North ▁( f eder al ), ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁( 5 8 7 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁David ▁Or lik ow ▁( ND P ) ▁St . ▁Joh ns ▁( pro vin cial ), ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁( 6 6 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁Sa ul ▁Ch ern |
ia ck ▁( ND P ) ▁W inn ip eg ▁North ▁( f eder al ), ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁( 3 9 0 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁David ▁Or lik ow ▁( ND P ) ▁W inn ip eg ▁North ▁( f eder al ), ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁( 2 4 2 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁David ▁Or lik ow ▁( ND P ) ▁W inn ip eg ▁North ▁( f eder al ), ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁( 1 9 5 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁David ▁Or lik ow ▁( ND P ) ▁St . ▁Joh ns ▁( pro vin cial ), ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁( 1 1 7 ▁votes ), ▁winner : ▁Donald ▁Mal in owski ▁( ND P ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada ▁( Man it oba ) ▁candidates ▁in ▁Man it oba ▁provincial ▁elections ▁Category : L abor - Progress ive ▁Party ▁candidates ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁Canadian ▁federal ▁election ▁Category : L abor - Progress ive ▁Party ▁candidates ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁Canadian ▁federal ▁election ▁Category : L abor - Progress ive ▁Party ▁candidates ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁Canadian ▁federal ▁election ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada ▁candidates ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁Canadian ▁federal ▁election ▁Category : J ew ish ▁Canadian ▁polit icians ▁Category : J |
ew ish ▁social ists ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Canada ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁people ▁of ▁Ukrain ian - J ew ish ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁" The ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain " ▁( ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁" The ▁Queen ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain " ▁or ▁" The ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mine ", ▁is ▁a ▁folk ▁tale ▁( the ▁so - called ▁sk az ) ▁of ▁the ▁U ral ▁region ▁of ▁Russia ▁collected ▁and ▁re work ed ▁by ▁P avel ▁B az hov . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁issue ▁of ▁the ▁K ras n aya ▁Nov ▁literary ▁magazine ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁and ▁later ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁collection ▁Pr ere volution ary ▁Fol kl ore ▁of ▁the ▁Ur als . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁repr int ed ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁collection ▁The ▁Mal ach ite ▁Box ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁the ▁story ▁was ▁translated ▁from ▁Russian ▁into ▁English ▁by ▁Alan ▁Mor ay ▁Williams ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁H utch inson . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁another ▁translation ▁was ▁made ▁by ▁E ve ▁Mann ing . ▁The ▁story ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁collection ▁Russian ▁Magic ▁T ales ▁from ▁P ush kin ▁to ▁Pl aton ov , ▁published ▁by ▁P engu in ▁Books ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁translated |
▁by ▁Anna ▁Gun in . ▁It ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁James ▁Ri ord an ' s ▁collection ▁of ▁stories ▁The ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain : ▁T ales ▁from ▁the ▁Ur als , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁by ▁Frederick ▁M ull er ▁Ltd . ▁Ri ord an ▁heard ▁the ▁tales ▁from ▁a ▁head te acher ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁bed rid den ▁in ▁Sver d lov sk . ▁After ▁returning ▁to ▁England ▁he ▁re w rote ▁the ▁tales ▁from ▁memory , ▁checking ▁them ▁against ▁B az hov ' s ▁book . ▁He ▁preferred ▁not ▁to ▁call ▁himself ▁" trans l ator ", ▁he ▁believed ▁that ▁" communic ator " ▁was ▁more ▁appropriate . ▁ ▁Background ▁B az hov ' s ▁stories ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁or al ▁l ore ▁of ▁the ▁min ers ▁and ▁gold ▁prospect ors . ▁The ▁myth ical ▁cre atures ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Great ▁S nake ▁or ▁the ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain ▁were ▁well ▁known ▁to ▁B az hov ▁from ▁the ▁tales ▁that ▁were ▁told ▁by ▁his ▁own ▁family ▁members ▁( P avel ▁B az hov ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁the ▁village ▁near ▁the ▁Sy sert ▁M ining ▁Plant ) ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁old ▁men ▁at ▁the ▁plant . ▁Those ▁old ▁people ▁were ▁experienced ▁workers , ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁industry ▁for ▁all ▁their ▁lives , ▁but ▁were ▁eventually ▁exha usted ▁by ▁many ▁years ▁of ▁hard ▁work . ▁They ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁do ▁light - d ut y ▁work , ▁such ▁as ▁guard |
▁the ▁place , ▁etc . ▁They ▁were ▁the ▁story - t ellers ▁who ▁knew ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁leg ends ▁about ▁the ▁plants ▁and ▁the ▁min ers ' ▁lives . ▁From ▁a ▁very ▁young ▁age ▁B az hov ▁used ▁to ▁write ▁down ▁the ▁local ▁folk ▁tales . ▁ ▁Ge ograph ically , ▁the ▁folk ▁tales ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁The ▁Sy sert ▁M ining ▁District , ▁which ▁included ▁five ▁min ing ▁plants , ▁i . ▁e . ▁Sy sert ▁( S y sert sky ), ▁the ▁head ▁plant ▁of ▁the ▁district , ▁P ole v sko y ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁P ole v aya ▁or ▁P ole va ), ▁Sever sky ▁( S ever na ), ▁Ver kh ny ▁( V erk h - S y sert sky ), ▁and ▁I ly in sky ▁( N iz h ve - S y sert sky ). ▁The ▁most ▁famous ▁co pper ▁mine ▁of ▁the ▁U ral ▁Mountains , ▁the ▁G umes he v ski y ▁mine ▁or ▁" G umes h ki ", ▁was ▁located ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁P ole v sko y ▁plant . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁called ▁" The ▁Co pper ▁Mountain " ▁or ▁simply ▁" The ▁Mountain ". ▁Most ▁folk ▁tales ▁were ▁connected ▁with ▁this ▁place . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁ ▁This ▁sk az ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁together ▁with ▁" The ▁Great ▁S nake " ▁and ▁" Bel oved ▁Name " ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁issue ▁of ▁K ras n aya ▁Nov ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 . |
▁" Bel oved ▁Name " ▁was ▁published ▁on ▁the ▁pages ▁ 5 – 9 , ▁" The ▁Great ▁S nake " ▁on ▁pp . 9 – 1 2 , ▁and ▁" The ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain " ▁on ▁pp . 1 2 – 1 7 . ▁These ▁tales ▁are ▁the ▁ones ▁that ▁follow ▁the ▁original ▁U ral ▁min ers ' ▁fol kl ore ▁most ▁closely . ▁B az hov ▁was ▁actually ▁cred ited ▁as ▁the ▁original ▁author ▁of ▁these ▁texts . ▁The ▁stories ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁collection ▁Pr ere volution ary ▁Fol kl ore ▁of ▁the ▁Ur als ▁( ), ▁released ▁later ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁by ▁Sver d lov sk ▁Publishing ▁House . ▁In ▁this ▁book , ▁B az hov ▁was ▁mentioned ▁as ▁the ▁one ▁who ▁collected ▁the ▁texts . ▁ ▁B az hov ▁himself ▁tried ▁to ▁avoid ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁author ship , ▁j oking ▁that ▁" questions ▁such ▁as ▁these ▁should ▁be ▁left ▁to ▁sch ol ars ". ▁Now ad ays ▁B az hov ' s ▁tales ▁are ▁generally ▁accepted ▁as ▁his ▁" liter ary ▁work ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Ur als ▁fol kl ore ", ▁because , ▁first ly , ▁although ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁change ▁the ▁plots ▁of ▁the ▁folk ▁tales , ▁the ▁book ▁con ve ys ▁certain ▁ide ological ▁concepts ▁common ▁for ▁that ▁time ▁period , ▁and ▁second ly , ▁the ▁manuscript s ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁a ▁huge ▁amount ▁of ▁professional ▁work ▁were ▁done ▁on ▁the ▁composition , ▁images , ▁language ▁etc . ▁ |
▁Plot ▁summary ▁In ▁this ▁sk az , ▁a ▁young ▁factory ▁worker ▁Ste pan ▁meets ▁a ▁woman ▁in ▁the ▁unusual ▁cl othing . ▁He ▁real izes ▁that ▁the ▁woman ▁is ▁actually ▁the ▁legend ary ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain . ▁She ▁orders ▁Ste pan ▁to ▁tell ▁his ▁b ail iff , ▁the ▁" st inking ▁go at ", ▁to ▁get ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁K ras nog or sk ▁mine . ▁Ste pan ▁does ▁as ▁he ▁is ▁told ▁and ▁pays ▁the ▁price : ▁he ▁is ▁f log ged ▁and ▁sent ▁to ▁a ▁mine ▁face . ▁He ▁is ▁then ▁saved ▁by ▁the ▁M ist ress ▁herself . ▁She ▁brings ▁Ste pan ▁to ▁her ▁domain , ▁shows ▁him ▁her ▁rich es ▁and ▁propos es ▁marriage . ▁Ste pan ▁honest ly ▁rep lies ▁that ▁he ▁already ▁promised ▁to ▁marry ▁another ▁girl , ▁N ast y ona . ▁The ▁M ist ress ▁is ▁delight ed ▁by ▁his ▁reply . ▁She ▁reve als ▁that ▁her ▁proposal ▁was ▁a ▁test ▁of ▁Ste pan ' s ▁hon esty ▁and ▁integrity . ▁She ▁presents ▁a ▁mal ach ite ▁c asket ▁filled ▁with ▁j ew ell ery ▁for ▁N ast y ona ▁and ▁lets ▁the ▁man ▁go , ▁making ▁one ▁final ▁request ▁that ▁Ste pan ▁would ▁forget ▁about ▁her . ▁Unfortunately , ▁Ste pan ▁cannot ▁do ▁that . ▁He ▁mar ries ▁N ast y ona ▁and ▁lives ▁with ▁her ▁for ▁many ▁years , ▁but ▁he ▁is ▁unh appy . ▁One ▁day ▁he ▁goes ▁away ▁and ▁doesn ' t ▁come ▁back . |
▁His ▁body ▁is ▁later ▁found ▁lying ▁by ▁a ▁rock . ▁The ▁tale ▁con cludes ▁with ▁the ▁words : ▁" It ' s ▁a ▁ch ancy ▁thing ▁to ▁meet ▁her ▁[ The ▁M ist ress ], ▁it ▁brings ▁w oe ▁for ▁a ▁bad ▁man , ▁and ▁for ▁a ▁good ▁one ▁there ' s ▁little ▁joy ▁comes ▁of ▁it ". ▁ ▁Re ception ▁and ▁legacy ▁▁ ▁" The ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain " ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁stories ▁in ▁The ▁Mal ach ite ▁C asket ▁collection . ▁The ▁M ist ress ▁became ▁a ▁popular ▁character ▁in ▁Soviet ▁art . ▁She ▁was ▁re created ▁on ▁stage , ▁in ▁paint ings ▁and ▁sculpt ures . ▁The ▁character ▁was ▁compared ▁to ▁Me ph ist oph eles , ▁because ▁a ▁human ▁needs ▁to ▁w ager ▁his ▁soul ▁with ▁her ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁ult imate ▁knowledge . ▁Many ▁noted ▁the ▁er otic ism ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁and ▁question ed ▁whether ▁the ▁characters ▁developed ▁a ▁sexual ▁relationship . ▁The ▁M ist ress ▁was ▁interpreted ▁as ▁the ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁the ▁female ▁sexual ity . ▁" The ▁M ist ress ▁ex udes ▁sexual ▁att raction ▁and ▁appears ▁as ▁its ▁powerful ▁source ". ▁B az hov ▁conf essed ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁heard ▁an ▁" ad ult " ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁folk ▁tale ▁at ▁the ▁Ur als . ▁All ▁sexual ▁references ▁in ▁P avel ▁B az hov ' s ▁stories ▁are ▁very ▁subt le , ▁ow ing ▁to ▁Soviet ▁pur itan ism . ▁Ly |
ud m ila ▁Sk or ino ▁believed ▁that ▁she ▁represented ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁Ur als , ▁which ▁insp ires ▁a ▁cre ative ▁person ▁with ▁its ▁beauty . ▁The ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁was ▁pra ised . ▁ ▁During ▁Soviet ▁times , ▁every ▁edition ▁of ▁The ▁Mal ach ite ▁Box ▁was ▁usually ▁pre fac ed ▁by ▁an ▁ess ay ▁by ▁a ▁famous ▁writer ▁or ▁scholar , ▁comment ing ▁on ▁the ▁cre ativity ▁of ▁the ▁U ral ▁min ers , ▁cruel ▁land l ords , ▁social ▁opp ression ▁and ▁the ▁" gre at ▁workers ▁un bro ken ▁by ▁the ▁centuries ▁of ▁sla very ". ▁The ▁critics ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁mot ives ▁of ▁social ▁opp ression . ▁The ▁M ist ress ▁was ▁presented ▁as ▁the ▁prote ctor ▁of ▁the ▁opp ress ed . ▁May a ▁Nik ul ina ▁comments ▁that ▁one ▁editor ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁C asket ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁Ste pan ▁to ▁rem ind ▁him ▁" of ▁hard ▁work ▁and ▁pers istence ". ▁The ▁later ▁sch ol ars ▁focused ▁more ▁on ▁symbol ism , ▁the ▁relationship ▁of ▁the ▁characters ▁with ▁nature , ▁the ▁Mountain ▁and ▁the ▁myster ious ▁in ▁general . ▁Nik ul ina ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁M ist ress ▁is ▁neither ▁the ▁res c uer ▁nor ▁the ▁def ender , ▁does ▁not ▁protect ▁the ▁opp ress ed , ▁she ▁tests ▁them , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁not ▁reason ▁to ▁picture ▁her ▁as ▁an ▁advoc ate ▁of ▁social ▁justice . ▁The ▁land l ord ▁is ▁pun ished ▁for ▁being ▁gre edy ▁and ▁stupid , ▁not |
▁for ▁being ▁the ▁land l ord . ▁L idi ya ▁Slo bo z han in ova ▁notes ▁that ▁Ste pan ▁was ▁not ▁happy ▁after ▁he ▁bought ▁his ▁freedom ▁from ▁the ▁land l ord . ▁He ▁should ▁be ▁happ ily ▁married , ▁but ▁he ▁dies ▁of ▁love ▁and ▁separation , ▁not ▁of ▁un b ear able ▁working ▁conditions ▁or ▁severe ▁pun ish ments . ▁Slo bo z han in ova ▁states ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁class ▁conflict , ▁but ▁the ▁classical ▁literary ▁conflict ▁between ▁emot ions ▁and ▁oblig ations . ▁ ▁Marina ▁Bal ina ▁wrote ▁that ▁a ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁M ist ress ▁is ▁a ▁symbol ic ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁death . ▁A ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁M ist ress ▁is ▁a ▁symbol ic ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁death . ▁As ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁" mount ain ▁spirits ", ▁she ▁does ▁not ▁hes itate ▁to ▁kill ▁those ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁pass ▁her ▁tests , ▁but ▁even ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁reward ed ▁by ▁her ▁do ▁not ▁live ▁happ ily ▁ever ▁after , ▁as ▁shown ▁with ▁Dan ilo ▁in ▁" The ▁Stone ▁F lower ". ▁The ▁M ist ress ▁was ▁also ▁interpreted ▁as ▁the ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁female ▁sexual ity . ▁" The ▁M ist ress ▁ex udes ▁sexual ▁att raction ▁and ▁appears ▁as ▁its ▁powerful ▁source ". ▁Mark ▁Lip ov et sky ▁commented ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁ter r ifying ▁characters ▁of ▁the ▁stories . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁beautiful ▁girl ▁and ▁a ▁demon ic ▁dangerous ▁creature ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁He ▁claims ▁that ▁she |
▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁three ▁major ▁Fre ud ian ▁mot ives : ▁the ▁sexual ▁power , ▁the ▁death ▁drive ▁and ▁the ▁cas tr ation ▁anx iety ▁( loss ▁of ▁power ). ▁She ▁persist ently ▁and ▁spite fully ▁prov okes ▁the ▁local ▁administration , ▁forcing ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁to ▁relay ▁the ▁off ensive ▁message . ▁ ▁Y el ena ▁P rik az ch ik ova ▁commented ▁that ▁union ▁between ▁the ▁mountain ▁spirit ▁and ▁the ▁mort al ▁is ▁bound ▁to ▁be ▁unh appy , ▁because ▁stone ▁and ▁living ▁matter ▁cannot ▁join . ▁ ▁Den is ▁Z her dev ▁commented ▁that ▁the ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain ' s ▁female ▁domain ▁is ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁cha os . ▁Although ▁the ▁characters ▁are ▁so ▁familiar ▁with ▁her ▁that ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁M ist ress ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁almost ▁natural ▁and ▁even ▁expected , ▁the ▁female ▁domain ▁coll ides ▁with ▁the ▁ordered ▁factory ▁world , ▁and ▁brings ▁in ▁random ness , ▁vari ability , ▁un predict ability ▁and ▁cap r icious ness . ▁Direct ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁female ▁power ▁is ▁a ▁viol ation ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁order ▁and ▁therefore ▁brings ▁destruction ▁or ▁cha os . ▁He ▁also ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁value ▁in ▁most ▁B az hov ' s ▁early ▁stories ▁is ▁family . ▁It ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁criter ion ▁of ▁normal ity ▁in ▁the ▁characters ' ▁lives , ▁e . g . ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁is ▁married ▁lives ▁" correct ly ". ▁However ▁the ▁family ▁happiness ▁is ▁either ▁fla wed , |
▁as ▁in ▁this ▁story , ▁un att ain able ▁(" Bel oved ▁Name ", ▁" Y erm ak ' s ▁Sw ans "), ▁or ▁short - l ived ▁(" The ▁Tw isted ▁Roll ", ▁" S iny ush ka ' s ▁Well "). ▁ ▁The ▁M ist ress ▁appeared ▁in ▁many ▁other ▁tales ▁from ▁The ▁Mal ach ite ▁C asket : ▁" The ▁Mal ach ite ▁C asket ", ▁" The ▁Stone ▁F lower ", ▁"" The ▁Manager ' s ▁Boot - S oles " ", ▁" So chen ▁and ▁His ▁St ones ", ▁" The ▁Master ▁C raft s man ", ▁" The ▁Two ▁L iz ards ", ▁" A ▁F rag ile ▁Tw ig ", ▁" The ▁Gr ass ▁H ide away ", ▁and ▁" T ay ut ka ' s ▁Mir ror ". ▁ ▁Ada pt ations ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Alexander ▁Frid l ender ▁composed ▁the ▁bal let ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Fair y ▁T ale ▁( ), ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁story . ▁ ▁The ▁animated ▁film ▁The ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain ▁was ▁released ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁animated ▁film ▁series ▁made ▁at ▁Sver d lov sk ▁Film ▁Studio ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁to ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁on ▁time ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁anni versary ▁since ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁P avel ▁B az hov . ▁The ▁series ▁included ▁the ▁following ▁films : ▁S iny ush ka ' s ▁Well ▁( 1 |
9 7 3 ), ▁The ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain ▁( 1 9 7 5 ), ▁The ▁Mal ach ite ▁C asket ▁( 1 9 7 6 ), ▁The ▁Stone ▁F lower ▁( 1 9 7 7 ), ▁Pod ary on ka ▁( based ▁on ▁" Sil ver ▁Ho of ", ▁ 1 9 7 8 ), ▁Golden ▁H air ▁( 1 9 7 9 ), ▁and ▁The ▁Gr ass ▁H ide away ▁( 1 9 8 2 ). ▁This ▁film ▁is ▁a ▁stop ▁motion ▁animated ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁O leg ▁Nik ola ev sky , ▁with ▁screen play ▁by ▁A . ▁Dob rov ich ▁and ▁Alexander ▁Tim of ee v sky . ▁ ▁Ste pan ' s ▁Rem emb rance , ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Soviet ▁film , ▁is ▁the ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁tales ▁" The ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain " ▁and ▁" The ▁Mal ach ite ▁C asket ". ▁ ▁The ▁Stone ▁F lower , ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁Soviet ▁film , ▁incorpor ates ▁plot ▁elements ▁from ▁this ▁story . ▁ ▁The ▁Book ▁of ▁Masters , ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Russian ▁language ▁fant asy ▁film , ▁is ▁lo os ely ▁based ▁on ▁B az hov ' s ▁tales , ▁mostly ▁" The ▁M ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain " ▁and ▁" The ▁Stone ▁F lower ". ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁opera ▁The ▁Mal ach ite ▁C asket , ▁based ▁on ▁" The ▁M |
ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Co pper ▁Mountain " ▁and ▁" The ▁Mal ach ite ▁C asket ", ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁D mit ry ▁Bat in . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 6 ▁short ▁stories ▁Category : Russ ian ▁short ▁stories ▁Category : F ant asy ▁short ▁stories ▁Category : The ▁Mal ach ite ▁Box ▁short ▁stories ▁Category : Russ ian ▁myth ology <0x0A> </s> ▁J ach in ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Cho ct aw ▁County , ▁Alabama , ▁United ▁States . ▁J ach in ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁Alabama ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁Alabama ▁State ▁Route ▁ 1 5 6 , ▁ ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁Butler . ▁J ach in ▁had ▁a ▁post ▁office , ▁which ▁opened ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁and ▁closed ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Cho ct aw ▁County , ▁Alabama ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Alabama <0x0A> </s> ▁Ac ros perm um ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁fung i ▁within ▁the ▁Ac ros per ma ceae ▁family . ▁ ▁Species ▁Ac ros perm um ▁ade an um ▁Ac ros perm um ▁anten n ari icola ▁Ac ros perm um ▁b rom elia ce ar um ▁Ac ros perm um ▁ch il ense ▁Ac ros perm um ▁compress um |
▁Ac ros perm um ▁con iform e ▁Ac ros perm um ▁c une ol um ▁Ac ros perm um ▁cyl ind ric um ▁Ac ros perm um ▁d aph ni ph yl li ▁Ac ros perm um ▁el mer i ▁Ac ros perm um ▁er ik sson ii ▁Ac ros perm um ▁flux ile ▁Ac ros perm um ▁ga ub ae ▁Ac ros perm um ▁gr amin um ▁Ac ros perm um ▁kir ul is ian um ▁Ac ros perm um ▁lat iss imum ▁Ac ros perm um ▁max on ii ▁Ac ros perm um ▁och race um ▁Ac ros perm um ▁o ph io bol o ides ▁Ac ros perm um ▁p all id ul um ▁Ac ros perm um ▁par as it icum ▁Ac ros perm um ▁pu igg ari i ▁Ac ros perm um ▁sav ules c ui ▁Ac ros perm um ▁sy con oph il um ▁Ac ros perm um ▁vit icola ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Ac ros per ma ceae ▁Category : D oth ide om yc etes ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁Nu estra ▁Se ñ ora ▁Re ina ▁de ▁los ▁Angeles , ▁as ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁mission , ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Nu estra ▁Se ñ ora ▁Re ina ▁de ▁los ▁Áng eles ▁As ist encia ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁ ▁Mission ▁Nu estra ▁Se ñ ora ▁de ▁los ▁Áng eles ▁de ▁Por ci ún cul a ▁de ▁los ▁P ec os ▁in ▁P ec os , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁ ▁La ▁Ig |
lesia ▁de ▁Nu estra ▁Se ñ ora ▁la ▁Re ina ▁de ▁los ▁Áng eles , ▁La ▁P lac ita ▁church ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁ ▁El ▁Rio ▁de ▁Nu estra ▁Se ñ ora ▁La ▁Re ina ▁de ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁de ▁Por ci ún cul a , ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁River <0x0A> </s> ▁New ▁Baltimore ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁several ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States : ▁ ▁New ▁Baltimore , ▁Indiana ▁New ▁Baltimore , ▁Michigan ▁New ▁Baltimore , ▁New ▁York ▁New ▁Baltimore , ▁Ohio , ▁a ▁census - design ated ▁place ▁in ▁Hamilton ▁County ▁New ▁Baltimore , ▁St ark ▁County , ▁Ohio , ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁New ▁Baltimore , ▁Pennsylvania ▁New ▁Baltimore , ▁Virginia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁, ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁S eta ▁River ▁( 瀬 田 川 ▁S eta - g awa ) ▁and ▁the ▁U ji ▁River ▁( 宇 治 川 ▁U ji - g awa ) ▁at ▁port ions ▁of ▁its ▁route , ▁is ▁the ▁principal ▁river ▁in ▁Os aka ▁Pref ect ure ▁on ▁H ons h ū , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁The ▁source ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁is ▁Lake ▁Bi wa ▁in ▁Sh iga ▁Pref ect ure ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁ ▁The ▁Y odo ▁River , ▁usually ▁called ▁the ▁S eta ▁River ▁in ▁Sh iga ▁Pref ect ure , ▁begins ▁at ▁the ▁southern ▁out let ▁of ▁the ▁lake ▁in ▁ Ō ts u . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁dam ▁there ▁to ▁reg ulate ▁the ▁lake ▁level . ▁Further ▁down stream , ▁the ▁S eta ▁flows ▁into ▁Ky oto |
▁Pref ect ure ▁and ▁its ▁name ▁changes ▁to ▁the ▁U ji ▁River . ▁It ▁then ▁mer ges ▁with ▁two ▁other ▁rivers , ▁ ▁the ▁K ats ura ▁River ▁and ▁the ▁K iz u ▁River ▁in ▁Ky oto ▁Pref ect ure . ▁The ▁K ats ura ▁has ▁its ▁head w aters ▁in ▁the ▁mountains ▁of ▁Ky oto ▁Pref ect ure , ▁while ▁the ▁K iz u ▁comes ▁from ▁Mie ▁Pref ect ure . ▁From ▁the ▁three - river ▁confl u ence , ▁the ▁river ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁Y odo ▁River , ▁which ▁flows ▁south , ▁through ▁Os aka , ▁and ▁on ▁into ▁Os aka ▁Bay . ▁In ▁Os aka , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁has ▁been ▁di vert ed ▁into ▁an ▁artificial ▁channel ; ▁the ▁old ▁course ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁Os aka ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁Ky ū - Y odo ▁River ▁( liter ally , ▁' Form er ▁Y odo ▁River '). ▁It ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁water ▁for ▁ir rig ation ▁and ▁also ▁powers ▁hydro elect ric ▁gener ators . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁choice ▁of ▁the ▁ancient ▁capital ▁He ian - ky ō ▁( now ▁Ky oto ) ▁during ▁the ▁He ian ▁period , ▁was ▁partly ▁chosen ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁the ▁Y odo ▁river ▁that ▁flows ▁towards ▁Os aka , ▁and ▁its ▁out let ▁on ▁the ▁Set o ▁In land ▁Sea . ▁ ▁The ▁river ▁played ▁a ▁very ▁important ▁role ▁for ▁the ▁movement ▁and ▁transport ▁of ▁goods ▁between ▁Os aka ▁and ▁Ky oto , ▁until ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the |
▁first ▁trains ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 8 ▁it ▁is ▁estimated ▁there ▁were ▁ 5 0 ▁boats ▁daily ▁of ▁all ▁types ▁that ▁carried ▁about ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁people ▁from ▁Os aka ▁to ▁F ush imi . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁a ▁trip ▁to ▁Ste am bo at ▁between ▁Os aka ▁and ▁F ush imi ▁could ▁take ▁ 1 2 ▁hours . ▁ ▁There ' s ▁ant ique ▁U ki yo - e ▁that ▁dep ict ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Y odo ▁river ▁( U ji ▁river ). ▁The ▁U ji ▁River ▁has ▁a ▁prominent ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁so - called ▁" U ji ▁chap ters " ▁of ▁the ▁T ale ▁of ▁Gen ji , ▁a ▁novel ▁written ▁by ▁the ▁Japanese ▁noble w oman ▁Mur as aki ▁Sh ik ib u ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ele vent h ▁century . ▁ ▁Now ad ays , ▁the ▁U ji ▁River , ▁or ▁the ▁Y odo ▁River ▁in ▁Ky oto ▁Pref ect ure , ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁fish ing ▁spot ▁during ▁the ▁summer ▁and ▁fall ▁months . ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁brid ges ▁that ▁cross ▁the ▁Y odo ▁river . ▁These ▁include ▁brid ges ▁for ▁cars ▁and ▁trains . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁( mouth ) ▁ ▁( origin ) ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Os aka ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Ky oto ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : |
R ivers ▁of ▁Sh iga ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁Les k ova ▁Bar a ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Sur d ul ica , ▁Ser bia . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁census , ▁the ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 3 9 ▁people . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁P č in ja ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁S hr id har ▁Bra h man and ▁ ▁Naz are kar ▁( ; ▁CE ▁ 1 6 5 8 - 1 7 2 9 ), ▁popular ly ▁known ▁as ▁S hr id har ▁Sw ami ▁Naz are kar ▁or ▁S hr id har ▁P and it , ▁was ▁a ▁popular ▁Mar ath i ▁Ak hy an aka ▁( n arr ative ) ▁poet ▁and ▁phil os opher ▁who ▁wrote ▁several ▁car it ra ▁gran th as ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁and ▁ 1 8 th ▁centuries . ▁S hr id h ara ▁was ▁a ▁pur an ik , ▁that ▁is ▁one ▁who ▁rec ite ▁stories ▁from ▁Pur anas . ▁Later ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁compose ▁works ▁himself ▁in ▁a ▁simple ▁dev ot ional ▁style , ▁and ▁were ▁not ▁only ▁extremely ▁popular , ▁but ▁were ▁rever ed ▁and ▁wor sh ipped ▁like ▁sacred ▁texts . ▁ ▁Biography ▁S hr id h ara ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁a ▁K ul kar ni ▁belonging ▁to ▁Des has tha ▁R ig ved i ▁Bra h min ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 |
8 ▁CE ▁in ▁Naz are ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sol ap ur ▁district , ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁state . ▁His ▁father ▁Bra h man anda ▁K ad ke , ▁was ▁also ▁his ▁g uru ▁with ▁some ▁literary ▁works ▁such ▁as ▁At ma ▁P rak ash ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 1 , ▁a ▁ved anta . ▁It ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁O vi ▁poetry ▁and ▁is ▁divided ▁in ▁ 1 4 ▁chap ters . ▁S hr id h ara ▁added ▁ 3 2 ▁st anz as ▁as ▁a ▁pro log ue ▁to ▁it . ▁S hr id h ara ▁was ▁also ▁called ▁as ▁Naz are kar ▁because ▁his ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁K ul kar ni ▁at ▁Naz are ▁in ▁Sh ol ap ur ▁district , ▁but ▁they ▁ha il ▁from ▁Kh ad ki . ▁Later ▁they ▁shift ed ▁to ▁P and h arp ur ▁from ▁Naz are ▁in ▁his ▁early ▁days ▁of ▁his ▁life . ▁S hr id h ara ▁turned ▁to ▁literary ▁composer ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁age . ▁He ▁first ▁composed ▁Har iv ij aya ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 2 , ▁an ▁ab rid ged ▁version ▁of ▁Sh rik r ish na ▁char ita , ▁based ▁on ▁Bh ag av ata ▁and ▁Pad ma ▁Pur ana . ▁Then ▁followed ▁Ram V ij aya ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 3 , ▁an ▁ab rid ged ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Ram ay ana . ▁Then ▁after ▁a ▁lap se ▁of ▁ten ▁years ▁or ▁so ▁appeared ▁P and ava P rat ap ▁in ▁ |
1 7 1 2 , ▁an ▁ab rid ged ▁version ▁of ▁Mah ab har ata . ▁The ▁last ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁his ▁series ▁was ▁Sh iv l il am rut , ▁based ▁mainly ▁on ▁Sk anda ▁Pur ana . ▁All ▁these ▁compos itions ▁are ▁written ▁in ▁a ▁simple , ▁ch aste ▁style . ▁He ▁had ▁correctly ▁anticip ated ▁common ▁man ▁as ▁his ▁reader , ▁and ▁common ▁man ▁has ▁ever ▁been ▁grateful ▁to ▁him ▁for ▁these ▁writ ings . ▁They ▁not ▁only ▁read ▁but ▁wor sh ipped ▁these ▁compos itions ▁like ▁holy ▁script ures . ▁S hr id har ' s ▁popular ity ▁is ▁quite ▁a ▁phenomen on ▁in ▁Mar ath i ▁literature . ▁There ▁were ▁many ▁Mar ath i ▁po ets ▁before ▁and ▁after ▁him , ▁who ▁had ▁worked ▁on ▁myth ological ▁them es , ▁Mah an ub h ava ▁po ets ▁like ▁Bh ask arab hat ta , ▁Bor ik ar ▁and ▁Nar endra , ▁E kn ath , ▁Mu kt esh w ara ▁( ▁from ▁whose ▁version ▁of ▁Mah ab har ata ▁S hr id h ara ▁himself ▁had ▁borrow ed ▁liber ally ▁and ▁literally ), ▁R agh un ath ▁P and it , ▁Sam raj ▁and ▁N ages h . ▁Mor op ant ▁alone ▁among ▁them ▁had ▁cond ensed ▁all ▁the ▁three ▁ep ics , ▁Ram ay ana , ▁Mah ab har ata ▁and ▁the ▁Bh ag av ata , ▁but ▁his ▁compos itions ▁in ▁ Ā ry ā ▁met re ▁addressed ▁p and its ▁well ▁vers ed ▁in ▁S |
ansk rit , ▁but ▁could ▁not ▁reach ▁the ▁masses . ▁S hr id h ara ▁did ▁not ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁category ▁of ▁saint - po ets ▁or ▁p and it - po ets . ▁And ▁yet ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁among ▁them ▁who ▁could ▁reach ▁out ▁so ▁well ▁to ▁the ▁masses . ▁His ▁simple ▁ab rid ged ▁versions ▁in ▁the ▁popular ▁O vi ▁meter ▁appe aled ▁to ▁their ▁taste . ▁ ▁Liter ary ▁works ▁S hr id har ▁Sw ami ▁is ▁famous ▁for ▁compos ing ▁works ▁in ▁a ▁simple ▁dev ot ional ▁style . ▁His ▁popular ity ▁cut s ▁across ▁all ▁cast es ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁simplicity ▁of ▁style , ▁narr ative ▁power ▁and ▁dev ot ional ▁sentiment . ▁He ▁took ▁known ▁stories ▁from ▁the ▁Ram ay ana ▁and ▁Mah ab har ata ▁and ▁narr ated ▁them ▁with ▁moral ▁teaching ▁and ▁V ed antic ▁philosophy . ▁The ▁Har iv ij aya , ▁Ram V ij aya , ▁Sh iv l il am rut , ▁P and ava P rat ap , ▁and ▁the ▁Amb ika U day a ▁are ▁his ▁major ▁works . ▁His ▁other ▁works ▁include ▁V ed anta - s ury a , ▁a ▁philosoph ical ▁text , ▁P and ur anga ▁Mah at my a ▁and ▁V enk ates h ▁Mah at my a . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Category : Mar ath i - language ▁writers ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : H indu ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : Mar ath i - language |
▁po ets ▁Category : H indu ▁sain ts ▁Category : Sch ol ars ▁from ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁Category : 1 6 5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 2 9 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁( ; ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁ 1 7 2 9 ▁– ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 8 0 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁priest ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁R ik sd ag , ▁and ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁leading ▁classical ▁liberal ▁of ▁Nord ic ▁history . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁S ot k amo , ▁Finland ▁( then ▁part ▁of ▁Sweden ) ▁and ▁having ▁studied ▁under ▁Pe hr ▁Kal m ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Å bo , ▁Ch y den ius ▁became ▁a ▁priest ▁and ▁En light en ment ▁phil os opher . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁an ▁ecc les i astic ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Swedish ▁R ik sd ag ▁of ▁the ▁Est ates ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 5 – 6 6 , ▁in ▁which ▁his ▁Cap ▁party ▁seized ▁the ▁majority ▁and ▁government ▁and ▁champion ed ▁Sweden ' s ▁first ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁the ▁Press ▁Act , ▁the ▁most ▁liberal ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁along ▁with ▁those ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁the ▁Seven ▁United ▁Provin ces . ▁Ve h ement ly ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁extreme ▁inter vention ist ▁policies ▁of ▁merc ant il ism ▁pre ached ▁by ▁the ▁previously ▁pre domin ant ▁Hat ▁party ▁since ▁dec ades , ▁he ▁was ▁ultimately ▁co er ced ▁into ▁ret irement |
▁for ▁his ▁criticism ▁of ▁the ▁Cap ▁administration ' s ▁radical ▁der eg ulation ▁policies ▁and ▁their ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁consequences . ▁ ▁Following ▁Gustav ▁III ' s ▁coup ▁d ' état ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 2 , ▁which ▁meant ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁parliament ary ▁rule ▁for ▁another ▁century , ▁Ch y den ius ▁briefly ▁returned ▁to ▁prom in ence ▁and ▁worked ▁to ▁increase ▁civil ▁libert ies ▁and ▁economic ▁freedom ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Gustav ' s ▁doctrine ▁of ▁en light ened ▁desp ot ism , ▁and ▁contributed ▁the ▁abol ishment ▁of ▁tort ure ▁as ▁means ▁of ▁inter rog ation , ▁the ▁limitation ▁of ▁capital ▁pun ishment , ▁and ▁the ▁legal isation ▁of ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Catholic ▁imm igration ▁into ▁Sweden . ▁Ult imately , ▁the ▁king ' s ▁increasing ly ▁aut ocr atic ▁position ▁brought ▁Ch y den ius ▁out ▁of ▁favour ▁again , ▁and ▁he ▁retired ▁to ▁private ▁life ▁in ▁Ost rob oth nia , ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁at ▁age ▁ 7 3 . ▁ ▁An ▁early ▁pione er — also ▁by ▁international ▁standards — and ▁pro ponent ▁of ▁economic ▁liberal ism , ▁freedom ▁of ▁religion , ▁freedom ▁of ▁speech ▁and ▁migration ▁( writing ▁a ▁pam ph let ▁on ▁the ▁invisible ▁hand ▁a ▁de cade ▁before ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁The ▁We alth ▁of ▁Nations ) ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁compreh ensive ▁philosoph ers ▁of ▁liberal ism . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁▁ ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 9 ▁in ▁S ot k amo |
, ▁Ost rob oth nia ▁( now ▁part ▁of ▁K ain u u ▁region ) ▁where ▁his ▁father ▁Jacob ▁was ▁a ▁chap lain . ▁The ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁Ku us amo ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 4 ▁where ▁his ▁father ▁became ▁a ▁parish ▁re ctor . ▁Anders ' ▁child hood ▁was ▁spent ▁in ▁the ▁bar ren ▁area ▁of ▁northern ▁Finland . ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁Samuel ▁were ▁taught ▁priv ately ▁by ▁their ▁father ▁and ▁then ▁they ▁went ▁to ▁O ulu ▁grammar ▁school ▁( U le å borg ▁trivial sk ola ). ▁After ▁the ▁Rus so - S wed ish ▁War ▁( 1 7 4 1 – 1 7 4 3 ), ▁the ▁boys ▁studied ▁priv ately ▁in ▁T orn io ▁and ▁entered ▁The ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Å bo ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 5 . ▁They ▁also ▁studied ▁at ▁U pp s ala ▁University . ▁Anders ▁studied ▁mathematics , ▁natural ▁sciences , ▁Latin ▁and ▁philosophy . ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 6 ▁the ▁father ▁Jacob ▁and ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁K ok k ola . ▁ ▁Neder vet il ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 5 3 , ▁after ▁gradu ation , ▁Anders ▁was ▁appointed ▁pre acher ▁of ▁the ▁Chap el ▁of ▁the ▁dependent ▁parish ▁of ▁Neder vet il ▁( today , ▁part ▁of ▁K ron oby ) ▁in ▁Ost rob oth nia . ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 5 ▁to ▁Be ata ▁Mag dal ena ▁M ell berg , ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁merchant ▁from ▁Jakob stad . ▁The ▁couple ▁was ▁child |
less . ▁While ▁in ▁Neder vet il ▁he ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁many ▁projects ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁clear ing ▁of ▁the ▁mar sh es , ▁experiment ing ▁with ▁new ▁bre eds ▁of ▁animals ▁and ▁plants , ▁and ▁adopt ing ▁new ▁methods ▁of ▁cultiv ation ▁of ▁pot atoes ▁and ▁to b acco . ▁His ▁aim ▁was ▁to ▁en light en ▁the ▁pe as ants ▁by ▁example . ▁Ch y den ius ▁pract iced ▁medicine ▁and ▁became ▁known ▁by ▁in oc ulating ▁ordinary ▁people ▁against ▁small po x . ▁He ▁also ▁performed ▁cat ar act ▁operations ▁and ▁prepared ▁medic ines . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 7 6 5 – 1 7 6 6 ▁R ik sd ag ▁of ▁the ▁Est ates ▁▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁his ▁first ▁writ ings ▁were ▁about ▁practical ▁matters ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁m oss ▁over g row ing ▁the ▁me adows , ▁and ▁improvements ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁horse ▁carri ages . ▁Then ▁he ▁moved ▁on ▁to ▁social ▁questions ▁and ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁writer ▁and ▁speaker . ▁He ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Diet ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 5 ▁to ▁obtain ▁free ▁trad ing ▁rights ▁for ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Ost rob oth nia . ▁The ▁cities ▁of ▁Gam la kar le by , ▁V asa ▁( F inn ish : ▁Va asa ), ▁B jör ne borg ▁( F inn ish : ▁P ori ) ▁and ▁U le å borg ▁ ▁received ▁navig ational ▁rights ▁which ▁helped ▁with ▁their ▁later ▁development ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁helping ▁all ▁of ▁Ost rob oth nia . |
▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁the ▁tar ▁which ▁should ▁have ▁brought ▁prosper ity ▁to ▁his ▁town ▁and ▁the ▁coast ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁sold ▁abroad ▁through ▁Stockholm , ▁which ▁made ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁prof its . ▁L arg ely ▁due ▁to ▁Ch y den ius ' ▁efforts , ▁Stockholm ' s ▁mon opol y ▁was ▁broken ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 7 6 5 , ▁the ▁towns ▁gained ▁freedom ▁to ▁sell ▁and ▁ship ▁tar ▁directly ▁to ▁foreign ▁customers . ▁ ▁Ch y den ius ▁participated ▁act ively ▁in ▁the ▁Diet , ▁and ▁published ▁several ▁articles ▁of ▁criticism ▁which ▁caused ▁a ▁great ▁stir . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁his ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁Diet ▁was ▁a ▁str ic ter ▁parliament ary ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁budget . ▁He ▁considered ▁that ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁greatest ▁achiev ements ▁was ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁freedom ▁of ▁the ▁press . ▁His ▁radical ▁activities ▁caused ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁ex cluded ▁from ▁the ▁Diet ▁by ▁his ▁own ▁political ▁party ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 6 . ▁ ▁K ok k ola ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 0 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁re ctor ▁of ▁Gam la kar le by ▁where ▁he ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁parish ▁work . ▁He ▁maintained ▁his ▁own ▁or chestra , ▁and ▁re he ars ed ▁with ▁them . ▁They ▁gave ▁concert s ▁in ▁the ▁rect ory ' s ▁reception ▁hall . ▁His ▁father ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁par son age ▁at ▁Gam la kar le by ▁from ▁ 1 7 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 7 6 6 , ▁and |
▁Anders ▁lived ▁there ▁from ▁ 1 7 7 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 3 . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 1 7 7 8 ▁and ▁ 1 7 7 9 ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁once ▁again ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Diet , ▁at ▁which ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁h ired ▁hands ▁was ▁brought ▁up . ▁He ▁champion ed ▁the ▁rights ▁of ▁the ▁servant ▁class . ▁At ▁the ▁suggestion ▁of ▁King ▁Gustav us ▁III , ▁he ▁introduced ▁a ▁bill ▁where by ▁foreign ers ▁were ▁also ▁granted ▁limited ▁rights ▁to ▁practice ▁their ▁own ▁religion . ▁He ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Diet ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁and ▁was ▁active ▁as ▁a ▁writer ▁covering ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁agricult ure , ▁the ▁burning ▁of ▁salt p eter , ▁small po x , ▁and ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁Lap land . ▁One ▁of ▁his ▁main ▁tasks ▁during ▁his ▁latter ▁years ▁was ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁building ▁an ▁extension ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁parish ▁church . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 3 . ▁ ▁Ide as ▁ ▁Free ▁trade ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 6 5 ▁Ch y den ius ▁published ▁a ▁pam ph let ▁called ▁The ▁National ▁G ain ▁( Den ▁nation n ale ▁w inst en ), ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁propos es ▁ideas ▁of ▁free ▁trade ▁and ▁industry , ▁expl ores ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁economy ▁and ▁society , ▁and ▁l ays ▁out ▁the ▁principles ▁for ▁liberal ism , ▁capital ism , ▁and ▁modern ▁dem ocracy . ▁In ▁the ▁book ▁Ch y den ius ▁published ▁theories ▁closely ▁corresponding ▁to |
▁Adam ▁Smith ' s ▁invisible ▁hand , ▁eleven ▁years ▁before ▁Smith ▁published ▁his ▁book , ▁The ▁We alth ▁of ▁Nations . ▁ ▁Ch y den ius ▁also ▁put ▁his ▁theories ▁into ▁practice ▁by ▁propos ing ▁to ▁the ▁R ik sd ag ▁of ▁the ▁Est ates ▁a ▁dr astic ▁trade ▁liberal ization ▁of ▁towns ▁along ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Both nia . ▁However , ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁other ▁propos itions ▁were ▁not ▁realized , ▁such ▁as ▁turning ▁Lap land ▁to ▁a ▁night watch man ▁state ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁poor ▁province ▁prosper ▁econom ically : ▁ ▁ – ▁free ▁state , ▁private ▁ownership ▁and ▁individual ▁freedom . ▁In hab itants ▁could ▁choose ▁whatever ▁profession , ▁freedom ▁of ▁trade ▁would ▁be ▁complete , ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁no ▁privileges , ▁reg ulation ▁or ▁tax es . ▁Bureau c racy ▁would ▁be ▁none x istent , ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁officer ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁judge ▁who ▁would ▁over see ▁that ▁no - one ' s ▁rights ▁would ▁be ▁suppress ed . ▁ ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁expression ▁▁ ▁Ch y den ius ▁became ▁a ▁great ▁pro ponent ▁of ▁freedom ▁of ▁the ▁press . ▁In ▁a ▁report ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 6 , ▁he ▁wrote : ▁ ▁No ▁evidence ▁should ▁be ▁needed ▁that ▁a ▁certain ▁freedom ▁of ▁writing ▁and ▁printing ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁strong est ▁bul w arks ▁of ▁a ▁free ▁organisation ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁as ▁without ▁it , ▁the ▁est ates ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁sufficient ▁information ▁for ▁the ▁draft ing ▁of ▁good ▁laws , ▁and ▁those |
▁disp ens ing ▁justice ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁monitor ed , ▁nor ▁would ▁the ▁subjects ▁know ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁the ▁law , ▁the ▁limits ▁of ▁the ▁rights ▁of ▁government , ▁and ▁their ▁own ▁respons ib ilities . ▁Education ▁and ▁good ▁conduct ▁would ▁be ▁cr ushed ; ▁co ars eness ▁in ▁thought , ▁speech , ▁and ▁man ners ▁would ▁prev ail , ▁and ▁dim ness ▁would ▁dark en ▁the ▁entire ▁sky ▁of ▁our ▁freedom ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁years . ▁ ▁Natural ▁equality ▁▁ ▁Ch y den ius ▁was ▁ ▁out sp oken ▁about ▁universal ▁rights ▁and ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁privile ge . ▁He ▁wanted ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁poor ▁the ▁same ▁freedom ▁as ▁for ▁everybody ▁else ▁and ▁argued ▁for ▁the ▁good ▁of ▁the ▁poor , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁rather ▁exception al ▁among ▁polit icians . ▁He ▁promoted ▁dem ocracy ▁and ▁def ended ▁the ▁freedom ▁of ▁religion , ▁freedom ▁of ▁speech , ▁freedom ▁of ▁trade ▁and ▁industry , ▁and ▁the ▁workers ▁rights . ▁He ▁called ▁for ▁an ▁o vers ight ▁of ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁state ▁funds ▁were ▁spent . ▁In ▁modern ▁language ▁we ▁would ▁say ▁he ▁advoc ated ▁open ness ▁and ▁good ▁govern ance . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 1 7 7 8 ▁ess ay , ▁Th ought s ▁Upon ▁the ▁Natural ▁Rights ▁of ▁Serv ants ▁and ▁Pe as ants , ▁he ▁wrote : ▁ ▁Nature ▁shapes ▁them ▁exactly ▁like ▁us . ▁Their ▁post ure ▁in ▁the ▁c rib ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁our s , ▁their ▁sou ls ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁reason ▁as ▁other ▁pe |
op les ', ▁where by ▁it ▁is ▁plain ▁to ▁see ▁that ▁the ▁Lord ▁of ▁creation ▁also ▁had ▁intended ▁them ▁to ▁have ▁equal ▁rights ▁with ▁other ▁people . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁ ▁Ch y den ius ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁influence ▁on ▁Nord ic ▁think ers ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁real - life ▁politics , ▁strictly ▁prom oting ▁classical ▁liberal ism . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁l abeled ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁Swedish ▁liberal ism . ▁Both ▁Sweden ▁and ▁Finland ▁include ▁him ▁among ▁their ▁historical ▁not ables , ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁vari ably ▁categor ized ▁either ▁Swedish ▁or ▁Finn ish ▁by ▁national ity . ▁ ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁is ▁remembered ▁as ▁a ▁man ▁ahead ▁of ▁his ▁time , ▁express ing ▁ideas ▁that ▁were ▁radical ▁in ▁his ▁day , ▁but ▁are ▁now ▁the ▁back bone ▁of ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁ide ology . ▁He ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁an ▁En light en ment ▁think er , ▁an ▁advoc ate ▁of ▁science , ▁arts , ▁rational ▁thinking ▁and ▁freedom . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁scient ist ▁and ▁sk illed ▁eye - sur geon , ▁the ▁mak er ▁of ▁several ▁invent ions , ▁a ▁pione er ▁of ▁v acc ination ▁in ▁Finland ▁and ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁an ▁or chestra . ▁ ▁Ch y den ius ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁highest ▁val ued ▁bank ▁note ▁( 1 0 0 0 ▁marks ) ▁of ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁mark ' s ▁last ▁design ▁series . ▁ ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁mot if ▁in |
▁a ▁recent ▁Finn ish ▁comm emor ative ▁coin , ▁the ▁€ 1 0 ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁comm emor ative ▁coin , ▁mint ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁The ▁ob verse ▁features ▁an ▁open ▁book , ▁referring ▁to ▁Ch y den ius ' s ▁numerous ▁publications ▁and ▁the ▁Bible . ▁On ▁the ▁reverse , ▁a ▁traditional ▁village ▁with ▁a ▁church ▁and ▁other ▁buildings ▁can ▁be ▁seen . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁book ▁Histor iens ▁ 1 0 0 ▁v ikt ig aste ▁sv ens kar ▁(" 1 0 0 ▁Most ▁Import ant ▁Sw edes ▁in ▁History "), ▁written ▁by ▁Nik las ▁Ek dal ▁and ▁Pet ter ▁Karl sson , ▁Ch y den ius ▁was ▁ranked ▁as ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁most ▁important ▁Sw ede ▁in ▁history . ▁In ▁Finland , ▁Ch y den ius ▁was ▁ranked ▁on ▁the ▁place ▁# 4 0 ▁in ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁" Gre at est ▁Fin ns " ▁in ▁a ▁voting ▁contest ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁national ▁broadcast ing ▁company . ▁ ▁Selected ▁works ▁▁ ▁Americans ka ▁nä f werb å tar . ▁Å bo ▁ 1 7 5 3 . ▁( American ▁B ark ▁Bo ats .) ▁ ▁S var ▁P å ▁s amma ▁Fr å ga ▁( Om ▁b ä sta ▁s ätt et ▁at ▁up od la ▁M oss l up na ▁Ä ng ar ). ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 6 2 . ▁( How ▁to ▁Cult iv ate ▁M oss y ▁M ead ows .) ▁ ▁S var ▁på ▁s amma |
▁Fr å ga ▁( Ang å ende ▁K är ror s ▁För b ät tring ). ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 6 4 . ▁( The ▁Im prov ement ▁of ▁W agg ons .) ▁ ▁W eder lä gg ning ▁Af ▁de ▁Sk äl , ▁H war med ▁man ▁s ö ker ▁best r ida ▁Ö ster - ▁och ▁W ä ster b ott nis ka ▁Sam t ▁W ä ster - N or rl änd ske ▁St ä der ne ▁Fri ▁Seg lation . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 6 5 . ▁( Counter - arguments ▁to ▁Those ▁Who ▁Would ▁Att empt ▁to ▁O pp ose ▁Free ▁Navigation ▁between ▁the ▁Town s ▁of ▁Ost rob oth nia , ▁V ä ster bot ten ▁and ▁Nor land .) ▁ ▁Sw ar ▁P å ▁den ▁af ▁K gl . ▁W et ensk aps ▁Academ ien ▁för est äl ta ▁Fr å gan : ▁H wad ▁kan ▁war a ▁or s aken , ▁at ▁så dan ▁my cken het ▁Sw ens kt ▁folk ▁å rl igen ▁fly t ter ▁ut ur ▁Land et ? ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 6 5 . ▁( For ▁What ▁Re ason ▁do ▁so ▁Many ▁Sw edes ▁Em igr ate ▁Every ▁Year ?) ▁ ▁K äll an ▁T il ▁R ik ets ▁W an - Mag t . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 6 5 . ▁( The ▁Source ▁of ▁the ▁We ak ness ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom .) ▁ ▁Den ▁Nation n ale ▁W inst en . ▁W ör ds am ast ▁ö f |
wer lem nad ▁T il ▁R ik sens ▁H ög lo fl iga ▁St änder , ▁Af ▁En ▁Der as ▁Led am ot . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 6 5 . ▁( The ▁National ▁G ain .) ▁ ▁Om ständ el igt ▁Sw ar , ▁P å ▁den ▁genom ▁Try cket ▁ut kom ne ▁W eder lä gg ning ▁af ▁Sk riften , ▁K all ad : ▁K äll an ▁til ▁R ik ets ▁W an mag t , ▁J äm te ▁An m är k ningar ▁Ö f wer ▁De ▁wid ▁s amma ▁K äl la ▁an st ä ld a ▁W att u - Pro f . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 6 5 . ▁( In ▁Rep ly ▁to ▁Crit iques ▁App lying ▁to ▁The ▁Source ▁of ▁the ▁We ak ness ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom .) ▁ ▁Ber ätt else ▁Om ▁Ch ines iska ▁Sk rif - Fri heten , ▁Ö f vers att ▁af ▁Dans kan . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 6 6 . ▁( A ▁Report ▁on ▁the ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁the ▁Press ▁in ▁China .) ▁ ▁R ik ets ▁H jel p , ▁Gen om ▁en ▁Natur lig ▁Fin ance - System . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 6 6 . ▁( Ass isting ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁through ▁a ▁Natural ▁Mon et ary ▁System .) ▁ ▁Tal ▁H å l let ▁Vid ▁V år ▁All ern å dig ste ▁Kon ungs , ▁Kon ung ▁Gust af ▁III : s ▁Hö ga ▁Kr ö ning , ▁Den ▁ 2 9 ▁Maj i |
▁ 1 7 7 2 . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 7 2 . ▁( Spe ech ▁on ▁the ▁Occ asion ▁of ▁the ▁Cor on ation ▁of ▁Gustav us ▁III .) ▁ ▁S var ▁P å ▁V et ensk aps ▁och ▁V itter h ets ▁Sam h äl lets ▁I ▁Gö the borg ▁För est äl ta ▁Fr å ga : ▁Hur uv ida ▁Land th and el ▁för ▁ett ▁R ike ▁i ▁gem en ▁är ▁ny tt ig ▁eller ▁sk adel ig , ▁och ▁h v ad ▁mon ▁den ▁bid ra ger ▁til ▁industri ens ▁u pl if van de ▁eller ▁a ft ag ande ? ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 7 7 . ▁( Is ▁R ural ▁Trade ▁Adv antage ous ▁or ▁Dis adv antage ous ▁to ▁the ▁Kingdom , ▁and ▁to ▁What ▁Ext ent ▁does ▁it ▁A ffect ▁the ▁Progress ▁or ▁Dec line ▁in ▁Me ans ▁of ▁Liv elihood ?) ▁ ▁T ank ar ▁Om ▁Hus b ö nd ers ▁och ▁T ien ste h ions ▁Natur liga ▁R ätt . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 7 8 . ▁( Th ought s ▁upon ▁the ▁Natural ▁Rights ▁of ▁Serv ants ▁and ▁Pe as ants .) ▁ ▁Memorial , ▁Ang å ende ▁Relig ions - Fri het . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 7 9 . ▁( Mem or and um ▁on ▁the ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁Relig ious ▁Fa ith .) ▁ ▁Pred ik ningar ▁ö f ver ▁T io ▁G ud s ▁Bud . ▁U ps ala ▁ 1 7 8 1 – 8 |
2 . ▁( S erm ons ▁on ▁the ▁Ten ▁Command ments .) ▁ ▁Pred ik ningar ▁ö f ver ▁And ra ▁H uf v ud sty cket ▁i ▁C ate ches en . ▁Hom ile t iska ▁för s ök . ▁Vol . ▁VI . ▁St . ▁ 2 . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 8 4 . ▁( S erm ons ▁on ▁the ▁Second ▁Main ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁C ate ch ism .) ▁ ▁Om ▁Salt pet ter - S jud er ier na , ▁s är led es ▁i ▁Ö ster bot ten . ▁Sk rif ter ▁af ▁S äll skap et ▁för ▁All m än ne ▁Med bor ger lige ▁kun sk aper ▁II . ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 7 9 5 . ▁( Pre par ation ▁of ▁Salt pet re .) ▁ ▁T ank ar ▁om ▁Ko pp ym p ningen ▁För ▁Fin lands ▁All m oge . ▁K . ▁Fin ska ▁H ush å ll nings - S äll skap ets ▁Hand ling ar ▁ 1 . ▁Å bo ▁ 1 8 0 3 . ▁( Th ought s ▁on ▁In oc ulating ▁against ▁Small po x ▁for ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁People .) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Cont ribution s ▁to ▁liberal ▁theory ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁economic ▁thought ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius : ▁Ant icip ating ▁The ▁We alth ▁of ▁Nations : ▁The ▁Selected ▁Works ▁of ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁( 1 7 2 9 – 1 8 0 3 ). ▁Trans |
l ated ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁by ▁Peter ▁C . ▁Hog g . ▁London : ▁Rout ledge , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁. ▁Edit ors ▁Mar en ▁Jon ass on ▁and ▁Per tt i ▁Hy tt inen . ▁ ▁Hy tt inen , ▁Per tt i . ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁Def ender ▁of ▁Fre edom ▁and ▁Dem ocracy . ▁K ok k ola : ▁Ch y den ius ▁Institute ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁J y vä sk yl ä , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁▁ ▁Must onen , ▁Ju ha . ▁The ▁World ' s ▁First ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁Information ▁Act ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ' ▁Leg acy ▁Today . ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁Foundation ▁publications , ▁ 2 . ▁K ok k ola : ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁Foundation , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁▁ ▁U hr , ▁Carl ▁G . ▁Anders ▁Ch y den ius ▁ 1 7 2 9 – 1 8 0 3 ▁A ▁Finn ish ▁Pre de cess or ▁to ▁Adam ▁Smith . ▁Med del anden ▁från ▁N ationale k onom iska ▁institution en ▁vid ▁Hand el sh ög sk olan ▁vid ▁Å bo ▁a kadem i , ▁ 6 . ▁Å bo : ▁N ationale k onom iska ▁institution en ▁vid ▁Hand el sh ög sk olan ▁vid ▁Å bo ▁a kadem i , ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Ch y den ius ▁Foundation ▁ ▁The ▁National ▁G ain ▁ ▁Ch y |
den ius ' ▁most ▁famous ▁book ▁in ▁English ▁translation ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 0 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁S ot k amo ▁Category : S wed ish - spe aking ▁Fin ns ▁Category : F inn ish ▁polit icians ▁Category : F inn ish ▁scient ists ▁Category : F inn ish ▁econom ists ▁Category : F inn ish ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : F inn ish ▁Luther an ▁pri ests ▁Category : Class ical ▁econom ists ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁R ik sd ag ▁of ▁the ▁Est ates ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Finn ish ▁writers ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Swedish ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Swedish ▁writers ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁econom ists ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁econom ists ▁Category : Age ▁of ▁Liber ty ▁people ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁Swedish ▁polit icians ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Swedish ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Ab ility ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁b imon th ly ▁magazine ▁founded ▁by ▁Ch et ▁Cooper ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁launched ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁news stand ▁magazine ▁focused ▁on ▁issues ▁of ▁health ▁and ▁dis ability . ▁Ab ility ▁is ▁ranked ▁in ▁the ▁Top ▁ 5 0 ▁Mag az ines ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁— ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁magazine ▁covering ▁Health , ▁Dis ability ▁and ▁Human ▁Pot ential |
. ▁It ▁is ▁distributed ▁by ▁Time ▁Warner ▁and ▁has ▁offices ▁in ▁Santa ▁Ana ▁and ▁Costa ▁M esa , ▁California . ▁ ▁Content ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁covers ▁the ▁latest ▁on ▁health , ▁environmental ▁protection , ▁assist ive ▁technology , ▁employ ment , ▁sports , ▁travel , ▁universal ▁design , ▁mental ▁well ness . ▁Magazine ▁covers ▁issues ▁include ▁the ▁Americans ▁with ▁Dis abilities ▁Act , ▁civil ▁rights ▁adv ancement , ▁employ ment ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁people ▁with ▁dis abilities , ▁and ▁human ▁interest ▁stories . ▁Cover ▁inter views ▁consist ▁of ▁movie ▁and ▁TV ▁cele brit ies , ▁business ▁leaders , ▁sports ▁figures , ▁pres idents , ▁first ▁ladies ▁and ▁more . ▁Each ▁cover ▁story ▁of ▁Ab ility ▁show cases ▁a ▁prominent ▁public ▁figure ▁who ▁either ▁has ▁a ▁dis ability ▁or ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁connection ▁to ▁a ▁dis ability - related ▁cause . ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁prom oting ▁access ibility ▁in ▁both ▁content ▁and ▁form ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁embed ▁V O ICE Y E ▁( a ▁high ▁density ▁matrix ▁bar code ▁system ) ▁on ▁its ▁editor ial ▁pages ▁to ▁hear ▁print ▁through ▁smart ph ones ▁and ▁table ts — g iving ▁good ▁access ▁to ▁people ▁with ▁low ▁vision , ▁blind ness ▁or ▁reading ▁challeng es ▁in ▁ 5 8 ▁languages . ▁ ▁Represent ation ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁frequently ▁particip ates ▁in ▁international ▁con ferences , ▁public ▁aw aren ess ▁events ▁and ▁opportun ities ▁to ▁affect ▁policy ▁surrounding ▁issues ▁of ▁dis ability ; ▁and ▁has ▁partner ed ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁in |
▁efforts ▁to ▁raise ▁aw aren ess . ▁ ▁Notable ▁contrib utors ▁Through out ▁the ▁years , ▁many ▁entertain ers ▁and ▁cele brit ies ▁representing ▁important ▁causes ▁have ▁been ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁cover ▁of ▁Ab ility . ▁Notable ▁mus icians , ▁such ▁as ▁Ray ▁Charles , ▁Andrea ▁B oc elli , ▁and ▁Av ril ▁L avig ne ; ▁and ▁actors , ▁such ▁as ▁Mary ▁Ty ler ▁Moore , ▁Kirk ▁Douglas , ▁Jack ▁Lem mon , ▁Laura ▁D ern , ▁Hol ly ▁Robinson ▁Pe ete , ▁and ▁Fran ▁Dres cher , ▁have ▁shared ▁their ▁stories ▁with ▁Ab ility . ▁Other ▁famous ▁faces ▁include ▁actor ▁and ▁advoc ate ▁Christopher ▁Re e ve , ▁talk ▁show ▁host ▁Mont el ▁Williams , ▁com ed ian ▁Richard ▁P ry or , ▁and ▁ent ert ainer ▁Don ny ▁O sm ond . ▁Most ▁recently , ▁Joe ▁M ante g na , ▁Kurt ▁Ya eg er , ▁William ▁H . ▁M acy , ▁Jenn ifer ▁Esp os ito , ▁Bobby ▁Far rel ly , ▁Peter ▁Far rel ly , ▁Andy ▁Mad ad ian , ▁Amy ▁B ren n eman , ▁How ie ▁Mand el , ▁Kirk ▁Douglas , ▁Ste vie ▁Wonder , ▁Gary ▁B use y , ▁Austin ▁Bas is , ▁and ▁Max ▁G ail ▁have ▁been ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁magazine . ▁ ▁Polit icians ▁featured ▁in ▁Ab ility ▁have ▁included ▁President ▁Bill ▁Cl inton , ▁Sen ators ▁Tom ▁H ark in , ▁Bob ▁D ole , ▁Ch uck ▁Gr ass ley , ▁Max ▁Cle land , ▁Harris ▁W off ord |
, ▁Congress man ▁Jim ▁L ange vin , ▁and ▁First ▁Lad ies ▁Laura ▁Bush ▁and ▁Ros al yn n ▁Carter . ▁ ▁Iss ues ▁of ▁Ab ility ▁have ▁also ▁included ▁a ▁wide ▁array ▁of ▁profiles ▁of ▁leaders ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁business , ▁including ▁Med tr onic ▁founder ▁Earl ▁Bak ken , ▁K ink o ' s ▁CE O ▁Paul ▁Or f ale a , ▁and ▁Pan ason ic ▁CE O ▁Don ▁I w at ani , ▁and ▁companies ▁that ▁em body ▁" best ▁practices " ▁including ▁Bo eing , ▁H ew lett - Pack ard , ▁Microsoft , ▁Star bu cks , ▁and ▁C VS ▁Ph arm acy . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁received ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Da ▁V inci ▁Award ▁for ▁Access ibility ▁and ▁Universal ▁Design . ▁ ▁Aff ili ations ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁diverse ▁network ▁of ▁organizations ▁ge ared ▁toward ▁adv ancement ▁and ▁inclusion ▁of ▁people ▁with ▁dis abilities . ▁These ▁projects ▁include : ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁Job s : ▁The ▁first ▁web - based ▁job ▁board ▁and ▁rés um é ▁bank ▁for ▁individuals ▁with ▁dis abilities . ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁A war eness : ▁A ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁with ▁a ▁focus ▁on ▁elev ating ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁people ▁with ▁dis abilities . ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁Corps : ▁A ▁major ▁initi ative ▁fost ering ▁integration ▁of ▁volunte ers ▁with ▁dis abilities ▁into ▁community ▁service . ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁created ▁an ▁al liance ▁with ▁the ▁China ▁Press ▁for ▁People ▁with ▁Dis |
abilities ▁— ▁providing ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁publish ▁each ▁other ' s ▁selected ▁stories , ▁art works ▁and ▁articles , ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁bring ▁both ▁countries ▁to ▁experience ▁human ▁interest ▁stories ▁that ▁otherwise ▁would ▁never ▁be ▁known . ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁has ▁partner ed ▁with ▁the ▁Arc ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁" to ▁raise ▁aw aren ess ▁about ▁dis ability ▁issues ▁and ▁the ▁resources ▁available ▁to ▁people ▁with ▁dis abilities ▁and ▁their ▁families ." ▁ ▁Ab ility ▁is ▁listed ▁as ▁an ▁aw aren ess ▁resource ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁C ere br al ▁P als y ▁organization ▁and ▁has ▁provided ▁media ▁for ▁the ▁Dis ability ▁Rights ▁Leg al ▁Center . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : American ▁mag az ines ▁Category : American ▁b imon th ly ▁mag az ines ▁Category : Dis ability ▁publications ▁Category : He alth ▁mag az ines ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁published ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁Pala e os ic cia ▁major ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁sub family ▁Ar ct i inae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁U g anda . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L ith osi ini <0x0A> </s> ▁SS ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁was ▁a ▁Vict ory ▁ship ▁built ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁under ▁the ▁Emer gency ▁Sh ip building ▁program . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁launched ▁by ▁the ▁Oregon ▁Sh ip building ▁Corporation ▁on ▁ ▁May ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and |
▁completed ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁The ▁ship ' s ▁United ▁States ▁Mar itime ▁Commission ▁design ation ▁was ▁V C 2 - S - AP 3 ▁and ▁h ull ▁number ▁ 1 0 5 ▁( 1 0 2 1 ). ▁The ▁ship ▁was ▁Oregon ▁Sh ip building ▁Corporation ' s ▁ 2 1 st ▁victory ▁ship . ▁The ▁Mar itime ▁Commission ▁turned ▁it ▁over ▁for ▁Mer chant ▁n avy ▁operation ▁to ▁a ▁civil ian ▁contract or , ▁the ▁Ist hm ian ▁Ste am ship ▁Company ▁under ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Mer chant ▁Marine ▁act ▁for ▁the ▁War ▁Sh ipping ▁Administration . ▁She ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁El mi ra , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Vict ory ▁ships ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁su pers ede ▁the ▁earlier ▁Liber ty ▁Sh ips . ▁Un like ▁Liber ty ▁ships , ▁Vict ory ▁ships ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁also ▁last ▁longer . ▁The ▁Vict ory ▁ship ▁differ ed ▁from ▁a ▁Liber ty ▁ship ▁in ▁that ▁they ▁were : ▁faster , ▁longer ▁and ▁wider , ▁t aller , ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁th inner ▁stack ▁set ▁farther ▁toward ▁the ▁super structure . ▁They ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁raised ▁forec ast le . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁SS ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁has ▁had ▁the ▁dangerous ▁job ▁of ▁deliver ing ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 ▁pounds ▁of ▁am mun ition ▁for ▁troops ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁War ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁The ▁SS ▁El |
mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁am mun ition ▁ship ▁was ▁loaded ▁with ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 ▁pounds ▁of ▁am mun ition ▁and ▁ste amed ▁to ▁Ul ith i . ▁Ul ith i ▁is ▁an ▁at oll ▁in ▁the ▁Caroline ▁Islands ▁used ▁a ▁fleet ▁meeting ▁spot ▁and ▁st aging ▁area ▁for ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ' s ▁western ▁Pacific ▁operations . ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ley te ▁ended ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁ ▁SS ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁supplied ▁cargo ▁to ▁five ▁Land ing ▁C raft ▁Infantry . ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁at ▁ 8 : 0 0 am ▁off ▁the ▁west ▁coast ▁of ▁Lu zon ▁Philippines , ▁Kam ik aze ▁plane ▁attacked ▁and ▁dam aged ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁she ▁was ▁being ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Al aska ▁SS ▁company . ▁She ▁has ▁just ▁ste amed ▁from ▁K oss ol ▁Ro ads ▁in ▁a ▁con voy , ▁under ▁the ▁protection ▁of ▁the ▁destroy er , ▁. ▁The ▁first ▁Kam ik aze ▁plane ▁crash ed ▁into ▁her ▁# 5 ▁cargo ▁hold ▁cover ▁and ▁did ▁minor ▁damage . ▁But , ▁a ▁second ▁plane ▁hit ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁side ▁near ▁the ▁super structure . ▁A ▁bomb ▁on ▁the ▁plane ▁expl oded ▁and ▁started ▁a ▁fire ▁on ▁the ▁deck ▁and ▁a ▁life ▁boat . ▁ ▁The ▁fire ▁dropped ▁into ▁hold ▁# 4 , ▁which ▁held ▁bomb s , |
▁but ▁the ▁crew ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁fire ▁out ▁before ▁any ▁det on ate . ▁The ▁same ▁day , ▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁near ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁kam ik az es ▁dam aged ▁the ▁destroy er ▁esc ort s ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁Also ▁the ▁dam aged ▁was ▁the ▁transport ▁USS ▁Ze il in , ▁and ▁the ▁Land ing ▁Sh ip , ▁T ank ▁L ST - 7 0 0 . ▁The ▁USS ▁Ze il in ▁lost ▁ 1 2 9 ▁of ▁her ▁ 5 0 6 ▁Army ▁troops , ▁being ▁transport ed . ▁Sh ells ▁on ▁the ▁destroy er ▁esc ort s ▁expl oded ▁and ▁did ▁some ▁damage ▁to ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁also . ▁Six ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁crew ▁members ▁were ▁injured ▁in ▁the ▁plane ▁explos ion , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁loss ▁of ▁life ▁in ▁attack . ▁The ▁attacks ▁were ▁at ▁ 1 6 ° 1 1 ' N , ▁ 1 2 0 ° 2 0 ' E . ▁ ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁serv iced ▁at ▁Ley te ▁G ulf ▁with ▁other ▁am mun ition ▁Vict ory ▁ships ▁like ▁, ▁. ▁At ▁Ley te ▁G ulf ▁she ▁also ▁worked ▁with ▁other ▁am mun ition ▁ships ▁like ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁that ▁expl oded ▁during ▁the ▁operation ▁from ▁an ▁unknown ▁cause . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁was ▁laid ▁up ▁in |
▁the ▁National ▁Def ense ▁Reserve ▁Fle et ▁at ▁the ▁Hudson ▁River ▁and ▁later ▁transferred ▁to ▁Su is un ▁Bay ▁National ▁Def ense ▁Reserve ▁Fle et . ▁ ▁Korean ▁War ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁was ▁put ▁back ▁in ▁service ▁for ▁the ▁Korean ▁War ▁as ▁a ▁Military ▁Sea ▁Transport ation ▁Service ▁( M ST S ) ▁char ter ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁Ex port ▁L ines . ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁made ▁tri ps ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁helping ▁American ▁forces ▁engaged ▁against ▁Commun ist ▁ag gression ▁in ▁South ▁Korea . ▁ ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁serv iced ▁in ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁from ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁to ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁was ▁hit ▁by ▁enemy ▁gun ▁fire ▁while ▁waiting ▁to ▁off load ▁am mun ition ▁in ▁Qu i ▁N h ơ n ▁har bor , ▁with ▁no ▁cas ual ties . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁she ▁was ▁scra pped . ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁El mi ra ▁Vict ory ▁earned ▁Battle ▁stars ▁for ▁her ▁action ▁at ▁the ▁L ing ay en ▁G ulf ▁landing ▁from ▁ 1 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁to ▁ 1 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Vict ory ▁ships ▁ ▁Liber ty ▁ship ▁ ▁Type ▁C 1 ▁ship ▁ ▁Type ▁C 2 ▁ship |
▁ ▁Type ▁C 3 ▁ship ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁S aw yer , ▁L . A . ▁and ▁W . H . ▁Mitchell . ▁Vict ory ▁ships ▁and ▁tank ers : ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁‘ V ict ory ▁type " ▁cargo ▁ships ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁tank ers ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Corn ell ▁Mar itime ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁ 0 - 8 7 0 3 3 - 1 8 2 - 5 . ▁United ▁States ▁Mar itime ▁Commission : ▁ ▁Vict ory ▁C argo ▁Sh ips ▁▁ ▁Category : V ict ory ▁ships ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Port land , ▁Oregon ▁Category : Mer chant ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁ships ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁merchant ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Marcus ▁Dal y ▁( Dec ember ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁– ▁November ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 0 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Irish - born ▁American ▁business man ▁known ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁" Co pper ▁Kings " ▁of ▁But te , ▁Mont ana , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Dal y ▁em igr ated ▁from ▁County ▁Cav an , ▁Ireland , ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁as ▁a ▁young ▁boy , ▁arriv ing ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁He ▁sold ▁newsp apers ▁and ▁worked ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁California ▁in ▁time ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁gold ▁r ush ▁on ▁what |
▁was ▁to ▁become ▁Virginia ▁City , ▁Nev ada , ▁and ▁the ▁fab ul ously ▁rich ▁silver ▁dig g ings ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Com stock ▁L ode , ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Dal y ▁gained ▁experience ▁in ▁the ▁mines ▁of ▁the ▁Com stock ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁John ▁William ▁Mack ay ▁and ▁James ▁G . ▁Fair . ▁While ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁mines ▁of ▁Virginia ▁City , ▁Dal y ▁met ▁and ▁be fri ended ▁George ▁H ear st ▁and ▁partners ▁James ▁Ben ▁Ali ▁H ag gin ▁and ▁Lloyd ▁Te vis , ▁co - own ers ▁of ▁the ▁O ph ir ▁M ining ▁Company . ▁( H ear st ' s ▁son ▁was ▁William ▁Rand olph ▁H ear st ). ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁Dal y ▁would ▁recommend ▁purchase ▁by ▁the ▁H ear st ▁group ▁the ▁Ontario ▁mine , ▁near ▁Park ▁City , ▁Ut ah . ▁In ▁ten ▁years , ▁the ▁Ontario ▁produced ▁$ 1 7 ▁million ▁and ▁paid ▁$ 6 , 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁divid ends , ▁and ▁made ▁many ▁millions ▁for ▁H ear st , ▁Te vis ▁and ▁H ag gin . ▁ ▁Their ▁business ▁friendship ▁was ▁to ▁extend ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁and ▁help ▁establish ▁the ▁Ana conda ▁Co pper ▁Mine ▁in ▁But te , ▁Mont ana . ▁Dal y ▁originally ▁came ▁to ▁But te ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁to ▁look ▁at ▁a ▁mine , ▁the ▁Alice , ▁as ▁an ▁agent ▁for ▁the ▁Walker ▁brothers ▁of ▁Salt |
▁Lake ▁City . ▁The ▁Walk ers ▁purchased ▁the ▁mine , ▁installed ▁Dal y ▁as ▁super int endent ▁and ▁awarded ▁him ▁a ▁fraction al ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁mine . ▁The ▁Walk ers ▁became ▁the ▁names akes ▁of ▁Walker ville , ▁which ▁formed ▁around ▁the ▁Alice . ▁ ▁Always ▁an ▁ener get ic ▁engineer ▁and ▁ge ologist ▁with ▁a ▁keen ▁eye ▁for ▁pay ing ▁ore , ▁Dal y ▁noticed ▁while ▁working ▁under ground ▁in ▁the ▁Alice , ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁significant ▁depos its ▁of ▁co pper ▁ore . ▁He ▁gained ▁access ▁into ▁several ▁other ▁mines ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁hill ▁was ▁full ▁of ▁co pper ▁ore . ▁He ▁en vision ed ▁an ▁ore ▁body ▁several ▁thousand ▁feet ▁deep , ▁some ▁ve ins ▁of ▁almost ▁pure ▁co pper ▁and ▁hundreds ▁of ▁millions ▁of ▁dollars . ▁He ▁ur ged ▁his ▁employ ers , ▁the ▁Walker ▁B ros . ▁to ▁purchase ▁the ▁Ana conda ▁and ▁when ▁they ▁ref rained , ▁Dal y ▁bought ▁it . ▁Dal y ▁founded ▁his ▁fortune ▁on ▁the ▁Ana conda ▁Co pper ▁Mine ▁in ▁But te , ▁after ▁s elling ▁his ▁small ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁Alice ▁Mine , ▁for ▁$ 3 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Ana conda ▁The ▁Ana conda ▁began ▁as ▁a ▁silver ▁mine , ▁but ▁Dal y ' s ▁purchase ▁was ▁for ▁the ▁co pper , ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁depos its ▁known ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁However , ▁he ▁lack ed ▁the ▁money ▁to ▁develop ▁it , ▁so ▁he ▁turned ▁to |
▁H ear st , ▁H ag gin ▁and ▁Te vis . ▁Back ed ▁with ▁many ▁millions ▁of ▁dollars , ▁he ▁set ▁out ▁upon ▁developing ▁The ▁Rich est ▁Hill ▁on ▁Earth . ▁The ▁first ▁couple ▁hundred ▁feet ▁within ▁the ▁mine ▁were ▁rich ▁in ▁silver , ▁and ▁took ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁to ▁exhaust . ▁By ▁that ▁time , ▁But te ' s ▁other ▁silver ▁mines ▁were ▁also ▁playing ▁out , ▁so ▁Dal y ▁closed ▁the ▁Ana conda , ▁St ▁Lawrence ▁and ▁Ne vers we at ▁mines . ▁He ▁reported ▁to ▁his ▁associ ates ▁what ▁he ▁had ▁in ▁mind ▁and ▁they ▁approved . ▁Pr ices ▁on ▁surrounding ▁properties ▁dropped ▁and ▁Dal y ▁quietly ▁purchased ▁them . ▁Then ▁he ▁re - open ed ▁the ▁Ana conda ▁as ▁a ▁co pper ▁mine ▁and ▁announced ▁to ▁the ▁world ▁that ▁But te ▁was ▁" The ▁Rich est ▁Hill ▁on ▁Earth ". ▁Because ▁Thomas ▁Ed ison ▁had ▁developed ▁the ▁light ▁bul b ▁and ▁built ▁a ▁city ▁block ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁to ▁show ▁off ▁what ▁electric ity ▁could ▁do , ▁the ▁world ▁would ▁need ▁co pper , ▁a ▁very ▁excellent ▁conduct or ▁of ▁electric ity . ▁But te ▁had ▁co pper . ▁H undred s ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁tons ▁of ▁it , ▁waiting ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁ground . ▁ ▁He ▁built ▁a ▁sm elter ▁to ▁handle ▁the ▁ore , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 8 0 s , ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁million aire ▁several ▁times ▁over , ▁and ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁Ana conda ▁M ining ▁and ▁Red u |
ction ▁Company . ▁Dal y ▁owned ▁a ▁rail road , ▁the ▁But te , ▁Ana conda ▁and ▁Pacific ▁Rail road ▁to ▁ha ul ▁ore ▁from ▁his ▁mines ▁to ▁his ▁sm elter ▁in ▁Ana conda , ▁a ▁city ▁he ▁founded ▁for ▁his ▁employees ▁to ▁work ▁the ▁sm el ters . ▁He ▁owned ▁l umber ▁interests ▁in ▁the ▁B itter root ▁Valley , ▁a ▁m ansion ▁and ▁pri zed ▁st ables ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁valley , ▁south ▁of ▁Miss ou la . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁Dal y ▁spe ar head ed ▁an ▁ener get ic ▁but ▁un success ful ▁campaign ▁to ▁have ▁Ana conda ▁designated ▁as ▁Mont ana ' s ▁state ▁capital , ▁but ▁lost ▁out ▁to ▁Hel ena , ▁which ▁was ▁supported ▁by ▁William ▁Andrew s ▁Clark . ▁Dal y ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁Mont ana ▁politics ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s , ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁opposition ▁and ▁inten se ▁rival ry ▁with ▁fellow ▁co pper ▁king , ▁and ▁future ▁U . S . ▁Senator , ▁William ▁Clark . ▁Dal y ▁tried ▁to ▁keep ▁Clark ▁out ▁of ▁office ▁by ▁lav ish ly ▁supporting ▁Clark ' s ▁oppon ents . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 8 , ▁Dal y ▁went ▁looking ▁for ▁a ▁bu yer ▁of ▁his ▁company . ▁He ▁entered ▁into ▁negoti ations ▁with ▁William ▁Rock ef eller ▁and ▁Henry ▁H . ▁Rog ers ▁of ▁John ▁D ▁Rock ef eller ' s ▁Standard ▁O il ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁The ▁Ana conda ▁M ining ▁Company ▁( and |
▁associated ▁interests ) ▁were ▁purchased ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁for ▁$ 3 9 ▁million ▁and ▁became ▁Am alg am ated ▁Co pper ▁M ining ▁Company . ▁Dal y ▁was ▁made ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁and ▁died ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁ ▁Thor ough bre d ▁horse ▁racing ▁Dal y ▁inv ested ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁money ▁in ▁horse ▁bre eding ▁at ▁his ▁B itter root ▁Stock ▁Farm ▁located ▁near ▁Hamilton , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁owner / bre eder ▁of ▁Scottish ▁Ch ie ft ain , ▁the ▁only ▁horse ▁b red ▁in ▁Mont ana ▁to ▁ever ▁win ▁the ▁Bel mont ▁St akes ▁( 1 8 9 7 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 1 , ▁Dal y ▁became ▁the ▁owner ▁of ▁Tam many , ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁fast est ▁race h ors es ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁He ▁owned ▁and ▁stood ▁In ver ness , ▁s ire ▁of ▁Scottish ▁Ch ie ft ain , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Hamburg , ▁Og den , ▁and ▁The ▁Pe pper . ▁He ▁also ▁arranged ▁the ▁bre eding ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁S ys on by , ▁ranked ▁number ▁ 3 0 ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁U . S . ▁thorough bre d ▁champions ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁by ▁Blood - Hor se ▁magazine . ▁Dal y ▁died ▁before ▁the ▁horse ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁death , ▁New ▁York |
' s ▁Mad ison ▁Square ▁Garden ▁hosted ▁a ▁dispers al ▁sale ▁for ▁the ▁B itter root ▁thorough bre d ▁stud s ▁on ▁January ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 0 1 ; ▁ 1 8 5 ▁horses ▁were ▁sold ▁for ▁$ 4 0 5 , 5 2 5 . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁ ▁Dal y ' s ▁legacy ▁was ▁a ▁mixed ▁one ▁for ▁Ana conda . ▁From ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁the ▁sm elter ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁town ' s ▁largest ▁employ ers ▁and ▁provided ▁well - pa id ▁jobs ▁for ▁gener ations . ▁When ▁the ▁sm elter ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁during ▁a ▁labor ▁strike , ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁town ' s ▁work force ▁was ▁put ▁out ▁of ▁work ▁and ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁not ▁recovered . ▁The ▁sm elter ▁itself ▁was ▁torn ▁down ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁environmental ▁clean up ▁efforts ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁although ▁the ▁sm ok est ack ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁place , ▁visible ▁for ▁many ▁miles ▁across ▁the ▁valley , ▁above ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁Dal y ' s ▁legacy ▁was ▁equally ▁mixed ▁for ▁But te . ▁The ▁Ana conda ▁Company ▁was ▁bought ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁Am alg am ated ▁Co pper ▁M ining ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁it ▁controlled ▁min ing ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁It ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁state |
' s ▁largest ▁employ ers ▁and ▁a ▁main st ay ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁local ▁econom ies ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁the ▁AC M ▁began ▁open - pit ▁min ing ▁in ▁But te , ▁creating ▁a ▁stead ily ▁growing ▁pit , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ber keley ▁Pit , ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁business ▁district . ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s , ▁co pper ▁prices ▁col lapsed ▁and ▁the ▁AC M ▁was ▁bought ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Rich field ▁Company , ▁( AR CO ). ▁AR CO ▁ceased ▁min ing ▁in ▁But te ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁and ▁shut ▁off ▁the ▁deep ▁p umps ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁ending ▁what ▁Dal y ▁had ▁begun ▁almost ▁exactly ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁before . ▁Mont ana ▁Resources , ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Washington ▁Group , ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁oper ates ▁an ▁open ▁pit ▁co pper ▁and ▁mol y b den um ▁mine ▁in ▁But te , ▁and ▁also ▁re co vers ▁co pper ▁from ▁the ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁Ber keley ▁Pit . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁the ▁Ber keley ▁Pit , ▁the ▁Clark ▁F ork ▁River ▁and ▁the ▁sm elter ▁outside ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Ana conda , ▁M T ▁were ▁declared ▁federal ▁Super fund ▁sites ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁E PA . ▁ ▁A ▁statue ▁of ▁Dal y ▁by ▁August us ▁Saint - G aud ens ▁stands |
▁at ▁the ▁main ▁entrance ▁to ▁Mont ana ▁Te ch ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Mont ana ▁( former ly ▁the ▁Mont ana ▁School ▁of ▁M ines ), ▁at ▁the ▁west ▁end ▁of ▁Park ▁Street ▁in ▁But te . ▁ ▁A ▁drawing ▁of ▁Dal y ▁by ▁the ▁Swiss - born ▁American ▁artist ▁Ad ol fo ▁Müller - U ry ▁( 1 8 6 2 – 1 9 4 7 ) ▁was ▁acquired ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁National ▁Port rait ▁Gallery ▁in ▁Washington ▁D . C . ▁ ▁R ivers ide , ▁the ▁summer ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁Dal y ▁Family , ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Hamilton , ▁Mont ana ▁and ▁open ▁to ▁visitors . ▁Margaret ▁Dal y , ▁Marcus ' ▁wife , ▁had ▁the ▁home ▁rem ode led ▁after ▁his ▁death ▁into ▁a ▁Georg ian - Re v ival ▁Style ▁Col onial . ▁ ▁The ▁Marcus ▁Dal y ▁Memorial ▁Hospital , ▁located ▁in ▁Hamilton , ▁Mont ana , ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁ ▁During ▁W W II , ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ▁hon ored ▁Marcus ▁Dal y ▁with ▁a ▁liberty ▁ship ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁his ▁accomplish ments , ▁the ▁SS ▁Marcus ▁Dal y . ▁The ▁ship ▁served ▁honor ably ▁during ▁the ▁war , ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁host ilities , ▁ear ning ▁several ▁service ▁med als ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ana conda ▁Co pper ▁Co pper ▁Kings ▁George ▁H ear st ▁H enn |
ess y ' s ▁William ▁A . ▁Clark ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁National ▁M ining ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁bio ▁Bio ▁on ▁Irish ▁Identity ▁website ▁Mont ana ▁Resources ▁Dal y ▁M ansion ▁Marcus ▁Dal y ▁Family ▁Pap ers ▁( Univers ity ▁of ▁Mont ana ▁Archives ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 0 0 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁min ing ▁business people ▁Category : American ▁race hor se ▁own ers ▁and ▁bre ed ers ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁Green - W ood ▁C emetery ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁Mont ana ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁in ▁met als ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Miss ou la , ▁Mont ana ▁Category : I r ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( before ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁Category : I r ish ▁race hor se ▁own ers ▁and ▁bre ed ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁B ally j ames du ff ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Hamilton , ▁Mont ana ▁Category : A na conda ▁Co pper <0x0A> </s> ▁Andrew ▁St ark ▁( born ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Sydney - based ▁Australian ▁candid ▁and ▁urban ▁street ▁photograph er ▁active ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁His ▁work ▁was ▁inspired ▁initially ▁by ▁Henri ▁Cart ier - B ress on , ▁Robert ▁Frank ▁and ▁William ▁Klein , ▁and ▁his ▁work ▁shows ▁" ambigu ity , ▁vulner ability ▁and |
▁a ▁slight ▁mel anch oly ▁h ue ". ▁Similar ▁to ▁Cart ier - B ress on , ▁he ▁sho ots ▁in ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁on ▁his ▁Kon ica ▁T C ▁with ▁ 2 8 ▁or ▁ 4 0 mm ▁l ens ▁only ▁for ▁his ▁candid ▁phot ography . ▁. ▁ ▁B irth ▁and ▁education ▁St ark ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Sydney ▁and ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁New ington ▁College ▁( 1 9 7 6 – 1 9 8 1 ). ▁ ▁Career ▁and ▁publications ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁his ▁first ▁book ▁entitled ▁" S n aps ▁from ▁Sydney " ▁was ▁published . ▁A ▁second ▁photo ▁book ▁C andid ly ▁In cl ined ▁was ▁released ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁an ▁exhibition ▁of ▁his ▁work , ▁" St ark ers ", ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁Sydney . ▁Through out ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁St ark ▁documented ▁the ▁S uther land ▁Sh ire ▁district , ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁C ron ulla ▁race ▁ri ots , ▁and ▁the ▁resulting ▁exhib it ▁" Down ▁South " ▁was ▁commission ed ▁and ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁Haz el h urst ▁Gallery , ▁Sydney ▁during ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁A ▁third ▁book ▁of ▁the ▁author ▁' E sc aping ▁into ▁Life ▁– ▁a ▁ps y cho ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁contemporary ▁street ▁photograph er ▁was ▁published ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁It ▁contains ▁an ▁expl oration ▁of ▁the ▁contemporary ▁street |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.