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, ▁former ▁president ▁of ▁Poland , ▁joined ▁the ▁board ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Joseph ▁Co fer ▁Black , ▁former ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁C ounter ter ror ism ▁Center ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Int elligence ▁Agency ▁( 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 2 ) ▁in ▁the ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁administration ▁and ▁former ▁Amb assador - at - Lar ge ▁for ▁counter - ter ror ism ▁( 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 0 4 ), ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁board . ▁Kar ina ▁Z lo chev ska , ▁daughter ▁of ▁My k ola ▁Z lo chev ski y , ▁was ▁also ▁appointed ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Dev on ▁Arch er , ▁a ▁former ▁senior ▁advis er ▁to ▁the ▁John ▁Ker ry ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁president ial ▁campaign , ▁and ▁Hunter ▁B iden , ▁an ▁att orney ▁and ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁then - US ▁vice ▁president ▁Joe ▁B iden , ▁joined ▁the ▁board . ▁ ▁Arch er ▁left ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁and ▁Hunter ▁B iden ▁left ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁when ▁his ▁term ▁as ▁a ▁director ▁exp ired . ▁ ▁Fin an cial ▁results ▁Bur is ma ▁Hold ings ▁does ▁not ▁disc lose ▁its ▁financial ▁results . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁calculated , ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁minimal ▁natural ▁gas ▁price , ▁that ▁the ▁company ' s |
▁re venue ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁may ▁have ▁tot aled ▁at ▁least ▁US $ 4 0 0 mill ion . ▁ ▁Investig ations ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁Ser ious ▁Fra ud ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁launched ▁a ▁money ▁la und ering ▁investigation ▁against ▁Z lo chev sky ▁and ▁accounts ▁of ▁Bur is ma ▁Hold ings ▁and ▁its ▁parent ▁Bro c iti ▁In vest ments ▁at ▁the ▁London ▁branch ▁of ▁B NP ▁Par ib as ▁containing ▁US $ 2 3 ▁million ▁were ▁fro zen . ▁That ▁money ▁was ▁transferred ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁complex ▁transactions ▁by ▁a ▁company ▁controlled ▁by ▁a ▁Ukrain ian ▁business man ▁Ser hi y ▁K urch en ko , ▁a ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁restrict ive ▁measures . ▁When ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁pro sec utor ▁general ' s ▁office ▁failed ▁to ▁provide ▁documents ▁needed ▁for ▁the ▁investigation , ▁a ▁British ▁court ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁dropped ▁the ▁case ▁and ▁ordered ▁to ▁un free ze ▁the ▁assets . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁then - U . S . ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁Geoff rey ▁Py att ▁gave ▁a ▁speech ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁called ▁out ▁Ukrain ian ▁pro sec utors ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁co oper ate ▁with ▁the ▁investigation . ▁ ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Pro sec utor ▁General ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁National ▁Anti - Cor ruption ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁( N AB U ) ▁have ▁conducted ▁in ▁total ▁ 1 5 inv estig ations |
▁on ▁Bur is ma ' s ▁owner ▁Z lo chev sky . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁former ▁Pro sec utor ▁General ▁Y uri y ▁L ut sen ko ▁accused ▁Bur is ma ▁subs idi aries ▁of ▁consp i racy ▁and ▁tax ▁ev asion ▁of ▁about ▁one ▁billion ▁h ry v ni as ▁ ▁( US $ 7 0 mill ion ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 5 , ▁but ▁later ▁during ▁investigation ▁subs idi aries ▁of ▁Bur is ma ▁were ▁not ▁mentioned . ▁ ▁Tax ▁aud it ▁of ▁E sko - P iv n ich ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁F is cal ▁Service ▁found ▁some ▁viol ations ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁ 5 0 mill ion ▁h ry v ni as ▁ ▁( US $ 1 . 9 mill ion ) ▁of ▁additional ▁tax es ▁was ▁paid ▁to ▁eliminate ▁criminal ▁charges . ▁In ▁total , ▁Bur is ma ▁paid ▁additional ▁ 1 8 0 mill ion ▁h ry v ni as ▁( US $ 7 . 4 4 mill ion ) ▁of ▁tax es ▁to ▁avoid ▁further ▁criminal ▁proceed ings . ▁ ▁A ▁criminal ▁investigation ▁was ▁conducted ▁if ▁natural ▁resources ▁extra ction ▁lic enses ▁were ▁issued ▁to ▁Bur is ma ▁subs idi aries ▁leg ally ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁Z lo chev sky ▁held ▁government ▁office . ▁Although ▁viol ations ▁of ▁the ▁procedure ▁were ▁established ▁by ▁N AB U , ▁the ▁Special ized ▁Anti - |
Cor ruption ▁Pro sec utor ' s ▁Office ▁missed ▁proced ural ▁dead lines ▁for ▁a ▁law suit ▁and ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁null ifying ▁lic enses ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁by ▁the ▁court . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Pro sec utor ▁General ▁Rus lan ▁Ri ab osh ap ka ▁announced ▁that ▁all ▁ 1 5 inv estig ation ▁cases ▁will ▁be ▁review ed . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Cy ber war fare ▁by ▁Russia ▁Trump – U k raine ▁sc andal ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Category : O il ▁and ▁gas ▁companies ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁Category : O il ▁and ▁gas ▁companies ▁of ▁Cy pr us ▁Category : L im ass ol ▁Category : E ner gy ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Francis ▁Bar ber ▁( 1 7 5 0 – 1 7 8 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Colonel ▁in ▁the ▁Cont inental ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁S ull ivan ▁Ex ped ition ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁York town ▁with ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Regiment . ▁Bar ber ▁was ▁wounded ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mon mouth ▁and ▁then ▁again ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Newton . ▁He ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁New ▁W inds or , ▁New ▁York , ▁where ▁the ▁army ▁was ▁camp ed ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 3 , ▁when ▁a ▁tree ▁that ▁was ▁being ▁cut ▁fell ▁on |
▁him ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁r iding ▁his ▁horse ▁to ▁d ine ▁with ▁George ▁Washington ▁in ▁New burgh , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Guide ▁to ▁the ▁Francis ▁Bar ber ▁( 1 7 5 0 - 1 7 8 3 ), ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁Officer ▁Order ly ▁Book ▁ 1 7 7 9 , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Historical ▁Society , ▁Retrieved ▁June ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁New ▁Jersey ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ▁Category : 1 7 5 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 8 3 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Y ul ia ▁Z ap ot ich n aya ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁football ▁def ender . ▁She ▁previously ▁played ▁for ▁FC ▁Ch ert an ovo , ▁SK A ▁Rost ov , ▁L ada ▁T ogli atti ▁and ▁Ener gi ya ▁Vor one zh ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁women ' s ▁football ▁championship . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁national ▁team . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Russ ian ▁women ' s ▁football ers ▁Category : W omen ' s ▁association ▁football ▁def enders <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch es ley ▁William ▁Carter ▁( J uly ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁– ▁January ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁representing ▁the ▁r iding ▁of ▁Bur in — B ur geo ▁and ▁a ▁sen |
ator ▁for ▁Grand ▁Bank , ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Pass ▁Island , ▁Herm itage ▁Bay , ▁New found land , ▁Carter , ▁educated ▁at ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁School , ▁Pass ▁Island ▁and ▁Bishop ▁Fe ild ▁College , ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁New found land ▁Regiment ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁to ▁fight ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁dis charg ed ▁with ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Major ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁Carter ▁entered ▁politics ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁following ▁New found land ' s ▁entry ▁into ▁Canadian ▁Confeder ation , ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁as ▁a ▁Liberal ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁federal ▁election . ▁He ▁was ▁re - elect ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁( when ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁acc lam ation ), ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁On ▁July ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁Senate ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁until ▁he ▁retired ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁educ ators ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁sen ators ▁from |
▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁Canada ▁from ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁Category : L iber al ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada ▁MP s ▁Category : L iber al ▁Party ▁of ▁Canada ▁sen ators ▁Category : New found land ▁people ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : New found land ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : 1 9 0 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁death s ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : B ishop ▁Fe ild ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : D omin ion ▁of ▁New found land ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Roman ovo ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁sel o ) ▁and ▁the ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁Roman ov sky ▁District ▁of ▁Al ta i ▁K rai , ▁Russia . ▁Population : ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Al ta i ▁K rai <0x0A> </s> ▁Wo or im ▁is ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁B rib ie ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁Mor eton ▁Bay ▁Region , ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Wo or im ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁eastern , ▁or ▁ocean , ▁side ▁of ▁B rib ie ▁Island , ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Ocean . ▁ ▁Wo or im ▁has ▁a ▁beach , ▁a ▁small ▁sho pping ▁centre , ▁and ▁park lands ▁ad jo ining ▁the ▁beach . ▁Wo or im ▁is |
▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁B rib ie ▁Island ▁Research ▁Centre , ▁an ▁aqu ac ulture ▁research ▁facility . ▁E ros ion ▁of ▁the ▁beach ▁at ▁Wo or im ▁is ▁an ▁on going ▁issue ▁with ▁long ▁term ▁re cess ion ▁tr ends ▁of ▁the ▁sh or eline ▁observed . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Cab ool t ure ▁Sh ire ▁Council ▁published ▁a ▁Sh or eline ▁E ros ion ▁Management ▁Plan ▁in ▁response . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁the ▁, ▁the ▁sub urb ▁recorded ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 , 7 6 5 ▁persons , ▁with ▁a ▁median ▁age ▁of ▁ 5 3 ▁years . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁In ▁the ▁, ▁Wo or im ▁recorded ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 , 7 6 5 ▁people , ▁ 5 2 . 4 % ▁female ▁and ▁ 4 7 . 6 % ▁male . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁of ▁the ▁Wo or im ▁population ▁was ▁ 5 5 ▁years , ▁ 1 8 ▁years ▁above ▁the ▁national ▁median ▁of ▁ 3 7 . ▁▁ 7 0 . 5 % ▁of ▁people ▁living ▁in ▁Wo or im ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁Australia . ▁The ▁other ▁top ▁responses ▁for ▁country ▁of ▁birth ▁were ▁England ▁ 6 . 3 %, ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ 4 . 5 %, ▁Bh ut an ▁ 1 . 1 %, ▁Netherlands ▁ 1 . 1 %, ▁Scotland ▁ 0 . 7 %. ▁▁ 8 6 . 3 % ▁of ▁people ▁spoke ▁only ▁English ▁at ▁home ; ▁the ▁next ▁most ▁common ▁languages ▁were ▁ |
1 . 5 % ▁Nep ali , ▁ 0 . 5 % ▁Greek , ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁Dutch , ▁ 0 . 2 % ▁A frika ans , ▁ 0 . 2 % ▁German . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁B rib ie ▁Island ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Queensland : ▁Queensland ▁Places : ▁B rib ie ▁Island ▁ ▁Category : Sub ur bs ▁of ▁Mor eton ▁Bay ▁Region ▁Category : B rib ie ▁Island <0x0A> </s> ▁Josh ▁Rand ▁( born ▁August ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁music ian ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁rh ythm ▁guitar ist ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁Stone ▁S our . ▁ ▁Josh ▁Rand ▁started ▁playing ▁bass ▁guitar ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 9 , ▁inspired ▁by ▁Billy ▁She e han , ▁Cl iff ▁Bur ton , ▁Frank ie ▁B ello ▁and ▁Jason ▁New sted . ▁He ▁has ▁known ▁Core y ▁Taylor ▁since ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁played ▁in ▁several ▁bands ▁together ▁before ▁Josh ▁switched ▁to ▁guitar ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 7 . ▁Rand ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁after ▁hearing ▁the ▁band ▁R ac er ▁X ▁he ▁knew ▁playing ▁the ▁guitar ▁was ▁right ▁for ▁him . ▁Rand ▁earned ▁a ▁professional ▁certificate ▁in ▁guitar ▁from ▁Ber k lee ▁College ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁is ▁currently ▁purs uing ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁guitar ▁there ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Stone ▁S our ▁ ▁Josh ▁Rand ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁longest - ser ving ▁member ▁of ▁Stone ▁S our |
▁after ▁Core y ▁Taylor , ▁they ▁have ▁both ▁gone ▁on ▁to ▁release ▁six ▁studio ▁albums ▁and ▁two ▁covers ▁EP ' s ▁with ▁the ▁band . ▁Rand ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁adds ▁elements ▁of ▁metal ▁in ▁Stone ▁S our ' s ▁music . ▁ ▁Road runner ▁United ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Road runner ▁Records ▁released ▁Road runner ▁United : ▁The ▁All - Star ▁S essions ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁the ▁label ' s ▁ 2 5 th ▁birth day . ▁Josh ▁Rand , ▁along ▁with ▁J esse ▁Le ach ▁( K ill switch ▁Eng age , ▁Se em less , ▁The ▁Empire ▁Sh all ▁Fall ), ▁Matt ▁He af y ▁( T riv ium ), ▁Mike ▁D ' Ant onio ▁( K ill switch ▁Eng age , ▁ex - Over cast , ▁Death ▁Ray ▁V ision ) ▁and ▁Johnny ▁Kelly ▁( Type ▁O ▁Neg ative ) ▁contributed ▁a ▁track ▁" B lo od ▁& ▁Fl ames ". ▁ ▁Other ▁projects ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Josh ▁Rand ▁released ▁an ▁instruction al ▁DVD ▁called ▁' The ▁Sound ▁And ▁The ▁Story '. ▁The ▁DVD ▁series ▁takes ▁you ▁behind ▁the ▁scenes ▁with ▁Stone ▁S our ▁guitar ist ▁Josh ▁Rand , ▁it ▁features ▁guitar ▁contents , ▁less ons , ▁exer cis es , ▁inter views , ▁g ear ▁t ours , ▁and ▁more . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Stone ▁S our ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Stone ▁S our ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁Come ▁What ( ever ) ▁May ▁▁ |
2 0 0 7 : ▁Live ▁in ▁Moscow ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁Audio ▁Sec re cy ▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁Live ▁in ▁Bright on ▁F an ▁Club ▁DVD ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁House ▁of ▁Gold ▁& ▁B ones ▁– ▁Part ▁ 1 ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁House ▁of ▁Gold ▁& ▁B ones ▁– ▁Part ▁ 2 ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Meanwhile ▁in ▁Bur bank ... ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Stra ight ▁Out ta ▁Bur bank ... ▁ 2 0 1 7 : ▁H ydro grad Ro ad runner ▁United ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁The ▁All - Star ▁S essions Fil m ography ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁The ▁M aking ▁of ▁Audio ▁Sec re cy ▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁Stone ▁S our ▁Live ▁In ▁Brit on ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Josh ▁Rand : ▁The ▁Sound ▁and ▁The ▁Story '' ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : St one ▁S our ▁members ▁Category : American ▁heavy ▁metal ▁guitar ists ▁Category : American ▁pop ▁rock ▁mus icians ▁Category : American ▁bass ▁guitar ists ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Des ▁Mo ines , ▁Iowa ▁Category : G uit ar ists ▁from ▁Iowa ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁bass ▁guitar ists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Col ▁de ▁la ▁Cl use ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁pass ▁located ▁ 1 , 1 6 9 ▁m ▁above ▁sea ▁level |
▁in ▁the ▁Chart re use ▁Mountains . ▁It ▁connect s ▁Le ▁Dé sert ▁d ' Ent rem ont ▁( comm une ▁of ▁Ent rem ont - le - V ieux ) ▁to ▁Cor bel . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁road ▁of ▁the ▁pass ▁is ▁the ▁D 4 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁winter , ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁departure ▁to ▁the ▁cross ▁country ▁ski ▁s lop es . ▁In ▁summer , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁a ▁two - hour ▁hi ke ▁to ▁access ▁to ▁Ro che ▁V ey rand ▁( 1 , 4 2 9 ▁m ), ▁over looking ▁Saint - Pierre ▁d ' Ent rem ont ▁in ▁Sav o ie . ▁The ▁nearby ▁Roc ▁de ▁G le is in ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁reached . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁access ▁roads ▁to ▁the ▁Col ▁du ▁G rap illon , ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Mount ain ▁passes ▁of ▁Au ver g ne - R h ône - Al pes ▁Category : Mount ain ▁passes ▁of ▁the ▁Al ps <0x0A> </s> ▁Club name ▁Park side ▁Haw ks ▁ ▁Full name ▁Park side ▁Haw ks ▁ ▁F ounded ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Sport ▁Rugby ▁league ▁ ▁League ▁Rugby ▁League ▁Conference ▁▁ ▁Gr ound ▁South ▁Le eds ▁Stadium ▁ ▁Park side ▁Haw ks ▁was ▁a ▁rugby ▁league ▁team ▁based ▁in ▁H uns let , ▁Le eds . ▁They ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁York shire ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Rugby ▁League ▁Conference . ▁ ▁History ▁Park side ▁Haw ks ▁were ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 0 9 ▁as ▁a ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁between ▁H uns let ▁Park side ▁and ▁H uns let ▁Haw ks . ▁Play ers ▁were ▁drawn ▁from ▁the ▁Haw ks ▁under - 1 8 ▁side ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁from ▁surrounding ▁winter ▁clubs ▁such ▁as ▁H uns let ▁Old ▁Boys , ▁H uns let ▁War riors , ▁Queens , ▁Mil ford , ▁and ▁East ▁Le eds . ▁Haw ks ▁joined ▁the ▁Mid lands ▁Mer it ▁League , ▁a ▁fe eder ▁competition ▁for ▁the ▁Rugby ▁League ▁Conference , ▁but ▁were ▁moved ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁R LC ▁North ▁Mid lands ▁division ▁after ▁ 1 ▁game . ▁They ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁R LC ▁North ▁Mid lands ▁title . ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁York shire ▁division ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁season ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁it ▁before ▁making ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁R LC ▁regional ▁final s ▁where ▁they ▁lost ▁to ▁North am pton ▁Dem ons . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁season , ▁Park side ▁Haw ks ▁won ▁the ▁York shire ▁( West ) ▁division ▁and ▁thus ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁York shire ▁Premier ▁play - offs ; ▁this ▁they ▁won ▁before ▁making ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁final s ▁of ▁the ▁R LC ▁Premier ▁division ▁and ▁winning ▁the ▁Harry ▁Je pson ▁Tro phy ▁by ▁be ating ▁Acc r ington ▁and ▁Ley land ▁L ions ▁ 2 4 - 1 6 . ▁ ▁Club ▁hon ours ▁▁ ▁R LC ▁North ▁Mid lands ▁Division : ▁ |
2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁R LC ▁York shire ▁Division : ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁R LC ▁York shire ▁Premier : ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁Harry ▁Je pson ▁Tro phy : ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Club ▁website ▁ ▁Category : R ugby ▁League ▁Conference ▁teams ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁Le eds ▁Category : R ugby ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Category : R ugby ▁league ▁teams ▁in ▁West ▁York shire <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁women ' s ▁ 4 0 0 ▁metres ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁European ▁Athletics ▁U 2 3 ▁Championships ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁G ä v le , ▁Sweden , ▁at ▁G av le hov ▁Stadium ▁Park ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 3 ▁July . ▁ ▁Medal ists ▁ ▁Result ▁ ▁He ats ▁Qual ification : ▁First ▁ 2 ▁in ▁each ▁heat ▁( Q ) ▁and ▁next ▁ 2 ▁fast est ▁( q ) ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 4 0 0 ▁Category : 4 0 0 ▁metres ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Athletics ▁U 2 3 ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁Art ific ial ▁neural ▁memb rane ▁( AN M ) ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁class ▁of ▁functional ▁structure ▁developed ▁through ▁research ▁adapt ive ▁and ▁evolution ary ▁neural ▁networks ▁and ▁program m able ▁materials . ▁ ▁The ▁greatest ▁interest ▁in ▁AN M ▁structures ▁surr ound ▁their ▁potential ▁as ▁open ▁architecture ▁environments ▁for ▁the ▁integration ▁of ▁micro scale ▁and ▁nan osc ale |
▁devices . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Ne uro gen esis ▁Alg orithms ▁developed ▁by ▁math ematic ian ▁and ▁engineering ▁phys ic ist ▁Dr . ▁P . ▁A . ▁M eng es . ▁ ▁While ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁post do ctor al ▁research ▁associate ▁at ▁Los ▁Al amos ▁National ▁Labor atory , ▁Dr . ▁M eng es ▁became ▁interested ▁in ▁thin ▁film ▁materials ▁used ▁in ▁special ized ▁sens ors ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁smart ▁sk ins . ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁the ▁labor atory ▁she ▁established ▁a ▁computational ▁method ▁allowing ▁networks ▁to ▁automatically ▁embed ▁or ▁simulate ▁on ▁other ▁networks ▁based ▁in ▁functional ▁materials . ▁▁ ▁Art ific ial ▁neural ▁memb rane ▁technology ▁development ▁has ▁been ▁fund ed ▁by ▁the ▁NASA ▁Institute ▁for ▁Advanced ▁Con cept s , ▁for ▁application ▁to ▁fla pping ▁wing ▁flight . ▁ ▁Currently ▁A eros pace ▁Research ▁Systems , ▁Inc ▁– ▁the ▁ag ency ▁that ▁pione ered ▁work ▁in ▁developing ▁artificial ▁neur ons ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁control ▁of ▁mult if unction al ▁smart ▁structures ▁– ▁is ▁applying ▁the ▁technology ▁to ▁re usable ▁launch ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁Other ▁applications ▁include ▁bi ote chn ology ▁processes , ▁morph ing ▁aircraft ▁and ▁space craft , ▁adapt ive ▁wind ▁gener ators , ▁and ▁artificial ▁org ans . ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁research ▁also ▁indicates ▁that ▁AN M ▁systems ▁may ▁provide ▁the ▁first ▁truly ▁autom ated ▁intent ional ▁or ▁concept ual ▁programming ▁environment . ▁ ▁The ▁AN M ▁technology ▁has ▁been ▁referred ▁as ▁being ▁as ▁significant ▁as ▁sem icon duct ors ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 |
9 5 0 s . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁A eros pace ▁Research ▁Systems , ▁Inc . ▁NASA ▁NASA ▁Institute ▁for ▁Advanced ▁Con cept s ▁ ▁Category : App lied ▁sciences <0x0A> </s> ▁Barry ▁James ▁Mel rose ▁( born ▁July ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian – American ▁broad c aster ▁and ▁former ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁and ▁head ▁coach . ▁Mel rose ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁Hockey ▁Association ▁( W HA ) ▁and ▁National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁( N HL ). ▁After ▁ret iring ▁from ▁playing , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁head ▁coach ▁and ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁the ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Kings ▁in ▁their ▁run ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁Final . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁long - time ▁comment ator ▁and ▁hockey ▁anal yst ▁for ▁ESP N ▁and ▁contrib utor ▁for ▁the ▁N HL ▁Network . ▁ ▁Hockey ▁career ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁Mel rose ▁began ▁his ▁hockey ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁def enc eman ▁in ▁the ▁W CH L ▁with ▁the ▁Kam lo ops ▁Chief s ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁where ▁he ▁stayed ▁for ▁two ▁years . ▁He ▁started ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 – 7 7 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁Spring field ▁Indians ▁of ▁the ▁A HL , ▁before ▁moving ▁mid - season ▁to ▁the ▁C inc inn ati ▁St ingers ▁of ▁the ▁WH A , ▁where ▁he ▁stayed ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁dem ise ▁of ▁the ▁WH |
A ▁and ▁its ▁subsequent ▁absor ption ▁into ▁the ▁N HL , ▁Mel rose ▁joined ▁the ▁W inn ip eg ▁J ets ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 8 0 ▁season . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁his ▁playing ▁career , ▁Mel rose ▁split ▁time ▁between ▁the ▁Toronto ▁Map le ▁Le af s ▁and ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Red ▁W ings , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁their ▁ass orted ▁A HL ▁affili ates . ▁Mel rose ▁spent ▁his ▁final ▁season ▁playing ▁with ▁the ▁Ad ir ond ack ▁Red ▁W ings ▁of ▁the ▁A HL ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 – 8 7 ▁season . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁N HL ▁playing ▁career , ▁he ▁played ▁ 3 0 0 ▁games , ▁scoring ▁ 1 0 ▁goals , ▁with ▁ 2 3 ▁ass ists ▁and ▁ 7 2 8 ▁penalty ▁minutes . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁in ▁ 7 ▁play off ▁games ▁with ▁the ▁Toronto ▁Map le ▁Le af s , ▁assist ing ▁on ▁ 2 ▁goals ▁and ▁receiving ▁ 3 8 ▁penalty ▁minutes . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁career ▁Upon ▁ret irement , ▁Mel rose ▁immediately ▁began ▁co aching . ▁He ▁co ached ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 – 8 8 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁Medicine ▁Hat ▁Tig ers ▁of ▁the ▁WH L , ▁leading ▁them ▁to ▁a ▁ 4 4 – 2 2 – 6 ▁record ▁and ▁a ▁Memorial ▁Cup ▁title . ▁ ▁He ▁co ached ▁the ▁next ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Th under bird s ▁before ▁jump ing ▁to ▁the ▁A HL ▁and ▁co |
aching ▁the ▁Ad ir ond ack ▁Red ▁W ings . ▁He ▁spent ▁three ▁years ▁with ▁the ▁Red ▁W ings , ▁leading ▁them ▁to ▁a ▁Cal der ▁Cup ▁win ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁season . ▁ ▁Begin ning ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 – 9 3 ▁season , ▁Mel rose ▁co ached ▁the ▁N HL ' s ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Kings , ▁leading ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Stanley ▁Cup ▁Final , ▁which ▁they ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁Montreal ▁Canad iens ▁in ▁five ▁games . ▁He ▁continued ▁co aching ▁the ▁Kings ▁for ▁two ▁more ▁seasons , ▁finishing ▁both ▁years ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁play offs ▁and ▁with ▁losing ▁records . ▁He ▁then ▁spent ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁hockey ▁anal yst ▁with ▁ESP N . ▁( N HL ▁Ton ight / D CI ▁Ton ight ) ▁On ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Mel rose ▁stated ▁on ▁P ardon ▁the ▁Inter ruption ▁that ▁he ▁missed ▁co aching ▁and ▁would ▁entertain ▁any ▁N HL ▁co aching ▁offers . ▁He ▁stated , ▁" I ▁miss ▁not ▁having ▁a ▁dog ▁in ▁the ▁fight ." ▁ ▁The ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Light ning ▁h ired ▁Mel rose ▁as ▁their ▁head ▁coach ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁On ▁October ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Mel rose ▁recorded ▁his ▁first ▁win ▁as ▁a ▁head ▁coach ▁in ▁over ▁ 1 3 ▁years ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 2 ▁victory ▁over ▁the ▁Atlanta |
▁Th r ash ers . ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Mel rose ▁was ▁fired ▁by ▁the ▁Light ning ▁with ▁a ▁ 5 – 7 – 4 ▁record . ▁ ▁ESP N ▁Mel rose ▁joined ▁ESP N ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁as ▁a ▁comment ator ▁and ▁N HL ▁anal yst . ▁He ▁left ▁ESP N ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁coach ▁the ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Light ning . ▁After ▁his ▁short ▁st int ▁with ▁the ▁Light ning ▁ended , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁ESP N ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁Winter ▁Classic ▁played ▁between ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Red ▁W ings ▁and ▁Chicago ▁Black h aw ks . ▁ ▁N HL ▁Network ▁Mel rose ▁joined ▁the ▁N HL ▁Network ▁as ▁a ▁contrib utor ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Born ▁in ▁Kel ving ton , ▁S ask atch ew an ▁to ▁Nor rie ▁and ▁James ▁Mel rose , ▁he ▁grew ▁up ▁on ▁a ▁farm ▁outside ▁the ▁town . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁cousin ▁of ▁former ▁N HL ▁players ▁Wend el ▁Clark ▁and ▁Joe ▁K oc ur ▁and ▁long time ▁minor ▁league ▁forward ▁Ker ry ▁Clark . ▁Mel rose ▁currently ▁res ides ▁in ▁Gl ens ▁F alls , ▁New ▁York ▁with ▁his ▁wife , ▁C ind y , ▁and ▁the ▁couple ▁have ▁two ▁sons , ▁Ty rell ▁and ▁Ad rien . ▁Mel rose ▁became ▁an ▁American ▁citiz en ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 |
9 9 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁had ▁several ▁minor ▁television ▁and ▁movie ▁roles . ▁Mel rose ▁guest ▁star red ▁in ▁a ▁season ▁ 5 ▁episode ▁of ▁Sp in ▁City , ▁titled ▁" H ey ▁Jud ith ". ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁S laps hot ▁movie , ▁S lap ▁Sh ot ▁ 2 : ▁Bre aking ▁the ▁Ice , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁movie ▁Myst ery , ▁Al aska ▁with ▁Russell ▁Cro we . ▁During ▁his ▁ten ure ▁as ▁the ▁Kings ▁head ▁coach , ▁Mel rose ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁Tony ▁Rob b ins ▁inf omer ci als . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Co aching ▁record ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Notable ▁families ▁in ▁the ▁N HL ▁ ▁Play off ▁mul let ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁P ens ▁Un iverse : ▁ 5 ▁Question s ▁with ▁Barry ▁Mel rose ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ad ir ond ack ▁Red ▁W ings ▁coach es ▁Category : Ad ir ond ack ▁Red ▁W ings ▁players ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁def enc emen ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁people ▁of ▁Scottish ▁descent ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁sports ▁announ cers ▁Category : C inc inn ati ▁St ingers ▁draft ▁pick s ▁Category : C inc inn ati ▁St ingers ▁players ▁Category : Det roit ▁Red ▁W ings ▁players ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁people |
▁from ▁S ask atch ew an ▁Category : K am lo ops ▁Chief s ▁players ▁Category : Los ▁Angeles ▁Kings ▁coach es ▁Category : M edic ine ▁Hat ▁Tig ers ▁coach es ▁Category : Mont real ▁Canad iens ▁draft ▁pick s ▁Category : National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁broad c aster s ▁Category : Col lege ▁hockey ▁announ cers ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Kel ving ton , ▁S ask atch ew an ▁Category : Se attle ▁Th under bird s ▁coach es ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Gl ens ▁F alls , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Spring field ▁Indians ▁players ▁Category : T ampa ▁Bay ▁Light ning ▁coach es ▁Category : T or onto ▁Map le ▁Le af s ▁players ▁Category : W ey burn ▁Red ▁W ings ▁players ▁Category : W inn ip eg ▁J ets ▁( 1 9 7 9 – 1 9 9 6 ) ▁players ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁coach es <0x0A> </s> ▁Card arel li ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁ ▁Am os ▁Card arel li ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 0 ), ▁Italian ▁footballer ▁Antonio ▁Card arel li ▁( 1 8 3 1 – 1 9 2 7 ), ▁Italian ▁phys ician ▁Card arel li ' s ▁sign ▁Joe ▁Card arel li ▁( 1 9 4 4 – 1 9 9 4 ), ▁American ▁poet ▁V inc en zo ▁Card arel li ▁( 1 8 8 7 – 1 9 5 9 |
), ▁Italian ▁journalist , ▁writer ▁and ▁poet ▁ ▁Category : Ital ian - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁N any anch uan ▁Township ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁town ship - level ▁division ▁of ▁L ing sh ou ▁County , ▁Sh ij ia z hu ang , ▁Heb ei , ▁China . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁town ship - level ▁divisions ▁of ▁Heb ei ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T own ship - level ▁divisions ▁of ▁Heb ei <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Anthony ▁Tob in ▁( Dec ember ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁– May ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁known ▁as ▁" A bb a ▁D ab ba ", ▁was ▁a ▁right - hand ed ▁pitch er ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁with ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁Pir ates , ▁Boston ▁D ov es ▁/ ▁Bra ves ▁and ▁Detroit ▁Tig ers ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁With ▁the ▁Boston ▁Bra ves ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁he ▁pitch ed ▁two ▁no - hit ters , ▁although ▁one ▁of ▁them ▁was ▁five ▁inn ings , ▁which ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁no - h itter ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁when ▁the ▁ML B ▁officially ▁defined ▁a ▁no - h itter ▁as ▁having ▁to ▁be ▁nine ▁inn ings ▁or ▁longer . ▁ ▁Professional ▁baseball ▁career ▁Tob in ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Oak land , ▁California , ▁where ▁the ▁h omet own ▁Oak land ▁O aks ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific |
▁Coast ▁League ▁picked ▁him ▁up . ▁They ▁sent ▁him ▁to ▁their ▁Bis be e - D oug las ▁farm ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁Arizona – Tex as ▁League . ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Yan ke es ▁signed ▁him ▁shortly ▁there after . ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁them ▁in ▁B ingham ton ▁and ▁W heel ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁The ▁Yan ke es ▁sent ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁Oak land ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁where ▁he ▁compiled ▁an ▁ 1 1 – 8 ▁record ▁before ▁te aring ▁the ▁cart il age ▁in ▁his ▁left ▁kne e . ▁Append ic itis ▁kept ▁him ▁off ▁the ▁Yan kee ▁ro ster ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁and ▁he ▁went ▁ 1 6 – 8 ▁for ▁the ▁O aks . ▁ ▁R ather ▁than ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁O aks ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁he ▁arranged ▁a ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁Pir ates , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁major ▁league ▁debut ▁on ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁Tob in ▁joined ▁the ▁Boston ▁Bra ves . ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁only ▁pitch er ▁in ▁modern ▁major - le ague ▁history ▁to ▁hit ▁three ▁home ▁runs ▁in ▁one ▁game ▁( G uy ▁He cker ▁hit ▁three ▁hom ers ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ). ▁He ▁finished ▁the ▁ |
1 9 4 2 ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 2 ▁wins ▁and ▁league ▁leading ▁ 2 1 ▁los es ▁record ▁and ▁pitch ed ▁a ▁league ▁leading ▁ 2 0 ▁hom er uns ▁to ▁oppos ing ▁bat ters . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁hit ▁ 6 ▁hom er uns ▁that ▁year ▁as ▁a ▁pitch er ▁and ▁pin ch - h itter . ▁ ▁Still ▁with ▁the ▁Bra ves ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Tob in ▁began ▁throwing ▁a ▁kn uck le ball , ▁and ▁that ▁season ▁he ▁threw ▁his ▁two ▁no - hit ters . ▁The ▁first ▁was ▁April ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁when ▁he ▁beat ▁the ▁Brook lyn ▁D od gers ▁ 2 – 0 . ▁The ▁second ▁was ▁a ▁five ▁in ning ▁game ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Phill ies ▁fell ▁ 7 – 0 ▁( o fficial ly , ▁this ▁game ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁considered ▁a ▁true ▁no - h itter , ▁as ▁it ▁last ed ▁fewer ▁than ▁nine ▁inn ings ). ▁ ▁In ▁another ▁interesting ▁event ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Tob in ▁drew ▁a ▁walk ▁against ▁C inc inn ati ▁Red s ▁pitch er ▁C ly de ▁Sh oun ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁in ning ▁of ▁what ▁would ▁otherwise ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁perfect ▁game ▁for ▁Sh oun ▁( who ▁settled ▁instead ▁for ▁a ▁no - h itter ). ▁ ▁Tob in ▁was ▁with ▁the ▁Tig ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 |
5 , ▁when ▁they ▁won ▁the ▁American ▁League ▁p enn ant ▁and ▁the ▁World ▁Series . ▁He ▁pitch ed ▁in ▁Game ▁ 1 ▁of ▁the ▁series , ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 , ▁which ▁was ▁his ▁final ▁major ▁league ▁game . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁Pacific ▁Coast ▁League ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁pitch ing ▁for ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Rain iers ▁and ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Se als . ▁He ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁but ▁the ▁O aks ▁re - signed ▁him ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁That ▁year ▁he ▁pitch ed ▁the ▁last ▁out ▁against ▁the ▁Sac r amento ▁Sol ons ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁that ▁cl inch ed ▁the ▁p enn ant ▁for ▁the ▁O aks . ▁ ▁Tob in ▁was ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Boston ▁Red ▁So x ▁third ▁bas eman ▁Jack ie ▁Tob in . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁While ▁Tob in ▁played ▁only ▁one ▁major ▁league ▁game ▁at ▁a ▁position ▁other ▁than ▁pitch er , ▁he ▁pin ch - hit ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁times ▁in ▁his ▁major ▁league ▁career . ▁The ▁fine - h itting ▁hur ler ▁batt ed ▁. 2 3 0 /. 3 0 3 /. 3 4 5 ▁in ▁the ▁maj ors . ▁He ▁tot aled ▁ 3 5 ▁doubles , ▁ 1 7 ▁hom ers ▁and ▁ 1 0 2 ▁R BI ▁in ▁ 7 9 6 ▁at - b ats . ▁ ▁Tob in ▁went ▁ 1 0 5 – 1 1 2 ▁in ▁the ▁maj ors ▁with |
▁a ▁ 3 . 4 4 ▁E RA . ▁He ▁completed ▁ 1 5 6 ▁of ▁ 2 2 7 ▁career ▁starts ▁and ▁led ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁complete ▁games ▁twice ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁with ▁ 2 8 ▁g amed ▁completed ▁each ▁season . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁work hor se ▁Tob in ▁lead ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁inn ings ▁pitch ed ▁with ▁ 2 8 7 . 2 . ▁Although ▁not ▁leading ▁the ▁league ▁he ▁pitch ed ▁ 2 9 9 ▁inn ings ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁min ors , ▁Tob in ▁won ▁ 8 1 ▁games ▁and ▁lost ▁ 5 1 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁all - time ▁leaders ▁in ▁home ▁runs ▁by ▁pitch ers ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁no - hit ters ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Baseball - Reference ▁Bull pen ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁death s ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁pitch ers ▁Category : P itt s burgh ▁Pir ates ▁players ▁Category : B oston ▁Be es ▁players ▁Category : B oston ▁Bra ves ▁players ▁Category : Det roit ▁Tig ers ▁players ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁California ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Oak land , ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁Cal yc ina ▁t ars alis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Cal yc |
ina . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M ord ell idae ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Al ley cat ' s ▁P izza , ▁usually ▁referred ▁to ▁simply ▁as ▁Al ley cat ' s , ▁is ▁a ▁p iz zer ia ▁chain ▁restaurant ▁that ▁started ▁in ▁Tai pe i , ▁Taiwan , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁From ▁its ▁hum ble ▁orig ins ▁in ▁the ▁tiny ▁bas ement ▁level ▁of ▁a ▁building ▁on ▁L ish ui ▁Street , ▁it ▁had ▁expanded ▁to ▁Tw elve ▁locations ▁throughout ▁Tai pe i . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁there ▁are ▁only ▁two ▁remaining ▁locations ▁in ▁Taiwan . ▁ ▁History ▁Al ley cat ' s ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁by ▁Alan ▁Pont es , ▁a ▁South ▁African ▁exp atri ate ▁with ▁Italian ▁family ▁roots . ▁The ▁dear th ▁of ▁Italian ▁p izza ▁available ▁in ▁Taiwan ▁gave ▁Pont es ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁starting ▁his ▁own ▁p izza ▁restaurant , ▁featuring ▁a ▁m ason ry ▁o ven . ▁ ▁Address ing ▁a ▁long - f elt ▁need ▁among ▁the ▁exp at ▁population ▁for ▁more ▁traditional ▁p izza ▁vari eties ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁locally ▁popular ▁to ppings ▁based ▁on ▁East ▁Asian ▁cu is ine ), ▁it ▁was ▁an ▁immediate ▁success . ▁ ▁A ▁second ▁location ▁opened ▁in ▁Ne ih u ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁quickly ▁followed |
▁by ▁a ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁V F W ▁post ▁building ▁in ▁T ien mu . ▁▁ ▁The ▁original ▁L ish ui ▁Street ▁bas ement ▁location ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁when ▁a ▁street - level ▁space ▁in ▁an ▁adjacent ▁building ▁became ▁available . ▁Tw el ves ▁new ▁Al ley cat ' s ▁locations ▁were ▁added , ▁before ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁locations ▁closed ▁with ▁exception ▁of ▁two ▁restaur ants ▁remaining ▁in ▁the ▁Tai pe i ▁area . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Pont es ▁briefly ▁left ▁Taiwan , ▁and ▁the ▁chain ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Mark ▁Thomas . ▁Pont es ▁returned ▁to ▁Taiwan ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁and ▁started ▁a ▁new ▁restaurant , ▁Y uma ▁South west ▁Gr ill . ▁Y uma ▁South west ▁Gr ill ▁closed ▁its ▁doors ▁for ▁business ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁Sign age ▁Al ley cat ' s ▁sign age ▁is ▁simply ▁the ▁name ▁in ▁red - on - black ▁letter ing ▁in ▁a ▁st yl ized ▁font . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁chain ▁has ▁used ▁various ▁draw ings ▁for ▁prom ot ions ▁from ▁time ▁to ▁time , ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁use ▁a ▁logo . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁companies ▁of ▁Taiwan ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Al ley cat ' s ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Tai pe i ▁Category : R estaur ants ▁in ▁Taiwan ▁Category : R estaur ants ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Category : T ai wan ese ▁companies |
▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁K oud oug ou ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁three ▁cluster ed ▁villages ▁in ▁western ▁I v ory ▁Coast . ▁They ▁in ▁the ▁sub - p ref ect ure ▁of ▁V av ou a , ▁V av ou a ▁Department , ▁Haut - S ass andra ▁Region , ▁S ass andra - Mar ah ou é ▁District . ▁The ▁villages ▁are ▁named ▁K oud oug ou ▁ 1 , ▁K oud oug ou ▁ 2 , ▁and ▁K oud oug ou ▁ 3 , ▁and ▁are ▁each ▁separated ▁by ▁a ▁few ▁kilometres . ▁ ▁K oud oug ou ▁was ▁a ▁commune ▁until ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 1 2 6 ▁communes ▁nation wide ▁that ▁were ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁communes ▁of ▁I v ory ▁Coast ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁S ass andra - Mar ah ou é ▁District ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Haut - S ass andra <0x0A> </s> ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁independent ▁Ang lic an ▁co - ed uc ational ▁primary ▁and ▁secondary ▁day ▁school ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁sub urb ▁of ▁, ▁Victoria . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁by ▁the ▁Community ▁of ▁the ▁Sister s ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁and ▁remains ▁in ▁its ▁original ▁location ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁campus . ▁It ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Ang lic an ▁Dioc ese ▁of |
▁Melbourne ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁of ▁Co ed uc ational ▁School s ▁( AC S ) ▁and ▁the ▁Junior ▁School ▁He ads ▁Association ▁of ▁Australia . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁provides ▁a ▁education ▁from ▁kind erg arten ▁to ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Cert ificate ▁of ▁Education ▁( V CE ). ▁All ▁Year ▁ 1 2 ▁students ▁study ▁for ▁the ▁V CE ▁as ▁the ▁V C AL ▁and ▁IB ▁Di pl oma ▁Program me ▁are ▁not ▁ ▁offered . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Foundation ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁Mother ▁Em ily ▁Ay ck bow m ▁founded ▁a ▁new ▁Ang lic an ▁religious ▁order ▁in ▁England ▁- ▁the ▁Community ▁of ▁the ▁Sister s ▁of ▁the ▁Church . ▁The ▁order ▁had ▁been ▁invited ▁to ▁Australia ▁to ▁further ▁educational ▁work ▁for ▁girls ▁and ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁six ▁schools ▁established ▁in ▁different ▁parts ▁of ▁Australia . ▁They ▁also ▁founded ▁schools ▁in ▁England , ▁New ▁Zealand ▁and ▁Canada . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁the ▁sister s ▁opened ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁in ▁a ▁converted ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁m ansion . ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁the ▁sister s ▁transferred ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁to ▁a ▁school ▁council ▁and ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁incorpor ated . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁close ▁to ▁bank rupt cy . ▁With ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁head master |
, ▁Anthony ▁H ew ison , ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁taken ▁to ▁admit ▁boys ▁to ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁the ▁school , ▁thus ▁making ▁it ▁fully ▁co ed uc ational , ▁and ▁to ▁emb ark ▁on ▁modern ising ▁the ▁school . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁the ▁school ▁became ▁a ▁company ▁limited ▁by ▁guarantee . ▁Since ▁that ▁date ▁the ▁sister s ▁have ▁retained ▁their ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁but ▁no ▁longer ▁play ▁a ▁part ▁in ▁its ▁govern ance . ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁managed ▁by ▁a ▁head ▁who ▁is ▁appointed ▁by ▁a ▁board ▁of ▁direct ors . ▁▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁head master ▁Simon ▁Gi pson , ▁the ▁administration ▁adopted ▁new ▁approaches . ▁The ▁changes ▁related ▁to : ▁ ▁traditional ▁termin ology ▁( i . e . ▁" Head master " ▁to ▁" Head ▁of ▁the ▁School ", ▁" home work " ▁to ▁" out ▁of ▁school ▁work ", ▁" first ▁form " ▁to ▁" Year ▁ 7 ". ▁ ▁removal ▁of ▁corpor al ▁pun ishment . ▁ ▁introduction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁school ▁uniform . ▁The ▁uniform ▁was ▁launched ▁with ▁a ▁profession ally ▁ch ore ograph ed ▁cat walk ▁display . ▁ ▁introduction ▁of ▁a ▁six - stage ▁building ▁plan ▁( including ▁the ▁recently ▁built ▁" S ister s ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁Learning ▁Centre " ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁playing ▁surface ▁for ▁the ▁o val ). ▁ ▁On ▁ 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁purchased ▁The ▁Ast or ▁Theatre ▁building ▁in ▁St |
▁K ilda . ▁The ▁cinema ▁continued ▁to ▁operate ▁as ▁usual , ▁with ▁films ▁screen ing ▁at ▁night s ▁and ▁on ▁week ends , ▁while ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁often ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁school ▁for ▁assemb lies ▁and ▁events ▁on ▁week days . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁school ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁sold ▁the ▁building ▁to ▁Ralph ▁Tar anto . ▁ ▁Academ ics ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁offers ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁subjects ▁including ▁core ▁mathematics , ▁science , ▁English , ▁IT , ▁L OT Es ▁( L anguages ▁Other ▁Th an ▁English ), ▁arts ▁and ▁human ities ▁courses . ▁At ▁primary ▁level , ▁all ▁students ▁study ▁basic ▁subjects ▁including ▁mathematics , ▁English , ▁science , ▁ge ography , ▁history , ▁Japanese , ▁music ▁and ▁sport . ▁A ▁major ▁focus ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁is ▁drama . ▁ ▁Perform ing ▁arts ▁D rama ▁has ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁volunt ary ▁participation ▁numbers ▁among ▁students ▁of ▁any ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁school . ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁is ▁well - known ▁for ▁its ▁drama ▁program . ▁Each ▁year ▁the ▁school ▁performs ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁produ ctions , ▁including ▁Years ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁senior ▁musical ; ▁the ▁Years ▁ 7 ▁to ▁ 9 ▁musical ▁and ▁play ; ▁Dance ▁F usion ▁( a ▁contemporary ▁dance ▁production ); ▁a ▁student ▁production ; ▁a ▁house ▁drama ▁festival ▁and ▁three ▁year ly ▁senior ▁plays . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁school ▁to |
▁stage ▁a ▁production ▁at ▁Melbourne ’ s ▁Ath ena e um ▁Theatre ▁with ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁Les ▁M isé rab les . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁senior ▁musical , ▁ 1 3 , ▁was ▁the ▁Australian ▁premi ere ▁of ▁the ▁musical ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁best ▁production ▁award ▁at ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Musical ▁Theatre ▁Gu ild ▁awards ▁( the ▁fourth ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁musical ▁to ▁do ▁so ). ▁The ▁senior ▁musical ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁was ▁Par ade . ▁ ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁also ▁conduct s ▁an ▁annual ▁comp uls ory ▁house ▁singing ▁competition , ▁in ▁which ▁all ▁five ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁houses ▁perform ▁a ▁musical ▁item . ▁Many ▁other ▁musical ▁ens emb les ▁perform ▁regularly ▁throughout ▁the ▁year , ▁including ▁the ▁ 7 - 1 2 ▁Harrison ▁Ch oir , ▁which ▁each ▁year ▁performs ▁a ▁large ▁ch oral ▁work , ▁and ▁the ▁Gr ig ory an ▁Orchestra ▁( named ▁for ▁school ▁al umn us , ▁guitar ist ▁S lava ▁Gr ig ory an ). ▁ ▁Other ▁programs ▁ ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef ▁project ▁The ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef ▁project ▁involves ▁year ▁ 1 0 ▁students ▁studying ▁V CE ▁Unit ▁ 2 ▁bi ology ▁in ▁Far ▁North ▁Queensland , ▁particip ating ▁in ▁a ▁month ▁of ▁research ▁on ▁the ▁Great ▁Bar rier ▁Re ef . ▁Activ ities ▁include ▁daily ▁sn ork eling ▁from ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁Or phe us ▁Island ▁Research ▁Camp us . ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁the ▁program ▁ran ▁for ▁a ▁duration ▁of ▁one ▁month |
, ▁but ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁extended ▁to ▁include ▁days ▁in ▁Town sv ille , ▁Pal uma ▁and ▁Tul ly ▁to ▁study ▁Ind igen ous ▁culture . ▁ ▁Ex od us ▁program ▁When ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁student ▁body ▁was ▁much ▁smaller , ▁the ▁entire ▁senior ▁school ▁went ▁on ▁school ▁camp ▁together ; ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁" Ex od us " ." Ex od us " ▁cam ps ▁have ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁been ▁split ▁between ▁year ▁and ▁house ▁groups ▁for ▁students ▁in ▁Years ▁ 7 ▁to ▁ 1 1 . ▁Each ▁student ▁from ▁Year ▁ 7 ▁to ▁Year ▁ 1 1 ▁experiences ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁five ▁days ▁of ▁out door ▁education ▁each ▁year , ▁with ▁the ▁programs ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁Out door ▁Education ▁Group . ▁Junior ▁school ▁programs ▁mainly ▁involve ▁stay ing ▁in ▁cab ins ▁( although ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁ 6 ▁Ex od us ▁involves ▁sleep ing ▁in ▁t ents ) ▁and ▁particip ating ▁in ▁various ▁activities . ▁ ▁Senior ▁school ▁programs ▁are ▁quite ▁diverse , ▁r anging ▁from ▁bush ▁walking ▁in ▁Year ▁ 7 ▁to ▁choices ▁including ▁ra ft ing , ▁k ay aking , ▁rock - cl im bing , ▁tree - plant ing ▁or ▁cy cling ▁in ▁year ▁ 1 1 . ▁Year ▁ 1 0 ▁students ▁may ▁also ▁have ▁great ▁choice ▁in ▁their ▁Ex od uses , ▁including ▁H att ah ▁Solo , ▁a ▁popular ▁program ▁involving ▁students ▁sp ending ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁week - long ▁program ▁alone ▁( al beit ▁in ▁close |
▁proxim ity ▁to ▁other ▁students ▁and ▁super vis ors ) ▁for ▁the ▁purposes ▁of ▁reflection ▁and ▁learning ▁self - su ffic iency . ▁Ex od us ▁for ▁each ▁year ▁level ▁is ▁slightly ▁more ▁challeng ing ▁than ▁the ▁last , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁different ▁theme ▁for ▁each ▁year ▁level . ▁ ▁" K osci usz ko ▁to ▁the ▁Coast " ▁ ▁Every ▁year ▁students ▁in ▁year ▁ 1 1 ▁have ▁the ▁option ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Kos ci usz ko ▁to ▁the ▁Coast ▁program ▁in ▁lieu ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 1 ▁Ex od us ▁( Sch ool ▁camp ). ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁challeng ing ▁ 2 0 - day ▁expedition ▁where ▁students ▁travel ▁( through ▁various ▁methods ▁including ▁snow sh oe ing , ▁h ik ing , ▁white - water ▁ra ft ing ▁and ▁can oe ing ) ▁from ▁Mount ▁Kos ci usz ko ▁to ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Victoria , ▁camp ing ▁along ▁the ▁way . ▁ ▁European ▁Tour ▁Ch oir ▁ ▁The ▁European ▁Tour ing ▁Ch oir ▁consists ▁of ▁boys ▁and ▁girls ▁in ▁Years ▁ 8 - 1 2 . ▁The ▁group ▁travel s ▁b ian n ually ▁to ▁Europe ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁international ▁cho ir ▁compet itions ▁and ▁perform ▁on ▁world ▁stages y . ▁Past ▁t ours ▁have ▁travel led ▁to ▁Rome , ▁Car r ara , ▁P isa , ▁Ven ice , ▁Vic enza , ▁N örd lingen , ▁Re yk jav ík , ▁C open hagen , ▁Berlin , ▁Leipzig , ▁H agen , ▁C ologne |
, ▁Voor burg , ▁Amsterdam , ▁Paris , ▁London , ▁Florence , ▁York , ▁Cro iss y , ▁Mun ich ▁and ▁Vienna , ▁including ▁perform e ances ▁at ▁Notre ▁D ame ▁C athedral ▁in ▁Paris ▁and ▁the ▁L lang ol len ▁International ▁E isted df od ▁in ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Ex changes ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁has ▁student ▁exchange ▁programs ▁with ▁schools ▁in ▁Japan ▁and ▁France . ▁ ▁The ▁Japanese ▁exchange ▁with ▁Ke io ▁Sh on an - F uj is awa ▁Junior ▁& ▁Senior ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁F uj is awa , ▁Kan ag awa ▁Pref ect ure ▁has ▁been ▁operating ▁for ▁over ▁ 1 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁French ▁exchange ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁takes ▁place ▁every ▁two ▁years , ▁with ▁Le ▁Bon ▁Sau ve ur ▁in ▁Paris . ▁The ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁students ▁usually ▁go ▁to ▁France ▁for ▁five ▁to ▁six ▁weeks ▁during ▁their ▁summer ▁hol iday ▁( Dec ember – J anu ary ). ▁The ▁return ▁trip ▁to ▁Australia ▁by ▁the ▁students ▁of ▁Le ▁Bon ▁Sau ve ur ▁usually ▁happens ▁in ▁July – August ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁Community ▁eng agement ▁ ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁has ▁an ▁adm issions ▁and ▁community ▁eng agement ▁team ▁whose ▁respons ib ilities ▁include ▁raising ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁the ▁school , ▁processing ▁and ▁monitoring ▁student ▁applications ▁( local ▁and ▁international ) ▁and ▁en rich ing ▁educational ▁programs ▁by ▁supporting ▁community ▁eng agement ▁and ▁contrib uting ▁citizens hip ▁programs . ▁ ▁Social ▁service ▁and ▁char |
ity ▁work ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁social ▁service , ▁working ▁to ▁raise ▁money ▁for ▁various ▁char ities . ▁Once ▁or ▁twice ▁a ▁term ▁a ▁" Comm unity ▁Action ▁Day " ▁( pre viously ▁called ▁" C as ual ▁Cl oth es ▁Day ") ▁is ▁held , ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁social ▁service ▁capt ains ▁of ▁each ▁house , ▁to ▁raise ▁money ▁for ▁a ▁diverse ▁number ▁of ▁char ities , ▁r anging ▁from ▁the ▁As yl um ▁Se ek ers ▁Resource ▁Centre ▁( S ar um ▁House ) ▁to ▁a ▁spons or ▁village ▁in ▁B ali ▁( M it re ▁House ). ▁Every ▁year ▁in ▁May , ▁a ▁pre fect - organ ised ▁program , ▁entitled ▁the ▁" Mer ry ▁Month ▁of ▁May ", ▁is ▁held ▁to ▁raise ▁money ▁for ▁social ▁service . ▁Activ ities ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁" B attle ▁of ▁the ▁B ands ", ▁bar bec ues , ▁dress - up ▁days , ▁movie ▁view ings , ▁novel ty ▁races , ▁great ▁deb ates ▁and ▁the at res port ▁cont ests ▁are ▁held ▁each ▁day . ▁Also ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁Mer ry ▁Month ▁of ▁May , ▁the ▁school ▁particip ates ▁in ▁the ▁" World ' s ▁Great est ▁Sh ave " ▁for ▁the ▁Le uka emia ▁Foundation , ▁in ▁which ▁participants ▁sh ave ▁their ▁heads ▁to ▁show ▁solid ar ity ▁for ▁le uka emia ▁suffer ers , ▁raising ▁money ▁through ▁collect ing ▁don ations . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁Mer ry ▁Month ▁of ▁May ▁raised |
▁a ▁record ▁sum ▁of ▁$ 3 0 , 6 7 8 . ▁The ▁school ▁leadership ▁teams ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁senior ▁and ▁junior ▁schools ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁also ▁raised ▁money ▁for ▁relief ▁for ▁the ▁Christ ch urch ▁earth qu ake , ▁Japanese ▁t sun ami ▁and ▁subsequent ▁nuclear ▁dis aster ▁and ▁the ▁bush f ires ▁in ▁Victoria ▁and ▁Queensland . ▁ ▁House ▁system ▁The ▁junior ▁school ▁houses ▁( Year s ▁K - 6 ) ▁are ▁M oss , ▁Wood s , ▁Mar l ton ▁and ▁C int ra . ▁ ▁The ▁senior ▁school ▁houses ▁( Year s ▁ 7 - 1 2 ) ▁are ▁Mit re , ▁Sar um , ▁Hugh es , ▁Kil burn ▁and ▁B reen . ▁Mit re , ▁Sar um , ▁Hugh es ▁and ▁Kil burn ▁are ▁the ▁four ▁original ▁school ▁houses ▁and ▁were ▁all ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁all ▁significant ▁for ▁their ▁own ▁reasons . ▁When ▁the ▁school ▁started ▁to ▁grow ▁a ▁fifth ▁senior ▁school ▁house , ▁B reen ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁The ▁past oral ▁care ▁system ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁house ▁structure ▁which ▁de als ▁with ▁all ▁matters ▁rel ating ▁to ▁a ▁student ' s ▁well be ing ▁or ▁curr icul um ▁needs . ▁Each ▁student ▁is ▁placed ▁in ▁a ▁house ▁tutorial ▁group ▁which ▁is ▁over seen ▁by ▁a ▁house ▁t utor . ▁There ▁are ▁five ▁houses ▁and ▁therefore ▁five ▁house ▁tutorial ▁groups ▁at ▁each ▁year ▁level . ▁A ▁house ▁contains ▁students ▁from ▁Years ▁ |
7 ▁to ▁ 1 2 . ▁Each ▁house ▁is ▁led ▁by ▁two ▁co - head s . ▁The ▁members ▁of ▁each ▁house ▁are ▁led ▁by ▁co - house ▁capt ains ▁and ▁co - vice - capt ains . ▁The ▁houses ▁meet ▁on ▁a ▁regular ▁basis . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁t utor ▁and ▁heads ▁of ▁house ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁team ▁to ▁monitor ▁the ▁academic ▁and ▁personal ▁progress ▁of ▁each ▁student ▁in ▁the ▁house ▁tutorial ▁group ▁and ▁house . ▁Gener ally , ▁the ▁house ▁t utor ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁main ▁point ▁of ▁contact ▁between ▁the ▁parent ▁and ▁the ▁school . ▁ ▁School ▁leaders ▁ ▁Princi pal ▁The ▁following ▁individuals ▁have ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁school ▁principal : ▁ ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁The ▁following ▁individuals ▁have ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁or ▁any ▁previous ▁title : ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Marie ▁B reen , ▁politician ▁▁ ▁Philip ▁Dal id ak is , ▁politician ▁ ▁S lava ▁Gr ig ory an , ▁guitar ist ▁ ▁Joy ▁H ester , ▁artist ▁ ▁Isabel ▁Hun ting ton , ▁footballer ▁and ▁former ▁A FL ▁Women ' s ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁draft ▁pick ▁ ▁Ash er ▁K ed die , ▁actress ▁ ▁Sam anth a ▁Lane , ▁TV ▁present er ▁ ▁Fa ith ▁Le ech , ▁Olympic ▁sw immer ▁ ▁Andrew ▁Mac Le od , ▁former ▁United ▁Nations ▁human itar ian ▁expert ▁and ▁former ▁CE O ▁of ▁the ▁Committee ▁for ▁Melbourne ▁ ▁E lo ise ▁M ignon , ▁actress ▁▁ ▁Rad ha ▁Mitchell , ▁actress |
▁ ▁Anna ▁O ' By r ne , ▁singer ▁ ▁Jan ▁Sk ub isz ew ski , ▁member ▁of ▁Jackson ▁Jackson ▁ ▁Dan ▁Spiel man , ▁actor ▁ ▁N ora ▁Sum berg , ▁artist ▁ ▁Bro die ▁Sum mers , ▁Olympic ▁M og ul ▁sk ier ▁▁ ▁Se an ▁W roe , ▁spr inter , ▁silver ▁medal ist ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁in ▁Del hi , ▁India ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁schools ▁in ▁Victoria ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Victoria ▁ ▁Victor ian ▁Cert ificate ▁of ▁Education ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁St ▁Michael ' s ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁website ▁Community ▁of ▁the ▁Sister s ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁website ▁ ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Category : Ang lic an ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁Category : Ang lic an ▁primary ▁schools ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁Category : G ram mar ▁schools ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : J un ior ▁School ▁He ads ▁Association ▁of ▁Australia ▁Member ▁School s ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : St ▁K ilda , ▁Victoria <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Scott ▁Smith ▁( born ▁March ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁college ▁football ▁anal yst ▁for ▁Fox ▁Sports ▁and ▁the ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Network . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁running ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁( N FL ) ▁for ▁eight ▁seasons ▁with ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings , ▁and ▁played ▁colleg i ately ▁at ▁Ohio ▁State |
▁University . ▁ ▁High ▁school ▁ ▁Born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Eu cl id , ▁Ohio , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Cleveland , ▁Smith ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁player ▁to ▁win ▁Ohio ' s ▁Mr . ▁Football ▁Award ▁twice ▁( in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 ). ▁ ▁junior ▁at ▁Eu cl id ▁High ▁School , ▁he ▁gained ▁ 1 , 5 6 4 ▁yards ▁on ▁ 1 7 7 ▁r ush es ▁( 8 . 8 ▁yards ▁per ▁carry ) ▁and ▁aver aged ▁ 3 1 ▁yards ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁punt ▁returns . ▁ ▁senior ▁season ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁he ▁gained ▁ 2 , 0 4 2 ▁yards ▁on ▁ 2 0 3 ▁car ries ▁and ▁scored ▁ 3 1 ▁touch down s ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Bobby ▁D odd ▁National ▁Back ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁by ▁the ▁Touch down ▁Club ▁of ▁Atlanta . ▁During ▁his ▁Pan thers ' ▁career , ▁he ▁r ushed ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 5 , 0 3 8 ▁yards ▁on ▁ 5 4 8 ▁car ries ▁with ▁ 6 7 ▁touch down s . ▁ ▁College ▁ ▁Smith ▁narrow ed ▁his ▁college ▁choices ▁to ▁Miami , ▁US C , ▁U CLA , ▁and ▁Ohio ▁State . ▁In ▁his ▁two ▁seasons ▁with ▁the ▁Buck ey es ▁ ▁Smith ▁ran ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 , 9 4 5 ▁yards , ▁leading ▁the ▁team ▁both ▁years . ▁ ▁fresh man ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 , |
▁he ▁had ▁a ▁personal - best ▁▁ ▁per ▁game ), ▁and ▁r ushed ▁for ▁▁ ▁Smith ▁sat ▁out ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁football ▁season , ▁switching ▁to ▁a ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁scholar ship , ▁and ▁posted ▁a ▁personal - best ▁time ▁of ▁ 1 0 . 2 4 ▁seconds ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁for ▁ ▁He ▁seriously ▁considered ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁either ▁US C ▁or ▁Stan ford ▁in ▁the ▁Pac - 1 0 ▁to ▁play ▁football ; ▁Ohio ▁State ▁coach ▁John ▁Cooper ▁had ▁kept ▁the ▁door ▁open ▁for ▁Smith ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Buck ey es ' ▁football ▁team , ▁and ▁he ▁ ▁NFL ▁ ▁Smith ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁NFL ▁D raft , ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁overall ▁pick . ▁Although ▁he ▁suffered ▁from ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁a il ments ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁few ▁seasons , ▁he ▁finally ▁broke ▁through ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁with ▁ 1 , 2 6 6 ▁yards ▁r ushing . ▁Smith ' s ▁fin est ▁year ▁as ▁a ▁pro ▁came ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁at ▁age ▁ 2 8 , ▁leading ▁the ▁N FC ▁in ▁r ushing ▁with ▁ 1 , 5 2 1 ▁yards ; ▁despite ▁being ▁at ▁the ▁peak ▁of ▁his ▁career , ▁he ▁retired ▁after ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁eight ▁NFL ▁seasons , ▁Smith ▁r ushed ▁for ▁ 6 , 8 1 8 ▁yards ▁and ▁ 3 2 ▁touch down s , ▁along |
▁with ▁ 1 7 8 ▁reception s ▁for ▁ 1 , 2 9 2 ▁yards ▁and ▁ 6 ▁touch down s , ▁and ▁only ▁nine ▁f umb les . ▁He ▁also ▁returned ▁ 1 ▁punt ▁for ▁ 4 ▁yards ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁kick offs ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 6 0 ▁yards . ▁Smith ▁wore ▁number ▁ 2 0 ▁as ▁a ▁ro ok ie ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁but ▁switched ▁to ▁number ▁ 2 6 ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁available ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁wore ▁it ▁until ▁his ▁ret irement . ▁ ▁Records ▁ ▁NFL ▁▁ ▁Second ▁all - time ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ▁record ▁for ▁career ▁r ushing ▁yards ▁( 6 , 8 1 8 ). ▁Pass ed ▁by ▁Ad rian ▁Pet erson ▁on ▁September ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁previous ▁record ▁was ▁ 5 , 8 8 7 ; ▁which ▁was ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁by ▁Ch uck ▁For eman . ▁H olds ▁the ▁all - time ▁NFL ▁record ▁for ▁average ▁yards ▁per ▁touch down ▁run ▁at ▁ 2 7 . 2 ▁ ▁After ▁ret irement ▁ ▁Smith ▁retired ▁after ▁only ▁eight ▁seasons ▁in ▁the ▁NFL . ▁He ▁walked ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁game ▁to ▁purs ue ▁a ▁career ▁in ▁medicine ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁avoid ▁any ▁serious ▁inj uries . ▁He ▁has ▁maintained ▁a ▁mostly ▁private ▁life ▁since ▁his ▁ret irement . ▁He ▁has ▁mainly ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁guest ▁on ▁the ▁ESP N ▁news ▁program ▁Out side |
▁the ▁L ines , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁College ▁Football ▁anal yst ▁on ▁various ▁ESP N ▁programs ▁alongside ▁regular s ▁Rece ▁Davis , ▁Mark ▁May , ▁and ▁Lou ▁Hol tz . ▁Smith ▁also ▁works ▁on ▁the ▁NFL ▁Network ▁as ▁an ▁anal yst ▁and ▁has ▁appeared ▁on ▁The ▁Sc ore ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁NFL . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Smith ▁left ▁ESP N ▁to ▁work ▁for ▁Fox ▁Sports ▁and ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁College ▁Football ▁anal yst ▁on ▁Fox ▁Sports ▁& ▁The ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Network . ▁ ▁Smith ▁founded ▁the ▁Robert ▁Smith ▁Foundation , ▁a ▁char ity ▁whose ▁goal ▁is ▁to ▁" prov ide ▁financial ▁and ▁moral ▁support ▁for ▁Children ' s ▁hosp it als ▁and ▁cancer ▁research ." ▁ ▁Smith ▁made ▁a ▁came o ▁appearance ▁in ▁the ▁TV ▁series ▁Myst ery ▁Science ▁Theater ▁ 3 0 0 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁in ▁Season ▁ 8 ▁E pisode ▁ 3 ▁The ▁M ole ▁People . ▁He ▁played ▁a ▁sc ant ily ▁cl ad , ▁m ute ▁" h unk " ▁given ▁to ▁Pear l ▁( the ▁series ' ▁ant agon ist ) ▁as ▁a ▁present ▁by ▁her ▁min ions . ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁saw ▁publication ▁of ▁Smith ' s ▁book ▁The ▁Rest ▁of ▁the ▁Ice berg : ▁An ▁Ins ider ' s ▁View ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁of ▁Sport ▁and ▁C ele br ity . ▁ ▁In ▁it ▁he ▁discussed ▁his ▁background , ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁Ohio ▁State ▁and ▁the ▁NFL , ▁and ▁why ▁he ▁retired . ▁ ▁He |
▁also ▁analyz ed ▁the ▁ob session ▁placed ▁on ▁sports ▁stars ▁by ▁the ▁public . ▁ ▁Smith ▁is ▁an ▁ag nost ic . ▁ ▁Smith ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁amateur ▁astronom ers ▁featured ▁in ▁science ▁writer ▁Tim othy ▁Ferr is ' s ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁P BS ▁program , ▁See ing ▁in ▁the ▁Dark , ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁book ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Smith ▁open ly ▁admitted ▁to ▁fighting ▁alco hol ism ▁during ▁his ▁playing ▁career ▁on ▁ESP N ▁during ▁an ▁interview ▁on ▁Sports Center . ▁He ▁explained ▁he ▁sought ▁coun sel ing ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁so ber ▁since ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁his ▁son , ▁and ▁that ▁his ▁family ▁is ▁his ▁daily ▁motiv ation ▁to ▁stay ▁so ber . ▁He ▁also ▁appeared ▁on ▁ESP N ' s ▁First ▁Take ▁with ▁Stephen ▁A . ▁Smith ▁and ▁Sk ip ▁Bay less ▁talking ▁about ▁his ▁alco hol ism . ▁ ▁Smith ▁lives ▁in ▁Texas . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Fox ▁Sports ▁– ▁Robert ▁Smith ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁football ▁running ▁back s ▁Category : Col lege ▁football ▁announ cers ▁Category : National ▁Football ▁League ▁announ cers ▁Category : M inn esota ▁Vik ings ▁players ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁Buck ey es ▁football ▁players ▁Category : National ▁Conference ▁Pro ▁Bowl ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Eu cl id , ▁Ohio ▁Category : |
S ports people ▁from ▁C uy ah oga ▁County , ▁Ohio ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Ohio ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁players ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁ag nost ics ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Pow ell , ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁professional ▁Japanese ▁baseball ▁player . ▁He ▁plays ▁pitch er ▁for ▁the ▁Tokyo ▁Y akult ▁Sw all ows . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁N P B . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Base ball ▁people ▁from ▁K um am oto ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : J apan ese ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : N ipp on ▁Professional ▁Baseball ▁pitch ers ▁Category : Y akult ▁Sw all ows ▁players ▁Category : T ok yo ▁Y akult ▁Sw all ows ▁players ▁Category : J apan ese ▁baseball ▁coach es ▁Category : N ipp on ▁Professional ▁Baseball ▁coach es <0x0A> </s> ▁Ort alis ▁ast rol abei ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ul idi id ▁or ▁picture - wing ed ▁fly ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Ort alis ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Ul idi idae . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : O rt alis ▁( fly ) <0x0A> </s> ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁Egypt ▁S . A . E . ▁( , ▁or ▁short ▁G ME ) ▁is ▁a ▁car ▁and ▁motor ▁vehicle ▁manufact urer ▁based ▁in ▁Ma adi , ▁C airo , ▁Egypt . ▁The ▁company ' s ▁car ▁factory ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁ 6 th |
▁of ▁October ▁City ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁direct ▁neighb ors ▁of ▁the ▁Egypt ian ▁German ▁Autom ot ive ▁Company . ▁Despite ▁its ▁name , ▁the ▁company ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁Company , ▁but ▁only ▁a ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁with ▁the ▁local ▁im porter ▁and ▁car ▁deal er ▁Al - M ons our ▁Autom ot ive ▁Company . ▁Al - M ons our ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁share holder ▁and ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁workers ▁the ▁official ▁owner ▁and ▁operator ▁of ▁the ▁plant . ▁ ▁After ▁eight ▁years ▁of ▁successful ▁co operation ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁the ▁deal er ▁made ▁a ▁proposal ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁production ▁plant ▁in ▁Egypt . ▁So ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁One ▁year ▁later , ▁the ▁plant ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁an ▁internal ▁opening ▁ceremony . ▁At ▁the ▁official ▁plant ▁opening ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁the ▁first ▁cars ▁rolled ▁off ▁the ▁company ' s ▁production ▁line . ▁The ▁opening ▁speech ▁was ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁Egypt ▁H os ni ▁M ub ar ak . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁continuous ▁production ▁finally ▁started . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁only ▁active ▁as ▁an ▁autom ot ive ▁supp lier . ▁The ▁first ▁product ▁was ▁the ▁ch ass is ▁for ▁the ▁Is uz u ▁T F ▁which ▁was ▁assemble d ▁locally ▁by ▁another ▁car ▁assemb ler ▁as ▁the ▁Che v ro |
let ▁T ▁Series . ▁In ▁their ▁own ▁plant , ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁Che v ro let ▁M ini ▁Bus ▁began , ▁which ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁platform . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁the ▁M ini ▁Bus ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Op el ▁V ect ra . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁G M ▁Egypt ▁began ▁the ▁assemb ling ▁of ▁the ▁C K D ▁imported ▁Op el ▁C ors a . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 th ▁vehicle ▁left ▁the ▁production ▁plant . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁G M ▁Egypt ▁was ▁hon ored ▁by ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁producer ▁of ▁Op el ▁vehicles ▁world wide , ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁production ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁vehicles . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁the ▁company ▁achieved ▁an ▁annual ▁production ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 2 4 , 2 2 5 ▁units . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁two ▁models ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁their ▁newer ▁generation . ▁The ▁old ▁Is uz u ▁T F ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁Is uz u ▁R ode o ▁and ▁the ▁Che v ro let ▁T ▁Series ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁identical ▁Che v ro let ▁F ron tera . ▁After ▁ 7 2 ▁months ▁of ▁manufact uring ▁of ▁the ▁successful ▁Op el ▁V ect ra , ▁G M ▁Egypt ▁improved ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁model ▁and ▁hoped ▁this ▁would ▁achieve ▁higher ▁sales . ▁The ▁old ▁model ▁was ▁now ▁only ▁faced ▁as |
▁the ▁new ▁generation . ▁For ▁the ▁exhib ited ▁post ers ▁and ▁TV ▁commer ci als ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁University ▁Ann ual ▁Ad vert ising ▁Compet ition , ▁the ▁G ME ▁was ▁awarded ▁with ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal . ▁ISO ▁ 9 0 0 2 ▁cert ification ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁the ▁Op el ▁A stra ▁was ▁adopted ▁to ▁the ▁model ▁line up ▁which ▁was ▁an ▁C K D ▁assemble d ▁model ▁also . ▁A ▁short ▁time ▁later , ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 th ▁vehicle ▁was ▁celebrated . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁G ME ▁received ▁its ▁second ▁cert ification ▁to ▁ensure ▁a ▁safe ▁and ▁health y ▁working ▁environment ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁ISO ▁ 1 4 0 0 1 . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁the ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Al - M ons our ▁Autom ot ive ▁Company ▁exp ired ▁which ▁was ▁subsequently ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁contract . ▁ ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁Egypt ▁began ▁the ▁full ▁manufact uring ▁of ▁the ▁Op el ▁A stra ▁Sed an ▁and ▁Op el ▁C ors a ▁Sed an ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁The ▁Op el ▁V ect ra ▁was ▁renew ed ▁to ▁its ▁current ▁generation ▁at ▁this ▁time . ▁As ▁import ▁models ▁the ▁Che v ro let ▁A ve o ▁and ▁Che v ro let ▁Opt ra ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁the ▁Egypt ian ▁market ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁New ▁vehicles |
▁manufact ured ▁by ▁G ME ▁are ▁the ▁models ▁Che v ro let ▁C rew ▁Cab ▁and ▁the ▁identical ▁Che v ro let ▁T ▁Series . ▁Their ▁own ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁Che v ro let ▁A ve o ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁at ▁the ▁G ME ▁plant . ▁One ▁year ▁later ▁G ME ▁began ▁manufact uring ▁the ▁Che v ro let ▁L anos ▁in ▁different ▁lux ury ▁versions ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁sport y ▁model ▁versions ▁from ▁the ▁S per anza ▁manufact uring . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁G ME ▁began ▁making ▁the ▁Che v ro let ▁Capt iva , ▁Che v ro let ▁Cru ze ▁and ▁the ▁Che v ro let ▁N 2 0 0 . ▁The ▁last ▁of ▁these ▁is ▁export ed ▁to ▁South ▁American ▁mark ets . ▁The ▁import ▁models ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁are ▁the ▁Che v ro let ▁N ▁Series , ▁Op el ▁A stra , ▁Op el ▁C ors a ▁and ▁the ▁Op el ▁In sign ia . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁Egypt ▁susp ended ▁operations ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁on going ▁violence ▁and ▁political ▁un rest ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁but ▁re open ed ▁it ▁ 3 ▁days ▁later ▁again . ▁ ▁Mod els ▁ ▁Current ▁passenger ▁cars ▁ ▁Che v ro let ▁Che v ro let ▁A ve o ▁Che v ro let ▁Mal ib u ▁Che v ro let ▁Move ▁Che v ro let ▁Opt ra ▁ ▁Current ▁commercial |
▁vehicles ▁ ▁Che v ro let ▁Che v ro let ▁N - Series ▁Che v ro let ▁T - Series ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁( A rab ic ▁& ▁English ) ▁Che v ro let ▁Egypt ▁( A rab ic ▁& ▁English ) ▁Op el ▁Egypt ▁( English ) ▁ ▁Category : Car ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁Egypt ▁Category : T ruck ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁Egypt ▁Category : Op el ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁C airo ▁Category : V eh icle ▁manufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Egypt <0x0A> </s> ▁M im ac ra ea ▁ful var ia ▁is ▁a ▁but ter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ly ca en idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo , ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo , ▁U g anda ▁and ▁T anz ania . ▁The ▁habitat ▁consists ▁of ▁dense ▁for ests . ▁ ▁Ad ult s ▁m im ic ▁Ac ra ea ▁aur iv ill ii . ▁ ▁The ▁lar va e ▁feed ▁on ▁alg ae ▁growing ▁on ▁tree ▁tr unks . ▁ ▁Sub species ▁M im ac ra ea ▁ful var ia ▁ful var ia ▁( C ongo , ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo : ▁U b ang i , ▁Sh aba ▁and ▁Kin sh asa ) ▁M im ac ra ea ▁ful var ia ▁el tring ham i ▁Dru ce , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁( U g |
anda , ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo , ▁T anz ania ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Category : P or iti inae ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁of ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁S yr den oid ius ▁spin ipes ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Car ab idae , ▁the ▁only ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁S yr den oid ius . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T re ch inae <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁Brazil ian ▁television ▁related ▁events ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Events ▁ 2 7 ▁March ▁- ▁ 1 5 - year - old ▁Wagner ▁Bar re to ▁wins ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁The ▁Vo ice ▁K ids . ▁ 5 ▁April ▁- ▁Mun ik ▁N unes ▁wins ▁the ▁six teenth ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁Brasil . ▁ ▁Deb uts ▁ ▁Television ▁shows ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁V ila ▁S és amo ▁( 1 9 7 2 - 1 9 7 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 – present ) ▁Tur ma ▁da ▁M ô nica ▁( 1 9 7 6 – present ) ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁Mal ha ção ▁( 1 9 9 5 – present ) ▁C oc or ic ó ▁( 1 9 9 6 – present ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁Brasil ▁( 2 0 0 2 – present ) ▁Dan ça |
▁dos ▁F amos os ▁( 2 0 0 5 – present ) ▁Pe ix onaut a ▁( 2 0 0 9 – present ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 s ▁Me u ▁Am ig ão z ão ▁( 2 0 1 0 – present ) ▁S ít io ▁do ▁Pic ap au ▁Am are lo ▁( 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 6 ) ▁The ▁Vo ice ▁Brasil ▁( 2 0 1 2 – present ) ▁Histor iet as ▁Ass om br adas ▁( para ▁C rian ças ▁Mal cri adas ) ▁( 2 0 1 3 – present ) ▁O ▁Show ▁da ▁L una ▁( 2 0 1 4 – present ) ▁I rm ão ▁do ▁J or el ▁( 2 0 1 4 – present ) ▁The ▁No ite ▁com ▁Dan ilo ▁Gent ili ▁( 2 0 1 4 – present ) ▁Mundo ▁Disney ▁( 2 0 1 5 – present ) ▁M ister ▁Bra u ▁( 2 0 1 5 – present ) ▁ ▁End ing ▁this ▁year ▁ ▁Rep ór ter ▁Record ▁In vest iga ção ▁( 2 0 1 4 - 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁B irth s ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁Brazil <0x0A> </s> ▁Jim ▁T ew ▁( born ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁ro wer . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁co x ed ▁four ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 |
▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁Harvard ▁University . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁row ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Har vard ▁C rim son ▁row ers <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁classical ▁music ▁from ▁Western ▁culture , ▁a ▁dimin ished ▁fourth ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁interval ▁produced ▁by ▁narrow ing ▁a ▁perfect ▁fourth ▁by ▁a ▁chrom atic ▁sem it one . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁interval ▁from ▁C ▁to ▁F ▁is ▁a ▁perfect ▁fourth , ▁five ▁sem it ones ▁wide , ▁and ▁both ▁the ▁intervals ▁from ▁C ▁to ▁F , ▁and ▁from ▁C ▁to ▁F ▁are ▁dimin ished ▁fourth s , ▁sp anning ▁four ▁sem it ones . ▁Being ▁dimin ished , ▁it ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁dis son ant ▁interval . ▁ ▁A ▁dimin ished ▁fourth ▁is ▁en harm on ically ▁equivalent ▁to ▁a ▁major ▁third ; ▁that ▁is , ▁it ▁sp ans ▁the ▁same ▁number ▁of ▁sem it ones , ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁phys ically ▁the ▁same ▁pitch ▁in ▁twelve - t one ▁equal ▁temper ament . ▁For ▁example , ▁B – D ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁third ; ▁but ▁if ▁the ▁same ▁pitch es ▁are ▁sp elled ▁B ▁and ▁E , ▁as ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁C ▁harm onic ▁minor ▁scale , ▁the ▁interval ▁is ▁instead ▁a ▁dimin ished |
▁fourth . ▁In ▁other ▁tun ings , ▁however , ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁necessarily ▁identical . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁ 3 1 ▁equal ▁temper ament ▁the ▁dimin ished ▁fourth ▁is ▁slightly ▁wider ▁than ▁a ▁major ▁third , ▁and ▁is ▁instead ▁the ▁same ▁width ▁as ▁the ▁sept imal ▁major ▁third . ▁The ▁P yth ag ore an ▁dimin ished ▁fourth ▁( F , ▁ 8 1 9 2 : 6 5 6 1 ▁= ▁ 3 8 4 . 3 6 ▁c ents ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁sch ism atic ▁major ▁third , ▁is ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁just ▁major ▁third ▁than ▁the ▁P yth ag ore an ▁major ▁third . ▁ ▁The ▁ 3 2 : 2 5 ▁just ▁dimin ished ▁fourth ▁ar ises ▁in ▁the ▁C ▁harm onic ▁minor ▁scale ▁between ▁B ▁and ▁E . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Sch ism atic ▁temper ament ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : D imin ished ▁intervals ▁Category : F our th s ▁( music ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Milano – T or ino ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Milano – T or ino ▁cy cling ▁classic . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁over ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ ▁between ▁Mag enta ▁and ▁Tur in . ▁The ▁race ▁was ▁r ated ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 . HC ▁event ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁U CI ▁Europe ▁Tour . ▁The ▁race ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Canadian ▁r ider ▁Michael ▁Wood |
s ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁U CI ▁Europe ▁Tour ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁in ▁Italian ▁sport ▁Category : Mil ano – T or ino <0x0A> </s> ▁Ist hm us ▁N ahu at l ▁( I st hm us ▁N ahu at ; ▁native ▁name : ▁m ela ' t áj to ̲ l ) ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁N ahu at l ▁dialect ▁cluster ▁spoken ▁by ▁about ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁in ▁Ver ac ru z , ▁Mexico . ▁According ▁to ▁Eth n olog ue ▁ 1 6 , ▁the ▁Cos ole aca que ▁dialect ▁is ▁ 8 4 % ▁intellig ible ▁with ▁P aj apan , ▁and ▁ 8 3 % ▁intellig ible ▁with ▁M ec ay apan . ▁ ▁Ph on ology ▁The ▁following ▁description ▁is ▁that ▁of ▁M ec ay apan ▁dialect . ▁ ▁V ow els ▁ ▁Cons on ants ▁ ▁Occ ur ▁only ▁as ▁allo ph ones . ▁ ▁Writing ▁system ▁ ▁H ▁is ▁used ▁at ▁the ▁beg inn ings ▁of ▁words ▁before ▁u , ▁and ▁has ▁no ▁value ▁of ▁its ▁own . ▁C ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁represent ▁ ▁before ▁the ▁v ow els ▁a ▁and ▁o , ▁while ▁qu ▁is ▁used ▁before ▁i ▁and ▁e . ▁ ▁An ▁under line ▁( a ̲ , ▁e ̲ , ▁i ̱ , ▁o ̲ ) ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁mark ▁long ▁v ow els . ▁ ▁Str ess ▁on ▁the ▁second - last ▁sy ll able |
▁of ▁a ▁word ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁end ▁in ▁l ▁or ▁r , ▁and ▁stress ▁on ▁the ▁last ▁sy ll able ▁of ▁a ▁word ▁that ▁does ▁end ▁in ▁l ▁or ▁r , ▁is ▁un mark ed . ▁All ▁other ▁stress ▁patterns ▁are ▁marked ▁with ▁an ▁ac ute ▁acc ent ▁on ▁the ▁str essed ▁v owel ▁( á , ▁é , ▁í , ▁ó ). ▁ ▁The ▁letters ▁f , ▁k , ▁v ▁and ▁z ▁occur ▁only ▁in ▁loan words . ▁ ▁Gram mar ▁This ▁variety ▁of ▁N ahu at l ▁has ▁developed ▁a ▁distinction ▁between ▁inclus ive ▁and ▁exclusive ▁" we ", ▁which ▁Class ical ▁N ahu at l ▁and ▁other ▁modern ▁forms ▁of ▁N ahu at l ▁lack . ▁The ▁exclusive ▁form ▁is ▁regularly ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁singular ▁(" I "), ▁while ▁the ▁inclus ive ▁continues ▁the ▁supp let ive ▁first ▁person ▁pl ural ▁of ▁Class ical ▁N ahu at l . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Wol gem uth , ▁et ▁al . ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Dic cion ario ▁N á hu at l ▁de ▁los ▁municip ios ▁M ec ay apan ▁y ▁T ata hu ic apan ▁de ▁Ju á rez , ▁Ver ac ru z . ▁Wol gem uth , ▁Carl . ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁Gram ática ▁N á hu at l ▁( m ela ʼ t áj to ̱ l ) ▁de ▁los ▁municip ios ▁de ▁M ec ay apan ▁y ▁t ata hu ic apan ▁de ▁Ju á rez , |
▁Ver ac ru z ▁( Seg unda ▁edición ). ▁Wol gem uth , ▁Carl . ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁N ahu at l ▁grammar ▁of ▁the ▁town ships ▁of ▁M ec ay apan ▁and ▁T ata hu ic apan ▁de ▁Ju á rez , ▁Ver ac ru z . ▁S IL ▁International . ▁ ▁And o ▁Ko ji . ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Gram ática ▁ná hu at l ▁de ▁P aj apan , ▁Universidad ▁Ver ac ru z ana , ▁X al apa . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁S IL ▁Mexico ▁— ▁includes ▁sound ▁record ings ▁ ▁Category : N ahu at l <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁ac ron ym ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁B Ch D , ▁Bac cala ure us ▁Ch ir urg iae ▁D ental , ▁otherwise ▁known ▁as ▁B DS ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁D ental ▁S urg ery . ▁Other ▁dent al ▁degrees ▁are ▁D DS ▁Doctor ▁of ▁D ental ▁S urg ery , ▁and ▁D MD ▁Doctor ▁of ▁D ental ▁Medicine . ▁ ▁B CH D , ▁Beach ▁C ities ▁Health ▁District , ▁the ▁government ▁ag ency ▁providing ▁prevent ive ▁health ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁Herm osa ▁Beach , ▁Manh attan ▁Beach , ▁and ▁Red ondo ▁Beach , ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁B rew arr ina ▁( loc ally ▁known ▁as ▁" Bre ") ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁North ▁West ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Australia ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Bar won ▁River ▁in ▁B rew arr ina ▁Sh ire . ▁The ▁name |
▁B rew arr ina ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁' bur ru ▁war anha ', ▁a ▁We il wan ▁name ▁for ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁Ac acia , ▁Cass ia ▁tree , ▁" Ac acia ▁cl umps ", ▁" a ▁native ▁standing " ▁or ▁" place ▁where ▁wild ▁go ose berry ▁grows ". ▁It ▁is ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁Bour ke ▁and ▁west ▁of ▁Wal get t ▁on ▁the ▁K amil ar oi ▁Highway , ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁Sydney . ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁B rew arr ina ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁was ▁ 1 , 1 4 3 . ▁Other ▁towns ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁district ▁include ; ▁Good o oga , ▁G ong olg on , ▁We il m oring le ▁and ▁Ang led ool . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁Ab original ▁Mission ▁is ▁now ▁her itage - list ed . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁located ▁amid ▁the ▁traditional ▁lands ▁of ▁the ▁Mur uw ari , ▁Ng emb a , ▁We il wan ▁and ▁Y ual war ri ▁pe op les . ▁The ▁area ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁Ind igen ous ▁Australian ▁history ▁and ▁was ▁once ▁the ▁meeting ▁ground ▁for ▁over ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁sett lers ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁around ▁ 1 8 3 9 – 4 0 . ▁The ▁first ▁people ▁to ▁own ▁land ▁where ▁the ▁town ▁now ▁stands ▁were ▁the ▁Law son ▁brothers , ▁who ▁had ▁two ▁hold ings ▁- ▁one ▁called ▁" |
W al cha " ▁and ▁another ▁called ▁" Mo ona " ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁first ▁known ▁as ▁" W al cha ▁H ut " ▁but ▁this ▁later ▁changed ▁to ▁" B rew arr ina ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 9 , ▁somewhere ▁between ▁ 3 0 0 - 4 0 0 ▁Ab original ▁people ▁were ▁mass ac red ▁by ▁white ▁sett lers ▁in ▁an ▁event ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Hospital ▁Creek ▁Mass acre , ▁re collections ▁of ▁which ▁vary . ▁A ▁mem orial ▁was ▁ere cted ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁Ab original ▁Land ▁Council ▁near ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁mass acre . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁a ▁river bo at ▁called ▁Gem ini , ▁ski pper ed ▁by ▁William ▁Rand ell , ▁reached ▁the ▁town . ▁This ▁opened ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁developing ▁the ▁town ▁as ▁a ▁port , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 6 0 s ▁B rew arr ina ▁was ▁recogn ised ▁as ▁the ▁fur th est ▁navig able ▁point ▁on ▁the ▁Dar ling ▁River . ▁B rew arr ina ▁became ▁a ▁port ▁for ▁sh ipping ▁w ool ▁to ▁Ad ela ide ▁via ▁the ▁Dar ling ▁and ▁Murray ▁rivers . ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁formally ▁survey ed ▁and ▁laid ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁and ▁proc laimed ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁p addle ▁ste amer ▁W and ering ▁Jew ▁of ▁ 6 6 ▁t onnes , ▁ 2 2 × 4 . 4 × |
1 . 5 m , ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁and ▁registered ▁at ▁Sydney . ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁W and ering ▁Jew ▁was ▁lost ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁fire ▁on ▁Bar won ▁River , ▁B rew arr ina . ▁" The ▁W and ering ▁Jew ▁represents ▁an ▁earlier ▁mar itime ▁era ▁and ▁provides ▁a ▁direct ▁link ▁to ▁the ▁river ine ▁her itage ▁of ▁B rew arr ina . ▁Its ▁colour ful ▁history ▁and ▁repeated ▁damage ▁by ▁fire ▁is ▁ev oc ative ▁of ▁the ▁dram as ▁associated ▁with ▁river bo at ▁travel ". ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁were ▁something ▁of ▁a ▁bo om ▁time ▁for ▁B rew arr ina . ▁The ▁cour th ouse ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 . ▁The ▁Te legraph ▁reached ▁town ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁The ▁Mechan ics ▁Institute ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁The ▁following ▁year ▁two ▁hot els , ▁two ▁stores ▁and ▁the ▁Com mer cial ▁Bank ▁all ▁opened , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁The ▁Par ish ▁of ▁B rew arr ina ▁was ▁formed ▁and ▁public ▁school ▁was ▁opened . ▁All ▁this ▁development ▁was ▁largely ▁due ▁to ▁C obb ▁and ▁Co , ▁which ▁had ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁coach ▁services ▁passing ▁through ▁the ▁town . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁service ▁from ▁By rock , ▁one ▁from ▁Dub bo ▁via ▁Warren ▁and , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁a ▁direct ▁service |
▁from ▁B rew arr ina ▁to ▁En ng onia , ▁north ▁of ▁Bour ke . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁moving ▁through ▁the ▁town ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁considerable ▁and ▁would ▁have ▁given ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁increase ▁in ▁stores ▁and ▁hot els . ▁ ▁The ▁Bar won ▁Bridge ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁the ▁previous ▁method ▁of ▁crossing ▁the ▁Bar won ▁River ▁was ▁by ▁punt ▁and ▁p onto on . ▁The ▁imp et us ▁for ▁B rew arr ina ▁bridge , ▁was ▁to ▁capture ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁w ool ▁trade ▁from ▁the ▁river ▁p addle ▁steam ers ▁and ▁direct ▁it ▁away ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁Ad ela ide ▁to ▁Sydney . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁bridge ▁because ▁it , ▁and ▁the ▁lift ▁bridge ▁at ▁North ▁Bour ke , ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁surv iving ▁examples ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁series ▁of ▁lift ▁brid ges ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁The ▁bridge ▁has ▁been ▁ass essed ▁as ▁being ▁of ▁state ▁significance ▁and ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁NS W ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁railway ▁line ▁opened ▁to ▁B rew arr ina ▁from ▁By rock , ▁on ▁the ▁Ny ng an ▁to ▁Bour ke ▁line . ▁ ▁The ▁B rew arr ina ▁Line ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁and ▁the ▁wood - fr amed ▁B rew arr ina ▁Station ▁burn ed ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁The ▁local ▁tele phone ▁exchange ▁was ▁established ▁in |
▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁survey ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁B rew arr ina ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁location ▁for ▁the ▁Australian ▁silent ▁film ▁Mo ora ▁N ey a , ▁or ▁The ▁Message ▁of ▁the ▁Spe ar ▁( 1 9 1 1 ). ▁ ▁The ▁B rew arr ina ▁Ng emb a ▁Bill ab ong ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁cultural ▁history . ▁From ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁the ▁Ng emb a ▁Bill ab ong ▁was ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁Ab original ▁Mission ▁for ▁local ▁Ab original ▁people ▁whose ▁land ▁was ▁taken ▁for ▁gra zing . ▁The ▁entire ▁ 2 6 1 ▁hect are ▁property ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁NS W ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register . ▁The ▁B rew arr ina ▁Ab original ▁Mission ▁was ▁the ▁oldest ▁institution al - type ▁community ▁in ▁the ▁state , ▁it ▁ran ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁B rew arr ina ▁Mission ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁institution ▁formally ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁Ab orig ines ▁Prote ction ▁Board ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁policy ▁to ▁seg reg ate ▁Ab original ▁people . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁B rew arr ina ▁er upt ed ▁into ▁a ▁ri ot ▁that ▁was ▁triggered ▁by ▁the ▁death ▁in ▁police ▁cust ody ▁of ▁Lloyd ▁James ▁B oney . ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Bob ▁Haw ke ▁announced ▁a ▁Royal ▁Commission ▁into ▁ind igen ous ▁death s ▁in ▁cust |
ody . ▁ ▁Heritage ▁list ings ▁ ▁B rew arr ina ▁has ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁her itage - list ed ▁sites , ▁including : ▁ ▁B rew arr ina ▁Ab original ▁Fish ▁Tra ps ▁ ▁The ▁Old ▁Mission ▁Road : ▁B rew arr ina ▁Ab original ▁Mission ▁Site ▁ ▁An cient ▁Ab original ▁fish ▁tra ps ▁ ▁B rew arr ina ' s ▁most ▁significant ▁feature ▁is ▁its ▁Ab original ▁fish ▁tra ps . ▁Kn own ▁in ▁the ▁local ▁Ab original ▁language ▁as ▁B ai ame ' s ▁Ng unn hu . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁Ng emb a , ▁W onk am ur ra , ▁W ail wan ▁and ▁G om olar oi ▁people ▁have ▁shared ▁and ▁maintained ▁the ▁tra ps ▁for ▁thousands ▁of ▁years . ▁The ▁age ▁of ▁the ▁fish ▁tra ps ▁is ▁currently ▁unknown , ▁but ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁the ▁oldest ▁human ▁construction ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Loc als ▁claim ▁that ▁the ▁tra ps ▁are ▁at ▁least ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁old ▁and ▁thus ▁the ▁oldest ▁surv iving ▁human - made ▁structure ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Cons isting ▁of ▁river ▁stones ▁arranged ▁to ▁form ▁small ▁channels , ▁the ▁tra ps ▁direct ▁fish ▁into ▁small ▁areas ▁from ▁which ▁they ▁are ▁readily ▁pl uck ed . ▁The ▁tra ps ▁form ▁a ▁complex ▁net ▁of ▁linked ▁we irs ▁and ▁p onds ▁along ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁river . ▁They ▁operate ▁at ▁varying ▁water ▁height s ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁alter ed ▁to ▁suit ▁season al ▁changes . ▁People ▁use ▁their |
▁expert ▁knowledge ▁of ▁fish ▁species ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁to ▁maxim ise ▁their ▁catch . ▁B rew arr ina ▁Ng emb a ▁Bill ab ong ▁has ▁been ▁declared ▁a ▁World ▁Conserv ation ▁Union ▁( I U CN ) ▁Category ▁V ▁and ▁VI ▁protected ▁area . ▁It ▁was ▁declared ▁an ▁Ind igen ous ▁Prote cted ▁Area ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁ready ▁avail ability ▁of ▁fish ▁made ▁B rew arr ina ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁inter t rib al ▁meeting ▁places ▁of ▁pre - Europe an ▁eastern ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁B rew arr ina ▁has ▁the ▁typical ▁hot ▁semi - ar id ▁climate ▁of ▁north - western ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁with ▁hot ▁sum mers ▁frequently ▁over ▁, ▁cool ▁winter s ▁and ▁generally ▁dry ▁all ▁year ▁round . ▁B rew arr ina ' s ▁highest ▁recorded ▁temperature ▁was ▁ ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁whilst ▁its ▁col dest ▁was ▁ ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁The ▁average ▁annual ▁ra inf all ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁Sport ▁and ▁recre ation ▁ ▁The ▁town spe ople ▁of ▁B rew arr ina ▁play ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁sports . ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁local ▁Rugby ▁Union ▁club ▁and ▁team , ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁Br umb ies . ▁Rugby ▁league ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁popular ▁sport ▁in ▁B rew arr ina , ▁with ▁the ▁town ▁sport ing ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁different ▁teams . ▁Local ▁players ▁Al by ▁Car r , ▁Ron ▁Gib |
bs , ▁Les ▁B iles , ▁Isaac ▁Gordon ▁and ▁his ▁cousin ▁Ash ley ▁Gordon ▁played ▁first ▁grade ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Rugby ▁League . ▁Net ball ▁is ▁played ▁week ly , ▁with ▁over ▁ 1 2 ▁teams ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁local ▁competition . ▁The ▁B rew arr ina ▁G olf ▁Club ▁is ▁ren owned ▁throughout ▁the ▁western ▁region ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁' o iled ' ▁green ▁golf ▁courses . ▁Other ▁major ▁sports ▁in ▁B rew arr ina ▁include ▁bow ls , ▁shooting , ▁tennis ▁and ▁sw imming . ▁The ▁river ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁sw imming ▁and ▁water ▁ski ing ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁months . ▁ ▁The ▁B rew arr ina ▁Circ us ▁Sk ills ▁Training ▁Project ▁is ▁a ▁program , ▁which ▁trains ▁local ▁k ids ▁skills ▁in ▁circ us ▁acts ▁and ▁gives ▁them ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁travel ▁across ▁the ▁country ▁to ▁places ▁like ▁Ad ela ide ▁and ▁Melbourne . ▁The ▁B rew arr ina ▁Youth ▁Circ us ▁was ▁a ▁partners hip ▁with ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁Council ▁and ▁B rew arr ina ▁Central ▁School ▁with ▁object ives ▁to ▁increase ▁school ▁attend ance . ▁This ▁program ▁has ▁also ▁given ▁particular ▁k ids ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁travel ▁over se as , ▁with ▁one ▁girl ▁trav elling ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁circ us ▁skills . ▁ ▁Events ▁▁ ▁B rew arr ina ▁plays ▁host ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁rode os ▁in ▁the ▁far ▁west ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁The ▁B rew arr ina ▁Show ▁and |
▁R ode o ▁Society ▁runs ▁a ▁successful ▁annual ▁rode o ▁program ▁which ▁attract s ▁a ▁large ▁crowd ▁to ▁town . ▁Unfortunately ▁over ▁the ▁last ▁number ▁of ▁years , ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁Show ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁held . ▁ ▁The ▁B rew arr ina ▁R aces ▁are ▁an ▁important ▁race ▁meet ▁in ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁district ▁hosted ▁by ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁J ockey ▁Club . ▁The ▁race ▁meet ▁is ▁usually ▁held ▁in ▁May ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁large ▁prize ▁pool , ▁complete ▁with ▁an ▁extensive ▁race ▁program , ▁f ash ions ▁on ▁the ▁field , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁novel ty ▁races ▁and ▁luck y ▁door ▁pri zes . ▁ ▁In ▁more ▁recent ▁years , ▁B rew arr ina ▁has ▁played ▁host ▁to ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁Field ▁Day , ▁which ▁came ▁about ▁as ▁an ▁event ▁for ▁people ▁from ▁the ▁district ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁day ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁time ▁after ▁dev ast ating ▁dr ought . ▁It ▁show cases ▁over ▁ 7 0 ▁st alls , ▁wild life ▁and ▁agricult ural ▁exhib its , ▁quick ▁she ar ▁compet itions , ▁car n ival ▁r ides , ▁dog ▁jump ing ▁tri als , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁food ▁and ▁bar ▁st alls . ▁ ▁The ▁Bre ▁Big ▁Fish ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁fish ing ▁competition ▁run ▁in ▁B rew arr ina ▁over ▁the ▁June ▁Long ▁Week end . ▁It ▁is ▁hosted ▁by ▁the ▁B rew arr ina ▁Fish ing ▁Club ▁and ▁draw s ▁many ▁fish ing , ▁hunting ▁and ▁camp ing |
▁enthus iast s ▁to ▁the ▁district . ▁ ▁In ▁by g one ▁years , ▁B rew arr ina ▁was ▁well ▁ren owned ▁for ▁its ▁annual ▁" F estival ▁of ▁the ▁Fish eries ", ▁which ▁celebrated ▁B rew arr ina ' s ▁Ab original ▁and ▁European ▁History . ▁B rew arr ina ▁also ▁hosted ▁the ▁unique ▁" Sur f bo at ▁Classic ", ▁which ▁attract ed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Sur f ▁Life ▁S aving ▁Club s ▁from ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Coast . ▁Unfortunately ▁these ▁events ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁held ▁in ▁recent ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁B rew arr ina ▁celebrated ▁the ▁ 1 5 0 th ▁year ▁since ▁it ▁was ▁gaz ett ed ▁as ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁This ▁was ▁celebrated ▁by ▁a ▁week ▁long ▁festival ▁which ▁included : ▁B rew arr ina ▁Race ▁Club ▁meeting ▁with ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁at ten de es , ▁Bre ▁Big ▁Fish ▁Compet ition , ▁Street ▁Par ade ▁and ▁Car n ival , ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁Historical ▁Ex hib itions , ▁Black ▁T ie ▁Ball , ▁Fire works ▁Display , ▁F lower ▁and ▁C ake ▁Show , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁celebr atory ▁sport ing ▁fi xt ures ▁including ▁Rugby ▁League ▁and ▁Rugby ▁Union ▁exhibition ▁matches , ▁Clay ▁Target ▁Sho ot ▁and ▁Bow ling ▁competition . ▁ ▁Notable ▁citizens ▁ ▁J imm ie ▁B ark er , ▁first ▁Ind igen ous ▁published ▁author . ▁The ▁two ▁world s ▁of ▁J |
imm ie ▁B ark er ▁: ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁an ▁Australian ▁Ab original , ▁ 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 7 2 ▁/ ▁as ▁told ▁to ▁Jan et ▁Mat he ws . ▁ ▁Mer v yn ▁Bishop , ▁news ▁and ▁document ary ▁photograph er . ▁Mer v yn ▁won , ▁News ▁Phot ograph er ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award ▁for , ▁Life ▁and ▁Death ▁D ash , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁front ▁page ▁of ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Mor ning ▁Her ald . ▁ ▁Ess ie ▁C off ey , ▁community ▁worker , ▁singer , ▁actor ▁and ▁film ▁mak er . ▁ ▁Leo ▁Sch of ield , ▁restaurant ▁critic , ▁advert ising ▁professional ▁and ▁arts ▁festival ▁director . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁G ain m ara ▁Bir rile e ▁Pre - Sch ool ▁ ▁B rew arr ina ▁Central ▁School ▁K - 1 2 ▁▁ ▁St ▁Pat r icks ▁Catholic ▁School ▁K - 6 ▁▁ ▁B rew arr ina ▁T AF E ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : R iver ▁ports ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : M ur ray - D ar ling ▁bas in ▁Category : I U CN ▁Category ▁VI ▁Category : I U CN ▁Category ▁V ▁Category : Pro te cted ▁areas ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : F ar ▁West ▁( New ▁South ▁Wales ) ▁* ▁Category : B rew arr ina ▁Sh ire <0x0A> </s> ▁L ing sh an ▁County ▁( post al : ▁L ing sh an ; |
▁) ▁is ▁a ▁county ▁under ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁Q in z hou ▁City ▁in ▁sout he astern ▁Gu ang xi , ▁China . ▁ ▁Administration ▁L ing sh an ' s ▁executive , ▁legisl ature ▁and ▁jud ici ary ▁are ▁se ated ▁in ▁L ing ch eng ▁Town ▁( ), ▁together ▁with ▁its ▁C PC ▁and ▁P SB ▁branches . ▁The ▁county ▁admin ister s ▁ 1 8 ▁towns ▁in ▁total : ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Count y - level ▁divisions ▁of ▁Gu ang xi <0x0A> </s> ▁S ow reh ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁S ū reh ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁How me h - ye ▁G har bi ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁K hor ram sh ahr ▁County , ▁Kh uz est an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 3 , 2 5 5 , ▁in ▁ 6 7 4 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁K hor ram sh ahr ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Hol ger ▁A den ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁German ▁football ▁forward . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Hamburg ▁Category : G erman ▁football ers ▁Category : B ayer ▁ 0 4 ▁Le |
verk us en ▁players ▁Category : E int racht ▁Braun sch weig ▁players ▁Category : V f L ▁Bo ch um ▁players ▁Category : B undes liga ▁players ▁Category : 2 . ▁Bundes liga ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : FC ▁E int racht ▁N order sted t ▁ 0 3 ▁players ▁Category : SV ▁ 1 9 ▁Stra elen ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁N ing ye ▁is ▁a ▁Pl ate au ▁language ▁of ▁Niger ia . ▁ ▁N ing ye ▁is ▁spoken ▁by ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁in ▁N ing es hen ▁Kur mi ▁village , ▁K ad una ▁State , ▁Niger ia . ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁situated ▁about ▁ 1 9 ▁kilom eters ▁south ▁of ▁F ad an ▁Kar sh i ▁on ▁the ▁Ak w anga ▁road . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁B len ch , ▁Roger . ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁The ▁N ing ye ▁language ▁of ▁Central ▁Niger ia ▁and ▁its ▁aff in ities . ▁ ▁Category : N in z ic ▁languages ▁Category : L anguages ▁of ▁Niger ia <0x0A> </s> ▁M ũ m bi ▁M uth iga ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁the ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁people . ▁The ▁word ▁M ũ m bi ▁can ▁be ▁translated ▁as ▁" one ▁who ▁m ould s ". ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ , ▁and ▁ancest or ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁Ag ĩ k ũ y ũ |
▁people . ▁The ▁story ▁of ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁and ▁M ũ m bi ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁by ▁various ▁writers ▁throughout ▁the ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁history ; ▁notable ▁among ▁them ▁are ▁J omo ▁Ken y atta , ▁the ▁first ▁president ▁of ▁independent ▁Ken ya , ▁Louis ▁Le ake y ▁and ▁the ▁pro l ific ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁writer ▁G aka ara ▁wa ▁W anja ũ ▁and ▁another ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁writer ▁known ▁as ▁Mat hew ▁N jor oge ▁K abet ũ ▁among ▁many ▁others . ▁The ▁name ▁M umb i ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁B ant u ▁root ▁verb ▁" BA ", ▁the ▁same ▁root ▁word ▁that ▁gives ▁rise ▁to ▁" UM BA ". ▁The ▁prefix ▁" M u " ▁is ▁the ▁B ant u ▁n oun ▁class ifier ▁for ▁n oun s ▁that ▁have ▁sou ls , ▁like ▁humans . The ▁verb ▁U M BA ▁indicates ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁m ould ing , ▁sh aping , ▁design ing ▁or ▁creating . ▁The ▁suffix ▁" i " ▁rep laces ▁the ▁terminal ▁" a " ▁in ▁the ▁B ant u ▁language ▁n oun ▁or ▁verb ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁perform er ▁of ▁the ▁action . ▁Being ▁derived ▁from ▁a ▁B ant u ▁root , ▁the ▁word ▁M umb i ▁is ▁also ▁widely ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁K amba ▁eth nic ▁community . ▁Among ▁the ▁K amba ▁community ▁the ▁name ▁car ries ▁the ▁same ▁meaning ▁as ▁among ▁the ▁K ik uy us . ▁ |
▁Origin ▁The ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁Ag ĩ k ũ y ũ : ▁ ▁God ▁( N g ai ▁or ▁M ũ g ai ▁– ▁The ▁Div ider ) ▁created ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁tribe ▁and ▁took ▁him ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁K ĩ r ĩ - N y aga ▁( Mount ▁Ken ya ) ▁and ▁showed ▁him ▁all ▁the ▁land ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁given ▁him : ▁West ▁from ▁Mount ▁Ken ya ▁to ▁the ▁Aber d ares , ▁on ▁to ▁Ng ong ▁Hills ▁and ▁Kil im amb ogo , ▁then ▁north ▁to ▁Gar ba ▁T ula . ▁He ▁further ▁promised ▁G ik uy u ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁be que ath ▁him ▁all ▁what ▁G ik uy u ▁laid ▁his ▁eyes ▁on . ▁He ▁then ▁pointed ▁to ▁him ▁a ▁spot ▁full ▁of ▁fig ▁trees ▁( M ũ k ũ y ũ ) ▁and ▁he ▁commanded ▁him ▁to ▁descend ▁and ▁establish ▁his ▁hom est ead ▁on ▁the ▁selected ▁spot ▁known ▁as ▁M ũ k ũ r we ▁wa ▁G ath anga ▁( in ▁present - day ▁Mur anga ▁County ). ▁When ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁desc ended ▁to ▁the ▁spot ▁he ▁found ▁a ▁beautiful ▁wife ▁waiting ▁for ▁him , ▁M ũ m bi . ▁T ogether , ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁and ▁M ũ m bi ▁had ▁nine ▁beautiful ▁daughters : ▁W an j ir ũ , ▁W amb ũ i , ▁W an j ik ũ , ▁Wang ũ i ▁a ka ▁Wa |
ith ie gen i , ▁W ange ci ▁a ka ▁Wa ith ĩ ra , ▁W anje eri ▁a ka ▁W ace era , ▁Ny amb ura ▁a ka ▁W ak ĩ ũ r ũ , ▁W air im ũ ▁a ka ▁G ath i ig ia , ▁and ▁Wang ar ĩ . ▁These ▁nine ▁daughters ▁founded ▁the ▁nine ▁K ik uy u ▁cl ans . ▁G ik uy u ▁and ▁M umb i ▁had ▁a ▁t enth ▁daughter ▁named ▁W am ũ y ũ ▁a ka ▁War ig ia , ▁who ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁having ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁found ▁or ▁establish ▁the ▁Ak am aba ▁tribe . ▁All ▁the ▁ten ▁daughters ' ▁names ▁are ▁very ▁popular ▁names ▁for ▁G ik ũ y ũ ▁females ▁today . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁time ▁came ▁for ▁the ▁ 9 ▁el dest ▁daughters ▁to ▁marry , ▁the ▁young est ▁W am ũ y ũ ▁not ▁yet ▁being ▁of ▁age , ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁pray ed ▁to ▁God ▁under ▁a ▁holy ▁fig ▁tree ▁( M ũ k ũ y ũ , ▁some ▁say ▁M ũ g um o ), ▁as ▁was ▁his ▁tradition , ▁to ▁send ▁him ▁sons - in - law . ▁He ▁offered ▁a ▁l amb ▁as ▁sacrifice ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁fire ▁was ▁cons uming ▁the ▁l amb ’ s ▁body , ▁nine ▁men ▁appeared ▁and ▁walked ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁fl ames . ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁took ▁them ▁home ▁and ▁each ▁daughter ▁married ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁same |
▁height ▁as ▁she ▁was , ▁and ▁together ▁they ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁nine ▁of ▁the ▁full - n ine ▁cl ans ▁to ▁which ▁all ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ s ▁belong . ▁W am ũ y ũ ▁or ▁War ig ia ▁got ▁a ▁child ▁out ▁of ▁wed lock . ▁These ▁cl ans ▁are ▁the ▁An j ir ũ , ▁A ga ci k ũ , ▁Amb ũ i , ▁Ang ũ i ▁a ka ▁A ith ie gen i , ▁An ge chi ▁a ka ▁A ith ĩ rand ũ , ▁A ac era , ▁Amb ura ▁a ka ▁A ak ĩ ũ r ũ ▁a ka ▁E eth aga , ▁Air im ũ ▁a ka ▁Ag ath i ig ia , ▁Ang ar ĩ ▁a ka ▁A it he k ah uno ▁and ▁A ic ak am ũ y ũ . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Ag ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁refer ▁to ▁each ▁other ▁as ▁And ũ ▁a ▁Ny ũ m ba ▁ya ▁M ũ m bi ▁or ▁persons ▁of ▁the ▁house ▁or ▁home ▁of ▁M ũ m bi . ▁Short ly ▁before ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁emer gency ▁was ▁declared ▁by ▁the ▁imperial ists ▁in ▁colonial ▁Ken ya ▁on ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁M ũ m bi ▁was ▁invoked ▁as ▁a ▁r ally ing ▁call ▁to ▁un ite ▁the ▁Ag ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁in ▁a ▁fight ▁for ▁the ▁independence ▁of ▁Ken ya , ▁under ▁the ▁b anner ▁of |
▁what ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁Mau ▁Mau ▁U pr ising . ▁G aka ara ▁wa ▁W anja ũ ▁published ▁the ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁and ▁M ũ m bi ▁cre ed , ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁colonial ▁government ▁put ▁him ▁in ▁det ention ▁till ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁Par allel ▁to ▁that ▁several ▁song ▁books ▁would ▁be ▁published ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁and ▁M ũ m bi . ▁▁ ▁M ũ m bi ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁female ▁G ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁name . ▁ ▁References ▁Le ake y , ▁L . ▁S . ▁B . ▁– ▁The ▁Southern ▁G ik uy u ▁Before ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁Vol ▁I ▁– ▁III ▁[ 1 9 7 7 , ▁un pub lished ▁ 1 9 3 8 ] ▁Ken y atta , ▁J omo ▁– ▁F acing ▁M t . ▁Ken ya ▁[ 1 9 3 8 ] ▁K abet ũ , ▁M . ▁N . ▁- ▁K ĩ r ĩ ra ▁K ĩ a ▁ <0xC5> <0xA8> g ik ũ y ũ ▁[ 1 9 4 7 ] ▁wa ▁W an j au , ▁G aka ara ▁- ▁M ĩ h ĩ r ĩ ga ▁ya ▁A ag ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁[ 1 9 6 0 ] ▁wa ▁W an j au , ▁G aka ara ▁- ▁M wand iki ▁wa ▁Mau ▁Mau ▁I tha ami rio - ini ▁( M au ▁Mau ▁author ▁in ▁det ention ) |
▁[ 1 9 8 3 ] ▁ ▁Category : A fr ican ▁myth ology ▁Category : Rel ig ion ▁in ▁Ken ya ▁Category : Leg end ary ▁pro gen itors ▁Category : W omen ▁in ▁myth ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Marine ▁Fight ing ▁Squadron ▁ 4 5 2 ▁( VM F - 4 5 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁f ighter ▁squad ron ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁that ▁was ▁commission ed ▁and ▁fought ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁▁ ▁Kn own ▁as ▁the ▁“ S ky ▁Ra iders ”, ▁they ▁fle w ▁the ▁F 4 U ▁C ors air , ▁and ▁the ▁Gr um man ▁T BF ▁Aven ger , ▁fell ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Marine ▁Car rier ▁Group ▁ 5 ▁( MC V G - 5 ) ▁and ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ok ina wa . ▁ ▁The ▁squad ron ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁USS ▁Franklin ▁( CV - 1 3 ) ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁sever ely ▁dam aged ▁by ▁Japanese ▁kam ik aze ▁plan es ▁of ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Ok ina wa ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁VM F - 4 5 2 ▁was ▁de activ ated ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁has ▁remained ▁in ▁an ▁in active ▁status ▁since . ▁ ▁History ▁VM F - 4 5 2 ▁was ▁commission ed ▁at ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁Air ▁Station ▁M oj ave , ▁California . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁ |
1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁squad ron ▁depart ed ▁San ▁Francisco ▁on ▁board ▁the ▁aircraft ▁car rier ▁USS ▁Franklin ▁( CV - 1 3 ). ▁ ▁From ▁there ▁they ▁sa iled ▁to ▁Pear l ▁Har bor ▁and ▁then ▁moved ▁west ▁to ▁join ▁up ▁with ▁Task ▁Force ▁ 5 8 ▁which ▁was ▁heading ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Ok ina wa . ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 8 ▁they ▁fle w ▁their ▁first ▁combat ▁miss ions ▁against ▁air fields ▁on ▁Ky ū sh ū ▁Island . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁day , ▁the ▁Franklin ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁a ▁Japanese ▁Y ok os uka ▁D 4 Y ▁Jud y ▁d ive ▁bom ber . ▁ ▁Both ▁of ▁its ▁two ▁ 5 0 0 - p ound ▁bomb s ▁stuck ▁the ▁Franklin . ▁▁▁ 3 3 ▁members ▁of ▁VM F - 4 5 2 w ere ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁en su ing ▁dev ast ation ▁and ▁the ▁squad ron ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁combat ▁effective . ▁▁ ▁They ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁USS ▁B unker ▁Hill ▁and ▁set ▁sail ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Upon ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁California , ▁the ▁squad ron ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁Air ▁Station ▁El ▁Centro ▁to ▁ref it ▁and ▁re arm ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁They ▁remained ▁there ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁Notable ▁former ▁members ▁ ▁Nor wood ▁Russell ▁Hans on ▁ ▁Unit ▁awards ▁ ▁A ▁unit ▁c itation ▁or ▁comm end ation ▁is ▁an ▁award ▁best owed ▁upon ▁an ▁organization |
▁for ▁the ▁action ▁c ited . ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁unit ▁who ▁participated ▁in ▁said ▁actions ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁wear ▁on ▁their ▁uniform s ▁the ▁awarded ▁unit ▁c itation . ▁VM F - 4 5 2 ▁was ▁presented ▁with ▁the ▁following ▁awards : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁A viation ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁active ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁aircraft ▁squad rons ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁in active ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁aircraft ▁squad rons ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Web ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁VM F - 4 5 2 ▁members ▁killed ▁on board ▁the ▁USS ▁Franklin ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁ ▁Fight ing 4 5 2 ▁Category : In active ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps <0x0A> </s> ▁Victor ▁D eth ier ▁( 2 3 ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁– ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Belg ian ▁racing ▁cycl ist . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁national ▁road ▁race ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁male ▁cycl ists ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Li ège <0x0A> </s> ▁L ec ith oc era ▁impro vis a ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁L ec ith oc er idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Alex ey ▁Dia kon off ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 |
8 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁( M ind ana o ). ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁about ▁ 1 3 . 5 mm . ▁The ▁for ew ings ▁are ▁pale ▁fus c ous , ▁irregular ly ▁cloud ed ▁and ▁d usted ▁with ▁dark er ▁fus c ous . ▁The ▁st ig m ata ▁are ▁small ▁and ▁black , ▁the ▁first ▁dis cal ▁ill - defined , ▁the ▁second ▁dis cal ▁at ▁three - fif th s ▁is ▁rounded ▁and ▁the ▁p lic al ▁is ▁slightly ▁larger , ▁sub oval ▁and ▁found ▁beyond ▁one - four th , ▁the ▁terminal ▁edge ▁with ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁rather ▁suff used , ▁not ▁distinct ly ▁separate ▁sub tri angular ▁small ▁d ots . ▁The ▁h ind w ings ▁are ▁gl oss y ▁pale ▁fus c ous , ▁fin ely ▁d usted ▁with ▁dark er ▁fus c ous . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Category : L ec ith oc era <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁NAT O ▁Senior ▁Civil ian ▁Represent ative ▁in ▁Afghan istan ▁represents ▁the ▁political ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁NAT O ▁Alliance ▁in ▁Kab ul , ▁Afghan istan . ▁ ▁The ▁Senior ▁Civil ian ▁Represent ative ▁car ries ▁forward ▁the ▁Alliance ' s ▁political - mil it ary ▁object ives ▁in ▁Afghan istan , ▁l ia ising ▁with ▁the ▁Afghan ▁Government , ▁civil ▁society , ▁represent atives ▁of ▁the ▁international ▁community ▁and ▁neighbour ing ▁countries . ▁The ▁position ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 0 3 . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Senior ▁Civil ian ▁Representatives ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 6 : ▁H ik met ▁ Ç et in ▁( T ur key ) ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 0 7 : ▁Da an ▁Ever ts ▁( N ether lands ) ▁ 2 0 0 8 : ▁Maur its ▁J och ems ▁( N ether lands ) ▁( act ing ) ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 1 0 : ▁Fernando ▁Gent il ini ▁( Ital y ) ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 2 0 1 1 : ▁Mark ▁Sed will ▁( Un ited ▁Kingdom ) ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 2 : ▁Simon ▁G ass ▁( Un ited ▁Kingdom ) ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 5 : ▁Maur its ▁J och ems ▁( N ether lands ) ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 2 0 1 6 : ▁Amb assador ▁Is mail ▁Ar am az , ▁( T ur key ) ▁ 2 0 1 7 - present : ▁Amb assador ▁Corn el ius ▁Z imm ermann , ▁( G erm any ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : N AT O ▁officials ▁Category : A fg han istan ▁politics - related ▁lists ▁ ▁Category : A fg han istan ▁diplom acy - related ▁lists ▁Category : A fg han ▁military - related ▁lists <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Irish ▁language ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁Irish ▁G ael ic ) ▁() |
▁is ▁a ▁recogn ised ▁minor ity ▁language ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁The ▁dialect ▁spoken ▁there ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁Ul ster ▁Irish ▁( G ae il ge ▁U lad h ). ▁Prote ction ▁for ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁st ems ▁largely ▁from ▁the ▁European ▁Char ter ▁for ▁Regional ▁or ▁Minor ity ▁L anguages . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁UK ▁Census , ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁ 1 8 4 , 8 9 8 ▁( 1 0 . 6 5 %) ▁claim ▁to ▁have ▁some ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Irish , ▁of ▁whom ▁ 1 0 4 , 9 4 3 ▁( 6 . 0 5 %) ▁can ▁speak ▁the ▁language ▁to ▁varying ▁degrees . ▁Some ▁ 4 , 1 3 0 ▁people ▁( 0 . 2 %) ▁use ▁Irish ▁as ▁their ▁main ▁home ▁language . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Language ▁in ▁G ael ic ▁Ireland ▁As ▁in ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁Irish ▁was ▁the ▁main ▁language ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁present - day ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁recorded ▁history . ▁The ▁historic ▁influence ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁many ▁place ▁names , ▁for ▁example ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁B elf ast ▁first ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 6 6 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁Lag an ▁even ▁earlier . ▁The ▁Plant ation ▁of ▁Ul ster ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁decl ine ▁in ▁G ael ic ▁culture , ▁of ▁which ▁Irish ▁was ▁part ▁– ▁while ▁some ▁Scottish ▁sett lers ▁were ▁G ael ic ▁speak ers , |
▁English ▁was ▁made ▁w ides p read ▁by ▁the ▁plant ation . ▁Despite ▁the ▁plant ation ▁G ael ic ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁spoken ▁in ▁non - pl anted ▁areas ▁until ▁the ▁mass ▁migration ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁caused ▁by ▁economic ▁factors ▁( see ▁below ▁for ▁further ). ▁ ▁G ael ic ▁Rev ival ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Intel lect uals ▁in ▁B elf ast ▁took ▁an ▁anti qu arian ▁interest ▁in ▁Irish - language ▁culture ▁towards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁and ▁an ▁Irish - language ▁magazine ▁Bol g ▁an ▁t Sol air ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 5 . ▁The ▁Ul ster ▁G ael ic ▁Society ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 . ▁Att itudes ▁among ▁the ▁Pres by ter ian ▁middle ▁class , ▁however , ▁t ended ▁to ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁as ▁the ▁G ael ic ▁Rev ival ▁became ▁associated ▁with ▁support ▁for ▁Home ▁Rule ▁or ▁Irish ▁Republican ism . ▁The ▁English - born ▁MP ▁for ▁South ▁London der ry , ▁Thomas ▁Le a ▁proposed ▁an ▁am end ment ▁to ▁the ▁draft ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁Home ▁Rule ▁Bill ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁prevent ed ▁the ▁passing ▁of ▁laws ▁which ▁would ▁increase ▁Irish ▁language ▁use ▁in ▁state ▁schools , ▁legal ▁courts ▁and ▁other ▁public ▁spher es . ▁A ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁G ael ic ▁League ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁B elf ast ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁with ▁a ▁non - sect arian |
▁and ▁widely ▁based ▁membership , ▁but ▁the ▁decl ine ▁in ▁Irish ▁as ▁a ▁first ▁language ▁continued . ▁ ▁Irish ▁was ▁in ▁sharp ▁decl ine ▁throughout ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁Ireland ▁from ▁the ▁mid - 1 8 0 0 s . ▁From ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 6 0 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 7 0 0 s , ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Ireland ▁made ▁some ▁attempts ▁to ▁rev ive ▁the ▁decl ining ▁G ael ic ▁language . ▁The ▁church ▁printed ▁B ibles ▁and ▁P ray er ▁Books ▁in ▁G ael ic , ▁and ▁some ▁churches , ▁and ▁some ▁Protest ant ▁cl erg ymen ▁like ▁William ▁King ▁of ▁Dublin , ▁held ▁services ▁in ▁the ▁language . ▁However , ▁the ▁English ▁language ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁learning ▁and ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁continued ▁to ▁use ▁Latin ▁and ▁English ▁in ▁its ▁services . ▁English ▁was ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁industrial ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁island , ▁and ▁G ael ic ▁started ▁to ▁become ▁conf ined ▁to ▁the ▁more ▁rural ▁west . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s , ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁sem in aries , ▁only ▁St ▁Jar l ath ' s ▁in ▁Tu am ▁was ▁teaching ▁in ▁Irish . ▁The ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁had , ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁desired ▁to ▁" st amp ▁out ▁any ▁ling ering , ▁semi - pag an ▁rem n ants ", ▁which ▁included ▁G ael ic ▁language . ▁Sir ▁William ▁Wil de ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁bl amed ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁for ▁the ▁quick |
▁decl ine ▁and ▁was ▁" sh ock ed " ▁by ▁the ▁decl ine ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁and ▁G ael ic ▁custom s ▁since ▁the ▁Fam ine . ▁ ▁The ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁language , ▁in ▁business ▁and ▁learning ▁throughout ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁also ▁influenced ▁the ▁decl ine ▁of ▁G ael ic ▁in ▁Ireland . ▁A ▁letter ▁from ▁Dennis ▁Her ag ht y ▁of ▁Let ter ken ny ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁to ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁Pres ervation ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Language ▁compla ined ▁that ▁the ▁parents ▁in ▁his ▁area ▁all ▁wanted ▁their ▁children ▁to ▁learn ▁English . ▁Bishop ▁Mac C orm ac ▁of ▁Ach on ry , ▁also ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 , ▁suggested ▁that ▁" Pe ople ▁are ▁a path etic ▁about ▁the ▁pres ervation ▁of ▁our ▁ancient ▁language " ▁and , ▁" They ▁see ▁that ▁Shakespeare ' s ▁tongue ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁America ▁and ▁the ▁Col on ies ." ▁ ▁Although ▁there ▁had ▁been ▁attempts ▁and ▁soci eties ▁formed ▁to ▁reverse ▁the ▁decl ining ▁tr end ▁for ▁the ▁language , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁G ael ic ▁League , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁that ▁any ▁measure ▁of ▁success ▁was ▁achieved . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 1 ▁census , ▁only ▁ 2 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁Ireland ▁still ▁spoke ▁G ael ic ▁as ▁a ▁first ▁language . ▁ ▁Douglas ▁Hy de , ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 |
5 , ▁said , ▁" The ▁Irish ▁language , ▁thank ▁God , ▁is ▁neither ▁Protest ant ▁nor ▁Catholic , ▁it ▁is ▁neither ▁a ▁Union ist ▁nor ▁a ▁Se par at ist ." ▁By ▁then , ▁however , ▁the ▁language ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁be ▁polit ic ised . ▁The ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁in ▁Ireland ▁began ▁to ▁believe ▁in ▁the ▁worth ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁and ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁take ▁steps ▁to ▁ensure ▁its ▁surv ival . ▁Iron ically , ▁however , ▁both ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁Church ▁inter ference ▁became ▁something ▁that ▁Irish ▁people ▁began ▁to ▁res ent . ▁Protest ants ▁and ▁Union ists ▁al ike ▁began ▁to ▁back ▁away ▁from ▁a ▁G ael ic ▁rev ival ▁as , ▁besides ▁the ▁dominant ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁by ▁then , ▁G ael ic ▁was ▁starting ▁to ▁be ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁" race " ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁divis ive ▁element ▁polit ically ▁and ▁cult ur ally . ▁James ▁Alexander ▁R ent oul , ▁MP ▁for ▁Down ▁East , ▁stated ▁at ▁West min ster ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁that ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁had ▁no ▁value ▁and ▁should ▁not ▁receive ▁any ▁support ▁by ▁the ▁public ▁education ▁system , ▁he ▁stated ▁that ▁Irish - spe aking ▁children ▁should ▁be ▁taught ▁exclus ively ▁through ▁English ▁and ▁expressed ▁a ▁desire ▁for ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁to ▁become ▁ext inct . ▁Even ▁so , ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁the ▁Irish ▁Union ist ▁Party ▁had ▁a ▁G ael ic ▁s log an , ▁which ▁it ▁proud ly ▁displayed ▁at |
▁a ▁convention . ▁ ▁The ▁controllers ▁of ▁the ▁Inter mediate ▁Board , ▁the ▁organisation ▁through ▁which ▁public ▁education ▁policy ▁was ▁im ple men ed , ▁attempted ▁to ▁fr ustr ate ▁the ▁improvement ▁of ▁Irish ▁language ▁education ▁provision ▁so ▁sever ely ▁that ▁the ▁sitting ▁Lord ▁Lieutenant ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁John ▁Hamilton - G ordon , ▁had ▁to ▁write ▁to ▁the ▁Board ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁to ▁see ▁that ▁progress ▁was ▁implemented . ▁In ▁response , ▁John ▁L ons dale , ▁MP ▁for ▁Mid ▁Arm agh ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ul ster ▁Union ist ▁Council , ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁G ael ic ▁movement ▁which ▁supported ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁was ▁simply ▁inspired ▁by ▁hat red ▁of ▁England ▁and ▁all ▁things ▁English . ▁He ▁opposed ▁any ▁teaching ▁of ▁Irish ▁in ▁primary ▁schools ▁as ▁" m oney ▁was ted " ▁and ▁" us eless " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁claim ing ▁that ▁Irish ▁was ▁a ▁vehicle ▁for ▁the ▁dis sem ination ▁of ▁" s edit ious ▁views ." ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁partition ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Following ▁the ▁partition ▁of ▁Ireland ▁into ▁the ▁Irish ▁Free ▁State ▁and ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁( which ▁remained ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ), ▁the ▁largest ▁Irish - spe aking ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁Province ▁of ▁Ul ster ; ▁County ▁Don eg al ; ▁had ▁gone ▁into ▁the ▁Irish ▁Free ▁State . ▁However , ▁there ▁were ▁Ga elt acht ▁areas ▁( comm un ities ▁who ▁continued ▁to ▁speak ▁Irish ▁as ▁their ▁first ▁language ) ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁at ▁the ▁time ; |
▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁the ▁S per rin ▁Mountains ▁in ▁County ▁T yr one ▁and ▁R ath lin ▁Island ▁in ▁County ▁An trim . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁has ▁been ▁regarded ▁with ▁susp icion ▁by ▁many ▁union ists ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁who ▁have ▁associated ▁it ▁with ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁and ▁with ▁Irish ▁republic an ism . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish - language ▁movement ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁after ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁respond ed ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁establishment ▁support ▁by ▁purs uing ▁a ▁self - help ▁social ▁and ▁recre ational ▁movement ▁aim ed ▁at ▁pres erving ▁Ul ster ▁Irish ▁( an ▁issue ▁which ▁had ▁split ▁the ▁B elf ast ▁G ael ic ▁League ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ). ▁By ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁only ▁one ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁G ael ic ▁League ▁was ▁left ▁in ▁operation ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁but ▁from ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁branches ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁branches ▁pe aked ▁at ▁ 1 8 2 ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁In ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁per ception ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Free ▁State ' s ▁policy ▁of ▁pres erving ▁areas ▁of ▁Irish - spe aking ▁coun tr ys ide , ▁activ ists ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁ens uring ▁Irish ▁could ▁surv ive ▁in ▁urban ▁context s , ▁organ ising ▁tri ps ▁to ▁Irish - spe aking ▁areas ▁to ▁bol ster ▁urban ▁enthus ias m . ▁A ▁co - |
oper ative ▁housing ▁scheme ▁in ▁B elf ast ▁aim ed ▁at ▁creating ▁an ▁urban ▁Ga elt acht ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁in ▁Shaw ' s ▁Road . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁government , ▁education ▁in ▁Irish ▁was ▁marg inal ised . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁primary ▁schools ▁teaching ▁Irish ▁was ▁hal ved ▁between ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁and ▁numbers ▁studying ▁Irish ▁as ▁an ▁extra ▁subject ▁fell ▁from ▁ 5 5 3 1 ▁to ▁ 1 2 9 0 ▁between ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁The ▁subs id y ▁for ▁Irish ▁as ▁an ▁extra ▁subject ▁was ▁abol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁Tr ou bles ▁ex ac erb ated ▁the ▁polit ic isation ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁Many ▁republic ans ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁including ▁former ▁S inn ▁F é in ▁President ▁Ger ry ▁Adams , ▁learned ▁Irish ▁while ▁in ▁prison . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁speak ers ▁of ▁vari eties ▁of ▁Irish ▁native ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁Irish ▁as ▁spoken ▁in ▁Count ies ▁Down ▁and ▁F erman agh ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁die ▁out , ▁but ▁native ▁speak ers ▁of ▁vari eties ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁Gl ens ▁of ▁An trim ▁and ▁the ▁S per rin ▁Mountains ▁of ▁County ▁T yr one ▁and ▁County ▁London der ry ▁surv ived ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 |
9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁respectively , ▁whilst ▁the ▁Arm agh ▁dialect ▁surv ived ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁or ▁' 4 0 s . ▁Vari eties ▁of ▁Irish ▁ind igen ous ▁to ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁finally ▁became ▁ext inct ▁when ▁the ▁last ▁native ▁speaker ▁of ▁R ath lin ▁Irish ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁Sé am us ▁Bh ri ain ▁Mac ▁Am h la igh , ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁was ▁reported ly ▁the ▁last ▁native - spe aker ▁of ▁An trim ▁Irish . ▁A ▁wealth ▁of ▁record ings ▁and ▁stories ▁told ▁by ▁Mac ▁Am h la igh ▁were ▁recorded ▁by ▁research ers ▁from ▁Queen ' s ▁University ▁in ▁B elf ast . ▁ ▁Status ▁ ▁Most ▁Irish ▁speak ers ▁in ▁Ul ster ▁today ▁speak ▁the ▁Don eg al ▁dialect ▁of ▁Ul ster ▁Irish . ▁ ▁Irish ▁received ▁official ▁recognition ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁under ▁the ▁Good ▁Friday ▁Ag re ement . ▁A ▁cross - border ▁body ▁known ▁as ▁For as ▁na ▁G ae il ge ▁was ▁established ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁language ▁in ▁both ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁and ▁the ▁Republic , ▁taking ▁over ▁the ▁functions ▁of ▁B ord ▁na ▁G ae il ge . ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁government ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁rat ified ▁the ▁European ▁Char ter ▁for ▁Regional ▁or ▁Minor ity ▁L anguages . ▁Irish ▁( in ▁respect ▁only ▁of ▁Northern |
▁Ireland ) ▁was ▁specified ▁under ▁Part ▁III ▁of ▁the ▁Char ter , ▁thus ▁giving ▁it ▁a ▁degree ▁of ▁protection ▁and ▁status ▁compar able ▁to ▁the ▁Scottish ▁G ael ic ▁in ▁Scotland . ▁This ▁included ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁specific ▁undert ak ings ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁education , ▁translation ▁of ▁stat utes , ▁interaction ▁with ▁public ▁authorities , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁pla cen ames , ▁media ▁access , ▁support ▁for ▁cultural ▁activities ▁and ▁other ▁matters . ▁( A ▁lower ▁level ▁of ▁recognition ▁was ▁accord ed ▁to ▁the ▁Ul ster ▁variant ▁of ▁Sc ots , ▁under ▁Part ▁II ▁of ▁the ▁Char ter .) ▁Comp liance ▁with ▁the ▁state ' s ▁oblig ations ▁is ▁ass essed ▁period ically ▁by ▁a ▁Committee ▁of ▁Exper ts ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Europe . ▁ ▁The ▁Education ▁( N or thern ▁Ireland ) ▁Order ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁states : ▁" It ▁shall ▁be ▁the ▁duty ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁( of ▁Education ) ▁to ▁encou rage ▁and ▁facil itate ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Irish - medium ▁education ." ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Census , ▁ 6 5 8 , 1 0 3 ▁people ▁( 3 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁had ▁" some ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Irish " ▁– ▁of ▁whom ▁ 5 5 9 , 6 7 0 ▁were ▁C athol ics ▁and ▁ 4 8 , 5 0 9 ▁were ▁Protest ants ▁and ▁" other ▁Christians ". ▁ ▁Know ledge ▁of ▁Irish ▁by ▁persons ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 ▁( 2 0 0 |
1 ▁Census ): ▁ ▁Spe aks , ▁reads , ▁writes ▁and ▁understand s ▁Irish : ▁ 2 2 3 , 6 7 8 ▁▁ ▁Spe aks ▁and ▁reads ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁write ▁Irish : ▁ 1 6 0 , 1 8 3 ▁ ▁Spe aks ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁read ▁or ▁write ▁Irish : ▁ 1 0 8 , 5 9 6 ▁ ▁Under stand s ▁spoken ▁Irish ▁but ▁cannot ▁read , ▁write ▁or ▁speak ▁Irish : ▁ 8 7 , 4 7 9 ▁ ▁Has ▁other ▁combination ▁of ▁skills : ▁ 7 8 , 1 6 7 ▁ ▁No ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Irish : ▁ 1 , 1 5 2 , 7 6 0 ▁ ▁The ▁U LT AC H ▁Trust ▁( I ont a ob has ▁U LT AC H ) ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁by ▁Irish ▁language ▁enthus iast s ▁to ▁attract ▁fund ing ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁Government ▁for ▁language ▁projects ▁and ▁to ▁bro aden ▁the ▁appeal ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁on ▁a ▁cross - community ▁basis ▁( am ong ▁both ▁Protest ants ▁and ▁C athol ics ) ▁ ▁The ▁Shaw ' s ▁Road ▁Ga elt acht ▁was ▁joined ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁by ▁the ▁Ga elt acht ▁Qu arter ▁in ▁west ▁B elf ast . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Six ▁families ▁in ▁B elf ast ▁established ▁a ▁Ga elt acht ▁area ▁in ▁B elf ast ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁opened ▁B uns co il ▁Ph ob al ▁Fe irst e ▁in |
▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Irish - medium ▁school ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁was ▁granted ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁a ▁volunt ary ▁maintained ▁primary ▁school . ▁The ▁first ▁Na ís co il ▁( I r ish - medium ▁nur ser y ▁school ) ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁Not ▁long ▁after ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁B uns co il ▁Ph ob al ▁Fe irst e , ▁a ▁second ▁all - ir ish ▁primary ▁school ▁opened , ▁Ga els co il ▁na ▁b h F ál , ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁F alls ▁Road . ▁F ounded ▁by ▁the ▁parents ▁of ▁children ▁that ▁wanted ▁Irish ▁education ▁but ▁couldn ' t ▁find ▁a ▁space ▁in ▁' B PF ', ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁parents , ▁named ▁Sue ▁Pent el , ▁played ▁a ▁major ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁making ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁and ▁about ▁two ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁Ga els co il ▁na ▁b h F ál , ▁a ▁day care ▁service , ▁I on ad ▁U í b h ▁Each ach , ▁was ▁opened ▁and ▁founded ▁and ▁managed ▁by ▁Sue ▁Pent el . ▁The ▁school ▁and ▁day care ▁both ▁provide ▁services ▁through ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁and ▁work ▁together ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁that ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁children ▁that ▁attended ▁I on ad ▁U í b h ▁Each ach ▁then ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁attend ▁nur ser y - ▁Primary ▁ 7 ▁( Na í ▁ion ad - ▁R 7 ) ▁in ▁Ga els co il ▁na ▁b |
h F ál . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁valuable ▁connection ▁that ▁not ▁that ▁many ▁schools ▁have ▁and ▁what ▁with ▁the ▁I on ad ▁providing ▁after - school ▁care ▁it ▁is ▁both ▁convenient ▁for ▁the ▁school ▁and ▁parents . ▁ ▁Com h air le ▁na ▁Ga els cola í och ta ▁( C na G ) ▁is ▁the ▁representative ▁body ▁for ▁Irish - medium ▁Education . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁by ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Education ▁to ▁promote , ▁facil itate ▁and ▁encou rage ▁Irish - medium ▁Education . ▁One ▁of ▁C na G ' s ▁central ▁object ives ▁is ▁to ▁seek ▁to ▁extend ▁the ▁avail ability ▁of ▁Irish - medium ▁Education ▁to ▁parents ▁who ▁wish ▁to ▁avail ▁of ▁it ▁for ▁their ▁children . ▁Irish ▁language ▁pre - sch ools ▁and ▁primary ▁schools ▁are ▁now ▁th riv ing ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁official ▁Irish ▁language ▁streams ▁in ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁Mag h era , ▁Don agh more , ▁Castle well an ▁and ▁Arm agh . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Minister ▁for ▁Education ▁for ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁John ▁O ' D ow d ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Education ▁were ▁going ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁Northern ▁Ireland ' s ▁second ▁g ael ch ol á iste ▁in ▁D ung iven ▁Castle ▁in ▁County ▁London der ry . ▁G ael ch ol á iste ▁D ho ire ▁opened ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁academic ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 8 / 1 9 |
, ▁over ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 ▁children ▁are ▁en rolled ▁in ▁Irish - medium ▁education : ▁ 4 3 ▁nur series ▁( Na ís co ile anna ) ▁with ▁over ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁pup ils ▁ 3 5 ▁primary ▁schools ▁( B uns co ile anna ) ▁with ▁over ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁pup ils ▁ 2 ▁second ▁level ▁ga els co ile anna ▁( G ael ch ol á iste ) ▁with ▁over ▁ 8 0 0 ▁pup ils ▁ 3 ▁Irish ▁language ▁streams ▁( S ru ith ▁L án - G ha eil ge ) ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁Council ▁admin ister s ▁a ▁scheme ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁Irish ▁language ▁assist ants ▁for ▁English - medium ▁schools ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 0 9 ▁entries ▁for ▁A - Level ▁exam in ations ▁in ▁Irish ▁and ▁ 2 , 0 7 8 ▁for ▁GC SE . ▁ ▁Media ▁ ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁Ul ster ▁began ▁broadcast ing ▁a ▁night ly ▁half - hour ▁programme , ▁called ▁Bl as ▁(' t aste '), ▁in ▁Irish ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁now ▁an ▁Irish - language ▁programme ▁on ▁the ▁station ▁every ▁day . ▁BBC ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁broadcast ▁its ▁first ▁television ▁programme ▁in ▁Irish ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁S RL ▁(' etc . '). ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁T G 4 |
▁began ▁broadcast ing ▁from ▁the ▁Div is ▁transmit ter ▁near ▁B elf ast , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁agreement ▁between ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ▁and ▁the ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Office . ▁Following ▁Digital ▁Switch over ▁for ▁terrest rial ▁television ▁transm issions ▁in ▁both ▁parts ▁of ▁Ireland ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁T G 4 ▁is ▁now ▁carried ▁on ▁Free view ▁HD ▁for ▁view ers ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁( channel ▁ 5 1 ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁those ▁households ▁in ▁Border ▁areas ▁that ▁have ▁sp illo ver ▁reception ▁of ▁the ▁RO I ▁Sa or view ▁platform ▁( channel ▁ 1 0 4 ). ▁T G 4 ▁also ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁available ▁on ▁other ▁TV ▁delivery ▁platforms ▁across ▁Northern ▁Ireland : ▁Sky ▁( channel ▁ 1 6 3 ) ▁and ▁Virgin ▁C able ▁customers ▁in ▁B elf ast ▁( channel ▁ 8 7 7 ). ▁ ▁R T É ' s ▁Irish - language ▁radio ▁station , ▁R T É ▁Ra id ió ▁na ▁Ga elt ach ta ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁is ▁also ▁available ▁in ▁many ▁areas ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁Ra id ió ▁F á il te ▁a ▁community ▁radio ▁station ▁based ▁in ▁West ▁B elf ast ▁covers ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁B elf ast ▁area ▁and ▁started ▁broadcast ing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁broadcast s ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁per ▁day ▁seven ▁days ▁per ▁week . ▁It ▁broadcast s ▁a ▁selection ▁of ▁program mes ; ▁music , ▁chat , ▁news , ▁current ▁affairs , ▁sports |
, ▁arts , ▁literature , ▁environmental ▁and ▁community ▁issues . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁available ▁world wide ▁on ▁the ▁internet ▁at ▁Ra id ió F á il te . com . ▁ ▁Res idents ▁of ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁have ▁access ▁to ▁web ▁based ▁media ▁in ▁Irish ▁such ▁as ▁online ▁newspaper ▁Tu air isc . ie ▁or ▁online ▁l ifest yle ▁magazine ▁N ós . ▁An ▁Irish - language ▁daily ▁newspaper ▁called ▁L á ▁N ua ▁(" new ▁day ") ▁fol ded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁fund ing . ▁ ▁The ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁Film ▁and ▁Television ▁Commission ▁admin ister s ▁an ▁Irish ▁Language ▁Broadcast ▁Fund ▁( ann ounced ▁by ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁to ▁fost er ▁and ▁develop ▁an ▁independent ▁Irish - language ▁television ▁production ▁sector ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁The ▁European ▁Commission ▁author ised ▁public ▁fund ing ▁for ▁the ▁fund ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁considering ▁that ▁" since ▁the ▁aid ▁a ims ▁to ▁promote ▁cultural ▁products ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁Language , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁author ised ▁under ▁EU ▁Tre aty ▁rules ▁that ▁allow ▁state ▁a ids ▁for ▁the ▁promotion ▁of ▁culture ". ▁ ▁Political ▁use ▁The ▁Irish ▁language ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁has ▁long ▁been ▁a ▁matter ▁associated ▁with ▁identity . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century , ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁was ▁emb rac ed ▁by ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁community , ▁although ▁in ▁decl ine . ▁But ▁the ▁partition ▁of |
▁Ireland ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁was ▁a ▁turning ▁point ▁to ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁the ▁language . ▁National ists ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁abandoned ▁by ▁their ▁southern ▁counter parts ▁felt ▁that ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁marker ▁of ▁identity ▁they ▁now ▁needed ▁as ▁a ▁minor ity ▁group . ▁ ▁During ▁The ▁Tr ou bles ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁became ▁increasing ly ▁polit ic ised . ▁Its ▁surv ival ▁is ▁largely ▁due ▁to ▁families ▁in ▁the ▁national ist ▁Shaw ' s ▁Road ▁area ▁of ▁west ▁B elf ast ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁who ▁tried ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁area ▁Ga elt acht ▁( an ▁Irish ▁speaking ▁area ). ▁A ▁second ▁wave ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁rev ival ▁movement ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁occurred ▁on ▁another ▁site ▁– ▁the ▁Maz e ▁Pr ison . ▁For ▁republic an ▁prisoners , ▁learning ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁in ▁prison ▁( aka ▁' J ail t acht ') ▁became ▁the ▁way ▁in ▁which ▁to ▁set ▁themselves ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁authorities . ▁ ▁More ▁widely , ▁this ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁inspired ▁many ▁national ists ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁language ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁cultural ▁expression ▁and ▁resistance ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁occupation . ▁In ▁particular , ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁extens ively ▁by ▁the ▁republic an ▁party ▁S inn ▁F é in ▁who ▁have ▁been ▁critic ised ▁by ▁union ists ▁for ▁hij ack ing ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁for ▁political ▁gain . ▁ |
▁The ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁by ▁republic ans ▁has ▁therefore ▁led ▁to ▁it ▁receiving ▁mixed ▁responses ▁from ▁union ist ▁communities ▁and ▁polit icians . ▁In ▁many ▁union ist ▁communities ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁foreign ▁language ▁or ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁terror ists ▁and ▁therefore ▁– ▁unlike ▁Catholic ▁communities ▁– ▁in ▁Protest ant ▁communities ▁its ▁inclusion ▁in ▁school ▁curr icul um ▁and ▁public ▁not ices ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁strongly ▁opposed . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁some ▁moder ate ▁national ists ▁have ▁been ▁rel uct ant ▁to ▁use ▁Irish ▁too ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁negative ▁con not ations ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁language ' s ▁use . ▁ ▁The ▁issue ▁around ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁was ▁once ▁again ▁intens ified ▁when ▁a ▁union ist ▁M LA ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁mock ing ▁Irish ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Irish ▁Assembly . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁question ▁about ▁minor ity ▁language ▁policy ▁the ▁D UP ' s ▁Gregory ▁Campbell ▁said ▁" Cur ry ▁my ▁y og h urt ▁can ▁c oca ▁coal yer " ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁meant ▁to ▁sound ▁like ▁" Thank ▁you , ▁speaker " ▁in ▁Irish ▁which ▁he ▁later ▁claimed ▁was ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁point ▁about ▁the ▁continued ▁political ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁by ▁some ▁S inn ▁F é in ▁ML As ▁in ▁post ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Good ▁Friday ▁Ag re ement . ▁ ▁In ▁recent ▁years ▁cross - community ▁efforts ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁Irish ▁language |
▁more ▁appe aling ▁to ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁community . ▁Many ▁local ▁coun c ils ▁now ▁use ▁Irish ▁b iling ually ▁with ▁English ▁( s ometimes ▁with ▁Ul ster ▁Sc ots ▁too ) ▁on ▁many ▁of ▁its ▁services ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁neutral ise ▁the ▁language . ▁Some ▁former ▁loyal ist ▁prisoners ▁such ▁as ▁Robin ▁Stewart ▁have ▁even ▁taken ▁up ▁learning ▁the ▁Irish ▁language ▁in ▁east ▁B elf ast ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁rec laim ▁Irish ▁identity ▁and ▁challenge ▁Republic ans ▁about ▁their ▁version ▁of ▁Irish ▁history ▁and ▁what ▁it ▁means ▁to ▁be ▁Irish . ▁The ▁former ▁Red ▁Hand ▁Comm ando ▁prisoner ▁William ▁Smith ▁lear nt ▁the ▁language ▁whilst ▁in ▁j ail . ▁The ▁mot to ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁Hand ▁Comm ando ▁was ▁the ▁Irish ▁phrase ▁Lam h ▁D he arg ▁Ab u ▁which ▁translated ▁means ▁' Red ▁Hand ▁to ▁Vict ory '. ▁L inda ▁Er v ine , ▁the ▁sister - in - law ▁of ▁former ▁Ul ster ▁Vol unte er ▁Force ▁member ▁and ▁politician ▁David ▁Er v ine , ▁began ▁learning ▁the ▁language ▁and ▁set ▁up ▁the ▁Tur as ▁Irish - Language ▁Project ▁in ▁the ▁pre domin ately ▁Union ist ▁East ▁B elf ast ▁area ▁for ▁others ▁to ▁learn ▁the ▁language ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Com h air le ▁na ▁Ga els cola í och ta ▁ ▁An ▁C umann ▁G ael ach , ▁Q UB ▁ ▁For b air t ▁Fe irst e ▁ ▁L í on ra í ▁G ae il ge |
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