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▁I ▁as ▁a ▁first ▁lieutenant ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 9 ; ▁while ▁in ▁combat ▁he ▁was ▁wounded ▁several ▁times . ▁ ▁Political ▁Career ▁Bro oks ▁ran ▁for ▁Governor ▁of ▁Illinois ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁inc umb ent ▁Dem ocrat ▁Henry ▁Hor ner . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁a ▁very ▁narrow ▁margin ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁to ▁fill ▁the ▁sen ate ▁vac ancy ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁J . ▁Hamilton ▁Lewis . ▁Bro oks ▁was ▁re elect ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁by ▁Dem ocrat ▁Paul ▁Douglas . ▁ ▁Buch en wald ▁Con cent r ation ▁Camp ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁US ▁forces ▁liber ated ▁the ▁Buch en wald ▁Con cent r ation ▁Camp ▁which ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁caused ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁ 5 6 , 5 4 5 ▁people . ▁General ▁Eisen h ower ▁left ▁ro tt ing ▁corps es ▁un bur ied ▁so ▁a ▁visit ing ▁group ▁of ▁US ▁legisl ators ▁could ▁truly ▁understand ▁the ▁horror ▁of ▁the ▁at roc ities . ▁This ▁group ▁was ▁visit ing ▁Buch en wald ▁to ▁inspect ▁the ▁camp ▁and ▁learn ▁first hand ▁about ▁the ▁enorm ity ▁of ▁the ▁Naz i ▁Final ▁Solution ▁and ▁treatment ▁of ▁other ▁prisoners . ▁ ▁The ▁legisl ators ▁who ▁visited ▁included ▁Al ben ▁W . ▁B ark ley |
, ▁Ed ▁Iz ac , ▁John ▁M . ▁V ory s , ▁De we y ▁Short , ▁C . ▁Way land ▁Bro oks , ▁and ▁Kenneth ▁S . ▁Whe ery ▁along ▁with ▁General ▁O mar ▁N . ▁Brad ley ▁and ▁journal ists ▁Joseph ▁Pul itzer , ▁Norman ▁Ch and ler , ▁William ▁I . ▁Nich ols ▁and ▁Julius ▁O chs ▁Ad ler . ▁ ▁Death ▁Bro oks ▁returned ▁to ▁Chicago ▁and ▁died ▁at ▁age ▁ 5 9 ▁at ▁Pass avant ▁Hospital ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁after ▁a ▁massive ▁heart ▁attack . ▁ ▁Family ▁Bro oks ▁married ▁Ger tr ude ▁A cker ly ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁son , ▁Russell ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 4 ). ▁She ▁divor ced ▁him ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁in ▁Ren o , ▁Nev ada , ▁cit ing ▁cruel ty . ▁He ▁married ▁Mary ▁Elizabeth ▁Thomas ▁Pe ave y , ▁a ▁wid ow ▁and ▁daughter ▁of ▁U . S . ▁Senate ▁colle ague ▁John ▁W . ▁Thomas ▁of ▁Id aho . ▁They ▁wed ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁and ▁remained ▁married ▁to ▁his ▁death . ▁Mary ▁Bro oks ▁later ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Id aho ▁Senate . ▁and ▁for ▁eight ▁years ▁was ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁M int ▁during ▁the ▁N ixon ▁and ▁Ford ▁administr ations . ▁Her ▁son , ▁John ▁Pe ave y ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 3 ), ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Democratic |
▁politician ▁in ▁Id aho , ▁formerly ▁a ▁Republican . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Political ▁Gra vey ard . com ▁– ▁Charles ▁W . ▁Bro oks ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bureau ▁County , ▁Illinois ▁Category : Old ▁Right ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁Category : Rep ublic an ▁Party ▁United ▁States ▁sen ators ▁Category : Ill inois ▁Republic ans ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁polit icians ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁officers ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁sen ators ▁from ▁Illinois <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁F iji ▁Se vens , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Su va ▁Se vens ▁is ▁an ▁international ▁rugby ▁union ▁se vens ▁tournament ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Su va , ▁F iji . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Se vens ▁World ▁Series ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁the ▁F ij ian ▁coup ▁d ' état ▁later ▁that ▁year , ▁the ▁tournament ▁was ▁dropped ▁from ▁the ▁World ▁circuit ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁season . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Key : Blue ▁border ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁indicates ▁tournament s ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁Rugby ▁Se vens ▁Series . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁After math ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁F ij ian ▁coup ▁d ' état ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ir b se vens . com ▁▁▁ ▁Category |
: Form er ▁World ▁Rugby ▁Se vens ▁Series ▁tournament s ▁Category : Intern ational ▁rugby ▁union ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁F iji ▁Category : R ugby ▁se vens ▁compet itions ▁in ▁O ce ania ▁Category : R ugby ▁union ▁compet itions ▁in ▁O ce ania ▁for ▁national ▁teams ▁Category : Rec urr ing ▁sport ing ▁events ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Category : Rec urr ing ▁sport ing ▁events ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁F iji <0x0A> </s> ▁R ust ia ▁occident alis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁flow ering ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Rub ia ceae , ▁native ▁to ▁Central ▁America ▁( C osta ▁Rica , ▁the ▁Central ▁American ▁Pacific ▁Islands , ▁Gu atem ala , ▁Nic ar agua ▁and ▁Pan ama ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁Colombia ▁and ▁E cuador ▁in ▁western ▁South ▁America . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁George ▁Bent ham ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁as ▁Ex ost ema ▁occident ale ▁and ▁transferred ▁to ▁R ust ia ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁by ▁William ▁H ems ley . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁occident alis ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁American ▁Pacific ▁Islands ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Gu atem ala ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Pan ama ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Colombia ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁E cuador ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described |
▁in ▁ 1 8 4 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pro s per ity ▁Bon us , ▁also ▁nick named ▁Ralph ▁bu cks , ▁announced ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁given ▁to ▁a ▁program ▁designed ▁to ▁pay ▁money ▁back ▁to ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁province ▁of ▁Al berta ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁massive ▁oil - f uel led ▁provincial ▁budget ▁sur plus . ▁ ▁Al berta ▁Premier ▁Ralph ▁Klein ▁announced ▁that ▁each ▁person ▁in ▁Al berta ▁would ▁receive ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁som etime ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁This ▁represented ▁$ 1 . 4 ▁billion ▁( 2 0 %) ▁of ▁the ▁$ 6 . 8 ▁billion ▁sur plus . ▁ ▁The ▁money ▁was ▁not ▁tax ed ▁by ▁either ▁the ▁federal ▁or ▁provincial ▁govern ments . ▁ ▁All ▁Albert ans ▁who ▁were ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁as ▁of ▁September ▁ 1 ▁and ▁file d ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁tax ▁return ▁with ▁the ▁Canada ▁Re venue ▁Agency ▁received ▁the ▁bonus , ▁except ▁for ▁prisoners , ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁qual ify . ▁ ▁Che ques ▁for ▁Albert ans ▁under ▁ 1 8 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁were ▁pay able ▁only ▁to ▁their ▁primary ▁care g iver ▁( the ▁mother ▁in ▁most ▁cases ), ▁thus ▁leaving ▁parents ▁to ▁determine ▁how ▁their ▁children ' s ▁share ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁distributed ▁or ▁used . ▁ ▁Hom eless ▁Albert ans ▁also ▁qualified — the ▁government ▁p led ged ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁inner - city ▁ag encies ▁to ▁ensure ▁that |
▁the ▁hom eless ▁receive ▁their ▁money . ▁Other ▁questions ▁were ▁un answer ed . ▁For ▁example , ▁it ▁was ▁unknown ▁how ▁sp ouses ▁fle eing ▁ab us ive ▁relationships ▁would ▁receive ▁their ▁bonus ▁if ▁they ▁were ▁hous ed ▁in ▁a ▁shelter . ▁ ▁Klein ▁said ▁more ▁prosper ity ▁bon uses ▁might ▁follow ▁if ▁oil ▁prices ▁remained ▁high ▁but ▁none ▁were ▁issued ▁before ▁he ▁left ▁office . ▁ ▁Crit ic isms ▁ ▁The ▁program ▁generated ▁controvers y ▁both ▁inside ▁and ▁outside ▁Al berta . ▁ ▁Although ▁few ▁Albert ans ▁turned ▁down ▁their ▁che ques , ▁some ▁residents ▁critic ized ▁what ▁they ▁saw ▁as ▁a ▁point less ▁give away , ▁and ▁preferred ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁excess ▁money ▁put ▁toward ▁long - term ▁benefits ▁such ▁as ▁tax ▁cut s ▁or ▁the ▁abol ition ▁of ▁health ▁care ▁prem iums . ▁ ▁Out side ▁Al berta , ▁some ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁program ▁would ▁generate ▁res ent ment ▁from ▁Canad ians ▁who ▁saw ▁che ques ▁delivered ▁to ▁every ▁Albert an . ▁ ▁Ralph ▁Buck s ▁also ▁made ▁it ▁into ▁national ▁media ▁after ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁non - Al bert ans ▁came ▁forward ▁to ▁admit ▁they ▁had ▁received ▁che ques ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁entitled , ▁prompt ing ▁criticism ▁from ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Tax pay ers ▁Federation . ▁ ▁Char ity ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁web ▁poll ▁by ▁C TV ▁Cal g ary , ▁ 5 % ▁of ▁respond ents ▁said ▁they ▁would ▁don ate ▁their ▁prosper ity ▁bonus ▁to ▁char ity . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Pro s |
per ity ▁certificate ▁- ▁a ▁similar ▁divid end ▁paid ▁by ▁earlier ▁Social ▁Cred it ▁govern ments ▁in ▁Al berta ▁ ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Al berta ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁Canadian ▁politics ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁Al berta <0x0A> </s> ▁Autom ó vil ▁Club ▁Com od orio ▁Riv ad avia ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁mot ors ports ▁circuit ▁located ▁in ▁Com od oro ▁Riv ad avia , ▁Pat agon ian , ▁Argentina . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁hosted ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁T C 2 0 0 0 ▁series , ▁ ▁Top ▁Race ▁V 6 ▁and ▁Tur ismo ▁Car re tera . ▁ ▁The ▁circuit ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁southern most ▁FI A - recogn ised ▁rac et rack ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁be aten ▁only ▁by ▁Ter et ong a ▁Park ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁ ▁Category : M ot ors port ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Ch ub ut ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁No j ig iku ▁Sho ▁( in ▁Japanese : ▁ の じ <0xE3> <0x81> <0x8E> く <0xE8> <0xB3> <0x9E> ), ▁is ▁a ▁race ▁for ▁three - year - old ▁mar es ▁from ▁the ▁Tok ai ▁region ▁in ▁the ▁A ichi ▁Pref ect ural ▁Hor se ▁Racing ▁Association . ▁ ▁Race ▁Details ▁ ▁The ▁race ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁held ▁at ▁Son oda ▁Race course ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 , 7 0 0 ▁meter ▁track . ▁ ▁The ▁award ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁a ▁Japanese ▁flower , ▁the ▁Ch rys anth |
em um ▁japon ense . ▁ ▁W inners ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁W inners ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁include : ▁ ▁Past ▁W inners ▁ ▁Past ▁w inners ▁include : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Hor se ▁racing ▁in ▁Japan ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Japanese ▁flat ▁horse ▁races ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Hor se ▁races ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁S ara ▁L . M . ▁Davis , ▁Ph D ▁(" M eg "), ▁is ▁a ▁human ▁rights ▁advoc ate , ▁teacher ▁and ▁research er . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Born ▁in ▁France , ▁Davis ▁speak s ▁French , ▁English , ▁and ▁Mand arin . ▁She ▁received ▁her ▁doctor ate ▁from ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁held ▁post do ctor al ▁fellow ships ▁at ▁Y ale ▁University ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁Activ ism ▁Davis ▁teach es ▁courses ▁on ▁sexual ▁violence ▁in ▁conflicts ▁and ▁emer gen cies ▁at ▁the ▁Gene va ▁Centre ▁for ▁Education ▁and ▁Research ▁in ▁Human itar ian ▁Action . ▁She ▁was ▁previously ▁Senior ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Ad visor ▁at ▁The ▁Global ▁Fund ▁to ▁Fight ▁A ID S , ▁T uber cul osis ▁and ▁Mal aria , ▁where ▁she ▁led ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁establish ing ▁minimum ▁human ▁rights ▁standards ▁for ▁grant ▁agre ements ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 ▁countries ▁that ▁receive ▁Global ▁Fund ▁support ; ▁launched ▁a ▁human ▁rights ▁compla ints ▁procedure ▁at ▁the ▁Global ▁Fund ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Ins pect or ▁General ; ▁and ▁published ▁and ▁implemented ▁grant ▁guidance ▁on ▁fund ing ▁human ▁rights ▁programs ▁as |
▁part ▁of ▁Global ▁Fund ▁H IV , ▁T B , ▁Mal aria ▁and ▁Health ▁System ▁Str ength ening ▁gr ants . ▁Prior ▁to ▁joining ▁the ▁Global ▁Fund ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁Asia ▁Catal yst , ▁a ▁non pro fit ▁organizations ▁that ▁works ▁with ▁marg inal ized ▁communities ▁in ▁East ▁and ▁S out heast ▁Asia . ▁Davis ▁founded ▁Asia ▁Catal yst ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Before ▁that , ▁she ▁conducted ▁research ▁and ▁advoc acy ▁for ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Watch ▁and ▁Open ▁Society ▁Institute . ▁Davis ▁has ▁worked ▁on ▁issues ▁related ▁to ▁H IV / A ID S ▁and ▁human ▁rights , ▁police ▁ab use , ▁housing ▁rights , ▁environmental ▁rights , ▁and ▁rule ▁of ▁law ▁in ▁China , ▁Th ailand , ▁Bur ma , ▁Camb odia ▁and ▁Indones ia . ▁ ▁Research ▁Davis ▁is ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁numerous ▁articles ▁on ▁health ▁and ▁human ▁rights , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁book , ▁Song ▁and ▁Sil ence : ▁Eth nic ▁Rev ival ▁on ▁China ’ s ▁South west ▁B orders , ▁( Col umb ia ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁Sil kw orm ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁Her ▁articles ▁have ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁A ID S ▁Society , ▁Health ▁and ▁Human ▁Rights , ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁Asia , ▁ ▁International ▁Her ald ▁Trib une , ▁South ▁China ▁Mor ning ▁Post , ▁H IV ▁Law ▁and ▁Policy ▁Review , ▁Harm ▁Red u ction ▁Journal , ▁and ▁Modern ▁China . ▁ ▁References ▁ |
▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁al umn i ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Y unn an ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Metro ▁V ancouver ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁( M V TP ), ▁previously ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁V ancouver ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity ▁Police ▁Service ▁and ▁formally ▁the ▁South ▁Coast ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity ▁Police ▁Service ▁( SC B CT AP S ), ▁is ▁the ▁police ▁force ▁for ▁Trans Link , ▁the ▁public ▁trans it ▁system ▁of ▁the ▁Metro ▁V ancouver ▁region ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Form ed ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Metro ▁V ancouver ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁police ▁force ▁in ▁Canada ▁sole ly ▁dedicated ▁to ▁trans it , ▁as ▁most ▁other ▁cities ▁use ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁special ▁const ables ▁and ▁a ▁trans it ▁division ▁of ▁their ▁local ▁police . ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁are ▁a ▁supp lement ary ▁police ▁ag ency ▁with ▁the ▁juris dict ional ▁police ▁ag ency ▁retain ing ▁primary ▁responsibility ▁for ▁polic ing ▁in ▁each ▁juris diction ▁they ▁serve . ▁ ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁officers ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁authorities ▁and ▁powers ▁as ▁other ▁police ▁officers ▁while ▁on ▁and ▁off ▁duty . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁sw orn ▁in ▁as ▁designated ▁provincial ▁const ables , ▁with ▁full ▁police ▁powers ▁throughout |
▁the ▁province . ▁ ▁They ▁focus ▁their ▁efforts ▁primarily ▁on ▁protect ing ▁the ▁safety ▁and ▁security ▁of ▁passengers , ▁employees , ▁property , ▁and ▁re venue ▁of ▁Metro ▁V ancouver ' s ▁trans it ▁system . ▁ ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁partner ▁with ▁local ▁municipal ▁police ▁forces ▁and ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Mount ed ▁Police ▁( RC MP ) ▁in ▁enfor cing ▁laws ▁in ▁the ▁Metro ▁V ancouver ▁region . ▁If ▁requested , ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁officers ▁will ▁also ▁respond ▁to ▁emer gen cies ▁outside ▁of ▁trans it ▁property ▁as ▁would ▁other ▁municipal ▁police ▁forces . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁change ▁was ▁made ▁purs u ant ▁to ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁V ancouver ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity ▁Am end ment ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁effective ▁November ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁However , ▁references ▁to ▁SC B CT AP S ▁as ▁G V T AP S ▁will ▁continue ▁to ▁have ▁legal ▁effect .< ref >[ https :// www . leg . bc . ca / pages / b class - leg acy . aspx # / content / leg acy / web / 3 8 th 3 rd / 3 rd _ read / gov 4 3 - 3 . htm ▁Gre ater ▁V ancouver ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity ▁Am end ment ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Final ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Act ] </ ref > ▁ ▁Trans it ▁Police , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁BC ▁police ▁forces ▁including ▁the ▁RC MP , ▁seconds ▁officers ▁to ▁the ▁Com b ined |
▁Forces ▁Special ▁En for cement ▁Unit ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁persons ▁employed ▁for ▁protection ▁of ▁mass ▁trans it ▁in ▁V ancouver ▁were ▁the ▁night ▁watch men ▁of ▁the ▁BC ▁Electric ▁Railway , ▁established ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁As ▁the ▁system ▁grew , ▁the ▁company ▁used ▁the ▁prov isions ▁of ▁the ▁provincial ▁Railway ▁Act ▁to ▁employ ▁Special ▁Const ables . ▁During ▁the ▁Great ▁War , ▁several ▁special ▁const ables ▁were ▁posted ▁to ▁key ▁infrastr ucture ▁to ▁protect ▁against ▁sab ot age . ▁After ▁the ▁war ' s ▁end , ▁these ▁const ables ▁were ▁appointed ▁less ▁frequently , ▁leaving ▁watch men ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁system . ▁ ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁an ▁armed ▁special ▁const ab ul ary ▁was ▁established ▁- ▁again ▁intended ▁to ▁protect ▁against ▁sab ot age ▁- ▁named ▁the ▁Special ▁Prote ction ▁Force . ▁After ▁victory ▁in ▁Japan , ▁they ▁were ▁dis band ed . ▁The ▁company ▁began ▁transition ing ▁the ▁watch men ▁to ▁security ▁officers , ▁and ▁those ▁security ▁officers ▁would ▁remain ▁as ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁national ized ▁and ▁became ▁BC ▁H ydro . ▁As ▁BC ▁Trans it ▁was ▁created , ▁the ▁security ▁officers ▁responsible ▁for ▁trans it ▁became ▁employed ▁by ▁them . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Sky Tra in ▁line ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 1 5 ▁Special ▁Provin cial ▁Const ables ▁( SP C s ) ▁were ▁appointed ▁to ▁BC ▁Trans it ▁Security . ▁ ▁S PC s ▁did ▁not ▁carry ▁fire ar ms |
, ▁but ▁did ▁carry ▁pe pper ▁sp ray ▁and ▁bat ons . ▁As ▁the ▁trans it ▁system ▁grew , ▁so ▁did ▁the ▁scope ▁and ▁responsibility ▁of ▁these ▁peace ▁officers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁as ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁trans it ▁and ▁transport ation ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁coast ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁was ▁re ass igned ▁to ▁Trans Link ▁( Gre ater ▁V ancouver ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity ), ▁they ▁became ▁the ▁S PC s ▁new ▁employ ers . ▁ ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁S PC s ▁contact ed ▁the ▁V ancouver ▁Police ▁Department ▁and , ▁later , ▁the ▁New ▁West min ster ▁Police ▁Department ▁when ▁they ▁needed ▁to ▁query ▁persons ▁and ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁As ▁their ▁needs ▁grew , ▁they ▁earned ▁their ▁own ▁access ▁to ▁police ▁databases ▁and ▁records , ▁getting ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁provincial ▁government . ▁ ▁The ▁BC ▁government ▁recognized ▁that ▁the ▁S PC s ▁were ▁never ▁initially ▁meant ▁to ▁en force ▁drug ▁laws ▁or ▁enter ▁into ▁criminal ▁investig ations ▁but ▁saw ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁same . ▁ ▁S PC s ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁authority ▁to ▁en force ▁drug ▁laws ▁under ▁the ▁Control led ▁Dru gs ▁and ▁Sub st ances ▁Act ▁( Pol ice ▁En for cement ) ▁Reg ulation . ▁ ▁The ▁police ▁services ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁re - iter ated ▁that ▁the ▁S PC s ▁authority ▁was ▁limited ▁to ▁trans it ▁property , ▁and ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁stop ▁suspect s ▁fle eing ▁from ▁a ▁separate ▁crime ▁scene ▁or ▁interven e ▁in ▁inc idents ▁occurr |
ing ▁just ▁outside ▁Sky Tra in ▁stations . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁BC ▁Association ▁of ▁Chief s ▁of ▁Police ▁supported ▁Trans Link ' s ▁application ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁Design ated ▁Pol icing ▁Unit ▁under ▁the ▁newly ▁created ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Police ▁Act . ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁couple ▁of ▁years , ▁the ▁necessary ▁processes ▁took ▁place , ▁and ▁the ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁became ▁oper ational ▁in ▁December , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁S PC s ▁stayed ▁on , ▁after ▁comple ting ▁the ▁full ▁training ▁at ▁the ▁Police ▁Academy ▁at ▁the ▁Justice ▁Institute ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁to ▁become ▁full ▁const ables . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁V ancouver ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity ▁was ▁renamed ▁the ▁" S outh ▁Coast ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity " ▁purs u ant ▁to ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁V ancouver ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity ▁Am end ment ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 7 ' ', ▁and ▁the ▁police ▁force ▁followed ▁suit . ▁ ▁Organ ization ▁ ▁The ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁report ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁Coast ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity ▁Police ▁Board ▁( SC B CT A ▁Police ▁Board ). ▁The ▁Police ▁Board ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁govern ance ▁and ▁o vers ight ▁of ▁the ▁SC B CT AP S . ▁The ▁board ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁appoint ing ▁officers , ▁including ▁the ▁Chief ▁Officer ▁and ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁Officer , ▁appro ving ▁fin ances ▁and ▁the ▁budget , ▁and |
▁establish ing ▁policy . ▁Un like ▁other ▁BC ▁municipal ▁police ▁forces , ▁the ▁Police ▁Board ▁only ▁has ▁appointed ▁members ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁any ▁dem ocrat ically ▁elected ▁member ▁( where as ▁may ors ▁in ▁other ▁police ▁bo ards ▁act ▁as ▁the ▁chair ). ▁ ▁Their ▁numbers ▁have ▁remained ▁steady ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁at ▁ 1 6 7 ▁sw orn ▁officers . ▁The ▁most ▁senior ▁officer ▁is ▁Dave ▁Jones , ▁Chief ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Trans it ▁Police . ▁ ▁Community ▁Part ners hips ▁ ▁Inter - Reg ional ▁at ▁R isk ▁Youth ▁Link ▁( I RAY L ) ▁- ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁have ▁been ▁working ▁in ▁close ▁partners hip ▁with ▁I RAY L ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁I RAY L ▁is ▁a ▁unique ▁partners hip / y outh ▁out re ach ▁program ▁that ▁provides ▁support ▁and ▁resources ▁to ▁marg inal ized ▁youth , ▁founded ▁in ▁part ▁by ▁a ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁officer , ▁formerly ▁a ▁youth ▁worker . ▁The ▁team ▁compr ises ▁experienced ▁youth ▁workers ▁who ▁work ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁Sky Tra in ▁and ▁Canada ▁Line ▁stations ▁to ▁provide ▁youth ▁with ▁access ▁to ▁much ▁needed ▁services , ▁like ▁sh el ters , ▁social ▁services , ▁food ▁banks , ▁coun s elling , ▁recre ation ▁and ▁youth ▁cent ers , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁cross - reg ional ▁crime ▁reduction ▁initi ative . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁I RAY L ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁and ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Children ▁and |
▁Family ▁Development ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Premier ’ s ▁In nov ation ▁& ▁Ex cell ence ▁Awards ▁Program . ▁▁▁ ▁Col ling wood ▁Community ▁Pol icing ▁Centre ▁- ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁entered ▁into ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁Col ling wood ▁Community ▁Pol icing ▁Centre , ▁a ▁V ancouver ▁Police ▁Department ▁C PC , ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁public ▁out re ach ▁and ▁education ▁for ▁the ▁Trans it ▁Police . ▁ ▁Sur rey ▁Crime ▁Pre vention ▁Society ▁- ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁began ▁a ▁partners hip ▁with ▁Sur rey ▁Crime ▁Pre vention ▁Society ▁called ▁Trans it ▁Watch ▁where ▁volunte ers ▁pro act ively ▁pat rol ▁trans it ▁hub s ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Sur rey , ▁BC . ▁▁ ▁H oll ab ack ! ▁V ancouver ▁- ▁Also ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁efforts ▁to ▁reduce ▁sexual ▁off ences ▁on board ▁trans it , ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁and ▁H oll ab ack ! ▁V ancouver ▁began ▁an ▁online ▁aw aren ess ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁As ▁the ▁only ▁trans it ▁police ▁force ▁in ▁Canada , ▁there ▁was ▁concern ▁by ▁trans it ▁employee ▁un ions ▁and ▁interest ▁groups ▁when ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁arm ▁members ▁was ▁made . ▁ ▁The ▁province ▁and ▁BC ▁Association ▁of ▁Chief s ▁of ▁Police ▁agreed ▁that ▁their ▁design ation ▁as ▁police ▁would ▁require ▁the ▁issu ance ▁of ▁fire ar ms . ▁ ▁News ▁reports ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁alleg ed ▁the ▁mis use ▁of ▁Tas ers ▁by |
▁Trans it ▁Police ▁members . ▁It ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁officers ▁used ▁the ▁Tas ers ▁on ▁off enders ▁for ▁the ▁mis payment ▁of ▁trans it ▁far es . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁inqu iry ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁inc idents ▁of ▁t aser ▁usage ▁by ▁the ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁were ▁leg ally ▁just ified , ▁given ▁the ▁off enders ▁were ▁act ively ▁resist ing ▁or ▁assault ive ▁toward ▁police ▁during ▁an ▁investigation . ▁ ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁arguments ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁that ▁the ▁Trans it ▁Police ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁effective ▁use ▁of ▁Trans Link ' s ▁fund ing ▁or ▁police ▁resources , ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁their ▁primary ▁duties ▁is ▁checking ▁trans it ▁far es ▁and ▁issu ing ▁tick ets . ▁Re ports ▁from ▁both ▁sides ▁argue ▁reasons ▁for ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁police ▁on ▁an ▁urban ▁trans it ▁system , ▁and ▁whether ▁a ▁different ▁polic ing ▁model ▁would ▁be ▁more ▁effective . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Com b ined ▁Forces ▁Special ▁En for cement ▁Unit ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁ ▁E - Comm ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁in ▁V ancouver ▁ ▁British ▁Transport ▁Police ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Trans Link ▁website ▁ ▁Trans link ▁Saf ety ▁and ▁Security ▁ ▁Category : L aw ▁enfor cement ▁ag encies ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : Transport ▁in ▁Gre ater ▁V ancouver ▁Category : Trans it ▁police ▁depart ments ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : New ▁West min ster <0x0A> </s> ▁F undo ▁das ▁Fig ue iras ▁is ▁a |
▁village ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Bo a ▁V ista . ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁around ▁ 2 1 km ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁capital ▁of ▁Sal ▁Re i . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁civil ▁parish ▁of ▁São ▁João ▁Bapt ista . ▁ 2 ▁km ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁is ▁the ▁village ▁C abe ça ▁dos ▁Tar raf es ▁and ▁ 8 ▁km ▁sout heast ▁is ▁Pont a ▁M ering uel , ▁the ▁eastern most ▁point ▁in ▁Cape ▁Ver de . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁church ▁of ▁Saint ▁John ▁Bapt ist ▁( S ão ▁João ▁Bapt ista ). ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁an ▁N GO ▁has ▁been ▁active ▁protect ing ▁t urt le ▁egg ▁lay ing ▁sites ▁on ▁the ▁Porto ▁Fer re ira ▁beach , ▁east ▁of ▁F undo ▁das ▁Fig ue iras . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁villages ▁and ▁settlement s ▁in ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁and ▁settlement s ▁in ▁Bo a ▁V ista , ▁Cape ▁Ver de <0x0A> </s> ▁Kost rz yn ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁serving ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Kost rz yn ▁nad ▁Od r ą , ▁in ▁the ▁Lub usz ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁Poland . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁T cz ew – K ost rz yn ▁railway , ▁W roc ław – S z cz ec in ▁railway , ▁Pr uss ian ▁Eastern ▁Railway ▁and ▁the ▁now ▁closed ▁Gr z mi ą ca – K |
ost rz yn ▁railway . ▁The ▁train ▁services ▁are ▁operated ▁by ▁PK P , ▁Prz ew o zy ▁Regional ne , ▁Ar riv a ▁and ▁Nieder bar n imer ▁Eisen bahn . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁station ▁building ▁was ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁buildings ▁in ▁town ▁not ▁destroyed ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁rep a ired ▁after ▁the ▁war . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁station ▁under w ent ▁a ▁major ▁renov ation , ▁which ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁Aut umn ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁The ▁historic ▁fac ade ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁restored ▁during ▁these ▁works . ▁ ▁Train ▁services ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁following ▁service ( s ): ▁ ▁Inter city ▁services ▁Sw in ou js cie ▁- ▁Sz cz ec in ▁- ▁Kost rz yn ▁- ▁R ze pin ▁- ▁Ziel ona ▁G ora ▁- ▁W roc law ▁Regional ▁services ▁( R ) ▁Sz cz ec in ▁- ▁Kost rz yn ▁- ▁R ze pin ▁- ▁Ziel ona ▁G ora ▁Regional ▁services ▁( R ) ▁Berlin ▁- ▁Kost rz yn ▁(- ▁Gor z ow ▁Wiel k opol ski ▁- ▁Kr zy z ) ▁Regional ▁services ▁( R ) ▁Kost rz yn ▁- ▁Gor z ow ▁Wiel k opol ski ▁- ▁Kr zy z ▁(- ▁Poz nan ) ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁station ▁wel comes ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁extra ▁trains ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁country ▁as ▁part |
▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁Wood stock ▁Festival . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁This ▁article ▁is ▁based ▁upon ▁a ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁language ▁version ▁as ▁of ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Lub usz ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁Category : 1 8 5 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Pr uss ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Lin er ▁or ▁LIN ER ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Line ▁drawing ▁▁ ▁Cat ▁E y el iner , ▁line ▁that ▁is ▁made ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁e y el id ▁to ▁em ulate ▁the ▁sh ading ▁of ▁the ▁cat . ▁E ye ▁l iner , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁make up ▁ ▁Lin er , ▁a ▁s able ▁br ush ▁used ▁by ▁coach ▁pain ters ▁ ▁Lin er , ▁another ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁multiple ▁l ining ▁tool ▁in ▁eng ra ving ▁ ▁Lin ings ▁▁ ▁Ac oust ic ▁l iner , ▁it ▁used ▁to ▁lower ▁the ▁noise ▁of ▁aircraft ▁engines ▁via ▁Hel m hol tz ▁reson ance . ▁▁▁▁ ▁l iner , ▁a ▁memb rane ▁placed ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁land fill s . ▁ ▁Lin er , ▁an ▁installation ▁of ▁well - dr illing ▁cas ing ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁extend ▁to ▁the ▁surface . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Lin er , ▁a ▁protection ▁measure ▁placed ▁inside ▁▁ ▁Lin er ▁( gun ), ▁the ▁inn erm ost ▁t ube ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁gun . ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁▁ ▁Air |
lin er , ▁a ▁large ▁fixed - wing ▁aircraft ▁for ▁transport ing ▁passengers ▁and ▁cargo ▁ ▁Ocean ▁l iner , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁modern - day ▁passenger ▁ship ▁▁ ▁Cru ise ▁ship , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁cru ise ▁l iner ▁ ▁Sh ip ▁of ▁the ▁line , ▁an ▁arch a ic ▁term , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁war ship ▁used ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁▁ ▁Lin er , ▁is ▁an ▁own ▁name ▁or ▁surname ▁of ▁ ▁origin ▁Ang lo - S ax on . ▁As ▁an ▁own ▁name ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁both ▁sex es , ▁femin ine ▁and ▁mascul ine . ▁Lin er ▁( base ball ) ▁or ▁" line ▁drive ", ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁baseball ▁st rok . ▁▁▁ ▁Low - ion ization ▁nuclear ▁emission - line ▁region ▁( LIN ER ), ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁gal actic ▁nuc lei ▁( also ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁galaxies ▁with ▁such ▁nuc lei ) ▁ ▁Lin er ▁( band ), ▁a ▁re inc arn ation ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁rock ▁band ▁Black foot ▁Sue ▁ ▁R - 2 9 R M U 2 ▁Ла йн ер ▁Lin er ▁Russian ▁sub marine ▁launched ▁ball istic ▁miss ile , ▁replacement ▁of ▁the ▁SS - N - 2 3 A ▁Sk iff . <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Chal ands ▁de ▁dé bar qu ement ▁d ' inf anterie ▁et ▁de ▁chars ▁( CD IC ) ▁are ▁two ▁landing ▁craft ▁that ▁operate ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Navy . |
▁They ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁operate ▁from ▁landing ▁platform ▁dock ▁ships ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁, ▁or ▁for ▁coast al ▁support . ▁The ▁two ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁class , ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁entered ▁service ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁respectively ▁and ▁were ▁initially ▁named ▁CD IC ▁ 9 0 6 1 ▁and ▁CD IC ▁ 9 0 6 2 ▁before ▁receiving ▁their ▁new ▁names ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁R api ère ▁was ▁among ▁a ▁package ▁of ▁four ▁ships ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁Chile an ▁Navy ▁and ▁renamed ▁Can ave . ▁ ▁Design ▁and ▁description ▁ ▁The ▁CD IC ▁landing ▁craft ▁were ▁improved ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁Eng in ▁de ▁dé bar qu ement ▁d ' inf anterie ▁et ▁de ▁chars ▁( ED IC ) ▁vessels ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁constructed ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁They ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁ ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Navy ▁and ▁take ▁inf antry ▁and ▁vehicles ▁from ▁the ▁landing ▁platforms ▁to ▁the ▁shore . ▁The ▁landing ▁craft ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁coast al ▁transport ., ▁The ▁CD IC ▁vessels ▁have ▁a ▁standard ▁disp lacement ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁at ▁full ▁load . ▁They ▁are ▁ ▁long ▁with ▁a ▁beam ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁maximum ▁dra ug ht ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁two ▁landing ▁craft ▁are ▁power ed ▁by ▁two ▁S AC M ▁Un i ▁Dies el ▁U D ▁ 3 0 ▁V |
1 2 ▁M 1 ▁dies el ▁engines ▁driving ▁two ▁sh aft s ▁r ated ▁at ▁. ▁The ▁CD IC ▁have ▁a ▁maximum ▁speed ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁ ▁at ▁. ▁The ▁two ▁ships ▁have ▁capacity ▁for ▁ ▁of ▁stores ▁and ▁room ▁for ▁ 2 3 0 ▁personnel . ▁They ▁have ▁a ▁complement ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁including ▁one ▁officer . ▁They ▁mount ▁two ▁ 2 0 ▁mm ▁mod èle ▁F 2 ▁guns ▁and ▁two ▁ ▁machine ▁guns . ▁The ▁wheel house ▁can ▁be ▁lower ed ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁vessels ▁can ▁dock ▁more ▁easily . ▁ ▁Sh ips ▁in ▁class ▁{ | border =" 1 " ▁class =" wik itable ▁col laps ible " ▁| - ▁| ▁col span =" 7 " ▁style =" background :# ee e ;" ▁align = center | ▁CD IC ▁| - ▁! ▁P enn ant ▁no . ▁! ▁Name ▁ ▁! ▁Bu ilder ▁ ▁! ▁Commission ed ▁▁ ▁! ▁Status ▁| - ▁| ▁L ▁ 9 0 6 1 ▁| ▁ ▁| ▁row span = 2 ▁align = center ▁| ▁S FC N , ▁Vill ene uve - la - G ar enne , ▁France ▁| ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁| ▁Sold ▁to ▁Chile ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁renamed ▁Can ave | - ▁| ▁L ▁ 9 0 6 2 ▁ ▁| ▁ ▁| ▁ 2 ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁| ▁In ▁service ▁| - ▁| } ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁and ▁career ▁Two ▁CD IC ▁ships |
▁were ▁ordered ▁for ▁construction ▁by ▁S FC N ▁at ▁Vill ene uve - la - G ar enne , ▁France , ▁the ▁same ▁site ▁as ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁ED IC ▁vessels ▁had ▁been ▁constructed . ▁There ▁had ▁been ▁more ▁planned ▁orders ▁but ▁del ays ▁with ▁the ▁F oud re ▁class ▁prevent ed ▁any ▁of ▁them ▁being ▁placed . ▁Initial ly ▁named ▁CD IC ▁ 9 0 6 1 ▁and ▁CD IC ▁ 9 0 6 2 ,, ▁the ▁two ▁landing ▁craft ▁were ▁commission ed ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁They ▁were ▁given ▁their ▁new ▁names ▁of ▁R api ère ▁and ▁Halle ber de ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁R api ère ▁was ▁sold ▁along ▁with ▁ ▁and ▁C TM ▁ 1 9 ▁and ▁C TM ▁ 2 4 ▁to ▁the ▁Chile an ▁Navy . ▁R api ère ▁was ▁renamed ▁Can ave ▁in ▁Chile an ▁service . ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Halle ber de ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁supply ▁the ▁Î le ▁du ▁Lev ant , ▁an ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁Sea ▁off ▁Toul on . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Halle ber de '' ▁was ▁taken ▁out ▁of ▁service ▁and ▁placed ▁in ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁ready ▁reserve ▁with ▁the ▁Am ph ib ious ▁Fl ot illa . ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ |
▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Phot ography ▁gallery , ▁French ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence . ▁ ▁Category : Am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁vessel ▁classes ▁Category : C old ▁War ▁am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁vessels ▁of ▁France ▁Category : Active ▁am ph ib ious ▁war fare ▁vessels ▁of ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Kar im abad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Kar ī m ā b ā d ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Kh od ab ande hl u ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Sah neh ▁County , ▁K erm ans h ah ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 8 1 , ▁in ▁ 2 1 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Sah neh ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁AA ▁ 2 5 1 9 ▁is ▁an ▁al umin ium ▁al loy ▁princip ally ▁containing ▁co pper ▁( 5 . 3 – 6 . 4 %) ▁as ▁an ▁al loy ing ▁element . ▁It ▁also ▁contains ▁ 0 . 2 5 % ▁sil icon , ▁ 0 . 3 0 % ▁iron , ▁ 0 . 1 0 – 0 . 5 0 % ▁mang an ese , ▁ 0 . 0 5 – 0 . 4 0 % ▁mag nes ium , ▁ 0 . 1 0 % ▁z inc , ▁ 0 . 0 2 – 0 . 1 0 % ▁tit an ium , ▁ 0 . 0 5 – |
0 . 1 5 % ▁van ad ium , ▁ 0 . 1 0 – 0 . 2 5 % ▁z ir con ium , ▁ 0 . 4 0 % ▁sil icon - ir on ▁comp ounds , ▁and ▁up ▁to ▁ 0 . 1 5 % ▁trace ▁elements . ▁The ▁density ▁of ▁ 2 5 1 9 ▁al umin ium ▁is ▁. ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁registered ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁One ▁application ▁for ▁this ▁al loy ▁is ▁in ▁aircraft ▁arm or , ▁where ▁it ▁has ▁equivalent ▁ball istic ▁characteristics ▁to ▁AA ▁ 7 0 3 9 , ▁and ▁a ▁reduced ▁sus cept ibility ▁to ▁stress ▁cor ros ion ▁crack ing ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁AA ▁ 5 0 8 3 . ▁ ▁AA ▁ 2 5 1 9 - T 8 7 ▁plate ▁is ▁w eld able ▁using ▁AA ▁ 2 3 1 9 ▁fill er . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Al umin ium ▁allo ys <0x0A> </s> ▁China ▁painting , ▁or ▁por cel ain ▁painting , ▁is ▁the ▁decor ation ▁of ▁gla zed ▁por cel ain ▁objects ▁such ▁as ▁pl ates , ▁bow ls , ▁v ases ▁or ▁stat ues . ▁The ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁object ▁may ▁be ▁hard - paste ▁por cel ain , ▁developed ▁in ▁China ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁or ▁ 8 th ▁century , ▁or ▁soft - paste ▁por cel ain ▁( o ften ▁b one ▁ch ina ), ▁developed ▁in ▁ 1 8 th - |
century ▁Europe . ▁The ▁bro ader ▁term ▁cer am ic ▁painting ▁includes ▁painted ▁decor ation ▁on ▁lead - g laz ed ▁ear then ware ▁such ▁as ▁cre am ware ▁or ▁tin - g laz ed ▁pot tery ▁such ▁as ▁mai ol ica ▁or ▁f ai ence . ▁ ▁Typ ically ▁the ▁body ▁is ▁first ▁fired ▁in ▁a ▁kil n ▁to ▁convert ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁hard ▁por ous ▁bis c uit ▁or ▁bis que . ▁Under g la ze ▁decor ation ▁may ▁then ▁be ▁applied , ▁followed ▁by ▁gla ze , ▁which ▁is ▁fired ▁so ▁it ▁b onds ▁to ▁the ▁body . ▁The ▁gla zed ▁por cel ain ▁may ▁then ▁be ▁painted ▁with ▁over g la ze ▁decor ation ▁and ▁fired ▁again ▁to ▁bond ▁the ▁paint ▁with ▁the ▁gla ze . ▁Most ▁pieces ▁use ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁under g la ze ▁or ▁over g la ze ▁painting , ▁the ▁latter ▁often ▁being ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" en am elled ". ▁Dec or ations ▁may ▁be ▁applied ▁by ▁br ush ▁or ▁by ▁st enc iling , ▁transfer ▁printing , ▁l ith ography ▁and ▁screen ▁printing . ▁ ▁Por cel ain ▁painting ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁China ▁and ▁later ▁taken ▁up ▁in ▁Korea ▁and ▁then ▁Japan . ▁Dec or ated ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain ▁from ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁Por cel ain ▁for ▁trade ▁with ▁this ▁region ▁often ▁has ▁Islam ic ▁mot ifs . ▁Trade ▁with ▁Europe ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁By ▁the |
▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁European ▁manufact ur ers ▁had ▁discovered ▁how ▁to ▁make ▁por cel ain . ▁The ▁Me issen ▁por cel ain ▁factory ▁in ▁Sax ony ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁other ▁fact ories ▁in ▁Germany , ▁France , ▁Britain ▁and ▁other ▁European ▁countries . ▁Technology ▁and ▁styles ▁evol ved . ▁The ▁decor ation ▁of ▁some ▁hand - p aint ed ▁pl ates ▁and ▁v ases ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁res emb les ▁oil ▁paint ings . ▁In ▁the ▁later ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁became ▁a ▁respect able ▁h ob by ▁for ▁middle - class ▁women ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁Europe . ▁More ▁recently ▁interest ▁has ▁rev ived ▁in ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁as ▁a ▁fine ▁art ▁form . ▁ ▁Techn ical ▁aspects ▁ ▁P aste ▁ ▁The ▁Chinese ▁define ▁por cel ain ▁as ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁pot tery ▁that ▁is ▁hard , ▁compact ▁and ▁fine - gra ined , ▁that ▁cannot ▁be ▁scratch ed ▁by ▁a ▁kn ife , ▁and ▁that ▁reson ates ▁with ▁a ▁clear , ▁musical ▁note ▁when ▁hit . ▁It ▁need ▁not ▁be ▁white ▁or ▁transl uc ent . ▁This ▁por cel ain ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁hard ▁paste ▁that ▁mainly ▁consists ▁of ▁ka olin , ▁or ▁ch ina ▁cl ay . ▁The ▁cl ay ▁is ▁mixed ▁with ▁pet unt se , ▁or ▁ch ina ▁stone . ▁The ▁gla ze ▁is ▁prepared ▁from ▁pet unt se ▁mixed ▁with ▁liquid ▁l ime , ▁with ▁less ▁l ime ▁in ▁the ▁higher - |
quality ▁gla zes . ▁ ▁The ▁l ime ▁gives ▁the ▁gla ze ▁a ▁hint ▁of ▁green ▁or ▁blue , ▁a ▁brilliant ▁surface ▁and ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁depth . ▁Hard - paste ▁por cel ain ▁is ▁fired ▁to ▁temper atures ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁So ft - paste ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁invent ed ▁in ▁Europe . ▁So ft - paste ▁por cel ain ▁made ▁in ▁England ▁from ▁about ▁ 1 7 4 5 ▁used ▁a ▁white - f iring ▁cl ay ▁with ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁glass y ▁f rit . ▁The ▁f rit ▁is ▁a ▁flux ▁that ▁causes ▁the ▁piece ▁to ▁vit r ify ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁fired ▁in ▁a ▁kil n . ▁So ft - paste ▁por cel ain ▁is ▁fired ▁to ▁. ▁The ▁kil n ▁must ▁be ▁raised ▁to ▁the ▁precise ▁temperature ▁where ▁the ▁piece ▁will ▁vit r ify , ▁but ▁no ▁higher ▁or ▁the ▁piece ▁will ▁sag ▁and ▁de form . ▁So ft - paste ▁por cel ain ▁is ▁transl uc ent ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁thin ly ▁p otted . ▁After ▁firing ▁it ▁has ▁similar ▁appearance ▁and ▁properties ▁to ▁hard - paste ▁por cel ain . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁calc ined ▁animal ▁b ones ▁in ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁suggested ▁in ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 9 , ▁but ▁b one ▁ch ina ▁was ▁only ▁produced ▁in ▁Britain , ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁pat ent ▁taken ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 4 . ▁B one ▁ch ina ▁was ▁perfect ed ▁by ▁Jos iah ▁Sp ode ▁( 1 7 |
3 3 – 1 7 9 7 ) ▁of ▁Sto ke - up on - Tr ent ▁in ▁England . ▁The ▁basic ▁formula ▁is ▁ 5 0 % ▁calc ined ▁cattle ▁b one , ▁ 2 5 % ▁Corn ish ▁stone ▁and ▁ 2 5 % ▁ch ina ▁cl ay . ▁The ▁stone ▁and ▁cl ay ▁are ▁both ▁derived ▁from ▁gran ite . ▁ ▁The ▁stone ▁is ▁a ▁f eld sp ath ic ▁flux ▁that ▁mel ts ▁and ▁b onds ▁together ▁the ▁other ▁ing red ients . ▁The ▁b one ▁gives ▁the ▁w are ▁strength ▁and ▁helps ▁it ▁keep ▁its ▁shape ▁during ▁firing . ▁ ▁The ▁resulting ▁material ▁is ▁strong , ▁white ▁and ▁transl uc ent , ▁and ▁reson ates ▁when ▁struck . ▁It ▁is ▁fired ▁at ▁a ▁medium ▁temperature , ▁up ▁to ▁, ▁which ▁gives ▁it ▁a ▁much ▁better ▁body ▁than ▁soft - paste ▁objects ▁with ▁a ▁glass y ▁f rit . ▁The ▁firing ▁temperature ▁is ▁lower ▁than ▁for ▁true ▁por cel ain , ▁so ▁more ▁metal ▁ox ides ▁can ▁retain ▁their ▁composition ▁and ▁bond ▁to ▁the ▁surface . ▁This ▁gives ▁a ▁wider ▁range ▁of ▁colors ▁for ▁decor ation . ▁ ▁Ear then ware ▁pot tery ▁including ▁tin - g laz ed ▁pot tery , ▁Victor ian ▁maj ol ica , ▁Del ftware ▁and ▁f ai ence , ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁cl ays ▁or ▁earth s ▁that ▁give ▁a ▁soft ▁paste . ▁Ear then ware ▁is ▁op aque , ▁with ▁a ▁relatively ▁co arse ▁texture , ▁while ▁por cel ain ▁is ▁semi |
- trans parent , ▁with ▁a ▁fine ▁texture ▁of ▁minute ▁cry st als ▁susp ended ▁in ▁a ▁transparent ▁glass y ▁ground . ▁Indust rial ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁ear then ware ▁pot tery ▁bis c uit - fire ▁the ▁body ▁to ▁the ▁m aturing ▁range ▁of ▁the ▁cl ay , ▁typically ▁, ▁then ▁apply ▁gla ze ▁and ▁gla ze - fire ▁the ▁piece ▁at ▁a ▁lower ▁temperature ▁of ▁about ▁. ▁ ▁With ▁very ▁vit re ous ▁( glass - like ) ▁bodies ▁the ▁manufact urer ▁may ▁sp ray ▁on ▁the ▁gla ze . ▁ ▁B one ▁ch ina ▁is ▁treated ▁in ▁this ▁way , ▁gla ze - f ired ▁at ▁a ▁lower ▁temperature ▁after ▁bis c uit ▁firing ▁to ▁about ▁. ▁With ▁stone ware ▁and ▁por cel ain ▁the ▁body ▁is ▁usually ▁bis c uit ▁fired ▁to ▁, ▁and ▁then ▁glo st ▁or ▁gla ze ▁fired ▁to ▁. ▁Because ▁the ▁glo st ▁temperature ▁is ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁bis c uit ▁temperature , ▁the ▁gla ze ▁react s ▁with ▁the ▁body . ▁The ▁body ▁also ▁releases ▁g ases ▁that ▁b ubble ▁up ▁through ▁the ▁gla ze , ▁affect ing ▁the ▁appearance . ▁ ▁The ▁same ▁techniques ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁paint ▁the ▁various ▁types ▁of ▁por cel ain ▁and ▁ear then ware , ▁both ▁under g la ze ▁and ▁over g la ze , ▁but ▁different ▁p ig ments ▁are ▁used ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁different ▁body ▁characteristics ▁and ▁firing ▁temper atures . ▁Gener ally ▁ear then ware ▁painting ▁uses ▁b older , ▁simpler ▁designs , |
▁while ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁may ▁be ▁fin er ▁and ▁more ▁del icate . ▁ ▁Under g la ze ▁painting ▁Trad itional ▁por cel ain ▁in ▁China ▁included ▁painting ▁under ▁the ▁gla ze ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁painting ▁over ▁the ▁gla ze . ▁With ▁under g la ze ▁painting , ▁as ▁its ▁name ▁implies , ▁the ▁paint ▁is ▁applied ▁to ▁an ▁ung laz ed ▁object , ▁which ▁is ▁then ▁covered ▁with ▁gla ze ▁and ▁fired . ▁ ▁A ▁different ▁type ▁of ▁paint ▁is ▁used ▁from ▁that ▁used ▁for ▁over g la ze ▁painting . ▁The ▁gla ze ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁subject ▁to ▁very ▁high ▁temper atures ▁to ▁bond ▁to ▁the ▁paste , ▁and ▁only ▁a ▁very ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁colors ▁can ▁stand ▁this ▁process . ▁ ▁Blue ▁was ▁commonly ▁used ▁under ▁the ▁gla ze ▁and ▁other ▁colors ▁over ▁the ▁gla ze , ▁both ▁in ▁China ▁and ▁in ▁Europe , ▁as ▁with ▁English ▁Royal ▁Wor c ester ▁w are . ▁Most ▁pieces ▁use ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁under g la ze ▁or ▁over g la ze ▁painting . ▁ ▁Under g la ze ▁painting ▁requires ▁consider ably ▁more ▁skill ▁than ▁over g la ze , ▁since ▁defect s ▁in ▁the ▁painting ▁will ▁often ▁become ▁visible ▁only ▁after ▁the ▁firing . ▁During ▁firing ▁even ▁ref ract ory ▁pain ts ▁change ▁color ▁in ▁the ▁great ▁heat . ▁A ▁light ▁vio let ▁may ▁turn ▁into ▁a ▁dark ▁blue , ▁and ▁a ▁pale ▁p ink ▁into ▁a ▁brown - c rim son . ▁ ▁The ▁artist ▁must ▁anticip ate ▁these ▁changes |
. ▁With ▁ma zar ine ▁blue ▁under g la zing ▁the ▁decor ation ▁is ▁typically ▁fairly ▁simple , ▁using ▁outline ▁extens ively ▁and ▁broad ▁sh ading . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁were ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁skill ▁in ▁dep ict ing ▁flowers , ▁plants ▁and ▁birds ▁in ▁under g la ze ▁paint ings ▁that ▁used ▁the ▁few est ▁possible ▁br ush st ro kes . ▁ ▁Over g la ze ▁painting ▁ ▁Over g la ze ▁ch ina ▁pain ts ▁are ▁made ▁of ▁ground ▁min eral ▁comp ounds ▁mixed ▁with ▁flux . ▁P ain ts ▁may ▁contain ▁expensive ▁elements ▁including ▁gold . ▁The ▁flux ▁is ▁a ▁fin ely - ground ▁glass , ▁similar ▁to ▁por cel ain ▁gla ze . ▁The ▁pow der ed ▁paint ▁is ▁mixed ▁with ▁a ▁medium , ▁typically ▁some ▁type ▁of ▁oil , ▁before ▁being ▁br ushed ▁onto ▁the ▁gla zed ▁object . ▁The ▁technique ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁water color ▁painting . ▁One ▁advantage ▁of ▁over g la ze ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁compared ▁to ▁oil ▁or ▁water color ▁is ▁the ▁paint ▁may ▁be ▁removed ▁with ▁a ▁slightly ▁w ett ed ▁br ush ▁while ▁the ▁color ▁is ▁still ▁mo ist , ▁bringing ▁back ▁the ▁original ▁ground . ▁Pie ces ▁with ▁over g la ze ▁painting ▁are ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" en am elled ". ▁ ▁Open ▁medium s ▁do ▁not ▁dry ▁in ▁the ▁air , ▁while ▁closed ▁medium s ▁do . ▁An ▁artist ▁may ▁prefer ▁a ▁medium ▁that ▁stays ▁fluid ▁for ▁some ▁time , ▁may ▁want ▁one ▁that ▁d ries ▁hard , |
▁or ▁may ▁want ▁a ▁medium ▁that ▁remains ▁somewhat ▁stick y . ▁If ▁the ▁medium ▁d ries ▁hard ▁the ▁artist ▁can ▁build ▁up ▁layers ▁of ▁color , ▁which ▁will ▁f use ▁together ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁firing . ▁This ▁can ▁create ▁unusual ▁intensity ▁or ▁depth ▁of ▁color . ▁If ▁the ▁medium ▁remains ▁stick y ▁the ▁artist ▁can ▁add ▁to ▁the ▁design ▁by ▁dust ing ▁more ▁color ▁onto ▁the ▁surface , ▁or ▁can ▁dust ▁on ▁an ▁over g la ze ▁pow der ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁high ▁gl oss ▁surface . ▁ ▁The ▁artist ▁may ▁begin ▁by ▁sketch ing ▁their ▁design ▁with ▁a ▁ch ina ▁marker ▁p enc il . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁painted ▁object ▁is ▁fired ▁in ▁a ▁kil n , ▁the ▁ch ina ▁marker ▁lines ▁and ▁the ▁medium ▁ev apor ate . ▁The ▁color ▁particles ▁m elt ▁and ▁fl atten ▁on ▁the ▁gla ze ▁surface , ▁and ▁the ▁flux ▁b onds ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁gla ze . ▁At ▁sufficient ▁heat ▁the ▁underlying ▁gla ze ▁soft ens , ▁or ▁" opens ". ▁The ▁color ▁is ▁strongly ▁bond ed ▁to ▁the ▁gla ze ▁and ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁finished ▁object ▁is ▁gl oss y . ▁ ▁Mechan ical ▁approaches ▁ ▁St enc iling ▁was ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁A ▁pattern ▁is ▁cut ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁paper ▁form , ▁which ▁is ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁cer am ic . ▁P aint ▁is ▁then ▁d ab bed ▁through ▁the ▁st enc il . ▁Transfer ▁printing ▁from ▁eng ra ved ▁or ▁et ched ▁co pper |
plates ▁or ▁wood block s ▁dates ▁to ▁around ▁ 1 7 5 0 . ▁The ▁plate ▁is ▁painted ▁with ▁an ▁oil - and - en am el ▁p ig ment . ▁The ▁surface ▁is ▁clean ed , ▁leaving ▁the ▁paint ▁in ▁the ▁cut ▁gro ov es . ▁The ▁paint ▁is ▁then ▁transferred ▁to ▁" pot ter ' s ▁t issue ", ▁a ▁thin ▁but ▁t ough ▁t issue ▁paper , ▁using ▁a ▁press . ▁ ▁The ▁t issue ▁is ▁then ▁position ed ▁face - down ▁over ▁the ▁cer am ic ▁and ▁rub bed ▁to ▁transfer ▁the ▁paint ▁to ▁the ▁surface . ▁This ▁technique ▁was ▁introduced ▁for ▁both ▁under g la ze ▁and ▁over g la ze ▁transfer ▁in ▁Wor c ester ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 7 5 0 s . ▁ ▁Lith ography ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 7 , ▁at ▁first ▁used ▁in ▁printing ▁paper ▁images . ▁An ▁image ▁is ▁drawn ▁with ▁a ▁gre asy ▁c ray on ▁on ▁a ▁smooth ▁stone ▁or ▁z inc ▁surface , ▁which ▁is ▁then ▁w ett ed . ▁The ▁water ▁remains ▁on ▁the ▁stone ▁but ▁is ▁rep elled ▁by ▁the ▁gre ase . ▁In k ▁is ▁spread ▁on ▁and ▁is ▁rep elled ▁by ▁the ▁water ▁but ▁remains ▁on ▁the ▁gre ase . ▁P aper ▁is ▁then ▁pressed ▁onto ▁the ▁sl ab . ▁It ▁pick s ▁up ▁the ▁in k ▁from ▁the ▁gre ase , ▁thus ▁reprodu cing ▁the ▁drawing . ▁The ▁process ▁can ▁be ▁repeated ▁to ▁make ▁many ▁copies . ▁A ▁mult icol |
ored ▁print ▁could ▁be ▁made ▁using ▁different ▁blocks ▁for ▁different ▁colors . ▁For ▁cer am ics , ▁the ▁print ▁was ▁made ▁onto ▁du plex ▁paper , ▁with ▁a ▁thin ▁layer ▁of ▁t issue ▁paper ▁facing ▁a ▁th icker ▁layer ▁of ▁paper . ▁A ▁weak ▁var n ish ▁was ▁painted ▁on ▁the ▁cer am ic ▁surface , ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁slightly ▁cur ved , ▁then ▁the ▁du plex ▁paper ▁pressed ▁onto ▁the ▁surface . ▁The ▁t issue ▁paper ▁was ▁so aked ▁off ▁before ▁firing . ▁Later ▁techniques ▁were ▁developed ▁to ▁photograph ically ▁copy ▁images ▁onto ▁l ith ograph ▁pl ates . ▁The ▁technique , ▁with ▁its ▁ability ▁to ▁transfer ▁fine ▁detail , ▁is ▁considered ▁most ▁suitable ▁for ▁on g la ze ▁decor ation , ▁although ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁under g la ze ▁images . ▁ ▁The ▁roots ▁of ▁natural ▁sp ong es ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁Scotland ▁to ▁make ▁cru de ▁st amps ▁to ▁decor ate ▁ear then ware ▁pot tery ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁Rub ber ▁st amps ▁were ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁to ▁decor ate ▁por cel ain ▁and ▁b one ▁ch ina ▁with ▁gold ▁l ust red ▁borders . ▁ ▁Screen ▁printing ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁in ▁Japan ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁in vention ▁of ▁Y ut ens ai ▁Mi y ass ak . ▁The ▁early ▁Japanese ▁version ▁was ▁a ▁ref in ement ▁to ▁st enc iling |
▁that ▁used ▁human ▁hair s ▁to ▁hold ▁together ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁st enc il , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁outside ▁and ▁center ▁of ▁a ▁circle , ▁so ▁that ▁visible ▁brid ges ▁could ▁be ▁elimin ated . ▁Event ually ▁the ▁technique ▁evol ved ▁to ▁use ▁fine ▁screens , ▁with ▁some ▁areas ▁blocked ▁by ▁a ▁film ▁and ▁some ▁lines ▁or ▁areas ▁left ▁open ▁to ▁allow ▁paint ▁to ▁pass ▁through . ▁Te chni ques ▁were ▁developed ▁to ▁transfer ▁images ▁to ▁screens ▁photograph ically . ▁The ▁process ▁was ▁in ▁use ▁for ▁cer am ics ▁by ▁the ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century , ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁main ▁way ▁of ▁decor ating ▁cer am ics . ▁ ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁print ▁cur ved ▁shapes ▁such ▁as ▁m ugs ▁with ▁under g la ze , ▁on g la ze , ▁gla ze , ▁w ax ▁resist ▁and ▁he ated ▁therm op last ic ▁colors . ▁Dec als ▁provide ▁another ▁mechanical ▁method ▁of ▁transfer ring ▁an ▁image ▁to ▁a ▁cer am ic ▁object . ▁ ▁Asian ▁por cel ain ▁ ▁China ▁Poss ibly , ▁as ▁some ▁authors ▁claim , ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁already ▁being ▁made ▁during ▁the ▁Han ▁dynast y ▁( 2 0 6 ▁BC ▁– ▁ 2 2 0 ▁AD ) ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁make ▁vessels ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁glass ▁vessels ▁that ▁were ▁being ▁imported ▁from ▁Sy ria ▁and ▁Egypt ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁C ertain ly ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁being ▁made ▁in ▁China ▁in ▁the ▁Tang ▁dynast y ▁( 6 1 8 – |
9 0 7 ▁AD ). ▁Over ▁the ▁years ▁that ▁followed ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁por cel ain , ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁decor ation ▁became ▁extremely ▁ref ined . ▁The ▁pieces ▁were ▁thin ▁and ▁fin ely ▁made , ▁with ▁subt le ▁gla zes , ▁and ▁later ▁with ▁elaborate ▁painted ▁decor ations . ▁The ▁Chinese ▁began ▁export ing ▁por cel ain ▁to ▁Asia ▁and ▁the ▁Near ▁East ▁in ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Song ▁dynast y ▁( 9 6 0 – 1 2 7 9 ) ▁the ▁por cel ain ▁mak ers ▁had ▁achieved ▁a ▁high ▁level ▁of ▁skill . ▁Some ▁exper ts ▁consider ▁their ▁work ▁to ▁be ▁un sur pass ed ▁in ▁its ▁pur ity ▁of ▁design . ▁ ▁The ▁D ing ▁kil ns ▁in ▁northern ▁China ▁began ▁production ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁century , ▁where ▁they ▁produced ▁s oph istic ated ▁and ▁beautiful ▁por cel ains ▁and ▁developed ▁innov ative ▁kil n ▁stack ing ▁and ▁firing ▁techniques . ▁D ing ▁w are ▁had ▁white ▁bodies , ▁and ▁typically ▁had ▁an ▁iv ory - white ▁gla ze . ▁ ▁However , ▁some ▁D ing ▁w are ▁had ▁mon och rome ▁black , ▁green ▁and ▁re dd ish ▁brown ▁gla zes . ▁Some ▁were ▁decor ated ▁with ▁the ▁s gra ff ito ▁method , ▁where ▁surface ▁layers ▁were ▁sc aped ▁away ▁to ▁expose ▁a ▁ground ▁with ▁a ▁different ▁color . ▁ ▁J ing de z hen ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁first ▁por cel ain ▁manufact uring ▁cent ers |
▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁China , ▁with ▁ready ▁access ▁to ▁ka olin ▁and ▁pet un se . ▁In ▁its ▁day ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁world ' s ▁most ▁important ▁center ▁of ▁por cel ain ▁production . ▁J ing de z hen ▁w are ▁includes ▁the ▁famous ▁decor ated ▁Q ing b ai ▁pieces ▁with ▁shadow - blue ▁gla zes . ▁Under ▁the ▁Y uan ▁dynast y ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁under g la ze ▁c ob alt ▁blue ▁decor ation ▁became ▁popular . ▁During ▁the ▁M ing ▁dynast y ▁( 1 3 6 9 - 1 6 4 4 ) ▁production ▁of ▁blue ▁and ▁white ▁and ▁red ▁and ▁white ▁cer am ics ▁pe aked . ▁The ▁J ing de z hen ▁art is ans ▁developed ▁and ▁perfect ed ▁use ▁of ▁over g la ze ▁en am els ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁They ▁excel led ▁in ▁their ▁fl oral , ▁abstract ▁or ▁call ig raph ic ▁designs . ▁ ▁Korea ▁ ▁Chinese ▁cer am ics ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁export ed ▁to ▁Korea ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁century . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁G ory e o ▁period ▁( 9 1 8 – 1 3 9 2 ) ▁there ▁was ▁high ▁demand ▁for ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain , ▁and ▁Korean ▁pot ters ▁used ▁the ▁imports ▁as ▁models . ▁Dist inct ively ▁Korean ▁designs ▁had ▁emer ged ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁white ▁por cel ain ▁of ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁King ▁Se |
j ong ▁of ▁Jose on ▁is ▁quite ▁unique . ▁In ▁ 1 4 2 4 ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 3 9 ▁kil ns ▁in ▁Korea ▁producing ▁por cel ain . ▁In ▁ 1 5 9 2 ▁Japan ▁inv aded ▁Korea ▁and ▁took ▁four ▁hundred ▁pot ters ▁as ▁prisoners ▁to ▁Japan . ▁The ▁Korean ▁por cel ain ▁industry ▁was ▁destroyed ▁while ▁the ▁Japanese ▁industry ▁bo omed . ▁The ▁ 1 6 3 6 ▁Man ch u ▁invasion ▁caused ▁further ▁damage . ▁The ▁industry ▁recovered ▁and ▁produced ▁new ▁forms ▁with ▁white ▁or ▁white ▁and ▁blue ▁gla ze . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁state ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁industry ▁and ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁printed ▁transfer ▁decor ation ▁caused ▁the ▁traditional ▁skills ▁to ▁be ▁lost . ▁ ▁Japan ▁The ▁Japanese ▁began ▁to ▁make ▁por cel ain ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁learning ▁from ▁Chinese ▁and ▁Korean ▁craft s men ▁how ▁to ▁fire ▁the ▁pieces ▁and ▁make ▁under g la ze ▁blue ▁c ob alt ▁decor ation ▁and ▁over g la ze ▁en am el ▁painting . ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 7 th ▁century ▁the ▁Japanese ▁found ▁a ▁growing ▁market ▁from ▁European ▁trad ers ▁who ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁obtain ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain ▁due ▁to ▁political ▁up he av als . ▁Bright ly - col oured ▁Japanese ▁export ▁por cel ain ▁made ▁around ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁A rita ▁were ▁called ▁Im ari ▁por cel ain ▁w are ▁by ▁the ▁Europe ans , ▁after ▁the ▁sh ipping ▁port |
. ▁ ▁Por cel ain ▁only ▁painted ▁in ▁under g la ze ▁blue ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁called ▁A rita ▁w are . ▁ ▁The ▁craft s man ▁S aka ida ▁K ak iem on ▁developed ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁style ▁of ▁over g la ze ▁en am el ▁decor ation , ▁typically ▁using ▁iron ▁red , ▁yellow ▁and ▁soft ▁blue . ▁K ak iem on - style ▁decor ations ▁included ▁patterns ▁of ▁birds ▁and ▁fol i age , ▁and ▁influenced ▁designs ▁used ▁in ▁European ▁fact ories . ▁ ▁The ▁very ▁ref ined ▁N ab esh ima ▁w are ▁and ▁Hir ado ▁w are ▁were ▁not ▁export ed ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁but ▁used ▁for ▁presentation ▁war es ▁among ▁Japan ' s ▁fe ud al ▁el ite . ▁ ▁Other ▁Far ▁and ▁Near ▁East ▁countries ▁ ▁Some ▁writers ▁suspect ▁that ▁por cel ain ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁independently ▁invent ed ▁in ▁Pers ia ▁alongside ▁China , ▁where ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁made ▁for ▁many ▁centuries , ▁but ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁word ▁ch ini ▁implicitly ▁acknowled ges ▁its ▁orig ins ▁in ▁China . ▁O thers ▁say ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁c ob alt ▁blue ▁as ▁a ▁p ig ment ▁for ▁painting ▁pot tery ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁and ▁adopted ▁in ▁China ▁for ▁painting ▁por cel ain . ▁However , ▁this ▁has ▁been ▁disput ed , ▁since ▁the ▁earliest ▁Middle - E astern ▁pot tery ▁with ▁c ob alt ▁blue ▁decor ation , ▁from ▁Sam ar ra ▁in ▁Ira q ▁in ▁the ▁ |
9 th ▁century , ▁has ▁Chinese ▁shapes . ▁At ▁that ▁time ▁the ▁pot ters ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁technology ▁to ▁make ▁high - fire ▁under g la ze ▁por cel ain . ▁It ▁appears ▁that ▁the ▁white ▁gla zed ▁pot tery ▁with ▁blue ▁decor ation ▁was ▁in ▁im itation ▁of ▁imported ▁por cel ain ▁from ▁China . ▁ ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁pri zed ▁by ▁wealth y ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Tang ▁dynast y . ▁A ▁large ▁collection ▁from ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁s ult ans ▁Sel im ▁I ▁and ▁S ule iman ▁the ▁Magn ific ent ▁is ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁Top kap ı ▁Palace ▁museum ▁in ▁Ist an bul . ▁Another ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁ 8 0 5 ▁pieces ▁of ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain , ▁don ated ▁to ▁the ▁Ar d abil ▁S hr ine ▁by ▁Shah ▁Abb as ▁I ▁of ▁Pers ia ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 7 – 0 8 , ▁is ▁now ▁held ▁in ▁Te h ran ' s ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Iran . ▁Blue ▁and ▁white ▁Chinese ▁por cel ains ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁to ▁ 1 6 th ▁centuries ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁pe asant ▁houses ▁in ▁Sy ria . ▁O ften ▁the ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁the ▁market , ▁with ▁decor ative ▁designs ▁that ▁included ▁pray ers ▁and ▁quot ations ▁from ▁the ▁Kor an ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁or ▁Pers ian ▁script . ▁Lar ge ▁amounts ▁of ▁M ing ▁por cel ain ▁had |
▁also ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁Ira q ▁and ▁Egypt , ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁S out heast ▁Asia , ▁Sri ▁L anka , ▁India ▁and ▁East ▁Africa . ▁ ▁European ▁exports ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁developed ▁a ▁limited ▁trade ▁in ▁common place ▁blue - and - white ▁w are ▁manufact ured ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 0 4 ▁the ▁Dutch ▁captured ▁a ▁Portuguese ▁car rack ▁with ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁por cel ain ▁items . ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁au ction ed ▁at ▁Amsterdam ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 6 0 4 ▁to ▁buy ers ▁from ▁across ▁Europe . ▁Over ▁the ▁period ▁from ▁ 1 6 0 4 ▁to ▁ 1 6 5 7 ▁the ▁Dutch ▁may ▁have ▁brought ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁pieces ▁of ▁por cel ain ▁to ▁Europe . ▁Political ▁up he av als ▁then ▁cut ▁off ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁trade ▁of ▁por cel ain ▁from ▁China ▁until ▁ 1 6 9 5 . ▁The ▁Japanese ▁began ▁to ▁produce ▁w are ▁for ▁export ▁in ▁ 1 6 6 0 , ▁but ▁the ▁supply ▁was ▁uncertain . ▁Trade ▁with ▁China ▁re open ed ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁but ▁the ▁Dutch ▁had ▁lost ▁their ▁mon opol y . ▁A ▁French ▁ship ▁reached ▁C anton ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 8 , ▁and ▁an ▁English ▁ship ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 9 . ▁In ▁the ▁years ▁that ▁followed ▁large ▁quantities ▁of |
▁por cel ain ▁manufact ured ▁in ▁China ▁for ▁trade ▁purposes ▁were ▁imported ▁to ▁Europe , ▁much ▁of ▁it ▁in ▁English ▁ships . ▁ ▁J ing de z hen ▁production ▁expanded ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁demand ▁for ▁export ▁por cel ain . ▁The ▁Jes uit ▁François ▁X avier ▁d ' Ent re col les ▁wrote ▁of ▁J ing de z hen ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 2 , ▁" D uring ▁a ▁night ▁entrance , ▁one ▁thinks ▁that ▁the ▁whole ▁city ▁is ▁on ▁fire , ▁or ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁large ▁furn ace ▁with ▁many ▁vent ▁holes ." ▁The ▁European ▁trad ers ▁began ▁to ▁supply ▁models ▁to ▁show ▁the ▁manufact ur ers ▁the ▁form ▁and ▁decor ation ▁they ▁required ▁for ▁table ware ▁items ▁un famil iar ▁to ▁the ▁Chinese . ▁The ▁French ▁Jes uits ▁provided ▁paint ings , ▁eng ra vers , ▁en am els ▁and ▁even ▁the ▁pain ters ▁themselves ▁to ▁the ▁Imperial ▁court , ▁and ▁these ▁designs ▁found ▁their ▁way ▁into ▁por cel ain ▁decor ation . ▁Color ful ▁en am el ▁pain ts , ▁used ▁in ▁German ▁tin - g laz ed ▁pot tery , ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁new ▁techniques ▁such ▁as ▁famille ▁rose ▁color ing ▁in ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain . ▁Design s ▁of ▁European ▁origin ▁found ▁their ▁way ▁onto ▁many ▁por cel ain ▁items ▁made ▁in ▁China ▁for ▁export ▁to ▁Europe . ▁At ▁least ▁ 6 0 ▁million ▁pieces ▁of ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain ▁were ▁imported ▁to ▁Europe ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁ ▁European ▁manufact ure |
▁ ▁A ▁first ▁attempt ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁por cel ain ▁in ▁Europe ▁was ▁undert aken ▁in ▁Florence , ▁Italy ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁spons ored ▁by ▁Francesco ▁I ▁de ' ▁Med ici , ▁Grand ▁Duke ▁of ▁T usc any . ▁The ▁" Med ici ▁por cel ain " ▁did ▁not ▁contain ▁ch ina ▁cl ay , ▁and ▁was ▁only ▁made ▁in ▁small ▁quantities . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁Louis ▁Pot er at ▁tried ▁to ▁manufact ure ▁por cel ain ▁at ▁Rou en , ▁France . ▁Little ▁of ▁this ▁has ▁surv ived . ▁Te a ▁drink ing ▁became ▁fashion able ▁in ▁Europe ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁and ▁created ▁increasing ▁demand ▁for ▁Oriental - style ▁por cel ain . ▁ ▁Germany ▁ ▁The ▁Me issen ▁por cel ain ▁factory ▁near ▁Dresden ▁in ▁Sax ony ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁successfully ▁manufact ure ▁hard - paste ▁por cel ain ▁in ▁Europe . ▁ ▁P aint ed ▁por cel ain ▁war es ▁that ▁im itated ▁orient al ▁designs ▁were ▁being ▁produced ▁after ▁ 1 7 1 5 . ▁Johann ▁Jo achim ▁K änd ler ▁( 1 7 0 6 – 7 5 ) ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁sculpt or ▁at ▁Me issen , ▁creating ▁vig orous ▁models ▁of ▁figures ▁and ▁groups . ▁The ▁pieces ▁had ▁bright ▁gla zes ▁and ▁were ▁painted ▁in ▁en am els ▁with ▁strong ▁colors . ▁Me issen ' s ▁processes ▁were ▁carefully ▁guard ed ▁from ▁compet itors |
. ▁The ▁secre ts ▁gradually ▁le aked ▁out , ▁and ▁fact ories ▁were ▁established ▁in ▁Pr uss ia ▁and ▁at ▁Vienna ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 7 2 0 s . ▁After ▁Sax ony ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁Seven ▁Years ' ▁War ▁( 1 7 5 6 – 6 3 ) ▁the ▁methods ▁of ▁making ▁por cel ain ▁became ▁widely ▁known . ▁By ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁there ▁were ▁twenty - three ▁por cel ain ▁fact ories ▁in ▁Germany . ▁The ▁N ym phen burg ▁Por cel ain ▁Man uf actory ▁in ▁Mun ich ▁was ▁ren owned ▁for ▁its ▁del icate ▁model ing ▁and ▁fine ▁decor ation . ▁ ▁France ▁Fact ories ▁also ▁opened ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁England , ▁and ▁por cel ain ▁war es ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁produced ▁in ▁higher ▁volumes ▁at ▁lower ▁prices . ▁In ▁France , ▁soft - paste ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁produced ▁at ▁Saint - Cloud ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 6 9 0 s . ▁The ▁Saint - Cloud ▁pain ters ▁were ▁given ▁the ▁license ▁to ▁innov ate , ▁and ▁produced ▁l ively ▁and ▁original ▁designs , ▁including ▁blue - and - white ▁pieces ▁in ▁the ▁Chinese ▁style ▁and ▁gro tes que ▁orn aments . ▁A ▁factory ▁for ▁white ▁tin - g laz ed ▁soft ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁founded ▁at ▁Ch ant illy ▁around ▁ 1 7 3 0 . ▁Many ▁of ▁its ▁pieces ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁K ak iem on ▁designs , ▁using ▁the ▁K ak iem on ▁colors ▁of ▁iron ▁red , ▁pale |
▁yellow , ▁clear ▁blue ▁and ▁tur qu o ise ▁green . ▁So ft - paste ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁also ▁made ▁at ▁M enne cy - V ill ero y ▁and ▁V inc ennes - S è v res , ▁and ▁hard - paste ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁made ▁at ▁Str as bourg . ▁ ▁V inc ennes - S è v res ▁became ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁por cel ain ▁factory ▁in ▁Europe ▁in ▁the ▁later ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁fin ely ▁mode led ▁and ▁bright ly ▁colored ▁artificial ▁flowers , ▁used ▁to ▁decor ate ▁objects ▁such ▁as ▁clock s ▁and ▁cand el ab ra . ▁The ▁factory ▁at ▁S è v res ▁was ▁national ized ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁after ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution . ▁After ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁it ▁stopped ▁producing ▁soft - paste ▁and ▁standard ized ▁on ▁an ▁unus ually ▁hard ▁type ▁of ▁hard - paste ▁using ▁ch ina ▁cl ay ▁from ▁Saint - Y rie ix , ▁near ▁Lim og es . ▁The ▁factory ▁produced ▁many ▁different ▁painted ▁designs ▁for ▁decor ation . ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁the ▁art ▁director ▁Thé odore ▁De ck ▁( 1 8 2 3 – 9 1 ) ▁introduced ▁manufact ure ▁of ▁sil ice ous ▁soft - paste ▁pieces . ▁The ▁factory ▁could ▁make ▁large ▁objects ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁crack ▁or ▁split , ▁and ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁decor ated ▁in ▁rich ▁colors ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁low ▁firing ▁temperature . |
▁ ▁Britain ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁soft ▁paste ▁por cel ain ▁manufact ured ▁in ▁Britain ▁came ▁from ▁fact ories ▁in ▁London , ▁soon ▁followed ▁by ▁fact ories ▁in ▁Staff ord shire , ▁Derby ▁and ▁Liverpool . ▁The ▁painter ▁and ▁me zz ot int ist ▁Thomas ▁F ry e ▁( 1 7 1 0 – 6 2 ) ▁produced ▁fine ▁b one ▁ch ina ▁at ▁his ▁Bow ▁por cel ain ▁factory ▁in ▁East ▁London . ▁B one ▁ch ina ▁was ▁also ▁made ▁at ▁Low esto ft , ▁at ▁first ▁mainly ▁decor ated ▁in ▁under g la ze ▁blue ▁but ▁later ▁with ▁Chinese - style ▁over - g la ze ▁that ▁also ▁included ▁p ink ▁and ▁red . ▁Jos iah ▁Sp ode ▁( 1 7 3 3 – 9 7 ), ▁who ▁owned ▁a ▁factory ▁in ▁Sto ke - on - Tr ent ▁from ▁ 1 7 7 6 , ▁was ▁a ▁pione er ▁in ▁use ▁of ▁steam - power ed ▁mach in ery ▁for ▁making ▁pot tery . ▁He ▁perfect ed ▁the ▁process ▁for ▁transfer ▁printing ▁from ▁co pper ▁pl ates . ▁His ▁son , ▁Jos iah ▁Sp ode ▁the ▁younger , ▁began ▁making ▁fine ▁b one ▁ch ina ▁around ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁adding ▁f eld s par ▁to ▁the ▁ch ina ▁body . ▁ ▁The ▁Sp ode ▁por cel ain ▁was ▁often ▁emb oss ed ▁and ▁decor ated ▁in ▁Oriental ▁patterns . ▁The ▁" will ow ▁pattern " ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁introduced ▁about ▁ 1 |
7 8 0 ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Turner ▁of ▁the ▁C augh ley ▁Pot tery ▁Works ▁in ▁Sh ro pshire . ▁It ▁takes ▁elements ▁from ▁various ▁Chinese ▁designs , ▁including ▁a ▁will ow ▁tree , ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁do ves , ▁a ▁pav il ion ▁and ▁three ▁figures ▁on ▁a ▁bridge ▁over ▁a ▁lake . ▁ ▁Sp ode ▁and ▁Thomas ▁M inton ▁both ▁manufact ured ▁printed ▁blue - and - white ▁pot tery ▁with ▁this ▁pattern . ▁ ▁The ▁Wor c ester ▁Por cel ain ▁Company ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 1 , ▁mainly ▁producing ▁high - quality ▁blue ▁under g la ze ▁painted ▁ch ina . ▁At ▁first ▁the ▁decor ations ▁were ▁hand ▁painted . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 7 5 5 ▁the ▁factory ▁introduced ▁over g la ze ▁transfer ▁printing , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 7 – 5 8 ▁introduced ▁under g la ze ▁blue ▁transfer ▁printing . ▁ ▁Robert ▁Han cock ▁( 1 7 3 0 – 1 8 1 7 ) ▁executed ▁the ▁co pper ▁pl ates ▁and ▁developed ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁transfer ▁printing . ▁Japanese - in sp ired ▁designs ▁were ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 7 5 0 s . ▁Over g la ze ▁hand - p aint ed ▁pol ych rome ▁decor ation ▁was ▁also ▁produced ▁by ▁" the ▁best ▁pain ters ▁from ▁Ch else a ▁etc .", ▁or ▁by ▁independent ▁decor ating ▁sh ops ▁such ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁James ▁G iles ▁( 1 7 1 8 – 8 0 ). ▁In ▁the |
▁ 1 7 7 0 s ▁designs ▁were ▁often ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁Roc oco ▁style ▁of ▁early ▁S è v res ▁pieces , ▁including ▁ex otic ▁birds ▁or ▁flowers ▁on ▁solid ▁or ▁pattern ed ▁background s . ▁The ▁company ▁introduced ▁a ▁harder ▁paste ▁and ▁harder , ▁br ighter ▁gla ze ▁after ▁ 1 7 9 6 . ▁Between ▁ 1 8 0 4 – 1 3 ▁the ▁partner ▁Martin ▁Bar r , ▁Jr . ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁production ▁of ▁super b ly ▁painted ▁orn amental ▁v ases ▁with ▁land sc apes ▁or ▁designs ▁of ▁natural ▁objects ▁such ▁as ▁shell s ▁or ▁flowers . ▁ ▁Jos iah ▁Wed g wood ▁( 1 7 3 0 – 9 5 ) ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁pot ters . ▁In ▁ 1 7 5 4 ▁he ▁formed ▁a ▁partners hip ▁to ▁make ▁ear then ware ▁pot tery , ▁and ▁became ▁interested ▁in ▁color ing . ▁He ▁invent ed ▁a ▁rich ▁green ▁gla ze ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁leaf ▁and ▁fruit ▁patterns . ▁He ▁established ▁his ▁own ▁pot tery ▁in ▁B urs lem ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 9 , ▁which ▁prosper ed . ▁His ▁j as per ▁w are ▁is ▁normally ▁class ed ▁as ▁a ▁fine ▁stone ware , ▁but ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁hard ▁por cel ain . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 5 ▁his ▁company ▁began ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁fine ▁hard - paste ▁por cel ain ▁in ▁small ▁quantities . ▁Some ▁of ▁this ▁was ▁rich ly ▁painted ▁in ▁fl oral ▁designs ▁and ▁gilt . ▁In |
▁ 1 8 3 6 ▁Mr . ▁John ▁Martin ▁test ified ▁before ▁a ▁select ▁committee ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁on ▁Arts ▁and ▁Man ufact ures . ▁He ▁considered ▁that ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁was ▁in ▁decl ine ▁in ▁his ▁country ▁and ▁no ▁original ▁designs ▁were ▁being ▁produced . ▁French ▁work ▁was ▁much ▁higher ▁in ▁quality , ▁perhaps ▁due ▁to ▁government ▁support . ▁ ▁He ▁did ▁acknow ledge ▁that ▁Wed g wood ▁w are , ▁made ▁from ▁the ▁common est ▁materials , ▁could ▁be ▁beautiful ▁works ▁of ▁art . ▁However , ▁he ▁preferred ▁plain ▁w are ▁to ▁poor ly ▁decor ated ▁w are . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁later ▁Victor ian ▁era ▁in ▁Britain ▁the ▁Arts ▁and ▁C raft s ▁movement ▁popular ized ▁one - of - a - kind , ▁hand - craft ed ▁objects . ▁Com mer cial ▁pot ter ies ▁such ▁as ▁Royal ▁D oul ton ▁and ▁M int ons ▁employed ▁young ▁women ▁with ▁art istic ▁talent ▁to ▁create ▁hand - p aint ed ▁or ▁hand - color ed ▁art ▁pot tery . ▁Until ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁cer am ic ▁industry ▁in ▁Britain ▁were ▁mostly ▁conf ined ▁to ▁decor ating , ▁since ▁they ▁were ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁special ▁apt itude ▁for ▁repet itive ▁detailed ▁work . ▁The ▁tr ades ' ▁un ions ▁did ▁what ▁they ▁could ▁to ▁hand ic ap ▁women ▁even ▁in ▁these ▁occup ations , ▁for ▁example ▁ref using ▁to ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁use ▁hand ▁rest s . ▁O ften |
▁the ▁women ▁were ▁used ▁for ▁sub ordinate ▁tasks ▁such ▁as ▁filling ▁in ▁out lines ▁or ▁adding ▁decor ative ▁spr igs . ▁ ▁Other ▁European ▁countries ▁Por cel ain ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁Italy ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁in ▁Ven ice , ▁in ▁Florence ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Cap od im onte ▁por cel ain ▁factory ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 3 ▁in ▁Nap les ▁by ▁King ▁Charles ▁IV ▁of ▁Nap les ▁and ▁Sic ily . ▁The ▁latter ▁factory ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Madrid ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 9 ▁when ▁Charles ▁became ▁king ▁of ▁Spain . ▁Mode led ▁figures ▁were ▁often ▁not ▁decor ated , ▁or ▁were ▁painted ▁in ▁sub du ed ▁past el ▁colors . ▁Por cel ain ▁was ▁manufact ured ▁in ▁Den mark , ▁Sweden , ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁Russia . ▁The ▁Imperial ▁Por cel ain ▁Factory ▁at ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁made ▁soft - ▁and ▁hard - paste ▁por cel ain , ▁and ▁fl our ished ▁under ▁Catherine ▁the ▁Great . ▁It ▁featured ▁ne oc lass ical ▁designs ▁with ▁dark ▁ground ▁colors ▁and ▁ant ique - style ▁came o ▁painting , ▁including ▁reprodu ctions ▁of ▁eng rav ings ▁of ▁Russian ▁pe as ants . ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁the ▁factory ▁was ▁re organ ized ▁by ▁Alexander ▁I , ▁who ▁introduced ▁new ▁products ▁such ▁as ▁large ▁v ases ▁with ▁elaborate ▁en am el ▁paint ings ▁that ▁were ▁often ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁oil ▁paint ings . ▁ ▁Victor ian ▁era ▁am ateurs ▁ ▁China ▁painting ▁became ▁a ▁fashion able ▁h ob |
by ▁for ▁wealth y ▁young ▁women ▁in ▁England ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s . ▁This ▁followed ▁the ▁establishment ▁by ▁M int ons ▁of ▁a ▁pot tery ▁painting ▁studio ▁in ▁K ens ington ▁that ▁provided ▁employ ment ▁for ▁female ▁gradu ates ▁of ▁the ▁nearby ▁National ▁Art ▁Training ▁School . ▁How ell ▁& ▁James ▁opened ▁a ▁gallery ▁in ▁Reg ent ▁Street ▁where ▁they ▁put ▁on ▁annual ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁exhib itions ▁jud ged ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts . ▁China ▁painting ▁also ▁became ▁popular ▁in ▁America . ▁It ▁was ▁acceptable ▁since ▁it ▁res emble d ▁other ▁" par lor ▁craft s " ▁such ▁as ▁water color ▁and ▁glass ▁painting . ▁At ▁first , ▁men ▁domin ated ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁as ▁an ▁art form . ▁Thus ▁Edward ▁Ly c ett , ▁who ▁had ▁learned ▁his ▁art ▁in ▁the ▁Sto ke - on - Tr ent ▁pot ter ies ▁of ▁England , ▁moved ▁to ▁America ▁where , ▁" the ▁only ▁place ▁where ▁painting ▁of ▁the ▁fin er ▁kind ▁was ▁being ▁done ▁as ▁a ▁regular ▁business ▁was ▁at ▁M t . ▁Ly c ett ' s ▁war ero om ; ▁and ▁here ▁many ▁ladies ▁res orted ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁methods ▁employed ▁and ▁the ▁materials ▁required ." ▁H . C . ▁Stand age ▁wrote ▁in ▁Let ts ' s ▁House hold ▁Magazine ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁▁ ▁For ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁cra ze , ▁between ▁about ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁and ▁ |
1 9 2 0 , ▁many ▁books ▁on ▁pot tery ▁making , ▁foc using ▁on ▁painting , ▁were ▁published ▁for ▁the ▁amateur ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁America , ▁for ▁example , ▁A ▁Hand book ▁to ▁the ▁Pract ice ▁of ▁Pot tery ▁P ain ting ▁by ▁John ▁Charles ▁Lewis ▁Spark es , ▁Head master ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Art ▁Training ▁School ▁and ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Lamb eth ▁School ▁of ▁Art . ▁Spark es ▁mentioned ▁the ▁tin - en am el ▁of ▁the ▁Mo ors ▁and ▁of ▁G ub bio ▁and ▁l ust re ▁w are ▁( not ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁the ▁amateur ) ▁and ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁William ▁de ▁Morgan . ▁His ▁book , ▁published ▁by ▁a ▁supp lier ▁of ▁artists ' ▁materials , ▁carried ▁many ▁ad ver ts ▁for ▁colours ▁and ▁pot tery ▁bl anks , ▁br ush es ▁and ▁teachers ▁of ▁pot tery ▁painting . ▁ ▁Whe eler ' s ▁Society ▁of ▁Dec or ative ▁Art ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁taught ▁pup ils ▁to ▁paint ▁simple ▁fl oral ▁mot ifs ▁on ▁cer am ic ▁table ware . ▁ ▁The ▁more ▁tal ented ▁and ▁experienced ▁ch ina ▁pain ters ▁could ▁move ▁on ▁to ▁painting ▁portrait ▁pla ques . ▁Some ▁women ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁develop ▁professional ▁care ers ▁as ▁independent ▁ch ina ▁pain ters . ▁Ros ina ▁Em met ▁( 1 8 5 4 – 1 9 4 8 ), ▁sister ▁of ▁L yd ia ▁Field ▁Em met , ▁became ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁cer am ic ▁portrait ▁pla ques , ▁with ▁characteristic ▁A est h etic |
- style ▁treatment . ▁The ▁port ra its ▁were ▁either ▁made ▁from ▁the ▁live ▁s itter ▁or ▁from ▁a ▁photograph . ▁One ▁portrait ▁of ▁a ▁young ▁girl ▁that ▁has ▁surv ived ▁was ▁painted ▁on ▁a ▁white ▁gla zed ▁ear then ware ▁blank ▁from ▁Jos iah ▁Wed g wood ▁& ▁S ons . ▁It ▁is ▁fin ely ▁detailed , ▁from ▁the ▁background ▁of ▁pattern ed ▁wall paper ▁to ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁la ce work ▁and ▁individual ▁str ands ▁of ▁hair , ▁giving ▁a ▁real istic ▁effect ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁tradition . ▁ ▁Por cel ain ▁fact ories ▁in ▁France , ▁Germany , ▁England ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁produced ▁pl ates , ▁bow ls , ▁cu ps ▁and ▁other ▁objects ▁for ▁decor ation ▁by ▁ch ina ▁pain ters . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁Mc L augh lin ▁recommended ▁the ▁hard ▁French ▁por cel ain ▁bl anks . ▁The ▁" bl anks " ▁were ▁plain ▁white , ▁with ▁a ▁clear ▁gla ze , ▁and ▁could ▁be ▁fired ▁several ▁times . ▁Their ▁price ▁varied ▁depending ▁on ▁size ▁and ▁complexity ▁of ▁the ▁object ' s ▁m old ing , ▁r anging ▁from ▁a ▁few ▁c ents ▁to ▁several ▁dollars . ▁The ▁ch ina ▁painter ▁could ▁buy ▁commer cially ▁produced ▁pow der ed ▁colors ▁of ▁min eral ▁ox ides ▁mixed ▁with ▁a ▁low - temper ature ▁flux . ▁Some ▁manufact ur ers ▁sold ▁pain ts ▁pre - m ixed ▁with ▁oil . ▁ ▁In ▁her ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁A ▁Pract ical ▁Man ual ▁for ▁the |
▁use ▁of ▁Am ateurs ▁in ▁the ▁Dec oration ▁of ▁Hard ▁Por cel ain , ▁the ▁American ▁Mary ▁Louise ▁Mc L augh lin ▁dismiss ed ▁the ▁pre con ception ▁that ▁several ▁fir ings ▁were ▁needed ▁when ▁the ▁work ▁included ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁colors . ▁She ▁admitted ▁that ▁this ▁could ▁be ▁des irable ▁in ▁por cel ain ▁fact ories , ▁but ▁it ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁practical ▁for ▁am ateurs . ▁Mc L augh lin ▁always ▁prepared ▁her ▁work ▁for ▁a ▁single ▁firing , ▁using ▁a ▁technique ▁similar ▁to ▁water colors ▁to ▁finish ▁the ▁painting . ▁At ▁that ▁time ▁an ▁amateur ▁could ▁obtain ▁a ▁small ▁m uffle ▁furn ace ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁small ▁pieces . ▁However , ▁she ▁recommended ▁having ▁the ▁firing ▁done ▁by ▁a ▁professional , ▁which ▁would ▁probably ▁be ▁sa fer , ▁faster ▁and ▁che aper . ▁O ften ▁the ▁amateur ▁artist ▁could ▁take ▁their ▁work ▁for ▁firing ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁shop ▁where ▁they ▁bought ▁their ▁colors ▁and ▁bl anks . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁the ▁cer am ic ▁artist ▁Lu etta ▁El mina ▁Bra um ull er ▁of ▁M ons on , ▁Massachusetts ▁launched ▁The ▁China ▁Dec or ator , ▁A ▁Month ly ▁Journal ▁Dev oted ▁Ex clus ively ▁to ▁this ▁Art . ▁The ▁magazine ▁found ▁a ▁ready ▁market , ▁with ▁many ▁subscri bers ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁Europe ▁and ▁other ▁countries . ▁It ▁became ▁recognized ▁as ▁the ▁authority ▁on ▁all ▁aspects ▁of ▁ch ina ▁painting , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁published ▁until ▁ 1 9 0 1 |
. ▁An ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁editor ial ▁in ▁The ▁China ▁Dec or ator ▁l ament ed ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁un qual ified ▁teachers ▁who ▁had ▁failed ▁to ▁spend ▁the ▁six ▁months ▁or ▁a ▁year ▁needed ▁for ▁a ▁thorough ▁artist ▁to ▁ac quire ▁reasonable ▁knowledge ▁of ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁techniques . ▁ ▁The ▁writer ▁estimated ▁that ▁among ▁the ▁tens ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁professional ▁and ▁amateur ▁ch ina ▁pain ters ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁there ▁were ▁at ▁most ▁ 5 0 0 ▁compet ent ▁decor ators . ▁ ▁China ▁decor ation ▁by ▁am ateurs ▁was ▁popular ▁in ▁America ▁between ▁about ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁practice ▁decl ined , ▁the ▁artists ▁were ▁encourag ed ▁to ▁make ▁their ▁own ▁designs ▁and ▁to ▁learn ▁to ▁throw ▁p ots . ▁Those ▁who ▁succeeded ▁were ▁among ▁America ' s ▁first ▁studio ▁pot ters . ▁ ▁E vol ving ▁styles ▁and ▁att itudes ▁ ▁Over g la ze ▁decor ations ▁of ▁ear then ware , ▁F ai ence ▁or ▁por cel ain ▁were ▁tradition ally ▁made ▁with ▁carefully ▁out lined ▁designs ▁that ▁were ▁then ▁colored ▁in . ▁Later ▁designs ▁represented ▁flowers , ▁land sc apes ▁or ▁port ra its ▁with ▁little ▁over p ain ting ▁or ▁bl ending ▁of ▁the ▁colors . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁techniques ▁became ▁more ▁like ▁oil ▁painting , ▁with ▁bl ended ▁colors ▁and ▁designs ▁in ▁which ▁attention ▁to ▁light ▁gives ▁three - dimensional ▁effects . ▁More ▁recently ▁a |
▁style ▁more ▁like ▁water color ▁painting ▁has ▁become ▁more ▁common . ▁ ▁For ▁many ▁years ▁ch ina ▁painting ▁was ▁categor ized ▁as ▁a ▁craft , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁femin ist ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Jud y ▁Chicago ▁restored ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁fine ▁art . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Chicago ▁wrote , ▁ ▁Chicago ▁spent ▁a ▁year ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁studying ▁ch ina ▁painting . ▁She ▁became ▁intr igu ed ▁by ▁the ▁effort ▁that ▁amateur ▁women ▁had ▁put ▁into ▁the ▁under valu ed ▁art ▁form . ▁She ▁wrote , ▁" The ▁ch ina - p ain ting ▁world , ▁and ▁the ▁household ▁objects ▁the ▁women ▁painted , ▁seemed ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁perfect ▁met ap hor ▁for ▁women ' s ▁domestic ▁and ▁trivial ized ▁circumstances . ▁It ▁was ▁an ▁exc ru ci ating ▁experience ▁to ▁watch ▁enorm ously ▁gift ed ▁women ▁squ ander ▁their ▁cre ative ▁tal ents ▁on ▁te ac ups ." ▁Chicago ▁was ▁critic ized ▁by ▁other ▁femin ists ▁for ▁her ▁cond esc ending ▁views ▁on ▁" w omen ' s ▁craft s ." ▁ ▁One ▁wrote ▁that ▁" Ch icago ▁the ▁femin ist ▁wants ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁ch ina ▁pain ters ▁their ▁historic ▁due . ▁Chicago ▁the ▁artist ▁is ▁off ended ▁by ▁the ▁a est h etic ▁of ▁what ▁they ▁have ▁done ." ▁ ▁Not ed ▁ch ina ▁pain ters ▁ ▁Thomas ▁B ax ter ▁( 1 7 8 2 – 1 8 2 1 ), ▁English ▁por cel ain ▁painter , ▁water |
color ▁painter ▁and ▁illustr ator ▁William ▁Bill ings ley ▁( 1 7 5 8 – 1 8 2 8 ), ▁English ▁cer am ic ▁artist , ▁g ilder ▁and ▁pot ter . ▁His ▁technique ▁of ▁painting ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁' B ill ings ley ▁Rose '. ▁Franz ▁B isch off ▁( 1 8 6 4 – 1 9 2 9 ), ▁American ▁artist ▁known ▁primarily ▁for ▁his ▁beautiful ▁China ▁painting , ▁fl oral ▁paint ings ▁and ▁California ▁land sc apes . ▁Jud y ▁Chicago ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 9 ), ▁American ▁femin ist ▁artist ▁and ▁writer ▁ ▁Philipp ▁Christ feld ▁( – 1 8 7 4 ), ▁German ▁por cel ain ▁painter . ▁Susan ▁Stuart ▁Fra ck el ton ▁( 1 8 4 8 – 1 9 3 2 ), ▁American ▁painter , ▁special izing ▁in ▁painting ▁cer am ics . ▁Louis ▁Ger ver ot ▁( 1 7 4 7 – 1 8 2 9 ), ▁French ▁por cel ain ▁painter ▁and ▁business man ▁Ly nd a ▁Gh azz ali ▁( born ▁in ▁Sar aw ak , ▁Malays ia ), ▁entrepr ene ur ▁and ▁por cel ain ▁painter ▁James ▁G iles ▁( 1 7 1 8 – 1 7 8 0 ), ▁a ▁decor ator ▁of ▁Wor c ester , ▁Derby , ▁Bow ▁and ▁Ch else a ▁por cel ain ▁and ▁also ▁glass ▁Git ta ▁G yen es ▁( 1 8 8 8 – 1 9 6 0 ), ▁Hung arian ▁painter ▁known ▁for ▁early ▁innov ations ▁in ▁Hung arian |
▁por cel ain ▁painting ▁Alice ▁Mary ▁H agen ▁( 1 8 7 2 – 1 9 7 2 ), ▁Canadian ▁cer am ic ▁artist ▁from ▁Hal if ax , ▁Nova ▁Scot ia ▁John ▁Has lem ▁( 1 8 0 8 – 8 4 ), ▁English ▁ch ina ▁and ▁en am el ▁painter , ▁and ▁writer ▁Samuel ▁Ke ys ▁( 1 7 5 0 – 1 8 8 1 ), ▁English ▁ch ina ▁painter ▁at ▁Royal ▁Crown ▁Derby ▁and ▁M inton ▁Mary ▁Louise ▁Mc L augh lin ▁( 1 8 4 7 – 1 9 3 9 ), ▁American ▁cer am ic ▁painter ▁and ▁studio ▁pot ter ▁Jean - Louis ▁Mor in ▁( 1 7 3 2 – 8 7 ), ▁French ▁por cel ain ▁painter ▁who ▁worked ▁at ▁S è v res ▁Clara ▁Ch ip man ▁Newton ▁( 1 8 4 8 – 1 9 3 6 ), ▁American ▁artist ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁ch ina ▁painter ▁Henri etta ▁Bar cl ay ▁Pa ist ▁( 1 8 7 0 – 1 9 3 0 ), ▁American ▁artist , ▁designer , ▁teacher , ▁and ▁author ▁Thomas ▁P ardo e ▁( 1 7 7 0 – 1 8 2 3 ), ▁British ▁en am eler ▁noted ▁for ▁flower ▁painting ▁Josef ▁Karl ▁R äd ler ▁( 1 8 4 4 – 1 9 1 7 ), ▁a ▁por cel ain ▁painter ▁from ▁Austria ▁Ad ela ï de ▁Als op ▁Rob ine au ▁( 1 8 6 5 – 1 9 2 9 ), ▁American ▁painter , |
▁pot ter ▁and ▁cer am ist ▁John ▁St inton ▁( 1 8 5 4 – 1 9 5 6 ), ▁British ▁' Ro yal ▁Wor c ester ' ▁painter ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁' High land ▁C attle ' ▁scenes ▁Maria ▁Long worth ▁Nich ols ▁St orer ▁( 1 8 4 9 – 1 9 3 2 ), ▁founder ▁of ▁Ro ok wood ▁Pot tery ▁of ▁C inc inn ati , ▁Ohio ▁Kar ol ▁Str icker ▁( 1 9 5 9 ), ▁American ▁painter ▁of ▁fine ▁por cel ain ▁Louis ▁Jean ▁Thé ven et ▁( 1 7 0 5 – ▁), ▁French ▁por cel ain ▁painter ▁active ▁from ▁ 1 7 4 1 ▁to ▁ 1 7 7 7 ▁Johann ▁Ele azar ▁Ze iss ig ▁( 1 7 3 7 – 1 8 0 6 ), ▁German ▁genre , ▁portrait ▁and ▁por cel ain ▁painter , ▁and ▁eng ra ver ▁Deb bi ▁Good , ▁ ▁British / Austral ian ▁painter , ▁portrait ure , ▁animals , ▁por cel ain ▁artist ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Cer am ic ▁art ▁Chinese ▁por cel ain ▁in ▁European ▁painting ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : P ain ting ▁techniques ▁Category : Visual ▁arts ▁media ▁Category : P or cel ain <0x0A> </s> ▁Ober st ▁Graf ▁Karl ▁von ▁M öll er ▁A OL ▁O ▁( Oct ober ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁Vienna ▁- ▁February ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁Jim bol ia ) ▁was ▁an ▁officer |
, ▁journalist , ▁author ▁and ▁politician ▁from ▁Ban at . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁enthus i astic ▁supp orter ▁of ▁Hitler ' s ▁National ▁Social ism , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁he ▁published ▁the ▁ant is emit ic ▁newspaper ▁" Der ▁St ür mer " ▁in ▁Tim i ș o ara , ▁an ▁im itation ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Naz i ▁publication . ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Margaret ▁Jung , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁two ▁children . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁early ▁work ▁ ▁The ▁von ▁M öll er ▁family ' s ▁orig ins ▁point ▁to ▁the ▁Lü ne burg ▁He ath . ▁Karl ▁von ▁M öll er ' s ▁grand father ▁volunte ered ▁in ▁the ▁Wars ▁of ▁Liber ation ▁and ▁was ▁dis ar med ▁in ▁Sib iu ▁( Trans ylvan ia ). ▁von ▁M öll er ' s ▁grand father ▁is ▁also ▁alleg edly ▁an ▁early ▁developer ▁of ▁the ▁Camera ▁but ▁didn ' t ▁submit ▁the ▁pat ent ▁in ▁time . ▁His ▁father ▁came ▁to ▁Vienna ▁from ▁Sib iu . ▁Karl ▁von ▁M öll er ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁where ▁he ▁attended ▁the ▁cad et ▁school ▁and ▁the ▁war ▁school ▁after ▁high ▁school . ▁During ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War , ▁he ▁moved ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁and ▁chief ▁of ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 4 th ▁Infantry ▁Division , ▁Ban ater ▁Division , ▁first ▁to ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁the ▁Gal ician ▁front . ▁Von ▁M öll er ▁led ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁as ▁a ▁lieutenant ▁colon el |
▁and ▁later ▁as ▁colon el ▁Hung arian ▁Infantry ▁Regiment ▁No . ▁ 6 5 ▁on ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Front . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Leopold . ▁ ▁Polit ician ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁H abs burg ▁mon archy ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁army ▁as ▁a ▁colon el ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁Tim i ș o ara , ▁where ▁he ▁campaign ed ▁for ▁political ▁and ▁cultural ▁equality ▁for ▁Roman ian ▁Germ ans ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁national ▁politics . ▁von ▁M öll er ▁was ▁May ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁co - f ounded ▁the ▁German - Sw ab ian ▁Cultural ▁Association , ▁whose ▁chairman ▁Johann ▁J unker ▁was . ▁The ▁executive ▁chairman ▁was ▁Michael ▁K aus ch . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁M öll er ▁was ▁elected ▁the ▁second ▁mayor ▁of ▁Tim i ș o ara . ▁From ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁sen ator ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁upper ▁house ▁in ▁Buch ar est , ▁representing ▁Ban at ▁Sw ab ia . ▁Karl ▁von ▁M öll er ▁joined ▁the ▁" Vol ks gemein schaft " ▁together ▁with ▁Josef ▁Gabriel ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁he ▁made ▁tri ps ▁to ▁Germany , ▁gave ▁lect ures ▁in ▁Sax ony , ▁West phal ia , ▁Baden , ▁Wür ttemberg , ▁Th uring ia , ▁Berlin ▁and ▁Mun ich . ▁In ▁ 1 9 |
2 3 ▁he ▁had ▁contacts ▁with ▁National ▁Social ist ▁circles ; ▁he ▁is ▁considered ▁an ▁early ▁supp orter ▁of ▁Adolf ▁Hitler . ▁After ▁his ▁return , ▁he ▁became ▁chief ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁" B an at ▁German ▁newspaper ". ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁" G erman ▁People ' s ▁Council ". ▁ ▁von ▁M öll er ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁pione ers ▁of ▁fasc ism ▁in ▁the ▁Ban at . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁he ▁founded ▁the ▁first ▁Ban at ▁local ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁" National ▁Social ist ▁Self - Help ▁Mov ement ▁of ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁in ▁Roman ia " ▁( NS DR ) ▁in ▁Jim bol ia ▁( G erman : ▁H atz feld ), ▁which ▁was ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁ideas ▁of ▁the ▁innov ators . ▁Short ly ▁afterwards , ▁M öll er ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁G au le iter ▁of ▁the ▁Ban at ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁and ▁founded ▁the ▁National ▁Social ist ▁newspaper ▁“ Der ▁St ür mer ” ▁in ▁Tim i ș o ara ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁de posed ▁again ▁as ▁G au le iter . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁" c ult ural ▁office ▁manager " ▁in ▁Sib iu ▁the ▁" job ▁for ▁ide ological ▁education ▁and ▁cultural ▁policy ". ▁After ▁his ▁application ▁for ▁ad mission ▁to ▁the ▁We hr macht ▁had ▁been ▁rejected ▁because ▁he ▁had ▁exceed ed ▁the |
▁entry ▁age ▁limit , ▁he ▁wrote ▁to ▁Karl ▁Schw orm ▁on ▁September ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 : ▁" What ▁would ▁I ▁be ▁happy ▁if ▁fate ▁put ▁me ▁at ▁the ▁front , ▁regardless ▁of ▁whether ▁in ▁west ▁or ▁east ! ▁I ▁can ' t ▁think ▁of ▁a ▁better ▁way ▁to ▁end ▁my ▁fighting ▁life ▁than ▁to ▁end ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁leader ▁and ▁the ▁emp ire . ▁” ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁the “ ▁cultural ▁council ▁” of ▁the ▁German ▁eth nic ▁group ▁in ▁Roman ia . ▁ ▁Author ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁his ▁bi ography ▁on ▁the ▁" K ultur portal ▁West - O st ", ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁political ▁" von ▁M öll er " ▁developed ▁a ▁l ively ▁writing ▁activity , ▁which ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁great ▁nov els ▁of ▁Adam ▁Müller - G ut ten br unn ▁( 1 8 5 2 - 1 9 2 3 ) ▁and ▁the ▁intellectual ▁and ▁political ▁development ▁of ▁S out he astern ▁Germany , ▁but ▁especially ▁the ▁Ban at ▁Sw ab ia , ▁from ▁the ▁settlement ▁until ▁their ▁eth nic ▁aw ak ening ▁at ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁As ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁' B an ater ▁Deutsche ▁Zeitung ', ▁he ▁served ▁the ▁' B an ater ▁Schw ä b ische ▁Volks gemein schaft ' .” ▁ ▁von ▁M öll er ' s ▁nov els ▁try ▁to ▁give ▁a ▁concrete ▁picture ▁of ▁the ▁respective ▁events |
▁from ▁the ▁perspective ▁of ▁their ▁time . ▁He ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁authors ▁of ▁historical ▁nov els ▁of ▁his ▁time , ▁but ▁with ▁a ▁national ist ▁and ▁anti - S emit ic ▁touch . ▁▁ ▁von ▁M öll er ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁with ▁the ▁publication ▁ul tr an ational ist ▁writ ings . ▁As ▁" adv oc ate ▁of ▁folk ▁anti - S emit ism " ▁he ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁Gazette ▁" The ▁St ri ker ". ▁In ▁his ▁two - volume ▁work ▁" How ▁the ▁Sw ab ian ▁communities ▁came ▁into ▁being " ▁( T imi ș o ara ▁ 1 9 2 3 – 2 4 ), ▁M öll er ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁" open ly ▁expressed ▁his ▁ch au vin istic ▁ideas ▁and ▁ideas ▁by ▁incorpor ating ▁the ▁' G erman ic ▁ra cial ▁element ' ▁( Vol . ▁ 2 , ▁p . ▁ 2 2 ) ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁super man ▁into ▁The ▁for eground ▁of ▁his ▁historical ▁statements ▁moved . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁novel ▁“ Die ▁W ersch et zer ▁Tat ” ▁( 1 9 3 6 ) ▁he ▁gl or ified ▁the ▁defence ▁of ▁W ersch etz ▁on ▁the ▁western most ▁slope ▁of ▁the ▁Ban at ▁Mountains ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁great ▁invasion ▁of ▁the ▁Ban at ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 8 ▁by ▁the ▁Tur ks . ▁Based ▁on ▁historical ▁events , ▁the ▁author ▁illustr ates ▁the ▁rural ▁life ▁of ▁German ▁sett |
lers ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁generation ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁a ▁colour ful ▁mix ▁of ▁people ▁and ▁people . ▁He ▁takes ▁on ▁Naz i ▁ide ologies ▁back ▁such . ▁B . ▁The ▁gl or ification ▁of ▁struggle , ▁pe asant ry ▁and ▁leader ▁person ality , ▁the ▁superior ity ▁of ▁the ▁" ▁A ry an ▁race ", ▁inferior ity , ▁moral ▁and ▁physical ▁de grad ation ▁of ▁the ▁" fore ign ▁people ": ▁The ▁Germ ans ▁" must ▁be ▁protected ▁from ▁the ▁teeth ▁of ▁the ▁strange ▁army ▁w olf , ▁who ▁runs ▁up ▁and ▁down ▁the ▁Dan ube ▁with ▁h anging ▁blood ▁tong ues ." ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁novel ▁" B orders ▁W ander : ▁A ▁Ban at ▁Roman " ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁von ▁M öll er ▁describes ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁custom s ▁of ▁the ▁Ban at ▁Sw ab ians ▁from ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁century ▁about ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁resulting ▁tri part ite ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Ban at ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁using ▁the ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁pre domin antly ▁German - in hab ited ▁place ▁Jim bol ia . ▁The ▁place ▁fell ▁to ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁after ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and ▁to ▁Roman ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁Ja š a ▁Tom ić . ▁As ▁in ▁" The ▁W ersch et zer ▁act " ▁must ▁also ▁in ▁this ▁novel ▁the ▁" A ry an " ▁hero ▁" ag ain st ▁their ▁ra cial ▁oppon ent " |
▁claim . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁novel ▁" Die ▁Sal p eter er : ▁A ▁Fre edom ▁Str ug gle ▁by ▁German ▁Pe as ants " ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁M öll er ▁describes ▁the ▁struggle ▁for ▁freedom ▁of ▁the ▁Hot zen wald ▁Sal p eter er ▁in ▁the ▁Black ▁Forest ▁against ▁the ▁Prince - B ishop ▁of ▁St . ▁Bl as ien ▁and ▁their ▁event ual ▁ban ishment ▁to ▁the ▁Ban at . ▁He ▁describes ▁their ▁homes ick ness ▁and ▁def iance ▁against ▁the ▁in just ice ▁suffered ▁from ▁their ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁and ▁only ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁become ▁" real ▁Ban at ▁far mers " ▁after ▁gener ations . ▁▁ ▁von ▁M öll er ▁was ▁very ▁active ▁as ▁a ▁writer ▁in ▁his ▁last ▁years . ▁A bove ▁all , ▁he ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁E her - Verlag ▁of ▁the ▁NS D AP . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁the ▁author ' s ▁ 6 5 th ▁birth day , ▁Reich ▁Minister ▁Joseph ▁Go ebb els ▁expressed ▁his ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁nation . ▁ ▁Military ▁career ▁ ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁cad et ▁school ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Military ▁Academy ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁a ▁senior ▁state ▁officer , ▁and ▁served ▁in ▁several ▁g arr isons . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁he ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Tim i ș o ara ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 4 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁campaign |
s ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Gal icia . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁headquarters ▁in ▁Vienna . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁from ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁to ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 5 th ▁Infantry ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Hung ary . ▁Under ▁his ▁command , ▁the ▁ 6 5 th ▁Infantry ▁Regiment ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁fought ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁front , ▁and ▁M öll er ▁was ▁subsequently ▁promoted ▁to ▁Colonel . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁the ▁regiment ▁suppress ed ▁the ▁u pr ising ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ans ▁in ▁Upper ▁Hung ary ▁( now ▁Slov ak ia ) ▁after ▁which ▁it ▁was ▁put ▁in ▁reserve ▁by ▁the ▁K á ro ly i ▁government . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁ ▁Post ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁M öll er ▁decided ▁to ▁stay ▁back ▁in ▁Tim i ș o ara , ▁where ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁German ▁Popular ▁Mov ement ▁of ▁Ban at ▁( B ew egung ▁des ▁Ban ater ▁Deutsch t ums ), ▁bol ster ing ▁its ▁struggle ▁for ▁self - aff irm ation . ▁He ▁for ay ed ▁into ▁the ▁cultural ▁field ▁as ▁a ▁journalist , ▁and ▁later ▁became ▁active ▁in ▁politics . ▁He ▁held ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁at ▁Schw ä b ische ▁Volks pres se ▁( est ab lished ▁ 1 9 2 1 ; ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁the ▁Ban at ▁Deutsche ▁Zeitung ) ▁for ▁several ▁years , ▁strength ening ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁the ▁Sw ab ian |
- G erman ▁community . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁Karl ▁von ▁M öll er ▁act ively ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁migration ▁of ▁the ▁Sw ab ians ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁Ban at ▁German ▁Mov ement . ▁ ▁In ▁aut umn ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁he ▁was ▁briefly ▁Deput y ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Tim i ș o ara , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁four ▁times ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Parliament , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁served ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁as ▁a ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁Sw ab ians ▁in ▁Ban at . ▁In ▁the ▁parliament ary ▁debate ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁Constitution ▁of ▁Roman ia ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁he ▁said ▁he ▁was ▁speaking ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁the ▁" B an at ▁Sw ab ian ▁People ", ▁declaring ▁the ▁Germ ans ' ▁loyal ty ▁to ▁their ▁new ▁hom eland , ▁but ▁demanded ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁constitution ▁should ▁not ▁je op ard ize ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁minor ities ▁from ▁a ▁national ▁point ▁of ▁view ; ▁he ▁said ▁the ▁new ▁constitution ▁did ▁not ▁include ▁the ▁promises ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁minor ities ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ians ▁in ▁Al ba ▁I ul ia . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁the ▁" mod er ate " ▁Sw ab ians , ▁led ▁by ▁ ▁formed ▁the ▁Sw ab ian ▁Party ▁of ▁Aut onomy |
, ▁joined ▁by ▁Karl ▁von ▁M öll er , ▁Dr ▁Joseph ▁Gabriel , ▁and ▁Peter ▁Schiff ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Sw ab ian - G erman ▁party . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁M öll er ▁with d rew ▁from ▁public ▁life ▁and ▁settled ▁in ▁Jim bol ia , ▁where ▁he ▁married ▁Margaret ▁Jung , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁wealth y ▁far mer ▁from ▁the ▁Ban at . ▁T ogether ▁they ▁had ▁two ▁children , ▁Karl hein z ▁and ▁Er ich ▁ ▁In vol vement ▁in ▁Naz ism ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁public ▁life , ▁becoming ▁the ▁chief ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁German - language ▁Jim bol ia ▁newspaper , ▁" H atz fel der ▁Zeitung ", ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁eth nic ▁community . ▁M öll er , ▁who ▁ad her ed ▁to ▁Naz i ▁ide ology , ▁tried ▁to ▁use ▁these ▁positions ▁to ▁popular ise ▁Naz ism ▁and ▁prepare ▁the ▁Ban at ▁population ▁for ▁its ▁ad option . ▁This ▁attempt ▁was ▁th wart ed , ▁and ▁he ▁lost ▁both ▁positions ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁ ▁After ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁and ▁especially ▁after ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁the ▁Naz i ▁movement ▁had ▁achieved ▁a ▁strong ▁position ▁in ▁Roman ia , ▁capt uring ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁in ▁Roman ia . ▁The ▁initi ator ▁of ▁the ▁Naz i ▁movement ▁among ▁the ▁German ▁minor ity ▁was ▁the ▁reserve ▁captain ▁Fritz |
▁Fab rit ius . ▁From ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁Fab rit ius ▁tried ▁to ▁expand ▁the ▁movement ▁in ▁Ban at , ▁finding ▁aud ien ces ▁in ▁some ▁circles ▁of ▁diss atisf ied ▁and ▁young ▁Sw ab ians ▁who ▁returned ▁from ▁studies ▁in ▁Germany . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁Karl ▁von ▁M öll er ▁constit uted ▁a ▁movement ▁group ▁at ▁Jim bol ia ▁and ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁the ▁" G au le iter " ▁for ▁the ▁Ban at . ▁ ▁After ▁Karl ▁von ▁M öll er ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁G au le iter ▁of ▁the ▁Ban at , ▁from ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁he ▁published ▁the ▁ant is emit ic ▁newspaper ▁" Der ▁St ür mer " ▁in ▁Tim i ș o ara . ▁It ▁was ▁an ▁im itation ▁of ▁the ▁publication ▁Der ▁St ür mer ▁published ▁in ▁Germany ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁Naz i ▁Julius ▁St reich er ▁who , ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁the ▁N ure m berg ▁tri als , ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁cr imes ▁against ▁human ity ▁and ▁executed ▁by ▁h anging ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁ ▁M öll er ▁also ▁led ▁the ▁Cultural ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁( K ultur amt ▁der ▁Deutschen ▁in ▁Rum än ien ), ▁established ▁by ▁Rudolf ▁Brand sch ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁cultural ▁assets ▁of ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁in ▁Roman ia . ▁ ▁In ▁ |
1 9 3 4 ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁lead ▁of ▁the ▁Provin cial ▁Cultural ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Ren ew al ▁Mov ement ▁( Land esk ultur amt ▁der ▁Er ne uer ungs bew egung ) ▁in ▁Sib iu , ▁where ▁he ▁stayed ▁for ▁five ▁years , ▁and ▁lived ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁Books ▁Wie ▁die ▁schw ä b ischen ▁Gemeinden ▁entstand en ▁sind , ▁Tim i ș o ara , ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁Karl ▁von ▁M öll er , ▁Die ▁W ersch et zer ▁Tat , ▁Der ▁Gro ße ▁Bro ck haus , ▁Leipzig , ▁ 1 9 3 5 . Die ▁W ersch ert zer ▁/ ▁Ein ▁Roman ▁von ▁Bau ern ▁und ▁Re it ern , ▁Verlag ▁Franz ▁E her , ▁Nach f . ▁Berlin , ▁ 1 9 3 8 Re iter ▁im ▁Gren z land , ▁Erz ähl ung , ▁ 1 9 3 9 Der ▁Auf klär er ▁– ▁Nov elle , ▁Wien / Le ip zig , ▁Wiener ▁Verlag , ▁ 1 9 3 9 G ren zen ▁wand ern . ▁Ein ▁Ban ater ▁Roman , ▁Leipzig , ▁Am al the a - Verlag , ▁ 1 9 4 0 . Im ▁Sch atten ▁der ▁Ex z ell enz , ▁Nov ellen , ▁ 1 9 4 0 De utsch es ▁Sch icks al ▁im ▁Ban at , ▁ 1 9 4 0 D as ▁ste iner ne ▁Sch ach bre tt ▁( R oman |
), ▁Braun sch weig , ▁Berlin , ▁Hamburg . ▁Georg ▁West ermann , ▁ 1 9 4 1 Front brie fe ▁deutscher ▁Arbeit sk amer aden ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁– ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁Die ▁L oth ring er in ▁NS D AP ▁Verlag ▁E A ▁ 1 9 4 2 Die ▁Sal p eter er , ▁ein ▁Frei heit sk ampf ▁deutscher ▁Bau ern , ▁ 1 9 4 2 Der ▁Sav o yer ▁( E in ▁Prin z ▁Eugen ▁Roman ), ▁München ▁Verlag ▁Franz ▁E ber ▁Nach f . ▁G mb h , ▁ 1 9 4 3 . Sp ä ts om mer ; ▁Eine ▁Geschichte ▁aus ▁Wien , ▁Franz ▁E ber , ▁ 1 9 4 3 D as ▁Kor sett ▁der ▁Mar qu ise , ▁ 1 9 4 4 Die ▁L oth ring er in , ▁Roman ▁eines ▁Frauen leb ens ▁zwischen ▁zwei ▁N ationen ▁und ▁zwei ▁Ze ital tern , ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁ ▁Awards K urt ▁Fab er ▁Prize , ▁ 1 9 3 8 West mark ▁Prize , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁First ▁Prize ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Book ▁Gu ild ▁in ▁Roman ia , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁ ▁Aust rian ▁Imperial ▁Order ▁of ▁Leopold ' ', ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁Karl - M öll er - St ra ße ▁in ▁König s bach - Ste in , ▁Germany ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁him . ▁ ▁Note ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 |
6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 3 ▁death s ▁Category : G erman ▁writers ▁Category : B an at <0x0A> </s> ▁Patrick ▁George ▁Wal den ▁( born ▁ 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁in ▁Is ling ton , ▁London ) ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁former ▁guitar ist ▁for ▁Baby sh amb les . ▁Prior ▁to ▁joining ▁Baby sh amb les , ▁Wal den ▁belonged ▁to ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁London ▁groups , ▁among ▁which ▁were ▁Fl uid , ▁the ▁Six ▁Cold ▁Th ous and , ▁and ▁The ▁White ▁Sport . ▁He ▁played ▁guitar ▁for ▁The ▁White ▁Sport ▁alongside ▁another ▁future ▁Baby sh amb les ▁member , ▁drum mer ▁Adam ▁F ice k . ▁Wal den ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁live ▁guitar ist ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁session ▁music ian , ▁playing ▁bass ▁and ▁guitar ▁for ▁numerous ▁recording ▁artists . ▁Among ▁those ▁acts ▁were ▁White y , ▁James ▁Bl unt , ▁ 5 0 0 ▁and ▁Cra ve , ▁Ed ▁L ali q , ▁and , ▁very ▁briefly , ▁The ▁H one ym oon . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Baby sh amb les ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁when ▁P ete ▁D oh ert y ▁once ▁again ▁found ▁himself ▁cast ▁out ▁of ▁The ▁Libert ines ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁drug ▁use , ▁he ▁brought ▁Baby sh amb les ▁to ▁the ▁fore ▁with ▁Wal den ▁on ▁lead ▁guitar . ▁The ▁band ' s ▁line - up ▁under w ent ▁several ▁changes ▁before ▁stabil izing ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁summer |
▁of ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁with ▁D oh ert y ▁on ▁vocals , ▁Patrick ▁Wal den ▁on ▁guitar , ▁Gem ma ▁Clar ke ▁on ▁drums ▁and ▁D rew ▁Mc Con nell ▁on ▁bass . ▁Wal den ▁co - w rote ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Baby sh amb les ▁songs ▁with ▁P ete ▁D oh ert y . ▁One ▁of ▁them , ▁" The ▁Man ▁Who ▁C ame ▁To ▁St ay ," ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁the ▁B - side ▁to ▁the ▁Kill am ang iro ▁single ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Other ▁D oh ert y / W al den ▁compos itions ▁include ▁Top - 1 0 ▁single ▁" F uck ▁Fore ver " ▁and ▁" Lo yal ty ▁Song ," ▁" 3 5 2 ▁Days ," ▁" In ▁Love ▁With ▁a ▁Fe eling ," ▁" Up ▁the ▁Mor ning ," ▁" Pi pe ▁Down ," ▁" 3 2 nd ▁of ▁December ," ▁and ▁" 8 ▁Dead ▁Boys ." ▁He ▁co - w rote ▁six ▁of ▁the ▁six teen ▁tracks ▁that ▁made ▁it ▁onto ▁Down ▁In ▁Alb ion , ▁Baby sh amb les ' ▁debut ▁album . ▁ ▁At ▁Baby sh amb les ' ▁live ▁shows , ▁he ▁usually ▁performed ▁using ▁an ▁Olympic ▁White ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁F ender ▁Jazz master , ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Jazz master ▁and ▁a ▁ 9 0 s ▁American ▁Str at oc aster ▁as ▁back ups . ▁O ften ▁cit ing ▁experimental ▁guitar ists ▁like ▁J ▁Mas cis , |
▁Th ur ston ▁Moore ▁and ▁Jim i ▁Hend rix ▁as ▁early ▁influ ences , ▁Wal den ' s ▁unusual ▁playing ▁style ▁set ▁Baby sh amb les ▁apart ▁from ▁other ▁bands ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁London ▁music ▁scene . ▁Marshall ▁magazine ▁" Mar sh all ▁Law " ▁lists ▁him ▁as ▁using ▁a ▁J CM 9 0 0 ▁head ▁with ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 0 A ▁cab . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Wal den ▁left ▁Baby sh amb les . ▁The ▁band ▁continued ▁to ▁perform ▁under ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁replace ▁Wal den ▁with ▁a ▁different ▁guitar ist ▁immediately . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁issue ▁of ▁N ME , ▁Wal den ' s ▁departure ▁was ▁officially ▁announced . ▁However , ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Wal den ▁turned ▁up ▁to ▁play ▁guitar ▁for ▁the ▁Baby sh amb les ▁at ▁a ▁gig ▁in ▁the ▁J unction , ▁Cambridge . ▁He ▁returned ▁once ▁more ▁to ▁the ▁band ▁in ▁February ▁and ▁played ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁gig s ▁on ▁that ▁tour , ▁but ▁has ▁not ▁appeared ▁with ▁them ▁on stage ▁since . ▁ ▁Wal den ' s ▁reason ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁band ▁was ▁his ▁heavy ▁drug ▁ab use . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Baby sh amb les ▁went ▁on ▁tour ▁without ▁Wal den ▁who ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁assault ing ▁his ▁girl friend , ▁arrested ▁and ▁spent ▁nine ▁days ▁in ▁Pent on ville ▁prison . ▁All |
▁charges ▁against ▁Wal den ▁were ▁eventually ▁dropped . ▁He ▁left ▁London ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁get ▁clean ▁of ▁dru gs ▁and ▁M ick ▁Whit n all ▁became ▁Baby sh amb les ' ▁new ▁guitar ist . ▁Wal den ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁have ▁played ▁with ▁Baby sh amb les ▁on ▁their ▁November – Dec ember ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Arena ▁tour . ▁The ▁band ▁released ▁a ▁statement ▁saying ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁dropped ▁out ▁at ▁the ▁last ▁minute , ▁even ▁after ▁trav elling ▁with ▁them ▁on ▁the ▁tour ▁bus . ▁Wal den ▁later ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁on ▁stage ▁because ▁there ▁were ▁dru gs ▁about , ▁even ▁though ▁it ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁drug - free ▁tour . ▁Furthermore , ▁Wal den ▁stated ▁that ▁his ▁successor , ▁M ick ▁Whit n all , ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁him ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁the ▁band ▁anymore . ▁ ▁Post ▁Baby sh amb les ▁Wal den ▁was ▁rum oured ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁playing ▁at ▁The ▁Ch el ten ham ▁Jazz ▁Festival ▁( 2 7 ▁April – 2 ▁May ) ▁as ▁a ▁special ▁guest ▁with ▁Seb ▁Ro ch ford ' s ▁band ▁Ful born ▁T ever sh am , ▁but ▁cancel led ▁the ▁appearance . ▁ ▁Wal den ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁Rock ▁Again st ▁R ac ism ▁ 3 0 th ▁An ni versary ▁Show ▁at ▁the ▁H ack ney ▁Empire ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁He ▁played ▁Baby sh amb les ' ▁class ics ▁with ▁his ▁old ▁band mate ▁D |
rew ▁Mc Con nell . ▁The ▁set ▁list ▁included ▁" The ▁Man ▁Who ▁came ▁To ▁St ay " ▁and ▁" 8 ▁Dead ▁Boys " ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁played ▁a ▁small ▁gig ▁in ▁H ack ney ▁with ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁former ▁Baby sh amb les ▁band m ates ▁( as ▁well ▁as ▁M ick ▁Whit n all ) ▁for ▁friend ▁Peter ▁Wol fe ' s ▁birth day . ▁ ▁On ▁ 6 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Pat ▁played ▁a ▁few ▁songs ▁with ▁Baby sh amb les ▁including ▁" P ip ed own " ▁and ▁" Black ▁Boy ▁Lane " ▁at ▁a ▁gig ▁at ▁H alo ▁in ▁B atter se a . ▁ ▁Big ▁Dave ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Wal den ▁formed ▁the ▁band ▁Big ▁Dave ▁with ▁drum mer ▁Seb ▁Ro ch ford ▁and ▁Ruth ▁Gol ler ▁on ▁bass . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁band ▁played ▁a ▁few ▁gig s ▁in ▁small ▁ven ues . ▁Wal den ▁announced ▁that ▁a ▁debut ▁EP ▁will ▁be ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁But ▁so ▁far , ▁nothing ▁much ▁has ▁been ▁heard ▁since ▁then . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Wald ens ▁career ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁off ▁the ▁rails ▁again ▁after ▁he ▁appeared ▁in ▁court ▁charged ▁with ▁receiving ▁st olen ▁goods . ▁After ▁being ▁sp otted ▁acting ▁susp ici ously ▁in ▁a ▁S utton ▁branch ▁of ▁Wil kins ons , ▁Wal den ▁was |
▁purs ued ▁by ▁security ▁who ▁found ▁in ▁his ▁possession ▁st olen ▁goods ▁and ▁Method one ▁pres cribed ▁to ▁another ▁user . ▁ ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Wal den ▁completed ▁a ▁spell ▁in ▁re hab ▁and ▁began ▁work ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁project ▁with ▁ex ▁Reb ec as ▁member ▁Robert ▁Mann all . ▁The ▁du o ▁have ▁recorded ▁thirty ▁two ▁dem os ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁posted ▁on ▁various ▁sites ▁on ▁the ▁internet . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Wal den ▁preview ed ▁a ▁selection ▁of ▁new ▁material ▁at ▁the ▁Haw ley ▁Ar ms , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Cam den ▁C raw l ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁with ▁D rew ▁Mc Con nell . ▁ ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Wal den ▁did ▁his ▁first ▁interview ▁and ▁photos ho ot ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁years ▁with ▁friend , ▁music ▁enthus iast ▁and ▁blog ger , ▁Oliv ia ▁Collins ▁for ▁the ▁website ▁www . th em us ical ac id test . com ▁and ▁photograph er , ▁Jack ▁G range . ▁In ▁the ▁interview ▁he ▁says ▁he ▁is ▁studying ▁a ▁Jazz ▁Com position ▁degree ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁re connect ▁with ▁his ▁first ▁love , ▁jazz ▁music . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁Baby sh amb les ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁rock ▁guitar ists ▁Category : English ▁male |
▁guitar ists ▁Category : English ▁song writ ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁guitar ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁British ▁male ▁mus icians ▁Category : B aby sh amb les ▁members <0x0A> </s> ▁Ohio ▁Northern ▁University ▁Claude ▁P ett it ▁College ▁of ▁Law , ▁commonly ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁ON U ▁Law , ▁is ▁a ▁private , ▁non - pro fit ▁law ▁school ▁located ▁in ▁Ada , ▁Ohio . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁law ▁school ▁of ▁Ohio ▁Northern ▁University , ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁oldest ▁law ▁school ▁in ▁Ohio , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁The ▁college ▁is ▁centered ▁in ▁T il ton ▁Hall , ▁a ▁modern ▁building ▁that ▁houses ▁all ▁law ▁classes ▁and ▁the ▁Tag gart ▁Law ▁Library . ▁ ▁The ▁College ▁of ▁Law ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁East - N orth - E ast ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁tree - lined ▁Ohio ▁Northern ▁University ▁campus . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁ranked ▁the ▁# 1 3 6 ▁best ▁law ▁school ▁by ▁US ▁News . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁F ounded ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁the ▁Ohio ▁Northern ▁University ▁P ett it ▁College ▁of ▁Law ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁oldest ▁of ▁the ▁nine ▁Ohio ▁law ▁schools ▁and ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ohio ▁League ▁of ▁Law ▁School s . ▁ ▁As ▁such , ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁law ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁▁ ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁Claude ▁W . ▁P ett it , ▁a ▁judge ▁and ▁former ▁de an ▁of ▁the |
▁college . ▁ON U ▁Law ▁has ▁been ▁fully ▁acc red ited ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁Bar ▁Association ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁of ▁American ▁Law ▁School s ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁Academ ics ▁ ▁The ▁ON U ▁College ▁of ▁Law ▁is ▁acc red ited ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁Bar ▁Association ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁of ▁American ▁Law ▁School s . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁law ▁school ▁was ▁ranked ▁ 1 3 6 ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁News ▁& ▁World ▁Report . ▁ ▁C urr icul um ▁ ▁ON U ▁law ▁students ▁can ▁choose ▁from ▁nine ▁special ized ▁tracks , ▁ 1 2 ▁guaranteed ▁clin ical ▁and ▁extern ship ▁pla c ements ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 + ▁course ▁options ▁while ▁also ▁expand ing ▁their ▁experience ▁by ▁studying ▁abroad , ▁particip ating ▁in ▁Law ▁Review , ▁accepting ▁research ▁and ▁teaching ▁assistant ships , ▁particip ating ▁in ▁pro ▁b ono ▁programs ▁or ▁taking ▁an ▁active ▁role ▁in ▁M oot ▁Court . ▁ON U ▁Law ▁is ▁regarded ▁for ▁its ▁ability ▁to ▁bl end ▁legal ▁theory ▁with ▁practical ▁training . ▁ ▁Bar ▁Pass age ▁R ate ▁ ▁ON U ' s ▁bar ▁passage ▁rate ▁for ▁first - time ▁tak ers ▁of ▁the ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Ohio ▁Bar ▁Ex am ination ▁was ▁ 1 0 0 %, ▁while ▁its ▁bar ▁passage ▁rate ▁for ▁first - time ▁tak ers ▁in ▁any ▁juris diction ▁in ▁ 2 |
0 1 9 ▁was ▁ 8 4 . 4 4 %. ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁bar ▁exam , ▁ON U ▁had ▁a ▁bar ▁passage ▁rate ▁of ▁ 7 0 . 6 %. ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁bar ▁exam , ▁ON U ▁had ▁a ▁bar ▁passage ▁rate ▁of ▁ 8 6 . 7 %. ▁ ▁Democratic ▁Govern ance ▁and ▁Rule ▁of ▁Law ▁LL . M . ▁ON U ▁Law ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Govern ance ▁and ▁Rule ▁of ▁Law ▁LL . M . ▁program . ▁ ▁The ▁program , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁is ▁a ▁subs id ized ▁one - year ▁program ▁of ▁study ▁designed ▁for ▁law y ers ▁pract icing ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁or ▁non - pro fit ▁sector . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁open ▁to ▁those ▁whose ▁first ▁law ▁degree ▁was ▁earned ▁from ▁a ▁law ▁school ▁outside ▁the ▁U . S . ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁American ▁law y ers ▁interested ▁in ▁purs uing ▁care ers ▁in ▁the ▁international ▁development ▁field . ▁ ▁Upon ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁LL . M ., ▁foreign ▁students ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁commit ▁to ▁ 2 ▁years ▁further ▁public ▁service ▁upon ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁home ▁countries . ▁ ▁The ▁unique ▁curr icular ▁scope ▁of ▁the ▁program ▁covers ▁topics ▁relevant ▁to ▁law y ers , ▁jud ges ▁and ▁public ▁officials ▁in ▁transition ing ▁states , ▁including ▁a ▁strong ▁focus ▁on ▁rule ▁of ▁law ▁re forms . ▁The ▁LL . M . ▁program ▁was ▁cut ▁by ▁the |
▁University ▁in ▁response ▁for ▁a ▁need ▁to ▁lower ▁costs . ▁The ▁final ▁class ▁of ▁LL . M . ▁students ▁will ▁gradu ate ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁with ▁the ▁program ▁ending ▁following ▁their ▁gradu ation . ▁ ▁Post - grad u ation ▁employ ment ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁ON U ▁Law ' s ▁official ▁A BA - required ▁dis clos ures , ▁ 8 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁gradu ating ▁class ▁was ▁employed ▁in ▁full - time ▁professional ▁positions ▁ 1 0 ▁months ▁after ▁gradu ation ▁( 7 1 % ▁in ▁bar ▁passage ▁required ▁or ▁J D ▁advantage ▁positions ). ▁Pos itions ▁were ▁in ▁various ▁size ▁law ▁fir ms , ▁federal ▁and ▁local ▁jud icial ▁cl erk ships , ▁public ▁interest , ▁government , ▁higher ▁education , ▁and ▁business es . ▁The ▁National ▁Law ▁Journal ▁lists ▁ON U ▁Law ▁has ▁having ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁percentage ▁of ▁al umn i , ▁ 3 8 . 1 %, ▁which ▁are ▁under emp loy ed . ▁ ▁Cost s ▁ ▁The ▁cost ▁of ▁tu ition ▁at ▁ON U ▁Law ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁academic ▁year ▁is ▁$ 2 9 , 2 6 0 . ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁ ▁ON U ▁Law ▁al umn i ▁have ▁gone ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁federal ▁and ▁state ▁jud ges ▁in ▁ 1 5 ▁states , ▁and ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁and ▁a ▁President ial ▁cabinet . ▁The ▁Governor ▁of ▁Ohio ▁is ▁an |
▁al umn us . ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Warren ▁Ball ent ine ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 7 3 ), ▁Class ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁motiv ational ▁speaker , ▁and ▁radio ▁talk ▁show ▁host . ▁ ▁Benjamin ▁B raf man ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 8 ), ▁Class ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 4 ; ▁criminal ▁defense ▁att orney , ▁att orney ▁for ▁former ▁International ▁Mon et ary ▁Fund ▁Head ▁Domin ique ▁Stra uss - K ahn ▁and ▁Har vey ▁Wein stein . ▁▁ ▁William ▁J . ▁Brown ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 0 ), ▁young est ▁Att orney ▁General ▁in ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁Anthony ▁J . ▁C ele bre z ze ▁( 1 9 1 0 – 1 9 9 8 ), ▁Judge ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁for ▁the ▁Six th ▁Circ uit ; ▁Secretary ▁of ▁U . S . ▁Department ▁of ▁Health , ▁Education ▁and ▁W elf are ▁in ▁the ▁Kennedy ▁and ▁Johnson ▁Administr ations . ▁▁ ▁Ralph ▁D . ▁Cole ▁( 1 8 7 3 – 1 9 3 2 ), ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁Ohio , ▁brother ▁of ▁Raymond ▁Cl inton ▁Cole . ▁▁ ▁Raymond ▁Cl inton ▁Cole ▁( 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 5 7 ), ▁Republican ▁politician ▁who ▁became ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁Ohio ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Ralph ▁Cole . ▁▁▁ ▁Mike ▁Crit es ▁( b . |
▁ 1 9 4 8 ), ▁Republican ▁politician ▁and ▁former ▁United ▁States ▁Att orney ▁for ▁the ▁Southern ▁District ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁▁ ▁Robert ▁R . ▁Cu pp ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 0 ), ▁Justice , ▁Ohio ▁Supreme ▁Court ; ▁Judge , ▁Ohio ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als , ▁ 3 rd ▁App ell ate ▁District ; ▁State ▁Senate , ▁Ohio . ▁▁ ▁Michael ▁De W ine ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 7 ), ▁U . S . ▁Senate , ▁Ohio ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 ; ▁former ▁Att orney ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁Governor ▁of ▁State ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁▁ ▁Jane ▁M . ▁Ear ll ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 8 ), ▁Republican ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁State ▁Senate ▁who ▁has ▁represented ▁the ▁ 4 9 th ▁District ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁▁ ▁James ▁Esp ald on ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 6 ), ▁Gu aman ian ▁politician ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁candidate ▁for ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁of ▁Gu am . ▁ ▁S ime on ▁D . ▁F ess ▁( 1 8 6 1 – 1 9 3 6 ), ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 8 9 4 ; ▁de an ▁of ▁ON U ▁Law ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 6 – 1 9 0 0 ; ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁Ohio ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Senate ▁from ▁Ohio ▁for ▁twelve ▁years |
. ▁▁ ▁Gregory ▁L . ▁F rost ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 9 ), ▁federal ▁judge , ▁U . S . ▁District ▁Court , ▁Southern ▁District ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁▁ ▁Steph anie ▁L . ▁H aines , ▁( b . 1 9 6 9 ), ▁U . S . ▁Federal ▁Judge , ▁Western ▁District ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁ ▁Robert ▁Franklin ▁Jones ▁( 1 9 0 7 – 1 9 6 8 ), ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 9 ; ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁Edward ▁S . ▁Matth ias , ▁justice ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Ohio ▁▁ ▁Arthur ▁W . ▁Over my er ▁( 1 8 7 9 – 1 9 5 2 ), ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁Ohio , ▁and ▁a ▁judge ▁on ▁the ▁Ohio ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als . ▁▁ ▁H omer ▁A . ▁R ame y ▁( 1 8 9 1 – 1 9 6 0 ), ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁Ohio . ▁▁ ▁Tom ▁Re ed ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 7 1 ); ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁New ▁York ; ▁former ▁mayor ▁of ▁Cor ning , ▁New ▁York . ▁▁ ▁Scott ▁Rolle ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 6 1 ), ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 7 ; ▁State ' s ▁Att orney ▁for ▁Frederick ▁County , ▁Maryland ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Judge ▁of ▁the |
▁Circ uit ▁Court ▁for ▁Frederick ▁County , ▁Maryland ▁ 2 0 1 4 – present . ▁L TC , ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Reserve , ▁ 2 0 0 1 – present ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ohio ▁Northern ▁University ▁P ett it ▁College ▁of ▁Law ▁ ▁Category : Oh io ▁Northern ▁University ▁Category : L aw ▁schools ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁K else y ▁La ine ▁Davis ▁( born ▁May ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁s occer ▁player ▁from ▁Th ous and ▁O aks , ▁California . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁goal keeper ▁for ▁the ▁Boston ▁Bre akers ▁and ▁Chicago ▁Red st ars ▁of ▁Women ' s ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁U - 2 3 ▁women ' s ▁national ▁s occer ▁team . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁National ▁Team ▁career ▁Davis ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁FIFA ▁U - 1 9 ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Championship ▁in ▁Th ailand ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁FIFA ▁U - 2 0 ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Championship ▁in ▁Russia . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Davis ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁senior ▁national ▁team ▁ro ster ▁for ▁two ▁games ▁against ▁Canada . ▁During ▁an ▁exhibition ▁game ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁U - 2 3 ▁women ' s ▁national ▁s occer ▁team ▁in ▁June ▁against ▁F . C . ▁Indiana , ▁Davis ▁f ract ured ▁her ▁j |
aw ▁and ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁comp ete ▁with ▁the ▁U - 2 3 ▁team ▁later ▁that ▁summer ▁in ▁England . ▁ ▁Davis ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁U - 2 3 ▁national ▁team ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁starting ▁goal keeper ▁in ▁two ▁matches ▁between ▁the ▁Germany ▁U - 2 3 ▁national ▁team ▁and ▁the ▁South ▁Korea ▁U - 2 0 ▁national ▁team , ▁sharing ▁the ▁captain ' s ▁arm band ▁with ▁La uren ▁F ow l kes ▁and ▁K yl ie ▁Wright . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁Davis ▁was ▁draft ed ▁by ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Red ▁Stars ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁W PS ▁D raft , ▁going ▁ 2 4 th ▁overall . ▁After ▁returning ▁from ▁national ▁team ▁duty ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Davis ▁suffered ▁an ▁A CL ▁injury ▁that ▁ended ▁her ▁first ▁W PS ▁season . ▁ ▁Davis ▁was ▁signed ▁by ▁the ▁Boston ▁Bre akers ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Port land ▁player ▁page ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁U CLA ▁player ▁page ▁ ▁Davis ' ▁blog ▁for ▁NCAA . com ▁ ▁Chicago ▁Red ▁Stars ▁player ▁profile ▁ ▁Go ing ▁Pro : ▁K else y ▁Davis , ▁American ▁Soccer , ▁and ▁Emer ging ▁Ad ul th ood ▁ ▁Audio ▁Inter view ▁with ▁K else y ▁Davis ▁at ▁Cross - Con ference ▁Collect or ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s |
▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Port land ▁Pil ots ▁women ' s ▁s occer ▁players ▁Category : U CLA ▁Bru ins ▁women ' s ▁s occer ▁players ▁Category : American ▁women ' s ▁s occer ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Red ▁Stars ▁( W PS ) ▁players ▁Category : B oston ▁Bre akers ▁( W PS ) ▁players ▁Category : W omen ' s ▁association ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁women ' s ▁under - 2 0 ▁international ▁s occer ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Co ats ▁Group ▁pl c ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁multi - n ational ▁company . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁manufact urer ▁and ▁distrib utor ▁of ▁se wing ▁thread ▁and ▁supplies , ▁and ▁the ▁second - larg est ▁manufact urer ▁of ▁z ips ▁and ▁fast en ers , ▁after ▁Y K K . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁London ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁constitu ent ▁of ▁the ▁F T SE ▁ 2 5 0 ▁Index . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 5 5 ▁James ▁and ▁Patrick ▁Clark ▁began ▁a ▁lo om ▁equipment ▁and ▁sil k ▁thread ▁business ▁in ▁P ais ley , ▁Scotland . ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 6 ▁Patrick ▁Clark ▁invent ed ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁tw isting ▁cot ton ▁together ▁to ▁substitute ▁for ▁sil k ▁that ▁was ▁un available ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁block ade ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain . ▁He ▁opened ▁the ▁first ▁plant ▁for ▁manufact uring ▁the ▁cot ton ▁thread ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 |
2 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁the ▁Clark ▁family ▁began ▁manufact uring ▁in ▁New ark , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁U . S ., ▁as ▁the ▁Clark ▁Thread ▁Co . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 2 ▁James ▁Co ats ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁we aving ▁business , ▁also ▁in ▁P ais ley . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁he ▁opened ▁a ▁cot ton ▁mill ▁at ▁Fer g us lie ▁to ▁produce ▁his ▁own ▁thread ▁and , ▁when ▁he ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁his ▁sons , ▁James ▁& ▁Peter , ▁took ▁up ▁the ▁business ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁J . ▁& ▁P . ▁Co ats . ▁The ▁firm ▁expanded ▁intern ation ally , ▁particularly ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁Co ats ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁London ▁Stock ▁Exchange , ▁with ▁a ▁capital ▁base ▁of ▁£ 5 . 7 ▁million . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁J . ▁& ▁P . ▁Co ats ▁and ▁the ▁Clark ▁Thread ▁Co . ▁merged . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁a ▁mer ger ▁with ▁Pat ons ▁and ▁Bald w ins ▁created ▁Co ats ▁Pat ons . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁a ▁mer ger ▁with ▁V ant ona ▁Vi y ella ▁created ▁Co ats ▁Vi y ella . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Gu in ness ▁Pe at ▁took ▁Co ats ▁private ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁the ▁business ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁market ▁as ▁" Co ats ▁Group ". ▁ ▁Cont |
ro vers y ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Co ats ▁was ▁f ined ▁€ 1 1 0 ▁million ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Commission ▁for ▁participation ▁in ▁cart els ▁with ▁P ry m , ▁Y K K ▁and ▁other ▁companies ▁to ▁fix ▁and ▁manipulate ▁the ▁prices ▁of ▁z ips ▁and ▁other ▁fast en ers , ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁mach in ery ▁to ▁make ▁them . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁cart els ▁ran ▁for ▁twenty - one ▁years . ▁An ▁appeal ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁to ▁the ▁General ▁Court ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁was ▁dismiss ed , ▁and ▁the ▁fine ▁u ph eld . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 5 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 5 ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁Category : Text ile ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁br ands ▁Category : P riv ately ▁held ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁H illing don ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁formerly ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁London ▁Stock ▁Exchange <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁Case ▁of ▁You ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁American ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁film ▁that ▁was ▁featured ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Trib eca ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁Kat ▁Co iro ▁and |
▁produced ▁by ▁and ▁st arring ▁Justin ▁Long , ▁who ▁wrote ▁the ▁script ▁with ▁his ▁brother ▁Christian ▁and ▁Ke ir ▁O ' D onn ell , ▁who ▁also ▁stars ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Sam , ▁a ▁young ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁author , ▁is ▁diss atisf ied ▁with ▁his ▁life . ▁Although ▁his ▁novel ization ▁of ▁the ▁block b uster ▁film ▁Te en ▁V amp ire ▁is ▁popular ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁write ▁the ▁other ▁novel izations ▁his ▁agent ▁Alan ▁ur ges ; ▁Sam ▁suff ers ▁from ▁writer ' s ▁block ▁with ▁his ▁own ▁work , ▁however . ▁He ▁is ▁inf atu ated ▁with ▁Bird ie , ▁a ▁street ▁artist ▁and ▁bar ista ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁coffee ▁shop , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁know ▁how ▁to ▁meet ▁her . ▁ ▁After ▁his ▁ro omm ate ▁Eli ot ▁suggests ▁checking ▁Bird ie ' s ▁Facebook ▁profile , ▁Sam ▁dec ides ▁to ▁pret end ▁that ▁he ▁shares ▁the ▁interests ▁she ▁lists ▁on ▁her ▁profile . ▁He ▁begin ▁to ▁learn ▁how ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁guitar ▁and ▁cook ▁French ▁cu is ine , ▁and ▁bu ys ▁books ▁by ▁W alt ▁Whit man ▁and ▁songs ▁by ▁Joan ▁B ae z . ▁After ▁pret ending ▁to ▁accident ally ▁meet ▁at ▁a ▁comedy ▁club ▁Bird ie ▁mentioned ▁online ▁the ▁two ▁become ▁friends ▁and ▁partners ▁at ▁a ▁ball room - d ance ▁class , ▁and ▁Sam ▁begins ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁novel ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁relationship . ▁ ▁To ▁spend ▁more ▁time ▁with ▁her ▁Sam ▁pret ends ▁to ▁share ▁Bird ie ' |
s ▁other ▁interests , ▁including ▁p edic ures ▁and ▁b our bon . ▁They ▁begin ▁to ▁fall ▁in ▁love , ▁and ▁Bird ie ▁accompan ies ▁Sam , ▁Eli ot , ▁and ▁Eli ot ' s ▁girl friend , ▁Ash ley ▁to ▁a ▁spiritual ▁retre at ▁where ▁they ▁sleep ▁together ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁Although ▁Sam ▁enjo ys ▁sp ending ▁time ▁with ▁Bird ie ▁he ▁finds ▁particip ating ▁in ▁her ▁many ▁interests ▁to ▁be ▁difficult , ▁and ▁is ▁int im id ated ▁by ▁her ▁skill ▁in ▁such ▁areas ▁as ▁car ic ature , ▁singing , ▁and ▁rock ▁clim bing . ▁ ▁After ▁Bird ie ▁tells ▁Sam ▁that ▁she ▁lov es ▁him ▁and ▁mentions ▁her ▁parents ' ▁plan ▁to ▁attend ▁their ▁imp ending ▁dance ▁rec ital , ▁an ▁in secure ▁Sam ▁disc ou rages ▁her ▁interest ▁in ▁him . ▁At ▁a ▁pitch ▁meeting ▁Alan ▁and ▁another ▁agent ▁pra ise ▁Sam ' s ▁novel ▁as ▁a ▁super b ▁port ray al ▁of ▁a ▁path etic ▁" e un uch " ▁who , ▁after ▁fool ish ly ▁breaking ▁up ▁with ▁his ▁girl friend , ▁is ▁do omed ▁to ▁remain ▁alone . ▁Real izing ▁that ▁he ▁has ▁made ▁a ▁mistake , ▁Sam ▁r ush es ▁to ▁the ▁rec ital ▁where ▁Bird ie ▁is ▁about ▁to ▁perform ▁with ▁another ▁partner . ▁He ▁states ▁his ▁love ▁for ▁her ▁and ▁conf esses ▁to ▁using ▁her ▁Facebook ▁profile ▁to ▁adjust ▁his ▁public ▁persona . ▁She ▁tells ▁him ▁that ▁she ▁knew ▁all ▁the ▁time , ▁even ▁adding ▁items ▁to ▁see ▁whether ▁he |
▁would ▁respond . ▁They ▁begin ▁to ▁dance ▁together . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Justin ▁Long ▁as ▁Sam ▁ ▁E van ▁Rach el ▁Wood ▁as ▁Bird ie ▁ ▁Sam ▁Rock well ▁as ▁Gary ▁ ▁S ien na ▁Miller ▁as ▁Sarah ▁ ▁Br end an ▁F ras er ▁as ▁Tony ▁ ▁V ince ▁V aug hn ▁as ▁Alan ▁▁ ▁Peter ▁D ink lage ▁as ▁Ger ard ▁ ▁Ke ir ▁O ' D onn ell ▁as ▁Eli ot ▁ ▁Bus y ▁Philipp s ▁as ▁Ash ley ▁ ▁Peter ▁Bill ings ley ▁as ▁Scott ▁ ▁M iz uo ▁Pe ck ▁as ▁J em ily ▁ ▁Em ilio ▁Del g ado ▁as ▁Roberto ▁ ▁Sav ann ah ▁W ise ▁as ▁L ily ▁ ▁Scott ▁Ad s it ▁as ▁Che es y ▁Ann oun cer ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁On ▁Rotten ▁Tomatoes ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁a ▁rating ▁of ▁ 4 4 %, ▁based ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁reviews , ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁rating ▁of ▁ 4 . 6 / 1 0 . ▁Met ac rit ic ▁gives ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 3 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁ 9 ▁critics , ▁indicating ▁" gener ally ▁unf avor able ▁reviews ". ▁Andy ▁Web ster ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁states ▁in ▁his ▁review , ▁" Wh ile ▁this ▁un rel ent ingly ▁mid tem po ▁movie ▁mil ks ▁Brook lyn ▁for ▁its ▁ch ic , ▁it ▁man ages ▁to ▁den ude ▁it ▁of ▁its ▁color . ▁A ▁moment ▁of ▁dram atic |
▁anger ▁from ▁Sam ▁feels ▁forced ▁and ▁ab rupt , ▁while ▁— ▁surprise ▁— ▁the ▁clim ax ▁involves ▁a ▁dash ▁to ▁a ▁joy ous ▁re union . ▁The ▁film m akers ▁sought ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁J oni ▁Mitchell ’ s ▁classic ▁song ▁A ▁Case ▁of ▁You ; ▁to ▁her ▁credit , ▁she ▁wouldn ’ t ▁hand ▁them ▁over , ▁perhaps ▁because ▁the ▁t une ▁is ▁im bu ed ▁with ▁deep , ▁honest ▁feelings ." ▁Film ▁critic ▁Dennis ▁Har vey ▁of ▁Vari ety ▁magazine ▁states ▁in ▁his ▁review , ▁" A ▁lot ▁of ▁interesting , ▁fun ny ▁perform ers ▁aren ’ t ▁very ▁interesting ▁or ▁fun ny ▁in ▁director ▁Kat ▁Cor io ’ s ▁A ▁Case ▁of ▁You . ▁Co - p enn ed ▁by ▁th es ps ▁Ke ir ▁O ’ D onn ell ▁and ▁Justin ▁Long ▁with ▁the ▁latter ’ s ▁sib ling ▁Christian ▁Long , ▁this ▁surprising ly ▁bland ▁ind ie ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁generic ▁main stream ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁has ▁talent ▁to ▁burn , ▁none ▁of ▁it ▁put ▁to ▁good ▁use . ▁It ’ s ▁not ▁awful , ▁but ▁the ▁pau city ▁of ▁fresh ▁ideas ▁or ▁humor ▁makes ▁this ▁over ly ▁safe ▁first ▁writing ▁effort ▁for ▁all ▁three ▁scri bes ▁innoc uous ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁instant ▁forget t ability . ▁Limited ▁I FC ▁the atr ical ▁release ▁on ▁Nov . ▁ 8 ▁( sim ult aneous ▁with ▁V OD ▁launch ) ▁is ▁unlikely ▁to ▁make ▁much ▁of ▁a ▁dent , ▁but ▁cast ▁names ▁should ▁drive ▁decent ▁home - s ales |
▁biz ." ▁ ▁Release ▁A ▁Case ▁of ▁You ▁was ▁released ▁the atr ically ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Home ▁Re leases ▁A ▁Case ▁of ▁You ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁DVD ▁on ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Amazon ▁and ▁Net fli x ▁released ▁the ▁film ▁on ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Red box ▁released ▁the ▁film ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁writers ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Kat ▁Co iro ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : IF C ▁Films ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Sar ▁Ab ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Sar ▁ Ā b ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Q ale h ▁Ham am ▁R ural ▁District , ▁S ale hab ad ▁County , ▁Raz avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 2 2 , ▁in ▁ 3 0 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁▁ ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Am und ▁( ), |
▁is ▁a ▁Nor se ▁mascul ine ▁given ▁name . ▁It ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁Old ▁Nor se ▁Ag mund r ▁ ▁meaning ▁( res pect ful ▁prote ctor ). ▁ ▁People ▁named ▁Am und ▁Am und ▁is ▁a ▁given ▁name . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁include : ▁ ▁Am und ▁B . ▁Lars en ▁( 1 8 4 9 – 1 9 2 8 ), ▁Norwegian ▁lingu ist ▁Am und ▁Hell and ▁( 1 8 4 6 – 1 9 1 8 ), ▁Norwegian ▁ge ologist , ▁politician ▁and ▁non - f iction ▁writer ▁Am und ▁R yd land ▁( 1 8 8 8 - 1 9 6 7 ), ▁Norwegian ▁actor ▁and ▁theatre ▁director ▁ ▁Am und ▁R asm ussen ▁Sk ar hol t ▁( 1 8 9 2 – 1 9 5 6 ), ▁Norwegian ▁politician ▁for ▁the ▁Labour ▁Party ▁Am und ▁S j ø br end ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 2 ), ▁former ▁ice ▁speed ▁sk ater ▁from ▁Norway ▁Am und ▁Ski ri ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 8 ), ▁Norwegian ▁footballer ▁currently ▁playing ▁for ▁A ales und ▁Am und ▁Svens son ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 8 ), ▁Norwegian ▁guitar ▁player ▁with ▁The ▁K oven ant ▁Lars ▁Am und ▁Va age ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 2 ), ▁Norwegian ▁author ▁and ▁play w right ▁Master ▁Am und ▁( M ä ster ▁Am und ), ▁Swedish ▁ 1 5 th - century ▁painter ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁paint ings ▁in ▁S öd ra ▁R å |
da ▁Old ▁Church ▁ ▁Places ▁Am und , ▁Iowa , ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community , ▁United ▁States ▁Am und ▁Ring nes ▁Island , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Sver d rup ▁Islands ▁in ▁N un av ut , ▁Canada ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Am und son ▁ ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁mascul ine ▁given ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁Bud d ika ▁Has ar anga ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Tw enty 2 0 ▁debut ▁for ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Navy ▁Sports ▁Club ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 8 ▁S LC ▁Tw enty 2 0 ▁Tournament ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ri ▁L ank an ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : S ri ▁L anka ▁Navy ▁Sports ▁Club ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁J od ie ▁Sch ol z ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁television ▁soap ▁opera ▁script ▁writer ▁and ▁editor . ▁ ▁Pos itions ▁held ▁Days ▁of ▁Our ▁L ives ▁ ▁Script ▁W riter : ▁October ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁- ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Script ▁Editor : ▁May ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁- ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 |
0 0 5 ▁ ▁Port ▁Charles ▁( h ired ▁by ▁Scott ▁Ham ner ) ▁Script ▁W riter : ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Sun set ▁Beach ▁ ▁Script ▁W riter : ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁W riter ’ s ▁Ass istant : ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁- ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Awards / N omin ations ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : American ▁soap ▁opera ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁television ▁writers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Say id ▁Abd ul lo h ▁N uri ▁( T aj ik : ▁Са й и д ▁Аб ду л ло <0xD2> <0xB3> и ▁Н ур <0xD3> <0xA3> , ▁Pers o - A rab ic ▁script : ▁ س ی د ▁ ع ب د ال ل ه ▁ ن و ر ی ) ▁( M arch ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁– ▁August ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ), ▁also ▁transl iter ated ▁as ▁Abd ul lah ▁N uri , ▁led ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁Renaissance ▁Party ▁of ▁T aj ik istan ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁until ▁he ▁died ▁of ▁cancer ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁During ▁the ▁T aj ik ▁Civil ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁he ▁led ▁the ▁United ▁T aj ik ▁O pp osition . ▁N uri |
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