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9 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁T RI X ▁kernel ▁source ▁code ▁( can ▁also ▁be ▁brow sed ▁online ) ▁ ▁H urd ▁history ▁on ▁the ▁GNU ▁Project ▁web ▁site ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁software ▁Category : Free ▁software ▁operating ▁systems ▁Category : G NU ▁Project ▁software ▁Category : M ass achusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁software ▁Category : Mon ol ith ic ▁k ern els ▁Category : Un ix ▁variants ▁Category : 6 8 k ▁architecture <0x0A> </s> ▁Cap ian ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Gir onde ▁department ▁in ▁Nouvelle - A qu itaine ▁in ▁south western ▁France . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁south west ▁of ▁Bor de aux ▁on ▁the ▁G aron ne ▁river . ▁The ▁commune ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁Bor de aux ▁wine ▁app ell ation ▁A OC ▁Premier es ▁C otes ▁de ▁Bor de aux . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁vill agers ▁own ▁or ▁work ▁in ▁w iner ies . ▁ ▁Population ▁ ▁V ine yard ▁ ▁Ch âteau ▁Su au ▁( Cap ian ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁Gir onde ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Gir onde <0x0A> </s> ▁Sa ul ▁D ib b ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer . ▁His ▁father ▁is ▁the ▁document ary ▁mak er ▁Mike ▁D ib b . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁London , ▁England , ▁Sa ul ▁D ib b ▁is ▁a ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁the
▁University ▁of ▁East ▁Ang lia . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁co - writing ▁and ▁direct ing ▁Bul let ▁Boy , ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁Douglas ▁H ick ox ▁Award , ▁The ▁Line ▁of ▁Beaut y , ▁and ▁The ▁Duch ess , ▁which ▁won ▁the ▁Academy ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Cost ume ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁he ▁directed ▁the ▁adaptation ▁for ▁BBC 2 ▁of ▁Z ad ie ▁Smith ' s ▁best s elling ▁novel ▁N W ▁into ▁a ▁ 9 0 - min ute ▁television ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁st arring ▁Nik ki ▁Am uka - B ird ▁and ▁Pho eb e ▁Fox . ▁D ib b ▁directed ▁a ▁film ▁adaptation ▁of ▁R . ▁C . ▁Sh err iff ' s ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁play ▁J our ney ' s ▁End , ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁This ▁has ▁been ▁dub bed ▁" The ▁best ▁ever ▁film ▁about ▁the ▁Great ▁War " ▁by ▁The ▁Times . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁Film ▁Bul let ▁Boy ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁The ▁Duch ess ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Su ite ▁Fran çaise ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁J our ney ' s ▁End ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Television ▁The ▁Line ▁of ▁Beaut y ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁– ▁ 3 ▁episodes ▁N W ▁( B BC 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁Dublin ▁Mur
ders ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁- ▁ 2 ▁episodes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁East ▁Ang lia ▁Category : English ▁film ▁direct ors ▁Category : English ▁screen writ ers ▁Category : English ▁male ▁screen writ ers <0x0A> </s> ▁C ler ken well ▁Pri ory ▁was ▁a ▁pri ory ▁of ▁the ▁Mon astic ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Kn ights ▁H osp it all ers ▁of ▁St ▁John ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁in ▁C ler ken well , ▁London . ▁ ▁Run ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁August in ian ▁rule , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁H osp it all ers ' ▁Grand ▁Prior ▁in ▁England , ▁and ▁was ▁thus ▁their ▁English ▁headquarters . ▁Its ▁great ▁land hold ing ▁near ▁London ▁until ▁Protest ant ▁monarch ▁Edward ▁VI ▁of ▁England ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁north ▁of ▁Mary le bone : ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Wood ▁which ▁it ▁had ▁far med ▁out ▁on ▁agricult ural ▁ten an cies ▁as ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁produce ▁and ▁income . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Foundation ▁Jordan ▁Br is et , ▁a ▁Norman ▁baron , ▁founded ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁in ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Henry ▁II ▁( al ong ▁with ▁a ▁Bened ict ine ▁n unn ery ▁alongside ), ▁and ▁its ▁church ▁was ▁consec r ated ▁by ▁the ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁Her ac lius , ▁in ▁ 1 1 8 5 . ▁Henry ▁held ▁an ▁a ul ic ▁council
▁at ▁the ▁Pri ory , ▁at ▁which ▁Her ac lius ▁convinced ▁the ▁king ▁to ▁send ▁English ▁troops ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁cr us ade ▁but ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁persu ade ▁the ▁bar ons ▁to ▁allow ▁Henry ▁to ▁lead ▁them ▁personally ▁( even ▁when ▁Henry ▁was ▁offered ▁the ▁crown ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁in ▁return , ▁and ▁even ▁after ▁Her ac lius ▁shout ed ▁in ▁a ▁ra ge ▁" Here ▁is ▁my ▁head , ▁here ▁is ▁my ▁head ; ▁treat ▁me , ▁if ▁you ▁like , ▁as ▁you ▁did ▁my ▁brother ▁Thomas . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁ind ifference ▁to ▁me ▁whether ▁I ▁die ▁by ▁your ▁orders ▁or ▁in ▁Sy ria ▁by ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁inf id els ; ▁for ▁you ▁are ▁worse ▁than ▁a ▁Sar ac en .") ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Mal ory ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁those ▁later ▁buried ▁in ▁this ▁church . ▁ ▁Med ieval ▁he yd ay ▁Matthew ▁Paris ▁rec ount s ▁a ▁party ▁of ▁H osp it all ers ▁setting ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 7 ▁for ▁Cr us ade ▁thus : ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁H osp it aller ▁pri ory ▁in ▁England ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁pay ▁its ▁own ▁way , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁having ▁to ▁support ▁and ▁entertain ▁the ▁Grand ▁Prior ▁and ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁p ension ers ▁and ▁guests ▁from ▁the ▁court ▁- ▁in ▁ 1 3 3 7 ▁alone ▁it ▁spent ▁more ▁than ▁its ▁entire ▁re venue ▁( its ▁whole ▁re venue ▁was ▁at ▁least ▁£ 8 , 0 0
0 ). ▁ ▁Royal ▁guests ▁at ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁included ▁King ▁John ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 2 , ▁Edward , ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ▁( l ater ▁Edward ▁I ) ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Ele an or ▁of ▁Cast ile ▁in ▁ 1 2 6 5 ., ▁Henry ▁IV ▁in ▁ 1 3 9 9 ▁and ▁Henry ▁V ▁in ▁ 1 4 1 3 . ▁ ▁Fire ▁and ▁reconst ruction ▁ ▁Though ▁add itions ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁complex ▁in ▁Edward ▁I ' s ▁reign , ▁the ▁mob ▁of ▁the ▁Pe as ants ' ▁Revol t ▁burn ed ▁it ▁down . ▁ ▁Nevertheless , ▁a ▁royal ▁council ▁was ▁held ▁there ▁in ▁ 1 4 8 5 , ▁at ▁which ▁Richard ▁III ▁public ly ▁decided ▁against ▁his ▁earlier ▁plan ▁to ▁marry ▁his ▁nie ce , ▁Elizabeth ▁of ▁York . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁only ▁fully ▁re built ▁by ▁ 1 5 0 4 , ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁completion ▁for ▁the ▁grand ▁south ▁gate ▁ere cted ▁by ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Doc w ra ▁( the ▁pen ult imate ▁Grand ▁Prior , ▁also ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁church ). ▁William ▁Cam den ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁re built ▁complex ▁res emble d ▁a ▁palace , ▁and ▁had ▁in ▁it ▁a ▁very ▁fair ▁church , ▁and ▁a ▁tower - ste e ple ▁raised ▁to ▁a ▁great ▁height , ▁with ▁so ▁fine ▁work mans hip ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁singular ▁beauty ▁and ▁orn ament ▁to ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁D iss ol ution ▁In ▁ 1 5 0 2 ▁Henry ▁VII
▁of ▁England ▁was ▁chosen ▁Prote ctor ▁of ▁the ▁H osp it all ers , ▁but ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁provide ▁them ▁the ▁men ▁and ▁money ▁( for ▁their ▁defence ▁of ▁Rh odes ▁against ▁S ule yman ▁the ▁Magn ific ent ) ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁promised . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁island ▁finally ▁fell ▁the ▁Order ' s ▁Grand ▁Master , ▁L ' Is le ▁Adam , ▁was ▁received ▁by ▁Henry ' s ▁son ▁Henry ▁VIII . ▁ ▁At ▁his ▁request , ▁Henry ▁confirmed ▁the ▁privileges ▁of ▁the ▁kn ights , ▁though ▁he ▁later ▁dissol ved ▁C ler ken well ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁order ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁wider ▁D iss ol ution ▁since ▁they ▁" mal ici ously ▁and ▁tra itor ously ▁u ph eld ▁the ▁' B ishop ▁of ▁Rome ' ▁to ▁be ▁Supreme ▁Head ▁of ▁Christ ' s ▁Church " ▁and ▁thus ▁intended ▁to ▁sub vert ▁" the ▁good ▁and ▁god ly ▁laws ▁and ▁stat ues ▁of ▁this ▁real m ." ▁ ▁The ▁king ▁granted ▁the ▁last ▁prior , ▁William ▁West on , ▁and ▁the ▁order ' s ▁other ▁officers ▁small ▁ann u ities , ▁and ▁so ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁opp ose ▁their ▁house ' s ▁dissol ution , ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Kn ights ▁retired ▁to ▁their ▁strong hold ▁of ▁Mal ta , ▁though ▁three ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁were ▁executed ▁by ▁Henry ▁as ▁tra itors ▁( one ▁hung ▁and ▁quarter ed , ▁the ▁others ▁be head ed ). ▁ ▁Henry ▁granted ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁church ▁to ▁John ▁D ud ley
, ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁North umber land ▁for ▁£ 1 , 0 0 0 , ▁and ▁used ▁it ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁to ▁store ▁his ▁hunting - net s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 0 ▁ten ▁newly ▁made ▁ser je ants - at - law ▁hosted ▁a ▁great ▁ban quet ▁at ▁St ▁John ' s ▁for ▁London ' s ▁mayor ▁and ▁al der men ▁and ▁for ▁all ▁the ▁L ords ▁and ▁Commons , ▁at ▁which ▁rings ▁were ▁handed ▁out ▁to ▁the ▁guests , ▁and , ▁according ▁to ▁St ow , ▁at ▁another ▁of ▁these ▁fe asts ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 1 , ▁thirty - four ▁great ▁be e ves ▁were ▁consum ed , ▁besides ▁thirty - se ven ▁dozen ▁p ige ons ▁and ▁four teen ▁dozen ▁sw ans . ▁ ▁Edward ▁VI ▁to ▁James ▁I ▁Henry ' s ▁son ▁Edward ▁granted ▁the ▁Pri ory ' s ▁remaining ▁lands ▁to ▁other ▁no blem en . ▁ ▁John ▁St ow ▁reports ▁that , ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁year ▁of ▁Edward ' s ▁reign , ▁" the ▁[ P ri ory ] ▁church ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁part , ▁to ▁wit , ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁side ▁a is les , ▁with ▁the ▁great ▁bell - t ower ▁( a ▁most ▁curious ▁piece ▁of ▁work mans hip , ▁gra ven , ▁gilt , ▁and ▁in ame led , ▁to ▁the ▁great ▁beaut ifying ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁and ▁passing ▁all ▁other ▁that ▁I ▁have ▁seen ), ▁was ▁under ▁m ined ▁and ▁blow
n ▁up ▁with ▁gun pow der ; ▁the ▁stone ▁there of ▁was ▁employed ▁in ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁Lord ▁Prote ctor ' s ▁house ▁in ▁the ▁Str and ." ▁ ▁Other ▁stone ▁from ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁construct ▁the ▁por ch ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁All ▁Hall ows ▁Lomb ard ▁Street ▁( cor ner ▁of ▁Grace ch urch ▁Street , ▁demol ished ▁ 1 9 3 7 ), ▁and ▁by ▁Full er ' s ▁time ▁the ▁cho ir ▁of ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁church ▁was ▁in ▁" a ▁pit iful ▁pl ight ". ▁ ▁Mary ▁I ▁( who ▁had ▁often ▁stayed ▁at ▁the ▁pri ory ▁buildings ▁during ▁Edward ' s ▁reign , ▁making ▁extra v ag ant ▁progress es ▁with ▁Catholic ▁nobles ▁from ▁there ▁to ▁her ▁brother ' s ▁court ▁at ▁White hall ▁Palace ) ▁rev ived ▁the ▁order ▁and ▁restored ▁its ▁poss essions , ▁whilst ▁her ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Can ter bury , ▁Card inal ▁P ole , ▁built ▁a ▁new ▁west ▁front ▁on ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁church ▁and ▁made ▁rep airs ▁to ▁its ▁side ▁chap els . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁was ▁sufficiently ▁restored ▁for ▁the ▁Mer chant ▁T ay l ors ▁Gu ild ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁mass ▁there , ▁during ▁which ▁offer ings ▁were ▁made ▁and ▁the ▁cho ir ▁was ▁hung ▁with ▁t apest ries . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁order ▁was ▁once ▁again ▁sent ▁back ▁to ▁Mal ta ▁on ▁the ▁acc ession ▁of ▁Elizabeth . ▁ ▁During ▁her ▁reign ▁her ▁Master ▁of ▁the ▁Re vel s , ▁Edmund ▁T yl
ney , ▁stayed ▁in ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁buildings , ▁as ▁did ▁all ▁his ▁tail ors , ▁emb roid er ers , ▁pain ters , ▁car pent ers , ▁and ▁the ▁stage ▁cre ws ▁for ▁court ▁plays ▁and ▁mas ques ▁- ▁the ▁great ▁hall ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁re he ars als . ▁ ▁James ▁I ▁of ▁England ▁granted ▁the ▁buildings ▁to ▁Lord ▁A ub igny ▁( rem oving ▁the ▁Re vel s ▁Office ▁to ▁St ▁Peter ' s ▁Hill ), ▁and ▁it ▁later ▁passed ▁to ▁Sir ▁William ▁Cec il ▁then ▁to ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁El gin . ▁▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁In ▁ 1 6 2 3 ▁Joseph ▁Hall , ▁later ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Ex eter ▁and ▁Nor wich , ▁re open ed ▁the ▁rep a ired ▁cho ir ▁and , ▁in ▁Charles ▁I ' s ▁reign , ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁El gin ▁turned ▁the ▁church ▁into ▁the ▁A yles bury ▁Chap el , ▁as ▁his ▁private ▁chap el . ▁ ▁It ▁later ▁became ▁a ▁Pres by ter ian ▁meeting - house , ▁remaining ▁so ▁until ▁ 1 7 1 0 . ▁ ▁Its ▁p ew s ▁were ▁ri pped ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁Sach ever ell ▁ri ot ers ▁to ▁burn ▁outside ▁the ▁nearby ▁house ▁of ▁Bishop ▁Gilbert ▁Burn et . ▁The ▁chap el ▁was ▁en larg ed ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 1 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 3 ▁was ▁bought ▁for ▁£ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁by ▁the ▁commission ers ▁for ▁building ▁fifty ▁new ▁churches ▁to
▁become ▁the ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁St ▁John ▁C ler ken well . ▁ ▁Today ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁large ▁painted ▁windows ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁church ▁still ▁surv ived ▁at ▁the ▁parish ▁church ' s ▁east ▁end , ▁as ▁did ▁remains ▁of ▁Prior ▁Doc w ra ' s ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁east ▁walls , ▁and ▁capit als ▁and ▁rib ▁m ould ings ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁church ▁under p inned ▁the ▁p ew s . ▁ ▁All ▁that ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁now ▁is ▁Doc w ra ' s ▁south ▁gate , ▁largely ▁re construct ed ▁in ▁Victor ian ▁times ▁and ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Gate , ▁in ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Square , ▁and ▁an ▁Early ▁English ▁crypt ▁remaining ▁beneath ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁St ▁John . ▁The ▁pri ory ▁arch ▁stone ▁found ▁its ▁way ▁to ▁Ex mouth ▁in ▁Dev on ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁St ▁John ▁Am bul ance ▁Brigade ▁( see ▁photos ▁and ▁more ▁detail ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁the ▁pri ors ▁of ▁St ▁John ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁in ▁England ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁' C ler ken well : ▁( part ▁ 1 ▁of ▁ 2 ) ', ▁Old ▁and ▁New ▁London : ▁Volume ▁ 2 ▁( 1 8 7 8 ), ▁pp . 3 0 9 – 3 2 8 . ▁Date ▁accessed : ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8
. ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Mon aster ies ▁in ▁London ▁Category : Pre cept ories ▁of ▁the ▁Kn ights ▁H osp it aller ▁in ▁England ▁Category : August in ian ▁monaster ies ▁in ▁England ▁Category : History ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Is ling ton ▁Category : G rade ▁I ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁Is ling ton ▁Category : 1 1 8 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Christ ian ▁monaster ies ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁Pri ory ▁Category : B ur ial ▁sites ▁of ▁the ▁De ▁L acy ▁family <0x0A> </s> ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : J ud ges ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Court ▁of ▁Canada ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Montreal <0x0A> </s> ▁Lisa ▁Mat assa ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁country ▁singer ▁and ▁singer - song writer . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁she ▁had ▁two ▁pop ▁hits ▁reach ▁the ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁on ▁the ▁Dance ▁Music ▁Ch arts , ▁including ▁ 1 9 8 7 ' s ▁" I ' ve ▁Got ▁the ▁H ots ▁for ▁You " ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 ' s ▁" R ock ▁Me ▁Baby ," ▁both ▁cred ited ▁to ▁L ys a ▁Lyn n . ▁She ▁released ▁a ▁debut ▁country ▁EP ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁titled ▁Me ▁Time . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Lisa ▁Mat assa ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁initially ▁raised ▁on ▁Long ▁Island
, ▁New ▁York . ▁She ▁comes ▁from ▁a ▁musical ▁family ; ▁her ▁mother ▁used ▁to ▁sing ▁in ▁a ▁do o - w op ▁group , ▁and ▁her ▁grand m other ▁was ▁an ▁opera ▁singer . ▁As ▁a ▁child ▁she ▁often ▁listened ▁to ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Lor etta ▁Lyn n ▁and ▁El vis ▁Pres ley . ▁When ▁Mat assa ▁was ▁seven ▁years ▁old ▁her ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁Fort ▁La ud erd ale , ▁Florida , ▁where ▁they ▁remained ▁for ▁eight ▁years . ▁Mat assa ▁began ▁studying ▁opera ▁with ▁an ▁al um na ▁of ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Opera ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁about ▁nine , ▁continu ing ▁until ▁age ▁ 1 4 , ▁when ▁she ▁branch ed ▁into ▁pop ▁and ▁rock . ▁Her ▁family ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁Franklin ▁Square , ▁New ▁York ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁t enth ▁grade . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁recently ▁out ▁of ▁high ▁school , ▁Mat assa ▁was ▁over he ard ▁by ▁a ▁dance ▁producer ▁while ▁she ▁was ▁performing ▁with ▁a ▁local ▁Long ▁Island ▁band ▁named ▁Rec overy . ▁ ▁She ▁prompt ly ▁signed ▁a ▁recording ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁independent ▁label ▁Emer gency ▁Records ▁under ▁the ▁stage ▁name ▁L ys a ▁Lyn n . ▁The ▁label ▁special ized ▁in ▁producing ▁dance - pop , ▁such ▁as ▁recording ▁artist ▁Sh annon ' s ▁dance ▁anth em ▁" Let ▁the ▁Music ▁Play ." ▁ ▁Mat assa ▁recorded ▁two ▁hit ▁singles , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ' s ▁" I ' ve ▁Got ▁the ▁H ots ▁for ▁You
" ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 ' s ▁" R ock ▁Me ▁Baby ," ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁gained ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁air play ▁and ▁reached ▁the ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁on ▁the ▁Dance ▁Music ▁Ch arts . ▁She ▁performed ▁numerous ▁shows ▁alongside ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Taylor ▁Day ne , ▁Br enda ▁K . ▁St arr , ▁Jud y ▁Tor res , ▁and ▁T K A ▁among ▁others . ▁Her ▁song ▁“ St ay ▁With ▁Me ▁Ton ight ” ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Car rie ▁Fish er ▁movie ▁She ’ s ▁Back . ▁ ▁Mat assa ▁soon ▁gained ▁an ▁incl ination ▁to ▁record ▁songs ▁she ▁had ▁written ▁herself , ▁with ▁a ▁more ▁rock ▁edge , ▁but ▁Emer gency ▁Records ▁dissol ved ▁several ▁months ▁after ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁her ▁last ▁single . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Mat assa ▁married ▁and ▁settled ▁down ▁to ▁raise ▁a ▁family ▁in ▁P lain view , ▁Long ▁Island . ▁She ▁continued ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁Long ▁Island ▁and ▁Manh attan ▁clubs , ▁and ▁also ▁did ▁commercial ▁voice - over ▁work . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁of ▁foc using ▁on ▁her ▁family ▁life , ▁Mat assa ▁also ▁was ▁the ▁band ▁leader ▁of ▁a ▁successful ▁club ▁band ▁for ▁ 2 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁Production ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Mat assa ▁head ed ▁to ▁Nash ville ▁to ▁write ▁and ▁record ▁Me ▁Time , ▁a ▁new ▁EP ▁of ▁country ▁music . ▁Other ▁participants ▁in ▁the ▁album ' s ▁creation ▁were ▁Bobby ▁Gra z io
se , ▁producer ▁Jo ey ▁Sy kes ▁and ▁song writing ▁collabor ations ▁with ▁country ▁music ▁writer ▁Don ▁Roll ins , ▁song writer ▁J ody ▁Gray , ▁and ▁producer ▁Tony ▁Bruno . ▁ ▁The ▁EP ▁is ▁a ▁sty list ic ▁bl end ▁of ▁Southern ▁Rock , ▁New ▁Country , ▁and ▁Pop . ▁ ▁Release ▁The ▁EP ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁It ▁Is ▁What ▁It ▁Is ▁Records ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁N ine ▁North ▁Records ▁from ▁Nash ville ▁has ▁handled ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁promotion . ▁The ▁release ▁concert ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁with ▁her ▁supporting ▁band ▁consisting ▁of ▁Tony ▁Bruno , ▁Greg ▁Smith , ▁Jules ▁Rad ino , ▁Jo ey ▁Sy kes , ▁Col in ▁Smith , ▁Mike ▁D ime o , ▁Bobby ▁Guy ▁Gra z io se , ▁and ▁Sim i ▁Stone . ▁ ▁Mat assa ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁Fe ature d ▁Art ist ▁on ▁Re verb N ation . com , ▁after ▁Re verb N ation ▁co - found er ▁Lou ▁Pla ia ▁read ▁her ▁story ▁in ▁the ▁P lain view ▁Old ▁Beth page ▁Her ald . ▁ ▁Her ▁music ▁has ▁received ▁air play ▁on ▁W J VC ▁ 9 6 . 1 ▁FM , ▁Long ▁Island ' s ▁local ▁country ▁station . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁interview ed ▁on ▁Fox ▁News ▁in ▁California ▁and ▁New ▁York , ▁ 1 0 1 0 ▁W IN S , ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁radio ▁stations . ▁Mat assa ▁performed ▁the ▁national ▁anth
em ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁opening ▁act ▁for ▁Fre edom fest ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁first ▁country ▁music ▁festival ▁to ▁be ▁held ▁at ▁D uck s ▁Stadium ▁on ▁Long ▁Island . ▁" Me ▁Time ," ▁the ▁title ▁track ▁from ▁her ▁EP , ▁has ▁been ▁formally ▁added ▁into ▁rot ations ▁on ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁dozen ▁radio ▁station ▁play ▁lists . ▁In ▁Spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Mat assa ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁a ▁north ▁east ▁radio ▁promotion ▁tour ▁and ▁will ▁follow ▁it ▁up ▁with ▁a ▁national ▁radio ▁promotion ▁tour ▁through ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Mat assa ▁released ▁" Make ▁America ▁Great ▁Again ". ▁ ▁Style ▁Mat assa ▁has ▁dub bed ▁her ▁style ▁of ▁music ▁" Long ▁Island ▁Country ," ▁which ▁she ▁describes ▁as ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁rock ▁and ▁roll ▁mixed ▁with ▁new ▁country . ▁On ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁N ass au ▁County ▁Executive ▁Ed ▁Mang ano ▁awarded ▁Mat assa ▁a ▁c itation ▁as ▁Long ▁Island ’ s ▁first ▁country ▁music ▁recording ▁artist , ▁and ▁the ▁pione er ▁of ▁the ▁genre ▁Long ▁Island ▁Country ▁genre . ▁Bey ond ▁traditional ▁country ▁influ ences ▁she ▁has ▁stated ▁she ▁is ▁influenced ▁by ▁mus icians ▁such ▁as ▁Bon nie ▁Ra itt , ▁Bar bra ▁Stre is and , ▁L inda ▁Ron stadt , ▁P ats y ▁C line , ▁Lor etta ▁Lyn n ,
▁El vis , ▁The ▁Beat les , ▁Heart , ▁and ▁Lyn yr d ▁Sk yn yr d . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Mat assa ▁continues ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁P lain view , ▁Long ▁Island ▁with ▁her ▁husband . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁volunte ering ▁at ▁her ▁local ▁church , ▁she ▁volunte ers ▁and ▁supports ▁the ▁Last ▁Hope ▁Animal ▁Sh elter , ▁the ▁Bre ath ▁Bel ieve ▁Foundation ▁for ▁c yst ic ▁fib ros is , ▁and ▁the ▁Side walk ▁Ang els ▁Foundation , ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁that ▁helps ▁fund ▁research ▁for ▁aut ism . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Singles ▁" I ' ve ▁Got ▁the ▁H ots ▁for ▁You " ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁" R ock ▁Me ▁Baby " ▁( 1 9 8 8 ) ▁" Me ▁Time " ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁" The ▁Christmas ▁Song " ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁" W ould n ' t ▁You ▁Like ▁to ▁Know " ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁" Some body ' s ▁Baby " ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁" I ▁W on ' t ▁Ask " ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁" Make ▁America ▁Great ▁Again " ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Studio ▁albums ▁Me ▁Time ▁EP ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Sun r ise ▁Highway ▁LP ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Some body ' s ▁Baby ▁EP ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Why ▁I ' m ▁Here ▁- ▁Leg end ary ▁Du ets ▁( 2
0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Music ▁videos ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : American ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : American ▁female ▁country ▁sing ers ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : American ▁dance ▁mus icians ▁Category : American ▁country ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Manh asset , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁P lain view , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Franklin ▁Square , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : S ong writ ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : Country ▁mus icians ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁P og ros z yn ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Wien ia wa , ▁within ▁Prz ys ucha ▁County , ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁east - central ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies ▁approximately ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁Wien ia wa , ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁Prz ys ucha , ▁and ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁Wars aw . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁P og ros z yn <0x0A> </s> ▁Werner ▁Gra eff ▁( also ▁Gr ä ff ), ▁ 2 4 ▁August ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁W upp ert al ▁- ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁Black s burg , ▁Virginia ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁sculpt or , ▁painter , ▁graph ic
▁artist , ▁photograph er , ▁film ▁mak er ▁and ▁invent or . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁he ▁started ▁studying ▁at ▁the ▁Bau haus ▁in ▁We imar . ▁Here ▁he ▁soon ▁became ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁The o ▁van ▁Does berg , ▁and ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁meeting ▁in ▁We imar ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁where ▁van ▁Does berg , ▁El ▁L iss itz ky ▁and ▁Hans ▁Rich ter ▁planned ▁the ▁inter vention ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Con struct iv ist ▁F action ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Congress ▁of ▁Progress ive ▁Art ists ▁held ▁in ▁Düsseldorf , ▁ 2 9 - 3 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 2 . ▁ ▁G ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁he ▁worked ▁with ▁Rich ter ▁and ▁L iss itz ky ▁on ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁G : ▁Material ▁zur ▁element aren ▁Gest altung ▁( J ournal ▁for ▁Element ary ▁Const ruction ). ▁▁ 1 n ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁he ▁co - w rote ▁the ▁film ▁G hosts ▁Before ▁Break fast ▁with ▁Hans ▁Rich ter . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁of ▁Gra eff ' s ▁sculpt ures ▁on ▁display ▁at ▁the ▁Sk ulpt uren museum ▁Gl ask ast en ▁in ▁Mar l , ▁North ▁Rh ine - West phal ia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Steven ▁or ▁Stephen ▁Roy ce ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Stephen ▁Roy ce , ▁US ▁politician ▁Steven ▁Roy ce ▁House
▁Steven ▁Roy ce , ▁character ▁in ▁Sub urg atory <0x0A> </s> ▁G DD ▁may ▁mean : ▁ ▁Game ▁design ▁document , ▁a ▁design ▁document ▁specific ▁to ▁video ▁games . ▁G ase ous ▁detection ▁device , ▁a ▁technology ▁used ▁with ▁some ▁electron ▁micro scop es ▁and ▁similar ▁instruments ▁Ge ograph ically ▁Dist ributed ▁Development ▁Gla u com a ▁d rain age ▁device ▁Global ▁Data ▁Dictionary ▁Global ▁D rug ▁Development ▁Global ▁development al ▁delay , ▁a ▁child hood ▁medical ▁dis order ▁Go al - Direct ed ▁Design , ▁a ▁user ▁interface ▁design ▁method ▁developed ▁by ▁Alan ▁Cooper ▁Group ▁delay ▁disp ersion ▁( Group ▁velocity ▁disp ersion ), ▁effect ▁of ▁a ▁medium ▁on ▁an ▁optical ▁signal ▁Google ▁Develop er ▁Day , ▁Google ▁prom ot ional ▁events ▁for ▁developers ▁Great ▁Dragon ' s ▁D ale , ▁a ▁Russian - language ▁video ▁g aming ▁magazine ▁Green ▁D eg ree ▁Directory ▁G row ing ▁degree - day , ▁a ▁unit ▁for ▁meas uring ▁clim atic ▁warm th ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁time <0x0A> </s> ▁P ity rias is ▁l ich eno ides ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁pity rias is . ▁ ▁Types ▁include : ▁ ▁P ity rias is ▁l ich eno ides ▁et ▁vari ol iform is ▁ac uta ▁ ▁P ity rias is ▁l ich eno ides ▁chron ica ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : L ym ph oid - related ▁cut aneous ▁conditions <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Re ver end ▁Clement ▁E ust ace ▁Mac ro ▁Wilson ▁( 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 8 7
5 ▁– ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁amateur ▁first - class ▁cr ick eter ▁and ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁cl erg yman . ▁ ▁Cr icket ▁career ▁Wilson ▁played ▁first - class ▁cr icket ▁for ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 8 , ▁being ▁university ▁Blue ▁captain ▁in ▁latter ▁year , ▁and ▁for ▁York shire ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁two ▁Test ▁matches ▁for ▁England , ▁when ▁they ▁tou red ▁South ▁Africa ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 – 9 9 . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁education ▁Wilson ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Bol ster stone , ▁Sto cks bridge , ▁York shire , ▁England , ▁and ▁educated ▁at ▁U pping ham ▁School ▁and ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Cambridge , ▁where ▁he ▁graduated ▁B A ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁and ▁MA ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁ ▁C ler gy ▁career ▁Wilson ▁was ▁ord ained ▁de acon ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁and ▁priest ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁cur ate ▁at ▁Whit by , ▁North ▁York shire , ▁ 1 9 0 1 – 0 3 ; ▁D unch urch , ▁War wick shire , ▁ 1 9 0 3 – 0 4 , ▁and ▁neighbour ing ▁Rugby ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁to
▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁he ▁was , ▁for ▁his ▁first ▁time , ▁Vic ar ▁of ▁Cal ver hall , ▁Sh ro pshire , ▁then ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁R ector ▁of ▁E cc l eston , ▁Ch esh ire ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁estate ▁chap lain ▁and ▁li br arian ▁to ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁West min ster ▁at ▁E aton ▁Hall , ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁Vic ar ▁of ▁Sand ▁H utton , ▁North ▁York shire . ▁ ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁Cal ver hall ▁again ▁as ▁its ▁Vic ar ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁holding ▁the ▁living , ▁with ▁that ▁of ▁neighbour ing ▁Ig ht field ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁also ▁Pre b end ary ▁of ▁L ich field ▁C athedral , ▁in ▁whose ▁dioc ese ▁the ▁par ishes ▁lie . ▁ ▁Rock ley ▁Wilson , ▁his ▁brother , ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁York shire ▁and ▁England ▁and ▁an ▁older ▁brother , ▁Row land , ▁played ▁fleet ingly ▁for ▁Cambridge ▁University . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ESP N ▁C ric info ▁page ▁on ▁C lem ▁Wilson ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁death s ▁Category : C amb ridge ▁University ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Eng land ▁Test ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : English ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Y ork shire ▁cr
ick eters ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁Ang lic an ▁pri ests ▁Category : C rick eters ▁from ▁She ff ield ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁U pping ham ▁School ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Cambridge ▁Category : M ary le bone ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : L ord ▁Haw ke ' s ▁XI ▁cr ick eters <0x0A> </s> ▁J ill ▁Gar ner ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁architect . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁principal ▁of ▁Gar ner ▁Davis ▁Arch itect s ▁and ▁Victor ian ▁Government ▁Arch itect . ▁ ▁She ▁co - f ounded ▁Gar ner ▁Davis ▁Arch itect s ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁holds ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Princi pal . ▁She ▁joined ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Government ▁Arch itect ▁as ▁Associ ate ▁Government ▁Arch itect ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁before ▁becoming ▁Government ▁Arch itect s ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁She ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁gradu ates ▁of ▁Masters ▁by ▁Design ▁program ▁offered ▁at ▁R MIT , ▁and ▁her ▁firm ▁received ▁early ▁recognition ▁through ▁winning ▁an ▁international ▁design ▁competition ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁consist ently ▁advoc ated ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁architect ural ▁design ▁and ▁innov ation . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁J ill ▁first ▁developed ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁architecture ▁visit ing ▁a ▁friend ' s ▁house ▁designed ▁by ▁Robin ▁Bo yd ▁and ▁took ▁interest ▁in ▁its ▁layout ▁and ▁was ▁fasc in ated ▁by ▁the
▁unique ▁quality ▁of ▁light , ▁space ▁and ▁response ▁to ▁site . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁Girls ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁and ▁later ▁en rolled ▁into ▁R MIT ▁University ' s ▁Bach el ors ▁in ▁Architecture ▁program ▁( 1 9 7 8 – 1 9 8 4 ), ▁during ▁which ▁she ▁met ▁L inds ay ▁Davis . ▁She ▁later ▁continued ▁to ▁purs ue ▁her ▁Masters ▁in ▁R MIT ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁gradu ates ▁of ▁the ▁innov ative ▁practice - based ▁research ▁course ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Arch itect ural ▁work ▁The ▁W ag ga ▁W ag ga ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁project ▁emer ged ▁the ▁winner ▁in ▁an ▁open ▁two - ▁stage ▁architect ural ▁competition ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁W ag ga ▁W ag ga ▁City ▁Council . ▁Gar ner ▁Davis ' ▁proposal ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁commission ▁for ▁the ▁C iv ic ▁Centre . ▁It ▁was ▁short list ed ▁( top ▁ 5 ) ▁from ▁ 1 3 2 ▁entries . ▁The ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁situated ▁beside ▁the ▁W oll und ry ▁L ago on ▁accommod ates ▁both ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁the ▁River ina ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Art ▁G lass ▁Collection . ▁More ▁than ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁visit ▁the ▁Centre ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁has ▁four ▁distinct ▁fac ades ▁with ▁contrast ing ▁materials ▁creating ▁varying ▁degrees ▁of ▁opacity . ▁A ▁play ▁on ▁surfaces ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁within ▁the ▁internal ▁' street ', ▁creating ▁an ▁ill usion ▁of ▁am ple
▁space . ▁The ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁integr ates ▁culture . ▁It ▁is ▁inform ative ▁and ▁act ▁as ▁an ▁administrative ▁facility ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁W ag ga ▁W ag ga ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Sydney ▁architect ▁Stephen ▁Var ady ▁organ ised ▁an ▁architect ural ▁competition ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁W ag ga ▁W ag ga ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁$ 1 2 mill ion ▁C iv ic ▁Centre . ▁Melbourne ▁architect s ▁J ill ▁Gar ner ▁and ▁L inds ay ▁Davis ▁who ▁eventually ▁won ▁recently ▁the ▁complex . ▁The ▁C iv ic ▁centre ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁' construct ed ▁object ' ▁includes ▁council ▁ch amb ers , ▁offices , ▁a ▁library , ▁art ▁and ▁craft ▁gall eries , ▁public ▁service ▁cent res ▁and ▁le as able ▁areas ▁while ▁the ▁C iv ic ▁Theatre ▁( cir ca ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁and ▁the ▁city ' s ▁original ▁Council ▁Chamber , ▁have ▁been ▁retained ▁on ▁opposite ▁corners ▁of ▁the ▁site . ▁The ▁main ▁building ▁can ▁be ▁accessed ▁from ▁the ▁eastern ▁and ▁western ▁pla zas . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁containing ▁multiple ▁ent ran ces ▁is ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁client ' s ▁brief ▁and ▁the ▁architect s ' ▁personal ▁vision . ▁The ▁Bay lis ▁Street ▁entrance , ▁provides ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁council ▁facilities , ▁customer ▁service ▁centre , ▁library ▁and ▁art ▁gallery ▁off ▁a ▁sk yl it ▁internal ▁prom en ade ▁called ▁the ▁C iv ic ▁Ar cade . ▁The
▁path way ▁continues ▁towards ▁a ▁c afé , ▁and ▁cul min ates ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Art ▁G lass ▁Gallery . ▁This ▁pav il ion ▁is ▁position ed ▁like ▁a ▁ra ft ▁over ▁the ▁original ▁river bed ▁where ▁the ▁l ago on ▁once ▁flow ed ▁to ▁the ▁M urr umb idge e , ▁accommod ating ▁an ▁int imate ▁sculpt ure ▁garden , ▁which ▁highlight s ▁the ▁lines ▁of ▁the ▁C iv ic ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁The ▁strength ▁of ▁Gar ner ▁and ▁Davis ' ▁design ▁st ems ▁from ▁two ▁sources . ▁First , ▁the ▁architect s ▁work ▁from ▁a ▁trad i - tion , ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁the ▁' M el bourne ▁School ', ▁with ▁particular ▁reference ▁to ▁post - war ▁modern ists ▁Robin ▁Bo yd ▁and ▁Roy ▁Gr ounds . ▁Second , ▁they ▁consist ently ▁apply ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁as ▁a ▁three - dimensional ▁mapping ▁onto ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁Te aching ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁taught ▁architect ural ▁history , ▁contemporary ▁theory ▁and ▁design ▁in ▁R MIT ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Melbourne . ▁She ▁is ▁frequently ▁invited ▁to ▁various ▁architect ural ▁events ▁and ▁has ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁industry ▁through ▁publications ▁and ▁journ als , ▁sem in ars , ▁lect ures ▁both ▁local ▁and ▁inter state . ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁on ▁award ▁jur ies . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁author ▁on ▁the ▁Association ▁of ▁Cons ult ing ▁Arch itect s ▁Australia ▁( AC A ). ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁ ▁J ill ▁Gar ner ▁has ▁worked ▁in ▁several ▁of ▁Melbourne ' s
▁influ ential ▁design ▁practices ▁over ▁ten ▁years ▁since ▁gradu ating ▁with ▁her ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree . ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁Gar ner ▁Davis ▁Arch itect s , ▁which ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁small ▁comm issions . ▁She ▁was ▁later ▁invited ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁Victor ian ▁Government ▁Arch itect s ( O V GA ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁as ▁an ▁Associ ate ▁Arch itect ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Premier ▁and ▁Cab inet ▁( V IC ), ▁which ▁handles ▁public ▁policy ▁matters . ▁ ▁O wn ▁Arch itect ural ▁firm ▁ ▁The ▁St ▁K ilda - based ▁Gar ner ▁Davis ▁Arch itect s ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁by ▁J ill ▁and ▁her ▁partner , ▁L inds ay ▁Davis . ▁The ▁firm ’ s ▁design ▁philosophy ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁an ▁in separ able ▁nature ▁of ▁a est het ics , ▁craft , ▁form , ▁space , ▁narr ative ▁and ▁the ▁practical ities ▁of ▁occupation ▁and ▁operation . ▁The ▁practice ▁has ▁worked ▁through ▁ref ined ▁project ▁delivery ▁systems . ▁ ▁The ▁firm ▁won ▁the ▁international ▁design ▁competition ▁for ▁the ▁W ag ga ▁W ag ga ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁practice ’ s ▁projects ▁include ▁the ▁North c ote ▁P rec inct ▁Master plan ▁and ▁the ▁Mor ning ▁Pen ins ula ▁Customer ▁Service ▁Centre ▁and ▁the ▁Mor ning ton ▁Library ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁The ▁Master plan ▁won ▁the ▁
2 0 0 4 ▁Bu ilt ▁Environment ▁award ▁for ▁both ▁Out er ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁Regional ▁Architecture . ▁Some ▁of ▁her ▁interior ▁works ▁includes ▁Ivan ho e ▁House , ▁a ▁Private ▁residence ▁situated ▁by ▁Bank ▁of ▁Y ar ra ▁River ▁and ▁Tal ack o ▁House , ▁in ▁Met ung , ▁Victoria ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁J ill ▁Gar ner , ▁“ The ▁true ▁value ▁of ▁( good ) ▁architecture ▁lies ▁in ▁its ▁capacity ▁to ▁integrate ▁a ▁solution ▁to ▁the ▁m und ane ▁problems ▁of ▁occupation , ▁with ▁the ▁capacity ▁to ▁change ▁our ▁per ception ▁of ▁place , ▁and ▁the ▁very ▁best ▁architecture ▁integr ates ▁use ▁with ▁space , ▁material ▁and ▁light ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁way ▁that ▁our ▁sens es ▁so ar .” ▁ ▁W od ong a ▁T AF E ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁W od ong a ▁T AF E ▁building ▁designed ▁by ▁Gar ner ▁Davis ▁Arch itect s , ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁library , ▁art ▁gallery , ▁theatre ▁and ▁senior ▁citizens ' ▁club . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁city ' s ▁cultural ▁prec inct ▁and ▁is ▁a kin ▁to ▁a ▁succession ▁of ▁flexible ▁spaces ▁than ▁an ▁education ▁institution . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁architect s ’ ▁main ▁concerns ▁was ▁the ▁environment ▁surrounding ▁the ▁new ▁building , ▁adjacent ▁to ▁a ▁cour ty ard ▁where ▁the ▁ent ran ces ▁to ▁the ▁cultural ▁buildings ▁lie . ▁ ▁The ▁entrance , ▁constructed ▁from ▁concrete , ▁steel ▁and ▁tim ber ▁batt ens , ▁seems ▁to ▁pe el ▁away ▁from ▁the
▁corner . ▁ ▁The ▁western ▁fa ç ade ▁consists ▁of ▁extended ▁emb oss ed ▁concrete ▁panel led ▁walls ▁and ▁tim ber ▁batt ens ▁for ▁sun ▁protection ▁and ▁is ▁contrast ed ▁by ▁gener ous ▁gla zing . ▁The ▁emb oss ed ▁concrete ▁creates ▁texture ▁and ▁dep ict s ▁an ▁abstract ed ▁aer ial ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁Murray ▁River ▁system . ▁ ▁Bey ond ▁the ▁gla zed ▁entry ▁lies ▁the ▁reception ▁area ▁with ▁a ▁l ime ▁green ▁l amin ate ▁counter ▁and ▁a ▁ben ch ▁in ▁the ▁lo bb y , ▁designed ▁for ▁students ▁to ▁use ▁their ▁la pt ops . ▁A ▁comp elling ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁at rium ▁of ▁the ▁two - level ▁building ▁is ▁the ▁st air case , ▁made ▁from ▁steel ▁and ▁glass . ▁This ▁temperature ▁of ▁this ▁area ▁is ▁kept ▁cool ▁by ▁l ouv red ▁glass ▁windows ▁and ▁sk yl ight . ▁Additionally , ▁hot ▁air ▁p urg ed ▁through ▁the ▁l ouv res . ▁ ▁The ▁ground ▁level ▁has ▁four ▁lecture ▁rooms , ▁complete ▁with ▁state - of - the - art ▁technology . ▁Ret ract able ▁walls ▁ensure ▁each ▁space ▁can ▁be ▁en closed ▁or ▁left ▁open , ▁creating ▁continuous ▁spaces . ▁And ▁each ▁room ▁has ▁a ▁kitchen ette ▁and ▁storage ▁areas ▁made ▁from ▁dark ▁tim ber ▁v ene er . ▁ ▁The ▁administrative ▁offices ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁board room ▁which ▁leads ▁to ▁an ▁en closed ▁terra ce ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁W od ong a ▁T AF E ▁building , ▁with ▁tim ber
▁b atten ▁walls ▁to ▁diff use ▁light . ▁ ▁Time ▁constraints ▁were ▁another ▁challeng ing ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁project . ▁The ▁architect s ▁were ▁given ▁a ▁year ▁to ▁design , ▁document ▁and ▁construct ▁this ▁building . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁International ▁recognition ▁ ▁The ▁W ag ga ▁W ag ga ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁– ▁ ▁The ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁design ▁proposal ▁won ▁an ▁international ▁design ▁competition ▁for ▁new ▁council ▁offices , ▁library , ▁art ▁gall eries ▁and ▁ca fe ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁National ▁Art ▁G lass ▁Gallery ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁References ▁and ▁External ▁Link s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁women ▁architect s ▁Category : Arch itect s ▁in ▁Government ▁Category : V ict or ian ▁( Austral ia ) ▁architect s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Australian ▁architect s ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁architect s ▁Category : Arch itect s ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁Category : R MIT ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Australian ▁women ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Australian ▁women <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁following ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁mar itime ▁science ▁fiction ▁media . ▁ ▁Mar itime ▁science ▁fiction ▁is ▁a ▁sub gen re ▁of ▁science ▁fiction ▁that ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁first ▁appeared ▁with ▁Jules ▁Ver ne ' s ▁classic ▁
1 8 7 0 ▁French ▁language ▁novel ▁Tw enty ▁Th ous and ▁Le agues ▁Under ▁the ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁Ver ne ' s ▁ 1 8 7 0 ▁novel ▁Tw enty ▁Th ous and ▁Le agues ▁Under ▁the ▁Sea ▁has ▁been ▁ret old ▁many ▁ways ▁in ▁various ▁media . ▁Other ▁major ▁works ▁of ▁this ▁sub gen re ▁in ▁literature ▁may ▁include : ▁▁ ▁The ▁Kra ken ▁W akes ▁by ▁John ▁Wy nd man ▁– ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁The ▁Dragon ▁in ▁the ▁Sea ▁by ▁Frank ▁Herbert ▁– ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁The ▁Ill umin atus ! ▁Tr il ogy ▁- ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Aqu arius ▁Mission ▁- ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁Start ide ▁R ising ▁by ▁David ▁Br in ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁S phere ▁by ▁Michael ▁Cr icht on ▁– ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Re ef song ▁by ▁Carol ▁Sever ance ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁Star fish ▁by ▁Peter ▁W att s ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁The ▁T rench ▁- ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁The ▁Sc ar ▁by ▁China ▁Mie ville ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁The ▁Sw arm ▁by ▁Frank ▁Sch ät zing ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Cam ou fl age ▁by ▁Joe ▁Hal de man ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Vo y age ▁to ▁the ▁B ottom ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁( 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 6 8 ) ▁▁ ▁Se al ab ▁ 2
0 2 0 ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ ▁Sea quest ▁D SV ▁( 1 9 9 3 - 1 9 9 6 ) ▁▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Le agues ▁Under ▁the ▁Sea ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Se al ab ▁ 2 0 2 1 ▁( 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁The ▁At omic ▁Sub marine ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁Beach ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁ ▁Vo y age ▁to ▁the ▁B ottom ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁A by ss ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁Le vi athan ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁Water world ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Deep ▁Blue ▁Sea ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Deep ▁Sea ▁R ising ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁N aut ical ▁fiction ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Gr ün be in , ▁D urs ▁Die ▁B ars ▁von ▁Atl ant is ▁Eine ▁Er kund ung ▁in ▁vier ze hn ▁T auch g ängen ▁▁ 1 0 0 ▁Mar itime ▁Science ▁F iction ▁Writing ▁Prom pts ▁by ▁Kn atia ▁Par son ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Five ▁fant astic ▁na ut ical ▁science ▁fiction ▁nov els ▁Under water ▁Sci - Fi , ▁Action , ▁Advent ure ▁and ▁Th r iller ▁Films ▁The ▁Top ▁ 1 0 ▁Under water ▁Science ▁F iction ▁Books ▁ ▁Category :
1 8 7 0 ▁introdu ctions ▁Category : N aut ical ▁fiction ▁Mar itime ▁media ▁Category : S cience ▁fiction ▁books ▁Category : S cience ▁fiction ▁films ▁Category : S cience ▁fiction ▁television ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁J PM ▁Airport ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁air port ▁located ▁ 2 ▁miles ▁west ▁of ▁Mon mouth ▁in ▁Pol k ▁County , ▁Oregon , ▁USA . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : A ir ports ▁in ▁Pol k ▁County , ▁Oregon <0x0A> </s> ▁Lieutenant - General ▁Sir ▁George ▁St ▁Patrick ▁Lawrence ▁ ▁( 1 7 ▁March ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁– ▁ 1 6 ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Indian ▁Army . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Lawrence , ▁third ▁son ▁of ▁L t .- Col . ▁Alexander ▁Lawrence ▁( 1 7 6 4 – 1 8 3 5 ), ▁was ▁elder ▁brother ▁of ▁both ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Lawrence ▁and ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Lawrence . ▁His ▁father , ▁an ▁Indian ▁officer , ▁led , ▁with ▁three ▁other ▁lie uten ants , ▁the ▁storm ing ▁of ▁Ser ing apat am ▁on ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 1 7 9 9 , ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 9 , ▁after ▁fifteen ▁years ' ▁severe ▁service . ▁ ▁George ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁a ▁Protest ant ▁Ul ster - Sc ots ▁family ▁at ▁Tr in com ale e , ▁C ey lon , ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 1 8 0 4 , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁educated ▁at ▁Fo
yle ▁College ▁in ▁Der ry . ▁Both ▁his ▁parents ▁were ▁from ▁Ul ster , ▁the ▁northern ▁province ▁in ▁Ireland , ▁his ▁father ▁being ▁from ▁Col era ine ▁in ▁County ▁London der ry ▁while ▁his ▁mother , ▁Let it ia ▁Kno x , ▁was ▁from ▁County ▁Don eg al . ▁His ▁middle ▁name , ▁St ▁Patrick , ▁derived ▁from ▁his ▁birth ▁on ▁St ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day . ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 9 ▁he ▁entered ▁Add is com be ▁Military ▁Sem inary , ▁on ▁ 5 ▁May ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁caval ry ▁cad et , ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 1 8 2 2 ▁joined ▁the ▁Second ▁Beng al ▁Light ▁Caval ry ▁in ▁Beng al , ▁and ▁on ▁ 5 ▁September ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁be ▁adj ut ant ▁of ▁his ▁regiment , ▁a ▁post ▁he ▁held ▁until ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 4 . ▁With ▁his ▁regiment ▁he ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Afghan ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁storm ing ▁of ▁Gh uz ne e ▁( mod ern ▁Gh az ni ) ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁July ▁ 1 8 3 9 , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁attempt ▁to ▁capture ▁D ost ▁Moh amm ad ▁Khan ▁in ▁his ▁flight ▁in ▁August ▁through ▁the ▁B am yan ▁pass . ▁ ▁Kab ul ▁ ▁On ▁returning ▁to ▁Kab ul , ▁Lawrence ▁became ▁political ▁assistant ▁to ▁Sir ▁William ▁Hay ▁Mac n ag ht en , ▁the ▁en voy
▁of ▁Afghan istan , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁his ▁military ▁secretary , ▁a ▁post ▁which ▁he ▁kept ▁from ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁chief . ▁On ▁the ▁surrender ▁of ▁D ost ▁Mah omed ▁Khan , ▁ 3 ▁November ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁charge ▁of ▁Lawrence ▁until ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Cal cut ta . ▁In ▁the ▁revolution ▁at ▁Cab ul , ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 8 4 1 , ▁Lawrence ▁had ▁many ▁narrow ▁esc apes ▁of ▁his ▁life , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁surrender ▁of ▁the ▁troops , ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁officers ▁delivered ▁up ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁as ▁host ages ▁for ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁st ip ulations . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁December , ▁when ▁Mac n ag ht en ▁and ▁others ▁were ▁tre acher ously ▁murder ed ▁by ▁Ak bar ▁Khan , ▁he ▁was ▁saved ▁by ▁the ▁inter position ▁of ▁Mah omed ▁Shah ▁Khan . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁retre at ▁from ▁Kab ul , ▁ 6 ▁January ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁Lawrence ▁had ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁ladies ▁and ▁children , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁remained ▁until ▁ 8 ▁January , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁again ▁given ▁up ▁to ▁Ak bar ▁Khan ▁as ▁a ▁host age . ▁With ▁the ▁ladies ▁and ▁children , ▁he ▁was ▁imprison ed ▁and ▁remained ▁with ▁them ▁until ▁their ▁release ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 1 8 4 2 . ▁He ▁ow ed ▁his ▁safety ▁during ▁this
▁period ▁to ▁the ▁high ▁opinion ▁which ▁Ak bar ▁Khan ▁had ▁of ▁his ▁character , ▁and ▁to ▁his ▁strict ▁ad her ence ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁promises ▁which ▁he ▁made ▁to ▁his ▁capt or . ▁Ill - he alth ▁obliged ▁Lawrence ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 8 4 3 , ▁and ▁shortly ▁after ▁that ▁date ▁the ▁East ▁India ▁Company ▁awarded ▁him ▁£ 6 0 0 ▁in ▁testim ony ▁of ▁their ▁sense ▁of ▁his ▁services ▁in ▁Afghan istan . ▁ ▁Return ▁to ▁India ▁ ▁On ▁his ▁going ▁back ▁to ▁India ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁an ▁assistant ▁political ▁agent ▁in ▁the ▁P un j ab , ▁having ▁charge ▁over ▁the ▁important ▁Raj put ana ▁district . ▁In ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 7 , ▁with ▁only ▁two ▁thousand ▁troops , ▁Lawrence ▁engaged ▁and ▁defeated ▁on ▁two ▁occasions ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁the ▁hill ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁tribes ▁on ▁the ▁Sw at ▁border . ▁On ▁the ▁breaking ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁S ikh ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 8 , ▁Lawrence ' s ▁great ▁personal ▁influence ▁at ▁P esh aw ar ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁kept ▁his ▁reg iments ▁faithful , ▁but ▁at ▁last ▁they ▁went ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁enemy , ▁and , ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁prisoner ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁Ch utt ur ▁Singh , ▁but ▁was ▁three ▁times ▁permitted ▁to ▁leave ▁his ▁capt ivity ▁on ▁par ole . ▁ ▁With ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁children
, ▁he ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁in ▁the ▁peace ▁following ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gu j rat , ▁and ▁received ▁the ▁thanks ▁of ▁both ▁houses ▁of ▁parliament ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁governor - general ▁for ▁remaining ▁at ▁his ▁post ▁with ▁such ▁dev otion . ▁On ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁be ▁bre vet ▁lieutenant - col onel ▁and ▁appointed ▁deput y ▁commission er ▁of ▁P esh aw ar . ▁The ▁following ▁November , ▁in ▁the ▁capacity ▁of ▁political ▁officer , ▁he ▁accompanied ▁the ▁forces ▁sent ▁under ▁General ▁Brad sh aw ▁into ▁the ▁Y us uf za i ▁country ▁and ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁P ulle e ▁on ▁the ▁Sw at ▁border . ▁ ▁Again ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 8 5 0 , ▁in ▁command ▁of ▁milit ia , ▁he ▁went ▁with ▁Sir ▁Charles ▁Nap ier ▁to ▁the ▁forcing ▁of ▁the ▁Koh at ▁pass ▁and ▁gu ided ▁him ▁through ▁that ▁def ile . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁he ▁became ▁political ▁agent ▁in ▁Mé war , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Raj put ana ▁states , ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁until ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁when ▁he ▁succeeded ▁his ▁brother ▁Henry ▁Lawrence ▁as ▁resident ▁or ▁chief ▁agent ▁for ▁the ▁governor - general ▁in ▁the ▁Raj put ana ▁states , ▁and ▁in ▁April ▁took ▁up ▁his ▁residence ▁in ▁Ab u . ▁On ▁the ▁breaking ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁re bell ion ▁of ▁
1 8 5 7 ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁brig ad ier - general ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁forces ▁in ▁Raj put ana , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Colonel ▁D ixon ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁ 1 8 5 7 , ▁he ▁took ▁chief ▁military ▁command . ▁By ▁his ▁vig orous ▁and ▁decided ▁action ▁the ▁ar sen al ▁of ▁A j mer ▁was ▁retained ; ▁a ▁pro clam ation ▁confirmed ▁the ▁native ▁princes ▁in ▁their ▁loyal ty , ▁and ▁the ▁Raj put ana ▁states ▁were ▁prevent ed ▁from ▁joining ▁the ▁revol t . ▁Such ▁out break s ▁as ▁did ▁take ▁place ▁were ▁successfully ▁quel led , ▁first ▁by ▁himself , ▁and ▁afterwards ▁by ▁Major - General ▁Roberts . ▁ ▁Ret irement ▁and ▁later ▁life ▁Up ▁to ▁this ▁date ▁Lawrence ▁had ▁received ▁no ▁decor ation ▁beyond ▁the ▁med als ▁for ▁the ▁P un j ab ▁and ▁Indian ▁campaign s , ▁but ▁on ▁ 1 8 May ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁he ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁Comp an ion ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁( CB ). ▁On ▁ 2 5 May ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁he ▁was ▁gaz ett ed ▁major - general , ▁and ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁res igned ▁his ▁post ▁in ▁Raj put ana ▁thereby ▁ending ▁his ▁Indian ▁career ▁after ▁forty - three ▁years ▁service . ▁Both ▁Sir ▁Charles ▁Nap ier ▁and ▁Lord ▁Dal h ous ie ▁had ▁expressed ▁their ▁high ▁regard ▁for ▁his ▁character ▁and ▁achiev ements . ▁" He ▁is ▁a ▁right ▁good ▁soldier ," ▁said ▁the ▁former
, ▁" and ▁a ▁right ▁good ▁fellow , ▁and ▁my ▁opinion ▁of ▁him ▁is ▁high ." ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 J anu ary ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁good - service ▁p ension ▁of ▁£ 1 0 0 ▁a ▁year ; ▁and ▁on ▁ 2 4 May ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁Knight ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Star ▁of ▁India . ▁He ▁also ▁held ▁the ▁third ▁class ▁of ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁Do or ane e ▁Empire . ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁army ▁on ▁full ▁pay ▁on ▁ 2 9 Oct ober ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁and ▁was ▁advanced ▁to ▁honor ary ▁lieutenant - general ▁on ▁ 1 1 J anu ary ▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁ 2 0 ▁K ens ington ▁Park ▁Gard ens , ▁London , ▁on ▁ 1 6 Nov ember ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁aged ▁ 8 0 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Lawrence ▁married ▁Charlotte ▁Isabel la , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Benjamin ▁Brow ne ▁( M . D . ▁of ▁the ▁Beng al ▁Medical ▁Board ), ▁on ▁ 3 ▁April ▁ 1 8 3 0 . ▁She ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 8 7 8 , ▁having ▁bor ne ▁him ▁three ▁sons ▁and ▁six ▁daughters . ▁ ▁Mem oir ▁Lawrence ▁wrote ▁a ▁mem oir , ▁Fort y - three ▁Years ▁in ▁India , ▁which ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁a ▁de cade ▁before
▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 0 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 4 ▁death s ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Add is com be ▁Military ▁Sem inary ▁Category : B rit ish ▁aut obi ograph ers ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Indian ▁Army ▁gener als ▁Category : B rit ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Ang lo - A fg han ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Ang lo - S ikh ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Ang lo - S ikh ▁War ▁Category : B rit ish ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Reb ell ion ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁Category : K n ights ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Star ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Comp an ions ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Bath ▁Category : Re cip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Do or ane e ▁Empire ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Fo yle ▁College <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁J . ▁Bla k ist on ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California ), ▁was ▁a ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁out f iel der . ▁He ▁played ▁three ▁seasons ▁in ▁the ▁maj ors , ▁from ▁- , ▁for ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Athletics ▁and ▁Indian apolis ▁Ho os iers . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category
: 1 8 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁death s ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁out field ers ▁Category : Ph il adel phia ▁Athletics ▁( AA ) ▁players ▁Category : Ind ian apolis ▁Ho os iers ▁( AA ) ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁California ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Francisco ▁Cal if or ni as ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Francisco ▁Athletics ▁players ▁Category : New ark ▁Dom est ics ▁players ▁Category : Ch att ano oga ▁Look outs ▁players ▁Category : B ingham ton ▁Cr ick ets ▁( 1 8 8 0 s ) ▁players ▁Category : R och ester ▁Mar o ons ▁players ▁Category : Sto ck ton ▁( min or ▁league ▁baseball ) ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁P ane lef sin iak os ▁F . C . ▁( ), ▁the ▁P ane lef sin iak os ▁Athlet ic ▁Club , ▁is ▁a ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ele fs ina , ▁Greece . ▁The ▁club ▁currently ▁compet es ▁in ▁Football ▁League . ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁ ▁History ▁P ane lef sin iak os ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁The ▁club ▁has ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁level ▁of ▁Greek ▁football , ▁the ▁Al pha ▁Eth nik i , ▁three ▁times ▁( 1 9 6 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁and ▁
1 9 9 9 ), ▁but ▁was ▁re leg ated ▁after ▁each ▁season . ▁The ▁club ▁has ▁also ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁level , ▁B eta ▁Eth nik i , ▁for ▁ 2 5 ▁seasons . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁re leg ations , ▁the ▁club ▁is ▁played ▁for ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁local ▁West ▁Att ica ▁champion ships . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁team ▁promoted ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁ 2 ▁after ▁ 1 1 ▁years . ▁The ▁new ▁administr ators ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁give ▁hope ▁for ▁the ▁future ▁to ▁the ▁fans , ▁signed ▁experienced ▁players ▁from ▁Football ▁League ▁and ▁well - known ▁players ▁in ▁Greece , ▁such ▁as ▁Well ington ▁Gon ç al ves ▁and ▁Ivan ▁R use v , ▁who ▁played ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁Greek ▁Super le ague . ▁ ▁Stadium ▁The ▁current ▁stad ium ▁of ▁P ane lef sin iak os ▁is ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Stadium ▁of ▁Ele fs ina ▁( cap acity ▁ 1 , 8 0 0 ) ▁located ▁in ▁Ele fs ina , ▁which ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁Next ▁to ▁the ▁stad ium , ▁there ▁is ▁the ▁fit ness ▁center , ▁which ▁constit utes ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁athlet ic ▁center . ▁It ▁also ▁has ▁seats ▁for ▁journal ists ▁and ▁be aten ▁path . ▁The ▁old ▁stad ium ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁was ▁" E v angel os ▁Dou k as ▁Stadium ". ▁ ▁Hon ours
▁and ▁achiev ements ▁ ▁Football ▁League ▁ ▁W inners ▁( 2 ): ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁ ▁G amma ▁Eth nik i ▁ ▁W inners ▁( 1 ): ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Association ▁Football ▁Club s ▁West ▁Att ica ▁ ▁W inners ▁( 3 ): ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁First ▁Division ▁of ▁P ira eus ▁Local ▁Championship ▁ ▁W inners ▁( 1 ): ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁ ▁Second ▁Division ▁of ▁P ira eus ▁Local ▁Championship ▁ ▁W inners ▁( 1 ): ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁ ▁Third ▁Division ▁of ▁P ira eus ▁Local ▁Championship ▁ ▁W inners ▁( 1 ): ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁ ▁Professional ▁history ▁▁ 3 ▁seasons ▁in ▁Super ▁League ▁▁ 2 9 ▁seasons ▁in ▁Football ▁League ▁▁ 1 4 ▁seasons ▁in ▁Football ▁League ▁ 2 ▁▁ 7 ▁seasons ▁in ▁D elta ▁Eth nik i ▁▁ 5 ▁seasons ▁in ▁the ▁Regional ▁Le agues ▁ ▁League ▁history ▁ ▁Notable ▁Form er ▁Play ers ▁ ▁Greek ▁players ▁ ▁Io ann is ▁Kal itz ak is ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Ky par iss is ▁ ▁Kost as ▁F rag ol ias ▁ ▁Giorg os ▁B ark og lou ▁ ▁Ale k os ▁R ant os ▁ ▁Man olis ▁Ps omas ▁ ▁Alexand ros ▁K ak lam anos ▁ ▁Giorg os ▁Zach ar op oul os ▁ ▁Nik ola os ▁Plat anos ▁ ▁Char al amb os ▁Econom op
oul os ▁ ▁Le fter is ▁K ouv id is ▁▁ ▁Foreign ▁players ▁ ▁Ole h ▁Pro t as ov ▁ ▁K off i ▁A mp ons ah ▁ ▁Ivan ▁R use v ▁ ▁Well ington ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Ath ens ▁Category : 1 9 3 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Greece ▁Category : E le us is ▁Category : Pane lef sin iak os ▁F . C . <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Equ al ▁Su ff rage ▁League ▁of ▁Virginia ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁in ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia . ▁Like ▁many ▁similar ▁organizations ▁in ▁other ▁states , ▁the ▁league ' s ▁goal ▁was ▁to ▁secure ▁voting ▁rights ▁for ▁women . ▁When ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Am end ment ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Constitution ▁was ▁rat ified ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁en abling ▁women ▁to ▁vote ▁in ▁all ▁states , ▁the ▁Equ al ▁Su ff rage ▁League ▁dissol ved ▁and ▁was ▁reconst it uted ▁as ▁Virginia ▁League ▁of ▁Women ▁V ot ers , ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁national ▁League ▁of ▁Women ▁V ot ers . ▁The ▁ 1 9 th ▁Am end ment ▁was ▁not ▁rat ified ▁in ▁Virginia ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁▁ ▁L ila ▁Me ade ▁Valent ine ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁president ▁and ▁Kate ▁W aller ▁Bar rett ▁was ▁vice ▁president . ▁ ▁A de le ▁Good man ▁Clark ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁secretary ▁for ▁one ▁year ▁and ▁head ed ▁the ▁group ' s ▁lo bb
ying ▁efforts ▁in ▁the ▁Virginia ▁General ▁Assembly . ▁Other ▁c of ound ers ▁included ▁N ora ▁Houston , ▁Ellen ▁Glasgow , ▁and ▁Mary ▁John ston . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Found ing ▁ ▁The ▁Equ al ▁Su ff rage ▁League ▁of ▁Virginia ▁was ▁formed ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁meet ings ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁at ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁Anne ▁Clay ▁Cr ens h aw , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Kentucky ▁suff rag ist ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁War field ▁Clay . ▁Loc ated ▁at ▁ 9 1 9 ▁West ▁Franklin ▁Street ▁in ▁Richmond , ▁the ▁home ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Franklin ▁Street ▁Historic ▁District ▁and ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places . ▁▁ ▁The ▁minutes ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁meeting ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 0 ▁describe ▁the ▁at ten de es ▁as ▁" w omen ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Virginia ▁Su ff rage ▁League " ▁At ▁a ▁second ▁meeting ▁held ▁one ▁week ▁later , ▁officers ▁and ▁a ▁board ▁of ▁direct ors ▁were ▁elected . ▁Among ▁the ▁original ▁eigh teen ▁found ers ▁were ▁L ila ▁Me ade ▁Valent ine ▁( pres ident ), ▁Kate ▁W aller ▁Bar rett ▁( vice ▁president ), ▁A de le ▁Good man ▁Clark ▁( secret ary ), ▁N ora ▁Houston , ▁Ellen ▁Glasgow , ▁and ▁Mary ▁John ston . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁year , ▁the ▁league ▁en rolled ▁ 1 2 0 ▁members , ▁mostly ▁in ▁Richmond . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁its ▁members ▁were ▁soci ally ▁prominent ▁women . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 2
1 , ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁the ▁league ▁hosted ▁their ▁first ▁major ▁public ▁event , ▁a ▁guest ▁lecture ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Anna ▁Howard ▁Shaw , ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁American ▁Woman ▁Su ff rage ▁Association . ▁ ▁O pp osition ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁when ▁the ▁Equ al ▁Su ff rage ▁League ▁of ▁Virginia ▁was ▁founded , ▁the ▁national ▁suff rage ▁movement ▁had ▁gained ▁considerable ▁tra ction . ▁The ▁movement ▁lag ged ▁behind ▁in ▁Virginia ▁as ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁where ▁both ▁supp or ters ▁and ▁oppon ents ▁sought ▁to ▁saf egu ard ▁white ▁domin ance . ▁Anti - su ff rag ists ▁argued ▁that ▁extending ▁the ▁vote ▁to ▁women ▁would ▁threaten ▁white ▁h eg em ony ▁by ▁giving ▁more ▁African ▁Americans ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁while ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁woman ▁suff rage ▁counter ed , ▁not ▁by ▁condem ning ▁white ▁supre m acy , ▁but ▁by ▁arg uing ▁that ▁woman ▁suff rage ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁significant ▁ra cial ▁impact ▁at ▁the ▁pol ls . ▁ ▁G row th ▁ ▁Although ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁National ▁American ▁Woman ▁Su ff rage ▁Association ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁days , ▁the ▁Equ al ▁Su ff rage ▁League ▁of ▁Virginia ▁found ▁itself ▁struggling ▁to ▁catch ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁progress ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁movement . ▁Where ▁the ▁NA WS A ▁had ▁moved ▁on ▁to ▁lo bb ying ▁and ▁direct ▁political ▁activ ism , ▁the ▁Virginia ▁movement ▁had ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁education ▁and ▁aw aren ess . ▁Effect ively , ▁the ▁E
SL ▁was ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁behind ▁the ▁national ▁movement , ▁which ▁meant ▁the ▁state ▁initi ative ▁was ▁off ▁to ▁a ▁slow ▁start . ▁▁ ▁Early ▁efforts ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁included ▁can v ass ing , ▁distrib uting ▁leaf lets , ▁and ▁public ▁speaking ▁events . ▁Le aders ▁across ▁the ▁state ▁visited ▁women ’ s ▁colleg es , ▁schools , ▁fair s , ▁and ▁union ▁meet ings . ▁In ▁Richmond , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁business men ▁were ▁encourag ed ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁effort ▁and ▁founded ▁the ▁Men ’ s ▁Equ al ▁Su ff rage ▁League ▁of ▁Virginia . ▁These ▁efforts ▁paid ▁off ▁in ▁a ▁rapidly ▁expand ing ▁movement . ▁By ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁the ▁league ▁included ▁ 4 5 ▁chap ters ▁across ▁the ▁state , ▁a ▁number ▁that ▁increased ▁to ▁ 1 1 5 ▁by ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁ten ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁found ing , ▁the ▁E SL ▁reached ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁members . ▁By ▁this ▁time , ▁efforts ▁toward ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁constitution ▁intens ified ▁with ▁the ▁E SL ▁act ively ▁lo bb ying ▁for ▁an ▁am end ment ▁to ▁the ▁state ▁constitution ▁that ▁would ▁permit ▁women ▁to ▁vote . ▁ ▁Fail ure ▁and ▁success ▁ ▁Dis band ed ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Am end ment ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁the ▁Equ al ▁Su ff rage ▁League ▁of ▁Virginia ▁was ▁reconst it uted ▁as
▁the ▁Virginia ▁League ▁of ▁Women ▁V ot ers . ▁Their ▁stated ▁purpose ▁was ▁to ▁register ▁women ▁vot ers , ▁to ▁educ ate ▁them ▁on ▁the ▁issues , ▁and ▁to ▁advoc ate ▁for ▁social ▁reform . ▁With ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁Am end ment , ▁women ▁in ▁Virginia ▁gained ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote , ▁but ▁the ▁am end ment ▁was ▁not ▁rat ified ▁by ▁the ▁Virginia ▁General ▁Assembly ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁ ▁Notable ▁members ▁ ▁A de le ▁Good man ▁Clark ▁ ▁Mary ▁John ston ▁ ▁L ila ▁Me ade ▁Valent ine ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁ ▁Col vard , ▁Bern ice . ▁Virginia ▁Women ▁& ▁the ▁V ote , ▁ 1 9 0 9 – 2 0 0 9 : ▁The ▁Equ al ▁Su ff rage ▁League ▁& ▁The ▁League ▁of ▁Women ▁V ot ers ▁in ▁Virginia . ▁Richmond : ▁League ▁of ▁Women ▁V ot ers , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Graham , ▁Sarah ▁Hunter . ▁" W oman ▁Su ff rage ▁in ▁Virginia : ▁The ▁Equ al ▁Su ff rage ▁League ▁and ▁Press ure - Group ▁Polit ics , ▁ 1 9 0 9 - 1 9 2 0 ," ▁Virginia ▁Magazine ▁of ▁History ▁and ▁Biography , ▁ 1 0 1 , ▁no . ▁ 2 ▁( A pril ▁ 1 9 9 3 ): ▁ 2 2 7 - 2 5 0 . ▁ ▁K oll atz , ▁Jr ., ▁Harry . ▁“ The ▁G ente el ▁Cr us
aders ,” ▁( August ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁Richmond ▁Magazine , ▁Target ▁Communic ations , ▁Inc . ▁▁ ▁Sal mon , ▁Em ily ▁J . ▁and ▁Edward ▁D . ▁C . ▁Campbell , ▁Jr . ▁The ▁Horn book ▁of ▁Virginia ▁History . ▁Richmond : ▁Library ▁of ▁Virginia , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁https :// www . ency c lopedia vir gin ia . org / Equal _ S uff rage _ Le ague _ of _ V ir gin ia _ 1 9 0 9 - 1 9 2 0 # start _ entry ▁ ▁https :// www . d hr . vir gin ia . gov / V LR _ to _ trans fer / PDF N oms / 1 2 7 - 0 2 2 8 - 0 0 2 9 _ Cr ens h aw _ H ouse _ 2 0 1 0 _ NR _ F IN AL . pdf ▁ ▁http :// edu . l va . vir gin ia . gov / online _ class room / sh aping _ the _ const itution / doc / v ale ague ▁ ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁Category : W omen ' s ▁suff rage ▁advoc acy ▁groups ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : V ir gin ia ▁suff rage <0x0A> </s> ▁He ath field ▁School ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁schools ▁in ▁England : ▁▁ ▁He ath field
▁School , ▁As cot , ▁previously ▁He ath field ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁School ▁ ▁He ath field ▁School , ▁P inner , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Girls ' ▁Day ▁School ▁Trust ▁schools ▁ ▁He ath field ▁School , ▁Wol ver ley , ▁near ▁Kid der min ster <0x0A> </s> ▁Se ber ang ▁Mus i ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁( ke cam atan ) ▁of ▁K ep ah i ang ▁Reg ency , ▁Beng k ulu , ▁Indones ia . ▁ ▁Sub d istrict s ▁▁ ▁Air ▁P esi ▁▁ ▁Air ▁Sel im ang ▁▁ ▁Ben u ang ▁Gal ing ▁▁ ▁C ire bon ▁Bar u ▁▁ ▁K and ang ▁▁ ▁Lub uk ▁Sah ung ▁▁ ▁T aba ▁Pad ang ▁▁ ▁Tal ang ▁Gel omp ok ▁▁ ▁Tal ang ▁Bab atan ▁▁ ▁T eb at ▁La ut ▁▁ ▁Tem d ak ▁ ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁K ep ah i ang ▁Reg ency <0x0A> </s> ▁M ets ▁de ▁Gu ay nab o ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁several ▁sport ▁teams ▁based ▁in ▁Gu ay nab o , ▁Puerto ▁Rico : ▁▁ ▁M ets ▁de ▁Gu ay nab o ▁( b asketball ), ▁a ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁Bal onc esto ▁Super ior ▁Nacional ▁ ▁M ets ▁de ▁Gu ay nab o ▁( w omen ' s ▁vol ley ball ), ▁a ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁Liga ▁de ▁V ole ib ol ▁Super ior ▁F emen ino ▁ ▁M ets ▁de ▁Gu ay nab o ▁( men ' s ▁vol ley ball ), ▁a ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁Liga
▁de ▁V ole ib ol ▁Super ior ▁Mas cul ino <0x0A> </s> ▁Lawrence ▁Raymond ▁Le ach ▁( J une ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁– ▁May ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁centre . ▁He ▁played ▁three ▁seasons ▁for ▁the ▁Boston ▁Bru ins . ▁He ▁played ▁a ▁sp or adic ▁third ▁and ▁fourth ▁line ▁centre ▁role ▁while ▁in ▁Boston . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁death s ▁Category : B oston ▁Bru ins ▁players ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁cent res ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁people ▁from ▁Al berta ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Lloyd min ster ▁Category : Port land ▁Buck aro os ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁Lloyd ▁( 1 6 5 6 ▁– ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 7 3 1 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician ▁from ▁Ch ester , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Att orney ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Popular ▁party . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁General ▁Assembly , ▁including ▁six ▁terms ▁as ▁its ▁Spe aker , ▁and ▁as ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁family ▁Lloyd ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 6 ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁M ana fon , ▁Mont gom ery shire , ▁Wales . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁a ▁grammar ▁school . ▁ ▁Lloyd
▁converted ▁to ▁Qu aker ism ▁in ▁ 1 6 9 1 . ▁ ▁Lloyd ▁was ▁twice ▁married . ▁ ▁He ▁married ▁his ▁second ▁wife , ▁Grace ▁G row den ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 3 . ▁ ▁T ogether ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁who ▁died ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 1 ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁accident . ▁ ▁David ▁Lloyd ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁cousin ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Lloyd , ▁lieutenant ▁governor ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Lloyd ▁studied ▁law ▁under ▁George ▁Jeff re ys . ▁In ▁ 1 6 8 6 ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁by ▁William ▁P enn ▁to ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁Att orney ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁from ▁ 1 6 8 6 ▁until ▁ 1 7 1 0 . ▁Lloyd ▁designed ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁first ▁jud icial ▁system . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁success ively ▁cl erk ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁court ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁deput y ▁to ▁the ▁master ▁of ▁the ▁roll s , ▁and ▁cl erk ▁of ▁the ▁provincial ▁court . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 8 9 , ▁Lloyd ▁was ▁cl erk ▁of ▁the ▁County ▁Cour ts ▁and ▁found ▁himself ▁in ▁difficulties ▁with ▁the ▁council ▁when ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁court ▁to ▁the ▁council . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 9 8 , ▁probably ▁as ▁a ▁pun ishment ▁for ▁the ▁conflict ▁with ▁the ▁council , ▁he ▁was ▁removed ▁as ▁Att orney ▁General ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁John ▁Moore . ▁▁ ▁P enn ' s ▁Frame ▁of
▁ 1 7 0 1 ▁( Ch arter ▁of ▁Priv ile ges ) ▁caused ▁disag re ement ▁between ▁Lloyd ▁and ▁P enn . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁disag re ement ▁over ▁interpretation ▁if ▁the ▁Char ter ▁gave ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁to ▁the ▁assembly ▁or ▁the ▁propriet or ▁( g overn or ). ▁ ▁James ▁Log an , ▁P enn ' s ▁loyal ▁secretary , ▁believed ▁the ▁Prop ri et or ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁power ▁and ▁mobil ized ▁those ▁who ▁agreed ▁with ▁him ▁into ▁the ▁Prop ri et ary ▁party . ▁ ▁Lloyd ▁believed ▁the ▁assembly ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁provincial ▁power , ▁became ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Popular ▁party ▁and ▁fought ▁for ▁thirty ▁years ▁to ▁make ▁his ▁view point ▁a ▁reality . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁General ▁Assembly ▁for ▁ 2 3 ▁years ▁between ▁ 1 6 9 3 ▁and ▁ 1 7 2 8 , ▁representing ▁at ▁various ▁times ▁Ch ester ▁County , ▁Philadelphia ▁County , ▁and ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁For ▁th ir teen ▁of ▁those ▁years , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁Spe aker . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁for ▁five ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁provincial ▁council . ▁In ▁ 1 7 0 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁advoc ate ▁to ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁Admir alty . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 1 8 , ▁Lloyd ▁was ▁appointed ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁province ▁by ▁Governor ▁William ▁Keith . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁final ▁years ▁of ▁his ▁life , ▁his ▁mental ▁capacity
▁dimin ished ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁before ▁his ▁death ▁the ▁council ▁declared ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁ment ally ▁un fit ▁to ▁serve . ▁ ▁His ▁death ▁came ▁before ▁he ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁office . ▁ ▁Por ter ▁House ▁In ▁ 1 6 8 9 , ▁Lloyd ▁purchased ▁a ▁large ▁tract ▁of ▁land ▁in ▁Ch ester ▁part ▁of ▁which ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁comm ons . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 9 0 , ▁Lloyd ▁secured ▁permission ▁to ▁lay ▁out ▁a ▁street ▁along ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁Second ▁Street ▁from ▁Ch ester ▁Creek ▁to ▁his ▁property . ▁ ▁This ▁transaction ▁made ▁him ▁many ▁enemies . ▁ ▁He ▁began ▁living ▁in ▁Ch ester ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 0 ▁on ▁the ▁land ▁he ▁named ▁" Green ▁Bank ". ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 2 1 , ▁Lloyd ▁built ▁a ▁grand ▁house ▁which ▁in ▁subsequent ▁years ▁became ▁the ▁property ▁of ▁Com mod ore ▁David ▁Por ter ▁and ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Por ter ▁House . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁became ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁Jackson ' s ▁Py rote chn ic ▁Man uf actory ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁February ▁ 1 7 , 1 8 8 2 ▁caught ▁fire ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁stock ▁of ▁fire works ▁expl oded , ▁ ▁destroy ing ▁the ▁home , ▁killing ▁eigh teen ▁people ▁and ▁w ounding ▁fifty - se ven ▁other . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁legacy ▁Lloyd ▁died ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 7 3 1 ▁in ▁Ch ester , ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁is ▁inter red ▁at ▁old ▁St . ▁Paul
' s ▁Church ▁bur ial ▁ground . ▁ ▁Lloyd ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Grace ▁were ▁originally ▁inter red ▁at ▁the ▁Qu aker ▁bur ial ▁ground ▁in ▁Ch ester , ▁but ▁were ▁moved ▁to ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁after ▁the ▁Qu aker ▁bur ial ▁ground ▁was ▁removed ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁new ▁development ▁on ▁October , ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁▁ ▁Lloyd ▁street ▁in ▁Ch ester , ▁Pennsylvania ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Lloyd . ▁▁ ▁Ab el ▁Morgan ' s ▁Wel sh ▁conc ord ance ▁was ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Lloyd . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Pennsylvania ▁Office ▁of ▁Att orney ▁General ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 3 1 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Provin cial ▁Assembly ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ch ester , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ch ester ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Wel sh ▁descent ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁colonial ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : P en nsylvan ia ▁Att or ne ys ▁General ▁Category : P en nsylvan ia ▁law y ers ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mont gom ery shire ▁Category : K ing dom ▁of ▁England ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁Th ir teen ▁Col on ies <0x0A> </s> ▁Sea ▁Ice ▁Micro b ial ▁Commun ities ▁( SI M CO ) ▁refer ▁to ▁groups ▁of ▁micro organ isms ▁living ▁within ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁interfaces ▁of ▁sea ▁ice ▁at ▁the ▁pol es .
▁The ▁ice ▁matrix ▁they ▁inhab it ▁has ▁strong ▁vertical ▁grad ients ▁of ▁sal inity , ▁light , ▁temperature ▁and ▁nut ri ents . ▁Sea ▁ice ▁chem istry ▁is ▁most ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁sal inity ▁of ▁the ▁br ine ▁which ▁affect s ▁the ▁p H ▁and ▁the ▁concentration ▁of ▁dissol ved ▁nut ri ents ▁and ▁g ases . ▁The ▁br ine ▁formed ▁during ▁the ▁mel ting ▁sea ▁ice ▁creates ▁por es ▁and ▁channels ▁in ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁in ▁which ▁these ▁micro bes ▁can ▁live . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁these ▁grad ients ▁and ▁dynamic ▁conditions , ▁a ▁higher ▁abund ance ▁of ▁micro bes ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁layer ▁of ▁the ▁ice , ▁although ▁some ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁and ▁upper ▁layers . ▁Despite ▁this ▁extreme ▁vari ability ▁in ▁environmental ▁conditions , ▁the ▁tax onom ical ▁community ▁composition ▁tends ▁to ▁remain ▁consistent ▁throughout ▁the ▁year , ▁until ▁the ▁ice ▁mel ts . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁knowledge ▁concerning ▁the ▁community ▁divers ity ▁of ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁is ▁known ▁through ▁gen etic ▁anal ys es ▁and ▁next - gener ation ▁sequ encing . ▁In ▁both ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁and ▁Ant ar ctic , ▁Al ph ap rote ob acter ia , ▁Gam map rote ob acter ia ▁and ▁F lav ob acter i ia ▁are ▁the ▁common ▁b acter ial ▁classes ▁found . ▁Most ▁sea ▁ice ▁Arch ae a ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁ph yl um ▁Th aum arch ae ota ▁while ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁prot ists ▁belong ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁ 3 ▁super
groups : ▁Al ve ol ata , ▁Str amen op ile ▁and ▁Rh iz aria . ▁The ▁abund ance ▁of ▁living ▁cells ▁within ▁and ▁on ▁sea ▁ice ▁ranges ▁from ▁ 1 0 4 - 1 0 8 ▁cells / m L . ▁These ▁micro b ial ▁communities ▁play ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁micro b ial ▁loop ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁global ▁bi oge och em ical ▁cycles . ▁Sea ▁ice ▁communities ▁are ▁important ▁because ▁they ▁provide ▁an ▁energy ▁source ▁for ▁higher ▁tro ph ic ▁levels , ▁they ▁contribute ▁to ▁primary ▁production ▁and ▁they ▁provide ▁a ▁net ▁infl ux ▁of ▁Car bon ▁in ▁the ▁o ce ans ▁at ▁the ▁pol es . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁ ▁Sea ▁ice ▁matrix : ▁chemical ▁and ▁physical ▁properties ▁ ▁Sea ▁ice ▁formation ▁and ▁physical ▁properties ▁ ▁The ▁aut umn al ▁decrease ▁in ▁atmos pher ic ▁temper atures ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁and ▁Ant ar ctic ▁leads ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁a ▁surface ▁layer ▁of ▁ice ▁cry st als ▁called ▁fra zil ▁ice . ▁A ▁mixture ▁of ▁sal ts , ▁nut ri ents ▁and ▁dissol ved ▁organ ic ▁matter ▁( DOM ) ▁known ▁as ▁br ine ▁is ▁exp elled ▁when ▁fra zil ▁ice ▁solid ifies ▁to ▁form ▁sea ▁ice . ▁Br ine ▁per me ates ▁through ▁the ▁ice ▁cover ▁and ▁creates ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁channels ▁and ▁por es . ▁This ▁process ▁forms ▁an ▁initial ▁sem is olid ▁matrix ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 1 ▁meter ▁in ▁thick ness ▁with ▁strong ▁temperature , ▁sal inity , ▁light ▁and ▁nut ri ent
▁grad ients . ▁ ▁Since ▁thick ening ▁of ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁during ▁winter ▁months ▁results ▁in ▁more ▁sal ts ▁being ▁exp elled ▁from ▁the ▁fra zil ▁ice , ▁atmos pher ic ▁temper atures ▁are ▁strongly ▁and ▁neg atively ▁correl ated ▁to ▁br ine ▁sal inity . ▁The ▁sea ▁ice - se aw ater ▁interface ▁temperature ▁is ▁maintained ▁at ▁the ▁free zing ▁point ▁of ▁se aw ater ▁( ~ 1 . 8 ° C ) ▁while ▁the ▁sea ▁ice - air ▁interface ▁reflect s ▁more ▁the ▁current ▁atmos pher ic ▁temperature . ▁Br ine ▁sal inity ▁can ▁increase ▁to ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ 1 0 0 ▁PS U ▁when ▁sea ▁ice ▁temperature ▁reaches ▁~ 3 ° C ▁below ▁the ▁free zing ▁point ▁of ▁se aw ater . ▁Br ine ▁temperature ▁typically ▁ranges ▁from ▁- 1 . 9 ▁to ▁- 6 . 7 ° C ▁in ▁the ▁winter . ▁Sea ▁ice ▁temper atures ▁fl uct uate ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁ir rad iance ▁and ▁atmos pher ic ▁temper atures , ▁but ▁also ▁change ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁snow fall . ▁Acc um ulating ▁snow ▁on ▁the ▁ice ▁cover ▁combined ▁with ▁har sh ▁atmos pher ic ▁conditions ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁a ▁snow pack ▁layer ▁that ▁absor bs ▁U V ▁radi ations ▁and ▁provides ▁ins ulation ▁to ▁the ▁bottom ▁ice ▁layer . ▁The ▁fraction ▁of ▁ir rad iance ▁reaching ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁matrix ▁is ▁thus ▁also ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁snow fall ▁and ▁var ies ▁from ▁< 0 .
0 1 % ▁to ▁ 5 % ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁thick ness ▁and ▁density ▁of ▁the ▁snow pack . ▁ ▁The ▁surface ▁of ▁sea ▁ice ▁also ▁allows ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁fro st ▁flowers , ▁which ▁have ▁their ▁own ▁unique ▁micro b ial ▁communities . ▁ ▁Car bon ▁species , ▁nut ri ents ▁and ▁g ases ▁ ▁The ▁fl uct u ation ▁of ▁br ine ▁sal inity , ▁which ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁atmos pher ic ▁temper atures , ▁is ▁the ▁single - most ▁influ ential ▁factor ▁on ▁the ▁chem istry ▁of ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁matrix . ▁The ▁sol ub ility ▁of ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁and ▁o xygen , ▁two ▁bi olog ically ▁essential ▁g ases , ▁decre ases ▁in ▁higher ▁sal inity ▁solutions . ▁This ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁hy po x ia ▁within ▁high ▁heter ot roph ic ▁activity ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁matrix . ▁Reg ions ▁of ▁high ▁photos yn th etic ▁activity ▁often ▁exhib it ▁internal ▁de ple tion ▁of ▁in organ ic ▁carbon ▁comp ound ▁and ▁hyper ox ia . ▁These ▁conditions ▁have ▁the ▁potential ▁to ▁elev ate ▁br ine ▁p H ▁and ▁to ▁further ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁an ▁extreme ▁environment . ▁In ▁these ▁conditions , ▁high ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁DOM ▁and ▁am mon ia ▁and ▁low ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁nut ri ents ▁often ▁character ize ▁the ▁ice ▁matrix . ▁ ▁High ▁br ine ▁sal inity ▁combined ▁with ▁an ▁elev ated ▁p H ▁reduces ▁the ▁rate ▁at ▁which ▁g ases ▁and ▁in organ ic ▁nut ri ents
▁diff use ▁into ▁the ▁ice ▁matrix . ▁The ▁concentration ▁of ▁nut ri ents ▁such ▁as ▁nit rate , ▁ph osph ate ▁and ▁sil icate ▁inside ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁matrix ▁re lies ▁largely ▁on ▁the ▁diffus ive ▁infl ux ▁from ▁the ▁sea ▁ice - water ▁interface ▁and ▁to ▁some ▁extent ▁on ▁the ▁atmos pher ic ▁depos its ▁on ▁the ▁sea ▁ice - air ▁interface . ▁Iron ▁concentr ations ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁Ocean ▁ice ▁cover ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁reg ulated ▁by ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁new ▁iron ▁supply ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁ice ▁formation ▁and ▁were ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁reduced ▁during ▁late ▁winter . ▁ ▁The ▁chemical ▁properties ▁of ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁matrix ▁are ▁highly ▁complex ▁and ▁depend ▁on ▁the ▁interaction ▁between ▁the ▁internal ▁sea ▁ice ▁bi ological ▁assemb lage ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁external ▁physical ▁factors . ▁Winter s ▁are ▁typically ▁character ized ▁by ▁moder ate ▁o xygen ▁levels ▁that ▁are ▁accompanied ▁by ▁nut ri ent ▁and ▁in organ ic ▁carbon ▁concentr ations ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁growth ▁limit ing ▁to ▁ph y top l ank ton . ▁Sum mers ▁are ▁typically ▁character ized ▁by ▁high ▁o xygen ▁levels ▁that ▁are ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁de ple tion ▁of ▁nut ri ents ▁and ▁in organ ic ▁carbon . ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁diffus ive ▁interaction ▁with ▁se aw ater , ▁the ▁lower ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁matrix ▁is ▁typically ▁character ized ▁by ▁higher ▁nut ri ent ▁concentr ations . ▁ ▁Col on ization ▁ ▁Micro organ isms ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁surface ▁se aw ater ▁during ▁fall ▁are
▁integrated ▁in ▁the ▁br ine ▁solution ▁during ▁ice ▁formation . ▁A ▁small ▁proportion ▁of ▁the ▁initial ▁micro b ial ▁population ▁colon izes ▁the ▁ice ▁matrix ▁while ▁the ▁rest ▁is ▁exp elled ▁with ▁br ine . ▁Studies ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁sea ▁ice ▁micro b ial ▁ret ention ▁can ▁be ▁en hanced ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁ext rac ell ular ▁polym er ic ▁subst ance / pol ys ac char ides ▁( E PS ) ▁on ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁br ine ▁channels . ▁E PS ▁are ▁prote ins ▁expressed ▁on ▁the ▁cell ▁walls ▁of ▁micro organ ism ▁such ▁as ▁alg ae . ▁They ▁improve ▁the ▁cell ▁ad her ence ▁to ▁surfaces ▁and ▁when ▁found ▁in ▁sufficient ▁concentration , ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁rec ruit ing ▁other ▁organ isms ▁such ▁as ▁micro bes . ▁ ▁Air bor ne ▁micro organ isms ▁make ▁up ▁a ▁significant ▁proportion ▁of ▁the ▁micro b ial ▁input ▁to ▁the ▁ice ▁matrix . ▁Micro organ isms ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁sea ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁ice ▁matrix ▁br ine ▁can ▁be ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁falling ▁snow ▁or ▁in ▁a eros ols , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁transport ed ▁by ▁strong ▁wind s ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁West ▁Wind ▁Dr ift ▁that ▁causes ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Circ ump olar ▁Current . ▁These ▁air bor ne ▁micro organ isms ▁can ▁origin ate ▁from ▁terrest rial ▁environment ▁and ▁marine ▁environment , ▁thus ▁contrib uting ▁to ▁the ▁divers ity ▁of ▁the ▁S IM CO . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁Sp atial ▁Distribution ▁ ▁Micro bes ▁colon izing
▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁sea ▁ice ▁are ▁eventually ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁the ▁p ore ▁spaces ▁and ▁br ine ▁channels ▁of ▁the ▁ice ▁matrix , ▁but ▁can ▁also ▁inhab it ▁the ▁ice - se aw ater ▁interface . ▁P ore ▁spaces ▁in ▁the ▁matrix ▁lose ▁their ▁ability ▁to ▁exchange ▁nut ri ents , ▁DOM ▁and ▁micro organ isms ▁with ▁br ine ▁at ▁approximately ▁- 5 ° C . ▁This ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁micro b ial ▁community ▁is ▁fluid ▁along ▁the ▁ice ▁matrix ▁during ▁fall ▁and ▁spring ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁restricted ▁during ▁winter . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Ar ctic , ▁br ine ▁channels ▁are ▁also ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁b acter ia . ▁Ch annels ▁as ▁small ▁as ▁ ≤ 2 0 0 ▁ μ m ▁offer ▁a ▁spatial ▁refuge ▁with ▁micro b ial ▁community ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁ 1 - 2 ▁orders ▁of ▁magnitude ▁higher ▁than ▁in ▁the ▁remaining ▁channel ▁network . ▁ ▁Both ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁and ▁Ar ctic ▁sea ▁ice ▁environments ▁present ▁strong ▁vertical ▁grad ients ▁of ▁sal inity , ▁temperature , ▁light , ▁nut ri ents ▁and ▁DOM . ▁These ▁grad ients ▁were ▁shown ▁to ▁indu ce ▁strong ▁vertical ▁strat ification ▁in ▁b acter ial ▁communities ▁throughout ▁the ▁ice ▁layer . ▁Micro b ial ▁abund ance ▁decl ines ▁significantly ▁with ▁depth ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁and ▁middle ▁ice , ▁but ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁lowest , ▁suggesting ▁that ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁pro k ary otic ▁b acter ial ▁community ▁is ▁resist ant ▁to ▁extreme ▁environmental ▁conditions . ▁H
eter ot roph ic ▁b acter ia ▁were ▁also ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁abund ant ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁ice ▁layer ▁in ▁zones ▁of ▁greater ▁alg ae ▁concentration , ▁which ▁character ized ▁by ▁higher ▁DOM ▁and ▁nut ri ent ▁concentr ations . ▁ ▁Tem por al ▁Distribution ▁ ▁The ▁temporal ▁distribution ▁of ▁micro b ial ▁community ▁composition ▁in ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁and ▁Ar ctic ▁sea ▁ice ▁does ▁not ▁present ▁significant ▁season al ▁vari ability , ▁despite ▁extrem es ▁in ▁environmental ▁conditions . ▁Pre vious ▁studies ▁of ▁sea ▁ice ▁habit ats ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁S IM CO ▁in ▁early ▁fall ▁is ▁identical ▁to ▁the ▁source ▁se aw ater ▁community . ▁The ▁micro b ial ▁community ▁composition ▁does ▁not ▁seem ▁to ▁change ▁significantly ▁in ▁fall ▁and ▁winter , ▁despite ▁the ▁extreme ▁vari ability ▁in ▁ir rad iance , ▁temperature , ▁sal inity ▁and ▁nut ri ent ▁concentr ations . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁the ▁abund ance ▁within ▁the ▁S IM CO ▁is ▁reduced ▁throughout ▁the ▁winter ▁as ▁resources ▁become ▁limit ing . ▁Studies ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁sea ▁ice ▁micro al ga e ▁provide ▁a ▁platform ▁and ▁organ ic ▁nut ri ent ▁source ▁for ▁b acter ial ▁growth , ▁therefore ▁increasing ▁community ▁divers ity ▁and ▁abund ance . ▁It ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁proven ▁that ▁micro bes ▁produce ▁ext rac ell ular ▁polym er ic ▁subst ances ▁( E PS ) ▁to ▁help ▁retain ▁nut ri ents ▁and ▁surv ive ▁under ▁high ▁sal inity ▁and ▁low ▁temperature ▁conditions . ▁ ▁The ▁increase ▁in
▁ir rad iance ▁levels ▁in ▁late ▁spring ▁prom otes ▁ice ▁alg al ▁photos yn thesis ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁affect s ▁the ▁micro b ial ▁community ▁abund ance ▁and ▁composition . ▁While ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁cover ▁mel ts ▁in ▁late ▁spring ▁in ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁and ▁Ar ctic , ▁multi year ▁sea ▁ice ▁occasionally ▁pers ists ▁when ▁late ▁spring ▁and ▁summer ▁temper atures ▁are ▁lower ▁than ▁average . ▁This ▁suggests ▁that ▁certain ▁micro b ial ▁line ages ▁may ▁have ▁adapted ▁more ▁efficiently ▁to ▁the ▁extreme ▁conditions ▁of ▁sea ▁ice ▁environments . ▁Tem por al ▁abund ance ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁thick ness ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁ice ▁cover ▁and ▁season al ▁temperature ▁variations . ▁The ▁ice ▁cover ▁thick ness ▁was ▁shown ▁to ▁reg ulate ▁micro b ial ▁production ▁and ▁the ▁temperature ▁of ▁the ▁ice ▁matrix ▁through ▁layer ▁ins ulation . ▁ ▁Community ▁composition ▁ ▁A ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁information ▁on ▁sea ▁ice ▁micro b ial ▁community ▁composition ▁comes ▁from ▁ 1 6 S ▁rib os om al ▁R NA ▁tax onom ic ▁marker ▁gen es ▁and ▁met agen omic ▁anal ys es . ▁Next - gener ation ▁sequ encing ▁has ▁allowed ▁research er ▁to ▁identify ▁and ▁quant ify ▁micro b ial ▁communities , ▁and ▁to ▁gain ▁a ▁more ▁complete ▁understanding ▁of ▁its ▁structure . ▁ ▁B acter ia ▁ ▁Ar ctic ▁▁ ▁Met agen omic ▁studies ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁sea ▁ice ▁show ▁classes ▁Al ph ap rote ob acter ia , ▁Gam map rote ob acter ia ▁and ▁F lav
ob acter ia . ▁Within ▁the ▁F lav ob acter i ia ▁class ▁the ▁gener a ▁Pol ar ib acter , ▁Psych rob acter , ▁Psych ro flex us , ▁and ▁F lav ob acter ium ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁common . ▁Within ▁Gam map rote ob acter ia ▁the ▁gener a ▁G lac ie cola ▁and ▁Col well ia ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁common . ▁Also ▁found ▁in ▁Ar ctic ▁sea ▁ice ▁samples ▁were ▁b acter ia ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁classes ▁and ▁ph y la : ▁Op itut ae , ▁Bac illi , ▁Cy an ob acter ia , ▁Bet ap rote ob acter ia , ▁S ph ing ob acter ia , ▁and ▁Aqu ific ae . ▁ ▁Ant ar ctic ▁▁ ▁Met agen omic ▁studies ▁of ▁the ▁Ross ▁Sea ▁illustrate ▁the ▁high ▁abund ance ▁of ▁aer ob ic ▁an ox y gen ic ▁phot ot roph ic ▁b acter ia ▁in ▁sea ▁ice ▁environments . ▁These ▁special ists ▁were ▁shown ▁to ▁mostly ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁Al ph ap rote ob acter ia ▁class . ▁Gener a ▁of ▁the ▁Al ph ap rote ob acter ia ▁class ▁were ▁shown ▁to ▁include ▁Lok tan ella , ▁Oct ade c ab acter , ▁Rose ob acter , ▁Sul fit ob acter ▁and ▁M eth y lob acter ium ▁and ▁to ▁agree ▁with ▁previous ▁ph y log en etic ▁anal ys es ▁of ▁sea ▁ice ▁around ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic . ▁A ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁S IM CO ▁ 1 6 S ▁rib os om al
▁R NA ▁at ▁Cape ▁Halle tt ▁in ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁aer ob ic ▁o xygen ic ▁phot ot roph ic ▁b acter ia ▁may ▁be ▁equally ▁abund ant . ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Gam map rote ob acter ia ▁and ▁F lav io b acter ia ▁classes ▁were ▁also ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁abund ant ▁within ▁the ▁ice ▁matrix , ▁and ▁thus ▁to ▁be ▁adapted ▁to ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁conditions . ▁Gener a ▁of ▁the ▁Gam map rote ob acter ia ▁class ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Ross ▁Sea ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁waters ▁include ▁Col well ia , ▁Mar ion omon as , ▁Pse udo alter omon as ▁and ▁Psych rob acter . ▁The ▁orders ▁Ch lam yd ial es ▁and ▁Ver ru com icro b ial es ▁were ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁micro b ial ▁assemb lage ▁of ▁these ▁locations . ▁The ▁pre domin ance ▁of ▁Gam map rote ob acter ia ▁in ▁sea ▁ice ▁around ▁the ▁glo be ▁have ▁been ▁reported ▁by ▁many ▁studies . ▁A ▁large ▁proportion ▁of ▁the ▁identified ▁S IM CO ▁in ▁these ▁studies ▁were ▁shown ▁to ▁belong ▁to ▁ph yl ot ypes ▁associated ▁with ▁heter ot roph ic ▁tax a ▁ ▁While ▁this ▁gives ▁research ers ▁an ▁insight ▁into ▁the ▁micro b ial ▁community ▁composition ▁of ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁sea ▁ice , ▁there ▁are ▁clear ▁sh ifts ▁between ▁locations ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁Ocean . ▁These ▁sh ifts ▁are ▁attributed ▁to ▁bi ological ▁and ▁physical ▁forcing ▁factors . ▁These ▁factors
▁include ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁the ▁micro b ial ▁communities ▁in ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁moment ▁of ▁sea ▁ice ▁formation , ▁and ▁the ▁regional ▁weather ▁and ▁wind ▁patterns ▁affect ing ▁the ▁transport ▁of ▁snow ▁and ▁a eros ols . ▁ ▁Arch ae a ▁ ▁Studies ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 6 s ▁rib os om al ▁R NA ▁sub un its ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁cover ▁of ▁Terra ▁Nova ▁Bay ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁arch ae a ▁consist ▁of ▁ ≤ ▁ 6 . 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁pro k ary otic ▁community ▁in ▁this ▁environment . ▁ 9 0 . 8 % ▁of ▁this ▁arch ae al ▁community ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁ph yl um ▁Th aum arch ae ota , ▁a ▁close ▁parent ▁to ▁marine ▁am mon ia - ox id izing ▁b acter ia , ▁while ▁E ury arch ae ota ▁made ▁up ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁community . ▁Other ▁mole cular ▁ph y log en etic ▁anal ys es ▁of ▁the ▁S IM CO ▁have ▁detected ▁no ▁trace ▁of ▁the ▁arch ae al ▁domain . ▁ ▁Pro t ists ▁ ▁Met agen omic ▁studies ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁sea ▁ice ▁using ▁ 4 5 4 ▁sequ encing ▁of ▁ 1 8 S ▁r D NA ▁and ▁ 1 8 S ▁r R NA . ▁These ▁studies ▁showed ▁domin ance ▁of ▁three ▁super groups : ▁Al ve ol ata , ▁Str amen oph ile , ▁and ▁Rh iz aria . ▁Within ▁the ▁Al ve ol ates ▁most ▁common ▁were ▁C ili ates , ▁and
▁Din of lag ell ates . ▁Within ▁the ▁Str amen oph ile ▁group ▁most ▁organ isms ▁were ▁class ified ▁as ▁Bac ill ari oph y ceae . ▁Finally ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Rh iz ari ans ▁were ▁class ified ▁as ▁from ▁The c of il ose a . ▁ ▁Ada pt ation ▁ ▁Studies ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁high ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁micro b ial ▁cry op rote ct ive ▁ex opol ym er ▁( E PS ) ▁were ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁sea ▁ice ▁br ine . ▁These ▁E PS ▁were ▁shown ▁to ▁correlate ▁with ▁a ▁stable ▁micro b ial ▁community ▁composition ▁throughout ▁the ▁winter ▁season . ▁They ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁play ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁sea ▁ice ▁environments ▁where ▁they ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁buffer ▁and ▁cry op rote ct ant ▁against ▁high ▁sal inity ▁and ▁ice - c ry stal ▁damage . ▁These ▁ex opol ym ers ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁const itute ▁a ▁micro b ial ▁adaptation ▁to ▁low ▁temper atures ▁in ▁extreme ▁environments . ▁ ▁Sea ▁ice ▁micro bes ▁have ▁also ▁developed ▁anti - free ze ▁prote ins , ▁which ▁prevent ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁ice ▁cry st als ▁that ▁could ▁damage ▁b acter ial ▁memb ran es . ▁It ▁is ▁common ▁for ▁these ▁prote ins ▁to ▁be ▁rich ▁in ▁beta - sheets ▁as ▁they ▁prevent ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁ice ▁cry st als / ▁ ▁Met abol ic ▁divers ity ▁ ▁Ro le ▁in ▁the ▁Micro b ial ▁Loop ▁ ▁B acter ia ▁in ▁all ▁environments ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁micro b ial ▁loop ,
▁but ▁the ▁roles ▁of ▁sea ▁ice ▁micro b ial ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁micro b ial ▁loop ▁differ ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁rapidly ▁changing ▁environmental ▁conditions ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁and ▁Ant ar ctic . ▁Sea ▁ice ▁alg ae ▁contribute ▁ 1 0 % – 2 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁primary ▁production ▁in ▁ice - cover ed ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic . ▁Micro al ga e ▁provide ▁a ▁vital ▁source ▁of ▁nut r ition ▁for ▁ju ven ile ▁zo op l ank ton ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁kr ill ▁Eu ph aus ia ▁super ba ▁in ▁the ▁winter . ▁DOM ▁derived ▁from ▁phot ot roph ic ▁micro al ga e ▁is ▁cru cial ▁to ▁the ▁micro b ial ▁loop , ▁by ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁growth ▁substr ate ▁for ▁heter ot roph ic ▁b acter ia . ▁ ▁The ▁micro b ial ▁loop ▁functions ▁differently ▁in ▁sea ▁ice , ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁o lig ot roph ic ▁or ▁temper ate ▁waters . ▁Anim als ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁extreme ▁polar ▁environments ▁depend ▁on ▁the ▁high ▁b acter ial ▁production ▁as ▁a ▁food ▁source , ▁despite ▁the ▁slow ▁turn over ▁of ▁DOM . ▁The ▁micro b ial ▁production ▁of ▁am mon ium ▁in ▁nit rate - rich ▁Ant ar ctic ▁waters ▁may ▁provide ▁the ▁necessary ▁re duct ants ▁for ▁nit ro gen ▁fix ation , ▁increasing ▁primary ▁product ivity ▁of ▁light - limited ▁ph y top l ank ton . ▁Ph y to flag ell ates ▁and ▁di at oms ▁found ▁in
▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁pel ag ic ▁environment ▁are ▁directly ▁dig est ible ▁by ▁met oz o an ▁her b iv ores . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Marine ▁micro organ ism ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Se a ▁ice ▁Category : M icro b ial ▁population ▁bi ology ▁Category : Mar ine ▁e cor eg ions <0x0A> </s> ▁P ita ▁Nik olas ▁T auf at of ua ▁( born ▁ 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁T ong an ▁ta ek w ondo ▁pract ition er ▁and ▁sk ier ▁who ▁lives ▁in ▁Australia . ▁T auf at of ua ▁became ▁widely ▁known ▁after ▁foot age ▁of ▁his ▁appearance ▁at ▁the ▁opening ▁ceremony ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁o iled ▁and ▁sh irt less ▁went ▁vir al . ▁He ▁was ▁flag b ear er ▁for ▁T ong a ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Olympics ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁T auf at of ua ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Australia ▁on ▁ 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁T ong a . ▁He ▁attended ▁T ong a ▁Side ▁School ▁and ▁T ong a ▁High ▁School , ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁Saint ▁Peter ' s ▁Luther an ▁College ▁in ▁Br is b ane ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁His ▁father ▁is ▁T ong an ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁is ▁Australian ▁of ▁British ▁descent . ▁He ▁began ▁ta ek w ondo ▁at ▁age ▁five . ▁His
▁child hood ▁included ▁such ▁traditional ▁T ong an ▁activities ▁as ▁Saturday ▁farm work ▁har vest ing ▁c ass ava . ▁ ▁Sports ▁career ▁ ▁Ta ek w ondo ▁career ▁In ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁he ▁has ▁experienced , ▁by ▁one ▁account , ▁" six ▁broken ▁b ones , ▁three ▁torn ▁lig aments , ▁three ▁months ▁in ▁a ▁wheel ch air , ▁a ▁year ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁on ▁cr ut ches ▁and ▁hundreds ▁of ▁hours ▁of ▁phys i other apy ". ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁O ce ania ▁Ta ek w ondo ▁Olympic ▁Qual ification ▁Tournament ▁in ▁February ▁in ▁Port ▁M ores by , ▁Pap ua ▁New ▁Guinea , ▁he ▁won ▁his ▁semi - final ▁ 4 - 3 ▁before ▁winning ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁against ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁ranked ▁f ighter ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Olympics . ▁He ▁had ▁previously ▁tried ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁Olympics ▁on ▁two ▁occasions . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁ath lete ▁from ▁T ong a ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the ▁Olympics ▁in ▁ta ek w ondo . ▁He ▁was ▁T ong a ' s ▁flag b ear er ▁for ▁the ▁opening ▁ceremony . ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁T auf at of ua ▁appeared ▁as ▁T ong a ' s ▁flag ▁bear er ▁in ▁the ▁Par ade ▁of ▁Nations ▁during ▁the ▁Olympics ▁opening ▁ceremony , ▁which ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 5 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁Rio ▁de
▁Janeiro , ▁Brazil . ▁During ▁the ▁para de , ▁he ▁wore ▁nothing ▁but ▁a ▁ta ʻ ov ala ▁( a ▁T ong an ▁mat ▁which ▁is ▁wrapped ▁around ▁the ▁wa ist ), ▁with ▁his ▁face ▁and ▁tor so ▁appearing ▁notice ably ▁sh iny . ▁Initial ly , ▁many ▁assumed ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁swe ating ▁prof us ely , ▁but ▁it ▁became ▁apparent ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁applied ▁cop ious ▁amounts ▁of ▁oil ▁to ▁his ▁tor so . ▁T auf at of ua ' s ▁sh irt less , ▁o iled - up ▁appearance ▁gar ner ed ▁him ▁fame ▁on ▁social ▁media ▁as ▁foot age ▁of ▁his ▁appearance ▁went ▁vir al . ▁▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ta ek w ondo ▁tournament , ▁T auf at of ua ▁was ▁elimin ated ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁bout ▁by ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁S aj j ad ▁M ard ani ▁once ▁the ▁score ▁es cal ated ▁to ▁ 1 6 - 1 . ▁T auf at of ua ▁made ▁an ▁appearance ▁at ▁the ▁closing ▁ceremony ▁of ▁the ▁games , ▁showing ▁up ▁after ▁a ▁musical ▁number ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁cost ume ▁he ▁wore ▁during ▁the ▁Par ade ▁of ▁Nations . ▁ ▁Cross - country ▁ski ing ▁career ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁T auf at of ua ▁posted ▁a ▁video ▁announ cing ▁his ▁plans ▁to ▁train ▁and ▁comp ete ▁in ▁cross - country ▁ski ing . ▁He ▁began ▁learning ▁form ▁and ▁technique ▁by ▁watching ▁YouTube ▁videos ▁of ▁professional ▁races . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the
▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal ▁reported ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁race ▁away ▁from ▁qual ifying ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁in ▁P ye ong Ch ang , ▁having ▁completed ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁qual ification ▁requirements ▁in ▁roll er ▁ski ▁races ▁and ▁only ▁need ing ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁final ▁qual ifying ▁time ▁on ▁snow . ▁T auf at of ua ▁joined ▁forces ▁with ▁ski ers ▁German ▁Mad ra zo ▁of ▁Mexico ▁and ▁Y on athan ▁Fern ande z ▁of ▁Chile ▁to ▁form ▁an ▁independent ▁training ▁group ▁that ▁r ented ▁a ▁cabin ▁in ▁Austria ▁to ▁train ▁on ▁snow ▁and ▁travel ▁together ▁to ▁races . ▁After ▁slow ▁finish es ▁in ▁seven ▁snow ▁races ▁throughout ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁T auf at of ua ' s ▁last ▁opportunity ▁was ▁a ▁race ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁in ▁Í s af jör ð ur , ▁I cel and . ▁T auf at of ua , ▁Mad ra zo , ▁and ▁Fern ande z ▁almost ▁missed ▁the ▁race ▁due ▁to ▁road ▁clos ures ▁from ▁snow st orm s ▁and ▁an ▁a val anche , ▁but ▁ultimately ▁T auf at of ua ▁succeeded ▁in ▁qual ifying ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁in ▁the ▁I cel and ▁race ▁on ▁the ▁final ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁qual ification ▁period . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁T ong an ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the ▁Winter ▁Olympics , ▁after ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁lug er ▁Bruno ▁Ban ani . ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁As
▁the ▁only ▁representative ▁of ▁T ong a ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics , ▁T auf at of ua ▁was ▁again ▁the ▁flag b ear er ▁for ▁his ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Par ade ▁of ▁Nations . ▁Despite ▁the ▁temper atures ▁being ▁below ▁free zing ▁– ▁and ▁telling ▁the ▁media ▁before ▁the ▁ceremony ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁walk ▁sh irt less ▁– ▁he ▁again ▁wore ▁nothing ▁but ▁a ▁traditional ▁ta ’ ov ala ▁mat ▁wrapped ▁around ▁his ▁wa ist , ▁bar ing ▁an ▁o iled ▁ch est ▁and ▁tor so . ▁▁ ▁On ▁Friday ▁ 1 6 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁he ▁completed ▁the ▁ 1 5 km ▁fre est yle ▁race , ▁coming ▁in ▁ 1 1 4 th ▁place ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 1 9 ▁ski ers . ▁ ▁C ano eing ▁career ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁T auf at of ua ▁will ▁attempt ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁this ▁time ▁in ▁s print ▁can oe ing . ▁He ▁told ▁the ▁BBC , ▁" It ' s ▁a ▁sport ▁that ' s ▁close ▁to ▁my ▁heart ▁as ▁it ' s ▁what ▁my ▁ancest ors ▁did ▁for ▁thousands ▁of ▁years ▁when ▁they ▁colon ised ▁the ▁Pol yn esian ▁islands ." ▁T auf at of ua ▁hopes ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁one - man ▁( K - 1 ) ▁ 2 0 0 - met
re ▁k ay ak ▁event . ▁▁ ▁At ▁the ▁World ▁C ano e ▁S print ▁Championships ▁in ▁Hung ary ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁T auf at of ua ▁finished ▁last ▁in ▁his ▁opening ▁round ▁heat . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Olympics , ▁he ▁will ▁have ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁K - 1 ▁ 2 0 0 - met re ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁O ce ania ▁contin ental ▁qual ifier ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁There ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁racing ▁against ▁the ▁top ▁k ay akers ▁from ▁the ▁region , ▁including ▁Australian ▁e ighth - place ▁Rio ▁finish er ▁Stephen ▁Bird . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁he ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁or ▁ta ek w ondo , ▁after ▁winning ▁gold ▁in ▁the ▁M + 8 0 kg , ▁his ▁second ▁Olympic ▁competition ▁for ▁the ▁sport . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁T auf at of ua ▁grew ▁up ▁with ▁his ▁parents ▁and ▁six ▁sib lings ▁in ▁a ▁one - bed room ▁house ▁in ▁T ong a , ▁which ▁the ▁family ▁lost ▁in ▁a ▁tropical ▁storm . ▁As ▁an ▁adult ▁he ▁spl its ▁his ▁time ▁between ▁his ▁home ▁nation ▁and ▁Br is b ane , ▁Australia . ▁T auf at of ua ▁is ▁a ▁UN ICE F ▁amb assador ▁and ▁sp ends ▁time ▁working ▁with ▁hom eless ness ▁char ities , ▁including ▁at ▁Sand gate ▁House ▁training ▁hom eless ▁children ▁to ▁develop
▁independent ▁living ▁skills . ▁He ▁also ▁works ▁to ▁raise ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁global ▁war ming , ▁which ▁threat ens ▁his ▁island ▁nation ▁of ▁T ong a . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁an ▁engineering ▁degree ▁and ▁is ▁working ▁on ▁his ▁master ' s ▁degree . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁model ▁beginning ▁at ▁age ▁eigh teen . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁people ▁of ▁T ong an ▁descent ▁Category : T ong an ▁people ▁of ▁Australian ▁descent ▁Category : T a ek w ondo ▁pract ition ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁ta ek w ondo ▁pract ition ers ▁of ▁T ong a ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : T ong an ▁male ▁ta ek w ondo ▁pract ition ers ▁Category : V iral ▁videos ▁Category : M ale ▁models ▁Category : Austral ian ▁male ▁cross - country ▁ski ers ▁Category : T ong an ▁male ▁cross - country ▁ski ers ▁Category : C ross - country ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁cross - country ▁ski ers ▁of ▁T ong a <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁final s ▁and ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁he ats ▁of ▁the ▁women ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁met re ▁fre est yle ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics
▁Championships ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁Sunday ▁ 1 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁Per th , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁A ▁Final ▁ ▁B ▁Final ▁ ▁Qual ifying ▁he ats ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Women ' s ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁ 1 0 0 m ▁Fre est yle ▁( At l anta ) ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁SC ▁Championships ▁ 1 0 0 m ▁Fre est yle ▁( G oth enburg ) ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Women ' s ▁European ▁L C ▁Championships ▁ 1 0 0 m ▁Fre est yle ▁( Se ville ) ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Women ' s ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁ 1 0 0 m ▁Fre est yle ▁( S yd ney ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Sw imming ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁in ▁women ' s ▁sw imming <0x0A> </s> ▁Sci og ly pt is ▁lo x ograph a ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Ge omet r idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Australia , ▁including ▁Tas mania . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Bo ar mi ini ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sch el ten ▁( La ▁Sche ul te ▁in ▁French ) ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁J ura ▁b ern ois ▁administrative ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁canton ▁of ▁Bern ▁in ▁Switzerland
. ▁This ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁German ▁speaking ▁municipal ities ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁majority ▁French - spe aking ▁Bern ese ▁J ura ▁( J ura ▁Bern ois ). ▁The ▁other ▁is ▁See hof . ▁ ▁History ▁Sch el ten ▁is ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 3 ▁as ▁la ▁Sch ilt . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁it ▁was ▁mentioned ▁as ▁Sch el ten . ▁ ▁For ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁history ▁it ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁prov ost ▁of ▁M out ier - Gr and val ▁under ▁the ▁Prince - B ishop ▁of ▁Bas el . ▁When ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁nearby ▁cities ▁and ▁towns ▁converted ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁faith ▁of ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation , ▁Sch el ten ▁remained ▁Catholic ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁sous ▁les ▁Ro ches ▁region . ▁After ▁the ▁ 1 7 9 7 ▁French ▁victory ▁and ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Cam po ▁Form io , ▁Sch el ten ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Dé part ement ▁of ▁Mont - T er rible . ▁Three ▁years ▁later , ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁it ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Dé part ement ▁of ▁Haut - R hin . ▁After ▁Napoleon ' s ▁defeat ▁and ▁the ▁Congress ▁of ▁Vienna , ▁Sch el ten ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁Bern ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁Mer vel ier . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁the ▁Chap el ▁of ▁St . ▁Anthony ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁village
. ▁The ▁Chap el ▁was ▁restored ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 - 8 7 . ▁ ▁Trad itionally ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁French ▁speaking , ▁but ▁after ▁it ▁became ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁Bern ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 5 ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁German ▁speak ers ▁increased . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁its ▁name ▁changed ▁from ▁La ▁Sche ul te ▁to ▁Sch el ten ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁growing ▁German ▁speaking ▁population . ▁The ▁village ▁became ▁a ▁strong hold ▁of ▁German ▁culture ▁and ▁generally ▁opposed ▁Jur ass ic ▁separ at ism . ▁In ▁the ▁refer enda ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 4 - 7 5 ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁Sch el ten ▁voted ▁remain ▁with ▁Bern ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁neighbor ing ▁municipal ities ▁in ▁the ▁Val ▁Ter bi ▁who ▁chose ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁J ura . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Sch el ten ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁. ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁or ▁ 3 8 . 3 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁agricult ural ▁purposes , ▁while ▁ ▁or ▁ 5 9 . 2 % ▁is ▁for ested . ▁Of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁land , ▁ ▁or ▁ 2 . 0 % ▁is ▁settled ▁( build ings ▁or ▁roads ), ▁ ▁or ▁ 0 . 2 % ▁is ▁either ▁rivers ▁or ▁la kes . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁housing ▁and ▁buildings ▁made ▁up ▁ 0 . 9 % ▁and ▁transport ation ▁infrastr ucture ▁made
▁up ▁ 1 . 1 %. ▁Out ▁of ▁the ▁for ested ▁land , ▁ 5 5 . 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁land ▁area ▁is ▁heavily ▁for ested ▁and ▁ 3 . 4 % ▁is ▁covered ▁with ▁orch ards ▁or ▁small ▁clusters ▁of ▁trees . ▁Of ▁the ▁agricult ural ▁land , ▁ 1 1 . 5 % ▁is ▁past ures ▁and ▁ 2 6 . 6 % ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁al pine ▁past ures . ▁All ▁the ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁is ▁flow ing ▁water . ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁the ▁Sch el ten ▁Pass ▁along ▁the ▁Del ém ont - Bal st hal ▁road . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁northern - most ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁Bern . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁District ▁de ▁M out ier , ▁the ▁municipality ' s ▁former ▁district , ▁was ▁dissol ved . ▁On ▁the ▁following ▁day , ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁it ▁joined ▁the ▁newly ▁created ▁Arr ondissement ▁administr atif ▁J ura ▁b ern ois . ▁ ▁Co at ▁of ▁arms ▁The ▁bla zon ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁is ▁Argent ▁an ▁Oak ▁Tree ▁Vert ▁f ruct ed ▁G ules ▁issu ant ▁from ▁a ▁Mount ▁of ▁ 3 ▁Coupe aux ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁overall ▁a ▁B end ▁w avy ▁Azure . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁Sch el ten ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁() ▁of ▁, ▁all ▁Swiss ▁citizens . ▁Over ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 0 ▁years
▁( 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 1 1 ) ▁the ▁population ▁has ▁changed ▁at ▁a ▁rate ▁of ▁- 4 . 9 %. ▁M igration ▁account ed ▁for ▁- 7 . 3 %, ▁while ▁birth s ▁and ▁death s ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 0 %. ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁() ▁speak s ▁German ▁( 4 3 ▁or ▁ 8 2 . 7 %) ▁as ▁their ▁first ▁language , ▁French ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁common ▁( 8 ▁or ▁ 1 5 . 4 %) ▁and ▁Spanish ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁( 1 ▁or ▁ 1 . 9 %). ▁ ▁, ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁ 4 6 . 3 % ▁male ▁and ▁ 5 3 . 7 % ▁female . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁Swiss ▁men ▁( 4 6 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁and ▁( 0 . 0 %) ▁non - Sw iss ▁men . ▁There ▁were ▁ 2 2 ▁Swiss ▁women ▁( 5 3 . 7 %) ▁and ▁( 0 . 0 %) ▁non - Sw iss ▁women . ▁Of ▁the ▁population ▁in ▁the ▁municipality , ▁ 1 6 ▁or ▁about ▁ 3 0 . 8 % ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁Sch el ten ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 2 ▁or ▁ 2 3 . 1 % ▁who ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁canton , ▁while ▁ 2 1 ▁or ▁ 4 0 . 4 % ▁were ▁born ▁somewhere ▁else ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁and ▁ 2 ▁or
▁ 3 . 8 % ▁were ▁born ▁outside ▁of ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁, ▁children ▁and ▁te en agers ▁( 0 – 1 9 ▁years ▁old ) ▁make ▁up ▁ 3 5 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁while ▁adult s ▁( 2 0 – 6 4 ▁years ▁old ) ▁make ▁up ▁ 4 6 . 2 % ▁and ▁sen iors ▁( over ▁ 6 4 ▁years ▁old ) ▁make ▁up ▁ 1 7 . 9 %. ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 7 ▁people ▁who ▁were ▁single ▁and ▁never ▁married ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁There ▁were ▁ 2 2 ▁married ▁individuals , ▁ 2 ▁wid ows ▁or ▁wid ow ers ▁and ▁ 1 ▁individuals ▁who ▁are ▁divor ced . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 ▁households ▁that ▁consist ▁of ▁only ▁one ▁person ▁and ▁ 3 ▁households ▁with ▁five ▁or ▁more ▁people . ▁, ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁apart ments ▁( 8 8 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ) ▁were ▁perman ently ▁occupied , ▁while ▁ 2 ▁apart ments ▁( 1 1 . 1 %) ▁were ▁season ally ▁occupied . ▁The ▁vac ancy ▁rate ▁for ▁the ▁municipality , ▁, ▁was ▁ 5 . 8 8 %. ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁single ▁family ▁homes ▁made ▁up ▁ 0 . 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁housing ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁The ▁historical ▁population ▁is ▁given ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁chart : ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁federal ▁election ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁party ▁was ▁the ▁Swiss
▁People ' s ▁Party ▁( SV P ) ▁which ▁received ▁ 4 3 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁The ▁next ▁three ▁most ▁popular ▁parties ▁were ▁the ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁( SP ) ▁( 3 4 . 8 % ), ▁the ▁Green ▁Party ▁( 9 . 8 %) ▁and ▁the ▁F DP . The ▁Liber als ▁( 5 . 1 %). ▁In ▁the ▁federal ▁election , ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁votes ▁were ▁cast , ▁and ▁the ▁vot er ▁turn out ▁was ▁ 4 2 . 9 %. ▁ ▁Econom y ▁, ▁Sch el ten ▁had ▁an ▁un emp loyment ▁rate ▁of ▁ 0 %. ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁people ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁Of ▁these , ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 5 ▁people ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁economic ▁sector ▁and ▁about ▁ 8 ▁business es ▁involved ▁in ▁this ▁sector . ▁No ▁one ▁was ▁employed ▁in ▁the ▁secondary ▁sector ▁or ▁the ▁t ert i ary ▁sector . ▁There ▁were ▁ 2 6 ▁residents ▁of ▁the ▁municipality ▁who ▁were ▁employed ▁in ▁some ▁capacity , ▁of ▁which ▁females ▁made ▁up ▁ 4 2 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁work force . ▁▁ ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁full - time ▁equivalent ▁jobs , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁agricult ure . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 ▁workers ▁who ▁comm uted ▁into ▁the ▁municipality ▁and ▁ 2 ▁workers ▁who ▁comm uted ▁away . ▁The ▁municipality ▁is ▁a ▁net ▁im porter ▁of ▁workers , ▁with ▁about
▁ 1 . 5 ▁workers ▁entering ▁the ▁municipality ▁for ▁every ▁one ▁leaving . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁workers ▁( 8 8 . 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 7 ▁total ▁workers ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ) ▁both ▁lived ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁Sch el ten . ▁Of ▁the ▁working ▁population , ▁ 1 5 . 4 % ▁used ▁public ▁transport ation ▁to ▁get ▁to ▁work , ▁and ▁ 7 . 7 % ▁used ▁a ▁private ▁car . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁average ▁local ▁and ▁cant onal ▁tax ▁rate ▁on ▁a ▁married ▁resident , ▁with ▁two ▁children , ▁of ▁Sch el ten ▁making ▁ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁CH F ▁was ▁ 1 3 . 6 %, ▁while ▁an ▁un mar ried ▁resident ' s ▁rate ▁was ▁ 2 0 %. ▁For ▁comparison , ▁the ▁rate ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁canton ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁was ▁ 1 4 . 2 % ▁and ▁ 2 2 . 0 %, ▁while ▁the ▁nation wide ▁rate ▁was ▁ 1 2 . 3 % ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 1 % ▁respectively . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁tax ▁pay ers ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁Of ▁that ▁total , ▁ 2 ▁made ▁over ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁CH F ▁per ▁year . ▁The ▁greatest ▁number ▁of ▁workers , ▁ 6 , ▁made ▁between ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0
▁CH F ▁per ▁year . ▁The ▁average ▁income ▁of ▁the ▁over ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁CH F ▁group ▁in ▁Sch el ten ▁was ▁ 1 2 1 , 7 0 0 ▁CH F , ▁while ▁the ▁average ▁across ▁all ▁of ▁Switzerland ▁was ▁ 1 3 0 , 4 7 8 ▁CH F . ▁ ▁Religion ▁From ▁the ▁, ▁ 2 6 ▁or ▁ 5 0 . 0 % ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Re formed ▁Church , ▁while ▁ 1 6 ▁or ▁ 3 0 . 8 % ▁were ▁Roman ▁Catholic . ▁ 5 ▁( or ▁about ▁ 9 . 6 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁belonged ▁to ▁no ▁church , ▁are ▁ag nost ic ▁or ▁at he ist , ▁and ▁ 5 ▁individuals ▁( or ▁about ▁ 9 . 6 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ) ▁did ▁not ▁answer ▁the ▁question . ▁ ▁Education ▁In ▁Sch el ten ▁about ▁ 4 1 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁have ▁completed ▁non - m and atory ▁upper ▁secondary ▁education , ▁and ▁ 6 . 9 % ▁have ▁completed ▁additional ▁higher ▁education ▁( e ither ▁university ▁or ▁a ▁Fach ho ch schule ). ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 ▁Swiss ▁men ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁had ▁completed ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁t ert i ary ▁school ing . ▁ ▁The ▁C anton ▁of ▁Bern ▁school ▁system ▁provides ▁one ▁year ▁of ▁non - ob lig atory ▁Kinder g arten , ▁followed ▁by ▁six ▁years ▁of ▁Primary ▁school . ▁This ▁is ▁followed ▁by ▁three ▁years ▁of
▁oblig atory ▁lower ▁Second ary ▁school ▁where ▁the ▁students ▁are ▁separated ▁according ▁to ▁ability ▁and ▁apt itude . ▁Following ▁the ▁lower ▁Second ary ▁students ▁may ▁attend ▁additional ▁school ing ▁or ▁they ▁may ▁enter ▁an ▁app rent ices hip . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 - 1 2 ▁school ▁year , ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁students ▁att ending ▁classes ▁in ▁Sch el ten . ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁kind erg arten ▁classes ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁and ▁the ▁ 5 ▁primary ▁students ▁attend ▁a ▁class ▁in ▁a ▁neighbor ing ▁municipality . ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁there ▁was ▁one ▁lower ▁secondary ▁class ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 5 ▁students . ▁ ▁, ▁there ▁were ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 9 ▁students ▁att ending ▁any ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁municipality . ▁Of ▁those , ▁ 2 ▁both ▁lived ▁and ▁attended ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁municipality , ▁while ▁ 7 ▁students ▁came ▁from ▁another ▁municipality . ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁ 5 ▁residents ▁attended ▁schools ▁outside ▁the ▁municipality . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁the ▁canton ▁of ▁Bern <0x0A> </s> ▁L . R . ▁D oty ▁was ▁a ▁Great ▁L akes ▁steam ship ▁launched ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁at ▁West ▁Bay ▁City , ▁Michigan . ▁She ▁was ▁last ▁seen ▁af loat ▁October ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁north ▁of ▁Mil w au kee , ▁Wisconsin , ▁during ▁a ▁violent ▁storm ▁on ▁Lake ▁Michigan , ▁with ▁wind s ▁reaching ▁. ▁The ▁ship
▁was ▁witness ed ▁found ering ▁at ▁the ▁stern ▁by ▁a ▁passenger ▁of ▁the ▁four - m asted ▁sch oon er ▁O live ▁Jean ette ▁which ▁was ▁being ▁to wed ▁by ▁the ▁D oty ▁until ▁the ▁to w ▁line ▁broke ▁from ▁the ▁force ▁of ▁the ▁storm . ▁Se vent een ▁crew ▁members ▁died . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 1 1 2 ▁years ▁after ▁her ▁loss , ▁divers ▁found ▁the ▁D oty ▁ ▁below ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁Lake ▁Michigan ▁with ▁its ▁cargo ▁of ▁corn ▁still ▁int act . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁divers ▁to ▁reach ▁and ▁film ▁the ▁D oty ▁were ▁T racy ▁X el owski , ▁John ▁S col es ▁and ▁John ▁Jan zen . ▁ ▁Co inc ident ally , ▁seven ▁years ▁later ▁on ▁September ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁the ▁L . R . ▁D oty ▁sister ▁ship ▁the ▁I os co ▁also ▁s ank ▁while ▁to wing ▁the ▁O live ▁Jean ette . ▁However , ▁on ▁this ▁occasion ▁both ▁vessels ▁were ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁waters ▁of ▁Lake ▁Super ior . ▁ ▁Vict ims ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 3 ▁ships ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Bay ▁City , ▁Michigan ▁Category : Sh ip w re cks ▁of ▁Lake ▁Michigan ▁Category : Sh ip w re cks ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁coast ▁Category : Ste am ships ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Mer chant ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category :
Mar itime ▁inc idents ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁Category : Gre at ▁L akes ▁fre igh ters <0x0A> </s> ▁C iss el ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Jewish ▁r ye ▁bread , ▁also ▁called ▁c iss el ▁bread ▁Ch uck ▁C iss el ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 8 ), ▁American ▁ent ert ainer ▁Lee ▁C iss el ▁( 1 9 3 2 – 1 9 7 7 ), ▁American ▁football ▁coach ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Dick c iss el ▁S is al ▁S iss el <0x0A> </s> ▁Bah rain ▁Mir ror ▁( A rab ic : ▁ م ر آ ة ▁ال ب ح ر ي ن ) ▁is ▁an ▁Arab ic - ▁and ▁English - language ▁e - new sp aper ▁run ▁by ▁diss idents ▁in ▁Bah rain . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁profile ▁Bah rain ▁Mir ror ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁during ▁the ▁Bah ra ini ▁u pr ising . ▁In ▁its ▁first ▁editor ial , ▁Bah rain ▁Mir ror ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁created ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁reduction ▁of ▁press ▁freedom ▁after ▁the ▁Pen ins ula ▁Sh ield ▁Force ▁arrived ▁in ▁Bah rain ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁which ▁was ▁followed ▁the ▁next ▁day ▁by ▁the ▁declaration ▁of ▁mart ial ▁law ▁and ▁a ▁three - month ▁state ▁of ▁emer gency . ▁ ▁Bah rain ▁Mir ror ▁also ▁states ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁opposition ▁that ▁a ims ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁real ▁Constitution
al ▁mon archy ▁where ▁each ▁authority ▁has ▁its ▁independence ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁king . ▁The ▁paper ▁supports ▁the ▁movement ▁by ▁the ▁February ▁ 1 4 ▁Revolution ▁Youth ▁Co al ition ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁Bah ra ini ▁u pr ising ▁and ▁support ▁the ▁dem ands ▁of ▁opposition ▁political ▁society ▁announced ▁in ▁Pear l ▁Round about ▁in ▁February ▁and ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Bah rain ▁Category : A rab ic - language ▁newsp apers ▁Category : Middle ▁Eastern ▁news ▁websites ▁Category : New sp apers ▁published ▁in ▁Bah rain ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁U ś nik ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Ś ni adow o , ▁within ▁Ł om ż a ▁County , ▁Pod l ask ie ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁north - e astern ▁Poland . ▁It ▁l ays ▁approximately ▁ ▁north - west ▁of ▁Ś ni adow o , ▁ ▁south - west ▁of ▁Ł om ż a , ▁and ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁B iał yst ok . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 8 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Ł om ż a ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Stevens on ▁Arch er ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁– ▁August ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8
9 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Congress man ▁from ▁Maryland , ▁serving ▁the ▁second ▁district ▁for ▁four ▁terms ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 – 1 8 7 5 . ▁ ▁Bio ▁Arch er ' s ▁father ▁and ▁grand father , ▁Stevens on ▁Arch er ▁and ▁John ▁Arch er ▁respectively , ▁were ▁both ▁Congress men ▁from ▁Maryland ▁as ▁well . ▁His ▁sister , ▁Pam elia ▁H . ▁Arch er , ▁was ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁George ▁Ear le ▁Chamber lain , ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁Governor ▁of ▁Oregon ▁and ▁a ▁two ▁term ▁United ▁States ▁Senator . ▁ ▁Arch er ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁' Med ical ▁Hall ,' ▁near ▁Church ville , ▁Maryland , ▁and ▁attended ▁Bel ▁Air ▁Academy , ▁later ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁Pr inc eton ▁College ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 8 . ▁He ▁studied ▁law , ▁and ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁bar ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 0 , ▁comm encing ▁practice ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁Career ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 4 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Maryland ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates , ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁Dem ocrat ▁to ▁the ▁Fort i eth ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁three ▁succeed ing ▁Congress es , ▁serving ▁from ▁March ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁until ▁March ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁un success ful ▁candidate ▁for ▁ren om ination ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁to
▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁he ▁was ▁Maryland ▁State ▁Tre as urer ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁em be zz ling ▁$ 1 3 2 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁state ▁funds . ▁He ▁p led ▁guilty ▁to ▁mal fe as ence ▁and ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁five ▁years ▁in ▁prison . ▁▁ ▁Arch er ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁home ▁and ▁continued ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁law ▁in ▁Bel ▁Air ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁He ▁is ▁inter red ▁in ▁the ▁Pres by ter ian ▁C emetery ▁of ▁Church ville , ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Add itional ▁source ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 8 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Maryland ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁from ▁Maryland ▁Category : State ▁tre as ur ers ▁of ▁Maryland ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Har ford ▁County , ▁Maryland ▁Category : Pr inc eton ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : M ary land ▁Democr ats ▁Category : D em ocr atic ▁Party ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Col es ▁Online ▁is ▁an ▁online ▁ret ail ▁site ▁worked ▁by ▁Col es ▁Super mark ets . ▁The ▁administration ▁offers ▁a ▁wide ▁scope ▁of ▁ordinary ▁basic ▁food ▁item ▁items ▁for ▁buy ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁the ▁web ▁and ▁resulting ▁home ▁convey ance ▁or ▁' Click ▁and ▁Collect ' ▁areas .
▁The ▁administration ▁is ▁accessible ▁to ▁over ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁popul ace ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁development ▁Col es ▁Online ▁first ▁accepted ▁orders ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁deliver ing ▁to ▁selected ▁areas ▁in ▁Sydney ▁and ▁Melbourne ▁although ▁the ▁business ▁model ▁was ▁un prof itable . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 0 ▁financial ▁year , ▁the ▁business ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁be ▁losing ▁A $ 0 . 0 5 6 ▁for ▁every ▁A $ 1 ▁of ▁sales . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁ac quire ▁greater ▁market ▁share ▁and ▁reverse ▁losses , ▁Col es ▁Online ▁purchased ▁Sydney ▁based ▁internet ▁gro c ery ▁store ▁Sh op fast ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Although ▁un prof itable , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁Sh op fast ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁online ▁gro cer ▁in ▁Australia . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁period , ▁all ▁orders ▁placed ▁by ▁customers ▁were ▁filled ▁in ▁dedicated ▁w are h ouses ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁when ▁Col es ▁Online , ▁influenced ▁by ▁UK ▁execut ives ▁rec ru ited ▁to ▁the ▁company , ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁store - based ▁order ▁ful fil ment ▁model . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁to ▁complement ▁the ▁new ▁pick ing ▁processes , ▁Col es ▁Online ▁launched ▁a ▁new ▁website ▁with ▁a ▁view ▁to ▁making ▁Internet ▁sho pping ▁faster ▁and ▁easier ▁for ▁customers , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁adding ▁many ▁new ▁features ▁already ▁standard ▁for ▁other ▁online ▁gro c ery ▁stores ,
▁but ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁still ▁absent ▁from ▁the ▁Col es ▁site . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁new ▁website ▁and ▁order ▁ful fil ment ▁model ▁in ▁place , ▁Col es ▁Online ▁under to ok ▁an ▁ag gress ive ▁expansion ▁program ▁to ▁extend ▁delivery ▁areas ▁beyond ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁Sydney , ▁the ▁only ▁two ▁cities ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁online ▁program ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁delivery ▁area ▁was ▁extended ▁to ▁New castle ▁and ▁Can ber ra , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Br is b ane ▁and ▁The ▁Gold ▁Coast , ▁with ▁the ▁Sun sh ine ▁Coast ▁added ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁By ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Queensland ▁was ▁the ▁top ▁ret ail ▁market ▁for ▁Col es ▁Online ▁in ▁Australia , ▁sur pass ing ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁and ▁Victoria ▁regions ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁operation ▁for ▁ 1 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Col es ▁Online ▁began ▁deliver ies ▁to ▁Per th ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁and ▁in ▁June ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁gro c ery ▁ret ail er ▁to ▁introduce ▁online ▁sho pping ▁to ▁Ad ela ide . ▁Col es ▁Online ▁also ▁began ▁deliver ies ▁to ▁Hamilton ▁Island ▁in ▁mid ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁ceased ▁them ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Col es ▁rela unch ed ▁its ▁web ▁site ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁This ▁significantly ▁improved ▁the ▁functionality ▁of ▁the ▁site
▁by ▁including ▁features ▁such ▁as ▁comparison . ▁The ▁checkout ▁process ▁was ▁also ▁simplified ▁and ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁basket ▁from ▁a ▁sho pping ▁list . ▁Filter ing ▁of ▁products ▁with ▁attributes ▁was ▁introduced ▁and ▁the ▁product ▁information ▁en hanced ▁through ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁SK U v antage . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Col es ▁partner ed ▁with ▁U ber ▁to ▁tack le ▁with ▁home ▁deliver ies . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁online ▁gro cers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : On line ▁ret ail ers ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Ret ail ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Category : Internet ▁properties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Category : On line ▁gro cers ▁Category : Col es ▁Group <0x0A> </s> ▁Bar w aha ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁Kh arg one ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh , ▁India . ▁The ▁Bar w aha ▁town ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 1 8 ▁w ards ▁for ▁which ▁elections ▁are ▁held ▁every ▁ 5 ▁years . ▁The ▁Bar w aha ▁Municip ality ▁has ▁population ▁of ▁ 3 9 , 9 7 3 ▁of ▁which ▁ 2 0 , 9 4 0 ▁are ▁males ▁while ▁ 1 9 , 0 3 3 ▁are ▁females ▁as ▁per ▁report ▁released ▁by ▁Census ▁India ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Liter acy ▁rate ▁of ▁Bar w aha ▁is ▁ 8 7 . 2 7 % ▁higher ▁than ▁state ▁average
▁of ▁ 6 9 . 3 2 %. ▁In ▁Bar w aha , ▁Male ▁liter acy ▁is ▁around ▁ 9 2 . 7 3 % ▁while ▁female ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁is ▁ 8 1 . 2 3 %. ▁ ▁Bar w aha ▁Municip ality ▁has ▁total ▁administration ▁over ▁ 5 , 1 3 3 ▁houses ▁to ▁which ▁it ▁supplies ▁basic ▁amen ities ▁like ▁water ▁and ▁se wer age . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁author ized ▁to ▁build ▁roads ▁within ▁Municip ality ▁limits ▁and ▁imp ose ▁tax es ▁on ▁properties ▁coming ▁under ▁its ▁juris diction . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁beautiful ▁town ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁N arm ada ▁River . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁got ▁the ▁largest ▁C IS F ▁training ▁campus ▁in ▁India . ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁hundreds ▁of ▁very ▁small ▁villages ▁and ▁so ▁is ▁the ▁main ▁market ▁area ▁for ▁those ▁villages . ▁On ▁every ▁T ues day ▁people ▁from ▁all ▁these ▁villages ▁come ▁to ▁purchase ▁their ▁week ly ▁required ▁materials , ▁whereas ▁on ▁Friday ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁sh ops ▁remain ▁closed . st / sc ▁ क ा ▁ द ू र प य ो ग ▁ क र न ा ▁ क ा न ु न ी ▁ अ प र ा ध ▁ ह ै । ▁ ▁History ▁Bar w aha ▁is ▁a ▁Municip ality ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Kh arg one ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁region ▁of ▁India . ▁Kh arg one ▁was ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁West
▁N imar . ▁A ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ind ore ▁Division ▁lying ▁on ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁N imar , ▁The ▁District ▁headquarters ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Kh arg one ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁functional ▁offices ▁i . e ., ▁police ▁station , ▁the ▁collect or ate ▁office , ▁tele com ▁and ▁other ▁government al ▁organizations . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ancient ▁times , ▁the ▁H ai h ay as ▁of ▁Mah ish m ati ▁( present - day ▁Mah esh war ) ▁ruled ▁this ▁region . ▁In ▁early ▁medieval ▁age , ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁Par amar as ▁of ▁Mal wa ▁and ▁the ▁Ah irs ▁of ▁As ir gar h . ▁In ▁late ▁medieval ▁age , ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁under ▁Mal wa ▁Sultan ate ▁of ▁Mand u . ▁In ▁ 1 5 3 1 , ▁Gu jar at ▁s ultan ▁Bah ad ur ▁Shah ▁brought ▁this ▁area ▁under ▁his ▁control . ▁In ▁ 1 5 6 2 , ▁Ak bar ▁an nex ed ▁this ▁territory ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁whole ▁Mal wa ▁to ▁M ug hal ▁emp ire . ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 0 ▁Mar ath as ▁under ▁the ▁P esh wa ▁brought ▁the ▁area ▁under ▁their ▁control . ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 8 , ▁P esh wa ▁distributed ▁this ▁territory ▁to ▁the ▁Mar ath a ▁r ul ers , ▁Hol k ars ▁of ▁Ind ore , ▁S ind hi as ▁of ▁G wal ior ▁and ▁Pon w ars ▁of ▁D har . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Mar ath a ▁r ul ers
▁Bar w aha ▁comes ▁under ▁Hol kar ▁reign . ▁Bar w aha ▁is ▁consider ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁hol iday ▁place ▁by ▁the ▁Mah ar aj ah ▁of ▁Ind ore ▁in ▁pre - in dependent ▁British ▁India . ▁▁ ▁After ▁the ▁independence ▁and ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁Pr inc ely ▁states ▁with ▁Union ▁of ▁India ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁this ▁territory ▁became ▁West ▁N imar ▁district ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁B har at . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁this ▁district ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁state ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh . ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁West ▁N imar ▁district ▁was ▁b if ur c ated ▁into ▁two ▁districts : ▁Kh arg one ▁and ▁Bar w ani ▁and ▁Bar w aha ▁comes ▁under ▁Kh arg one ▁District . ▁ ▁Bar w aha ▁is ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁gh ats ▁and ▁is ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁River ▁N arm ada , ▁surrounded ▁by ▁U j j ain , ▁Ind ore ▁and ▁D ew as ▁as ▁its ▁northern ▁front ier , ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra ▁K hand wa ▁and ▁Bur han pur ▁as ▁the ▁southern ▁side ▁and ▁Kh arg one ▁and ▁Bar w ani ▁as ▁the ▁Western ▁border . ▁The ▁people ▁of ▁Bar w aha ▁speak ▁Nam adi . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁primary ▁language ▁in ▁west ▁N imar , ▁B are li ▁and ▁Pal ya , ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁Bh il ▁is ▁spoken ▁ ▁in ▁the
▁central ▁territory ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ; ▁B are li ▁R ath wi , ▁Bh il ▁is ▁written ▁in ▁Bh il ali ▁and ▁ ▁De van ag ari ▁script . ▁ ▁Sam ad hi ▁Of ▁B aj ira o ▁P esh wa ▁is ▁around ▁ 3 0 K m ▁from ▁here ▁where ▁P esh wa ▁B aj i ▁R ao ▁I ▁spent ▁his ▁last ▁days ▁and ▁died . ▁J y ot ir ling a ▁O mk ares h war ▁is ▁also ▁around ▁ 1 5 K M ▁from ▁here . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Bar w aha ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁south - west ▁border ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁ 2 8 3 ▁metres ▁( 9 2 8 ft ) ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Kh arg one , ▁Ind ore , ▁K hand wa , ▁U j j ain , ▁Bur han pur ▁and ▁towns ▁of ▁M how , ▁San aw ad , ▁Mah esh war , ▁D ham n od ▁by ▁road . ▁The ▁town ▁has ▁a ▁meter - g au ge ▁railway ▁line ▁connecting ▁San aw ad - Bar w aha - M how ▁is ▁M how ▁- ▁San aw ad ▁Pass enger . ▁The ▁nearest ▁air port ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁Ind ore . ▁The ▁nearest ▁main ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁Ind ore ▁and ▁K hand wa . ▁ ▁Transport ▁Air ▁ ▁The ▁Airport ▁close ▁to ▁Bar w aha ▁is ▁at ▁Ind ore ▁( 6 0 km ).
▁ ▁Rail ▁ ▁Bar w aha ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁situated ▁on ▁M how ▁- ▁San aw ad ▁Pass enger ▁line , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁remaining ▁meter ▁gauge ▁line ▁in ▁India . ▁Rec ently ▁gauge ▁conversion ▁started ▁on ▁this ▁line . ▁After ▁conversion ▁it ▁will ▁connect ▁Ind ore ▁to ▁south ▁India . ▁ ▁Road ▁ ▁Bar w aha ▁is ▁very ▁well ▁connected ▁with ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁It ▁is ▁connected ▁by ▁road ▁with ▁Ind ore , ▁K hand wa , ▁Bar w ani , ▁D ham n od ▁and ▁Kh arg one . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁at ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁SH - 3 8 ▁and ▁SH - 2 7 . ▁ ▁Education ▁The ▁city ▁has ▁good ▁C B SE ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Board ▁of ▁Second ary ▁Education , ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh ▁schools . ▁Major ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁are : ▁▁ ▁G ov t . ▁Model ▁Boys ▁High er ▁Second ary ▁School ▁( G MB H SS ). ▁ ▁Grace ▁School . ▁ ▁K end ri ya ▁Vid yal aya ▁Central ▁School . ▁ ▁N arm ada ▁Valley ▁International ▁School ▁( N VIS ). ▁ ▁N irm al ▁Vid h ya pe eth ▁( N VP ). ▁ ▁N ut an ▁High ▁school . ▁ ▁Pat ra ▁G ur uk ul ▁International ▁School ▁( PG IS ). ▁ ▁Sar as w ati ▁Sh ish u ▁Mand ir . ▁ ▁Sh ri ▁Param ▁Public ▁School . ▁ ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁H . S . ▁School ▁( S
MS ). ▁ ▁Sw ami ▁V ive kan anda ▁ ▁High er ▁Second ary ▁School . ▁ ▁The ▁P all ad ian ▁House . ▁ ▁J aw ah ar l al ▁Ne h ru ▁G ov t . ▁D eg ree ▁College , ▁Bar w aha ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁Dem ography ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁Bar w aha ▁city ▁is ▁ 7 4 . 7 9 % ▁H indu , ▁ 1 8 . 3 8 % ▁Muslim , ▁ 4 . 3 0 % ▁J ain , ▁ 2 . 0 8 % ▁S ikh ▁and ▁ 0 . 2 9 % ▁Christian ▁& ▁ 0 . 1 1 % ▁Buddh ism . ▁All ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁different ▁communities ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁peace fully ▁and ▁with ▁brother hood . ▁ ▁Culture ▁Vari ous ▁cultural ▁activities ▁are ▁held ▁throughout ▁the ▁year . ▁Res idents ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁belonging ▁to ▁different ▁relig ions , ▁celebr ate ▁various ▁festiv als ▁such ▁as ▁Di w ali , ▁E id , ▁Hol i , ▁Christmas ▁etc . ▁with ▁harm ony ▁and ▁peace . ▁Other ▁than ▁the ▁regular ▁festiv als , ▁certain ▁festiv als ▁are ▁local ▁to ▁the ▁region ▁such ▁as ▁Gang ore , ▁which ▁is ▁celebrated ▁by ▁many ▁people . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁other ▁cultural ▁events ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁throughout ▁the ▁year . ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁book ▁fair s , ▁art ▁fair s , ▁etc . ▁Many ▁local ▁festiv als ▁celebrated ▁with ▁joy ▁and ▁happiness , ▁such ▁as ▁' N ag ▁Pan ch
ami ' ▁( a ▁day ▁celebrated ▁for ▁sn akes ▁which ▁are ▁respect ed ▁and ▁wor hi pped ▁like ▁a ▁god ▁in ▁H indu ▁myth ology ), ▁or ▁Bh ag ori ya ▁( a ▁festival ▁celebrated ▁by ▁trib al ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁region ). ▁ ▁N arm ada ▁Jay anti ▁ ▁N arm ada ▁Jay anti ▁is ▁very ▁popular ▁event ▁held ▁in ▁Bar w aha . ▁A ▁grand ▁ceremony ▁is ▁organ ised ▁every ▁year ▁on ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁N arm ada ▁Jay anti . ▁The ▁festival ▁held ▁every ▁year ▁at ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁N arm ada ▁River . ▁During ▁this ▁event , ▁different ▁arts ▁and ▁cultural ▁programs ▁are ▁held , ▁such ▁as ▁displays ▁of ▁different ▁dance ▁forms ▁and ▁the ▁cultural ▁aspects ▁of ▁N imar . ▁The ▁main ▁att raction ▁of ▁this ▁event ▁is ▁" P US HP - VAR SHA " ( From ▁the ▁air ▁Tul ips ▁of ▁rose ▁is ▁spread ▁using ▁H EL IC OP TER ) ▁over ▁all ▁the ▁ ▁Dev ote e ▁present ▁on ▁the ▁occasion ▁of ▁birth day ▁of ▁Ma a ▁N arm ada . ▁Many ▁tour ists ▁attend ▁the ▁event ▁every ▁year . ▁ ▁N imar ▁U ts av ▁ ▁N imar ▁U ts av ▁is ▁very ▁popular ▁event ▁held ▁in ▁N imar . ▁As ▁the ▁name ▁suggests , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁' uts av ' ▁( ce le br ation ) ▁or ▁the ▁festival ▁held ▁every ▁year ▁at ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁N arm ada ▁River . ▁During ▁this ▁event , ▁different ▁arts ▁and ▁cultural ▁programs ▁are ▁held

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