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ating ▁Committee . ▁ ▁Through ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁iteration ▁of ▁the ▁ESP Y ▁Awards , ▁cer emon ies ▁were ▁conducted ▁in ▁February ▁of ▁each ▁year ▁to ▁honor ▁achiev ements ▁over ▁the ▁previous ▁calendar ▁year ; ▁awards ▁presented ▁there after ▁were ▁con ferred ▁in ▁June ▁and ▁reflected ▁performance ▁from ▁the ▁June ▁previous . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁w inners ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁sports ▁awards ▁hon oring ▁women ▁Best ▁Male ▁Track ▁Ath lete ▁ESP Y ▁Award ▁European ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award ▁I A AF ▁Ath lete ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁Award ▁I A AF ▁Golden ▁League ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : ES PY ▁Awards ▁Category : S port ▁of ▁athlet ics ▁awards ▁Category : S ports ▁awards ▁hon oring ▁women ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Category : A wards ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁X E GL ▁is ▁a ▁radio ▁station ▁on ▁ 1 2 7 0 ▁AM ▁in ▁Nav o jo a , ▁Son ora . ▁ ▁History ▁X E GL ▁received ▁its ▁con cess ion ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁months ▁after ▁coming ▁to ▁air ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁Fa usto ▁Marco ▁Gó mez ▁C ota ▁and ▁transferred ▁to ▁his ▁estate . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁estate ▁awarded ▁the ▁station ▁to ▁José ▁Ra úl ▁Gó mez ▁Ball ester os , ▁and ▁in ▁ |
2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁to ▁Ren ov ando ▁la ▁Comun icación ▁was ▁approved . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁station ' s ▁in ability ▁to ▁migr ate ▁to ▁FM ▁and ▁competition ▁from ▁larger ▁station ▁groups ▁such ▁as ▁Lars a ▁and ▁Un ir ad io ▁which ▁absor bed ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁advert ising ▁market , ▁operation ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁La ▁Verd ad , ▁a ▁local ▁newspaper . ▁La ▁Verd ad ▁proceeded ▁to ▁start ▁from ▁scratch , ▁firing ▁X E GL ' s ▁entire ▁air ▁staff . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁in ▁Son ora ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : M ass ▁media ▁in ▁Nav o jo a <0x0A> </s> ▁A dem ▁Il han ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁composer , ▁producer ▁and ▁singer - song writer . ▁He ▁has ▁released ▁many ▁albums : ▁his ▁solo ▁music ▁project ▁released ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁A dem , ▁in ▁the ▁acc laimed ▁post - rock ▁band ▁F ridge , ▁alongside ▁K ier an ▁Heb den , ▁and ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁electronic ▁du o ▁Silver ▁Column s ▁with ▁Johnny ▁Lyn ch . ▁He ▁has ▁scored ▁several ▁feature ▁films ▁and ▁television ▁series ▁and ▁numerous ▁document aries . ▁ ▁Rec ording ▁history ▁Il han ' s ▁debut ▁solo ▁album , ▁Hom es ongs , ▁appeared ▁on ▁Dom ino ▁Records ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁M ixed ▁by ▁K ier an ▁Heb |
den , ▁the ▁album ▁found ▁critical ▁acc laim ▁with ▁limited ▁commercial ▁success . ▁The ▁album ▁includes ▁the ▁song ▁" Stat ued ", ▁which ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁sound track ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁Dead ▁Man ' s ▁Sho es . ▁ ▁A ▁second ▁album , ▁Love ▁and ▁Other ▁Plan ets , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁generally ▁fav ou rable ▁reviews . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Il han ▁released ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁cover ▁songs ▁called ▁T akes . ▁The ▁album ▁includes ▁tracks ▁originally ▁written ▁and ▁performed ▁by ▁Y o ▁La ▁T engo , ▁The ▁Sm ash ing ▁P ump kins , ▁B jör k , ▁d E US , ▁and ▁Bed head , ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Il han ▁along ▁with ▁Jer emy ▁War ms ley ▁& ▁Myst ery ▁J ets ▁contributed ▁the ▁song ▁" G ra ins ▁of ▁Sand " ▁to ▁the ▁Sur v ival ▁International ▁char ity ▁album ▁Songs ▁for ▁Sur v ival . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁A dem ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁folk ▁music ▁group ▁Lau ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁G hosts ▁EP ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Lau ▁vs ▁A dem . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Il han ▁has ▁been ▁performing ▁with ▁Philip ▁Sel way ' s ▁band ▁and ▁opened ▁for ▁Sel way ▁on ▁his ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁US ▁tour . ▁ ▁After ▁years ▁of ▁collabor ations ▁by ▁production ▁and ▁session - play ing , ▁A |
dem ▁released ▁a ▁new ▁solo ▁album , ▁seconds ▁are ▁ac orn s , ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁The ▁first ▁single ▁from ▁it , ▁" S now ▁in ▁April ", ▁received ▁its ▁first ▁radio ▁air play ▁on ▁BBC ▁ 6 ▁Music ▁in ▁August . ▁ ▁Il han ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁film ▁and ▁television ▁sound tra cks . ▁He ▁was ▁musical ▁director ▁and ▁co - w rote ▁the ▁original ▁tracks ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁film ▁Y esterday , ▁and ▁sound track ed ▁several ▁produ ctions , ▁including ▁In ▁the ▁Loop ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁and ▁Avenue ▁ 5 ▁( 2 0 2 0 ) ▁( both ▁by ▁Arm ando ▁I ann ucci ), ▁and ▁David ▁F arr ' s ▁film ▁The ▁On es ▁Below ▁( 2 0 1 5 ). ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Solo ▁albums ▁Hom es ongs ▁( 2 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Love ▁and ▁Other ▁Plan ets ▁( 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁T akes ▁( 1 2 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁seconds ▁are ▁ac orn s ▁( 1 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Singles ▁" Th ese ▁Are ▁Your ▁Fri ends " ▁( 1 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁( CD / 1 0 ") ▁" R ing ing ▁in ▁My ▁Ear " ▁( 1 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁( CD / 7 ") ▁" W aves " |
▁( 1 9 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁( only ▁as ▁a ▁download ▁on ▁i T unes ▁' Free ▁Single ▁of ▁The ▁Week ') ▁" Launch ▁Your self " ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁( CD / 7 ") ▁UK ▁No . ▁ 1 5 7 ▁ ▁Other ▁work ▁Il han ▁contributed ▁a ▁cover ▁of ▁Jeff ▁Buck ley ' s ▁" Mo jo ▁Pin " ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁t ribute ▁album ▁Dream ▁Bro ther : ▁The ▁Songs ▁of ▁Tim ▁and ▁Jeff ▁Buck ley . ▁Il han ▁plays ▁the ▁bass ▁and ▁s ings ▁on ▁English ▁folk ▁super group ▁The ▁Memory ▁Band ' s ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁album ▁A pr on ▁Str ings . ▁Il han ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁organ iser ▁of ▁the ▁Home f ires ▁Festival , ▁which ▁takes ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Con way ▁Hall ▁in ▁London , ▁UK . ▁Il han ▁rem ixed ▁the ▁track ▁" Wel come , ▁G hosts " ▁for ▁a ▁special ▁edition ▁release ▁of ▁Ex pl os ions ▁in ▁the ▁Sky ' s ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁album ▁All ▁of ▁a ▁Sud den ▁I ▁Miss ▁Every one . ▁Il han ▁plays ▁on ▁Vas ht i ▁Bun yan ' s ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁album ▁Look after ing ▁Il han ▁sang ▁a ▁cover ▁of ▁Johnny ▁C ash ' s ▁" I ▁Walk ▁the ▁Line " ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Le vi ' s ▁" S lim ▁Stra ight " ▁Je ans ▁commercial . ▁V oc |
als ▁by ▁Il han ▁are ▁featured ▁on ▁two ▁tracks ▁from ▁the ▁Emma ▁Pol lock ▁album , ▁The ▁Law ▁of ▁Lar ge ▁Num bers ; ▁Let ters ▁To ▁Str angers ▁and ▁Chem istry ▁Will ▁Find ▁Me . ▁Il han ▁master ed ▁the ▁single ▁version ▁of ▁" You ▁Only ▁W ent ▁Out ▁to ▁Get ▁Dr unk ▁Last ▁Night " ▁by ▁Kid ▁C ana ver al , ▁released ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Il han ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Lau ▁on ▁the ▁EP ▁G hosts ▁( cred ited ▁to ▁Lau ▁vs ▁A dem , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ). ▁Il han ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁recording ▁of ▁Philip ▁Sel way ' s ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁solo ▁album ▁We ather house . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Il han ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁London ; ▁his ▁father ▁had ▁em igr ated ▁from ▁Turkey . ▁He ▁attended ▁the ▁Elli ott ▁School ▁in ▁Put ney , ▁which ▁had ▁gained ▁a ▁reputation ▁of ▁n urt uring ▁tal ented ▁mus icians , ▁with ▁Il han ▁being ▁the ▁contemporary ▁of ▁artists ▁including ▁K ier an ▁Heb den , ▁members ▁of ▁Hot ▁Ch ip ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁E ly s ian ▁Quart et , ▁all ▁of ▁whom ▁he ▁has ▁later ▁collabor ated ▁with . ▁He ▁also ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁War wick . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Il han ▁played ▁a ▁free ▁concert ▁in ▁Bar r head ▁Community ▁Library , ▁comment ing : ▁" I ▁love ▁libraries . ▁[...] ▁The ▁existence ▁of ▁public ▁libraries ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁my |
▁favour ite ▁achiev ements ▁of ▁human ▁kind ". ▁ ▁Il han ▁is ▁de af ▁in ▁one ▁ear . ▁After ▁many ▁years ▁in ▁London , ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁now ▁live ▁in ▁Marg ate . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Memory ▁Band ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : English ▁bass ▁guitar ists ▁Category : English ▁male ▁guitar ists ▁Category : M ale ▁bass ▁guitar ists ▁Category : English ▁song writ ers ▁Category : English ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁War wick ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁people ▁of ▁Turkish ▁descent ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Tom ▁Taylor ▁( born ▁October ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁gam ert ag ▁Ts qu ared , ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁professional ▁g amer ▁and ▁captain ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁teams ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁G aming ▁( ML G ) ▁history , ▁Str 8 ▁R ipp in , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁coach ▁of ▁Status ▁Qu o ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁National ▁Championships ▁in ▁Dallas ▁where ▁he ▁helped ▁them ▁place ▁ 2 nd ▁behind ▁Final ▁B oss . ▁M aking ▁him ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁only ▁players ▁to ▁also ▁coach ▁an ▁event . ▁He ▁was ▁signed ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁contract ▁by ▁ML G ▁and ▁ear ns ▁between ▁$ 1 2 0 , 0 |
0 0 ▁and ▁$ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁each ▁year ▁in ▁prize ▁money ▁and ▁end ors ement ▁de als . ▁He ▁has ▁founded ▁his ▁own ▁company , ▁G aming ▁Less ons , ▁which ▁tut ors ▁pros pective ▁professional ▁gam ers ▁on ▁various ▁video ▁games , ▁specifically ▁on ▁the ▁H alo ▁series . ▁Several ▁other ▁professional ▁gam ers ▁from ▁ML G ▁are ▁also ▁employed ▁by ▁G aming ▁Less ons ▁as ▁instruct ors . ▁He ▁also ▁runs ▁an ▁active ▁YouTube ▁channel ▁with ▁over ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁subscri bers ▁and ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ' ▁worth ▁of ▁content . ▁ ▁Ts qu ared ▁has ▁been ▁featured ▁on ▁MTV ' s ▁document ary ▁series ▁True ▁Life : ▁I ' m ▁a ▁Professional ▁G amer ▁and ▁on ▁I cons , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal , ▁among ▁other ▁publications . ▁He ▁also ▁appeared ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁St uff ▁magazine ' s ▁list ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁most ▁influ ential ▁people ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁He ▁also ▁makes ▁occas ional ▁appearances ▁on ▁X - Play , ▁giving ▁out ▁tips ▁for ▁various ▁online ▁games . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 , ▁Ts qu ared ▁appeared ▁on ▁over ▁ 1 7 5 ▁million ▁Dr ▁Pe pper ▁bott les ▁issued ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁prom ot ional ▁spons or ship ▁for ▁ML G . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁Game |
Sp ot ▁amb assador . ▁ ▁Ts qu ared ▁returned ▁to ▁compet itive ▁H alo ▁by ▁heading ▁rev ived ▁Str 8 ▁R ipp in ▁in ▁Season ▁ 1 ▁of ▁the ▁H alo ▁Championship ▁Series ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁On ▁April ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Ts qu ared ▁announced ▁his ▁ret irement ▁from ▁compet itive ▁H alo ▁during ▁his ▁liv est ream ▁on ▁Tw itch . ▁ ▁Tournament ▁pla c ements ▁ ▁ML G ▁New ▁York ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁– ▁ 4 th ▁ ▁ML G ▁New ▁York ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁– ▁ 6 th ▁ ▁ML G ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁– ▁ 3 rd ▁ ▁ML G ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁– ▁ 3 rd ▁ ▁ML G ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁– ▁ 1 st ▁ ▁ML G ▁Or lando ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁ 6 th ▁ ▁ML G ▁Prov idence ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁– ▁ 2 0 th ▁ ▁ML G ▁Winter ▁Championship ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁– ▁ 1 3 - 1 6 th ▁ ▁E SL ▁M CC ▁La unch ▁Inv it ational <0x09> 2 nd <0x09> ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁H alo ▁Championship ▁Series ▁Season ▁ 1 ▁– ▁ 5 th ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Taylor ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Sy rac use , ▁New ▁York |
▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁Florida ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁attend ▁high ▁school . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁he ▁and ▁Str 8 ▁R ipp in ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁g aming ▁house ▁in ▁Or lando , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Ts qu ared ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁YouTube ▁reality ▁television ▁series ▁The ▁Controller : ▁Battle field ▁ 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁ts qu ared ▁on ▁Tw itch ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁es ports ▁players ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bald w ins ville , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sy rac use , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Or lando , ▁Florida ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Jup iter , ▁Florida ▁Category : H alo ▁players ▁ ▁Category : Str 8 ▁R ipp in ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar gy ract is ▁par then od alis ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cr amb idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Argentina . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A cent rop inae ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁South ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Union ▁of ▁Italian ▁Jewish ▁Commun ities ▁( Ital ian : ▁Un ione ▁delle ▁comun ità ▁e bra iche ▁ital iane , ▁U CE I ) ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁association ▁that ▁represents ▁over ▁twenty ▁Jewish ▁community ▁associations ▁in ▁Italy . ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁as ▁the ▁Com it ato ▁delle |
▁univers ità ▁is rael it iche , ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁Cons or z io ▁delle ▁comun ità ▁is rael it iche ▁ital iane ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁and ▁the ▁Un ione ▁delle ▁comun ità ▁is rael it iche ▁ital iane ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁The ▁current ▁name ▁was ▁adopted ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁Jewish ▁community ▁association ▁locations ▁represented ▁by ▁the ▁Union ▁ ▁Pres idents ▁▁ ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁of ▁Italian ▁Jewish ▁Commun ities ▁is ▁Ren zo ▁G atte g na . ▁ ▁Am os ▁Lu zz atto ▁( 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁T ull ia ▁Ze vi ▁( 1 9 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁ ▁Pietro ▁Bl ayer ▁( 1 9 7 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁▁▁ ▁Category : J ew s ▁and ▁J uda ism ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : J ew ish ▁organizations ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁organis ations ▁based ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : J ew ish ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Category : 1 9 1 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : J uda ism ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁Br ze z ink i ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Kob iele ▁Wiel kie , ▁within ▁Rad om sko ▁County , ▁Ł ód ź ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁central ▁Poland . ▁It ▁lies |
▁approximately ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁Kob iele ▁Wiel kie , ▁ ▁south - east ▁of ▁Rad om sko , ▁and ▁ ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁capital ▁Ł ód ź . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Rad om sko ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁G aff ney ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁writer ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁flash ▁fiction . ▁ ▁His ▁work ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁such ▁publications ▁as ▁Flash : ▁The ▁International ▁Short - Short ▁Story ▁Magazine , ▁Bad ▁Ide a , ▁and ▁Am bit . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁flash ▁fiction ▁judge ▁for ▁the ▁Br id port ▁Prize . ▁ ▁Col lections ▁Sa wn - Off ▁T ales ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁A rom ab ingo ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁The ▁Half - Life ▁of ▁Songs ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁More ▁Sa wn - Off ▁T ales ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Nov els ▁ ▁Never ▁Never ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁All ▁The ▁Places ▁I ' ve ▁Ever ▁L ived ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Three ▁Ro oms ▁in ▁Val erie ' s ▁Head ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁David ▁G aff ney , ▁author ' s ▁official ▁home page ▁ ▁Flash : ▁The ▁International ▁Short - Short ▁Story ▁Magazine ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁writers ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Place |
▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Santos ▁León ▁Herr era ▁( May ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁San ▁José ▁– ▁May ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁San ▁José ) ▁was ▁inter im ▁president ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁for ▁ 1 8 ▁days ▁during ▁the ▁country ' s ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁civil ▁war , ▁serving ▁from ▁April ▁ 2 0 ▁- ▁May ▁ 8 ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁He ▁also ▁previously ▁served ▁as ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Te od oro ▁Pic ado ▁Mich al ski ▁administration ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 4 – 1 9 4 8 . ▁Before ▁that , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁interior ▁minister ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 2 – 1 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁San ▁José , ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica ▁Category : V ice ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica <0x0A> </s> ▁Stefan ▁Nikol ic ▁( born ▁August ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ser bian ▁professional ▁basketball ▁player ▁for ▁É to ile ▁Char lev ille - M é zi ères ▁of ▁the ▁L NB ▁Pro ▁B . ▁He ▁usually ▁plays ▁the ▁point ▁guard ▁position . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁accomplish ments ▁Greek ▁ 2 nd ▁Division ▁Champion : ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Bulgar |
ian ▁League ▁Champion : ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁Bulgar ian ▁Cup ▁Champion : ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁Ser bian ▁basketball ▁coach ▁and ▁former ▁player ▁S lob od an ▁Nik oli ć . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁D raft Express ▁NBA ▁D raft ▁Pro spect ▁Profile : ▁Stefan ▁Nikol ic , ▁St ats , ▁Compar isons , ▁and ▁Out look ▁ ▁basketball - play ers . org ▁- ▁players ▁- ▁Nikol ic ▁Stefan ▁- ▁player ▁profile ▁and ▁video ▁ ▁Stefan ▁Nikol ic ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : AE K ▁B . C . ▁players ▁Category : CS ▁Ener gia ▁R ov in ari ▁players ▁Category : G reek ▁B asket ▁League ▁players ▁Category : If a ist os ▁Lim nou ▁B . C . ▁players ▁Category : K ö ln ▁ 9 9 ers ▁players ▁Category : K K ▁Er g onom ▁players ▁Category : K K ▁Lav ovi ▁ 0 6 3 ▁players ▁Category : OK K ▁Be og rad ▁players ▁Category : P BC ▁Academ ic ▁players ▁Category : Point ▁gu ards ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁Bulg aria ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁Greece ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball |
▁people ▁in ▁North ▁Mac ed onia ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁basketball ▁people ▁in ▁Sloven ia ▁Category : Ser bian ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Jan ▁George ▁Free zen ▁or ▁Johann ▁Georg ▁Fre esen , ▁a ▁portrait ▁painter , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Pal ts , ▁near ▁Heidel berg , ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 1 . ▁He ▁first ▁studied ▁under ▁Jan ▁van ▁Nik k elen , ▁and ▁afterwards ▁under ▁Philip ▁van ▁D yk , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁sch ol ars , ▁and ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁stayed ▁seven ▁years ▁at ▁the ▁H ague . ▁He ▁was ▁patron ized ▁by ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁H esse , ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁historical ▁and ▁portrait ▁painter ▁at ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁Cass el . ▁He ▁possessed ▁a ▁great ▁knowledge ▁of ▁paint ings , ▁which ▁he ▁acquired ▁in ▁Germany , ▁Italy , ▁France , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁of ▁Philip ▁van ▁D yk ▁— ▁an ▁ac quisition ▁which ▁was ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Cass el ▁Gallery . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Cass el ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 5 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 0 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 7 5 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 8 th - century ▁German ▁pain ters ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : G erman ▁portrait ▁pain ters ▁Category : C ourt ▁pain ters ▁Category : Pe ople |
▁from ▁Heidel berg <0x0A> </s> ▁Wei ▁Fu - chan ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Taiwan ese ▁sur geon . ▁ ▁Wei ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁T ain an ▁and ▁earned ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁medicine ▁at ▁Ka oh si ung ▁Medical ▁College . ▁He ▁received ▁training ▁in ▁pl astic ▁surg ery ▁at ▁Ch ang ▁G ung ▁Memorial ▁Hospital , ▁led ▁by ▁super int endent ▁, ▁who ▁suggested ▁that ▁Wei ▁" go ▁abroad ▁to ▁bring ▁home ▁something ▁new ." ▁Sub sequently , ▁Wei ▁purs ued ▁medical ▁fellow ships ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto ▁in ▁Canada ▁and ▁the ▁Christ ine ▁M . ▁Klein ert ▁Institute ▁for ▁Hand ▁and ▁Micro ▁S urg ery ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Louis ville ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Upon ▁comple ting ▁his ▁surg ical ▁training ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Wei ▁returned ▁to ▁Taiwan , ▁and ▁began ▁his ▁own ▁mic ros urg ery ▁training ▁program ▁at ▁Ch ang ▁G ung ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁Four ▁years ▁later , ▁Wei ▁helped ▁establish ▁the ▁Mic ros urg ical ▁Int ensive ▁Care ▁Unit ▁at ▁Ch ang ▁G ung . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁Wei ▁took ▁charge ▁of ▁Ch ang ▁G ung ' s ▁Department ▁of ▁Pl astic ▁and ▁Re construct ive ▁S urg ery . ▁Following ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁other ▁sur ge ons , ▁Wei ▁turned ▁from ▁tra uma ▁surg ery ▁to ▁head ▁and ▁neck ▁reconst ruction . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Wei ▁operated ▁on ▁a ▁woman ▁from ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁injured ▁in ▁the ▁Man ila ▁host |
age ▁crisis ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁Wei ' s ▁treatment , ▁the ▁woman ▁had ▁gone ▁through ▁ 3 2 ▁sur ger ies . ▁Wei ' s ▁team ▁worked ▁without ▁fully ▁detailed ▁medical ▁records , ▁and ▁the ▁surg ery ▁itself ▁took ▁more ▁than ▁ten ▁hours . ▁The ▁Disc overy ▁Channel ▁fil med ▁the ▁operation , ▁and ▁a ired ▁foot age ▁as ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁a ▁three - part ▁document ary ▁series ▁titled ▁ ▁Taiwan ▁Re ve aled , ▁which ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁premi ere ▁on ▁ 5 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Taiwan , ▁before ▁being ▁a ired ▁in ▁ 3 5 ▁other ▁regions ▁across ▁Asia ▁during ▁June ▁and ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁The ▁first ▁view ing ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Tai pe i ▁Gu est ▁House ▁on ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Wei ▁has ▁taught ▁at ▁China ▁Medical ▁University ▁and ▁Tai pe i ▁Medical ▁University . ▁After ▁a ▁st int ▁as ▁vice ▁super int endent ▁of ▁Ch ang ▁G ung ▁Memorial ▁Hospital ▁in ▁Tai pe i , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁director , ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ang ▁G ung ▁Medical ▁College ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Wei ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁sur geon ▁elected ▁to ▁Academia ▁Sin ica ▁membership . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Wei ▁received ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁individual ▁Global ▁Health care |
▁Awards ▁from ▁the ▁Taiwan ▁Global ▁Health care ▁Association . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Wei , ▁Y uan - P ern ▁Lee , ▁and ▁Y uan - T song ▁Chen ▁were ▁awarded ▁Taiwan ' s ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : T ai wan ese ▁pl astic ▁sur ge ons ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁sur ge ons ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁sur ge ons ▁Category : T ai wan ese ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : T ai wan ese ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : K a oh si ung ▁Medical ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : S cient ists ▁from ▁T ain an ▁Category : T ai wan ese ▁university ▁and ▁college ▁fac ulty ▁de ans ▁Category : T ai pe i ▁Medical ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁Academia ▁Sin ica <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Rol ling ▁St ones ' ▁American ▁Tour ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁was ▁a ▁concert ▁tour ▁of ▁stad iums ▁and ▁aren as ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁album ▁T atto o ▁You . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁gross ing ▁tour ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁with ▁$ 5 0 ▁million ▁in ▁ticket ▁sales . ▁R ough ly ▁three ▁million ▁concert ▁go ers ▁attended ▁the ▁concert s , ▁setting ▁various ▁ticket ▁sales ▁records . ▁The ▁ 5 ▁December ▁show ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans ▁set ▁an ▁ind oor |
▁concert ▁attend ance ▁record ▁which ▁stood ▁for ▁ 3 3 ▁years . ▁ ▁History ▁Initial ly , ▁singer ▁M ick ▁J agger ▁was ▁not ▁interested ▁in ▁another ▁tour , ▁but ▁guitar ists ▁Keith ▁Rich ards ▁and ▁Ron nie ▁Wood ▁were , ▁as ▁were ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁press ▁and ▁public . ▁J agger ▁eventually ▁rel ented . ▁As ▁with ▁previous ▁t ours , ▁the ▁American ▁Tour ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁was ▁promoted ▁by ▁Bill ▁Graham . ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁re he ars ed ▁at ▁Long ▁View ▁Farm , ▁North ▁Brook field , ▁Massachusetts , ▁from ▁ 1 4 ▁August ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁and ▁played ▁a ▁warm - up ▁show ▁at ▁the ▁Sir ▁Morgan ' s ▁C ove ▁club ▁in ▁Wor c ester , ▁Massachusetts ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁September . ▁Although ▁they ▁were ▁bil led ▁as ▁Little ▁Boy ▁Blue ▁& ▁The ▁C ock ro aches , ▁word ▁got ▁out ▁and ▁some ▁ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁fans ▁pushed ▁and ▁sh oved ▁outside ▁the ▁ 3 0 0 - cap acity ▁ven ue . ▁ ▁The ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Boston ▁Kevin ▁H . ▁White ▁stopped ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁further ▁public ▁re he ars als , ▁saying , ▁" The ▁appearance ▁here ▁of ▁Mr . ▁J agger ▁is ▁not ▁necessarily ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁interest ." ▁ ▁The ▁tour ' s ▁elaborate ▁and ▁color ful ▁stage ▁was ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Japanese ▁designer ▁K azu hide ▁Yam az aki . ▁" M ost ▁concert s ▁that ▁took ▁place |
▁out do ors ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁were ▁played ▁during ▁the ▁day ," ▁re called ▁J agger , ▁" pro bably ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁che aper , ▁I ▁don ' t ▁know . ▁So ▁we ▁had ▁the ▁bright , ▁bright ▁primary ▁colors ... ▁and ▁we ▁had ▁these ▁enorm ous ▁images ▁of ▁a ▁guitar , ▁a ▁car ▁and ▁a ▁record — an ▁Amer icana ▁idea — which ▁worked ▁very ▁well ▁for ▁afternoon ▁shows ." ▁ ▁Most ▁shows ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁tour ▁featured ▁a ▁cher ry ▁pick er ▁and ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁hundreds ▁of ▁bal lo ons ▁at ▁the ▁show ' s ▁end . ▁During ▁the ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Memorial ▁Col ise um ▁stops ▁on ▁the ▁tour , ▁the ▁band ▁played ▁a ▁Friday ▁and ▁Sunday ▁show ▁and ▁US C ▁had ▁a ▁football ▁game ▁in ▁between ▁on ▁Saturday . ▁As ▁a ▁tele vised ▁football ▁game , ▁view ers ▁could ▁see ▁the ▁full ▁stage ▁set - up ▁and ▁often ▁field ▁goals ▁would ▁land ▁on ▁stage ▁at ▁the ▁East ▁end ▁zone . ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁opening ▁bands , ▁George ▁Thor og ood , ▁and ▁The ▁J ▁Ge ils ▁Band ▁were ▁received ▁well , ▁but ▁the ▁third ▁– ▁a ▁still ▁somewhat ▁unknown ▁Prince ▁– ▁bare ly ▁got ▁through ▁three ▁songs ▁before ▁being ▁bo o ed ▁off . ▁ ▁The ▁tour ▁was ▁the ▁largest - g ross ing ▁tour ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁and ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁to ▁come . ▁It ▁gross ed ▁$ 5 0 ▁million ▁in ▁ticket ▁sales ▁when ▁the ▁average ▁ticket ▁price ▁was ▁$ 1 |
6 . ▁R ough ly ▁three ▁million ▁attended ▁the ▁concert s . ▁The ▁St ones ▁set ▁many ▁records ▁that ▁remain ▁un bro ken . ▁The ▁J F K ▁Stadium ▁shows ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁prompt ed ▁nearly ▁ 4 ▁million ▁requests ▁via ▁post ▁cards ▁for ▁tick ets ▁( a ▁method ▁used ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁to ▁prevent ▁scal ping ); ▁requests ▁for ▁the ▁five ▁ar ena ▁shows ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁metropol itan ▁area ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁millions . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁stated , ▁" The ▁tour ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁prof itable ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁rock ▁& ▁roll ; ▁its ▁she er ▁size ▁has ▁been ▁st agger ing ... t icket ▁requests ▁for ▁these ▁shows ▁ran ▁into ▁the ▁millions ..." ▁ ▁The ▁tour ▁indeed ▁did ▁turn ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁prof itable : ▁the ▁St ones ▁were ▁estimated ▁to ▁have ▁re aped ▁about ▁$ 2 2 ▁million ▁after ▁exp enses . ▁ ▁The ▁tour ▁also ▁was ▁an ▁early ▁mil estone ▁for ▁the ▁rock ▁industry ▁by ▁s elling ▁advert ising ▁rights ▁to ▁J ō van ▁Mus k . ▁ ▁J ō van ▁paid ▁$ 1 ▁million ▁to ▁put ▁their ▁name ▁on ▁St ones ▁tick ets . ▁ ▁This ▁attract ed ▁considerable ▁attention ▁in ▁the ▁business ▁media , ▁as ▁J ō van ' s ▁image ▁of ▁a ▁pleasant ▁fra gr ance ▁was ▁at ▁odd s ▁with ▁the ▁St ones ' ▁bad ▁boys ▁image . ▁But ▁the ▁St ones ▁behav ed ▁well ▁on ▁tour , ▁and ▁rock ▁tour ▁corpor ate ▁spons or ships ▁soon |
▁became ▁the ▁norm . ▁ ▁In ▁another ▁market ing ▁first , ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁performance ▁at ▁Virginia ' s ▁Ham pton ▁Col ise um ▁was ▁broadcast ▁as ▁" The ▁World ' s ▁Great est ▁Rock ' n ' R oll ▁Party ", ▁on ▁pay - per - view ▁and ▁in ▁closed ▁circuit ▁cin emas . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁such ▁use ▁of ▁pay - per - view ▁for ▁a ▁music ▁event . ▁When ▁a ▁fan ▁ran ▁on stage ▁during ▁the ▁show , ▁Keith ▁Rich ards ▁hit ▁him ▁with ▁his ▁guitar . ▁ ▁Also ▁of ▁note ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁performance ▁at ▁Kansas ▁City ' s ▁K em per ▁Arena . ▁Form er ▁St ones ▁guitar ist ▁M ick ▁Taylor ▁joined ▁the ▁band ▁for ▁a ▁large ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁performance . ▁Ron nie ▁Wood ▁was ▁not ▁happy ▁with ▁Taylor , ▁however : ▁"[ He ▁was ] ▁bul ld oz ing ▁through ▁parts ▁of ▁songs ▁that ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁subt le , ▁ign oring ▁breaks ▁and ▁taking ▁un inv ited ▁sol os ." ▁Other ▁guests ▁during ▁the ▁tour ▁were ▁T ina ▁Turner ▁( who ▁would ▁sing ▁" H on ky ▁Ton k ▁Women "), ▁Ch uck ▁Le av ell , ▁Tower ▁of ▁Power ▁and ▁Sug ar ▁Blue . ▁Turner , ▁People ▁reported , ▁had ▁tou red ▁with ▁the ▁St ones ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁and ▁J agger ▁admitted ▁he ▁had ▁" lear ned ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁things " ▁from ▁her . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 ▁October ▁performance ▁at |
▁the ▁Rock ford ▁Metro C entre ▁in ▁Rock ford , ▁Illinois ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁tour ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁pet ition ▁drive ▁by ▁local ▁radio ▁station ▁W Z OK , ▁which ▁attract ed ▁more ▁that ▁ 3 5 , 0 0 0 ▁sign atures . ▁ ▁In ▁general , ▁there ▁was ▁less ▁back stage ▁mad ness ▁on ▁the ▁tour ▁than ▁on ▁many ▁previous ▁out ings . ▁This ▁was ▁largely ▁due ▁to ▁Rich ards ▁having ▁largely ▁overcome ▁his ▁well - known ▁dru gs ▁and ▁alco hol ▁problems ; ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁wrote ▁of ▁Rich ards , ▁" He ▁looks ▁health y , ▁he ▁is ▁playing ▁br illi antly ▁and ▁his ▁backup ▁vocals ▁are ▁often ▁so ▁l ust y ▁that ▁they ▁d rown ▁out ▁Mr . ▁J agger , ▁who ▁is ▁working ▁harder ▁to ▁hold ▁up ▁his ▁end ▁of ▁things ▁as ▁result ." ▁However , ▁this ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁tour ▁were ▁the ▁last ▁t ours ▁on ▁which ▁Rich ards ▁contributed ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁backup ▁vocals ; ▁for ▁future ▁t ours , ▁additional ▁sing ers ▁were ▁en list ed . ▁ ▁Several ▁of ▁the ▁concert s ▁were ▁recorded ▁and ▁selected ▁songs ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 9 8 2 ' s ▁live ▁Still ▁Life . ▁ ▁The ▁Hal ▁Ash by - direct ed ▁concert ▁film ▁Let ' s ▁Sp end ▁the ▁Night ▁T ogether ▁gross ed ▁$ 5 0 ▁million . ▁Poss ibly ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁film , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁shows ▁on ▁this ▁tour ▁were ▁profession ally ▁recorded |
. ▁Boot leg ▁evidence ▁suggests ▁that ▁for ▁ 3 5 ▁of ▁the ▁regular ▁ 5 0 ▁shows ▁from ▁this ▁tour , ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁each ▁concert ▁is ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁sound board . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁St ones ' ▁last ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁The ▁Rol ling ▁St ones ▁M ick ▁J agger ▁– ▁lead ▁vocals , ▁guitar ▁Keith ▁Rich ards ▁– ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁Ron nie ▁Wood ▁– ▁guitar , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁Bill ▁W yman ▁– ▁bass ▁Charlie ▁W att s ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁Add itional ▁mus icians ▁Lee ▁Allen ▁– ▁sa x oph one ▁( 1 ▁October , ▁Rock ford , ▁Illinois , ▁and ▁on ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 4 ▁October ▁at ▁F ols om ▁Field , ▁in ▁B ould er , ▁Colorado ) ▁Ian ▁Stewart ▁– ▁piano ▁Ian ▁Mc L agan ▁– ▁key boards , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁Er nie ▁W att s ▁– ▁sa x oph one ▁( 7 ▁October , ▁San ▁Diego , ▁CA ▁through ▁last ▁show ▁of ▁US ▁tour , ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Ham pton ▁Ro ads ▁Col ise um , ▁Ham pton , ▁V A ) ▁Bobby ▁Ke ys ▁– ▁sa x oph one ▁( on ▁' Let ▁it ▁Ble ed ', ▁' B rown ▁Sug ar ', ▁' T umb ling ▁D ice ' ▁and ▁' H on ky ▁Ton k ▁Women ') ▁ ▁Set ▁list ▁The ▁usual ▁set ▁list ▁was : ▁▁ ▁" Under |
▁My ▁Th umb " ▁ ▁" When ▁the ▁Wh ip ▁Com es ▁Down " ▁ ▁" Let ' s ▁Sp end ▁the ▁Night ▁T ogether " ▁ ▁" S hat tered " ▁ ▁" Ne igh b ours " ▁ ▁" Black ▁Lim ous ine " ▁ ▁" Just ▁My ▁Im ag ination ▁( Running ▁A way ▁with ▁Me )" ▁" Down ▁The ▁Road ▁Ap ie ce " ▁( play ed ▁ 2 6 – 2 7 ▁September ; ▁ 3 , ▁ 5 ▁& ▁ 9 ▁November ) ▁" M ona " ▁( play ed ▁only ▁ 2 6 ▁September ) ▁ ▁" Tw enty - F light ▁Rock " ▁ ▁" Go ing ▁to ▁a ▁Go - Go " ▁( first ▁played ▁in ▁Louis ville , ▁Kentucky , ▁ 3 ▁November ) ▁ ▁" Let ▁Me ▁Go " ▁ ▁" Time ▁Is ▁on ▁My ▁Side " ▁ ▁" Be ast ▁of ▁Bur den " ▁ ▁" Wait ing ▁on ▁a ▁Friend " ▁ ▁" Let ▁It ▁Ble ed " ▁ ▁" T ops " ▁( Play ed ▁ 2 5 ▁& ▁ 2 7 ▁September , ▁and ▁ 3 ▁October ) ▁ ▁" You ▁Can ' t ▁Always ▁Get ▁What ▁You ▁W ant " ▁ ▁" L ittle ▁T & A " ▁ ▁" T umb ling ▁D ice " ▁ ▁" She ' s ▁So ▁Cold " ▁ ▁" All ▁Down ▁The ▁Line " ▁( Only ▁Play ed ▁ 1 8 ▁Times ) ▁ ▁" H ang ▁Fire " ▁ |
▁" Star ▁Star " ▁( Only ▁Play ed ▁ 1 0 ▁Times ) ▁ ▁" Miss ▁You " ▁ ▁" H on ky ▁Ton k ▁Women " ▁ ▁" B rown ▁Sug ar " ▁ ▁" Start ▁Me ▁Up " ▁ ▁" J ump in ' ▁Jack ▁Flash " ▁ ▁" St reet ▁Fight ing ▁Man " ▁( play ed ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁September - 9 ▁October ▁and ▁ 2 6 ▁October ) ▁[ en core ] ▁ ▁"( I ▁Can ' t ▁Get ▁No ) ▁Sat isf action " ▁( play ed ▁ 2 5 ▁September ; ▁ 3 ▁& ▁ 1 1 ▁October ▁until ▁end ▁of ▁tour ) ▁[ en core ] ▁ ▁" Out ro ▁The ▁Star - Sp ang led ▁B anner ▁( version ▁Jim i ▁Hend rix ▁in ▁Wood stock ▁ 1 9 6 9 )" ▁[ en core ] ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁dozen ▁or ▁so ▁shows ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁set ▁list ▁was ▁moved ▁around ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁most ▁comfortable ▁feel ▁for ▁the ▁concert s . ▁ ▁Wor c ester ▁show ▁ ▁The ▁set ▁list ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁show ▁is ▁un ver ified , ▁but ▁is ▁reported ▁to ▁include : ▁▁ ▁" Every body ▁Ne eds ▁Some body ▁to ▁Love " ▁ ▁" M ona ▁( I ▁Need ▁You ▁Baby )" ▁ ▁" Under ▁My ▁Th umb " ▁ ▁" Down ▁the ▁Road ▁Ap ie ce " ▁ ▁" Let ▁It ▁Ble ed " ▁" I ▁Just ▁W |
ant ▁To ▁Make ▁Love ▁To ▁You " ▁ ▁" She ' s ▁So ▁Cold " ▁ ▁" H ang ▁Fire " ▁ ▁" All ▁Down ▁The ▁Line " ▁ ▁" H on ky ▁Ton k ▁Women " ▁ ▁" Start ▁Me ▁Up " ▁ ▁" J ump in ' ▁Jack ▁Flash " ▁ ▁"( I ▁Can ' t ▁Get ▁No ) ▁Sat isf action " ▁ ▁Ir regular ▁songs ▁Bey ond ▁the ▁first ▁five ▁shows ▁" T ops " ▁and ▁" M ona " ▁were ▁not ▁played ▁( though ▁neither ▁were ▁ever ▁played ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁night , ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁occup y ▁the ▁same ▁location ▁in ▁the ▁set ▁list ). ▁Up ▁until ▁the ▁shows ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey ▁" Down ▁the ▁Road ▁Ap ie ce " ▁and ▁" St reet ▁Fight ing ▁Man " ▁both ▁made ▁a ▁few ▁appearances . ▁" Star ▁Star " ▁was ▁added ▁into ▁the ▁set ▁for ▁every ▁gig ▁in ▁between ▁and ▁including ▁B ould er ▁and ▁both ▁Or lando ▁shows ▁( with ▁the ▁sole ▁exception ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁show ▁in ▁B ould er ). ▁" All ▁Down ▁the ▁Line " ▁was ▁played ▁ 1 8 ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁ 2 4 ▁regular ▁gig s . ▁The ▁six ▁exclus ions ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁ 4 ▁regular ▁shows ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 ▁first ▁shows ▁in ▁November . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 1 ▁November ▁concert ▁in ▁St . ▁Paul , ▁M N ▁was ▁memor able ▁because ▁J esse ▁" The ▁Body " ▁Vent ura ▁did ▁the ▁introduction , ▁as ▁he ▁had |
▁on ▁their ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁North ▁American ▁tour . ▁ ▁Tour ▁dates ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁concert ▁t ours ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁in ▁American ▁music ▁Category : Con cert ▁t ours ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : The ▁Rol ling ▁St ones ▁concert ▁t ours <0x0A> </s> ▁Everything ▁Will ▁Work ▁Out ▁Right ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁album ▁by ▁Canadian ▁singer ▁and ▁song writer ▁Morgan ▁Fin lay . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" In side " ▁ ▁" Z ens ong " ▁ ▁" The ▁Re ason ▁Why " ▁ ▁" The ▁Way ▁It ▁Is " ▁ ▁" Wait ▁in ▁Me asures " ▁ ▁" Flow " ▁ ▁" Every thing ▁Will ▁Work ▁Out ▁Right " ▁ ▁" 5 1 4 " ▁ ▁" Why ▁Georgia " ▁ ▁" In ▁a ▁Per fect ▁World " ▁ ▁" F ar ▁Bey ond ▁W ords " ▁ ▁" Se attle " ▁ ▁hi ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph ▁is ▁a ▁free , ▁month ly , ▁general ▁interest ▁amateur ▁radio ▁e - Z ine ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁journal ▁of ▁the ▁Robert ▁F . ▁He yt ow ▁Memorial ▁Radio ▁Club , ▁the ▁K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph ▁is ▁distributed ▁to ▁subscri bers ▁in ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁countries ▁via ▁e - mail ▁as ▁a ▁PDF |
▁file . ▁ ▁Iss ues ▁compr ise ▁original ▁articles ▁written ▁by ▁authors ▁drawn ▁from ▁its ▁subscri ber ▁base . ▁Notable ▁among ▁those ▁authors ▁was ▁contrib uting ▁editor , ▁Rod ▁New k irk ▁( SK ), ▁W 9 BR D / VA 3 Z BB , ▁former ▁" How ' s ▁D X " ▁column ist ▁for ▁Q ST ▁magazine . ▁ ▁The ▁K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph ▁describes ▁itself ▁as ▁unique ▁in ▁offering ▁the ▁amateur ▁radio ▁community ▁a ▁no - cost , ▁high ▁concept ▁publication ▁covering ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁topics ▁un available ▁elsewhere ▁and ▁in ▁providing ▁a ▁wel coming ▁ven ue ▁and ▁read ership ▁to ▁first - time ▁writers . ▁ ▁The ▁Te legraph ''' s ▁staff ▁includes : ▁Michael ▁Din elli , ▁N 9 B OR , ▁layout ; ▁Philip ▁C ala - L azar , ▁K 9 PL , ▁editor ; ▁and ▁Jeff ▁Murray , ▁K 1 N SS , ▁cart oon ist . ▁ ▁Cart o ons ▁of ▁K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph ▁cart oon ist ▁emer it us ▁( as ▁of ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁Dick ▁S ylvan , ▁W 9 CB T , ▁appear ▁in ▁NA Q CC ▁News , ▁the ▁news letter ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁Q R P ▁C W ▁Club . ▁A ▁collection ▁of ▁Dick ' s ▁cart o ons ▁is ▁reprodu ced ▁in ▁the ▁book , ▁H I ▁H I — A ▁Collection ▁of ▁Ham ▁Radio ▁Cart o ons ▁( ). ▁ ▁A ▁compilation ▁of ▁Rod ▁New k irk |
' s ▁articles ▁written ▁for ▁the ▁K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph ▁is ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁book , ▁The ▁Rod ▁New k irk ▁Collection : ▁From ▁the ▁P ages ▁of ▁the ▁K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁( ). K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph ▁articles ▁have ▁been ▁referenced ▁and ▁repr int ed ▁in ▁the ▁Cont ester ' s ▁R ate ▁She et , ▁a ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Radio ▁Rel ay ▁League ; ▁The ▁Ke yn ote , ▁the ▁journal ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Mor se ▁Pres ervation ▁Society ▁( FI ST S ); ▁and ▁the ▁scientific ▁journal , ▁Pol ar ▁Research , ▁Volume ▁ 2 7 , ▁Issue ▁ 1 , ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph ▁released ▁their ▁fully ▁re vised ▁fifth ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁book , ▁The ▁Art ▁& ▁Sk ill ▁of ▁Radio - Te legraph y ▁() ▁by ▁William ▁Pier pont , ▁N Ø H FF . K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph ▁mot to : ▁The ▁Good ▁News ▁About ▁Am ateur ▁Radio ▁▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph K 9 Y A ▁Te legraph ▁article ▁indexes ▁F ISTS ▁- ▁The ▁International ▁Mor se ▁Pres ervation ▁Society ▁Q TH . NET ▁- ▁Am ateur ▁radio ▁e - mail ▁reflect ors ▁on ▁various ▁topics ▁Radio ▁Society ▁Great ▁Britain ▁( RS GB ) ▁- ▁Publish er ▁of |
▁Rad Com ▁The ▁Ro le ▁of ▁Radio ▁in ▁Res cu ing ▁the ▁Sur viv ors ▁of ▁the ▁Air ship ▁Italia ; ▁Har vey ▁M . ▁Sol omon ▁& ▁Philip ▁C ala - L azar ; ▁Pol ar ▁Research ' ', ▁Volume ▁ 2 7 , ▁Issue ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁P ages : ▁ 7 3 – 7 4 ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Am ateur ▁radio ▁mag az ines ▁Category : American ▁month ly ▁mag az ines ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Category : Free ▁mag az ines ▁Category : Mag az ines ▁published ▁in ▁Illinois ▁Category : American ▁h ob by ▁mag az ines <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Beth el ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁is ▁a ▁Wes ley an - Hol iness ▁den om ination . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁four ▁con greg ations ▁in ▁Texas . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Beth el ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁separated ▁from ▁the ▁Evangel ical ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁after ▁a ▁church ▁trial ▁called ▁into ▁question ▁the ▁the ological ▁st ances ▁of ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁minister s . ▁ ▁The ▁small ▁den om ination ' s ▁Book ▁of ▁Dis cipl ine ▁traces ▁this ▁the ological ▁dispute ▁to ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s ▁when ▁" a ▁w iden ing ▁toler ance ▁of ▁many ▁different ▁belief s ▁regarding ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁God , ▁man , ▁ang els , ▁sin , ▁salv ation |
, ▁san ct ification ▁and ▁heaven " ▁began ▁to ▁emer ge . ▁ ▁After ▁Rev . ▁Arthur ▁S ly e ▁Jr . ▁was ▁elected ▁Mid - St ates ▁District ▁Super int endent ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁he ▁" ch ose ▁to ▁pre ach ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁deep est - h eld ▁truth s ▁to ▁the ▁District ▁Conference ▁at ▁Ir ving ." ▁This ▁raised ▁many ▁ob jections , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁" her es y ▁trial " ▁followed ▁by ▁repeated ▁" att empt s ▁to ▁clarify " ▁by ▁S ly e ▁and ▁his ▁supp or ters . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁five ▁Evangel ical ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁minister s ▁met ▁in ▁H ico , ▁Texas ▁to ▁determine ▁a ▁course ▁of ▁action . ▁Their ▁three ▁churches ▁in ▁Ir ving , ▁Port ▁Ne ches , ▁Texas , ▁and ▁Robinson , ▁Texas ▁would ▁pull ▁away ▁from ▁their ▁parent ▁den om ination ▁and ▁form ▁an ▁Inter ch urch ▁Council . ▁Articles ▁of ▁In cor por ation ▁for ▁the ▁Beth el ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁were ▁file d ▁with ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Texas ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁S ly e , ▁past or ▁of ▁the ▁Ir ving ▁church , ▁was ▁elected ▁the ▁new ▁den om ination ' s ▁first ▁General ▁Super int endent . ▁The ▁first ▁services ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁E aster ▁Sunday , ▁March ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁The |
▁den om ination ▁maintain s ▁con greg ations ▁in ▁Port ▁Ne ches ▁and ▁Robinson , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Col ley ville , ▁Texas ▁and ▁New ▁Braun f els , ▁Texas , ▁and ▁a ▁mission ▁in ▁A ubre y , ▁Texas . ▁ ▁Bel ief s ▁ ▁Beth el ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁part ▁Wes ley an - Hol iness ▁in ▁doctrine — lament ing ▁a ▁Modern ist ▁tr end ▁in ▁American ▁Method ism . ▁ ▁Em ph ases ▁include ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁a ▁Christian ▁" back sl iding " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁man ' s ▁free ▁will ▁to ▁choose ▁or ▁reject ▁God . ▁The ▁Beth el ▁Method ists ▁take ▁these ▁Ar min ian ▁positions ▁an ▁un common ▁step ▁further ▁by ▁teaching ▁God ' s ▁free ▁will . ▁From ▁its ▁online ▁c ate ch ism : ▁ ▁The ▁den om ination ▁pre fers ▁bapt ism ▁by ▁spr ink ling ▁and ▁pour ing , ▁rather ▁than ▁allowing ▁for ▁imm ersion ▁as ▁did ▁the ▁parent ▁body . ▁It ▁does ▁not ▁practice ▁infant ▁bapt ism . ▁ ▁Pol ity ▁ ▁Church ▁government ▁is ▁largely ▁con greg ational , ▁though ▁bound ▁by ▁a ▁denomin ational ▁constitution ▁and ▁byla ws . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Evangel ical ▁Method ist ▁Church ▁Ar min ian ism ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁( o fficial ▁web ▁site ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Christ ian ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : Method ist ▁denomin ations ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁Category : Method ist ▁denomin ations ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ |
2 0 th ▁century ▁Category : Hol iness ▁denomin ations <0x0A> </s> ▁Philippe ▁Charles ▁d ' O rl é ans , ▁petit - fil s ▁de ▁France , ▁Duke ▁of ▁Val ois ▁( 1 6 ▁July ▁ 1 6 6 4 ▁– ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 1 6 6 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁prince ▁and ▁Grand son ▁of ▁France . ▁He ▁was ▁sty led ▁Duke ▁of ▁Val ois ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁birth . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁short ▁lived ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Louis ▁XIV . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Born ▁at ▁the ▁Palace ▁of ▁Font aine ble au ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 6 6 4 , ▁he ▁known ▁from ▁birth ▁by ▁his ▁father ' s ▁less er ▁title ▁of ▁Duke ▁of ▁Val ois . ▁His ▁father , ▁Philippe ▁of ▁France , ▁Duke ▁of ▁Or lé ans , ▁known ▁at ▁court ▁as ▁Monsieur ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Henri etta ▁of ▁England , ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁murder ed ▁Charles ▁I ▁of ▁England ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁born ▁Queen ▁Henri ette ▁Marie . ▁As ▁such , ▁his ▁parents ▁were ▁first ▁c ous ins . ▁He ▁had ▁one ▁elder ▁sister , ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁Louise ▁and ▁a ▁younger ▁sister , ▁Princess ▁Anne ▁Marie ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁after ▁his ▁death . ▁▁ ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁his ▁father , ▁Philippe ▁and ▁his ▁mat ernal ▁grand father , ▁Charles . ▁ ▁Philippe ▁Charles ▁birth ▁helped ▁to ▁smooth ▁over ▁the ▁difficult ▁relationship ▁his ▁parents ▁had ; ▁his ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁ren owned ▁hom osex ual ▁who ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁dom ination |
▁of ▁his ▁long ▁term ▁lo ver ▁the ▁" Che val ier ▁de ▁Lor raine ". ▁Monsieur ▁compla ined ▁that ▁Henri ette ▁( known ▁simply ▁as ▁Madame ) ▁fl irt ed ▁with ▁men ▁at ▁court ▁including ▁the ▁king ▁himself . ▁Court ▁g oss ip ▁claimed ▁that ▁Philippe ▁Charles ' ▁own ▁older ▁sister ▁Marie ▁Louise , ▁was ▁the ▁product ▁of ▁Louis ▁XIV ' s ▁and ▁Madame ' s ▁fl ir ting . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁mother , ▁Anne ▁of ▁Austria ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 6 6 6 , ▁Louis ▁XIV ▁promised ▁to ▁raise ▁Philippe ▁Charles ▁with ▁his ▁first ▁cousin ▁le ▁Grand ▁D au ph in . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁Philippe ▁Charles ▁himself ▁succ um bed ▁and ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁Royal ▁in ▁Paris , ▁the ▁grace ▁and ▁favour ▁residence ▁of ▁his ▁parents . ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Bas il ica ▁of ▁Saint ▁Den is , ▁outside ▁Paris . ▁ ▁An c est ors ▁ ▁References ▁and ▁notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 6 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 6 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Font aine ble au ▁Category : H ouse ▁of ▁Or lé ans ▁Category : H ouse ▁of ▁Bour bon ▁Category : D uk es ▁of ▁Val ois ▁Category : C our tes y ▁du kes ▁Category : Pr in ces ▁of ▁France ▁( B our bon ) ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁French ▁people ▁Category : He irs ▁apparent ▁who ▁never ▁acc eded |
<0x0A> </s> ▁Bol bol ▁or ▁Bel bel ▁() ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Bol bol , ▁East ▁A zer ba ij an ▁ ▁Bol bol , ▁S istan ▁and ▁Bal uch est an ▁ ▁Bol bol , ▁Y az d <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁Ti pper ary ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁was ▁the ▁ 5 2 nd ▁st aging ▁of ▁the ▁Ti pper ary ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁since ▁its ▁establishment ▁by ▁the ▁Ti pper ary ▁County ▁Board ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁ ▁Boh er la han ▁were ▁the ▁def ending ▁champions . ▁ ▁Th ur les ▁S ars fields ▁won ▁the ▁championship ▁after ▁an ▁ 8 - 0 5 ▁to ▁ 0 - 0 1 ▁defeat ▁of ▁Kill en au le ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁It ▁was ▁their ▁ 1 3 th ▁championship ▁title ▁overall ▁and ▁their ▁first ▁title ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Ti pper ary ▁Category : T i pper ary ▁Senior ▁Hur ling ▁Championship <0x0A> </s> ▁Henry ▁Rum sey ▁( J uly ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 7 8 4 ▁– ▁April ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 8 5 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁judge ▁and ▁politician ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Michigan . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Michigan ▁Senate ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁term , ▁and ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁his ▁farm ▁became ▁the ▁campus ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁Biography ▁▁ ▁Rum sey ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Sh aron , ▁L |
itch field ▁County , ▁Connecticut , ▁on ▁July ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 7 8 4 , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁veter an ▁William ▁Rum sey ▁and ▁Elizabeth ▁Walker . ▁The ▁Rum se ys ▁moved ▁to ▁Hub b ard ton , ▁Verm ont ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 7 ▁or ▁ 1 7 8 8 . ▁About ▁ 1 8 0 8 , ▁Henry ▁Rum sey ▁moved ▁to ▁land ▁he ▁had ▁purchased ▁from ▁the ▁Holland ▁Land ▁Company ▁in ▁Gen ese e ▁County , ▁New ▁York , ▁and ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁El ish a ▁Walker ▁Rum sey ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁county ▁as ▁well ▁by ▁ 1 8 1 8 . ▁ ▁El ish a ▁Walker ▁Rum sey ▁tra ve led ▁west ▁and ▁co - f ounded ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ann ▁Ar bor , ▁Michigan , ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 4 , ▁and ▁Henry ▁followed ▁his ▁brother ▁to ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ▁shortly ▁there after . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁Henry ▁purchased ▁ ▁of ▁land ▁from ▁James ▁No yes ▁for ▁$ 3 0 0 ▁( ). ▁Following ▁El ish a ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 7 , ▁Henry , ▁as ▁the ▁exec utor ▁of ▁his ▁estate , ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁pay ▁up ▁to ▁$ 8 0 0 ▁for ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁a ▁town ▁j ail ▁that ▁El ish a ▁had ▁promised ; ▁it ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁but ▁burn ed ▁down ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁later . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 8 3 |
0 , ▁Rum sey ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁eight ▁men ▁who ▁set ▁out ▁west ▁from ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ▁to ▁mark ▁a ▁new ▁road ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁commission ▁that ▁was ▁surve ying ▁it . ▁They ▁went ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁a ▁cabin ▁near ▁the ▁Grand ▁River , ▁where ▁Rum sey ▁was ▁elected ▁president ▁of ▁an ▁inform al ▁" con vention " ▁to ▁decide ▁on ▁a ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁place . ▁They ▁chose ▁the ▁name ▁Jackson burgh , ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁short ened ▁to ▁Jackson , ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁▁ ▁Rum sey ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁super visor ▁of ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ▁Township ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 , ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁representative ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁Michigan ▁Territ orial ▁Council , ▁from ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁to ▁ 1 8 2 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Michigan ▁Senate ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁for ▁its ▁first ▁term ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁state ▁constitution , ▁and ▁served ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Party . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 3 7 , ▁the ▁Reg ents ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan ▁tra ve led ▁from ▁Detroit , ▁where ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁lived , ▁to ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ▁for ▁a ▁three - day ▁meeting . ▁A ▁land ▁company ▁had ▁been ▁established ▁in ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁don ating ▁ ▁of ▁land ▁on ▁which ▁to |
▁establish ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan , ▁an ▁arrangement ▁which ▁had ▁allowed ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ▁to ▁triumph ▁over ▁several ▁other ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁selection ▁of ▁a ▁site . ▁During ▁this ▁session , ▁the ▁reg ents ▁chose ▁ 4 0 ▁acres ▁of ▁Rum sey ' s ▁farm ▁as ▁their ▁preferred ▁location , ▁and ▁soon ▁built ▁a ▁single ▁university ▁building ▁and ▁four ▁profess ors ' ▁resid ences . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ▁on ▁April ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 8 5 5 , ▁and ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁Forest ▁Hill ▁C emetery . ▁ ▁Family ▁▁ ▁Rum sey ▁married ▁Dur inda ▁D . ▁F oster ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁four ▁children : ▁Min erva ▁E ., ▁Mel ville ▁L ., ▁Vol ney , ▁and ▁Julius ▁Ca esar ▁Rum sey . ▁Dur inda ▁died ▁on ▁July ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁in ▁Ann ▁Ar bor . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 8 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 5 5 ▁death s ▁Category : Mich igan ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Michigan ▁Territ orial ▁Legisl ature <0x0A> </s> ▁German ▁Vas ily ev ich ▁K ut ar ba ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Russian ▁professional ▁footballer . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Second ▁League ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁for ▁FC ▁Din amo ▁G |
ag ra . ▁ ▁International ▁At ▁one ▁point ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁Russia ' s ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ro ster , ▁but ▁was ▁never ▁actually ▁called ▁up . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ab kh az ia , ▁a ▁pro - Russ ia ▁autonom ous ▁republic ▁inside ▁Georg ian ▁SS R . ▁After ▁the ▁independent ▁of ▁Georgia , ▁Din amo ▁G ag ra ▁refused ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁Georg ian ▁league ▁and ▁he ▁then ▁left ▁for ▁FC ▁Z hem ch uz h ina ▁So chi , ▁just ▁about ▁ 5 0 km ▁away ▁in ▁K ras n od ar ▁K rai , ▁Russia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁G ag ra ▁District ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Ab kh az ia ▁Category : Russ ian ▁people ▁of ▁Ab kh az ian ▁descent ▁Category : S ov iet ▁football ers ▁Category : Russ ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : FC ▁Z hem ch uz h ina ▁So chi ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Kub an ▁K ras n od ar ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Spart ak ▁Vlad ik av kaz ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Dynam o ▁Moscow ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ak h mat ▁Gro z ny ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Ar sen al ▁Ky iv ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Metal ur h ▁Z apor |
iz h ya ▁players ▁Category : SC ▁T av ri ya ▁Sim fer opol ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁SK A ▁Rost ov - on - Don ▁players ▁Category : Russ ian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : Russ ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Russ ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Ukraine <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁SN CF ▁X ▁ 5 2 1 0 0 ▁class ▁are ▁dies el ▁rail c ars ▁that ▁operated ▁on ▁the ▁al pine ▁lines ▁from ▁Gren o ble , ▁France ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁capable ▁of ▁multiple ▁unit ▁operation ▁with ▁other ▁car ▁types , ▁requiring ▁an ▁operator ▁in ▁each ▁car ; ▁the ▁lead ▁conduct or ▁giving ▁acceleration ▁or ▁dec eler ation ▁orders ▁using ▁an ▁aud ible ▁tone . ▁▁ ▁These ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁dies el - elect ric ▁rail c ars ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁SN CF ▁ ▁Rout es ▁Ser ved ▁The ▁X ▁ 5 2 1 0 0 ▁units ▁were ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁mountain ▁lines ▁out ▁of ▁Gren o ble . ▁ ▁Pres erved ▁Units ▁ ▁Only ▁one ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁remains ▁: ▁ ▁X ▁ 5 2 1 0 3 : ▁C ité ▁du ▁Train , ▁in ▁operating ▁condition . ▁ ▁Sav ed ▁by ▁the ▁SN CF , ▁it ▁was ▁restored ▁by ▁the ▁O ull ins - V oit ures ▁work shop ▁in |
▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁and ▁don ated ▁to ▁C ité ▁du ▁Train ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ 5 2 1 0 0 ▁Category : D ies el ▁multiple ▁units ▁of ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Gl ane ▁or ▁Gl â ne ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Gl â ne ▁District , ▁a ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁canton ▁of ▁F rib ourg , ▁Switzerland ▁ ▁Gl â ne ▁( river ), ▁a ▁river ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁that ▁cross es ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁F rib ourg ▁ ▁Gl ane , ▁Over ij ss el , ▁a ▁populated ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Los ser , ▁Over ij ss el , ▁Netherlands ▁ ▁a ▁district ▁of ▁Bad ▁I burg , ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁Os nab r ück , ▁in ▁Lower ▁Sax ony , ▁Germany ▁ ▁a ▁river ▁in ▁Or ad our - sur - G lane ▁( comm une ), ▁Ha ute - V ienne , ▁France ▁ ▁Gl ane ▁( E ms ), ▁a ▁river ▁of ▁North ▁Rh ine - West phal ia , ▁Germany ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁G lan ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁( K nut ) ▁Otto ▁von ▁Lö wen borg ▁( Lo ew en borg , ▁Lo even borg , ▁L ø wen borg , ▁L ø ven borg ) ▁( 2 ▁March ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁– ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁ch ess ▁master . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁he ▁won ▁a |
▁simultane ous ▁exhibition ▁game ▁against ▁Frank ▁James ▁Marshall ▁in ▁Stockholm . ▁He ▁took ▁ 3 rd ▁at ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁( B oris ▁Kost ić ▁won ), ▁took ▁ 9 th ▁at ▁Jung b un z lau ▁( M lad á ▁B oles lav ) ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁( K arel ▁O po č ensk ý ▁won ), ▁tied ▁for ▁ 2 nd – 4 th ▁at ▁C open hagen ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁( the ▁ 9 th ▁Nord ic ▁Championship , ▁Paul ▁Joh ner ▁won ), ▁took ▁ 8 th ▁at ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁took ▁ 6 th ▁at ▁Krist ian ia ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁( the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Nord ic - ch , ▁Gust af ▁Ny holm ▁won ), ▁shared ▁ 1 st ▁with ▁Anton ▁Ol son ▁and ▁won ▁a ▁match ▁against ▁him ▁( 3 – 2 ) ▁at ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁and ▁finally ▁lost ▁a ▁match ▁for ▁the ▁Swedish ▁Champion ▁title ▁to ▁Ny holm ▁( 1 – 4 ) ▁at ▁Stockholm ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁▁ ▁He ▁tied ▁for ▁ 7 – 8 th ▁at ▁Gö te borg ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁( Kar l ▁Ber nd t sson ▁won ), ▁tied ▁for ▁ 4 – 6 th ▁at ▁Gö te borg ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁( the ▁ 1 1 th ▁Nord ic - ch , ▁Rudolf ▁Spiel mann ▁and ▁Ol son ▁won ), ▁and ▁tied |
▁for ▁ 4 – 8 th ▁at ▁C open hagen ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁( the ▁ 1 2 th ▁Nord ic - ch , ▁Ar on ▁N im z ow itsch ▁won ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Otto ▁Lö wen borg ▁at ▁ 3 6 5 Ch ess . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁death s ▁Category : S wed ish ▁ch ess ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Death ▁of ▁ ▁Louis ▁Jean ▁Pierre ▁Vie ill ot ▁Christian ▁Ludwig ▁Bre hm ▁publish es ▁ ▁Hand buch ▁der ▁Natur geschichte ▁alle ▁V ög el ▁Deutsch lands ▁Second ▁voyage ▁of ▁HMS ▁Be agle ▁comm ences ▁Ad ol phe ▁Del att re ▁makes ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁several ▁tri ps ▁to ▁South ▁America . ▁Johann ▁Friedrich ▁von ▁Brand t ▁ ▁appointed ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Zo ological ▁Department ▁at ▁the ▁St ▁Petersburg ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁Nicholas ▁A yl ward ▁V ig ors ▁describes ▁the ▁great ▁Indian ▁b ust ard ▁" M aison ▁De y rolle " ▁established ▁in ▁Paris . ▁Category : B ird ing ▁and ▁orn ith ology ▁by ▁year ▁Category : 1 8 3 1 ▁in ▁science <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁European ▁Parliament ▁election ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁in ▁Den mark ▁was ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁the ▁deleg ation ▁representing ▁Den mark ▁constitu ency ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 - 1 9 9 9 ▁term ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament . ▁It ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁wider ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁European |
▁election . ▁The ▁vote ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 9 ▁June . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Note ▁- ▁seats ▁are ▁allocated ▁first ▁by ▁the ▁D ' H ond t ▁method ▁to ▁Elect oral ▁coal itions , ▁which ▁were ▁( B ▁+ ▁Q ), ▁( C ▁+ ▁D ▁+ ▁V ) ▁and ▁( J ▁+ ▁N ) ▁and ▁the ▁remaining ▁parties ▁by ▁themselves ; ▁then ▁subsequently ▁between ▁the ▁parties ▁in ▁each ▁coal ition . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Den mark ▁Category : Europe an ▁Parliament ▁elections ▁in ▁Den mark ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁elections ▁in ▁Den mark <0x0A> </s> ▁Am ph ion the ▁dor is ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁B ates ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Tra chy der ini ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Africa ▁has ▁the ▁longest ▁record ▁of ▁human ▁habit ation ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁first ▁hom in ins ▁emer ged ▁ 6 - 7 ▁million ▁years ▁ago , ▁and ▁among ▁the ▁earliest ▁an atom ically ▁modern ▁human ▁sk ull s ▁found ▁so ▁far ▁were ▁discovered ▁at ▁O mo ▁K ib ish , ▁J eb el ▁Ir h oud , ▁and ▁Flor is bad . ▁ ▁European ▁arch ae ology , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁North ▁Africa , ▁is ▁generally ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁Stone ▁Age ▁( com pr ising ▁the ▁Lower ▁Pale ol ith ic , ▁the ▁Middle ▁Pale |
ol ith ic , ▁the ▁Upper ▁Pale ol ith ic , ▁the ▁Mes ol ith ic , ▁and ▁the ▁Ne ol ith ic ), ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁Age , ▁and ▁the ▁Iron ▁Age . ▁For ▁Africa ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Sah ara , ▁African ▁arch ae ology ▁is ▁class ified ▁in ▁a ▁slightly ▁different ▁way , ▁with ▁the ▁Pale ol ith ic ▁generally ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁Early ▁Stone ▁Age , ▁the ▁Middle ▁Stone ▁Age , ▁and ▁the ▁Later ▁Stone ▁Age . ▁After ▁these ▁three ▁stages ▁come ▁the ▁Past oral ▁Ne ol ith ic , ▁the ▁Iron ▁Age ▁and ▁then ▁later ▁historical ▁periods . ▁ ▁Africa ' s ▁pre history ▁has ▁been ▁largely ▁ignored , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁research ▁into ▁early ▁human ▁evolution . ▁However , ▁it ▁is ▁over seen ▁by ▁the ▁Pan A fr ican ▁Arch ae ological ▁Association , ▁whose ▁members ▁consist ▁of ▁professional ▁arch ae olog ists ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Early ▁Stone ▁Age ▁Africa ▁ ▁The ▁Early ▁Stone ▁Age ▁( ES A ), ▁which ▁sp anned ▁from ▁approximately ▁ 2 . 6 ▁million ▁years ▁ago ▁( my a ) ▁- ▁ 2 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁( ya ), ▁describes ▁a ▁period ▁in ▁African ▁pre history ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁first ▁stone ▁tools ▁were ▁developed , ▁including ▁both ▁Old owan ▁and ▁A che ule an . ▁Early ▁sites ▁along ▁the ▁East ▁African ▁R ift ▁include ▁L ome k wi ▁in ▁the ▁Turk ana ▁Bas in , ▁Ken ya , ▁and ▁Old u va i ▁G |
orge ▁farther ▁south ▁in ▁modern - day ▁T anz ania . ▁The ▁earliest ▁hom in ids ▁were ▁discovered ▁in ▁Eth iop ia ▁and ▁titled ▁Ar d ip it he cus ▁ram id us . ▁The ▁diver ging ▁species ▁of ▁hom in in ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁austral op it he c ines ▁and ▁were ▁first ▁discovered ▁in ▁Old u va i . ▁Austral op it he c ines ▁and ▁their ▁foss ils ▁include ▁Par anth rop us ▁bo ise i , ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁being ▁know ▁and ▁“ Z in j ” ▁or ▁“ N ut cra cker ▁man ” ▁by ▁Mary ▁Le ake y , ▁the ▁arch ae ologist ▁who ▁found ▁it . ▁Another ▁older , ▁famous ▁austral op it he c ine , ▁related ▁to ▁those ▁found ▁at ▁Old u va i ▁G orge ▁but ▁found ▁approximately ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁kilom eters ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁east ▁in ▁the ▁Aw ash ▁Valley ▁of ▁Eth iop ia , ▁is ▁Lucy , ▁who ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁Donald ▁Joh anson ▁and ▁his ▁team ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁relative ▁d ating ▁for ▁stone ▁tool ▁use ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁by ▁Son ia ▁Harm and , ▁at ▁L ome k wi ▁ 3 ▁in ▁West ▁Turk ana , ▁Ken ya ▁with ▁stone ▁tools ▁d ating ▁to ▁ 3 . 3 ▁million ▁years ▁ago . ▁Prior ▁to ▁this ▁discovery , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁stone ▁tools ▁were ▁found ▁at ▁L okal ale i ▁ 2 C |
▁in ▁West ▁Turk ana , ▁where ▁artifact s ▁exhib iting ▁kn apping ▁processes ▁conducted ▁by ▁Austral op it he cus ▁a fr ican us ▁date ▁to ▁about ▁ 2 . 3 4 ▁million ▁years ▁ago , ▁mark ing ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁E SA . ▁In cor por ation ▁of ▁tools ▁provided ▁early ▁hom in ins ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁respond ▁to ▁changes ▁more ▁readily ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁immediate ▁needs ▁of ▁daily - life ▁and ▁extended ▁adapt ability ▁behavior al ▁patterns ▁into ▁long ▁term ▁tr ends ▁experienced ▁over ▁gener ations . ▁ ▁Ar ound ▁a ▁million ▁years ▁later , ▁H omo ▁ere ct us ▁evol ved ▁into ▁a ▁more ▁advanced ▁species ▁and ▁made ▁tools ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁A che ule an ▁hand ax es . ▁These ▁hand ax es ▁were ▁a ▁multip ur pose ▁b ifa cial ▁technology ▁that ▁remained ▁un changed ▁for ▁thousands ▁of ▁years . ▁The ▁technology ▁demonstr ates ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁brain ▁development ▁and ▁complexity ▁in ▁H omo ▁ere ct us , ▁as ▁shown ▁by ▁the ▁increased ▁level ▁of ▁for eth ought ▁and ▁knowledge ▁of ▁material ▁required ▁for ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁tools . ▁H omo ▁ere ct us ▁are ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁instances ▁of ▁" mod ern ▁human ▁living ," ▁such ▁as ▁fire , ▁" mod ern ▁emot ions ," ▁and ▁art . ▁The ▁earliest ▁evidence ▁for ▁hom in ins ▁cont rolling ▁fire ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Wonder werk ▁C ave , ▁South ▁Africa . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁their ▁new ▁techn ologies , ▁they ▁were ▁also ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the |
▁first ▁" Out ▁of ▁Africa " ▁movement ▁and ▁spread ▁to ▁all ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁This ▁movement ▁took ▁place ▁somewhere ▁around ▁ 1 . 8 - 0 . 8 ▁million ▁years ▁ago , ▁where ▁H omo ▁ere ct us ▁spread ▁out ▁from ▁Africa ▁and ▁into ▁E uras ia . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁notable ▁H omo ▁ere ct us ▁ske let ons ▁ever ▁found ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁N ari ok ot ome ▁Boy , ▁who ▁was ▁found ▁near ▁Lake ▁Turk ana ▁in ▁Ken ya , ▁discovered ▁by ▁Richard ▁Le ake y ▁and ▁K amo ya ▁K ime u . ▁N ari ok ot ome ▁Boy ▁was ▁a ▁te en ager ▁when ▁he ▁died , ▁and ▁his ▁ske leton ▁exhib its ▁the ▁first ▁evidence ▁for ▁car ing ▁in ▁the ▁arch ae ological ▁record , ▁because ▁he ▁was ▁c ared ▁for ▁through ▁his ▁deb il it ating ▁sc ol ios is . ▁ ▁Just ▁recently ▁discovered ▁was ▁a ▁new ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁line ▁of ▁human ▁ancest ors ▁named ▁H omo ▁n ale di . ▁Found ▁in ▁R ising ▁Star ▁C ave ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁H omo ▁n ale di ▁is ▁und ated ▁but ▁has ▁features ▁of ▁both ▁primitive ▁and ▁modern ▁humans . ▁ ▁Middle ▁Stone ▁Age ▁Africa ▁▁ ▁The ▁Middle ▁Stone ▁Age ▁( MS A ), ▁d ating ▁to ▁roughly ▁ 2 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago , ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁the ▁continu ation ▁of ▁h unter - g ather er |
▁l ifest yles ▁and , ▁as ▁more ▁recently ▁recognized , ▁perhaps ▁the ▁orig ins ▁of ▁modern ▁human ▁behavior ▁and ▁cogn ition . ▁Even ▁though ▁hom in in ▁species ' ▁bra ins ▁were ▁re organ ized ▁and ▁modern ized ▁at ▁a ▁fast ▁rate , ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁these ▁hom in ins ▁did ▁not ▁adapt ▁quite ▁as ▁fast . ▁This ▁caused ▁the ▁hom in in ▁species ▁to ▁be ▁quite ▁primitive . ▁ ▁African ▁h unter - g ather ers ▁h unted ▁larger ▁m amm als ▁and ▁re lied ▁on ▁an ▁ass ort ment ▁of ▁ed ible ▁plants , ▁both ▁in ▁the ▁grass lands ▁that ▁are ▁now ▁the ▁Sah ara ▁desert , ▁and ▁the ▁rain ▁for ests ▁of ▁Central ▁Africa . ▁Coast al ▁pe op les ▁also ▁subs isted ▁on ▁sea fo od ▁and ▁numerous ▁m idd ens ▁indicate ▁their ▁di et . ▁ ▁H omo ▁s api ens ▁appear ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁arch ae ological ▁record ▁around ▁ 3 0 0 - 2 7 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁in ▁Africa . ▁They ▁soon ▁developed ▁a ▁more ▁advanced ▁method ▁of ▁fl int ▁tool ▁manufact ure ▁involving ▁striking ▁fla kes ▁from ▁a ▁prepared ▁core . ▁This ▁permitted ▁more ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁size ▁and ▁shape ▁of ▁finished ▁tool ▁and ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁composite ▁tools , ▁project ile ▁points ▁and ▁sc rap ers , ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁ha ft ed ▁onto ▁spe ars , ▁ar rows ▁or ▁handles . ▁In ▁turn , ▁this ▁technology ▁permitted ▁more ▁efficient ▁hunting ▁such ▁as ▁that |
▁demonstrated ▁by ▁the ▁A ter ian ▁industry . ▁It ▁was ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁Middle ▁Ple ist oc ene ▁that ▁many ▁groups ▁began ▁to ▁migr ate ▁away ▁from ▁eastern ▁Africa , ▁especially ▁south ward . ▁Techn ological ▁improvements ▁such ▁as ▁A ter ian ▁methods ▁and ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁new ▁skills ▁helped ▁these ▁people ▁adapt ▁to ▁new ▁land sc apes . ▁ ▁Although ▁still ▁h unter - g ather ers , ▁there ▁is ▁evidence ▁that ▁these ▁early ▁humans ▁also ▁act ively ▁managed ▁food ▁resources ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁simply ▁har vest ing ▁them . ▁The ▁j ung les ▁of ▁the ▁Congo ▁Bas in ▁were ▁first ▁occupied ▁around ▁this ▁time ; ▁different ▁conditions ▁and ▁di et ▁there ▁produced ▁recogn iz ably ▁different ▁behav iors ▁and ▁tool ▁types . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁the ▁earliest ▁signs ▁of ▁art ▁appearing ▁through ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁och re ▁as ▁a ▁body ▁decor ation ▁and ▁paint , ▁and ▁bur ial ▁rit uals ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁pract iced ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁a ▁variety ▁behav iors ▁indic ative ▁of ▁Be havior al ▁modern ity ▁date ▁to ▁the ▁African ▁Middle ▁Stone ▁age , ▁associated ▁with ▁early ▁H omo ▁s api ens . ▁Abstract ▁imag ery , ▁w iden ed ▁subs istence ▁strateg ies , ▁and ▁other ▁" mod ern " ▁behav iors ▁have ▁been ▁discovered ▁from ▁that ▁period ▁in ▁Africa , ▁especially ▁South , ▁North , ▁and ▁East ▁Africa . ▁The ▁Bl omb os ▁C ave ▁site ▁in ▁South ▁Africa , ▁for ▁example , ▁is ▁famous ▁for ▁rect angular ▁sl abs ▁of |
▁och re ▁eng ra ved ▁with ▁geometric ▁designs . ▁Using ▁multiple ▁d ating ▁techniques , ▁the ▁site ▁was ▁confirmed ▁to ▁be ▁around ▁ 7 7 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 - 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁O str ich ▁egg ▁shell ▁containers ▁eng ra ved ▁with ▁geometric ▁designs ▁d ating ▁to ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁were ▁found ▁at ▁Die pk lo of , ▁South ▁Africa . ▁B ead s ▁and ▁other ▁personal ▁orn ament ation ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁from ▁Mor oc co ▁which ▁might ▁be ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁old ; ▁as ▁well , ▁the ▁C ave ▁of ▁H ear th s ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁has ▁yield ed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁be ads ▁d ating ▁from ▁significantly ▁prior ▁to ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago , ., ▁and ▁shell ▁be ads ▁d ating ▁to ▁about ▁ 7 5 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁at ▁Bl omb os ▁C ave , ▁South ▁Africa . ▁▁ ▁Special ized ▁project ile ▁weapons ▁as ▁well ▁have ▁been ▁found ▁at ▁various ▁sites ▁in ▁Middle ▁Stone ▁Age ▁Africa , ▁including ▁b one ▁and ▁stone ▁arrow head s ▁at ▁South ▁African ▁sites ▁such ▁as ▁Sib ud u ▁C ave ▁( al ong ▁with ▁an ▁early ▁b one ▁need le ▁also ▁found ▁at ▁Sib ud u ) ▁d ating ▁approximately ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 - 7 0 , 0 0 |
0 ▁years ▁ago , ▁and ▁b one ▁har po ons ▁at ▁the ▁Central ▁African ▁site ▁of ▁Kat anda ▁d ating ▁to ▁about ▁ 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁Ev idence ▁also ▁exists ▁for ▁the ▁system atic ▁heat ▁tre ating ▁of ▁sil crete ▁stone ▁to ▁increased ▁its ▁fla ke - ability ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁tool making , ▁beginning ▁approximately ▁ 1 6 4 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁at ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁site ▁of ▁P inn acle ▁Point ▁and ▁becoming ▁common ▁there ▁for ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁mic rol ith ic ▁tools ▁at ▁about ▁ 7 2 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁Early ▁stone - ti pped ▁project ile ▁weapons ▁( a ▁characteristic ▁tool ▁of ▁H omo ▁s api ens ), ▁the ▁stone ▁tips ▁of ▁j avel ins ▁or ▁throwing ▁spe ars , ▁were ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁at ▁the ▁Eth iop ian ▁site ▁of ▁G adem otta , ▁and ▁date ▁to ▁around ▁ 2 7 9 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁an ▁och re ▁processing ▁work shop ▁likely ▁for ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁pain ts ▁was ▁un cover ed ▁d ating ▁to ▁ca . ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁at ▁Bl omb os ▁C ave , ▁South ▁Africa . ▁Analysis ▁shows ▁that ▁a ▁li que f ied ▁p ig ment - rich ▁mixture ▁was ▁produced ▁and ▁stored ▁in ▁the ▁two ▁ab alone ▁shell s , ▁and ▁that ▁och re |
, ▁b one , ▁char co al , ▁gr ind st ones ▁and ▁ham mer - st ones ▁also ▁formed ▁a ▁composite ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁tool k its . ▁Ev idence ▁for ▁the ▁complexity ▁of ▁the ▁task ▁includes ▁pro cur ing ▁and ▁combining ▁raw ▁materials ▁from ▁various ▁sources ▁( imp lying ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁mental ▁template ▁of ▁the ▁process ▁they ▁would ▁follow ), ▁possibly ▁using ▁py rote chn ology ▁to ▁facil itate ▁fat ▁extra ction ▁from ▁b one , ▁using ▁a ▁probable ▁reci pe ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁comp ound , ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁shell ▁containers ▁for ▁mixing ▁and ▁storage ▁for ▁later ▁use . ▁Modern ▁behav iors , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁making ▁of ▁shell ▁be ads , ▁b one ▁tools ▁and ▁ar rows , ▁and ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁och re ▁p ig ment , ▁are ▁evident ▁at ▁a ▁Ken yan ▁site ▁by ▁ 7 8 , 0 0 0 - 6 7 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago . ▁▁ ▁Exp and ing ▁subs istence ▁strateg ies ▁beyond ▁big - game ▁hunting ▁and ▁the ▁consequ ential ▁divers ity ▁in ▁tool ▁types ▁has ▁been ▁noted ▁as ▁signs ▁of ▁behavior al ▁modern ity . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁South ▁African ▁sites ▁have ▁shown ▁an ▁early ▁reli ance ▁on ▁aqu atic ▁resources ▁from ▁fish ▁to ▁shell fish . ▁P inn acle ▁Point , ▁in ▁particular , ▁shows ▁explo itation ▁of ▁marine ▁resources ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago , ▁perhaps ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁more ▁ar id ▁conditions ▁in land . |
▁Est ab lish ing ▁a ▁reli ance ▁on ▁predict able ▁shell fish ▁depos its , ▁for ▁example , ▁could ▁reduce ▁mob ility ▁and ▁facil itate ▁complex ▁social ▁systems ▁and ▁symbol ic ▁behavior . ▁Bl omb os ▁C ave ▁and ▁Site ▁ 4 4 0 ▁in ▁Sud an ▁both ▁show ▁evidence ▁of ▁fish ing ▁as ▁well . ▁T aph onom ic ▁change ▁in ▁fish ▁ske let ons ▁from ▁Bl omb os ▁C ave ▁have ▁been ▁interpreted ▁as ▁capture ▁of ▁live ▁fish , ▁clearly ▁an ▁intent ional ▁human ▁behavior . ▁ ▁Hum ans ▁in ▁North ▁Africa ▁( N az let ▁Sab aha , ▁Egypt ) ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁d ab bled ▁in ▁ch ert ▁min ing , ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ ≈ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago , ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁stone ▁tools . ▁ ▁Ev idence ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁d ating ▁to ▁about ▁ 3 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago , ▁at ▁the ▁Ken yan ▁site ▁of ▁Ol org es ail ie , ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁emer gence ▁of ▁modern ▁behav iors ▁including : ▁long - distance ▁trade ▁networks ▁( in vol ving ▁goods ▁such ▁as ▁obs id ian ), ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁p ig ments , ▁and ▁the ▁possible ▁making ▁of ▁project ile ▁points . ▁It ▁is ▁observed ▁by ▁the ▁authors ▁of ▁three ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁studies ▁on ▁the ▁site , ▁that ▁the ▁evidence ▁of ▁these ▁behav iors ▁is ▁approximately ▁contemporary ▁to ▁the ▁earliest ▁known ▁H |
omo ▁s api ens ▁foss il ▁remains ▁from ▁Africa ▁( such ▁as ▁at ▁J eb el ▁Ir h oud ▁and ▁Flor is bad ), ▁and ▁they ▁suggest ▁that ▁complex ▁and ▁modern ▁behav iors ▁began ▁in ▁Africa ▁around ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁H omo ▁s api ens . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁further ▁evidence ▁of ▁early ▁complex ▁project ile ▁weapons ▁in ▁Africa ▁was ▁found ▁at ▁Ad uma , ▁Eth iop ia ▁dated ▁ 8 0 , 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁ago , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁points ▁considered ▁likely ▁to ▁belong ▁to ▁d arts ▁delivered ▁by ▁spe ar ▁throw ers . ▁ ▁Later ▁Stone ▁Age ▁Africa ▁▁ ▁The ▁Hof me yr ▁Sk ull ▁is ▁a ▁spec imen ▁of ▁a ▁ 3 6 , 0 0 0 - year - old ▁human ▁sk ull ▁that ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁near ▁Hof me yr , ▁South ▁Africa . ▁O ste ological ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁c ran ium ▁by ▁the ▁Max ▁Plan ck ▁Institute ▁for ▁E volution ary ▁Anth rop ology ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁spec imen ▁is ▁morph olog ically ▁distinct ▁from ▁recent ▁groups ▁in ▁sub equ atorial ▁Africa , ▁including ▁the ▁local ▁K ho isan ▁populations . ▁The ▁Hof me yr ▁foss il ▁instead ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁close ▁aff inity ▁with ▁other ▁Upper ▁Pale ol ith ic ▁sk ull s ▁from ▁Europe . ▁Some ▁scient ists ▁have ▁interpreted ▁this ▁relationship ▁as ▁being ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁Out - |
of - A frica ▁theory , ▁which ▁hypoth es izes ▁that ▁at ▁least ▁some ▁Upper ▁Pale ol ith ic ▁human ▁groups ▁in ▁Africa , ▁Europe ▁and ▁Asia ▁should ▁morph olog ically ▁res emble ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁B CE , ▁African ▁h unter - g ather er ▁soci eties ▁developed ▁mic rol ith ▁techn ologies . ▁Compos ite ▁mic rol ith ic ▁tools ▁were ▁useful ▁for ▁har vest ing ▁wild ▁grass es ▁and ▁also ▁permitted ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁fine ▁shell ▁and ▁b one ▁fish ▁hook s , ▁which ▁may ▁have ▁allowed ▁for ▁the ▁explo itation ▁of ▁a ▁bro ader ▁range ▁of ▁food ▁resources . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁pot tery ▁in ▁Africa ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Sah ara ▁and ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁h unter / g ather er ▁populations . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁I ber oma urus ian ▁ske let ons ▁from ▁the ▁pre histor ic ▁sites ▁of ▁Ta for alt ▁and ▁Af al ou ▁in ▁the ▁Mag h reb ▁were ▁analyz ed ▁for ▁ancient ▁DNA . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁spec im ens ▁belonged ▁to ▁mat ernal ▁cl ades ▁associated ▁with ▁either ▁North ▁Africa ▁or ▁the ▁northern ▁and ▁southern ▁Mediter rane an ▁litt oral , ▁indicating ▁gene ▁flow ▁between ▁these ▁areas ▁since ▁the ▁E pip ale ol ith ic . ▁The ▁ancient ▁Ta for alt ▁individuals ▁carried ▁the ▁m t D NA ▁ha p lo groups ▁U 6 , ▁H , ▁J T ▁and ▁V , ▁which |
▁points ▁to ▁population ▁continu ity ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁d ating ▁from ▁the ▁I ber oma urus ian ▁period . ▁ ▁It ▁appears ▁that ▁pot tery ▁was ▁independently ▁invent ed ▁in ▁sub - S ah aran ▁Africa ▁( in ▁O un j oug ou , ▁Central ▁M ali ) ▁by ▁ 9 , 4 0 0 ▁B CE ▁by ▁native ▁h unter - g ather ers ▁that ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁become ▁more ▁sed ent ary ▁and ▁to ▁intens ively ▁gather ▁local ▁wild ▁gra ins ▁( such ▁as ▁mil let ). ▁ ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁▁ ▁Cultural ▁develop ments ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁led ▁nom adic ▁h unter - g ather er ▁l ifest yles ▁to ▁be ▁slowly ▁supp l anted ▁by ▁past oral ism ▁in ▁northern ▁Africa . ▁Africa ' s ▁earliest ▁evidence ▁for ▁domestic ated ▁animals ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Sah ara ▁c . ▁ 7 0 0 0 - 6 0 0 0 ▁B CE , ▁and ▁evidence ▁for ▁new ▁cattle ▁her ding ▁l ifest yles ▁are ▁preserved ▁at ▁both ▁arch ae ological ▁sites ▁such ▁as ▁Go bero ▁and ▁in ▁Sah aran ▁rock ▁art . ▁As ▁the ▁Sah ara ▁increased ▁in ▁size ▁due ▁to ▁ar id ification , ▁early ▁past oral ists ▁migr ated ▁south ▁and ▁east wards ▁into ▁the ▁Niger ▁and ▁N ile ▁valle ys , ▁bringing ▁with ▁them ▁her ding ▁practices ▁that ▁would ▁also ▁spread ▁throughout ▁eastern ▁and ▁southern ▁Africa . ▁The ▁Sav anna ▁Past oral ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁and ▁the ▁El mente itan ▁are ▁found |
▁in ▁East ▁Africa . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁western ▁Sah el ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁settled ▁communities ▁occurred ▁largely ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁domestic ation ▁of ▁mil let ▁and ▁of ▁s org hum . ▁Arch ae ology ▁points ▁to ▁s izable ▁urban ▁populations ▁in ▁West ▁Africa ▁later , ▁beginning ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁mill en ni um ▁B CE . ▁Sym bi otic ▁trade ▁relations ▁developed ▁before ▁the ▁trans - S ah aran ▁trade , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁opportun ities ▁afford ed ▁by ▁north - s outh ▁divers ity ▁in ▁e cos ystem s ▁across ▁desert s , ▁grass lands , ▁and ▁for ests . ▁The ▁agricult ur ists ▁received ▁salt ▁from ▁the ▁desert ▁nom ads . ▁The ▁desert ▁nom ads ▁acquired ▁meat ▁and ▁other ▁food s ▁from ▁past oral ists ▁and ▁far mers ▁of ▁the ▁grass lands ▁and ▁from ▁fish erm en ▁on ▁the ▁Niger ▁River . ▁The ▁forest - d well ers ▁provided ▁f urs ▁and ▁meat . ▁ ▁In ▁West ▁Africa , ▁D har ▁T ich itt ▁and ▁O ual ata ▁in ▁present - day ▁Maur it ania ▁figure ▁prom in ently ▁among ▁the ▁early ▁urban ▁cent ers , ▁dated ▁to ▁~ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁B CE . ▁About ▁ 5 0 0 ▁stone ▁settlement s ▁l itter ▁the ▁region ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁sav ann ah ▁of ▁the ▁Sah ara . ▁Its ▁inhabitants ▁f ished ▁and ▁grew ▁mil let . ▁The ▁ancest ors ▁of ▁the ▁Son in ke , ▁of ▁the ▁Mand é ▁pe op les , |
▁may ▁have ▁been ▁responsible ▁for ▁construct ing ▁such ▁settlement s . ▁Ar ound ▁ 3 0 0 ▁B CE ▁the ▁region ▁became ▁more ▁des ic c ated ▁and ▁the ▁settlement s ▁began ▁to ▁decl ine , ▁most ▁likely ▁re loc ating ▁to ▁K ou m bi ▁S ale h . ▁Arch itect ural ▁evidence ▁and ▁the ▁comparison ▁of ▁pot tery ▁styles ▁suggest ▁that ▁D har ▁T ich itt ▁was ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁subsequent ▁Gh ana ▁Empire ▁and ▁Dj enn é - D jen no ▁cult ures ▁( in ▁present - day ▁M ali ). ▁ ▁Metal - using ▁Africa ▁▁ ▁Farm ing ▁soci eties ▁in ▁Africa ▁developed ▁after ▁the ▁orig ins ▁and ▁spread ▁of ▁liv est ock ▁past oral ism ▁throughout ▁the ▁continent . ▁Like wise , ▁the ▁early ▁use ▁of ▁met all ur gy ▁by ▁far ming ▁communities ▁was ▁not ▁developed ▁independently ▁in ▁Africa ▁until ▁around ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁B CE . ▁P ock ets ▁of ▁iron ▁usage ▁appeared ▁in ▁subsequent ▁mill enn ia ▁but ▁metal ▁did ▁not ▁supp lant ▁stone ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁continent ▁until ▁around ▁ 5 0 0 ▁B CE , ▁when ▁both ▁iron ▁and ▁co pper ▁spread ▁south wards ▁through ▁the ▁continent , ▁reaching ▁the ▁Cape ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 ▁CE . ▁Although ▁some ▁details ▁regarding ▁the ▁B ant u ▁expansion ▁are ▁still ▁controvers ial ▁amongst ▁arch ae olog ists , ▁lingu ists , ▁and ▁histor ians , ▁the ▁w ides p read ▁use ▁of ▁iron ▁does ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁played ▁a ▁major |
▁role ▁in ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁B ant u ▁far ming ▁communities ▁throughout ▁sub - S ah aran ▁Africa . ▁Contact ▁and ▁interaction ▁between ▁h unter / g ather er , ▁past oral ist , ▁and ▁incoming ▁far ming ▁communities ▁remains ▁an ▁important ▁topic ▁of ▁interest ▁in ▁African ▁arch ae ology ▁today . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ancient ▁DNA ▁analysis ▁of ▁a ▁ 2 , 3 3 0 - year - old ▁male ▁for ager ' s ▁ske leton ▁in ▁southern ▁Africa ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁spec imen ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁L 0 d 2 c 1 c ▁m t D NA ▁ha p lo group . ▁This ▁mat ernal ▁cla de ▁is ▁today ▁most ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Ju , ▁a ▁subgroup ▁of ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁San ▁people , ▁which ▁points ▁to ▁population ▁continu ity ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁a ▁Late ▁Iron ▁Age ▁des ic c ated ▁m ummy ▁from ▁the ▁T uli ▁region ▁in ▁northern ▁B ots w ana ▁was ▁also ▁found ▁to ▁belong ▁to ▁ha p lo group ▁L 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁central ▁Niger ia , ▁West ▁Africa , ▁around ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁B CE , ▁the ▁N ok ▁culture ▁developed ▁on ▁the ▁Jos ▁Pl ate au . ▁The ▁N ok ▁people ▁produced ▁lif eli ke ▁representations ▁in ▁ter rac otta , ▁including ▁human ▁heads ▁and ▁human ▁figures , ▁ele ph ants , ▁and ▁other ▁animals . ▁By ▁ 5 0 0 ▁B CE , ▁and |
▁possibly ▁a ▁few ▁centuries ▁earlier , ▁they ▁were ▁sm el ting ▁iron . ▁By ▁ 2 0 0 ▁AD ▁the ▁N ok ▁culture ▁had ▁van ished . ▁Based ▁on ▁sty list ic ▁similar ities ▁with ▁the ▁N ok ▁ter rac ott as , ▁the ▁bronze ▁figur ines ▁of ▁the ▁Y or uba ▁kingdom ▁of ▁If e ▁and ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁B ini ▁kingdom ▁of ▁Ben in ▁are ▁now ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁continu ations ▁of ▁the ▁trad itions ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁N ok ▁culture . ▁ ▁Historical ▁Africa ▁▁ ▁Trade ▁with ▁the ▁Near ▁East ▁and ▁Europe ▁led ▁to ▁strong ▁merc ant ile ▁emp ires ▁growing ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Eth iop ian ▁kingdom ▁of ▁Ax um . ▁Vari ous ▁states ▁and ▁pol ities ▁also ▁developed ▁in ▁West ▁Africa ▁including ▁If e , ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Ben in , ▁Ig bo ▁U kw u , ▁Dj enn é - D jen no , ▁Gh ana ▁Empire , ▁and ▁the ▁Ash anti ▁Empire . ▁B ant u ▁pe op les ▁in ▁southern ▁Africa ▁built ▁the ▁impress ive ▁site ▁of ▁Great ▁Z imb ab we ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁and ▁ 1 5 th ▁centuries ▁CE . ▁The ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁continent ▁had ▁close ▁cultural ▁and ▁economic ▁t ies ▁with ▁the ▁Class ical ▁and ▁medieval ▁Mediter rane an . ▁C attle ▁her ding ▁became ▁important ▁in ▁the ▁Horn ▁of ▁Africa ▁and ▁huge ▁earth work ▁en clos ures ▁were ▁built ▁to ▁cor ral ▁the ▁animals . ▁The ▁people ▁of ▁Christian ▁Eth iop ia ▁produced ▁impress ive ▁rock |
- cut ▁mon ol ith ic ▁churches ▁such ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁St ▁George ▁at ▁L al ib ela ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁Portuguese ▁for ts ▁appeared ▁soon ▁after ▁this , ▁pen etr ating ▁as ▁far ▁south ▁as ▁Z amb ia . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁African ▁Arch ae ological ▁Review ▁ ▁Pre histor ic ▁North ▁Africa ▁ ▁Arch ae ology ▁of ▁Band a ▁District ▁( G h ana ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁African ▁Arch ae ology ▁– ▁African ▁Arch ae ology ▁: ▁a ▁web ▁directory ▁on ▁Africa . ▁Journal ▁of ▁African ▁Arch ae ology ▁African ▁Arch ae ological ▁Review ▁– Ex c av ations ▁at ▁K ark ar ich ink at ▁Nord ▁and ▁Sud ▁▁▁ 0 1 ▁Arch ae ology <0x0A> </s> ▁G ero ▁De cher ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁chem ist ▁and ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Professor ▁( “ Pro f esseur ▁classe ▁exception nelle ” ) ▁at ▁the ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Chem istry ▁of ▁University ▁of ▁Str as bourg . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁sem inal ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁pol ye lect ro ly te ▁mult il ay ers , ▁which ▁is ▁today ▁known ▁as ▁“ layer - by - layer ▁( L b L ) ▁assembly ”, ▁a ▁simple ▁yet ▁powerful ▁nan of ab ric ation ▁method ▁that ▁has ▁enabled ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁entirely ▁new ▁techn ologies , ▁such ▁as ▁bio compatible ▁coat ings ▁on ▁medical ▁devices , ▁ul tr astr ong ▁n ano compos ites , ▁neural ▁interfaces |
, ▁charge - storage ▁devices , ▁gas ▁separation , ▁fire ▁ret ard ants , ▁and ▁gene ▁delivery ▁platforms . ▁According ▁to ▁C N RS ▁International ▁Magazine , ▁De cher ' s ▁work ▁has ▁“ spark ed ▁a ▁small ▁revolution ▁in ▁materials ▁science ”. ▁L ayer - by - layer ▁assembly ▁is ▁now ▁an ▁established ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁nan obi ote chn ology ▁curr icul um . ▁ ▁De cher ' s ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁self - assembly ▁and ▁bu il dup ▁of ▁mult il ayer ▁films ▁by ▁altern ating ▁application ▁of ▁an ionic ▁and ▁c ation ic ▁components ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁is ▁generally ▁cred ited ▁for ▁the ▁rev ital ization ▁of ▁the ▁layer - by - layer ▁assembly ▁technique ▁and ▁its ▁current ▁pre val ence ▁in ▁n anos cience . ▁His ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁article ▁on ▁“ f uz zy ▁n ano ass emb lies ” ▁published ▁in ▁Science ▁Magazine ▁highlight ed ▁the ▁potential ▁of ▁layer - by - layer ▁assembly , ▁and ▁was ▁identified ▁by ▁I SI ▁as ▁ 8 th ▁most ▁c ited ▁among ▁all ▁journal ▁articles ▁in ▁chem istry ▁in ▁the ▁de cade ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 7 . ▁This ▁article ▁has ▁been ▁c ited ▁over ▁ 8 0 0 0 ▁times ▁as ▁of ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Over ▁his ▁career , ▁De cher ' s ▁research ▁has ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁layer - by - layer ▁assembly ▁method , ▁mac rom ole cules |
▁at ▁interfaces , ▁n ano compos ite ▁( bio ) material s , ▁( bio ) function al ▁nan op articles , ▁functional ▁coat ings , ▁thin - film ▁devices ▁and ▁n ano - organ ized ▁multi - material s ▁in ▁general . ▁His ▁current ▁research ▁is ▁centered ▁around ▁the ▁assembly ▁of ▁multi - n ano compos ites ▁with ▁complex ▁an is otrop ies . ▁ ▁Education ▁and ▁academic ▁career ▁De cher ▁studied ▁chem istry ▁at ▁Philipp s ▁Universität , ▁in ▁his ▁h omet own ▁of ▁Mar burg , ▁Germany . ▁Prior ▁to ▁comple ting ▁his ▁Di pl oma ▁th esis ▁with ▁G ern ot ▁Bo che ▁on ▁the ▁N MR ▁spect ro sc opy ▁of ▁car ban ions , ▁he ▁spent ▁a ▁year ▁working ▁with ▁William ▁Rus sey ▁at ▁Juni ata ▁College ▁in ▁Pennsylvania . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁he ▁obtained ▁his ▁Ph D ▁in ▁organ ic ▁chem istry ▁from ▁Johannes ▁G uten berg ▁University ▁of ▁Main z , ▁Germany , ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁labor atory ▁of ▁Hel mut ▁R ings dorf ▁on ▁drug - car ry ing ▁polym ers ▁and ▁ly otrop ic ▁liquid ▁cry st als . ▁He ▁then ▁took ▁up ▁a ▁position ▁as ▁a ▁post do ctor al ▁fellow ▁at ▁C iba - Ge ig y ▁AG ▁in ▁F rib ourg , ▁Switzerland , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁with ▁Ber nd ▁T ie ke ▁on ▁non - cent ros ym metric ▁Lang mu ir - Bl od get t ▁films . ▁From ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁to |
▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁De cher ▁was ▁an ▁Ass istant ▁Professor ▁with ▁Hel m uth ▁M öh wald ▁at ▁Johannes ▁G uten berg ▁University ▁of ▁Main z , ▁where ▁he ▁began ▁his ▁research ▁on ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁layer - by - layer ▁assembly ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁H abil itation ▁in ▁physical ▁chem istry . ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁he ▁was ▁Vis iting ▁Professor ▁at ▁Univers ité ▁Louis ▁P aste ur ▁in ▁Str as bourg , ▁France , ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Full ▁Professor ▁of ▁Chem istry ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁His ▁research ▁labor ator ies ▁are ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁C N RS ▁Institut ▁Charles ▁Sad ron ▁in ▁Str as bourg , ▁France , ▁where ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁Deput y ▁Director ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Professor ▁by ▁Univers ité ▁Louis ▁P aste ur ▁( now ▁Univers ité ▁de ▁Str as bourg ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Professional ▁achiev ements ▁De cher ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Center ▁for ▁Front ier ▁Research ▁in ▁Chem istry ▁( IC F RC ) ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁excell ence ▁cluster ▁“ N an ost ruct ures ▁and ▁their ▁Environment ”, ▁both ▁in ▁Str as bourg . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁Senior ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Institut ▁Univers itaire ▁de ▁France ▁( I U F ). ▁Further ▁dist in ctions ▁awarded ▁to ▁De cher ▁include ▁the ▁Em ilia |
▁Val ori ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adémie ▁des ▁sciences ▁( France ) ▁for ▁Nan obi ote chn ology ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁EC IS – R hod ia ▁European ▁Col lo id ▁& ▁Interface ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁and ▁the ▁International ▁Award ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Pol ym er ▁Science ▁Japan ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁a ▁particip ant ▁for ▁the ▁M embers ▁of ▁European ▁Parliament ▁Scient ist ▁P air ing ▁Sch eme , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁te amed ▁up ▁with ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Research ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : G erman ▁chem ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh ail ene ▁D ian n ▁Wood ley ▁( born ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁actress , ▁film ▁producer , ▁and ▁activ ist . ▁Br ought ▁up ▁in ▁Sim i ▁Valley , ▁California , ▁Wood ley ▁began ▁model ing ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁four ▁and ▁began ▁acting ▁profession ally ▁in ▁minor ▁television ▁roles . ▁She ▁first ▁gained ▁prom in ence ▁for ▁her ▁st arring ▁role ▁as ▁Amy ▁J uer gens ▁in ▁the ▁ABC ▁Family ▁drama ▁series ▁The ▁Secret ▁Life ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Te en ager ▁( 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 1 3 ). ▁ ▁Wood ley ▁made ▁her ▁film ▁debut ▁in |
▁Alexander ▁Pay ne ' s ▁comedy - d rama ▁The ▁Des c end ants ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁coming ▁of ▁age ▁film ▁The ▁Spect ac ular ▁Now ▁( 2 0 1 3 ). ▁For ▁the ▁former , ▁she ▁received ▁a ▁nom ination ▁for ▁the ▁Golden ▁Glo be ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Support ing ▁Act ress ▁– ▁Mot ion ▁Picture ▁and ▁the ▁latter ▁won ▁her ▁a ▁special ▁j ury ▁prize ▁at ▁the ▁Sund ance ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁She ▁achieved ▁wider ▁recognition ▁for ▁her ▁st arring ▁role ▁as ▁a ▁te en age ▁cancer ▁patient ▁in ▁the ▁rom antic ▁drama ▁The ▁F ault ▁in ▁Our ▁Stars ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁and ▁as ▁Be atrice ▁Prior ▁in ▁the ▁science ▁fiction ▁film ▁The ▁D iver gent ▁Series ▁( 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 6 ). ▁From ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁she ▁played ▁a ▁sexual ▁assault ▁surv iv or ▁in ▁the ▁H BO ▁drama ▁series ▁Big ▁Little ▁L ies , ▁for ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁Prim etime ▁Em my ▁Award ▁and ▁a ▁Golden ▁Glo be ▁Award . ▁ ▁Wood ley ▁is ▁an ▁environmental ▁activ ist ▁and ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁board ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁super ▁P AC ▁Our ▁Revolution . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Sh ail ene ▁D ian n ▁Wood ley ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁San ▁Bernard ino ▁County , ▁California , ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁but ▁grew |
▁up ▁in ▁Sim i ▁Valley , ▁California . ▁Her ▁mother , ▁L ori ▁( née ▁Victor ), ▁is ▁a ▁school ▁coun sel or , ▁and ▁her ▁father , ▁L on nie ▁Wood ley , ▁is ▁a ▁school ▁principal . ▁She ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁younger ▁brother . ▁She ▁is ▁of ▁English , ▁African ▁American , ▁Cre ole ▁and ▁Swiss - G erman ▁descent . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁fifteen , ▁she ▁was ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁sc ol ios is ▁and ▁was ▁put ▁in ▁a ▁ch est - to - hips ▁pl astic ▁bra ce ▁to ▁stop ▁her ▁sp ine ▁from ▁cur ving ▁further . ▁Wood ley ▁attended ▁Sim i ▁Valley ▁High ▁School ▁and ▁mode led ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁four . ▁She ▁also ▁took ▁some ▁acting ▁classes ▁with ▁Anthony ▁Me ind l . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 1 0 : ▁Career ▁beg inn ings ▁and ▁The ▁Secret ▁Life ▁▁ ▁Wood ley ▁began ▁her ▁acting ▁career ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁with ▁a ▁minor ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁film ▁Rep la cing ▁D ad . ▁She ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁feature ▁in ▁minor ▁television ▁roles ▁in ▁The ▁District ▁and ▁Cross ing ▁Jordan ▁( in ▁the ▁latter , ▁she ▁port rayed ▁the ▁ten - year - old ▁version ▁of ▁J ill ▁H enn ess y ' s ▁title ▁character ). ▁She ▁followed ▁with ▁a ▁leading ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁film ▁A ▁Place ▁Cal led ▁Home ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁as ▁California ▁Ford , ▁which ▁earned ▁her ▁a |
▁nom ination ▁for ▁a ▁Young ▁Art ist ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Le ading ▁Young ▁Act ress ▁in ▁a ▁TV ▁Movie , ▁Min is eries ▁or ▁Special . ▁She ▁also ▁originally ▁played ▁the ▁young ▁K ait lin ▁Cooper ▁in ▁The ▁O . C . ▁and ▁appeared ▁as ▁the ▁tit ular ▁character ▁Fel icity ▁M err iman ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁film ▁Fel icity : ▁An ▁American ▁Girl ▁Advent ure ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁Her ▁performance ▁received ▁another ▁Young ▁Art ist ▁Award ▁nom ination , ▁this ▁time ▁for ▁Best ▁Performance ▁in ▁a ▁TV ▁Movie , ▁Min is eries ▁or ▁Special ▁( Com edy ▁or ▁D rama ). ▁Following ▁this , ▁Wood ley ▁appeared ▁in ▁numerous ▁guest ▁roles ▁in ▁other ▁television ▁series , ▁including ▁Every body ▁Lov es ▁Raymond , ▁My ▁Name ▁is ▁Earl , ▁C SI : ▁NY , ▁Close ▁to ▁Home , ▁and ▁Cold ▁Case . ▁ ▁Wood ley ▁was ▁then ▁cast ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁character , ▁Amy ▁J uer gens , ▁in ▁the ▁ABC ▁Family ▁series ▁The ▁Secret ▁Life ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Te en ager ▁( 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 1 3 ), ▁about ▁a ▁ 1 5 - year - old ▁girl ▁who ▁lear ns ▁she ▁is ▁pre gn ant . ▁The ▁show ▁expl ores ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁her ▁pre gn ancy ▁on ▁her ▁family , ▁friends ▁and ▁herself ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁life ▁at ▁U ly ss es ▁S . ▁Grant ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁California . ▁Ken ▁T ucker ▁of ▁Entertainment ▁Week ly ▁pra ised ▁her ▁performance ▁stating ▁that |
▁" W ood ley ' s ▁performance ▁lif ts ▁a ▁well - mean ing , ▁rather ▁brave , ▁but ▁ram sh ack le ▁show ▁a ▁not ch ." ▁Popular ▁among ▁view ers , ▁the ▁show ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁ABC ▁Family ' s ▁most - watch ed ▁tele cast s ▁throughout ▁its ▁five - season ▁run , ▁sp anning ▁over ▁ 1 2 1 ▁episodes . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 4 : ▁Film ▁debut ▁and ▁break through ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Wood ley ▁made ▁her ▁feature ▁film ▁debut ▁in ▁The ▁Des c end ants , ▁where ▁she ▁played ▁Alex , ▁the ▁trouble d ▁elder ▁daughter ▁of ▁Matt ▁King ▁( play ed ▁by ▁George ▁Clo oney ). ▁Her ▁performance ▁received ▁positive ▁reviews ▁from ▁critics . ▁A . ▁O . ▁Scott ▁from ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁said , ▁" M s . ▁Wood ley .. [ g ives ] .. one ▁of ▁the ▁t ough est , ▁smart est , ▁most ▁cred ible ▁ad oles cent ▁performances ▁in ▁recent ▁memory ." ▁Peter ▁D ebru ge ▁from ▁Vari ety ▁said ▁that ▁her ▁performance ▁is ▁a ▁" re vel ation " ▁and ▁that ▁" in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Alex , ▁[ she ▁is ] ▁displaying ▁both ▁the ▁edge ▁and ▁depth ▁the ▁role ▁dem ands ." ▁Rece iving ▁acc ol ades ▁for ▁her ▁performance , ▁Wood ley ▁received ▁a ▁Golden ▁Glo be ▁nom ination ▁for ▁Best ▁Support ing ▁Act ress – ▁Mot ion ▁Picture , ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁Independent |
▁Spirit ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Support ing ▁Fem ale . ▁People ▁named ▁her ▁one ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁" M ost ▁Beautiful ▁at ▁Every ▁Age ." ▁Wood ley ▁was ▁also ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 5 ▁faces ▁of ▁the ▁future ▁by ▁N yl on ▁Magazine ▁" You ng ▁Hollywood ▁Issue ". ▁ ▁Wood ley ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Tim ▁Th arp ' s ▁novel , ▁The ▁Spect ac ular ▁Now , ▁as ▁A ime e ▁Fine ck y , ▁an ▁innoc ent , ▁book ish ▁te en ager ▁who ▁begins ▁d ating ▁the ▁char ming , ▁fre ew heel ing ▁high - school ▁senior ▁( M iles ▁T eller ). ▁The ▁film ▁premier ed ▁at ▁Sund ance ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Her ▁port ray al ▁of ▁A ime e ▁gained ▁pra ise ▁from ▁critics ; ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Times ''' ▁critic ▁B ets y ▁Sh ar key ▁said ▁that ▁Wood ley ▁and ▁T eller ▁" br ing ▁such ▁an ▁authentic ▁face ▁of ▁confidence ▁and ▁question ing , ▁ind ifference ▁and ▁need , ▁pain ▁and ▁den ial , ▁friendship ▁and ▁first ▁love ," ▁while ▁another ▁critic ▁from ▁The ▁Guardian ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁gave ▁" remark ably ▁strong ▁performances " ▁that ▁" display ▁a ▁depth ▁of ▁feeling ▁that ' s ▁bre at ht aking ▁in ▁its ▁simplicity ▁and ▁honest [ y ] ." ▁Additionally , ▁Wood ley ▁won ▁the ▁Special ▁J ury ▁Award ▁for ▁Act ing , ▁alongside ▁T eller , ▁at ▁the |
▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Sund ance ▁Film ▁Festival ▁and ▁received ▁a ▁nom ination ▁for ▁the ▁Independent ▁Spirit ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Fem ale ▁Le ad . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Wood ley ▁was ▁offered ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁Watson ▁in ▁The ▁Ama zing ▁Spider - Man ▁ 2 . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁cut ▁from ▁the ▁film . ▁Director ▁Marc ▁Web b ▁told ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Re porter ▁that ▁the ▁cut ▁was ▁" a ▁cre ative ▁decision ▁to ▁stream line ▁the ▁story ▁and ▁focus ▁on ▁Peter ▁and ▁G wen ▁and ▁their ▁relationship ," ▁and ▁that ▁everyone ▁loved ▁working ▁with ▁Wood ley . ▁She ▁had ▁also ▁signed ▁on ▁to ▁star ▁in ▁White ▁Bird ▁in ▁a ▁Bl izz ard , ▁directed ▁by ▁Gre gg ▁Ara ki . ▁Although ▁film ing ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁not ▁released ▁until ▁January ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁at ▁the ▁Sund ance ▁Film ▁Festival ▁and ▁then ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁to ▁wider ▁aud ien ces , ▁where ▁it ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews . ▁In ▁the ▁film ▁she ▁plays ▁te en ager ▁K atr ina ▁" K at " ▁Con n ors , ▁whose ▁life ▁is ▁thrown ▁into ▁cha os ▁when ▁her ▁mother ▁disapp ears . ▁Crit ic ▁Mo ira ▁Mac Donald ▁comm ended ▁her ▁by ▁saying |
▁that ▁" W ood ley ' s ▁dep iction ▁of ▁Kat ▁is ▁low - key , ▁natural ▁and ▁utter ly ▁una ffect ed ; ▁as ▁she ▁has ▁in ▁every ▁role , ▁she ▁makes ▁the ▁character ▁her ▁own , ▁with ▁her ▁scratch y ▁little ▁voice ▁and ▁level ▁gaz e ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Wood ley ▁star red ▁as ▁Be atrice ▁" Tr is " ▁Prior ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁D iver gent , ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Ver onica ▁Roth ' s ▁best - s elling ▁young ▁adult ▁novel ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁install ment ▁in ▁The ▁D iver gent ▁Series . ▁Set ▁in ▁a ▁d yst op ian ▁and ▁post - ap oc aly ptic ▁Chicago . ▁The ▁film ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews , ▁but ▁Wood ley ' s ▁performance ▁as ▁Tr is ▁received ▁a ▁positive ▁reception ; ▁Sam ▁All ard ▁from ▁Or lando ▁Week ly ▁said ▁that , ▁" with ▁her ▁performance ▁as ▁Tr is ▁Prior ▁in ▁D iver gent , ▁Wood ley ▁res c ues ▁and ▁then ▁ra ises ▁up ▁a ▁film ▁that ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁an ▁utter ▁dis aster ." ▁D iver gent ▁reached ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁spot ▁at ▁the ▁box ▁office ▁during ▁its ▁opening ▁week end ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁financial ▁success . ▁ ▁After wards ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Wood ley ▁star red ▁as ▁Haz el ▁Grace ▁Lanc aster ▁in ▁The ▁F ault ▁in ▁Our ▁Stars , ▁the ▁film ▁adaptation ▁of ▁John ▁Green ' s ▁novel ▁of ▁the |
▁same ▁name . ▁She ▁port rayed ▁a ▁ 1 6 - year - old ▁cancer ▁patient ▁who ▁meets ▁and ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁August us ▁W aters ▁( play ed ▁by ▁An sel ▁El g ort ) ▁( and ▁also ▁her ▁brother ▁in ▁the ▁D iver gent ▁series ), ▁a ▁similarly ▁aff lic ted ▁te en ▁from ▁her ▁cancer ▁support ▁group . ▁Green ▁added ▁via ▁Twitter ▁about ▁Wood ley ; ▁" There ▁were ▁so ▁many ▁amaz ing ▁aud itions ▁for ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Haz el , ▁but ▁Sh ail ene ' s ▁love ▁for ▁the ▁book ▁and ▁her ▁understanding ▁of ▁Haz el ▁ble w ▁me ▁away ." ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁a ▁block b uster ▁success , ▁gross ing ▁over ▁$ 3 0 7 ▁million ▁world wide . ▁Wood ley ' s ▁performance ▁received ▁critical ▁acc laim ▁from ▁critics ; ▁Peter ▁Tra vers ▁from ▁Rol ling ▁Stone ▁called ▁her ▁a , ▁" sub lime ▁actress ▁with ▁a ▁rés um é ▁that ▁pretty ▁much ▁proves ▁she ' s ▁in cap able ▁of ▁making ▁a ▁false ▁move ▁on ▁camera ", ▁and ▁Richard ▁Ro eper ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Sun - Times ▁stated ▁that ▁her ▁performance ▁as ▁Haz el ▁is ▁Oscar - worth y ; ▁and ▁added , ▁" she ' s ▁that ▁memor able " ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁received ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Film ▁Award ▁for ▁Hollywood ▁Break out ▁Performance ▁– ▁Act ress ▁for ▁her ▁performance ▁as ▁Haz el . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 5 – present : ▁Further ▁film |
▁and ▁television ▁work ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Wood ley ▁repr ised ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁Tr is ▁in ▁The ▁D iver gent ▁Series : ▁Ins urg ent , ▁the ▁second ▁install ment ▁in ▁The ▁D iver gent ▁Series . ▁Her ▁performance ▁once ▁again ▁received ▁critical ▁acc laim , ▁with ▁Daniel ▁M . ▁K imm el ▁of ▁New ▁England ▁Mov ies ▁Week ly ▁writing , ▁" W ood ley ▁does ▁solid ▁work ▁here ▁as ▁she ' s ▁done ▁elsewhere , ▁and ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁someone ▁to ▁watch ." ▁Despite ▁a ▁more ▁negative ▁critical ▁reception ▁than ▁the ▁previous ▁film , ▁Ins urg ent ▁was ▁commer cially ▁successful , ▁making ▁nearly ▁US $ 1 0 0 ▁million ▁in ▁its ▁world wide ▁debut ▁and ▁gross ed ▁$ 2 9 5 . 2 ▁million ▁world wide . ▁She ▁repr ised ▁her ▁role ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁pen ult imate ▁film ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁Al leg i ant ▁( 2 0 1 6 ). ▁The ▁film , ▁however , ▁was ▁poor ly ▁review ed ▁by ▁critics ▁and ▁a ▁box - office ▁bomb . ▁L ions gate ▁had ▁planned ▁for ▁the ▁final ▁film ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁for ▁television , ▁but ▁Wood ley ▁announced ▁that ▁she ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁it . ▁She ▁next ▁star red ▁opposite ▁Joseph ▁Gordon - Le v itt ▁in ▁Oliver ▁Stone ' s ▁bi ographical ▁thr iller ▁Snow den ▁( 2 0 1 6 ), ▁in ▁which ▁Gordon - Le v itt ▁port rayed ▁Edward ▁Snow den . ▁O |
wen ▁G le iber man ' s ▁review ▁said ▁that ▁Wood ley ▁" g ives ▁a ▁performance ▁of ▁bre at ht aking ▁dimension : ▁As ▁the ▁movie ▁goes ▁on , ▁she ▁makes ▁L inds ay ▁support ive ▁and ▁self ish , ▁lov ing ▁and ▁str icken ." ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Wood ley ▁took ▁a ▁break ▁from ▁film ing ▁for ▁nearly ▁a ▁year , ▁stating ▁in ▁a ▁later ▁interview ▁that ▁she ▁" had ▁hit ▁a ▁wall ▁with ▁acting ." ▁From ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Wood ley ▁star red ▁as ▁a ▁sexual ▁assault ▁surv iv or , ▁alongside ▁N icole ▁Kid man ▁and ▁Re ese ▁With ers po on , ▁in ▁two ▁seasons ▁of ▁the ▁H BO ▁drama ▁series ▁Big ▁Little ▁L ies . ▁She ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁an ▁Em my ▁and ▁Golden ▁Glo be ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁for ▁' Best ▁Support ing ▁Act ress ▁in ▁a ▁Limited ▁Series ▁or ▁Movie ' ▁and ▁' Best ▁Performance ▁by ▁an ▁Act ress ▁in ▁a ▁Support ing ▁Ro le ▁in ▁a ▁Series , ▁Limited ▁Series ▁or ▁Mot ion ▁Picture ▁Made ▁for ▁Television ' ▁respectively ▁for ▁her ▁role . ▁She ▁also ▁star red ▁in ▁and ▁produced ▁the ▁bi ographical ▁film ▁Ad rift ▁( 2 0 1 8 ), ▁with ▁Balt as ar ▁K orm ák ur ▁as ▁director . ▁Her ▁performance ▁as ▁T ami ▁Old ham ▁Ash craft , ▁a ▁real - life ▁sail or ▁who ▁was ▁str and ed ▁at |
▁sea ▁after ▁a ▁storm , ▁with ▁Daniel ▁Fe ing old ▁from ▁W SV N ▁calling ▁her ▁work ▁" O scar - worth y ." ▁Wood ley ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁R ising ▁Star ▁Award ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁De au ville ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Wood ley ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁rom antic ▁drama ▁End ings , ▁Begin nings ▁alongside ▁Sebastian ▁Stan , ▁Jam ie ▁D orn an ▁and ▁Matthew ▁Gray ▁G ub ler . ▁She ▁also ▁joined ▁the ▁rom antic ▁drama ▁film ▁The ▁Last ▁Let ter ▁From ▁Your ▁L over , ▁which ▁began ▁production ▁in ▁Mall or ca , ▁Spain ▁and ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁mid - Oct ober ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Wood ley ▁will ▁executive ▁produce ▁the ▁film ▁alongside ▁co - star ▁Fel icity ▁Jones . ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁directed ▁by ▁August ine ▁Fri zz ell . ▁In ▁November , ▁she ▁joined ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁real - life ▁drama ▁film ▁Pr ison er ▁ 7 6 0 . ▁The ▁film ▁will ▁star ▁J od ie ▁F oster , ▁T ah ar ▁Rah im ▁and ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch ▁and ▁began ▁film ing ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁cast ▁in ▁Girl ▁N amed ▁Sue , ▁a ▁film ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁true ▁story ▁of ▁Sue ▁Web ber - B rown , ▁a ▁DE A ▁agent ▁who ▁created ▁the ▁D rug ▁End anger ed ▁Children ▁( DE C ) ▁protocol |
. ▁She ▁will ▁next ▁star ▁in ▁Mis anth ro pe , ▁an ▁up coming ▁serial ▁k iller ▁thr iller ▁centered ▁on ▁a ▁tal ented ▁but ▁trouble d ▁cop ▁who ▁is ▁rec ru ited ▁by ▁the ▁F BI ▁to ▁help ▁profile ▁and ▁track ▁down ▁a ▁murder er . ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁set ▁to ▁be ▁directed ▁by ▁D ami án ▁Sz if ron . ▁Wood ley ▁will ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁producer ▁on ▁the ▁film . ▁She ▁joined ▁Sh ia ▁Leb e ou f ▁and ▁Robert ▁De ▁N iro ▁in ▁the ▁up coming ▁crime ▁drama ▁After ▁Ex ile , ▁with ▁Josh ua ▁Michael ▁Stern ▁as ▁director . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁attached ▁to ▁star ▁in ▁animated ▁feature ▁Ark ie ▁and ▁rom ance ▁film ▁No ▁B agg age , ▁which ▁are ▁in ▁pre - production ▁and ▁development ▁respectively . ▁▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Wood ley ▁confirmed ▁she ▁is ▁d ating ▁Australian - F ij ian ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁Ben ▁Vol av ola . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Re porter ' ', ▁Wood ley ▁mentioned ▁that : ▁" I ▁fall ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁human ▁be ings ▁based ▁on ▁who ▁they ▁are , ▁not ▁based ▁on ▁what ▁they ▁do ▁or ▁what ▁sex ▁they ▁are ". ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Wood ley ▁said : ▁" I ▁don ’ t ▁trust ▁anyone . ▁D ating ’ s ▁hard . ▁I ▁mean , ▁I ▁love ▁sex . ▁I ▁love ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁emot ional ▁connection ▁via ▁physical ity . ▁Who |
▁doesn ’ t ? ▁... ▁But ▁love ▁is ▁sc ary ." ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁relationship ▁with ▁Vol av ola ▁had ▁ended . ▁ ▁Activ ism ▁ ▁When ▁asked ▁in ▁the ▁past , ▁Wood ley ▁repeatedly ▁assert ed ▁that ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁consider ▁herself ▁a ▁femin ist : ▁" No , ▁because ▁I ▁love ▁men , ▁and ▁I ▁think ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁' raise ▁women ▁to ▁power , ▁take ▁the ▁men ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁power ' ▁is ▁never ▁going ▁to ▁work ▁out ▁because ▁you ▁need ▁balance ... my ▁biggest ▁thing ▁is ▁really ▁sister hood ▁more ▁than ▁femin ism . ▁I ▁don ' t ▁know ▁how ▁we ▁as ▁women ▁expect ▁men ▁to ▁respect ▁us ▁because ▁we ▁don ' t ▁seem ▁to ▁respect ▁each ▁other ." ▁However , ▁she ▁did ▁call ▁herself ▁a ▁femin ist ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Wood ley ▁is ▁an ▁av id ▁environmental ▁activ ist ▁and ▁climate ▁advoc ate . ▁She ▁and ▁her ▁mother ▁co - f ounded ▁the ▁All ▁it ▁T akes ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁All ▁it ▁T akes ▁is ▁a ▁youth ▁leadership ▁program ▁that ▁a ims ▁to ▁educ ate ▁young ▁people ▁to ▁practice ▁em path y , ▁comp ass ion , ▁responsibility , ▁and ▁purpose ▁in ▁hopes ▁to ▁fost er ▁sust ain able , ▁positive ▁change ▁for ▁themselves , ▁others ▁and ▁the ▁environment . ▁She ▁supported ▁Bern ie ▁Sand |
ers ▁for ▁president ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁she ▁protest ed ▁against ▁the ▁Dak ota ▁Access ▁P ipeline , ▁a ▁US $ 3 . 8 7 ▁billion ▁under ground ▁pet role um ▁transport ▁pipeline ▁being ▁built ▁by ▁Dak ota ▁Access ▁L LC . ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 0 , ▁she ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁criminal ▁tres pass ing ▁in ▁Saint ▁Anthony , ▁North ▁Dak ota . ▁Wood ley ▁ple aded ▁guilty ▁and ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁a ▁year ▁of ▁prob ation . ▁ ▁In ▁mid - 2 0 1 6 , ▁Wood ley ▁joined ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁Our ▁Revolution , ▁a ▁political ▁organization ▁aim ed ▁to ▁educ ate ▁vot ers ▁about ▁issues , ▁get ▁people ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁political ▁process , ▁and ▁work ▁to ▁organ ize ▁and ▁elect ▁progress ive ▁leaders . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Wood ley ▁was ▁hon ored ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁An ni versary ▁Global ▁Green ▁Environment al ▁Awards ▁receiving ▁the ▁Entertainment ▁Indust ry ▁Environment al ▁Le ad ership ▁Award ▁for ▁co - found ing ▁the ▁All ▁it ▁T akes ▁organization . ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁she ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁Fem ale ▁E MA ▁Fut ures ▁Award ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 6 th ▁Ann ual ▁Environment al ▁Media ▁Association ▁( EMA ) ▁Awards . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Wood ley ▁took ▁activ ist ▁Cal ina ▁Lawrence ▁to ▁the ▁ 7 5 |
th ▁Golden ▁Glo be ▁Awards ▁as ▁her ▁guest ; ▁they ▁first ▁met ▁at ▁Stand ing ▁Rock ▁while ▁protest ing ▁the ▁Dak ota ▁Access ▁P ipeline . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Wood ley ▁became ▁an ▁O ce ans ▁Amb assador ▁for ▁Green pe ace ▁and ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁a ▁three - week - long ▁expedition ▁to ▁the ▁S arg asso ▁Sea ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁impact ▁of ▁pl ast ics ▁and ▁micro pl ast ics ▁on ▁marine ▁life , ▁and ▁to ▁document ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁this ▁unique ▁e cos ystem ▁for ▁protection ▁under ▁a ▁new ▁Global ▁Ocean ▁Tre aty ▁that ▁is ▁being ▁negoti ated ▁at ▁the ▁UN . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Music ▁videos ▁ ▁Video ▁games ▁ ▁Acc ol ades ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁actress es ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁California ▁Category : American ▁child ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁environmental ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁environmental ists ▁Category : American ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : Ind ep endent ▁Spirit ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sim i ▁Valley , ▁California ▁Category : Pe ople ▁with ▁sc ol ios is ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁California ▁Category : Act ors ▁from ▁San ▁Bernard ino , ▁California ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of |
▁English ▁descent ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁African - American ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Cre ole ▁descent ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Swiss - G erman ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁Austria ▁was ▁represented ▁by ▁Mess , ▁with ▁the ▁song ▁" S on nt ag ", ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est , ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Har rog ate ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁April . ▁Mess ▁was ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁national ▁final ▁for ▁the ▁contest , ▁held ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁March . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁chosen ▁through ▁a ▁national ▁final ▁organ ised ▁by ▁broad c aster ▁OR F . ▁ ▁Mess ▁were ▁L iz zy ▁Eng st ler ▁& ▁Michael ▁Sche ick l ▁( aka ▁Fritz ). ▁ ▁Before ▁Euro vision ▁ ▁National ▁final ▁ ▁The ▁final ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁OR F - Z ent rum ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁hosted ▁by ▁Andreas ▁Ste pp an . ▁The ▁winning ▁song ▁was ▁chosen ▁by ▁ 2 9 0 ▁people ▁who ▁voted ▁by ▁tele phone . ▁ ▁At ▁Euro vision ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁Mess ▁performed ▁ 1 0 th ▁in ▁the ▁running ▁order , ▁following ▁Sweden ▁and ▁preceding ▁Belg ium . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁voting ▁" S on nt ag " ▁placing ▁Austria ▁ 9 th ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁entries . ▁ ▁The ▁Aust rian ▁j ury ▁awarded ▁its ▁ 1 2 ▁points ▁to ▁the ▁winner ▁song ▁from ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Austria ▁in |
▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Count ries ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁Category : A ust ria ▁in ▁the ▁Euro vision ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁in ▁Austria <0x0A> </s> ▁Er ta q ▁H aj ji ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Er ta q ▁ Ḩ ā j j ī ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁F aj r ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Gon bad - e ▁Q ab us ▁County , ▁Gol est an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 9 7 0 , ▁in ▁ 2 2 5 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Gon bad - e ▁K av us ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Bern ays ▁Em ery ▁" B uster " ▁Bishop ▁( 1 9 2 0 ▁– ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁college ▁golf ▁coach . ▁ ▁Bishop ▁was ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁leading ▁the ▁Florida ▁G ators ▁men ' s ▁golf ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁to ▁National ▁Colleg iate ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁( N CAA ) ▁Division ▁I ▁champion ships ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁▁ ▁Bishop ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁G aines ville , ▁Florida . ▁ |
▁He ▁attended ▁G aines ville ▁High ▁School , ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florida , ▁where ▁he ▁earned ▁his ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁education ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁and ▁his ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁physical ▁education ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁career ▁▁ ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florida , ▁Bishop ▁became ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁physical ▁education ▁program ▁at ▁Buch hol z ▁Junior ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁G aines ville . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁became ▁the ▁head ▁football ▁coach ▁and ▁athlet ic ▁director ▁at ▁G aines ville ▁High ▁School , ▁before ▁accepting ▁an ▁appointment ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁physical ▁education ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Bishop ▁became ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁Florida ▁G ators ▁golf ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁ ▁Under ▁his ▁tut el age , ▁the ▁G ators ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁NCAA ▁national ▁championship ; ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁national ▁championship ▁in ▁any ▁sport ▁for ▁the ▁university ' s ▁inter col leg iate ▁athlet ics ▁program . ▁ ▁Five ▁years ▁later , ▁the ▁G ators ▁won ▁a ▁second ▁NCAA ▁national ▁championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁G ators ▁were ▁also ▁the ▁run ners - up ▁at ▁the ▁NCAA ▁national ▁championship ▁tournament ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ |
▁During ▁Bishop ' s ▁ten ure ▁as ▁head ▁coach , ▁the ▁G ators ▁won ▁four ▁SE C ▁team ▁champion ships ▁( 1 9 6 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁and ▁only ▁finished ▁worse ▁than ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁ten - team ▁SE C ▁once ▁in ▁his ▁fifteen ▁seasons ▁leading ▁the ▁team . ▁ ▁His ▁fellow ▁SE C ▁coach es ▁recognized ▁him ▁three ▁consecutive ▁seasons ▁as ▁the ▁conference ' s ▁Co ach ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ). ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁eight ▁of ▁his ▁G ators ▁received ▁six teen ▁first - team ▁All - SE C ▁hon ors . ▁ ▁Ind ivid ually , ▁his ▁G ators ▁golf ers ▁won ▁three ▁U . S . ▁Am ateurs : ▁Bob ▁Mur phy ▁( 1 9 6 5 ), ▁Steve ▁Mel ny k ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁and ▁Fred ▁R id ley ▁( 1 9 7 5 ). ▁ ▁Mur phy ▁also ▁won ▁the ▁NCAA ▁individual ▁title ▁( 1 9 6 6 ). ▁ ▁Six ▁of ▁his ▁student - ath let es ▁won ▁eight ▁individual ▁S out he astern ▁Conference ▁( SE C ) ▁titles : ▁Steve ▁Mel ny k ▁( 1 9 6 8 ), ▁Jimmy ▁Mc Qu ill an ▁( 1 9 7 1 ), ▁Gary ▁Koch ▁( 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 |
4 ), ▁Phil ▁Han cock ▁( 1 9 7 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 6 ), ▁Sam ▁Tra han ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁and ▁Larry ▁R ink er ▁( 1 9 7 8 ). ▁ ▁Fif teen ▁of ▁Bishop ' s ▁golf ers ▁earned ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁twenty - five ▁All - American ▁hon ors ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Str ang ely , ▁Bishop ▁had ▁never ▁played ▁golf ▁before ▁becoming ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁the ▁G ators ▁golf ▁team . ▁ ▁When ▁he ▁started ▁to ▁play ▁following ▁his ▁appointment ▁as ▁coach , ▁he ▁went ▁from ▁nov ice ▁to ▁breaking ▁ 8 0 ▁on ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁G olf ▁Cour se ▁within ▁a ▁month . ▁ ▁His ▁players ▁remembered ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁" master ▁motiv ator ." ▁ ▁The ▁G olf ▁Co aches ▁Association ▁of ▁America ▁( G CAA ) ▁induct ed ▁him ▁into ▁its ▁Co aches ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁Athlet ic ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁as ▁an ▁" hon or ary ▁letter ▁winner " ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁legacy ▁▁ ▁Bishop ▁died ▁in ▁G aines ville ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ; ▁he ▁was ▁ 8 4 ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁surv ived ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁of ▁forty - e ight ▁years , ▁Jo An n ▁O ' D onn ell ▁Bishop , |
▁and ▁their ▁three ▁daughters ▁and ▁son . ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁death , ▁former ▁G ators ▁golf ers ▁and ▁fans ▁established ▁an ▁end owed ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁athlet ic ▁scholar ship ▁fund ▁in ▁his ▁name . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Florida ▁G ators ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Florida ▁G ators ▁golf ers ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁al umn i ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁Athlet ic ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁members ▁ ▁M imi ▁Ryan ▁ ▁University ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁death s ▁Category : F lor ida ▁G ators ▁men ' s ▁golf ▁coach es ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁G aines ville , ▁Florida ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Florida ▁fac ulty <0x0A> </s> ▁Man oh ar ▁Mal gon kar ▁( Mar ath i : ▁ म न ो ह र ▁ म ा <0xE0> <0xA4> <0xB3> ग ा ं व क र ; ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁kar war ▁district ▁– ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Jo ida ) ▁was ▁an ▁Indian ▁author ▁of ▁both ▁fiction ▁and ▁non f iction ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁language . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁army ▁officer , ▁a ▁big ▁game ▁h unter , ▁a ▁civil ▁servant , ▁a ▁mine ▁owner ▁and ▁a ▁far mer . ▁ ▁Life ▁Mal gon kar ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Jag al bet ▁village ▁Kar war ▁dist |
, ▁near ▁Lond a ▁in ▁Bel ga um ▁district . ▁His ▁mat ernal ▁grand father ▁had ▁been ▁governor ▁of ▁G wal ior ▁State . ▁He ▁began ▁his ▁education ▁in ▁Bel ga um . ▁He ▁later ▁attended ▁school ▁in ▁D har wad ▁and ▁graduated ▁from ▁M umb ai ▁University . ▁After , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁army ▁and ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁in ▁the ▁Mar ath a ▁Light ▁Infantry . ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁service ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 9 . ▁He ▁also ▁stood ▁for ▁parliament . ▁▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁that ▁activity ▁was ▁during ▁the ▁build - up ▁to ▁Indian ▁independence ▁and ▁its ▁after math , ▁often ▁the ▁settings ▁for ▁his ▁works . ▁The ▁so cio - histor ical ▁mil ieux ▁of ▁those ▁times ▁form ▁the ▁back drop ▁of ▁his ▁nov els , ▁which ▁are ▁usually ▁of ▁action ▁and ▁advent ure . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁non - f iction , ▁including ▁bi ography ▁and ▁history . ▁ ▁Mal gon kar ▁lived ▁in ▁a ▁remote ▁b ung al ow ▁called ▁‘ B ur bus a ▁B ung al ow ’ ▁located ▁at ▁J ab al pet ▁in ▁Jo ida ▁Tal uk ▁in ▁U tt ara ▁K ann ada ▁District , ▁K arn ata ka . ▁His ▁only ▁child ▁S une eta , ▁who ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁famous ▁Lawrence ▁School , ▁San aw ar , ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Works ▁For ▁many ▁years , ▁Mal gon kar ▁wrote ▁a ▁week ly ▁column ▁covering ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of |
▁topics , ▁which ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁Indian ▁newsp apers ▁like ▁The ▁States man ▁and ▁De cc an ▁Her ald . ▁Most ▁of ▁his ▁books ▁were ▁published ▁in ▁India ▁by ▁Orient ▁P aper back s ▁or ▁by ▁R up a ▁P aper back s . ▁ ▁Nov els ▁The ▁Sea ▁Haw k : ▁Life ▁and ▁Batt les ▁of ▁Kan ho ji ▁Ang rey ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁Dist ant ▁Dr um ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁A ▁Com bat ▁of ▁Sh adows ▁( 1 9 6 2 ) ▁The ▁Prin ces ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ ▁A ▁B end ▁in ▁the ▁G anges ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁Sp y ▁in ▁Am ber ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Dev il ’ s ▁Wind ▁( on ▁the ▁life ▁on ▁P esh wa ▁N ana ▁Sah ib ) ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ ▁Sh al imar ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁[ Nov el ization ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁Sh al imar ] ▁ ▁Band ico ot ▁Run ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁Historical ▁accounts ▁ ▁Pu ars ▁( P aw ars ) ▁of ▁D ew as ▁Senior ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁ ▁Ch hat rap atis ▁of ▁Kol h ap ur ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Men ▁Who ▁Kil led ▁Gand hi ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁ ▁C ue ▁from ▁the ▁Inner ▁Vo ice : ▁The ▁Cho ice ▁Before ▁Big ▁Business ▁( 1 9 |
8 0 ) ▁ ▁Dro pping ▁Names ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁Short ▁St ories ▁▁ ▁A ▁T eller ▁of ▁T ales ▁ ▁The ▁Gar land ▁Keep ers ▁ ▁C act us ▁Country ▁ ▁A ▁Toast ▁in ▁W arm ▁W ine ▁and ▁Other ▁Short ▁St ories ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁ ▁In ▁Un iform ▁ ▁Bomb ay ▁Bew are ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁ ▁R umble - T umble ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁ ▁Four ▁Gra ves ▁and ▁Other ▁St ories ▁( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁ ▁Inside ▁Go a ▁ ▁Two ▁Red ▁Ro ost ers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Pad man ab han , ▁A ., ▁" The ▁F ict ional ▁World ▁of ▁Man oh ar ▁Mal gon kar ", ▁Atlantic ▁Publications , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Jan et ▁M . ▁Pow ers . ▁" Man oh ar ▁Mal gon kar " ▁South ▁Asian ▁Nov el ists ▁in ▁English . ▁Ed . ▁J ain a ▁C . ▁S anga . ▁Green wood ▁Publishing ▁Group , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ 1 3 6 - 1 4 3 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Offic ers ▁and ▁Gent le men , ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁article ▁ ▁Picture ▁of ▁Man oh ar ▁Mal gon kar ▁at ▁Kam at . com ▁ ▁" Man oh ar ▁Mal gon kar ' s ▁contribution ▁to ▁Indian ▁writing ▁in ▁English ▁remains ▁largely ▁un ack now led ged ", ▁DNA ▁( D aily ▁News ▁and |
▁Analysis ), ▁Bang al ore , ▁June ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Pad man ab han , ▁A . ▁" The ▁F ict ional ▁World ▁of ▁Man oh ar ▁Mal gon kar ." ▁Ph . D . ▁Th esis ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁at ▁Sh od h gang a @ INF LI B NET ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁novel ists ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁death s ▁Category : English - language ▁writers ▁from ▁India ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁U tt ara ▁K ann ada ▁Category : Nov el ists ▁from ▁K arn ata ka <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁T arc ă u ▁Mountains ▁( , ▁) ▁are ▁a ▁mountain ▁range , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Mold av ian - M un ten ian ▁Car path ians ▁of ▁the ▁Out er ▁Eastern ▁Car path ians . ▁ ▁The ▁range ▁is ▁located ▁between ▁the ▁lat itudes ▁ 4 6 0 2 5 ▁and ▁ 4 6 0 5 7 ▁N ▁and ▁between ▁the ▁long itudes ▁ 2 5 0 5 2 ▁and ▁ 2 6 0 2 8 ▁E . ▁ ▁The ▁range ▁is ▁border ed ▁by ▁the ▁following ▁rivers : ▁▁ ▁the ▁B ic az ▁and ▁the ▁B ist ri ţ a ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁ ▁the ▁D ă m uc ▁and ▁V ale a ▁Rece ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁ ▁the ▁T rot u ş ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁east ▁they ▁are |
▁limited ▁by ▁the ▁sub car path ian ▁hills ▁along ▁a ▁line ▁running ▁approximately ▁from ▁P iat ra ▁Ne am ţ ▁to ▁Mo ine ști . ▁The ▁highest ▁point ▁is ▁Tar - h avas ▁at ▁ 1 6 6 3 ▁meters . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Mun ţ ii ▁T arc ă u ▁- ▁Descri ere ▁ ▁Category : Mount ain ▁ranges ▁of ▁Roman ia ▁Category : Mount ain ▁ranges ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Car path ians <0x0A> </s> ▁Ste es ow ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁Ludwig sl ust - P arch im ▁district , ▁in ▁Me ck len burg - Vor p omm ern , ▁Germany . ▁Since ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁it ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁Grab ow . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L ud wig sl ust - P arch im ▁Category : Form er ▁municipal ities ▁in ▁Me ck len burg - Vor p omm ern ▁Category : Be z irk ▁Sch wer in <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Rest oring ▁Pro ven ▁Fin ancing ▁for ▁American ▁Emp loy ers ▁Act ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁bill ▁that ▁would ▁" ex empt ▁existing ▁coll ater al ized ▁loan ▁oblig ations ▁from ▁the ▁so - called ▁" Vol cker ▁Rule ," ▁which ▁bars ▁banks ▁from ▁making ▁ris ky ▁tr ades ▁with ▁their ▁own ▁money ▁and ▁limits ▁their ▁invest ments ▁in ▁certain ▁funds ." ▁ ▁The ▁bill ▁passed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 1 3 th ▁United ▁States ▁Congress . ▁ ▁Pro vis ions |
▁of ▁the ▁bill ▁This ▁summary ▁is ▁based ▁largely ▁on ▁the ▁summary ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁Cong r essional ▁Research ▁Service , ▁a ▁public ▁domain ▁source . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Rest oring ▁Pro ven ▁Fin ancing ▁for ▁American ▁Emp loy ers ▁Act ▁would ▁am end ▁the ▁Bank ▁Hold ing ▁Company ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁certain ▁prohib itions ▁on ▁propriet ary ▁trad ing ▁by ▁bank ing ▁entities ▁and ▁certain ▁relationships ▁with ▁h edge ▁funds ▁and ▁private ▁equ ity ▁funds ▁( Vol cker ▁Rule ). ▁ ▁The ▁bill ▁would ▁prohib it ▁the ▁Vol cker ▁Rule ▁from ▁being ▁constru ed ▁to ▁require ▁div est iture ▁of ▁any ▁deb t ▁se cur ities ▁of ▁coll ater al ized ▁loan ▁oblig ations ▁issued ▁before ▁January ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁bill ▁would ▁declare ▁that ▁a ▁bank ing ▁entity ▁shall ▁not ▁be ▁considered ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁ownership ▁interest ▁in ▁a ▁coll ater al ized ▁loan ▁oblig ation ▁because ▁it ▁acqu ires ▁or ▁retain s ▁a ▁deb t ▁security ▁in ▁it ▁if ▁the ▁deb t ▁security ▁has ▁no ▁indic ia ▁of ▁ownership ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁the ▁bank ing ▁entity ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁removal ▁for ▁cause , ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁selection ▁of ▁a ▁replacement ▁after ▁removal ▁for ▁cause ▁or ▁res ignation , ▁of ▁an ▁invest ment ▁manager ▁or ▁invest ment ▁advis er ▁of ▁the ▁coll ater al ized ▁loan ▁oblig ation . ▁ ▁The ▁bill ▁would ▁define ▁" coll ater al ized ▁loan ▁oblig ation " ▁as |
▁any ▁issu ing ▁entity ▁of ▁an ▁asset - back ed ▁security ▁composed ▁primarily ▁of ▁commercial ▁lo ans . ▁ ▁Pro ced ural ▁history ▁The ▁Rest oring ▁Pro ven ▁Fin ancing ▁for ▁American ▁Emp loy ers ▁Act ▁was ▁introduced ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁on ▁March ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁by ▁Rep . ▁Gar land ▁" And y " ▁Bar r ▁( R , ▁K Y - 6 ). ▁It ▁was ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁Committee ▁on ▁Fin an cial ▁Services . ▁The ▁House ▁voted ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁to ▁pass ▁the ▁bill ▁in ▁a ▁voice ▁vote . ▁The ▁bill ▁was ▁received ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁on ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁Committee ▁on ▁Bank ing , ▁H ous ing , ▁and ▁Urban ▁Affairs . ▁ ▁Deb ate ▁and ▁discussion ▁The ▁bill ▁had ▁" strong ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁bank ing ▁industry ," ▁according ▁to ▁one ▁newspaper . ▁The ▁Sec ur ities ▁Indust ry ▁and ▁Fin an cial ▁Mark ets ▁Association ▁( SI F MA ) ▁supported ▁the ▁bill , ▁app la ud ing ▁House ▁passage . ▁According ▁to ▁S IF MA , ▁" the ▁Fed ' s ▁recently - ann ounced ▁guidance ▁is ▁far ▁too ▁limited ▁in ▁scope ▁and ▁fails ▁to ▁rem edi ate ▁the ▁negative ▁impact ▁of ▁the ▁Vol cker ▁Rule ▁on ▁C LO s ." ▁S IF MA ▁thought ▁that ▁H . R . |
▁ 4 1 6 7 ▁was ▁a ▁" more ▁compreh ensive ▁approach ▁that ▁makes ▁the ▁Vol cker ▁Rule ▁work able ▁while ▁minim izing ▁unnecessary ▁dis ru ptions ▁to ▁the ▁market " ▁that ▁would ▁" dim in ish ▁the ▁unnecessary ▁losses ▁that ▁will ▁be ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁Fed ' s ▁approach ." ▁ ▁Rep . ▁Bar r , ▁who ▁introduced ▁the ▁bill , ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁" gl ad ▁that ▁the ▁House ▁has ▁come ▁together ▁to ▁advance ▁this ▁common - s ense ▁solution ▁that ▁would ▁ensure ▁American ▁employ ers ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁obtain ▁afford able ▁finan cing ▁to ▁expand ▁their ▁business es ▁and ▁create ▁much - ne eded ▁jobs ▁for ▁Kent uck ians ." ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁Republican ▁Conference , ▁the ▁coll ater al ized ▁loan ▁oblig ation ▁( C LO ) ▁div est ment ▁required ▁by ▁the ▁Vol cker ▁Rule ▁will ▁" dis rupt ▁a ▁market ▁for ▁business ▁lo ans ▁that ▁have ▁provided ▁finan cing ▁to ▁companies ▁such ▁as ▁S ears , ▁J C ▁Pen ny , ▁D ollar General , ▁R ite ▁A id , ▁Reg al ▁Cinema , ▁J C rew , ▁Michael ’ s ▁C raft ▁St ores , ▁Temp ur p edic , ▁D elta ▁Airlines , ▁and ▁American ▁Airlines ." ▁This ▁rule ▁would ▁not ▁go ▁into ▁effect ▁if ▁this ▁bill ▁passes . ▁The ▁House ▁Republic ans ▁also ▁state ▁that ▁" the ▁historic ▁default ▁for ▁C LO s ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 % ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁b ills ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 |
1 3 th ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁- ▁Thomas ▁H . R . ▁ 4 1 6 7 ▁beta . con gress . gov ▁H . R . ▁ 4 1 6 7 ▁G ov Track . us ▁H . R . ▁ 4 1 6 7 ▁Open C ong ress . org ▁H . R . ▁ 4 1 6 7 ▁Washington Watch . com ▁H . R . ▁ 4 1 6 7 ▁House ▁Republican ' s ▁Legisl ative ▁Dig est ▁on ▁H . R . ▁ 4 1 6 7 ▁ ▁Category : Pro posed ▁legisl ation ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 3 th ▁United ▁States ▁Congress <0x0A> </s> ▁T RI X ▁is ▁a ▁network - orient ed ▁research ▁operating ▁system ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁at ▁M IT ' s ▁Labor atory ▁for ▁Computer ▁Science ▁( L CS ) ▁by ▁Professor ▁Steve ▁Ward ▁and ▁his ▁research ▁group . ▁It ▁ran ▁on ▁the ▁Nu Machine ▁and ▁had ▁remote ▁procedure ▁call ▁functionality ▁built ▁into ▁its ▁kernel , ▁but ▁was ▁otherwise ▁a ▁Version ▁ 7 ▁Unix ▁work ali ke . ▁ ▁Design ▁and ▁implementation ▁On ▁startup , ▁the ▁Nu Machine ▁would ▁load ▁the ▁same ▁program ▁on ▁each ▁CPU ▁in ▁the ▁system , ▁passing ▁each ▁instance ▁the ▁numeric ▁ID ▁of ▁the ▁CPU ▁it ▁was ▁running ▁on . ▁ ▁T RI X ▁re lied ▁on ▁this ▁design ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁first ▁CPU ▁set ▁up ▁global ▁data ▁structures ▁and ▁then ▁set ▁a |
▁flag ▁to ▁signal ▁that ▁initialization ▁was ▁complete . ▁ ▁After ▁that , ▁each ▁instance ▁of ▁the ▁kernel ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁access ▁global ▁data . ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁also ▁supported ▁data ▁private ▁to ▁each ▁CPU . ▁ ▁Access ▁to ▁the ▁filesystem ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁program ▁in ▁user ▁space . ▁ ▁The ▁kernel ▁supported ▁un named ▁threads ▁running ▁in ▁domains . ▁A ▁domain ▁was ▁the ▁equivalent ▁of ▁a ▁Unix ▁process ▁without ▁a ▁stack ▁pointer ▁( each ▁thread ▁in ▁a ▁domain ▁had ▁a ▁stack ▁pointer ). ▁ ▁A ▁thread ▁could ▁change ▁domains , ▁and ▁the ▁system ▁sch eduler ▁would ▁migr ate ▁threads ▁between ▁CPU s ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁keep ▁all ▁process ors ▁busy . ▁ ▁Thread s ▁had ▁access ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁kind ▁of ▁mut ual ▁ex clusion ▁primitive , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁seven ▁prior ities . ▁ ▁The ▁sch eduler ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁avoid ▁priority ▁in version . ▁ ▁User ▁space ▁programs ▁could ▁create ▁threads ▁through ▁a ▁spawn ▁system ▁call . ▁ ▁A ▁garbage ▁collect or ▁would ▁period ically ▁identify ▁and ▁free ▁un used ▁domains . ▁ ▁The ▁shared ▁memory ▁model ▁used ▁to ▁coordinate ▁work ▁between ▁the ▁various ▁CPU s ▁caused ▁memory ▁bus ▁cont ention ▁and ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁in e ffic iency . ▁ ▁The ▁design ers ▁were ▁aware ▁of ▁designs ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁alle vi ated ▁the ▁cont ention . ▁ ▁Indeed , ▁T RI X ' s ▁original ▁design ▁used ▁a ▁non block ing ▁message ▁passing ▁mechanism , ▁but ▁" this ▁implementation ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁have ▁def |
ic ien cies ▁often ▁over look ed ▁in ▁the ▁literature ," ▁including ▁poor ▁performance . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁T RI X ▁operating ▁system ▁was ▁first ▁implemented ▁on ▁the ▁Nu Machine , ▁this ▁was ▁more ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁avail ability ▁of ▁the ▁Nu Machine ▁at ▁M IT ▁than ▁any ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁architecture . ▁ ▁The ▁system ▁was ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁easily ▁port able . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁implemented ▁largely ▁in ▁C ▁with ▁little ▁assembly ▁code . ▁ ▁The ▁mut ual ▁ex clusion ▁primitive ▁could ▁be ▁port ed ▁to ▁any ▁architecture ▁with ▁an ▁atomic ▁test ▁and ▁set ▁instruction . ▁ ▁Att empt ed ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁GNU ▁Project ▁Richard ▁St all man ▁mentions ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁GNU ▁Man if esto ▁that ▁" an ▁initial ▁kernel ▁exists " ▁for ▁the ▁GNU ▁operating ▁system , ▁" but ▁many ▁more ▁features ▁are ▁needed ▁to ▁em ulate ▁Unix ." ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁T RI X ' s ▁kernel , ▁which ▁T RI X ' s ▁authors ▁had ▁decided ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁as ▁free ▁software . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁speech ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁St all man ▁elabor ated ▁that ▁" the ▁T RI X ▁kernel ▁runs , ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁certain ▁limited ▁amount ▁of ▁Unix ▁compatibility , ▁but ▁it ▁needs ▁a ▁lot ▁more . ▁Currently ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁file ▁system ▁that ▁uses ▁the ▁same ▁structure ▁on ▁disk ▁as ▁the ▁ancient ▁Unix ▁file ▁system ▁does . ▁This ▁made ▁it ▁easier ▁to ▁debug ▁the ▁thing , ▁because ▁they |
▁could ▁set ▁up ▁the ▁files ▁with ▁Unix , ▁and ▁then ▁they ▁could ▁run ▁T RI X , ▁but ▁that ▁file ▁system ▁doesn ' t ▁have ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁features ▁that ▁I ▁believe ▁are ▁necessary ." ▁ ▁The ▁features ▁St all man ▁wished ▁to ▁add ▁( file ▁version ing , ▁und e let ion , ▁information ▁on ▁when ▁and ▁how ▁and ▁where ▁the ▁file ▁was ▁back ed ▁up ▁on ▁t ape , ▁atomic ▁file ▁updates ) ▁were ▁not ▁generally ▁associated ▁with ▁Unix . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁developers ▁used ▁T RI X ' s ▁kernel ▁as ▁a ▁base ▁in ▁their ▁first ▁attempt ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁kernel ▁for ▁GNU . ▁ ▁They ▁eventually ▁decided ▁T rix ▁was ▁unus able ▁as ▁a ▁starting ▁point , ▁primarily ▁because : ▁ ▁it ▁only ▁ran ▁on ▁" an ▁obsc ure , ▁expensive ▁ 6 8 0 0 0 ▁box ", ▁and ▁would ▁therefore ▁require ▁port ing ▁to ▁other ▁architect ures , ▁and ▁ ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁Mach ▁micro kernel ▁was ▁a ▁better ▁underlying ▁design ▁for ▁a ▁server - based ▁operating ▁system . ▁ ▁This ▁second ▁attempt ▁evol ved ▁into ▁the ▁GNU ▁H urd . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁GNU ▁Mach ▁ ▁Com parison ▁of ▁k ern els ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ward , ▁S . A . ▁T RI X : ▁a ▁Network - orient ed ▁Oper ating ▁System . ▁CO MP CON , ▁Spring ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁pp . 3 4 4 – 3 4 |
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